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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The mission of project Generi[HVA]c is to successfully analyze, evaluate, design and study the HVAC and related bodily comfort systems of a generic condominium tower, as well as those of the units found within. It was our goal to provide a diverse profile of different possible arrangements of the necessary mechanical systems through our unit designs, as well as showcase our semester’s worth of knowledge through our collective design. At the end of the project, we hope to transfer our strong understanding of the concept as well as improve the comprehension of the subject for the reader through appropriate diagrams and graphics.
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ESCAPARTMENT 2 Bedroom Unit MICHAEL HANKUS
Volume Space
Area 2
(m3)
Description of Comfort System Air Change Rate (l/hr)
Indoor Air Flow Rate (m3/hr)
(m )
Bedroom 1 14.07 Bedroom 2 14.41 Living Room 10.24 Kitchen 8.77 Dining 7.23 Bathroom 1 5.77 Bathroom 2 4.197 Total CFM Carrier 42 CE Size Actual CFM Aeroco HVR Size Actual CFM
h=2.5 42.22 43.21 30.88 26.32 21.7 12.59 17.33
Min
Max
2 2 3 15 10 6 6
Max Min 84.44 168.88 86.42 172.84 92.64 185.28 394.8 526.4 217 260.4 75.54 125.9 103.98 173.3 1054.82 1613 620.8671 949.4118 8 10 800 1000 DXR 1093 DXR 1093 1093 1093 Indoor Air Flow Calculations 4 4 6 20 12 10 10
Heating Mode The process begins by extract the fresh cold air from the exterior of the building and delivering it to the heat recovery ventilator located in the unit. Along its passage, the air passes through filters to clear it from any airborne pollutants and contaminants as well as air dampers to control its speed. In the heat recovery ventilator, the destined exhaust air transfers some of its heat to the newly brought in cold air; ultimately, improving efficiency and promoting sustainability. After exiting the HRV, the air flows into the FCU where the air is heated by its coils. As it is the winter season and we desire to heat the air, the coil is heated by the hot water supplied from the building’s boiler located at the lowest level. This boiler may be heated, by electricity, natural gases or oil. After the air is heated within the FCU, a blower in the unit pushes the air through the pathway formed by the bulkhead ducts which directs it into the designated units. After the air has circulated within the occupied space, it will be extracted by the devices located in the washrooms and kitchen. Afterwards, it will return to the FCU where some of its heat will be transferred to newly incoming air and before being exhausted outside. The cycle repeats. Cooling Mode
Services
Unit
Unit Location on Third Floor Plan
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The cooling process is very similar to the heating process, however with minor altercations and a different conditioning procedure. The basic order is warm air from that outside is extracted into the HVAC system passing through dampers and filters before entering the HRV and FCU. The most differentiating aspect is that the air is not heated but cooled, as well as dehumidified. When the warm fresh air passes through the cooling coil, its dehumidification results in condensation which is then drained by a drain pipe that brings that air to a grey water cistern located in the building’s basement. The air fresh air passes through the FCU’s coils which are filled with the cold water supplied by the building’s chiller located on the roof. The air then follows the same journey where it is blown through the ducts into designated rooms, circulates and is then brought back into the system to absorb some of the newly brought in fresh air’s heat before being exhausted outside. The cycle repeats. Additionally the CFM is a vertical unit which will be able to housed seamlessly into unit without disrupting architectural expression and the life of the dwellers.
HRV FCU FRESH AIR CONDITIONED AIR EXHAUST AIR DUCT SIZE: 7”x7”
UNIT PLAN 1:50 0
1m
2m
5m
5
CASCADE
3 Bedroom Unit Gregorio Jimenez
Description of Comfort System Heating Mode
Indoor Air Flow Calculations
Cold fresh air is taken in from outside into the HRV where it passes through a filter before enters the heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger, cold fresh air mixes with the warm ex-haust air (which has itself passed through a filter before entering the heat exchanger) where it then becomes warmer. The fresh air then travels through another filter before entering the FCU where the unconditioned fresh air absorbs heat energy from the hot water pass-ing through heating coils. Hot water passes through the heating coils which is supplied and heated by a boiler, powered by gas, electricity or oil. The FCU’s blower then drives the now warmed conditioned air through the duct system which branches out into the different living spaces and enters them through diffusers. The stale room air is returned through a separate duct system that leads the stale air to the HRVs heat exchanger before being ex-hausted to the outside. Cooling Mode
Services
Conditioned air in the cooling season follows the same path as in the heating season ex-cepted that FCU’s cooling coils are activated instead of the heating coils. The cooler indoor exhaust air absorbs the heat energy of the fresh warmer intake air in the HRV unit. It makes it way to the FCU where it will then become cooled when it passes through the cooling coils. The cooling coils circulates chilled water supplied from a Chiller (located on the roof). The heat generated from the chiller during the cooling process is transferred to the cooling tower where it is then exhausted into the atmosphere.
