Dr. Dragon Issue #1

Issue#1 June 2012

MATH

SCIENCE

ENGINEERING

DR. DRAGON Heterochromia Iridium

Medicine in Ancient Egypt

Staff Editor-in-chief: Hajin Yang Vice President: Jingzhi Yang Secretary: Michaela Palmer Treasurer: Carolina Mendoza Editors: Michaela Palmer, Aviva Pastor, Yael Saiger Journalists: Jeff Lai, Muriel Leung, Shannice Noel, Michaela Palmer, Aviva Pastor, Yael Saiger, Hajin Yang

Layout: Keren Ben-Reuven, Emily Chen, Alondra Faculty Advisor: Ronald Choi Publishing Manager: Sneha Iyer

Special Thanks To‌ Shanker Iyer Huma Uddin Jainifer Morrison Mohamad Naushad Jongmoon Yang Shari Hill

Copyright Š 2012 by Dr. Dragon All rights reserved. Published by Dr .Dragon No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means without permission written by the publisher.

Intro.

Dr. Dragon explores topics in

math, science, and engineering/technology. This magazine includes significant and relevant information that we want to share with the HSMSE community.

Dear Readers, How many HSMSE students does it take to unscrew a light bulb? One‌ and twenty four others to talk about it.

Sometimes it feels like that to a teacher in classroom. All kidding aside, we all know that whatever profession you are in, communication skills are essential for success. Wouldn’t one of the best ways to develop such communication skills be working on a magazine? When I was asked to be the advisor for the new Dr. Dragon magazine on math, science and engineering, I thought that it was a great idea. I know that this group of students knows what they are doing. I was also impressed that they were able to raise over $800 in their first year.

All the work in this magazine is done solely by the students. They did the layout, artwork, writing, and editing. I am honored to work with a group of such inspired students. I wish them the best of luck and success.

Sincerely,

Mr. Choi Math and Engineering teacher, High School for Math, Science and Engineering

Dear Readers, When I first came to this school, I wanted to contribute something that would improve our high school experience. Many other high schools have both a school newspaper and a magazine that covers a specific subject. I realized that I could start a specialized magazine at HSMSE. I gathered my friends who were also interested in beginning a magazine, and we brainstormed topics. We quickly decided that the magazine should cover math, science and engineering, because those are our school’s specialties and our interests.

This magazine provided participating students with an opportunity to research information and publish articles on topics they chose. The information that you will encounter is not only from the internet, books, or news, but also from experts in various fields. Now you can read about M, S and E topics that are not necessarily covered in class at HSMSE. If I said creating this magazine was easy, that would not be true. It was challenging for us, but ultimately a rewarding process. The magazine is better than we ever expected it would be. Thanks to everyone who worked on this magazine. Enjoy!

Sincerely,

Hajin Yang Editor-in-Chief

Table of Contents Exploring Medicine in Ancient Egypt Discover the surprisingly advanced medical practices of Ancient Egypt, including the study of anatomy, surgical procedures, and clinical treatments.

05 06

An Eye in the Sky-UAVs Unmanned aerial vehicles, or drones, are crucial to military technology and engineering innovations.

Not Snowing Enough?

New York City barely got any snow this winter, and it’s not why you think…

Heterochromia Iridum: What is it?

Explore the causes and types of Heterochromia - a genetic mutation that causes eyes to be two different colors.

08

04

07

Nuetrinos: Molecules defying Physics?

A break through in Physics and a step towards time travel, or simply an erroneous experiments.

The Magic of Fractals A basic exploration of a mathematical concept that generates beautiful patterns.

“White” Penguins are Discovered in Antarctica!

A Penguin with distinctive bright plumage is discovered by tourists in Antarctica. It may look albino, but actually has a much rarer condition.

Learning about Oceanography with Professor Pitman

09 12

13

An interview with Professor Walter Pitman an influential professor of oceanography at Columbia University.

Footnotes, Competitions/ Summer Programs, Crossword Puzzles, and Sudoku.

16

Exploring Medicine in Ancient Egypt

By Muriel Leung Although Ancient Greece is often credited with laying the basis of modern medicine, the Ancient Egyptians were exercising some of its basic practices and ideas long before the Greeks. The Greeks then adapted to incorporate elements of the Egyptians’ system and passed it down to future generations. This system came to influence European and Arabic medicine into modern times. Seventy percent of Ancient Egyptian medical treatments are still in use today, although we now synthetically produce most of them.

