BHARAT KI VIDESHNITI KA CHIN KI STRING OF PARLS KI NITI PAR PRABHAV

Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348-3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2021: 7.278, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, FEB-MAR, 2022, VOL-10/50

Hkkjr dh fons'kuhfr dk phu dh fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l dh uhfr ij çHkko la/;k flag1] Ph. D. & vrqy dqekj2 1,lksfl,V

izksQslj] j{kk v/;;u foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0 dkWyst dkuiqj 2'kks/k Nk=] j{kk v/;;u foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0 dkWyst] dkuiqj Paper Received On: 25 MAR 2022 Peer Reviewed On: 31 MAR 2022 Published On: 1 APR 2022 Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

çLrkouk n fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l fgan egklkxj {ks= ¼IOR½ esa laHkkfor phuh ljdkj ds bjknksa ij ,d Hkw&jktuhfrd fl)kar gSA ;g phuh lSU; vkSj okf.kfT;d lqfo/kkvksa ds usVodZ vkSj lapkj dh leqæh ykbuksa ds lkFk laca/ kksa dks lanfHkZr djrk gS] tks phuh eq[; Hkwfe ls vÝhdk ds g‚uZ esa iksVZ lwMku rd QSyk gqvk gSA leqæh ykbuksa esa dbZ çeq[k leqæh ek/;e ls pykus ds pksd vad tSls Mandeb ds tyMe:e/;] eyDdk tyMe:e/; ] gkseqZt ds tyMe:e/; ] vkSj yacksd LVªVs lkFk gh ikfdLrku] Jhyadk ] ckaXykns'k ] ekynho vkSj lksekfy;k esa vU; j.kuhfrd leqæh dsæa A Hkkjr esa dbZ fVIi.khdkjksa dk ekuuk gS fd phu&ikfdLrku vkfFkZd xfy;kjs vkSj phuh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds egklfpo 'kh ftufiax ds rgr phu ds csYV ,aM jksM igy ds vU; fgLlksa ds lkFk ;g ;kstuk Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ds fy, [krjk gS A bl rjg dh ç.kkyh Hkkjr dks ?ksj ysxh] vkSj bldh 'kfä ç{ksi.k] O;kikj vkSj laHkkfor {ks=h; v[kaMrk dks [krjk iSnk djsxh A blds vykok] Hkkjr ds ikfdLrku ds ikjaifjd nq'eu vkSj mlds Xoknj canjxkg ds fy, phu ds leFkZu dks ,d [krjs ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gS] bl vk'kadk ls vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS fd phu Xoknj esa ,d fons'kh ukSlSfud lSU; vìk fodflr dj ldrk gS] tks phu dks vfHk;ku ;q) dk lapkyu djus dh vuqefr ns ldrk gS A iwoZ ls] D;kqdI;w ds xgjs ikuh ds canjxkg dks Hkh blh rjg dh fpark ds lkFk ns[kk tkrk gSA phuh ;kstuk dk igyk O;kid vdknfed fo'ys"k.k vkSj ubZ fnYyh ds fy, blds lqj{kk fufgrkFkZ Qjojh 2008 esa ,d lfØ; Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk vf/kdkjh }kjk fd, x, FksA fnlacj 2008 esa fgan egklkxj esa phu dh leqæh MdSrh jks/kh ukSlSfud rSukrh vkSj vxLr 2017 esa ftcwrh esa viuh igyh fons'kh lsuk dk vf/kxzg.k] fgan egklkxj esa phu dh *LFkk;h lSU; mifLFkfr* dh Hkfo";ok.kh djus okys muds fo'ys"k.k dks Hkkjrh; uhfr fuekZrk çstsaVj ds :i esa }kjk ns[kk tkrk gSAsa rnuqlkj] Hkkjr rc ls dfFkr [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj ds dne mBk jgk gSA Hkw&jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kk ds :i esa 'kCn dk ç;ksx igyh ckj 2005 esa ,d vkarfjd vesfjdh j{kk foHkkx dh fjiksVZ] *,f'k;k