UCCHA SHIKSHA ME MUSLIM CHATRAON KO AANE VALI SAMSYAON KA ADHYAYAN

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, MAY-JUNE, 2021, VOL- 8/65 https://doi.org/10.21922/srjis.v8i65.1348

mPp f”k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u lfjrk esukfj;k1] Ph. D. & fjt+okuk “ks[k2 1Ik;Zos{kd

¼lgk;d vkpk;Z½ yksdekU; fryd f”k{kd izf”k{k.k] egkfo|ky; ¼lh-Vh-bZ-½ Mcksd] fo”ofo|ky;½

mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½ 2ih,p-

Mh- 'kks/kkFkhZ] tuknZu jk; ukxj jktLFkku fo|kihB ¼MhEM-Vw-ch mn;iqj ¼jktLFkku½

sheikhriz50@gmail.com

Paper Received On: 21 JUNE 2021 Peer Reviewed On: 30 JUNE 2021 Published On: 1 JULY 2021 Content Originality & Unique: 75%

izLrqr “kks/k mPp f”k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u ij dsafnzr gSA “kks/k esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa dk irk yxk;k x;k gSA “kks/k v/;;u ds fy, mn;iqj ftys ds 20 Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr 600 eqfLye Nk=kvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk irk yxkus ds fy, eqfLye Nk=k leL;k vfHkerkoyh dk fuekZ.k dj mi;ksx fd;k x;kA Vh&eku lkaf[;dh; rduhd dk mi;ksx nRr fo”ys"k.k ds fy, fd;k x;kA “kks/k ds ifj.kke Li’V djrs gS fd mPp f”k{kk ds varxZr Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaL—frd ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkekftd leL;k,¡ lokZf/kd rr~i”pkr dze”k% vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaL—frd igyw laca/kh leL;k,¡ ikbZ x;h gSA

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

1-leL;k dh i`’B Hkwfe] vkSfpR; ,oa egŸo %& euq"; dk loZrkseq[kh mRFkku f'k{kk dk m)s'; gSA f'k{kk funs'kky; esa lcls igys f'k{kk ds la[;kRed fodkl ds fy, vusd ;kstuk,a cukbZA f'k{kk ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq Nk=&Nk=kvksa dks lqfo/kk,a nsus dh ?kks"k.kk,a dh xbZA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa 'kkyk,¡ [kksyh xbZA yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk dh vksj vkdf"kZr djus ds fy, vyx ls fo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; [kksys x,A ^^lc O;fDr;ksa dh f'k{kk** vFkok tulk/kkj.k dh f'k{kk gh jk"Vªh; izxfr dk ewyk/kkj gSA bldk mRFkku djds gh gekjs ns'k dY;k.k gks ldrk gSA ekuokf/kdkj ?kks’k.kk ds vuqlkj f”k{kk lcdk vf/kdkj gSA izkjfEHkd f”k{kk fu%”kqYd vkSj vfuok;Z gksxhA izkS|ksfxd ,oa O;olk; laca/kh f”k{kk lkekU;r% lcdks miyC/k gksxh vkSj ;ksX;rk ds Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