Medical papyri, the oldest one almost 4,000 years old, give important insight into the Egyptian world of medicine. They reveal the Egyptians had a methodic approach to medicine similar to today.

Each papyrus was a compilation of various medical topics. These records, much like their modern equivalents, consisted of a description of a disease, its symptoms, and a solution. Instructions for each medicine’s usage were clear and specific. They included the exact dosage, method of ingestion, and/or external application.

Three of the most significant papyri are the Edwin Smith, the Ebers, and the Kahun papyri.

The Edwin Smith contains the earliest known treatise for surgery, the Ebers includes treatments for clinical illnesses, and the Kahun contains the earliest evidence of gynaecologic practices.

Researchers at the Biomedical Egyptology

unit of the University of Mancheter have examined these papyri and discovered techniques that are still being used in the 21st century. For example, the Ebers papyrus explains that burns should be treated with a mixture of turpentine, honey, resin and copper. Acacia honey, the type of honey dominant in Egypt, is known for its disinfectant properties and is still in use today in cases where antibiotics are absent or not effective. Even though this mixture is very painful and tends to cause scarring, it effectively wards off infection. Another remedy described in the Ebers is the use of pomegranates to eradicate tapeworms, a method that remained in use until the mid 19th century.

Other pharmaceuticals used by the ancient Egyptians include antacids, alum, diuretics, magnesia, astringents, sedatives, antispasmodics, calcium carbonates, and exotic herbs. Laxatives were especially popular and were designed to rid the body of evil spirits as well as toxins. The reason that Egypt tends to be discredited for its medical impact is that its medicine was largely religious and mythical. Although doctors approached ailments rationally, they also placed heavy emphasis on magic while treating them. In fact, physical medicines were seen only as a temporary cure, as a way to ease pain, while prayers and magical incantations were believed to completely restore the patient. This is demonstrated in the Ebers Papyrus, where an entire section is dedicated to charms and incantations.

Nevertheless, the Egyptians were remarkably advanced for their time period. Along with employing effective pharmaceuticals, they pioneered the study of human and animal anatomy, performed surgery, and devised anatomical and surgical terms.

They developed significant medical practices, including the use of splints, bandages, and compresses. They also possessed a basic understanding of the importance of a balanced diet. They demonstrated a remarkable understanding of the human body and the ways in which it does and does not work. This understanding has helped shape the world of medicine today.

An Eye in the Sky-UAVs

By Michaela Palmer

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, are controlled remotely by a computer or a pilot, depending upon their design and purpose.

With nearly 7,000 drones, the US operates more UAVs than any other country. Before the Iraq war began in 2003, the US had almost no drones. Drone technology has developed rapidly, and as UAVs become more advanced, more can be accomplished.

And, because drones are unmanned, they can perform these tasks with little risk to American lives.

UAVs vary by various parameters such as function, size, weight, flight range and shape, and are organized into different classification systems.

They are primarily used to perform classified tasks for the US military such as transporting items, conducting surveillance, and carrying out attacks – all without anyone on board. Predator UAVs are one of the most commonly- used types, often utilized by the United States Air Force and the Central Intelligence Agency. Predator UAVs work like most other small aircraft, but they are operated remotely. Predators have a Rotax 914 four cylinder engine. A drive shaft rotates the two-blade propeller. This propeller makes the drone move both up and forward. This drone’s wingspan of about 49 feet allows it to reach heights of up to 25,000 feet.

There are several types of Predator UAVs

used for different tasks. Reconnaissance is currently conducted with the RQ-1 Predator. This UAV is fitted with many hi-tech cameras to enhance ease of navigation and the ability to collect information. It can show real-time video and also take high quality stills.

The MQ-1 Predator UAV is used by America to carry out attacks. Instead of cameras, the MQ1 has a Multispectral Targeting System (MTS) and two Hellfire missiles. Typically, the MTS will beam down lasers, which can make calculations about distance or guide the missiles.

UAVs are extremely valuable assets to the US military. As Peter W. Singer, the director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative wrote, “[Drones] do not merely remove the human from risk, changing our very concept of the role of a warrior, but in so doing reshape many of the foundational concepts of what war itself entails.”

