Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language, Online ISSN 2348 3083, SJ IMPACT FACTOR 2021: 7.278, www.srjis.com PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, JUNE JULY, 2022, VOL 10/52 Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language izkFkfed d{kk ds v/;kidksa dh f’k{kk esa ewY; f’k{kk dh mikns;rk lekfIr ikWy] Ph.D. izkpk;ZJhjked`’.k’kkjnkvkJeVhplZVsªfuaxdkWyst]jfoUnziFkgtkjhckx>kj[k.M 825301 Email Id: samaptisrsa@gmail.com Paper Received On: 25 JULY 2022 Peer Reviewed On: 31 JULY 2022 Published On: 1 AUGUST 2022 f’k{kk dsoydk;Z{kerkdksc<+kusek=dklk/kuughagSA;gtulk/kkj.kdhlgHkkfxrkdksO;kidcukus rFkk O;fDr,oalektdhlexzxq.koŸkk dsmUUk;udk,dizHkkohmidj.kHkhgSSAtukf/kD;dsdkj.k ljdkj {ks=h;] lkekftd rFkk ySafxd vlekurkvksadksnwjdjusgsrq f’k{kkdhxq.koŸkkdkslq/kkjusds laxfBriz;kldjusdsfy,opuc)gS]D;ksafdrsthlscnyrs?kjsyw,oaoSf'odifjizs{;dksns[krsgq,dsoyek=kRedfoLrkjlsokafNrifj.kkeughaizkIrgksaxsALdwy f’k{kk dkvlymn~ns';gSjk"VªfuekZ.kesaekuo{kerkdkHkjiwjmi;ksxdjuk bldsfy, t:jhgksrkgSlHkhdks,dleku f’k{kk feysA;ghogewydkj.kgSftlus f’k{kk dsizfrdY;k.kdh n`f"Vdkscnydjvf/kdkjvk/kkfjrn`f"Vdks.kiznkufd;kAblizdkjbupqukSfr;ksadsØeesa f’k{kk dh uhao izkjfEHkd f’k{kk gSftlesaizkFkfed,oamPprjizkFkfed f’k{kk nksuksa 'kkfey gSaA izkjfEHkd f’k{kk rd lcdhigq¡pgks]bldsfy,cPpksadksfu%'kqYdvkSjvfuok;Z f’k{kk dkvf/kdkjvf/kfu;e&2009]1vizSy] fd,2010lsykxqgqvkAukekaduvkSjgkftjhc<+kusdslkFk&lkFkcPpksadsLokLF;Lrjdkslq/kkjusdsfy,x,izeq[kmi;ksx&*Ldwyesajk"Vªh;e/;kg~uHkkstu*&dk;ZØedksHkh'kkfeyfd;kx;kgSAtcge f’k{kk ijppkZdjjgsgSarksewY;mllsvNwrkdSlsjgldrkgS\ewaY; f’k{kk dhvkRek gSvkSjewY;ijd f’k{kk dknkf;RolcdkgSifjokjdkHkh]fo|ky;dkHkhvkSjlektdkHkhAifjokj vkSjlektvukSipkfjdewY;ijd f’k{kkdknkf;RofuHkkrsgSa]fdUrqf'k{kddsda/kksaijdk Hkkj vkSipkfjd vkSjvukSipkfjdewY;ijd f’k{kk dknkf;RolseqDrughagksldrkgSAewY;ijd f’k{kk dsØeesaf'k{kd dhftEesnkjhgSfdogfo|kFkhZ;ksadksbrukl{kecukosfdNk=Lo;aewY;ksadhryk'kdjuSfrdfu.kZ;ysldsaAvcpkgsge f’k{kk dks tUetkr 'kfDr;ksadk fodkldjusdhizfØ;kekusa]oS;fDrd fodkldh izfØ;k ekusa] lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ekusa] lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ekusa ;k okrkoj.k ds vuqdwyudhizfØ;kekusa]bulHkhn`f"V;ksals f’k{kk lsthouewY;ksadslkFkxgjkbZlslEc)gSA;gk¡;g vko';dgksxkfdewY;&ijd f’k{kkijppkZlsiwoZ*ewY;D;kgS];gtkuysaA Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com ewY; %&ewY; lekt }kjk Lohd`r os ekud gksrs gSa tks lekt dk vax gksus ds ukrs bdkb;ksa] O;fDr;ksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk ewY;kadu djrs gSaA ;s ewY; lekt dh jh<+ gksrs gSaA ;s os fo'okl gksrs gSa ftUgsa O;fDr fdlh nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa fØ;k djus gsrq purk gSA dksbZ vkn'kkZRed] uSfrd vFkok vk/;kfRed fl)kar tks fdlh nh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr esa gekjs thou dks izHkkfor djrs gSa vkSj ftu ij gekjk O;ogkj vk/kkfjr gksrk gSa] ewY; dgykrs gSaA ewY;] lekt nj lekt ,oa le; nj le; cnyrs jgrs gSaA gekjk thou bu ewY;ksa ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerk jgrk gSA ;s ewY; lgh vkSj xyr ds Abstract