15046

vuqlkj mPp f”k{kk Hkh miyC/k gksxhA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª ds iw.kZ :i ls fodflr gksus ds fy, ogka dh vk/kh vkcknh vFkkZr efgykvksa dk f'kf{kr gksuk cgqr vko';d gSA ukjh dk f”fk{kr gskuk blfy, Hkh vko”;d gS fd euq’; thou dh lQyrk vkSj vlQyrk dk cgqr dqN Js; ukjh dh f”k{kk&nh{kk vkSj foosd “kfDr dks gh gSA gkykafd vxj ge ikSjkf.kd dky ls ysdj vktknh ds ckn ds le; dh ckr djsa rks efgyk f'k{kk dks ysdj cgqr tkx:drk vk pqdh gSA efgyk f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr lk{kjrk vfHk;kuksa esa çxfr gqbZ gS ijarq vHkh Hkh ;g dk;Z larqf"V ds Lrj ij ugha igqapk vHkh Hkh bl fn'kk esa dke djuk ckdh gSA f'k{kk orZeku dh vko”;drk gS ysfdu eqfLye lekt ds yksxksa dh f'k{kk ds izfr #fp cgqr de gSaA lekt ds ikap izfr”kr yksx gh mPp f'kf{kr gSA ;g lekt vkSj jk’Vª ds fy, fpark dk fo"k; gSA ns'k ds vYila[;d eqlyeku leqnk; dh fo'ks"kdj eqfLye efgyk,a fiNM+k gqvk thou O;rhr djus ij vfHk'kIr gSA vf'k{kk] xjhch] csjkstxkjh] vf/kdkjksa ds çfr vufHkKrk gksus ds dkj.k eqfLye lekt dh 14-6 çfr'kr eqfLye vkcknh] dqy eqfLye vkcknh 27 tuojh 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd :i ls vR;ar fiNM+h gqbZ gSA dqjku ,oa gnhl dks ns[ksa rks ekywe gksrk gS fd bLyke esa lkekftd] vkfFkZd] ukxfjd] dkuwuh ,oa ikfjokfjd ekeyksa esa ftrus vf/kdkj efgykvksa dks fn, gSa mrus fyf[kr :i esa fdlh Hkh /keZ esa ugha fn, x;sA bu lc ds ckotwn vkt eqfLye efgykvksa dks fiNM+siu] vf'k{kk] ikfjokfjd ,oa lkekftd çrkM+uk tSls pkSrjQk ncko >syus iM+rs gSaA bLyke esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks f'k{kk ds volj enjls ds }kjk miyCèk djok, tkrs gSa ftlesa ekSyfo;ksa dk fo'ks"k ;ksxnku jgrk gSA Nk=k,¡ inkZ çFkk ds dkj.k cqdkZ bR;kfn igurh gS ysfdu orZeku egkfo|ky;ksa esa ,d Mªsl dksM gksrk gS ftls iguus esa eqfLye Nk=k,¡ fgpfdpkgV dk vuqHko djrh gSA orZeku egkfo|ky;ksa dh ekU;rkvksa ,oa laL—fr dks Lohdkj ugÈ dj ikrh gSA bl dkj.k eqfLye Nk=k,¡ mPp f'k{kk ls oafpr gks jgh gSA mPp f'k{kk ls oafpr gksus dk ,d dkj.k fd'kksjkoLFkk esa gh gksus okyk fudkg gS ftlds dkj.k mPp f'k{kk dh fLFkfr vkrs&vkrs Nk=k,¡ ikfjokfjd nkf;Ro fuoZgu djus ds fy, etcwj gks tkrh gSA eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks f'k{kk ds mPp Lrj rd igq¡puk ,d çdkj dk liuk gks tkrk gSA bLyke esa efgykvksa dks mPp f'k{kk xzg.k djus vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij ?kj dh pkjnhokjh ls ckgj fudy dj jkstxkj djus esa dksbZ eukgh ugha gS] ij buds fy, 'kjbZ] bLykeh] dkuwu cuk, x, ftudk ikyu djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA lj lS;;n vgen [kk¡ dk ekuuk Fkk fd vkyk rkyhe vDy tgu ds cUn njkokts [kksy nsrh gSA mPp f”k{kk ds fcuk Hkfo’; esa ftnaxh dh fdlh Hkh pqukSrh dks iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ljdkj }kjk vusd ;kstuk,¡ pykus ds ckotwn vHkh xkaoksa esa f”k{kk dk iw.kZ izlkj ugha gks ik;k gSA fo”ks’k rkSj ij eqfLye ckfydk mPp f”k{kk dh fLFkfr;ksa esa lq/kkj dh vko”;drk gSA f”k{kk ds {ks= esa eqfLye oxZ dh Nk=k,a fiNM+h gqbZ D;ksa gS\ mPp f”k{kk esa izos”k ysus ls igys gh eqfLye Nk=k,a i<+kbZ D;ksa NksM+ nsrh gS\ dqy vf”kf{krksa eas vf/kdrj efgyk;sa eqfLye D;ksa gSa\ fdl dkj.k oks f”k{kk xzg.k ugha dj Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

