BANGAL KE SUPRASIDHA CHITRAKAR - AASIT KUMAR HALDAR EANV KSHITINDRANATH MAJUMDAR- EK ADHYAYAN

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies, Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, JULY-AUGUST, 2021, VOL- 9/66

caxky ds lqizfl) fp=dkj & vflr dqekj gkYnkj ,oa f{krhUnzukFk etwenkj & ,d v/;;u izseyrk d’;Ik, Ph. D.

vfLkLVsUV izksQslj] ¼fp=dyk foHkkx½] xksdqynkl fgUnw xYlZ dkfyt] eqjknkcknA Paper Received On: 21 JULY 2021 Peer Reviewed On: 31 JULY 2021 Published On: 1 SEPT 2021

dyk lnSo ls euq”; dh lgpjh jgh gS] euq”; ds l`tu dh ifzØ;k] ftlesa uohurk dk leko’sk gks ogh dyk gSA dyk ,d ,slh vfHkO;fDr gS] ftlesa lq[k ‘kkfUr dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vkRek ds Lo:Ik dks le>us dh ftKklk vkSj izo`fRr dks le>uk ,d ekuoh; LoHkko gSA dykdkj dh d`fr;ksa ds ek/;e ls bl Lo:Ik dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrk gSA cxa ky ‘kSyh dyk ds iquZtkxj.k dky dk vH;qn; ekuk tkrk gSA ftldk Js; Jh bZ0oh0gsfoy vkSj Jh vouhUnzukFk th dks fu%lUnsg tkrk gSA vouhUnz ukFk ds f’k”; vflr dqekj gkYnkj vkSj f{kfrUnzukFk etwenkj gq, ftUgksuas cxaky ‘kSyh esa dk;Z fd;k tgka f{krhUnzukFk etwenkj th ds fp= oS’.ko /keZ ls vkrs izkrs gaS] ogha vflr dqekj gkYnkj us fp=ksa esa ckS)/keZ lkSUn;Z ds lkFk] lkekftd fpUru ds lkFk fp=ksa esa lkSUn;Z dk ifjp; fn;k gSA nksuks a dykdkjkas dk vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dks vUrjk”Vªh; LFkku ij igqapkus esa iw.kZ lg;ksx gSA nksuksa dykdkjkas us gh cxaky Ldwy ls fudydj mRrj izns’k dh dyk esa u;h fn’kk iznku dhA ‘kCn ladsr & vfHkO;fDr] dykd`fr] lkSUn;Z iqut Z kxzfr

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

izLrkouk & Hkkjr esa cxa ky fp=’kSyh dk viuk ,sfrgkfld egRo gSA bl ‘kSyh dk mnHko ,oa fodkl cxa ky dyk ijEijkvkas ds lkFk ,d u;h dyk psruk ds :Ik esa gqvkA ftlesa fo’ks”k :Ik ls Jh bZ0oh0 gsoy ,oa Jh vofuUnzukFk Bkdqj dk uke fy;k tk;s rks dksbZ vfr’;ksfDr ugha gksxh vflr dqekj gkYnj ,oa Jh f{krhUnzukFk

etwenkj fo[;kr caxkyh dykdkj Fks

ftUgkasus viuh dykd`fr;ksa esa eqxy jktirw D;k vtUrk vkfn dh fp=dyk dk v/;;u djds uohu ijEijkxr fp=d`fr;ksa dks cukdj dykdkj txr esa igpku cuk;hA nksuksa dh dykd`fr;ksa Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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esa yfyr dykvkas dk lqUnj :Ik feyrk gSA vki nksuksa dh dyk’kSyh esa laxhRedrk] O;kidrk ,oa vk/;kfRedrk ,oa jk”Vªizse ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vr% nskuksa gh dykdkjkas us cxaky Ldwy esa dykdkj gksus ds ukrs fo’ks”k ifzlf) izkIr dhA vflrdqekj gkYnkj ,oa f{krhUnzukFk etwenkj dh dyk esa tkuus ds fy, muds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ij izdk’k Mkyuk vkOk”;d gSA vflr dqekj gkYnkj & ¼10 flrEcj & 1890 & 13 Qjojh 1964½ vki cxaky Ldwy ds ,d Hkkjrh; fp=dkj vkSj ‘kkfUrfudsru esa Jh johUnzukFk VSxksj ds lgk;d FksA ;g caxky iuq Ztkxj.k ds izeq[k dykdkjkas esa ls ,d Fks] vkiesa dkO; rFkk fp=dkjh nksuksa dykvksa dk lqUnj la;kxs