MkW0lekfIrikWy (Pg. 13208 13212) 13209 Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language gekjs fu.kZ; }kjk gh fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA ewY; os vUrghu fo'okl gksrs gSa] tks O;fDrxr vkSj lkekftd :I ls Lohd`r ,d fuf'pr O;ogkj dks fu/kZfjr djrs gSaA ewY; dh rhu izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ gksrh gSa& ¼1½ ;s thou ds izkjfEHkd o"kksZa esa fufeZr gksrs gSaA vkSj 'kh?kzrk ls ifjofrZr ugha gSaA ¼2½ ewY; lgh vkSj xyr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSaA ¼3½ ewY; Lo;a dks lR;&vlR;]oS/k&voS/k vFkok lgh&xyr fl) ugha djrsAvkyiksVZ ¼1905½ ds vuqlkj] ßdksbZ Hkh lk/ku tks larqf"V mRiUu djrk gS] ewY; ds :I esa igpkuk tkrk gSaAß bl izdkj ewY; O;fDr dh ilan &ukilan] vko';drk] bPNk ,oa laLd`fr }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA ekuo ds fnu&izfrfnu ds thou esa muds O;ogkj ,oa fØ;kvksa dks fu;af=r ,oa ekxZnf'kZr djus dk dk;Z ewY; gh djrs gSaA izR;sd 'kCn tks ge cksyrs gSa] oL= tks igurs gSa] ftl izdkj ls ge ,d nwljs ds lkFk vUr%fØ;k djrs gSa] gekjs izR;{khdj.k vkfn esa ewY; iznf'kZr gksrs gSaA ewY; :fp] fodYi] vko';drk] bPNk ,oa ojh;rk ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr gksrs gSaA ewY; esa Hkkoukvksa ,oa fØ;kvksa ds fparu] tkuus vFkok le>us dh izfØ;k fufgr jgrh gSA yksxksa dk O;ogkj gesa muds ewY;ksa dks tkuus esa enn djrk gSA fdlh O;fDr ij fdlh izdkj dk ncko vFkok Mj fn[kk, fcuk fdlh fuf'pr le; esa mlds }kjk fd;s tkus okys O;ogkj vFkok fØ;k ds ek/;e ls mlds ewY;ksa dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% ewY; O;fDr ds Lo;a ds p;u }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksrs gSaA ewY; ew[;r% fuEufyf[kr rhu vk;keksa ij vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA ¼1½ O;fDr dk vkRevuqHkwfr ¼2½ vkRevuqHkwfr ,oa vU; O;fDr ftuds lkFk os izfrfnu vUr%fØ;k djrs gSaA ¼3½ lkekftd ekudA ewY; ds izdkj %& ewY; ew[;r% nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa& 1- ;kaf=d ewY; tSls&:fp] ,s'o;Z] le`f) vkfnA 2 vkfRed ewY; tSls&LoLF;] lEeku] ifo=rk vkfnA ;kaf=d ewY; tgk¡ fojks/kkHkkl mRiUu djrs gSa] ogha vk/;kfRed ewY; “kkafr ,oa lg;ksx ykrs gSaA lu~ 1979 esa ch0vkj0xks;y }kjk 83 ewY;ksa dh ,d lwph cuk;h xbZA rRi”pkr MkW0 oh0 ds0 xksydj us d1981 esa bu ewY;ksa dks ik¡p vk/kkjHkwr ekuoh; ewY;ksa ds :Ik esa oxhZd`r fd;kA bl izdkj ;s ik¡p ekuoh; ewY; eq[; ewY;ksa dh Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ;s ik¡p ekuoh; ewY; gSa&lR;] vPNk pfj=] “kkafr] izse ,oa vfgalk ;s ik¡p ekuoh; vFkok ew[; ewY; lkoZHkkSfd :i ls lHkh /keksZa }kjk Lohdkj fd;s tkrs gSa ijUrq budh rqyuk esa miewY; vf/kd izs{k.kh; gksrs gSa] tcfd eq[; ewY; dh lgh igpku dj ikuk dHkh&dHkh dqN O;fDr budk fn[kkok Hkh djrs gSa] tcfd okLro esa os bls g~n; ls viukrs ugha ewY;gSaAf’k{kk lekt ds vkn’kksZa ,oa ewY;ksa ds vuq:Ik O;fDr;ksa dks larq’V djus ,oa ,d thou izkfIr gsrq