In addition, UAV technology has nonmilitary applications including search and rescue, oil, gas and mineral exploration and commercial transport. This rapidly evolving technology offers myriad benefits to the military and increasingly the private sector. The role of UAVs will continue growing in the years to come.

Not Snowing Enough?

By Hajin Yang The weather in New York is confusing.

Compared to the winter of 2009, there were very few snow days and there was very little snow this past winter. (Data is shown below).

We should consider why this was the case. Is it global warming that caused the decrease in snowfall? Is it a normal weather pattern? Or is it just a coincidence?

Global warming, a well-known issue, appears to be causing worldwide climate change. Many think global warming is the reason for climate change, but we cannot assume that there is a casual relationship without data from a longer span of time. “We can’t know for sure until enough time passes to generate the trend,” said Alain Plante, an assistant professor in the Department of Earth and Environmental Science at the University of Pennsylvania.

However, it is important to distinguish between the weather and the climate. The amount of snowfall in a given year falls under

the category of weather, while climate refers to overarching weather trends. Since the lack of snow this year is a short term trend, it might be affected by other factors such as El Nino (warmer sea-surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific ocean that impact global weather patterns).

The weather of one year does not necessarily reflect the overall average. “The average may show warming but any individual year can be much colder than the average due to greater variability,” according to Louis D. Albright, a professor of Biological and Environmental Engineering at Cornell University.

We have to wait for more data before making definite conclusions. Who knows? This summer might be cooler than last summer. There might be fewer rainy days than last year.

Not Snowing Enough?

06

Heterochromia Iridis

By Jeff Lai

Heterochromia iridis, sometimes called the ‘odd eye’, is an eye condition that causes the iris in the eye to have two different colors.

These eye colors vary based on the amount of melanin pigment in a person’s eye. Melanin pigments (melanocytes) are protective cells which perform vital functions such as the protection of skin from UV rays. Melanin pigments in the eye can alter its color. Heterochromia iridis is most commonly found in animals such as dogs and cats, although it sometimes appears in humans as well. There are two types of heterochromia iridis: complete iridis and partial iridis. Complete iridium is expressed as two completely different eye pigments, such as one blue eye and one brown eye.

Partial iridis is expressed as two slightly different eye colors, such as one blue eye and one blue green eye.

What’s more common: Partial or Complete Heterochromia Iridium?

Complete heterochromia iridis is more common than a partial heterochromia iridis.

This is because of the difference in causes.

Complete iridis can be caused by inflammation, or eye injury, while partial iridis can only occur at birth, because of the inheritance of a genetic trait.

How does it occur?

Heterochromia iridis can occur through disease or injury. It can also be the product of an inherited generic trait. Different colored eyes can occur due to hemorrhage, or a foreign object getting into the eye. Even mild inflammation can cause the eyes to have a slight change in color.

Heterochromia Iridis

07

Neutrinos: Molecules defying Physics?

BY aviva pastor According to Albert Einstein, how large or fast something is depends on your reference point. For example, when you look out of a car window the landscape appears to be moving past you, to a pedestrian however, you appear to be the moving forward. Einstein says that you’re both right. This is part of his theory of relativity, which also states that time and space will contract or expand depending on how fast you are going. The only thing that is considered invariant by his theory is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is usually denoted as c like in his most famous formula E=mc2.

According to the theory of relativity, the speed of light is the maximum speed at which anything can travel, and only massless things can travel at said speed.

Despite all of the evidence and reasoning physicist have gathered over the years to support this, Neutrinos have decided that they don’t care. Neutrinos are extremely small sub atomic particles.

Their first offense against the laws of physics was when they decided that going through matter would more fun than going around it. Now it appears that they have struck again and are breaking the universe’s strictest speed limit. In September a group of Irish physicist preformed an experiment that shows the particles faster than light. However not everyone is convinced that this is what really happened. The experiment was

preliminary, and although several have followed it, there are still potential flaws to be addressed that may disprove the findings of the experiment. As Lev Deych, Professor of the Physics Department at Queens College, said "science guards its most fundamental principles taking any alleged violation of them with great skepticism. This is a very healthy process keeping scientists from making rush conclusions." However, if the physicist at CERN were correct, there will no longer be any reason for physicists to tell us that we can’t go back in time.

Neutrinos: Molecules Defying Physics?