feyrk gSA cpiu ls gh dyk esa :fp FkhA 18 o’kZ dh vk;q esa yUnu ds lqizfl)

okLrq f’kYih fy;ksukMZ tsfuXl ls HkkLd;Z dh f’k{kk ikzIr dj dydRrk dyk fo|+ky; esa viuh f’k{kk lekIr djus ds Ik’pkr johUnzukFk Bkdqj dh bPNk ls 1911 eas ‘kkfUrfudsru ds dykHkou dh LFkkiuk dhA lu~ 1923 rd ogka fifzliy cus jgus ds mijkUr lu 1924 esa egkjktk Ldwy vkQ vkVZl t;iqj ds iz/kku f’k{kd cus 1925 eas mudk LFkkukUrj.k y[kuÅ ds dyk fo|ky; es a vkpk;kZ in ij gks x;kA 1945 eas ogka ls vki f’k{kk xzg.k djus ds mijkUr 1964 bZ0 esa y[kuÅ esa gh mudk nsgkolu gks x;kA

vkius ysMh gfj?kae dh v/;{krk eas

vtUrk ds fp=ksa dh tks izfrfyfi;ka rS;kj gqbZ FkhA ml dk;Z esa uUnykyolq ds lkFk os Hkh FksA1914 esa vius tksxhekjk ds fp=ksa dh Hkh FkhA vuqd`fr dh vkSj bl foy; dh [kkst dh A lu~ 1917 esa mUgksuas ck?k dh fp=dyk dk fujh{k.k fd;k rFkk 1921 eas mu fp=ksa dh izfrfyfi rS;kj dh vki vohUnzukFk Bkdqj ds vxzre f’k”;ksa esa ls ,d Fks vkids }kjk fpf=r dykd`fr;ka Hkkjr ds lxazgky;ksa ,oa fons’kksa ds laxzg esa iznf’kZr gSA vkidks yUnu dh jk;y lkslk;Vh vkQ vkVlZ dh QSYkksf’ki mUgs a iznku dh x;h FkhA vkius 40 ls vf/kd xzUFkksa dh jpuk dh FkhA vflr dqekj gkYnkj dh dyk & vflr dqekj th us ydM+h] js’ke rFkk vU; ek/;eksa esa Hkh dke fd;k gSA izkjfEHkd jpuk,a fHkfRr fp=ksa dh ‘kSyh esa vafdr gSA vius tyjaxksa rFkk rSyjaxksa esa dk;Z fd;k gSA vius dykd`fr;ksa esa VSDuhd dh ljyrk dk /;ku j[kk gSA lqdqekjrk vkSj e/kqjrk

mudh dyk ds iz/kku xq.k gSA muesa js[kkvkas eas Li”Vrk rFkk

dkseyrk ;qDr lkSUn;Z gSA laxhrkRedrk rFkk jksekuh lqdqekjrk gSA vk/;kfRed ‘kfDr gSA bu lcds lkFk gh muesa vtUrk dh xfriw.kZ y;kRedrk gSA Hkkoiw.kZ dYiuk y; lqdkseyk js[kkadu rFkk dksey jax;kstuk bu lcdks muesa lqUnj leUo; gqvk gSA mUgksuas dk”B ij yk[k dh okfuZ’k djds VSEijk fof/k ls fp=.k dh ,d fo’ks”k rduhd fodflr dh gSA ftls “Lacist ” dgk tkrk gSA mUgksuas & fofo/k fo/kkvksa esa vusd fp=xzUFkks a dh jpuk dh gSA ftuesa es?knwr] Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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_rq lgakj] mej [k¸;ke rFkk jkek;.k vkfn ize[q k gSA vki dsoy f”kYih gh ugha Fks vfirq ckyd euksjatu n”kZu rFkk yfyr dyk ij caxyk rFkk vaxzsth esa Ik;kZIr ys[ku dk;Z Hkh fd;k gSA