esa ÅtkZ Hkfo";* esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl 'kCn dk O;kid :i ls Hkkjr ds Hkw&jktuhfrd vkSj fons'k uhfr vk[;kuksa esa Hkkjr dh fparkvksa dks mtkxj djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA nf{k.kh ,f'k;k esa cM+s iSekus ij phuh csYV ,aM jksM bfuf'k,fVo ifj;kstuk,aA bZ;wvkbZ,l,l ds vuqlkj] prqHkqZt lqj{kk laokn ¼la;qä jkT; vesfjdk] Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Hkkjr] v‚LVªfs y;k vkSj tkiku ls feydj½ dk xBu Hkkjr&ç'kkar {ks= esa phu dh eq[kj fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr dk çR;{k ifj.kke gSA eksfr;ksa dh ekyk dk mn; canjxkgksa vkSj gokbZ {ks=ksa rd igqap c<+kus] lSU; cyksa dk foLrkj vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k djus vkSj O;kikfjd Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk etcwr jktuf;d laca/kksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, Bksl ç;klksa ds ek/;e ls phu ds c<+rs Hkw&jktuhfrd çHkko dk ladsr gSA phuh ljdkj tksj nsdj dgrh gS fd phu dh c<+rh ukSlSfud j.kuhfr iwjh rjg ls 'kkafriw.kZ gS vkSj dsoy {ks=h; O;kikj fgrksa dh lqj{kk ds fy, gSA phuh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds egklfpo gw ftarkvks vkSj 'kh ftufiax nksuksa us tksj nsdj dgk gS fd phu dHkh Hkh fons'kh laca/kksa esa vkf/kiR; dh ryk'k ugha djsxkA bdksu‚feLV }kjk 2013 ds ,d fo'ys"k.k esa ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd phuh pkysa ç—fr esa okf.kfT;d gSaA gkykafd ;g nkok fd;k x;k gS fd phu dh dkjZokbZ fgan egklkxj esa phu vkSj Hkkjr ds chp ,d lqj{kk nqfo/kk iSnk dj jgh gS ] ftl ij dqN fo'ys"kdksa us loky mBk;k gS] tks phu dh ekSfyd j.kuhfrd detksfj;ksa dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSaA fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l dh uhfr fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l dh uhfr] phu ds }kjk fgan egklkxj {ks= esa viuk çHkko c<+kus ds fy, fd;k tk jgk gSA bl 'kCn dk ç;ksx vesfjdh j{kk ea=ky; isVa kxu ds }kjk fd;k x;kA fgan egklkxj dk {ks= nqfu;k ds eq[; O;kikfjd ekxksZa esa 'kkfey gS vkSj fQygky ;gka vesfjdk dk igys ls gh çHkko gSA Hkkjr ,oa phu Hkh bl {ks= ij viuk çHkko c<+kus ds fy, çfrLi/kkZ dj jgs gSaA mHkjrs phu us fgan egklkxj esa vius çHkko dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, *fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l* dh uhfr dks c<+kok fn;k] ftldk vfHkçk; gS] gkaxdkax ls ysdj lwMku ds iÙku rd leqæh lapkj ij phu dk fu;a=.k cuk jgs] ftlesa eyDdk tylaf/k] gkjeqt tylaf/k rd phu viuk çHkko cuk, j[kuk pkgrk gSA blds varxZr phu] ikfdLrku ¼Xoknj iÙku½] ckaXykns'k ¼pVxkao½] ekynho] gEcuVksVk }hi] dksdks}hi vkSj lksekfy;k rd vius&vius ukSlSfud fgrksa dks cuk, j[kuk gSA *fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l dk fl)kar* ds ckjs esa vesfjdk ds j{kk foHkkx }kjk fufeZr fjiksVZ] ,f'k;k esa ÅtkZ dk Hkfo"; esa mYys[k fd;k x;kA fØLVksQj fç;lZu us bldks O;k[;kf;r djrs gq, dgk fd *fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l* phu