08

The Magic of

Fractals

By Yael Saiger

I first encountered fractals when I was around eight years old, before I even knew that they had a name, much less that there was any math behind them. I stood on the beach with my father, dressed in a bathing suit and covered in sand. He told me to look at the shape of the cove. It was a semicircle formed by two peninsulas. He then told me to look at the waves hitting the beach. They were the same shape as the cove. He told me to look at the ripples in the waves. They too were that same semicircular shape. The coastline was self-similar.

Being eight, I was more interested in jumping into the water than the shape of the water, so I nodded and ran off. The next time that fractals came up, this time with a name, was last year in my eighth grade algebra class. Soon all of my notebooks were covered with tiny drawings of fractal shapes, and towards the end of the year I decided I wanted to learn the math.

Fractals are shapes that may at first appear random but are, in fact, generated by mathematical equations. The defining feature of fractals is self-similarity. The entire shape looks like

a part of the shape, and a part of that shape looks like a part of the previous shape, just as my father explained to me with the coast. This pattern continues infinitely, repeating endlessly. These self similar equations are described by a formula called the iteration formula. You perform a function, then take the result and plug it back into the function, take that result and plug that into the function, and this loop continues infinitely.

The Sierpinski Gasket The Sierpinski gasket is one of the most famous fractals. It begins simply as a triangle.

Then, you find the midpoints of each of the three sides and connect them to form an upside-down triangle which is Ÿ of the size of the original triangle. Cut out this central triangle so that if the area of your original triangle was 1, the area is now ž. Now you are left with three triangles that are similar to the original triangle (already, after the first iteration, the concept of self similarity is exhibited). Find the midpoints of the sides of each of those

One Step Feedback Machine

The Magic of Fractals

09

triangles and remove from each the upside-down triangle that is created. Now the area of your triangle is ¾*¾, or 9/16. A Sierpinski gasket is just this simple process repeated an infinite amount of times.

Stages of the Sierpinski Gasket

Assume that the area of your original triangle was 1. Because you take three fourths of the previous step each time, or ¾ of ¾, the equation for the area of the Sierpinski gasket is (¾)^n.

The limit of this equation is 0 meaning that if you perform the process described above an infinite number of times the area of the gasket would be 0. However, the perimeter of the gasket increases with each iteration, meaning that while this shape has 0 area, it has infinite perimeter. A shape with no area and boundless perimeter is something that is very hard for the human mind to fathom. The Sierpinski gasket can be drawn approximately, but it is actually a theoretical shape and the mathematical Sierpinski gasket can never be drawn.

Perhaps the most incredible thing about the Sierpinski gasket is that beginning with a triangle is not the only way you can create it. This incredible fractal has a persistent habit of popping up whenever you least expect it. The multiple reduction copy machine takes a single image, produces three versions of that image that have been reduced by 50% and arranges them in a

pyramid form (2 on the bottom and one centered on top). It then takes the new image, produces three of those and stacks them, and repeats this process again and again. It is evident that a process like this will produce a fractal shape, because it is iterative. At each step, it takes the result of the previous step and performs a function on it.

What is incredible is that no matter what image you begin with, whether it be a shape a word or a picture, the multiple reduction copy machine transforms the image into a Sierpinski gasket.

This means that this process can be performed from any starting point to achieve the same end result (in this case the Sierpinski gasket) and this mathematical concept is called stability. And the gasket does not stop there. The next place it pops up is even more unexpected than the previous.

This place is the chaos game named by Michael F. Barnsely, as described by Heinz-Otto Peitgen, a German mathematician famous for his study of fractals, in his book Chaos and fractals: New Frontiers of Science. Draw 3 points on a sheet of paper, point 1, point 2 and point 3. these are the “bases” Then pick any point randomly on the paper, and draw a small dot. This is the “game point.” Roll a dice to choose between the bases (1, 2 and 3). Then draw a dot at the midpoint of the line between the game point and that base, or halfway between the two points. This dot is now the game point, and you repeat the process.

Eventually, you will draw a dot inside the triangle formed by the bases, and, because of the nature of the game, once your game point is inside the triangle the process will always stay inside the triangle. And, once the process enters the inside of the triangle, after hundreds of repetitions, a Sierpinski gasket is formed. An organized shape emerges from a seemingly random distribution of dots, and order emerges from chaos.