vkidk izfl) fp= txbZ exbZ ¼lU;ky ifjokj½ gS tks bykgkckn lxa zgky; esa laxzfgr

gS] vdcj] clar cgkj] dp] nso;kuh] _rqlgakj] dquky o v’kksd] jklyhyk tSls mudh rwfydk esa fpf=r gq,A gkYnkj th us 40 ls vf/kd xzUFkks a dh jpuk dh ftuesa bf.M;u dYpj ,oa ,V , Xykal] vkVZ ,.M VªsMh’ku] :inf’kZdk] yfyrk dyk dh /kkjk tSlk dyk bfrgkl laca/kh iqLrdas gSA johUnzukFk th dh e`R;q ij cuk;h x;h vkidh d`fr *ykLV tuhZ* Hkh iz’kaluh; gSA vkids izkjafHkd fp=ksa esa lhrk] u`R;kaxuk o ;’kksnk ek¡ mYys[kuh; gSA johUnzukFk VSxksj us buds fo”k; esa fy[kk gS fd ** rqe dsoy fp=dkj gh ugha dfo Hkh gksA vflr dqekj gkYnkj vkpk;Z vouhUnzukFk Bkdqj ds izeq[k f’kYiksa esa ls Fks A vkj0 ,p0 Lo0 uUnykyolq f{kfrUnz etwenkj vkSj ‘kSysUnz Ms xq: HkkbZ Fks os xoZeUs V vkVZ y[kuÅ ds izkpk;Z jgsA vkius vtUrk ck?k rFkk tksxhekjk ds fp=ksa dh vuqd`fr;ka rS;kj dhA *mej[kk;ke* fp=koyh es a ‘kSyh dh ekSfydrk gSA vkids fp=ks a esa vkd`fr dh ljyrk rFkk js[kk dk izokg n’kZuh; gSA muds fp=ksa esa *dq.kky* vdcj ,d egku fuekZrk rFkk jgL;* vkfn mYys[kuh; gSA gkYnkj ckcw dykdkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ,d caxyk xhrdkj Hkh FksA es?knwr dk caxyk vuqokn vkSj muds n`”VkUr fp= mYys[kuh; jpuk,a gSA

lu~ 1923 bZ0 esa gkYnkj us ;wjksi dk nkSjk fd;k vkSj

tYn gh ;g eglwl fd;kA ;wjksih; dyk ;FkkZFkoknh gSA gkYnkj vewrZ dfo FksA mUgksuas dkfynkl ds es?knwr vkSj f’kYiekyk dks laLd`r ls cxakyh esa vuqokfnr fd;kA vkius n`’;dyk dh dbZ dforkvks a dks fpf=r fd;k A cq) ij mudh dyk vkSj Hkkjr dk bfrgkl Hkh bUgkasus fpf=r fd;kA etwenkj bykgkckn fo’ofo|ky; dh :fp dyk es a fp=dyk dk izf’k{k.k djrs jgsA f{kfrUnzukFk etwenkj & etwenkj iuq tkZxf`r dky ds eq[; dykdkj Fk]s psrU;egkizHkq dk cgqr izHkko iMkA budk tUe 1891 esa if”pe caxky ds eqf’kZnkckn ftys esa fuerhrk uked LFkku ij gqvk FkkA tc vki ,d o”kZ ds Fks budh ekrk dk nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA izkjfEHkd f’k{kk xzg.k djus ds lkFk lkFk fp=dyk esa fo’ks”k :fp gksus ds dkj.k pksng o”kZ esa mUgksuas i<+kbZ NksM + nhA vkSj fp=dyk esa :fp ysus lu 1909 esa dydRrk dyk fo|ky; esa izfo”V gkuss ds ckn vouhUnzukFk Bkdqj ds f’k”; cu x;sA Jh vouhUnzukFk Bkdqj vius fdlh Hkh Nk= dks fp= dyk dh fo”k; oLrq ds lEcU/k ds laca/k esa dqN Hkh ugha dgrs FkasA vius bPNk ls gh Jh etwenkj us ckyd /kqzo dk fp= cukuk nwljk fp= jk/kk dk vfHklkj cuk;kA ;g ?kVuk 1909&1910 dh gSA ,d ckj ml le; jk;y dkyst vkQ vkVZl yUnu ds v/;{k Jh Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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jksFksULVhu Hkkjr Hkze.k djrs gq, dydRrk] dyk fo|ky; Hkh x;s FksA os fo|kFkhZ etwenkj th ls cgqr izHkkfor gq, vkSj nl :0 ifzrfnu nsdj rhu fnu esa rhu LdpS cuok;s A vfUre fnu mudk **jk/kk dk vfHklkj** fp= ,d lkS :0 esa [kjhn fy;kA Jh etwenkj dh :fp pSrU; fo”k;d fp= cukus esa FkhA