ds mHkjrs Hkw&jktuhfrd çHkko dk ifj.kke gS] ftlds }kjk phu iÙku ¼canjxkg½ vkSj ok;q lsuk vìksa ij viuh igqap csgrj djuk pkgrk gS rFkk fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lkFk csgrj dwVuf;d laca/k cukuk] phuh lsuk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djds nf{k.kh phu lkxj] eyDdk dh laf/k] fgan egklkxj vkSj if'kZ;k dh [kkM+h rd vius çHkko dk foLrkj djuk gSA fLVax v‚Q iyZ~l uhfr vkSj Hkkjr dh uhfr Hkkjr vkSj baMksusf'k;k ds e/; o"kZ 2001 esa ,d lSU; le>kSrk gqvkA blfy, fgan egklkxj lqj{kk vkSj vkfFkZd nksuksa dkj.kksa ls Hkkjr ds fy, vR;f/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA o"kZ&1997 esa bafM;u vksf'k;u fje ,lksfl,'ku Q‚j jhtuy dksv‚ijs'ku dh LFkkiuk gqbZA blds vfrfjä fcElVsd dh LFkkiuk Hkh o"kZ&1997 esa gqbZA o"kZ 2000 esa xaxk&esdkax ifj;kstuk dks vkxs c<+k;k x;kA fM;kxks xkf'kZ;k esa igys gh vesfjdk dk lSfud vìk cuk gqvk gSA ,slk ekuk tk jgk gS fd 21 oha 'krkCnh esa vesfjdk ds vfrfjä phu vkSj Hkkjr fgan egklkxj esa çfrLi/kkZ cuk, j[kus okys ewy ns'k gksx a sA Hkkjr ds }kjk Jhyadk] ekynho ds lkFk egRoiw.kZ laca/kksa ij cy fn;k tk jgk gSA o"kZ 2000 ds ckn Hkkjr dh lqj{kk uhfr esa dbZ egRoiw.kZ cnyko gq,A fgUn egklkxj dh lqj{kk ds fy, Hkkjr ds vaMeku fudksckj }hi esa ,dh—r lSfud deku dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA vaMeku fudksckj }hi lewg E;kaekj ds dksdks}hi ls yxHkx 60 fdeh- nwj gS rFkk baMksusf'k;k ls djhc 150 fdeh nwj gS] tcfd Hkkjr ls bldh nwjh rdjhcu 1200 fdeh- gS rFkk vesfjdk] flaxkiqj] vkLVªfs y;k ,oa tkiku tSls ns'kksa ds lkFk ekykckj lSfud vH;kl Hkh vk;ksftr fd;k x;kA blds vfrfjä Hkkjr ds }kjk vkfl;u ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkh lSfud vH;kl vk;ksftr Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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fd;k tk jgk gSA o"kZ 2008 esa Hkkjr ds }kjk bafM;u vksfl;u usoy flaiksft;e dk vk;kstu fd;k x;k] ftlesa fgan egklkxj esa fLFkr lHkh ns'kksa ds ukS lsukvksa dks vkilh lg;ksx ,oa fopkj&foe'kZ ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;k x;kA fgan egklkxj esa Hkkjr ds }kjk ekykckj] ukSlSfud vH;kl dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kA bl lSfud vH;kl dh vkjafHkd 'kq:vkr o"kZ&1992 esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh] ijarq bl lSfud vH;kl dks o"kZ 2002 ds ckn çHkkoh Lo:i çnku fd;k x;k rFkk blesa vesfjdk] tkiku] flaxkiqj] vkLVªfs y;k tSls ns'kksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA tkiku ds bl lSfud vH;kl esa 'kkfey gksus ij phu ds }kjk vkifÙk ntZ dh xbZA phu ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr vU; egk'kfä;ksa ds lkFk feydj phu dks ?ksjus dh uhfr viuk jgk gSA Hkkjr ds vuqlkj] bl lSfud vH;kl ds }kjk leqæh MdSrh] vkradokn] u'khyh nokvksa dh rLdjh jksdus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk jgk gSA orZeku esa fgan egklkxj esa 'kkafr ,oa lqj{kk cuk, j[kus ds fy, vkLVªfs y;k] flaxkiqj baMksusf'k;k] tkiku rFkk vesfjdk