f’k{kk O;fDr esa ewY; fuekZ.k dh ,d izfØ;k gSA nk’kZfudksa] f’kk{kkfonksa vkfn lHkh us pfj= fuekZ.k o vUrfuZfgr xq.kksa d fodkl vFkok lefUor O;fDrRo ds fodkl gsrq f’k{kk dks egRoiw.kZ crk;k gSA bu ewY;ksa ds fodkl ,oa fuekZ.k gsrq izkphu le; ls gekjs xq:dqyksa]vkJeksa ,o orZeku fo|ky;ksa esa i`Fkd :Ik ls ewY; f’k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA ewY;vf/kxef’k{kk f’kk{kkFkhZ ds pfj= ,oa O;fDrRo ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku nsrh gSA ;g ckydksa esa ,d fuf’pr ,oa mi;qDr le; ij ewY;ksa dk fodkl djrh gS lkFk gh mlesa fo|eku
MkW0lekfIrikWy (Pg. 13208 13212) 13210 Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language tUetkr vkRe&dsUnzh;rk dks fu%LokFkZrk] vifjiDork vkSj ckY;koLFkk dks ;qokoLFkk esa ifjorZr dj mUgsa ,d ewd Jksrk ls ,d “kfDr’kkyh oDrk esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA ewY; f’k{kk O;fDrRo ds gj i{k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, cSf)d] lkekftd] HkkoukRed] uSfrd vkfn lHkh i{kksa esa fodkl nsrh gSA blesa D;k lgh gS] D;k vPNk gS ;k D;k lqUnj gS vkfn pquus dh ;ksX;rk fo|eku jgrh gSA ewY; ijd f’k{kk dk ew[; mn~ns”; ckSf)drk ds rhu vk;keksa&KkukRed vkSj fØ;kRed vk;keksa ds fodkl ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA blds }kjk vf/kxedrkZ u dsoy lgh vkSj vPNs ds ckjs esa tkurk gS cfYd lgh fØ;k;sa djus dh fn’kk esa mi;qDr Hkko ,oa opuc)rk dk vuqHko djrk gSA ;g O;fDrxr ,oa ekuork ls tqM+s Toyar eqnnksa ij lekykspukRed fparu ,oa Lora= fu.kZ; dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djus okyh izfØ;k gSA bl izdkj ewY; f’k{kk mRre ewY; ,oa pfj= dk fodkl djus dk mnns'; fy, gq, fu;ksftr “kSf{kd fØ;kvksa ls ;qDr dk;ZØe gSA gekjh izR;sd fØ;k vkSj fopkj gekjs efLr’d ij ,d Nki NksM+rs gSa vkSj ;g Nki vFkok Hkko gh fdlh fn, gq, le; vFkok ifjfLFkfr esa gekjh izfrfØ;k,a ,oa O;ogkj fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA bu O;ogkjksa ,oa izfrfØ;kvksa dk feyk&tqyk :Ik gekjs pfj= dks fufeZr ,oa fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA bu O;ogkjksa ,oa izfrfØ;kvksa dks ifjekftZr djrs gq, pfj= fuekZ.k izfØ;k dks ,d ubZ fn’kk iznku djuk gh ewY; f’k{kk dk ew[; mnns'; gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk Hkh izLrkouk ds vUrxZr pkj lkoZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gS tks ewY; f’k{kk dks egRrk iznku djrs gSaA ;s ewY; fuEufyf[kr gSa& 1 Lora=&fopkjksa] fo'oklksa] vkn'kksZs] Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus dh Lora=rkA 2 leku voljksa dh lekurkA 3 cU/kqRo&O;fDr dk lEeku cuk;s j[krs gq, lEiw.kZ jk’Vª dh ,drk cuk;s j[kukA 4 U;k;&lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd fdlh Hkh LRkj ij fdlh Hkh oxZ ds lkFk vU;k; uk gksus nsuk ,oa ,d O;fDr dh Lora=rk dks nwljs ekxZ esa ck/kd u cuus nsukA blds vfrfjDr lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 36 ls 51 rd iznRr ewy vf/kdkj ,oa vuqPNsn 51¼,½ esa iznRr ewy drZO; Hkh jk’Vªh; ewY;ksa dks iznf'kZr djrs gSA tks dgh u dgha ew[; ew[; vFkok miewY;ksa ds