N% o”kZ rd v/;;u djus ds mijkUr f{krhUnz

ckcw

bf.M;u lkslk;Vh vkQ vkfsj;UVy vkVZ dydRrk esa f’k{kd ds in fu;qDr gks x;s rFkk dqN le; Ik’pkr iz/kku f’k{kd cuk fn;s x;s vouhUnz ukFk th us Hkh

etwenkj ds vusd fp=

[kjhnsA uUnyky olq] vflr dqekj gYnkj vkfn f{kfrUnzukFk ds lgikBh FksA etwenkj th }kjk cuk;s x;s fp= ok; ljk; ykMZ gk ykMZ jksukYM”ks] vkfn vusd izfrf”Br O;fDr;ksa us [kjhnsA bykgkckn fo’ofo|ky; ds rRdkyhu dqyifr Mk0 vejukFk >k bXayS.M x;s rks ogka mUgksuas cxaky ds HkwriwoZ vaxzst xoZuj lj jksukYM’ks ds laxzg esa f{krhUnzukFk etwenkj ds dqN fp= ns[ksa A os muls brus izHkkfor gq, vkSj Hkkjr ykSVus ij MkW0 vejukFk >k us Jh etwenkj dks vkeaf=r dj bykgkckn fo’ofo|ky; esa fp=dyk dh f’k{kk

dk lw=ikr fd;k A 01

flrEcj lu 1942 dks os bl foHkkx ds izFke v/;{k fu;qDr gq, A 56 o”kZ Ik”pkr bf.M;u izsl bykgkckn ds ekfyd Jh gfjds’ko ?kks”k us f{krhUnzukFk ls xhr xksfoUn rFkk psrU; ds thou esa lEcfU/kr fp= cukus dk izLrko fd;kA bues a ls dqN fp= bf.M;u izsl }kjk **fp= xhr xksfoUn uked fp=koyh ds :Ik esa izdkf’kr Hkh gq, gSA etwenkj th }kjk fpf=r dykd`fr;ksa dh izn’kZfu;ka 1941] 1963 rFkk 1964 vk;ksftr dh x;h caxky dkaxzsl desVh us 1963 esa mUgsa v’kksd LrEHk ds iqjLdkj }kjk lEekfur fd;kA 1964 esa etwenkj bykgkckn fo”ofo|ky; f’k{kd jgs ogka ls vodk’k xzg.k djus ds Ik’pkr os vius vfUre le; rd bykgkckn esa gh jgs vkSj 09 Qjojh 1975 dks os ijekRek esa foyhu gks x;sA f{kfrUnzukFk etwenkj dh dyk & Jh vouhUnzukFk Bkdqj ds pkj izeq[k fo”k; uUnyky olq] vflr dqekj gkYnkj f{krhUnzukFk etwenkj rFkk ‘kSysUnzukFk Ms FksA etwenkj dh dykd`fr;ksa dh ckr djsa rks og ekuo eu dks >d>ksj nsus okyh gSA nwljs ‘kCnksa esa Hkkoksa ls ifjiw.kZ gSaA muesa vkos’k gSA mUgksus izk;%] pSrU; ds fopkjksa ij vk?kkfjr jk/kkd`”.k dh HkfDr dh gh fofHkUu ekufld voLFkkvkas dk vadu fd;k tks caxyk lkfgR; dh Hkh ,d izeq[k fo’ks”krk gSA vkidh dykd`fr;ksa esa vkUrfjd vkSj ckg~; nkusksa lkSUn;Z fufgr gSA etwenkj vius dykthou esa lh/ks ‘kSyh dks iz;ksx djrs jgsA os iz;ksx’khyrk ds pDdj esa ugha iMsa+ mudks dyk vkd`fr jpuk ls izsfjr jghA ;gh dkj.k gS fd budh jpukvksa dk eq[; Loj HkfDr ewyd gSA xzkeh.k laLd`fr lnSo mudh dYiuk ij Nk;h jghA vius xq: vohUnzukFk Bkdqj ds izfr iw.kZr% lefiZr gksdj Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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Hkh mUgkasus mudh dyk”kSyh dh vuqd`fr ugha dh vfirq ekSfyd “kSyh dh mnHkkouk dh muds fp=ksa dh vkd`fr;ka ‘kkL=h; ijEijkxr :iksa ij vk/kkfjr u gksdj cxaky ds yksd thou ls izsfjr gSA bUgha ds }kjk bUgksuas jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr tSls egkdkO;ksa ds ihNs fNih ewy Hkkouk dks O;atuk iznku dh gSA muds O;fDrRo dk lPpk izfrcU/k *jk/kk* ds :Ik esa feyrk gSA mUgksuas ml ukjh ik=ks a esa Hkh jk/kk dh >kadh ns[kh gS] tks muds jklyhyk uked fp= ls iw.kZ