Unit
Unit Location on Third Floor Plan
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FRESH AIR
UNIT PLAN 1:50
CONDITIONED AIR RETURN / MIXED AIR EXHAUST AIR DUCT SIZE: 7”x7”
0
1m
2m
5m
7
VILLAGE GREEN 1 Bedroom Unit
Description of Comfort System
Douglas Peterson-Hui
Volume Space
Area 2
(m3)
Air Change Rate (l/hr)
Indoor Air Flow Rate (m3/hr)
(m )
Bedroom 1 19.08 Living Room 14.4 Kitchen 14.4 Bathroom 4.76 Total CFM Carrier 42 CE Size Actual CFM Aeroco HVR Size Actual CFM
h=2.5 49.608 37.44 37.44 12.376
Min
Max
2 3 15 6
4 6 20 10
Min 99.216 112.32 561.6 74.256 847.392 498.7749 6 600 DXR 1093 1093
Max 198.432 224.64 748.8 123.76 1295.632 762.609 8 800 DXR 1093 1093
Indoor Air Flow Calculations
Heating Mode During the winter time fresh air is sucked into the fresh air intake and goes through a filter, eliminating any pollutants or unwanted air particles. Once this is complete, the air goes through a Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) unit where heat is exchanged from the old air with the new fresh air. In doing so the HRV saves energy as the fan coil unit does not require as much energy to heat the air. Once the air has passed through the HRV it continues farther down where it is mixed with return air that has been circulating within the interior spaces. The mixed air then goes into the fan coil unit passing through a heating coil thats been supplied with hot water. This hot water is supplied by a boiler powered by electricity, natural gas or oil. When the air passes through the coil it is heated then distributed by fan to the interior spaces through ducts and diffusers. Once the air is distributed it is then either sucked back into the return air or exhausted to the outside from areas such as the kitchen or bathroom. Before the air exits the building it passes through the HRV again where it exchanges heat with the fresh air coming in. Cooling Mode During the summer time the cooling mode circulates air much in the same way as the heating mode, however the HRV heat exchange switches. Once hot fresh air from the exterior passes through the HRV it transfers heat to the colder exhausting air. The now warm fresh air mix’s with the return air just like in the heating mode and passes through a cooling coil in the FCU. The cold water in the cooling coil is supplied by a chiller and cooling tower. Once air has passed through the cooling coil it can create condensation. In order to deal with the moisture, each FCU has a condensate drain to eliminate the system of any water. The cold air is then distributed to the required spaces and exhausted or recirculated.