ds lkFk leqæh lqj{kk ds eqís ij lg;ksx fd;k tk jgkA gSftlds }kjk leqæh MdSfr;ksa dks fu;af=r fd;k tk,xkA leqæh {ks= esa vkink ,oa jkg dk;ksZa dk lapkyu gksx kA [kkst vfHk;ku esa ,d&nwljs dk lg;ksx fd;k tk,xk vkSj lHkh ns'k bl eqís ij lger gS fd leqæh lapkj ekxZ dks [kqyk j[kk tk,A ç'kkar egklkxjh; }hiksa ds ns'kksa dk lEesyu Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr esa leqæ ,oa leqæh lapkj ekxksZa ij fu;a=.k ds fy, vusd mik; fd, tk jgs gS rFkk ç/kkuea=h ds }kjk o"kZ&2014 esa fQth dh ;k=k ds nkSjku ç'kkar egklkxj ns'kksa ds lEesyu dk fopkj fd;k x;k vkSj buesa 14 }hi 'kkfey gSaA o"kZ&2015 esa bu ns'kksa dh igyh cSBd t;iqj esa vk;ksftr gqbZA blds }kjk bu ns'kksa ds chp —f"k] [kk| çlaLdj.k] eNyh ikyu] lkSj ÅtkZ] Vsyh esfMflu] Vsyh ,tqds'ku] varfj{k lg;ksx rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu vkSj bZ&usVofdaZx dh {ks= esa lg;ksx dks c<+kok fn;kA bu ns'kksa ds ukxfjdksa dks Hkkjr esa *ohtk v‚u ,sjkboy* dh lqfo/kk nh tk,xhA rFkk lLrs _.k çnku fd, tk,axsA blds vfrfjä Xykscy okfeaZx dk lkeuk djus ds fy, fo'ks"k rduhdh lgk;rk rFkk {kerk fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx fd;k tk,xk rFkk Xykscy okfeax dk lkeuk djus ds fy, ,d fo'ks"k dks"k dk Hkh fuekZ.k gksxkA Hkkjr ds }kjk bu ns'kksa ds lkFk O;kikfjd ,oa vkfFkZd laca/kksa dks lq –<+ djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj blls Hkh c<+dj bu ns'kksa esa phu ds c<+rs çHkko dks çfrlarqfyr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk jgk gSA phu ds }kjk bu egklkxjh; ns'kksa dks cM+h vkfFkZd lgk;rk çnku dh tk jgh gS rFkk fQth dks lcls cM+h vkfFkZd lgk;rk nsu s okyk ns'k phu gSA vkSj dksdks}hi dks nwljh lcls cM+h ek=k esa lgk;rk nsus okyk ns'k phu gS ikiqvk U;wfxuh] leks;k vkSj Vksx a k dks Hkh phu ds }kjk vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tkrh gSA phu ds }kjk fQth dks nh xbZ vkfFkZd lgk;rk vkLVªfs y;k vkSj tkiku ls Hkh T;knk gSA phu ds }kjk o"kZ 2015 esa bu egklkxjh; ns'kksa dk lEesyu vk;ksftr fd;k x;k rFkk phu }kjk 55 fcfy;u ;wvku dh vkfFkZd lgk;rk bu ns'kksa dks çnku fd;k x;kA bu egklkxjh; }hiksa esa Hkkjr Hkh viuk çHkko csgrj djus dk ç;Ru dj jgk gS vkSj ç'kkar egklkxj {ks= esa orZeku esa Hkkjr ds laca/k vkLVªs fy;k] tkiku ,oa vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa ds lkFk vR;f/kd e/kqj fe=rkiw.kZ gSa ;g mYys[kuh; gS fd fQth esa cM+h la[;k esa Hkkjrh; ewy ds yksxksa dk fuokl gS] ftlls Hkkjr dk bl ns'k esa oSpkfjd çHkko cuk gqvk gSA gSaA ,f'k;k ç'kkr {ks= esa vesfjdk] :l] tkiku] vkLVªfs y;k dk ijaijkxr :i esa çHkko jgk gS vkSj phu ds }kjk vius çHkko dk yxkrkj foLrkj fd;k tk jgk gS rFkk Hkkjr ds }kjk Hkh bl {ks= esa vius çHkko dks LFkkfir djus dk ç;Ru fd;k tk jgk gSA bl {ks= esa ns'kksa esa fQth dk vR;f/kd egRo gS - blds vfrfjä bl {ks= esa vusd NksVs&NksVs ns'k gS] ftlesa rqvkyw] uh:] fdjhckrh ckuqrkm] lksykseu }hi] iykÅ] ek'kZy}hi ekbØksusf'k;k rFkk U;wfxuh 'kkfey gSA Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

