bayanihan center [the spirit of unity among Filipinos]
a p l a c e f o r c o m m u n i t y a n d r e f u g e METRO MANILA, PHILIPPINES
KRISHNAH AQUITANIA UNDERGRADUATE THESIS 2019-2020 ADVISOR: JEFF KRIEGER
thesis statement + research HOW CAN ARCHITECTURE PROVIDE A SUSTAINABLE PLACE OF REFUGE AND IMPROVE THE EVACUATION EXPERIENCE OF THE MOST VULNERABLE TYPHOON VICTIMS IN METRO MANILA? The Philippines is a country frequently visited by natural calamities including an average of two dozen typhoons a year. Because the country sits on what is known as a typhoon belt, the Philippines is highly susceptible to typhoons and storm surges. Within it is Metro Manila, the country’s capital and one of the most disaster-prone and densely populated places in the world; therefore the casualties are greater when typhoons hit. Metro Manila currently lacks proper infrastructure for housing typhoon victims throughout the region and most buildings are structurally inadequate.
FREQUENCY
6.4
STORM 51.3
31.9
MORTALITY
5.6 5.9
ECONOMIC LOSS
17.3
STORM
STORM
FLOOD
FLOOD
FLOOD
LANDSLIDE
LANDSLIDE
7.9
78.7
VOLCANO EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE
EARTHQUAKE
OTHER
79
OTHER
OTHER
AN AVERAGE OF 20 TROPICAL STORMS ENTER THE PHILIPPINES EACH YEAR CAUSING MORE DAMAGES, INJURIES, AND DEATHS COMPARED TO OTHER NATURAL DISASTERS. THE NEED FOR A RELIABLE AND SUSTAINABLE SHELTER THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY IS EVIDENT. DEADLIEST TYPHOONS IN THE COUNTRY
MOST DESTRUCTIVE IN THE COUNTRY
20,000
6,500
4,500
3,500
1.3B
1.1B
USD
SUPER TYPHOON (195 MPH)
# OF DEATHS
5,500
900M
700M
2,500
500M
1500
300M $627 MIL
2014 RAMMASUN
2018 MANGKHUT
2013 HAIYAN
2015 KOPPU
2012 BOPHA
$313 MIL
$2.2 BIL
2011 NESAT
$885 MIL
$1.6 BIL
2010 MEGI
2013 HAIYAN
$356 MIL
2012 BOPHA
$278 MIL
6,300
2008 FENGSHEN
2009 KETSANA
1,901
2006 DURIAN
2009 PARMA
1,410
2004 WINNIE
$233 MIL
1,399
1991 THELMA
2008 FENGSHEN
1,593
1984 IKE
$581 MIL
5,101
100M
$304 MIL
1,492
1881 HAIPHONG
1897
1867 ANGELA
1,500
20,000
1,800
500
SUPER TYPHOON (195 MPH)
2B
t yp ho on +sh elt er c o nd itio ns
Although the government assists evacuees by temporarily housing them in existing public schools and community centers, the programs and facilities needed to serve victims are currently non-existent and overcrowding is often an issue. In addition, public education is frequently interrupted when evacuees require longer stays in classrooms and the lack of privacy between men and women becomes a complication. Due to these concerns, permanent prototypical evacuation shelters that can sustain necessities and provide for victims throughout the region is imperative especially when typhoons are historically getting stronger and unpredictable.
PROBLEMS: OVERCROWDING, LACK OF PROPER FACILITIES AND PRIVACY, AND DISRUPTION IN EDUCATION. PROPOSAL: PROTOTYPICAL EVACUATION SHELTER AND COMMUNITY CENTER THROUGHOUT METRO MANILA.
s ite s e le c tio n + an a l ys i s FOCUS COMMUNITY: TUMANA, AN IMPOVERISHED AREA AND A VULNERABLE COMMUNITY FREQUENTLY EVACUATED OUT DUE TO SEVERE FLOODING FROM STORMS TY CI
M AR I
NA KI
M ET
FOCUS COMMUNITY
RO
NILA MA
32 30
26 24
28 22
20
26
24
22 20
SITE +/-61,000 SF
22
18
16
14
18
24
18
100 FT
FREQUENTLY FLOODED AREAS
N NORTHEAST MONSOON (NOV-FEB)