Services
Unit
Unit Location on Third Floor Plan
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FRESH AIR CONDITIONED AIR RETURN / MIXED AIR EXHAUST AIR DUCT SIZE: 7”x7”
UNIT PLAN 1:50
0
1m
2m
5m
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TECH-OP
2 Bedroom Unit Daniel Sobieraj
Volume Space
Area 2
(m3)
Description of Comfort System Air Change Rate (l/hr)
Indoor Air Flow Rate (m3/hr)
(m )
Bedroom 1 10.2 Bedroom 2 10.1 Living Room 10.3 Kitchen 25.5 Bathroom 4.8 Total CFM Carrier 42 CE Size Actual CFM Aeroco HVR Size Actual CFM
h=2.5 25.5 25.25 25.75 63.75 12
Min
Max
2 2 3 15 6
4 4 6 20 10
Min
Max
51 102 50.5 101 77.25 154.5 956.25 1275 72 120 1207 1752.5 710.4402 1031.5215 8 12 800 1200 DXR 1093 DXR 1093 1093 1093
Indoor Air Flow Calculations
Heating Mode In winter, cold fresh air is brought into the building and passes through a filter to remove any airborne particles and any other contaminants that may be in the air. The filtered air goes through a heat recovery ventilator (HRV) where a heat exchanger transfers heat from warm exhausting air to the incoming air. The heat exchanger warms the air so that less energy is required to heat the unconditioned air. After flowing through the heat exchanger the air is mixed with used return air coming from occupied spaces and filtered once more to cleanse it from any contaminants.The mixed air then passes through a fan coil unit (FCU) that contains a heating coil that transfers heat from hot water passing through the coil. The hot water is supplied from a boiler in the basement that is powered by natural gas, oil or electricity. A blower in the FCU forces the conditioned air through ducts and is distributed by diffusers into the occupied spaces where it re-circulates and returns to the FCU to be filtered and reconditioned. Air from the kitchen and bathroom are more likely to contain a higher level of pollutants than the rest of the house so the air from these spaces is exhausted via duct and flows through the HRV on the way out. Cooling Mode
Services
Unit
Unit Location on Third Floor Plan
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The path of the air in cooling mode is the same as in heating mode however the conditioning process is different. Hot humid air from the outdoors flows through the heat exchanger where cool exhaust air absorbs some of the heat from the hot air. The warm air passes through a fan coil where it is cooled and potentially dehumidified by the cooling coil. Heat from the warm air is absorbed by cold water flowing through the cooling coil. The returning cold water flows to the evaporator on the roof where it is cooled once more and the heat from the system is transferred to a condenser that transfers it to a cooling tower where it is released into the atmosphere. A drainpipe drains condensate created at the cooling coil to a grey water cistern in the basement that can supply other building services. The conditioned air is blown to occupied spaces and is exhausted as required.
EXHAUST AIR OUTDOOR AIR
BEDROOM 1
BEDROOM 2
LIVING
BATHROOM
DINING
KITCHEN
FRESH AIR
UNIT PLAN 1:50
CONDITIONED AIR RETURN / MIXED AIR EXHAUST AIR DUCT SIZE: 7”x7”
0
1m
2m
5m
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GENERI[HVA]C
Typical Toronto Condo Comfort System
Michael Hankus + Gregorio Jimenez + Douglas Peterson-Hui + Daniel Sobieraj The HVAC system was designed with efficiency in mind. Since this is a condo tower with small units it was only appropriate to choose a stacked FCU as our terminal equipment. The stacked FCU takes up little space and can be hidden in closets or corners. Exhaust vents and fresh air intakes were kept apart at 3m in order to prevent any old air from coming back into the system. Any fresh air intakes would be well insulated to prevent any unwanted heat or cold air from transferring from the ducts to the rooms. The HVACs impact on the architectural design although noticeable did not create a huge problem with the spacial and functional aspects of the building. Bulk heads were run overtop of closets, kitchen cabinets and as many places possible where ceiling height was not important. When discussing energy performance and sustainability the group decided to figure out what could be done with the condensate that is drained from the FCUs. It was decided that all drains would lead to a grey water system. The grey water system not only collects water from the FCUs but also water from the roof. This water would be redistributed back into the condo units toilets.