The Fern Ferns are an excellent example of the occurrence of fractals in nature. An accurate image of a fern can be generated by using fractal math. Rather than being self-similar, like the Sierpinski gasket, ferns are self-affine. Imagine once again the multiple reduction copy machine, but instead of just being able to replicate the im-

The Magic of Fractals

10

Fractal Fern

age and change it’s size, it can now rotate the image, and stretch it and compress it. The entirety of the fern is made of the same image, shrunk stretched and rotated. Even the stem is the same, compressed to two-dimensional form.

Similar fractal math can be used to describe other plants such as trees, and things such as mountains and clouds. It allows us to predict, replicate, and describe patterns in nature. Many computer animations of fire, water and landscapes are produced with fractal math.

Now, thinking back to when my father described the coast line to me, I can fully appreciate the wonder that he tried to convey to me. That each piece of the coast is similar to the whole is incredible in and of itself, and that self-similarity can be found in other places in nature is also extraordinary. It’s amazing that a simple mathematical equation describes this complex natural phenomenon.

The Magic of Fractals

11

“White� !

Penguins are Discovered in Antarctica

By Shannice Noel On January 11th 2012, an extremely rare "white" chinstrap penguin was spotted by tourists on one of the South Shetland islands off of Antarctica. The penguin was a surprise sighting to the tourists, who became the first to capture such a penguin on film. The penguin, although appearing to have the characteristics of an albino (white, light brown plumage instead of black and

grey) actually has a mutation called isabellinism.

The difference is that albinism ,the condition of an albino animal, occurs when an animal is unable to produce melanin, the biochemical for pigmentation, in all parts of its body. Isabellinism is simply a brighter coloration in an animal that is the product of genetic mutation.

This rare color patterning has been found most often in penguins that live in the Antarctic, while the rarest cases are found in Magellanic penguins(penguins that live on the coast of South America).

Isabellinism may be a problem for the penguin's survival, however. A penguin's black and grey plumage camouflages it from predators when it swims in the ocean. A penguin with bright plumage will have a much harder time being hidden from predators, and will therefore be a much easier catch.

"Many wondered about this unusual bird's chances of survival," said Lindblad's Stephens aboard the National Geographic Explorer, the research ship used in Antarctica. However, he also says that although the unusually colored bird may have a harder time steering clear of enemies and catching food, they can still breed normally, thus contributing to the population.

Q: Would you say that you know, there more that we do not yet know about plate tectonics? Is there something that is still a mystery to us?

A: The mechanism that makes it work—it’s like a boiling pot of lava—but we don’t really understand the mechanism that drives the plates apart.The oldest part of the ocean is about a hundred and eighty million years old but the earth is four billion and this process of plate tectonics has probably been going on for at least three-billion years. That means that continents have been continuously separating and colliding with each other—they never reassemble the same way. When they collide they form mountain belts.

Q: What led you to research the Black Sea? A: We were working with a colleague on the Mediterranean, a totally different kind of a project, and Bill Ryan, who was the coauthor of the book we wrote, was very busy, was always disappearing and finally we got angry and we said “Bill, you’ve got to stay with us” And he said “Well I’m working on another project” He said he had discovered that the Mediterranean dried out about five million years ago…right to the bottom… and then was catastrophically reflooded. Wow. So we were all oohing and ahhing about that and listening to what his evidence was. And then one of our colleagues said, “Well maybe that’s the origin of the flood legends.” And we all laughed because...there were no humans around at that time.

But then Bill and I said to each other “Look let’s look for something like that flood, maybe in the Black Sea the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf that would have taken place as the glaciers melted” See, at the end of the last glaciation, which ended about twenty thousand years ago, there were humans on the earth…and as the ice melted sea levels began to rise. The Black sea…just has one outlet, the Bosporus. We think the Black sea was down; maybe it had dried up partially, because climate was arid and the Bosperous was emergent and only a shallow groove in the rock. As glaciers melted and sea level rose, it eventually poured right through the Bosporus, raising the level of the black sea by 100 meters.

Wewent, looked at data from The Black Sea and we actually went to the Black Sea on a Russian ship, and the data showed that the Black sea had been catastrophically flooded 7500 years ago, which is well within the time of modern humans…We speculate that there were people living along the edge of the Black Sea. The level of the black sea would have risen about eight inches a day. And if it rose eight inches it would transgress eighty thousand inches inland, and people had to flee, and we think that some of them went up the Danube river; archeological evidence supports that, and others may have gone into Northern Mesopotamia.