FOCUS COMMUNITY
340°
EV
350°
N
330°
AC
UA
5 MIN.
300°
NR
OU
40°
TE
16
15
14
90°
W
15 MIN.
13 80°
SITE
18
17
16
15
14
13
70°
9
SE
10
11
12
CT
IO
12
80°
E
N
260°
250°
60°
8
70°
280°
IM
H UT
7
60°
18
50°
AZ
50°
17
10 MIN.
40° AL TIT UD
30°
19 290°
30°
E
TIO
20°
20°
320°
310°
10°
10°
CU
11
T
100°
10
9
8
240°
20 MIN.
120° 230°
130° 220°
140° 150°
210°
SOUTHWEST MONSOON (MAY-OCT)
FOCUS COMMUNITY
110°
200° 190°
S
170°
160° 1000 100 000 FT
SITE 44 FT ABOVE RIVER
RIVER 0 FT
500 FT
site+program analysis HEATING/COOLING DEGREE DAYS EVACUATION SHELTER
SERVICES
200 100
J
F
M
A
COOLING DD
M
J
J
A
HEATING DD
AVERAGE HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE
S
O
N
D
MEDICAL CLINIC
SLEEPING AREAS PLAY AREA
NURSING AREA
GYM/COURT COMMUNAL BATHROOMS
INDOOR GARDEN
CHAPEL LOBBY
COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE
SUPPLY ROOM LOADING/SERVICE
AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL
PROGRAM ADJACENCIES MAJOR ADJACENCY MINOR ADJACENCY
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION/PARTI
“LIFTING UP THE COMMUNITY” IN TIMES OF NEED
REFUGE
% OF WIND DISTRIBUTION IN A YEAR
COMMUNITY
LOADING/PARKING 5,000 SF
CIRCULATION+MECH. 15,000 SF
SUPPLY ROOM 5,000 SF
SLEEPING AREA /FAMILY ROOMS 30,000 SF
MEDICAL CLINIC 2,000 SF
COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE 3,000 SF
COMMUNAL BATHROOMS 2,500 SF
PLAY AREA FOR CHILDREN 1500 SF
NURSING ROOM 1,000 SF
CHAPEL 1,000 SF
300
GYM/COURT 6,000 SF
400
INDOOR GARDEN 2,000 SF
500 LOBBY 800 SF
DEGREE DAYS (BASE 70 °F)
COMMUNITY CENTER
600
FOCUS COMMUNITY: TUMANA, AN IMPOVERISHED AREA AND A VULNERABLE COMMUNITY FREQUENTLY EVACUATED OUT DUE TO SEVERE FLOODING FROM STORMS
POPULATION (2015): 43,000 (+,-) HOUSEHOLD SIZE AVG. PEOPLE PER HOUSEHOLD = 5
AGE DISTRIBUTION 47% DEPENDENCY RATE (CHILDREN/ELDERS)
INTENT TO RELOCATE 16% UNWILLING TO RELOCATE
2% 4%
5%
16.4%
19%
13%
16%
1 TO 3 MEMBERS
0 TO 5 6 TO 14
4 TO 6 MEMBERS 7 TO 9 MEMBERS
36%
21%
37.6%
10 AND ABOVE
WITH PLANS TO RELOCATE BUT NOT WITHIN 5 YEARS
15 TO 24 25 TO 54
NO PLAN TO RELOCATE
55 TO 64
60.4%
65 AND ABOVE
20.5%
W/ PLANS TO RELOCATE IMMEDIATELY
48%
LAND OWNERSHIP (% OF HOUSEHOLDS) 85% NO OWNERSHIP 15% OWN
MEDICAL INSURANCE (% OF HOUSEHOLDS) 5%
WITH HEALTHCARE
85% WITHOUT HEALTHCARE
UNICEF EVACUATION SHELTER GUIDELINES DISASTER EVENT (<72 HOURS)
16 SQ. FT. COVERED AREA/PERSON 1/50 TOILET/PERSON 3 LITERS DRINKING WATER/PERSON A DAY 12 LITERS WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE/PERSON A DAY
EXTENDED DISPLACEMENT (>72 HOURS)
38 SQ. FT. COVERED AREA/PERSON 1/20 TOILET/PERSON 3 LITERS DRINKING WATER/PERSON A DAY 40 LITERS WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE/PERSON A DAY
PROGRAM OCCUPANCY 16% OF 43,000 = 6,880 47% (6,880) DEPENDENCY RATE = 3,200 PROTOTYPICAL SHELTER OCCUPANCY:
900
case studies+inspirations
SITE/MATERIAL
MASS/MATERIAL
PROGRAM/MATERIAL
PROGRAM
I.M.A.M COMMUNITY CENTER NODO 17 ARCHITECTS MOSTOLES, SPAIN 2009 32,291 SQ. FT.