LEGEND Ducts Fresh Air Exhaust Air LEGEND
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Ducts Fresh Air
0
1
2
3
5m
Buillding Comfort System Axonometric 13
COMPONENTS Re
cir
cu
lat
ing
Area 2 (m )
Space
Area 2 (m ) 11 9 11 11 11 9 6 11 11 6
Bedroom 1Space Bedroom 2 Living Room Bedroom 1 Kitchen Bedroom 2 Bathroom Living Total Room Kitchen CFM Bathroom 2 Bedroom Unit Total CFM
2 Bedroom Unit
Air
Area (m2)
Space
Bedroom Space LivingRoom Kitchen Bedroom Bathroom LivingRoom Total Kitchen CFM Bathroom 1 Bedroom Unit Total CFM
nd
Co
ed
n itio
CWS CWR
Air
HWS HWR
Air
Space Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Living Room Kitchen Bathroom Total CFM
2 Bedroom Unit
Space
14
Bedroom LivingRoom Kitchen Bathroom Total CFM
Heat Recovery Ventilator
Area 2 (m )
Space Bedroom Space Living Room Kitchen Bedroom Bathroom Living Room Total Kitchen CFM Bathroom Studio Unit Total CFM
Volume 3 (m )
Area (m2)
h=2.5 Space
11 9 Bedroom 1 11 2 Bedroom Living 11Room Kitchen 6
27.5 22.5 27.5 27.5 15
Bathroom Total CFM
C
Volume
3 Max (m )Min
(m2)
2 2 11 39 11 15 11 6 6
2 Bedroom Unit
UnitStudio Type Unit 2 Bedroom 1 Bedroom Unit Type Indoor Air Flow Rate Studio 2 Bedroom
Air Change Rate (l/hr) Max
(m3/hr)
4 55 110 Min Max Min 4 27.5 45 2 90 55 4 6 22.5 82.5 2 4 165 45 6 550 82.5 20 27.5 412.5 3 10 27.5 90 15 201275412.5 15 6 10 90 685 2190 685 403.191 403.191 1289.034
h=2.5
Area
Volume
1 Bedroom
Studio Total Floor CFM 110 Total Condo storey Total 4 Floor CFM CFM
90 165 550 1275 2190 1289.034
3
Area (m2)
Volume Air Change 3 (m ) (l/hr) h=2.5 Min Volume Air Change 27.5 2 3 (m ) 35 (l/hr) 3 h=2.5 Min 22.5 15 27.5 2 15 6 35 3 22.5 15 15 6
Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate (m3/hr) Max Min Max Rate Air Flow Rate 4 Indoor55 110 (m3/hr) 210 6 105 Max Min Max 20 337.5 450 4 55 110 10 90 1275 6 105 210 587.5 2045 20 345.803 337.5 1203.687 450 10 90 1275 587.5 2045 345.803 1203.687
Volume 3 (m ) h=2.5
Volume Air Change 3 (m ) (l/hr) h=2.5 Min Volume Air Change 22.5 2 3 ) (m 27.5 (l/hr) 3 h=2.5 Min 25 15 22.5 2 12.5 6 27.5 3 25 15 12.5 6
Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate (m3/hr) Max Min Max Rate Air Flow Rate 4 Indoor45 90 (m3/hr) 165 6 82.5 Max Min Max 20 375 500 4 45 90 10 75 1275 6 82.5 165 577.5 2030 20 339.917 375 1194.858 500 10 75 1275 577.5 2030 339.917 1194.858
345 340
2 1
Total Condo 4 storey CFM
690 340
1433 5732
1433 5732
Air Change Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate
1 Bedroom Unit
Space
Volume Air Change Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate h=2.5 Min Max Min Max 3 (m ) (l/hr) (m3/hr) 27.5 2 4 55 110 22.5 2 4 45 90 h=2.5 Min Max Min Max 27.5 3 6 82.5 165 27.5 2 20 4 55 110 27.5 15 412.5 550 22.5 2 10 4 45 90 15 6 90 1275 27.5 3 6 82.5 165 685 2190 27.5 15 20 403.191 412.5 1289.034 550 15 6 10 90 1275 685 2190 403.191 1289.034
Unit CFM Units/floor Floor CFM 403 1 403 345 2 690 Unit CFM Units/floor Floor CFM 340 403 1 1 403 340
Max
Space o (m )Indoor Air (l/hr) Volume Rate Flow Rate (m3/hr) (m2) ld Air Change Min Max Min Max 3 Air (l/hr) h=2.5 (m ) (m3/hr) 11 27.5 2 4 55 110 h=2.5 Min Max Max Min LivingRoom 14 35 3 6 105 210 Kitchen 9 22.5 15 20 337.5 450 11 27.5 2 4 55 110 Bathroom 6 15 6 10 90 1275 14 35 3 6 105 210 Total 587.5 2045 22.5 15 20 337.5 450 CFM 9 345.803 1203.687 6 15 6 10 90 1275 1 Bedroom Unit 587.5 2045 345.803 1203.687
Area 2 (mBedroom )
Area 9 2 (m ) 11 10 9 5 11 10 5
Air Change Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate (l/hr) (m3/hr) Area Min
Air Change Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate (l/hr) (m3/hr)
1 Bedroom Unit
Horizontal Fan-Coil Unit
Wa rm
Area 11 (m2) 14 9 11 6 14 9 6
Volume 3 (m )
Air Change Rate Indoor Air Flow Rate (l/hr) (m3/hr) Min Max Min Max
Carrier Airstream 42SJ Nominal CFM: 2000
Carrier Airstream 42SJ
fan coil unit (300 - 2000 CFM)
fan coil unit (300 - 2000 CFM)
The HVAC system for this condo will utilize the stacking ability of the Carrier Airstream 42 SJ fan
Unit T 2 Bed 1 Bed Unit T Studio 2 Bed 1 Bed Total Studio Total Total Total
Carrie Nomin Carrie Nomin
The H coil un organi The H to coilhan un organi to han
Cooling Tower
Compressor
Condensed system
Condensor expansion valve
evaporated system fluid (refrigerant gas)
CDWR
CDWS
CWR
CWS
Evaporator
system working fluid (refrigerant)