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Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr oSf'od egkekjh COVID-19 ds nkSj esa iwjk fo'o LokLF; laca/kh pqukSfr;ksa ds lkFk gh fo'o O;oLFkk esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ls tw> jgk gSA fo'o dh cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk,¡ dksjksuk ok;jl dh mRifÙk dks ysdj ,d-nwljs ij nks"kkjksi.k dj jgh gSa rks ogha phu bl oSf'od ladV dh ?kM+h esa Hkh vius iM+kslh ns'kksa dh lhekvksa dk vfrØe.k djus dk ç;kl dj jgk gSA phu dh uhfr fo'o jktuhfr esa vius çHkko vkSj 'kfä dks c<+kus ds mís'; ls ifjpkfyr gSA tks nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr ds fy;s leL;k mRiUu dj jgh gSA phu ds mdlkos esa gh usiky us u, uD'ks dks viukdj Hkkjr ds lkFk lhek fookn dks iquthZfor dj fn;k gSA Jhyadk] phu ds _.k tky esa Q¡lk gqvk gS vkSj phu ij fuHkZj gks pqdk gSA ukxfjdrk ¼la'kks/ku½ vf/kfu;e] 2019 ds ckn Hkkjr ds çfr ckaXykns'k ds :[k esa Hkh ifjorZu ns[kk tk jgk gSA orZeku esa vQxkfuLrku ,d cM+s laØe.k ds nkSj ls xqtj jgk gS vkSj Hkkjr dk cgqnyh; okrkZ ls ckgj gksuk fpark dk fo"k; gSA ikfdLrku ij j.kuhfrd c<+r gkfly djus ds fy;s Hkkjr dh vQxkfuLrku esa ekStwnxh vfr vko';d gSA if'pe ,f'k;k esa bZjku us Hkh Hkkjr }kjk pkcgkj canjxkg ds fodkl esa dh tk jgh nsjh ij ukjktxh O;ä dh gSA bu pqukSfr;ksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr us fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa fons'k uhfr ds {ks= esa viuh fLFkfr dks etcwr fd;k gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr] fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh eapksa ij viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djk jgk gS vkSj vf/kdka'k cgqi{kh; laLFkkuksa esa mldh fLFkfr etcwr gks jgh gSA fons'k uhfr ls rkRi;Z fons'k uhfr ,d <k¡pk gS ftlds Hkhrj fdlh ns'k dh ljdkj, ckgjh nqfu;k ds lkFk vius laca/kksa dks vyxvyx Lo:iksa ;kuh f}i{kh;, {ks=h; vkSj cgqi{kh; :i esa lapkfyr djrh gSA ogha dwVuhfr fdlh ns'k dh fons'k uhfr dks çkIr djus dh –f"V ls fo'o ds vU; ns'kksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks çcaf/kr djus dk ,d dkS'ky gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh fons'k uhfr dk fodkl ?kjsyw jktuhfr, vU; ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa ;k O;ogkj ,oa fof'k"V Hkwjktuhfrd ifj–';ksa ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA 'kq#vkr ds fnuksa esa ;g ekuk x;k fd fons'k uhfr iw.kZr% fons'kh dkjdksa vkSj Hkw -jktuhfrd ifj–';ksa ls çHkkfor gksrh gS, ijarq ckn esa fo'ks"kKksa us ;g ekuk fd fons'k uhfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa ?kjsyw dkjd Hkh egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr dk fLVªx a v‚Q iyZ~l ij çHkko 2007 esa] Hkkjrh; ukSlsuk us *Hkkjrh; leqæh fl)kar* çdkf'kr fd;k] tks laHkkfor Hkkjrh; ukSlSfud j.kuhfr;ksa dks js[kkafdr djus okyk ,d nLrkost gSA ;g gkseqZt tyMe:e/; ls eyDdk tyMe:e/; rd ,d lfØ; Hkkjrh; ukSlSfud mifLFkfr dh egRokdka{kkvksa dk o.kZu djrk gSA blds vykok] fl)kar fo'ks"k :i ls fgan egklkxj O;kikj ds varjjk"Vªh; f'kfiax ysu vkSj fu;a=.k pksd fcanqvksa dh iqfyl dh vko';drk dk Li"V mYys[k djrk gSA 2007 esa] Hkkjr us mÙkjh esMkxkLdj esa viuh nwljh fons'kh lSU; lquokbZ iksLV [kksyh] ftldk mís'; ekstkfEcd pSuy ds ek/;e ls f'kfiax xfrfof/k;ksa dh csgrj fuxjkuh djuk FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj us mlh bjkns ls] Hkkjrh; fuxjkuh foeku ds fy, ,d gokbZ iêh ds fuekZ.k ds laca/k esa e‚fjVkfu;k ds lkFk okrkZ dh estckuh dh gS] lkFk gh ekynho esa jMkj LVs'kuksa ds fuekZ.k dk vk;kstu fd;k gSA