gh :Ik gSaaA ,d fuf”pr ,oa lgh fn’kk iznku gh ewY; f’k{kk dk ew[; mnns”; gSA vf/kxe Hkkjr esa le;≤ ij xfBr fofHkUu vk;ksxksa ,oa lfefr;ksa dh fjiksVksa esa Hkh ewY; f’k{kk iznku djus ij fo”ks’k tksj fn;k tkrk jgk gSA Lora=rk ds Ik’pkr xfBr losZizFke vk;ksx] jk/kkd`’.k vk;ksx ¼1948&49½ us ewY; f’k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;kA vk;ksx us fo|ky;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk fo”ofo|ky;] dkystksa ,oa egkfo|ky;ksa esa izkr%dky izkFkZuk lHkk djus ij tksj fn;k] lkFk gh fofHkUu egkiq:’kksa ds fopkjksa dks i<+kus ij tksj fn;kA ¼,u0 lh0 bZ0 vkj0 Vh0]2012 i`02½ eqnkfy;j deh'ku ¼1952&53½ us pfj= fuekZ.k dks f’k{kk dk y{; fu/kkZfjr djrs gq, Li’V fd;k fd “kSf{kd izfd;k dk vafre y{; fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrRo ,oa pfj= dk bl izdkj izf’kk{k.k djuk gks rkfd os viuh leLr dq’kIkyrkvksa dks igpkuus ;ksX; cu lda vkSj leqnk; dh vPNkbZ esa viuh ;ksX;rkvksa ds ek/;e ls viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsaA dksBkjh vk;ksx ¼1964&66½ us Þf’k{kk ,oa jk’Vªh; fodklÞ ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, dgk fd gekjs ikB~;Øeksa esa lkekftd] uSfrd ,oa vk/;kfRed ewY; f’k{kk dh deh ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA vk;ksx us bu ewY;ksa dh f’k{kk gsrq egku /keksZa ds uSfrd ewY; ,oa f'k{kkvksa dks tkuus ,oa lh[kus dk ekxZ fn[kk;k] lkFk gh Jhd`’.k vk;ksx ds lq>ko ßizR;{k uSfrd vuqns'kß ij lgefr trk;h] ftlds vuqlkj fo|ky;h f’k{kk esa lIrkg esa ,d ;k nks dkyka'k uSfrd f’k{kk ds fy, gksus pkfg,A
MkW0lekfIrikWy (Pg. 13208 13212) 13211 Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language jk’Vªh; f’k{kk uhfr ¼1986½ us vko”;d ewY;ksa ds gzkl vkSj lekt esa c<+rh LokFkZijdrk dh vksj /;ku vkdf’kZr fd;kA blesa lkekftd vkSj uSfrd ewY;ksa ds mRiknu gsrq f’k{kk dks “kfDr”kkyh ;a= dh :Ik esa iz;ksx djus ij tksj fn;k x;k] lkFk gh Li’V fd;k x;k fd f’k{kk }kjk vius yksxksa esa ,drk vkSj cU/kqRo dks c<+kus gsrq lkoZHkkfed ,oa dHkh lekIr u gksus rkys ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A f’k{kk uhfr dh dk;Z;kstuk ¼ih0 vks0 ,0]1992½ esa fo|ky;h f’k{kk ds izR;sd Lrj ij ewY; f’k{kk ds fofHkUu vo;oksa dks lefUor djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA fo|ky;h f’k{kk ds fy, jk’Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ¼2000½ esa fo|ky;h ikB~Øeksa ewY; f’k{kk dks lefUor djus ij tksj fn;k x;kA ,drk ,oa cU/kqRo dks c<+kus gsrq fo|ky;ksa }kjk lokZHkkSfed ewY;ksa dh ff’k{kk nsus ij tksj fn;k x;k] lkFk gh Li’V fd;k x;k fd laiw.kZ f’k{kk ls izse djsa vkSj ikjLifjd lg;ksx ds lkFk thou fuokZg djus ukxfjd cusaA vf/kxe jk’Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk ¼2005½ esa Hkh Li’V fd;k x;k fd f’k{kk,slh gksuh pkfg, fd fo|ky; dh izR;sd fØ;k esa ewY; fuek.kZ dh >yd nsA ikB~p;kZ esa fHkUurk esa ,drk ,d ekuoksa ds chp ikjLifjd Lora=rk ds izfr gekjh opuc)rk dks etcqr djus ij cy fn;k x;k tks fd ewY;ksa dk fodkl dj ,d cgqlkaLd`frd lekt esa “kkafr] ekuork] lgu'khyrk vkfn xq.kksa dh fodkl