The working fluid refrigerant has a much higher boiling point than water. In the Evaporator the liquid refrigerant boils and evaporates, absorbing heat as it evaporates; cooling the FCU coils. The compressor removes the refrigerant vapour from the evaporator and reduces the pressure in the evaporator to a point Cooling System where the desired evaporating temperature can be maintained. The compressor then raises the pressure of refrigerant to a level high that the boiling temperature is higher than theIn temperature of the The the working fluidvapor refrigerant has enough a muchsohigher point than water. the cooling medium (from cooling tower) available for condensing in the refrigerant vapor. Evaporator the liquid refrigerant boils and evaporates, absorbing heat as it evaporates; The expansion valve meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator at an appropriate rate to cooling the FCU coils. The compressor removes the refrigerant vapour from the facilitate the cooling process of water. As more cooling is required, additional refrigerant is let into the evaporator and reduces the pressure in the evaporator to a point where the desired evaporator
Fan Coil Unit
evaporating temperature can be maintained.
The compressor then raises the pressure of the refrigerant vapor to a level high enough so that the temperature is higher than the temperature of the cooling medium (from cooling tower) available for condensing in the refrigerant vapor. The expansion valve meters the flow of liquid refrigerant into the evaporator at an appropriate rate to facilitate the cooling process of water. As more cooling is required, additional refrigerant is let into the evaporator. The HVAC system for this condo will utilize the stacking ability of the Carrier Airstream 42 SJ fan coil unit. This will allow the organization of water and air flows through the HVAC system to beorganized in a simplified manner. The different residential units will use the appropriate model # to handle the required CFM.
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CONCLUSION The project was to study and create the HVAC system of a generic condominium housing unit as a whole as well as the individual dwelling within. The project not only taught us how a building is thermally controlled and conditioned, but it also taught us the mechanical engineering required to calculate the required and appropriate equipment to execute the task. The calculations also led us to research the top manufacturers of various HVAC equipment and services and how to read the professional documentation that is packaged with it. Concluding, the project extended our understandable horizons of the bodily comfort systems of architecture and required our professional execution of the practice. Furthermore, having this activity assigned as a group project was a very valuable and fruitful experience. Since working amongst other human beings of the planet earth is very popular in the world, this was a great experience to help us learn the professional ethic behind it. For instance, we were able to help each other’s understanding and research of the HVAC, as well as critique one another’s work along the journey to ensure we were all at the right spot. After the design of our generic condominium tower and its respective HVAC system, we were able to organize ourselves to create diagrams and graphics to express our collective understanding in the best way possible as each member of the team brought their unique proficiencies. In conclusion, working in a group was a very beneficial experience that will help in the professional world and allowed us to create a much stronger project than if we were to embark on it ourselves.
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REFERENCES Airstream 42C. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://www.carrier.com/building-solu
tions/en/us/products/airside/fan-coils/42c/
Central Energy Plant - Basic Overview - How a Chiller and Cooling Tower Work Together.
(n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5Tj7ZOsos
Heat recovery ventilation: First room-by-room demand controlled Aereco. (n.d.).
Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://www.aereco.com/product/dxr/
Heating Venting and Cooling Symbols. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2015, from http://www.
halfacreconstruction.com/pdf/drawings/northwest/plans_8_of_8.pdf
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