RELAXX SPORT+LEISURE CENTER AK2 ARCHITECTS BRATISLAVIA, SLOVAKIA 2008 99,792 SQ. FT.
LAS MAJADAS DE PIRQUE LYON BOSCH ARQUITECTOS PIRQUE, CHILE 2015 42,517 SQ. FT.
SHELTER FOR VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMOS GOLDREICH/JACOB YANIV TEL-AVIV, ISRAEL 2018
REFUGE COMMUNITY
OPEN/PUBLIC SPACE
COMMUNAL SPACES
COURTYARD OFFICES
FAMILY ROOMS
REFUGE COMMUNITY
sustainability goals
WATER GOAL: MINIMIZE DOMESTIC WATER USAGE AND DIMINISH FLOODING
OBJECTIVE: USE 100% OF RAINWATER THROUGH COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES: INTRODUCE WATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS ON SITE SUCH AS RAIN GARDENS AND CISTERNS TO REDUCE FLOODING AND MAXIMIZE COLLECTION USE RAINWATER COLLECTED TO PRODUCE POTABLE WATER FOR OCCUPANTS IMPLEMENT LIVING MACHINES TO PRODUCE CLEAN WATER
ENERGY GOAL: MINIMIZE USE OF FOSSIL FUELS TO PROVIDE ENERGY AND THERMAL COMFORT IN THE BUILDING
OBJECTIVE: GENERATE 100% OF BUILDING ENERGY THROUGH RENEWABLE RESOURCES STRATEGIES: IMPLEMENT NATURAL VENTILATION AND OTHER PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES CAPTURE SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS ON ROOF AND FACADE STORE ENERGY TO GENERATE POWER DURING NATURAL DISASTERS
MATERIALS GOAL: USE MATERIALS WITH LOW EMBODIED ENERGY AND HARMLESS CHEMICALS
OBJECTIVE: 100% OF MATERIALS WILL BE LOCALLY SOURCED AND HIGHLY RENEWABLE STRATEGIES: SOURCE MATERIALS WITHIN A 50 MILE RADIUS OF THE SITE IMPLEMENT BIOPHILIC DESIGN FOR BUILDING MATERIALS FOR BETTER AIR QUALITY AVOID MATERIALS WITH HIGH VOCs
process drawings
“lifting up the community” ROOF GARDEN
COMMUNAL BATHROOMS COMMUNAL KITCHEN/FLEX SPACE
SLEEPING AREAS PLAY AREA
NURSING AREA
CHAPEL
SUPPLY ROOM
HEALTH CLINICS
INDOOR GARDEN
GYM/COURT LOADING/SERVICE
LOBBY
PUBLIC PARK
december process iteration 1
iteration 2
5TH FLOOR
4TH FLOOR
3RD-4TH FLOOR
3RD FLOOR
2ND FLOOR
MEZZANINE LEVEL
2ND FLOOR
ROOF GARDEN
SERVICE/LOADING
SERVICE/LOADING
ENTRY
GREEN SPACE/ OUTDOOR GARDENS
GROUND FLOOR
ENTRY GREEN SPACE/ PUBLIC PARK
SHADED OUTDOOR SPACE
REFUGE SPACES GROUND FLOOR
COMMUNITY
REFUGE
OUTDOOR SPACE
SHADED OUTDOOR SPACE
REFUGE AND COMMUNITY SPACES SECTION CUT N-S
COMMUNITY
REFUGE
OUTDOOR SPACE
SECTION CUT E-W
j an u ar y de s ig n r e v i ew
1
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”
2
BASKETBALL COURTS WILL SERVE AS SLEEPING AREAS WHILE PROVIDING PRIVACY BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN LOCKERS WILL DOUBLE AS COMMUNAL BATHROOMS FUNCTION HALL WILL SERVE AS COMMUNAL KITCHEN AND DINING PLAY AND NURSING AREA FOR CHILDREN AND WOMEN
100 FT
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”
100 FT
PLAY AND NURSING AREA
COURTYARD
HEALTH CLINICS BASKETBALL FUNCTION HALL NURSE STATION COMMUNAL KITCHEN
COURTS STORAGE MECHANICAL SLEEPING AREAS
LOADING AND PARK-
LOCKERS
CHAPEL
PUBLIC PARK
4TH FLOOR
VIGNETTES FUNCTION HALL /COMMUNAL KITCHEN
ROOF GARDEN ROOF
CHAPEL
3RD FLOOR
HEALTH CLINICS
MECH.