dj izkFkfedldsA f’k{kk vius izkjafHkd nkSj esa izkFkfed f’k{kk dk dsanz xq:dqy vFkok vkJe djrs FksA vkt izkjafHkd f’k{kk dh ftEesnkjh ljdkj dh gSA f’k{kk ds vfuok;Z dkuqu ¼2009½ dk 1 vizSy] 2010 ls ykxq gks tkus ls 6&14 vk;q oxZ ds ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa dh f’k{kk vc ewDr gks xbZ gSA vkSj rks vkSj vc mUgsa nksigj dk Hkkstu] Mªsl] fdrkcsa] cSx] twrs lc dqN fu%'kqYd fn;k tk jgk gSA fo|ky;ksa dh la[;k vkSj f'k{kd &Nk= vuqikr esa Hkh lq/kkj vk;k gSA tgk¡ izkFkfed LRkj ij bu cPpksa dks fganh] xf.kr] dyk] lkekftd foKku dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gS] ogha fo|ky;ksa esa nh tkus okyh f’k{kk ds vUrxZr ewY; f’k{kk ij Hkh fo'ks’k tksj fn;k tk jgk gSA pqafd lekt esa ewY;ksa dk fo”ks’k LFkku gS vkSj fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq :Ik gS] blfy, lkekftd thou thus ds fy, ewY; vR;ar vko”;d gSa fdUrq vkt ds HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa tgk¡ LokFkZijrk] yksHk] bZ’;kZ vkfn dk cksyckyk gS] ,sls lekt esa bu cqjkb;ksa ls vNqrk jguk ,d pqukSrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa f'k{kdksa dk ;g nkf;Ro gks tkrk gS fd os fo|ky; esa i<+us okys fo|kFkhZ;ksa esa ewY;ksa dk fodkl izkjafHkd f’k{kk ls gh “kq: djsa rkfd fo|ky; ls fudyus okys fo|kFkhZ ,d lH; ,oa ftEesnkj ukxfjd cudj ns'k dh lsok djsaA ewY; fu/kkZj.k esa fo|ky; f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk ewY;ksa ij vk/kh&v/kwjh O;k[;k nsdj ewY;ksa dk fodkl ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ftl izdkj rSjuk fl[kkus ds fy, izf'k{kd dks Lo;a ikuh esa mrj dj rSjkdh iM+rh gS] mlh izdkj ewY; f'k{kk iznku djus okys f'k{kd esa ;g ;ksX;rk gksuh pkfg, fd og fo|kfFkZ;k dks thou&ty esa mrjus vkSj vius ewY;ksa }kjk mudk lkeuk djus gsrq Lo;a ds O;ogkj }kjk izsfjr djsaA muesa iz;ksxkRed ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djsa ftlls fo|kFkhZ thou dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr ds fy, rS;kj jgsaA fuEukafdr fcUnqvksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ewY; dk izlkj dj ldrk gS& ¼1½ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izsfjr djds f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vkn'kZ gksrk gSA vr% f'k{kdksa dks vius O;ogkj] fopkj vkfn ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izsj.kk iznku djuh pkfg,] ftlls os thou dh izR;sd ifjfLFkfr dk lkeuk dj ldsa vkSj vius mnh;eku Hkfo’; dk fuekZ.k dj ldsaA
MkW0lekfIrikWy (Pg. 13208 13212) 13212 Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Humanity Science & English Language ¼2½ egkiq:’kksa dh thouh;ksa }kjk mnkgj.k izLrqr djuk f'k{kd vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks egkiq:’kksa ds fopkj ,oa vkpj.k dks vkRelkr djus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA ¼3½ fofHkUu uSfrd xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dks vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa] “kkafr] izse] /keZfujis{krk] ,drk]lg;ksx]lkaLd`frd]lao/kZu]l`tukRedrk]jk’Vªh; ,drk ,oa cU/kqRo vkfn x.kksa ds fodkl gsrq fujarj iz;kl djrs jguk pkfg,A ¼4½ f'kk{kkfFkZ;ksa dks mRiknd ,oa l`tukRed fØ;kvksa esa layXu djuk fo|ky; ds f'k{kdksa dks lrgh Kku ls gVdj ewyHkwr vkn'kksZa] ewY;ksa gsrq vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds varfuZfgr xq.kksa&voxq.kksa dk Kku izkIr dj mUgsa l`tukRed ,oa mRiknd fØ;kvksa esa layXu djuk pkfg,A ¼5½ ikB~;sRrj fØ;kvksa ij cky fo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;Øe dk iw.kZ Kku nsus ds lkFk&lkFk ikB~;srj fØ;kvksa tSls leqg dk;Z] gLrdkS'ky vkfn dk Hkh izf'kk{k.k iznku djuk pkfg,A ¼6½ vkRe&lEeku dk Hkko fodflr djuk fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dks vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk lEeku djrs gq, muesa vkRe&lEeku o vkRe&izdk'ku ds Hkko fodflr djus pkfg,A ¼7½ vius fopkj izdV djus ds volj nsukA f'k{kd dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds LokuqHkko izdV djus ds volj iznku djuk pkfg,A bl gsrq lIrkg esa ,d fnu ds fØ;kdyki ,sls gksa ftuesa fo|kFkhZ vius fopkj izdV djsaA ¼8½ f'k{kdksa }kjk iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko ls f’k{kk nsuk f'k{kd dks iw.kZ leiZ.k Hkko ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'kf{kr djuk pkfg, vkSj muds vUrfuZfgr xq.kksa dks mtkxj djrs gq, mudk ekxZn”kZu djuk ¼9½pkfg,Avuq'kklu cuk;s j[kuk vuq'kklughu Nk=ksa dks dsoy nf.Mr ugha djuk pkfg,] cfYd mudh ;ksX;rk dks tkudj mUgsa vU; l`tukRed fØ;kvksa esa layXu fd;k tk, rkfd muds ukdkjkRed O;ogkjksa dks iuius dk volj u fey ik,A ¼10½ iw.kZ euq’; cukus dh f'k{kk fo|ky; esa f’k{kk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds “kkjhfjd] pkfjf=d] vk/;kfRed] ckSf)d fodkl }kjk mudks iw.kZ ekuo cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk,A izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k{kd bUnz/kuq’k ds lkr jaxksa dh Hkk¡fr vius O;fDrRo es bu lkr xq.kksa dss jax dks Hkjrs gq, ewY;ijd f’k{kk ds mn~ns”;ksa dks viuh d{kk esa izkIr dj ldrk gSaA mijksDrfu’d’kZ foospuk ls Li’V gS fd ewY; fuekZ.k izfØ;k esa f’k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA ckyd ds izkjafHkd thou esa gh bldh uhao rS;kj djuh gksrh gSA bl fuekZ.k izfØ;k ds eq[; ik= ds :Ik esa ?kj] fo|ky;] iM+ksl] [ksy lkFkh gksrs gSaA blesa Hkh vlyh Hkwfedk ifjokj vkSj fo|ky; gh fuHkkrs gSaA ewY; fuekZ.k dh bl iquhr izfØ;k dk fuoZgu ?kj esa ifjokj ds lnL; rks fo|ky; esa f'k{kd fuHkkrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj ds lEizs’k.k ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ewY; fodkl esa fo|ky;h f'k{kdksa dh Hkwfedk c<+ tkrh gS A lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %& Lkwpuk,oaizlkj.kea=ky;¼2015½]Hkkjr ljdkj okf’kZdlanHkZxzUFk]ubZfnYyhizdk'kufoHkkx]lwpuk,oaizlkj.k Ykks<+k]ea=ky;Aegkohjey¼2013½uSfrd f’k{kk dsfofo/kvk;ke]fganhxzUFkvdkneh]t;iqjA Hkk’;djkpk;Z]okbZ,aMjko]Mh0iqYyk¼2009½]njksyvkWQVhplZbuLVªsaFkfuaxoSY;w,tqds'kuA dqekjlrh'k¼2009½]bUdjs'kuvkWQg~;weuosY;wbu,tqds'ku] ,u0lh0bZ0vkj0Vh0¼2012½],tqds'kuQkWjoSY;wtbuLdwYl&,ÝseodZ