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Figure 3.36 A Stylized Framework for Urban Energy Planning and Management
Main drivers and constraints:
• Demographic and economic conditions • Municipal operating costs and energy bills • Urban form and built environment • Climatic conditions • Access to regional, national, and international energy markets
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Key dimensions of urban energy planning and management:
• Demand characteristics • Supply options and technologies and spatial and temporal considerations • Institutional and regulatory responsibilities • Stakeholder dynamics • Economic, financial, social, and environmental aspects
City and local government sustainable energy actions:
• Investing in sustainable energy retrofits and supplies in the public sector • Promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in urban built environment • Promoting energy efficiency and renewable energy in land use planning and development
Desirable outcomes:
• Access to all • Secured supply • Reliable services • Affordable costs • Air-quality compliance • Regional and global environmental stewardship
Desirable impacts:
• Reduced life-cycle cost of energy services • Strengthened city finances • Improved social equity • Reduced local pollution and greenhouse gas emissions • Improved city competitiveness and local job creation
Figure 3.36 A Stylized Framework for Urban Energy Planning and Management
Source: Author compilation (Feng Liu).
serve more interests rather than to serve more people more eff ectively.4 While cities must actively engage in the promotion of sustainable energy solutions, urban leaders need the support and cooperation of regional and national governments to be successful. Substantial donor support, knowledge, and fi nance are also required to encourage cities to enact sustainable energy actions in these three areas.
This chapter reviews the general urban energy landscape, particularly in cities in developing countries. It reviews activities linked to basic energy consumption; the options in energy services and supplies; factors aff ecting urban energy planning and management; and good practices, lessons, and challenges in urban energy planning and management. Figure 3.36 illustrates the aspects of sustainable urban energy planning and practice that the chapter examines.
Energy Use in Cities
A city’s energy profi le—the level of use, mix of energy types, and patterns of use by sector or end use activity—is determined by many factors, including population, income, economic structure, energy prices, end use effi ciencies, climate conditions, urban forms, built environments, and access to regional and national energy markets. Understanding the dynamics or constraints imposed by these factors is the starting point of sustainable urban energy planning. The amount of energy used is not a good indicator of the level of energy service supply or demand (for example,
