Basic concept of phonetics & phonology

Basic concept of Phonetics & Phonology

DrRD

Basic concept

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Suffix “-phone”   

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To do with sounds Eg. Telephone = “distant sound” Microphone = “small sound” (because it sends an input to an amplifier which in turn drives loudspeakers - so the original sound is small compared to the output sound) Gramophone because the sound caused a needle to trace a pattern on a wax cylinder. The process is reversed for playing the sound back Xylophone = “wood sound” (because the instrument is one of very few where the musical note is produced simply by making wood resonate) DrRD Basic concept

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Phonetics      

The description and classification of speech sounds and how their physical production.

It is the study of physical aspects of speech.

It studies all possible speech sounds.

Phonetics is all about studying the sounds we make when we talk.

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used to represent speech sounds in symbols.

IPA is the basis for phonological analysis.

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Phonology The study of the sound system of languages.  It describes the way sounds function – within a given language or across languages.  The study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.  It is the basis for further work in morphology, syntax, and discourse. 

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Hierarchy of fields of linguistics

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Phonology vs. Phonetics Analyzes the sound pattern of a particular language by determining which phonetic sounds are significant and explaining how these sound are interpreted by the native speaker

Analyzes the production of all human speech sounds, regardless of language.

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Phonology vs. Phonetics •Phonology is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.

•The phonological system of a language includes an inventory of sounds and their features, and pragmatic rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.

•Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds.

•Phonetics studies which sounds are present in a language.

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Phonology vs. Phonetics •Phonology studies how these sounds combine •and how they change in combination, •as well as which sound can contrast to produce difference in meaning

Phonetics simply describes the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds

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Graphemes     

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A basic unit of written language = a grapheme Multiple graphemes may represent a single phoneme.

Digraphs (two graphemes for a single phoneme): SH in ship, CH in chop, TH in math Trigraphs (three graphemes for a single phoneme): SSI in mission, One grapheme may represent different phonemes.

English has many homographs i.e. words with the same spelling but different pronunciation.

Example: to read /ri:d/– read (past participle) /red/

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Phoneme Basic unit of sound = a phoneme  One phoneme can be represented by different graphemes.  Example: The sound /f/ can be represented by  "f” flat, fifty  "ff” different  "ph” elephant  "gh” enough  English has 26 letters of the alphabet but 44 phonemes. 

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Exercise 1 How many phonemes (sounds) are there in each word?      

black yellow one two three ship

sing half wrist knife ought could DrRD Basic concept

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)          

represents spoken language.

IPA symbols are composed of letters and diacritics.

Most letters are either Latin or Greek: p b t digraph th- is represented with θ (theta) Diacritics are signs or glyphs that modify the meaning of the letters: IPA has 107 different letters and 52 diacritics. /slashes/ are used to mark off phonemes (broad transcription) [square brackets] are used for phonetic details (narrow transcription) Compare: little /lɪtl/ or [lɪɾɫ] DrRD Basic concept

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Short vowels  /ɪ/ pin, English, business  /e/ pen, bed, head  /æ/ pat, cat, bag  /ʌ/ putt, cut, come  /ɒ/ pot, what  /ʊ/ put, look, could  /ə/ the, a DrRD Basic concept

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Long vowels /iː/

sea, bee /ɑː/ car, art /ɔː/ or, board /uː/ too, blue /ɜː/ girl, burn DrRD Basic concept

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Dipthongs CENTRING  /ɪə/ here, deer, dear, fierce  /eə/ care, air, mayor, prayer GLIDE towards /ə/  /ʊə/

poor, insure, tour, moor DrRD Basic concept

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Dipthongs CLOSING  /eɪ/ take, pay, wait, ballet  /aɪ/ five, sigh, height, buy GLIDE towards /ɪ/  /ɔɪ/ noise, boy, lawyer  /əʊ/ no, road, sew, broken GLIDE towards /ʊ/  /aʊ/ round, renown, doubt

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Consonants        

/p/ play, stop, speak, power /b/ bad, baby, big, object /t/ ten, later, little, pot /d/ day, advice, bed /k/ character, quick, taxi /g/ got, exam, ignore, finger /f/ food, laugh, telephone /v/ vain, over, Stephen

/θ/ thin, earth, method, both  /ð/ they, father, breathe, with  /s/ small, since, scene, psalm  /z/ zoo, goes, xenophobe 

/ʃ/ shell, nation, machine /ʒ/ genre, measure, vision /h/ hot, hair, whole, whose /m/ moon, lamp, lamb /n/ can, snow, pneumonia /ŋ/ string, singer, tongue /tʃ/ chair, match, future /dʒ/ just, general, age, soldier /l/ look, small, bottle, isle /r/ real, train, wrong, write /j/ yes, Europe, university /w/ window, twin, quick

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Exercise 2 Find the correct phonemic transcription for each word.          

1. /ʃʌt/ 2. /hɑːt/ 3. /θɪŋk/ 4. /wɜːk/ 5. /'leɪtə/ 6. /bɔːt/ 7. /puːl/ 8. /daʊt/ 9. /dʒəʊk/ 10. /ðeə/

a. later b. joke c. heart d. there e. doubt f. work g. shut h. think i. pool j. bought

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Exercise 3 Write the IPA symbol for the initial phoneme in each word.           

phone jet paper think shop chair hair school Europe college this

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Exercise 4 Complete the transcriptions with one of the following dipthongs:  /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/          

make sure bear island employ hear town home sight know

/m _ _ k/ /ʃ _ _/ /b _ _/ /- - lənd/ /ɪmpl _ _/ /h _ _/ /t _ _ n/ /h _ _ m/ /s _ _ t/ /n _ _ / DrRD Basic concept

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Exercise 5 Which is the correct transcription?        

/aɪs/ /səʊl/ /bri:ð/ / θɪŋ/ /‘pəʊzɪz/ /vɑɪn/ /’f iːlɪŋz/ /’æŋkl/

ice soil breathe thin poses vein feelings uncle

eyes soul breath thing possess vine fillings ankle

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ď‚— Refer

to Exercise 5 and now transcribe the other words.

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Exercise 6 Write out the correct spelling of these place names. /ˈkæntəbrɪ/ /ˈgrenɪtʃ/  /ˈlestə/  /ˈedɪnbrə/  /ˈwɒrɪk/  /ˈnɒrɪtʃ/  

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