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2011 esa] Hkkjr ljdkj us vkxs ?kks"k.kk dh fd og flÙkos cUnjxkg] cekZ esa ,d xgjs ikuh ds canjxkg dks fuf/k nsxh ;s twu 2013 rd dk;Z'khy gksus ds fy,] 2014 rd iwjk gksus ds fy, canjxkg dks Hkkjr ls tksM+us okys ,d vfrfjä jktekxZ ds fy,A flÙkos canjxkg ds fuekZ.k dks vDlj nf{k.kiwoZ esa c<+rs phuh çHkko dks larqfyr djus ds fy, Hkkjr dh vksj ls ,d Bksl j.kuhfr ds çek.k ds :i esa m)`r fd;k tkrk gSA phu dh rjg] Hkkjr Hkh viuh ÅtkZ t:jrksa ds fy, fons' kh rsy mRikndksa ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj gSA Hkkjr dk yxHkx 89% rsy tgkt ls vkrk gS] vkSj rsy tykus ls Hkkjr dh yxHkx 33% ÅtkZ t:jrsa iwjh gksrh gSaA blfy, lapkj dh çeq[k leqæh ykbuksa dh lqj{kk dks ,d vkfFkZd vfuok;Zrk ds :i esa ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA bl laca/k es]a Hkkjr us ,sfrgkfld :i ls fgan egklkxj esa leqæh MdSrh vkSj vkradokn fojks/kh ç;klksa ij cgqr vf/kd /;ku dsfa ær fd;k gSA buesa ls lcls mYys[kuh; v‚ijs'ku vkbySaM o‚p gS] tks 2010 esa lksekyh leqæh yqVjs ksa ds f[kykQ Hkkjr ds if'peh leqæh rV ij x'r djus dk ç;kl gSA fgan egklkxj esa leqæh MdSrh buesa ls dbZ vkradokn&jks/kh vkSj leqæh MdSrh fojks/kh ç;kl vesfjdh cyksa ds lkFk leUo; esa fd, x, gSa] gkykafd Hkkjrh; vf/kdkfj;ksa us ikjaifjd :i ls la;qä lSU; vH;klksa dks lkekU; fgrksa dh igy rd lhfer j[kk gS] vDlj os la;qä jk"Vª dh eatwjh ds rgr gksrs gSaA fQj Hkh] nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa bLykeh vkradokn ds [krjs dk eqdkcyk djus esa vesfjdk ds u, fgr us Hkkjr vkSj la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dks vkSj vf/kd Bksl lSU; lg;ksx dh vksj /kdsy fn;k gSA vesfjdh lSU; vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj j.kuhfrdkjksa ds fy,] bl c<+rs f}i{kh; laca/k dks O;kid :i ls phuh {ks=h; vkf/kiR; ds [krjksa ds çfrlarqyu ds volj ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA c<+rh phuh 'kfä ds f[kykQ f}i{kh; lg;ksx ds ç;klksa dks yksdfç; vk'kadkvksa ls cy feyk gS fd fgan egklkxj esa phu dh foLrkfjr mifLFkfr ls Hkkjr dh vkfFkZd vkSj lSU; lqj{kk dks [krjk gSA gsfjVst QkmaMs'ku ds ,d mYys[kuh; phu fo'ks"kK Mhu psx a us –<+rk ls vkxzg fd;k gS fd