Li’V gSA muds fp= ekuokd`fr;ksa ds lkFk o`{kks]a yrkvkas rFkk dqfV;ks a dk cM+k gh

laxfriw.kZ la;kts u gqvk gSA pednkj dksey rFkk ikjn’khZ jaxks a vkSj fo’ks”k :Ik ls eqDrk dh vkHkk ds leku ‘osrjax ds iz;ksx ds fp=ksa esa laxhre; okrkoj.k dk l`tu dj nsrs gSA fQj Hkh muesa ljyrk gSA dyk dh rRdkyhu dlkSVh ftlesa ifj”df`r ij cgqr cy fn;k tkrk Fkk] n`f”V ls mudsa fp=ksa dks vius ;qx esa leqfpr lEeku ugha fey ik;kA

vkidk js[kkadu

vf}rh; gSA ;equk] vfHklkfjdk] xhr xksfoUn] pSrU;] y{eh rFkk iq”i izpkf;dk vkfn mudh izfl) d`fr;ka gSA t;k vIik Lokeh dk dFku gS fd Jh etwenkj izk;% fdlh ?kVuk dh euk%fLFkfr dk vadu djrs gS muds fo”k; p;u rFkk izLrqfr esa laxhrkRedrk jgrh gSA f}rhUnzukFk ds fp=ksa esa js[kkadu lokZf/kd egRo dk gSA vkSj mudh ‘kSyh dk vk/kkj Hkh ogha gSA o Lo;a dgk djrs Fks fd eSa js[kkadu ij cgqr /;ku nsrk gWw D;ksfad ;gh fp= dk vk/kkj gSA f{krhUnzukFk th dh iw.kZ foHkkftr dyk esa js[kk,a yEch rFkk izokgiw.kZ gS vkSj lko/kkuh ls vkd`fr;ksa dks cka/krh gSA mudh d`fr;ksa esa js[kkvkas ds Nksj i`Fkd ls ,d dksey y; mRiUu djrs gS rFkk nqiVVksa dks Nksjksa mMrs vkSj rSjrs gq, ds’kkas rFkk vkHkw”k.kksa vkfn esa ns[kk tk ldrs gSA js[kkvkas dh rqyuk esa jax dksey rFkk lkeatL;iw.kZ gSA bl izdkj Li”V gS fd etwenkj th us viuh dykd`fr;ksa ds }kjk dyk iszfe;kas dks vrqY; ;ksxnku fn;kA milagkj & vflr dqekj gkYnj ,oa f{krsUnzukFk etwenkj nksuksa izfl) dykdkjkas dh dyk esa yfyr dykvksa dk lqUnj la;ksx feyrk gSA vkius dyk txr dh viuh vewd d`fr;ksa esa ljksdkj dj fn;k gSA vkidh

dykd`fr;ksa iw.kZ ys[kd] xR;kRedrk] laxhrkRedrk lqdqekjrk]

v/;kfRedrk vkfn ns[kus dks feyrh gS ,oa vtUrk dh xfriw.kZ dykRedrk Hkh gSA nskuksa dh dykd`fr;ksa esa ,fsUnzd lkSUn;Z gSA ck’k VSfDud ls cuk;s x;s fp= i’z kla uh; gSA muds fp=ksa esa ekuod`fr;ksa ds lkFk o`{kksa yrkvksa rFkk dqfV;ksa dk cgqr

gh laxhriw.kZ la;kstu gqvk gSA

pednkj dksey rFkk ikjn’khZ jaxksa vkSj izHkko’kkyh LVªksDl ls n’kkvkas ds eu dks eU=eqX/k fd;k gSA mi;qZDr fo’y”s k.k ls li”V gS fd vflr dqekj gkYnkj vkSj f{kfrUnz ukFk etwenkj dh dyk us lekt ds izfr lPph lsok dykdkj ds :Ik esa dh gS tks iz’kaluh; gSA Copyright © 2021, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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lUnHkZ lwph ‘kekZ] yksds’kpUnz] Hkkjr dh fp=dyk dk laf{kIr bfrgkl] Hkkjr xks;y ifCyf‘kax gkml] esjBA oekZ] Mk0 vfouk’k cgknqj] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk bfrgkl] izdk’k cqd fMiks cjsyhA vxzoky] vkj0,0& dyk foykl] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dk foospu] baVjus’kuy ifCyf’kax gkml] esjB & laLdj.k 2013 ‘kqDy jkepUnz] dykilzax] dksjksuk] vkVZ ifCy’klZ] esjBA iznhi] fdj.k] dykn’kZu ,oa vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] vkd`fr&3] izdk’k ehfM;k] d`”.kk gkml esjBA gkYnkj] vflr dqekj] Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] bykgkckn 1959 vxzoky fxjhtfd’kksj] vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk] jkt ifCyds’ku] vkxjk 2006 xqVZw] jkph jkuh] dyk n’kZu] lkguh izdk’ku] fnYyh] 1953

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