Q: How exactly do you find this out? Did you find that there used to be- a civilization where the water is, or…?

A: Underwater, we can’t see any remains because they are covered by sediment. If we had a lot of money…we could use special equipment but we don’t so we can only guess…The archeologists say that a group of people suddenly appeared in the lower parts of the Danube valley, the parts that are now at the edge of the Black sea, and they migrated upstream very rapidly…They were genetically different from the natives and they had a very different culture.

Q: Your hypothesis says that the causes of the Black sea flood had to do with climate warming and melting ice caps. This is similar to what is attributed to global warming today. Do you think a flood of this scale could or will happen again? (in the recent future?)

A: Well probably not.

Q&A Learning about Oc eanograp with Prof hy essor Wal tar Pittm an Q: How did you get interested in Oceanography?

A: I worked in an engineering company…I worked in the administrative end of it. Even though I had an engineering degree they wanted some people in the administrative end of it who had some understanding and could speak the engineering language. And I must admit I disliked it from the first day. It was a three piece suit and a shirt and tie…so I decided I might like to study oceanography. And having been near almost in the ocean all my life I had a great-sort of an understanding for it. And I applied to Columbia to go to graduate school at a place called Lamont Observatory, It’s a research branch…..they wouldn’t accept me right away, they made me go to sea for a year …We were gone for nine months. We went into port every month, sometimes more often. But we called at ports all the way from Greenland to the islands off Antarctica in the Atlantic and from Panama to the tip of South America in the Pacific.

Q: When you did your later research on The Black Sea did you also go actually out on the boat?

A: Yes. I went out on ships many times. For quite a while I would try to go to sea for a month every year. But you know, I stopped going to sea about fifteen or twenty years ago, I’m eighty now …you reach an age when you are not as agile as you used to be, and these ships are not very big and they are areas where the sea is pretty rough.

Q: I know that you became interested in oceanography because of the electrical engineering firm that you worked at, but what interested you in marine magnetic anomalies?

A: It happened by accident really. I got involved in a program which involved a ship called “The Eltanin” which was owned by the government. And we were gathering data in the South Pacific just north of Antarctica ( it was one of those cruises). I was not actually on the ship at that time, but it was Lamont instrumentation of that ship and I was one of the people that helped process this information. And I came across a piece of data which was a magnetic anomaly profile across the mid-ocean ridge in the south pacific. And the profile was extremely symmetric in respect to the ridge axes…like a mirror. This idea of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics had already been proposed, but nobody could prove it and this pattern of magnetic anomalies proved it very conclusively. In fact, the magnetic anomaly patterns extended way off the ridge axis to the flanking continents, so we were able to actually use the magnetic anomalies by fitting them together on opposite sides of the ridge axes to actually make maps that showed the movement of the continents away from each other.

(Here, Professor Pittman took me into some other rooms in the oceanography department at Columbia University and showed me some topographical maps of the Ocean, and some of the patterns that are present)

Q: On the expiditions…what do you do exactly?

A: We operate scientific equipment while underway and stop to sample the ocean bottom, and come then to port every three of four weeks or so. Whilewe are at sea we would be searching for those magnetic anomalies, we would be using what called seismic reflection to measure the thickness of the sediment at the bottom of the ocean. we’d be measuring the topography very carefully very accurately, we would stop and take samples of the sediment...And when we were steaming along we would always be always measuring the strength of gravity , the strength of the earth’s magnetic field..but we’d do that for maybe thirty days at sea, and then come into port and have some fun.

Q: Have you ever done anything with the Ocean life?

A: No. Never. I have been on ships with marine biologists.

Q: Do you have a preference between teaching and research? What?

Back then I preferred researching but I did a lot of teaching to. And I was pretty good at it…research is a lot of fun but it’s very kind-of episodic…You go along, do a lot of thinking, a lot of reading, and then you get an idea.

Then you really take off. If the idea is beginning to look good, then, in your own mind the research is more fun than teaching. But then, later on, when you’ve developed the idea teaching becomes more fun, because you can teach that idea.

Q: Do you think Oceanography should be taught more in high schools?

A: There are so many things to learn in high school…

Are you going to study calculus?

Yes. Physics?

Yeah. Physics, chemistry, biology.