fgan egklkxj esa phu ds çHkko dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, la;qä jkT; vesfjdk Hkkjr ds lkFk lk>snkjh djuk tkjh j[ksA milagkj nf{k.k phu lkxj] fgan egklkxj vkSj vkfl;ku ns'kksa ds lkFk phuh c<+rs çHkko vkSj blds fooknkLin {ks=h;] jktuf;d ;k okf.kfT;d eqíksa dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, *usdysl v‚Q Mk;eaM~l* ds :i esa tkuh tkus okyh j.kuhfr A ;g j.kuhfr fo'ks"k :i ls eksfr;ksa dh Mksjh vkSj U;w flYd :V dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, gSA Hkkjr la;qä lsuk] ok;q lsuk vkSj ukSlsuk vH;kl djus ds fy, fo;ruke] vkseku] baMksusf'k;k] tkiku] eaxksfy;k] flaxkiqj] ls'ksYl vkSj lHkh ikap e/; ,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa ds lkFk laca/kksa dks etcwr djrk gSA ghjs ds gkj esa ukSlsuk ds fBdkuksa dk fodkl] gokbZ xfy;kjk] cgqi{kh; O;kikj dk ?keaM 'kkfey gSA eksfr;ksa dh fLVªx a dks dqN Hkkjrh; fVIi.khdkjksa }kjk phu dh lykeh Lykbflax j.kuhfr dh vfHkO;fä ds :i esa ekuk tkrk gS A lUnHkZ lwph *eqíksa vkSj var–Zf"V| ç'kkar Qksje* A A ewy ls 22 fnlacj 2018 dks laxgz hr fd;k x;k A 22 fnlacj 2018 dks fy;k x;k A *;gka og lc gS tks vkidks *eksfr;ksa dh ekyk* ds ckjs esa tkuuk pkfg,] phu dh Hkkjr dks ?ksjus dh uhfr* A ^, ch fyaVuj] cfVZy ¼15 vçSy 2019½A lcls egaxk eksrh% Hkkjr ds egklkxj ds fy, phu dk la?k"kZ A v‚DlQksMZ ;wfuojflfV çslA vkbZ,lch,u 978&1&78738&239&8^nÙkk] çHkk"k ds- ¼15 twu 2017½A *D;k phu okLro esa Hkkjr dks vius eksfr;ksa dh ekyk ls ?ksj ldrk gS\ ,f'k;k dk egku [ksy* A bafM;k VqMs A ewy ls 23 tuojh 2019 dks laxzghr A ^VkbEl] ;wjsf'k;u ¼31 ekpZ 2018½A "phu dh "fLVªax v‚Q iyZ~l" ds ifj.kkeLo:i fgan egklkxj esa Hkkjr dk igyk uqdlku gqvk" A ;wjfs 'k;u VkbEl% uohure ,f'k;kbZ] e/;&iwoZ] ;wjfs 'k;u] Hkkjrh; lekpkj A [kqjkuk] xqjçhr ,l fgan egklkxj vkSj bldh lqj{kk ds çHkko esa phu ds 'eksrh dh fLVªax laxzghr 1 vçSy 2019 ij oscSd e'khu j.kuhfrd fo'ys"k.k 32 ¼1½ Qjojh 2008] 1&39A vkbZ JhokLro] laLdkj ¼1 twu 2013½A *bafM;u fLVªax v‚Q iyZ~l* vufLVªfa xax *pkbuht fLVªax v‚Q iyZ~l F;ksjh* A n oyZ~M fjiksVZj A ewy ls 19 fnlacj 2017 dks laxgz hr fd;k x;k A 4 twu 2013 dks fy;k x;k A Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language