15047

ik jgs gS\ bu iz”uksa ds mÙkj tkuus ds fy, “kks/kkFkhZ us mPp f”k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa dks tkuus dk iz;kl fd;kA 2-'kks/k 'kh"kZd %& mPp f”k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk vè;;uA 3-'kks/k ds mís'; %& Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djukA 4- leL;k dk ifjHkk’khdj.k %& 1- eqfLye Nk=k %& izLrqr 'kks/k esa eqfLye Nk=kvkas ls rkRi;Z Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;ksa es i<+us okyh eqfLye ifjokjksa dh og yM+fd;k¡ tks f”k{kk izkIr dj jgha gSA 2- leL;k,¡ %& izLrqr “kks/k es leL;kvksa ls rkRi;Z mu dfBukbZ;ksa ls gS tks eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks v/;;u ds nkSjku mifLFkr gksrh gSA ;s leL;k,¡ Nk=kvksa ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd] “kSf{kd ,oa /kkfeZd igyqvksa ls f”k{kk esa vkrh gS rFkk ukekadu rFkk Bgjko ds lkFk f”k{kk ds Lrj dks izHkkfor djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA 5- ifjlheu %& “kkss/k dk;Z dks mn;iqj ftys ds 20 Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;ksa esa v/;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa rd gh lhfer j[kk x;k gSA 6- U;kn'kZ %& U;kn”kZ dk p;u ;kn`fPNd izfrp;u fof/k ls fd;k x;k gSA U;kn”kZ ds :i esa mn;iqj ftys ds 20 Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; esa v/;;ujr 600 eqfLye Nk=kvksa dk ftlesa 300 Lukrd Lrj dh eqfLye Nk=k,¡ ,oa 300 LukrdksÙkj Lrj dh eqfLye Nk=kvksa dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA 7- fof/k %& çLrqr “kks/k esa losZ{k.k fof/k dk p;u fd;k x;kA 8- midj.k %& eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk vè;;u djus ds fy, LofufeZr eqfLye Nk=k leL;k vfHkerkoyh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA 9- lkaf[;dh; rduhd %& 'kks/k dk;Z esa nRr fo”ys"k.k ds fy, e/;eku] ekud fopyu ,oa Vh&eku lkaf[;dh; rduhd dks mi;ksx esa fy;k x;kA 10-ifjdYiuk %& 1- Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSaA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k

15048

(Pg. 15045-15053)

11- nŸk fo'ys"k.k %& 1- Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvk dk rqyukRed v/;;u %& lkj.kh la[;k&1 Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa dk e/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk Vh&eku ds vk/kkj ij {ks=okj fo”ys’k.k Øla-

1

{ks=

Lukrd egkfo|ky; N1=300 e/;eku

ekud fopyu

LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; N2=300 e/;eku ekud fopyu

22-25

3-19

21-35

3-07

21-89

3-03

21-32

3-29

18-98

3-44

18-2

3-92

4

lkekftd igyw vkfFkZd igyw lkaL—frd igyw 'kSf{kd igyw

21-75

3-47

20-15

3-16

5

/kkfeZd igyw 21-55

3-73

19-34

3-92

10036

17-38

2 3

lexz

106-44 16-88

e/; eku vUr jD [Ste ] 090 058 079 160 2-21 608

vUrj dh ekud =qfV σD [SED] 0256 0259 0302 0-271

df

Vh& eku

lkFkZdrk vUrj

598 3-51 S 598 2S 23 598 2S 61 598 5-91 S

0-313 598 7S 07 1-399 598 4-34 S

S = lkFkZd vUrj] NS = lkFkZd vUrj ugha O;k[;k & lkj.kh&1 ds fo”ys’k.k ds vuqlkj leLr {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds izkIrkadkas dk lexz Vh&Ekku 4-34 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku ¼-05 Lrj ij 196 rFkk -01 Lrj ij 2-58½ ls vf/kd gSA ftlls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa esa vlekurk ik;h x;h gSA vkjs[k esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa dks rqyukRed :Ik ls n”kkZ;k x;k gSA vr% ifjdYiuk la[;k&1 **Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSaA** vLohdkj dh tkrh gSA

Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

1-

15049

izFke {ks= % lkekftd igyw %& Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds izFke {ks= *lkekftd igyw* ds izfr izkIr vkadM+ksa dk Vh&Ekku 3-51 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku -01 Lrj ij 2-58 ls vf/kd gSA ftlds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh lkekftd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA blls fu’d’kZ ikIr gksrk gS fd eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds izFke {ks= *lkekftd igyw* esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk ik;h x;h gSA eqfLye efgykvksa dh mPp f'k{kk esa ck/kk,a ykus ds fy, vf/kdrj lkekftd otZuk,a] iwokZxzg vkSj ijaijk,a] tYn fookg dk pyu] inkZ izFkk] 'kSf{kd lgk;rk vkSj lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko ,oa tkx:drk vkSj psruk dh deh laca/kh lkekftd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj gSaA

2-

f}rh; {ks= % vkfFkZd igyw %& eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds f}rh; {ks= *vkfFkZd igyw* ds izfr Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij izkIr nÙkksa dk Vh&Ekku 2-23 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku -05 Lrj ij 1-96 ls vf/kd rFkk -01 Lrj ij 2-58 ls de izkIr gqvk gSA Vh&eku ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd Lukrd RkFkk LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa esa -05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA blls fu’d’kZ Lo:i eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds f}rh; {ks= *vkfFkZd igyw* esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk izkIr gqbZ gSA ekrk&firk dh fuEu vk;] xjhch] mPp f'k{kk dk vf/kd [kpZ ,oa f'kf{kr eqfLye efgykvksa esa csjkstxkjh laca/kh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj izkIr gqvk gSaA

3-

r`rh; {ks= % lkaL—frd igyw %& Lukrd&LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds r`rh; {ks= *lkaL—frd igyw* ds izfr e/;eku ,oa ekud fopyu ds vk/kkj ij izkIr nÙkksa dk Vh&Ekku 2-61 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku -05 Lrj ij 1-96 ,oa -01 Lrj ij 2-58 ls vf/kd vk;k gSA ftlls ;g Li’V gS fd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh lkaL—frd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA blls fu’d’kZ fudyrk gS fd eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds r`rh; {ks= *lkaL—frd igyw* esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk ik;h x;h gSA eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa rFkkdfFkr lkaL—frd çfrca/k] lkaL—frd otZuk,¡] lkekftd&lkaL—frd ijaijk,¡] lkaL—frd :f<+okfnrk] ekU;rk,a] jhfr&fjokt] ngst çFkk ,oa iwokZxzg laca/kh lkaL—frd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSaA

Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

4-

15050

prqFkZ {ks= % 'kSf{kd igyw %& Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds prqFkZ {ks= *'kSf{kd igyw* ds izfr nÙkksa dk Vh&Ekku 5-91 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku -05 rFkk -01 nksuks Lrjksa ij vf/kd ik;k x;k gSA Vh&Ekku ls ;g Li’V gS fd Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA ifj.kke Lo:i eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds prqFkZ {ks= *'kSf{kd igyw* esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk izkIr gqbZ gSA eqfLye ifjokjksa esa 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k dk vHkko] ekrk&firk dh 'kSf{kd egRokdka{kkvksa dk de gksuk] efgykvksa dh mPp f'k{kk ij de egRo nsuk ,oa tkx:drk dh deh laca/kh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSaA

5-

iape {ks= % /kkfeZd igyw %& Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds iape {ks= */kkfeZd igyw* esa izkIr nÙkksa dk Vh&Ekku 7-07 lkj.kh ds Vh&Ekku -05 Lrj ij 1-96 rFkk -01 Lrj ij 2-58 ls vf/kd gSA bl vk/kkj ij Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh /kkfeZd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA fu’d’kZ QyLo:i eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds iape {ks= */kkfeZd igyw* esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk izkIr gqbZ gSA /kkfeZd ewY;ksa vkSj bLykeh igpku dks [kksus dk Mj] ekrk&firk dh vlgtrk] /kkfeZd funsZ”kksa dh ikjaifjd xyr O;k[;k] vKkurk vkSj :f<+oknhrk laca/kh /kkfeZd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;k gSA