LOBBY
PLAY/NURSING AREA
MEN'S
WOMEN'S
STORAGE /MECH.
2ND FLOOR
HEALTH OFFICES
150 SQ. FT.
STORAGE
10'-0"
5,000 SQ. FT.
BAMBOO PLYWOOD (1-2”)
E-W SECTION SCALE: 1’=1/32”
1ST FLOOR
15'-0"
4'-6"
30'-0"
15'-0"
3'-0"
TYPICAL TEMPORARY SLEEPING AREAS (3-6 PEOPLE PER UNIT)
HEALTH OFFICES
COURTYARD
30'-0"
PUBLIC PARK
STORAGE
MEN'S
INTERLOCKING (EASY ASSEMBLY)
56'-0"
OFFICES
4'-6"
LOBBY
3'-0"
90'-0"
OFFICES
LOBBY
TYPICAL COURT LAYOUT 150 PEOPLE / 25 FAMILIES
WOMEN'S
LOADING/PARKING
march technical review LEGEND LOAD-BEARING WALL STEEL TRUSSES OPEN WEB JOISTS DIAGONAL BRACING STEEL COLUMNS
SECOND FLOOR
FOURTH (TOP) FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
MATERIAL PALETTE
COOLING DISTRIBUTION AND SOLAR ENERGY
100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE
SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS SUPPLY AIR
CONCRETE
CHILLED CEILING PANELS
100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE
100% OUTSIDE AIR INTAKE
BAMBOO FINISH
CHILLED CEILING PANELS
STEEL
WATER DISTRIBUTION AND BIOPHILIC DESIGN RAINWATER STORAGE
GREEN ROOF
RAINWATER STORAGE
LIVING WALL WALL SECTION
DOMESTIC WATER
RAINWATER STORAGE
ROOF GARDEN
DOMESTIC WATER
LIVING WALL
FILTER AND CISTERN
FILTER AND CISTERN
GEOCELLULAR STORAGE FOR STORMWATER RETENTION
final design CONCEPT DIAGRAMS 32 30
26
2 24 8 28
BAYAN-BA
YANAN AV
26
ENUE 2 22 2
20 24 2 22 2
BAYA
AN TO SS TRE ET
LAWN
N-BA
YANA
FORM N AV
ENUE
ES
ROOF GARDEN
22
LAWN
20
8 18
CA N
ROOF DA ZO S
TRE
ET
22
MAJOR CIRCULATION
20 18
100 FT E SECTION SCALE: 1” = 25’-0”
VOLUME
N
B C
ROOF GARDEN
section c C
COURT 5
COMMUNAL SPACE COURT 6
4TH
A
FLOOR
50 FT
ROOF GARDEN
N B
C
BALCONY
FUNCTION HALL/ COMMUNAL DINING
COURT 3 CHAPEL
section b B
COMMUNAL KITCHEN
GRAND STAIR VESTIBULE
WOMEN’S LOCKER
ATRIUM PLAY/NURSING AREA
3RD
COURT 4
COMMUNAL AREA A
ADMIN OFFICE
FLOOR
50 FT
ADMIN OFFICE ADMIN OFFICE
MEN’S LOCKER ADMIN OFFICE
MECHANICAL EXECUTIVE’S OFFICE
SUPPLY ROOM /STORAGE
N B
C
COURT 1
H A H HEALTH HEA HE CLINIC C CL L C
PLAY AREA
ATRIUM CLINIC LOBBY
COURT 2
2ND
A
CLINIC OFFICES
FLOOR
section a
50 FT
CONFERENCE ROOM
MECHANICAL
STORAGE
LAWN
COURT 1 HEALTH CLINIC
PLAYGROUND THEATER LAWN
COURT 2
LOBBY /ATRIUM
1ST
FLOOR 50 FT ENTRY POINTS
WOMEN’S LOCKER
CLINIC LOBBY
MEN’S LOCKER
PARKING MECHANICAL /STORAGE
LOADING
MATERIAL PALETTE
e le v atio n s + m ate r ia l s
PRECAST CONCRETE
BAMBOO FINISH
STEEL
LIVING WALL
ORANGE PERFORATED METAL SCREEN
ALUMINUM PERFORATED SCREEN
north h
south
west
e xp er ie nc e
northeast approach
playground
grand stair
e xp e r ie n c e
chapel
modular sleeping areas
lobby
e xp er ie nc e
bayanihan y center