Maybe a little [oceanography]—like if you have a course in earth science a touch of oceanography. But my feeling is that in high school you should get the basics. If you start out college and you have had a couple of good years of calculus you are so far ahead.

And calculus is kind of magic…It’s something you are really going to want.

Q: What would you tell a high school student to interest them or I guess advocate for oceanography?

A: I just, I was raised near the Ocean .I just loved, and I still do it. It’s still very mysterious, it’s a great place to work…plate tectonics is very different from anything on land…I love the sea. I would suggest to anyone that they go to sea sometime—see if they like it, if they can handle it…There’s a lot of chance in it…I think science in general is really a lot of fun. I love doing it.

Q: What advice would you give a student who is interested the field both for in high school and afterwards?

A: A student can always try to get a summer job at a research institution. It’s a good idea. With a school like yours, if a student sends in a letter or something...people are going to read the letter because the school….and all of those. Students who come out of there are really smart and very hardworking. So that’s one idea.

Competitions/ Summer Programs The Dupont challenge helps students to get a better understanding of science and technology through challenges and competitions. Visit thechallenge.dupont.com. The website provided can help you decide on which essay topics you can write about to enter the contest and explore more about these fields.

The Intel Summer program can help you enhance your experience with engineering through designing. The challenge of this program is for you to find something that you enjoy doing, as opposed to joining this program by force.

This summer program doesn't only help you in the world of engineering but also helps you to narrow down life-long goals. Visit educate.intel.com/en/ DesignDiscovery/ ImplementationExamples/ SummerEnrichment/ for more informations.

The New York City Science and Engineering Fair (NYCSEF) and College Now Summer Research Program is a six-week summer internship program for public high school students. The goal of the program is to give students a chance to deepen their knowledge in science, math, writing, and engineering. Students are required to attend seminars, report to their assigned laboratories and present their summer papers at a conference in August.

If you are a junior or senior enrolled in a NYC public school then you are eligible.

Competitions/Summer Programs

16

-"Study: Modern medicine originated in Egypt." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 17 Mar. 2012.

-Bunson, Margaret. "Medicine in Ancient Egypt." Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Revised Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2002. Ancient and Medieval History Online.

Facts On File, Inc. 17 March 2012.

-“Ancient Egyptian Medicine” Egpyt Daily. Nov 2010. 18 March 2012.

-“Egyptians, Not Greeks, Were True Fathers of Medicine.”

ScienceDaily. 9 May 2007. 17 March 2012.

-The University of Manchester. “Biomedical Egyptology.”

The University of Manchester Faculty of Life Sciences Podcasts. 26 Jan. 2009. Itunes. 18 March 2012.

-“Documentary: Biomedical Egyptology.” Talking Pyramids. 30 Jan. 2009. 18 March 2012.

Dr. Keegan

http://www.heterochromiacentral.com/ heterochromia%20iridum.html http://www.heterochromiacentral.com/ heterochromia%20iridis.html http://www.heterochromiacentral.com/ heterochromia%20causes.html http://www.heterochromiacentral.com/ complete%20heterochromia.html

http:// news.nationalgeographic.co m/news/2012/01/120112white-penguin-albinoantarctica-animals-science-

Google Images

Singer, Peter W. “A Revolution Once More: Unmanned Systems and the Middle East.” Brookings.edu. Nov. 2009. Web. March 2012.

1) Peitgen, Heinz-Otto, Chaos and Fractals: New Frontiers of Science, 2nd ed, (New York: Springer-Verlag New York, Inc, 2004) 37.

2) [1] Math Awareness Month 2000: Scaling and Growth Exponents (Essays/ B3D/2). mathaware.org. Tues. Web. 28 Feb. 2012.

3) CCS Bio Blog: Fractal Fern. ccsbio.blogspot.com. Web. 28 Feb. 2012

Valdes, Robert. “How the Predator UAV Works.”

Howstuffworks. n.d. Web. March 2012.

FOOTNOTES

Crossword Puz-

Fun Su-

If you want to be part of us...

-Ask yourself that you are responsible enough to contribute your thoughts.

-Go see and talk to Hajin Yang, the president of Dr. Dragon, and Mr. Choi, the advisor, starting next semester.

-Get ready to be part of our club!!

If you want to show your talents on writing, designing, etc‌ -Summit your articles/drafts to Hajin Yang -Share your design/lay out thoughts with Hajin Yang -You can read your article and look at your design/lay out on our magazine!