12- fu"d"kZ %&

 eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa dk rqyukRed fu’d’kZ %& Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa esa lexz {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA nksuks lewgksa dh leL;kvksa esa vlekurk ik;h x;h gSA bl dkj.k ifjdYiuk

Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

15051

**Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks vkus okyh leL;kvksa esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSaA** vLohdkj dh xbZ gSA 

lkekftd igyw ds izfr Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij vlekurk ik;h x;h gSA eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh mPp f'k{kk esa ck/kkvksa ds fy, lkekftd otZuk,a] iwokZxzg] ijaijk,a] tYn fookg] inkZ izFkk] 'kSf{kd lgk;rk dh deh ,oa tkx:drk dk vHkko laca/kh lkekftd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa ds nksuks lewgksa ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA



vkfFkZd igyw esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa vlekurk izkIr gqbZ gSA vfHkHkkodksa dh de vk;] xjhch] mPp f'k{kk dk [kpZ vf/kd gksuk ,oa f'kf{kr eqfLye efgykvksa esa csjkstxkjh laca/kh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj izkIr gqvk gSaA



Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa rFkkdfFkr lkaL—frd çfrca/k] lkekftd&lkaL—frd ijaijk,¡] lkaL—frd :f<+okfnrk] ekU;rk,a] jhfr&fjokt] ngst çFkk ,oa iwokZxzg laca/kh



lkaL—frd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj gSaA

Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa ds izfr vlekurk izkIr gqbZ gSA eqfLye lekt esa 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k dk vHkko] vfHkHkkodksa dh 'kSf{kd egRokdka{kkvksa dk U;wu gksuk] efgykvksa dh mPp f'k{kk ds izfr tkx:drk dh deh laca/kh 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa ds Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA



eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij /kkfeZd leL;kvksa esa vlekurk gSA /kkfeZd ewY;ksa vkSj bLykeh igpku dks [kksus dk Mj] /kkfeZd funsZ”kksa dh vrkfdZd O;k[;k] vfHkHkkodksa dh vlgtrk] :f<+oknhrk vkSj vKkurk laca/kh /kkfeZd leL;kvksa esa Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj Lrj ij eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkFkZd vUrj izkIr gqvk gSA

13- 'kSf{kd fufgrkFkZ %& mPp f”k{kk ds varxZr Lukrd rFkk LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaL—frd ,oa 'kSf{kd leL;kvksa esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA Lukrd ,oa LukrdksÙkj ikBîØe esa vè;;ujr eqfLye Nk=kvksa esa lkekftd leL;k,¡ lokZf/kd rr~i”pkr dze”k% vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd] /kkfeZd ,oa lkaL—frd igyw laca/kh leL;k,¡ ikbZ x;h gSA mPp f'k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq lkekftd& lkaL—frd otZukvksa ds O;ogkfjd fparu esa cnyko] :fpizn xfrfof/k;ksa esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa dh lgHkkfxrk ,oa vfHkHkkod&v/;kid fefVax dk ekfld vk;kstu vko”;d gSA leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq eqfLye Nk=kvksa dk lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaL—frd] 'kSf{kd ,oa Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