MkW0 la/;k flag &vrqy dqekj

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*phu lkefjd leqæh jkLrksa cukrk gS* laxzghr 30 vDVwcj 2019 ij oscSd e'khu ] okf'kaxVu VkbEl ] okf'kaxVu] 17 tuojh 2005 dks fy;k ij 4 ebZ 2013A lh jktk eksgu ¼28 uoacj 2012½A Hkkjr&ç'kkar esa phu&Hkkjrh; çfr}af}rk A fdaXl baLVhVîw'ku çsl] 2012- ISBN 978&0870033063isgjlu] fØLVksQj ts- fLVªax v‚Q iyZ~l: ehfVax n pkSyt sa v‚Q pkbukt jkbftax ikoj vØ‚l n ,f'k;u fyVksjyA laxgz hr Qjojh 2013 20 ij oscSd e'khu ] *lqj{kk j.kuhfr esa dykZ, i=ksa*] tqykbZ 2006 4 ebZ 2013 dks çkIr fd;k x;kA phu pkgsxa s dHkh vkf/kiR; us 'kks/k laxzghr 4 ekpZ o"kZ 2016 oscSd e'khu ] *flUgqvk lekpkj ,tsl a h* chftax] 23 vçSy 2009 4 ebZ 2013 dks çkIr fd;k x;kA cdys] fØl; ek;lZ] LVhou yh ¼18 fnlacj 2018½A *dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds fu;a=.k dk cpko djus okys 'kh ftufiax ds Hkk"k.k ds 4 va'k* A n U;w;‚dZ VkbEl A vkbZ,l,l,u 0362&4331 A *phu ds fons'kksa esa canjxkgksa dk c<+rk lkezkT; eq[; :i ls O;kikj ds ckjs esa gS] vkØe.k ugha* A vFkZ'kkL=h A 8 twu 2013A 21 ebZ 2017 dks ewy ls laxgz hr A ^MsfoM CkLVjA *fc;‚UM n fLVªax v‚Q iyZ~l% D;k fgan egklkxj esa okLro esa ,d lqj{kk nqfo/kk gS\* - 11 vxLr 2014 dks fy;k x;k A *MsfoM ,p- f'kuA lSU; vkSj lqj{kk lac/a k% phu] vÝhdk vkSj 'ks"k fo'oA* esa j‚cVZ vkbZA jksVcxZA *vÝhdk esa phu% lgk;rk] O;kikj vkSj çHkko*A Paal, Douglas H. "'Beware the South China Sea." Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "The Diplomat", 15 July 2011. Retrieved on 4 May 2013.

Sulong, Rini Suryati. 2012. "'The Kra Canal and Southeast Asian Relations." Archived 25 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine, "Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs", Hamburg, 31 (4): 110-125.

Joseph, Josy. "Delhi entangled in the Dragon's String of Pearls" Archived 10 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, DNA, New Delhi, 11 May 2009. Retrieved on 4 May 2013.

Samaranayake, Nilanthi. 2011. "Are Sri Lanka's Relations with China Deepening? An Analysis of Economic, Military, and Diplomatic Data" Archived 4 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Asian Security 7 (2): 119-146.

Eshel, David. "'String of Pearls' is Securing China's Sea Lanes". Archived 4 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine Defense Update, 20 December 2010.

Raza, Syed Irfan."China given contract to operate Gwadar port." Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, "Dawn", 19 February 2013. Retrieved on 4 May 2013 "Rapid Fire April 1, 2013: China Not Investing in Ports Abroad for Mil Purposes" Archived 8 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Defense Industry Daily, 1 April 2013. Retrieved on 4 May 2013.

Singh, Teshu (15 October 2013). "China and ASEAN: Revisiting the Maritime Silk Road". www.ipcs.org. The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2013.

"India, US need to partner to balance China in Indian Ocean" Archived 1 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Economic Times, Washington, 2 September 2010. Retrieved on 4 May 2013.

"What is Necklace of Diamonds Strategy?". Jagranjosh.com. 21 July 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.

Vidhi Bubna and Sanjna Mishra (14 July 2020). String of Pearls vs Necklace of Diamonds, Asia Times.

Singh, Abhijit (27 July 2018). "China's strategic ambitions seen in the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka". ORF. Retrieved 17 December 2020. If the PLAN’s salami-slicing approach in the South China Sea is any indication, China’s gameplan in Hambantota is likely to be one of incremental control. [...] Many in India’s strategic community then seem convinced Hambantota will be a crown jewel in China’s "string of pearls" strategy.

Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language