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/kkfeZd l'kfDrdj.k] lkekftd vkSj lkaL—frd otZukvksa dh lksp esa vk/kqfudrk] mPp f”k{kk ds fy, eqfLye Nk=kvksa dks Nk=o`fÙk;k¡ ;k fofÙk; lgk;rk] eqfLye ifjokjksa esa tkx:drk vfHk;ku ,oa /kkfeZd vkn”kZokn dk vocks/kkRed fodkl t:jh gSA eqfLye vfHkHkkodksa dks pkfg, dh oks viuh ckfydkvksa dks mPp f”k{kk fnykus ds izfr vxzlj jgsa ftlls ckfydk f”k{kk dks c<+kok feysxk rFkk mudk “kSf{kd Lrj Å¡Pkk gks ik;sxkA izLrqr “kks/k dk;Z eqfLye vfHkHkkodksa ,oa Nk=kvksa ds fy, ,d ekxZ izLrqr djrk gS ftlls oks viuh “kSf{kd leL;kvksa dks nwj dj ldsaxsA çLrqr “kks/k ls mPp f”k{kk esa eqfLye Nk=kvksa ds mPp f”k{kk ds lanHkZ esa vuqHkwr dh tkus okyh leL;kvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr gksrh gSA 14- lanHkZ lwph vxzoky] ts-lh- ¼1989½ % Hkkjr esa f'k{kk % uhfr;ka] dk;ZØe vkSj fodkl] nksvkck gkml cqd lsylZ ,aM ifCy'klZ] fnYyhA vCnqYyk ¼1997½ % eqfLye efgykvksa dk 'kSf{kd fiNM+kiu] losZ{k.k] gennZ ,tqds'kuy lkslk;Vh] uà fnYyhA v'kksddqekj ¼1993½ % ledkyhu Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk,¡] o‚Y;we 11] v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuoÆlVh çsl] uà fnYyhA vlxj vyh bathfu;j] ¼1995½ % Hkkjr esa eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;k,a] vksfj,aV y‚UxeSu fyfeVsM] c‚EcsA vgen bfeR;kt ¼2004½ % eè;dkyhu eqfLye Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ¼8 oÈ ls 18 oÈ 'krkCnh rd ,d losZ{k.k½ us'kuy ifCyds'ku] iVukA ,;ju] ts-MCY;w- ¼1967½ % Hkkjr esa d‚yst f'k{kk] ;kstuk vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj] uà fnYyhA dfiy ,p- ds- ¼2008½ % lkaf[;dh ds ewy rRo] fouksn iqLrd efUnj] vkxjkA xhrk dqekjh ¼2016½ % eqfLye ifjojksa esa ifjofrZr n`f’Vdks.k dk v/;;u]

LVÉyx ifCy'klZ] uà fnYyhA

<ksf<;ky],l- ,oa QkVd] ,-ch- ¼2003½ % 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku dk fof/k'kkL=] jktLFkku fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] t;iqj nslkà ft+;k&mn&nhu ,- nslkà ¼1978½ % Hkkjr esa bLykeh f'k{kk ds dsaæ] funs'kd] çdk'ku foHkkx] Hkkjr ljdkjA uafnrk vxzoky ¼1993½ % Hkkjr esa efgyk f'k{kk vkSj tula[;k] lst ifCyds'ku] uà fnYyhA Qty 'kkguokt ¼2013½ % f'k{kk eqfLye efgykvksa dh çxfr dk ekxZ] U;wt+ Hkkjrh; ÇgnhA efyd jke costk ¼1992½ % oweu bu bLyke] vykbM ifCy'klZ] uà fnYyhA jktey] nsonkl ¼1979½ % mPp f'k{kk ij efgykvksa ds fy, vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ] eksuksxzkQ &17] eækl foÜofo|ky;] eæklA f'kckuh j‚; ¼1979½ % mÙkj Hkkjr esa eqfLye efgykvksa dh fLFkfr] ch-vkj- çdk'ku fuxe] fnYyhA lqf[k;k] ,l-ih-lh- ,oa esgjks=k vkj-,u- ¼1984½ % “kSf{kd vuqla/kku ds ewy rÙo] fouksn iqLrd eafnj] vkxjkA ls[k jghe eksaMy ¼1997½ % eqlyekuksa dh 'kSf{kd fLFkfr% leL;k,a laHkkouk,¡ vkSj çkFkfedrk,¡] varj&Hkkjr çdk'ku] uà fnYyhA gqlSu] ,l-,l- vkSj v'kjQ] ,l-,- ¼1979½ % eqfLye ,tqds'ku esa ladV] bLykeh f'k{kk lhjht+] gksMj ,aM LVQVu] Çdx vCnqyvt+ht+ ;wfuoÆlVh] tsíkA

dks”k ,y- bZ-lh- ,oa lh-Mh- /ku ¼1983½ % bulkbDyksihfM;k vkWQ ,tqds”ku] fjlpZ HkkxA 'kekZ] ds-ds- rFkk vU; ¼2005½- f'k{kk 'kCndks"k] Lokfr ifCyds'kUl] t;iqjA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

MkW- lfjrk esukfj;k & fjt+okuk “ks[k (Pg. 15045-15053)

osclkbV https://hi.wikipedia.org/s/5y5 www.google.com http://www.mondofacodictionary.org/definetion

Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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