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PORTAL DE BUENOS AIRES TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE THESIS PROJECT by: KATHERINE URBANIAK advisor: ROBERT NALLS 2017-2018 DREXEL UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURE
RESEARCH
I began my research looking at the effects of rapid VILLA urbanization, especially in Latin America, and the presence of informal housing communities in major cities. The Villa 31 in Buenos Aires immediately stood out because it’s an informal community right at the edge of an upscale neighborhood. Because of its prime location and proximity to the city center, some have argued for its complete demolition. This has actually happened before a few times since the Villa is 80 years old, but it’s always grown back. The current city administration is on a mission to formalize this neighborhood and they already have revitalization plans.
MIGRATION PATTERNS to ARGENTINA
31
BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA Argentina is defined by the different migrations and immigrations to this country, that have shaped its unique culture. The first inhabitants were the indigenous peoples of Americas who were largely conquered and expelled by Spanish conquistadors. Then came the large influx of European immigrants that have largely defined its current culture. Presently, much of the immigration to Argentina comes from nearby countries, with people of largely indigenous ancestry.
neighborhoods of BA
PROJECT SITE: existing BUS TERMINAL The Bus Terminal site
is located in the Retiro neighborhood. What starts off as high-scale residential neighborhoods and elegant municipal parks concludes to the PORT Villa 31, an informal neighborhood situated between railyards and the port.
3 2
VILLA 31
4
1
6 5
BUS TERMINAL 8 7
9
TR
COMMERCIAL + HIGH-SCALE RESIDENTIAL
AI
N
ST AT IO
NS
RAILYARDS
6
RESEARCH
NEIGHBORHOOD: RETIRO
MUNICIPAL PARKS
RU
P
UF RU
RU UF
HIGH-END RESIDENTIAL + HISTORICAL PROTECTED AREAS
RU
E-2 RU
RU
UP R1Bll
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE + CITY RENEWAL AREAS APH
C-2
APH
PROGRAM
For the programming of my site, I wanted to react heavily to the surrounding borders. I wanted a community aspect to serve Villa 31 and a public space component to border the heavily traveled Transportation Corridor, to help simulate the connection to the country’s largest bus terminal. This led me to study examples of large scale markets.
TRANSPORTATION MARKET BUS TERMINALS
MARKETS
GRANDIOSE SCALE
PEDESTRIAN SCALE
BUSY, CHAOTIC
BUSY, CHAOTIC
PEAK TIMES
PEAK TIMES
SLOW TIMES
SLOW TIMES
FULL OF STRANGERS
STRANGERS + FRIENDS
LONG HOURS or 24/7
BUSINESS HOURS ONLY
LARGE SPACES
SMALL, TIGHT SPACES
WAITING SPACES
BREAKOUT SPACES
My project strives to balance the advantages of transportation and market programs and takes into considerations their scales: the grandiose-scale of a bus terminal that takes you all over the country and the human-size scale of a market that should naturally evolves to reflect the city’s different commodities.
RETIRO BUS STATION 40,000 people daily 75 gates AVG 28 people per bus 1,428 buses per day 19 buses per gate per day loc
al b
us
- le
par
kin
vel
lev
el 1
ma
in g
ate
s-
dro
po
ff
g-
Surface Parking Lots: 94,000 SF
1
lev
el 1
lev
el 2
lev
el 2
PROGRAM
BUS METRICS
dro
po
ff
PEOPLE BUSES
ser
CARS
vic
e-
lev
el 1
PARKING
BUS CULTURE
PROGRAM
INTERMEDIATE REVIEW
MASTER PLAN + REVITALIZATION PLANS NEW EDUCATION MINISTRY SITE
10
3 2 BARRIO 31 REVITALIZATION
4 1 6 5
PORTAL DE BUENOS AIRES HIGHWAY, FUTURE LINEAR PARK
8
7
9
WO ET
KN PA R
RECOLETA COMMERCIAL + RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT
TR A
IN
RK
ST AT IO
NS
DIVERSION OF HIGHWAY
6
PASEO DEL BAJO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SUPERMARKET CLINIC/HOSPITAL MILITARY OFFICES CURRENCY MANUF. CITY COURTHOUSE MILITARY BASE MILITARY MUSEUM POST OFFICE CATHOLIC CATHEDRAL CRUISE TERMINALS
One of my main drivers in focusing on this area is the fact that revitalization plans already exist and are underway. One of them includes the Barrio 31 project, which helps to formalize the villa and provide basic amenities like water and sanitary coverage. The goal is to turn this into a real neighborhood, even locating the new education ministry there. This also includes diverging a highway that cuts through the neighborhood and turning it into a linear park.
INTERMEDIATE REVIEW
FEEDBACK
The comments by the jury that I received from this review helped me to redefine the form of my project, without changing the original idea and parti. My essential idea is to separate the bus circulation and market circulation from each other vertically - for this review I explored a scenario where the buses boarded on a submerged level, and passengers sank down to board. My first critiques were about the site plan: how I understood the true scale of the program I was proposing and their adjacencies to each other. The building was said to be too far set back from the street. It was also pointed out that my proposed “urban farming” wouldn’t be urban at all if it was actually fields of crops instead of the smaller, dense units that typically define urban farms. When it came to the building design, my idea of separating bus and market was wellreceived, however, it was suggested that I invert the circulation so that is a great market space in the middle and the buses circulate in an upper level. The greatest design challenge for me was to be able to design a structure that would support an elevated bus terminal and marketplace. One take-away that I took to heart was to treat the edges of my design as having “a hundred entrances” so that it was inviting to people to come in.
PROGRAM
SITE CIRCULATION
INTERMEDIATE REVIEW
SITE PLAN
STRUCTURE
ogram
CODE ANALYSIS ANALYSIS CODE DESIGN CONCEPTS
DIRECT NoVS. Building Regulation Code in Argentina. FILTER ONVERGENCE OF EDGES Building Regulation as suggested by IBC 2009. MEANDER
AI
R
ES
Occupant Loads Tenant Spaces.......................1280 SF ea...21 Ticketing/Offices....................6800 SF ea...66 Open Market: ......................52,000 SF......866 2nd Floor Waiting Rooms:...47,200 SF......3,144 Loading/Storage:....................4232 SF.......14 Grocery Store:......................10615 SF.......176 Retail:....................................5300 SF.........88
BUNEC T EN ION O S
COMMERCIAL RAIL RAIL RAIL
PORT PORT
TRANSPORTATION
Occupancy: Mixed Use M - Mercantile CARVING Market COMMUNITY VILLA 31 A - Assembly: A-3 Waiting areas in transportation terminals S - Storage: S-2 (Parking Garages) Low-hazard storage
C O
N
Mechanical Spaces Boiler Room...........................2651 SF..........7 Meter Room...........................1327 SF..........4 TIRO RETIRO RETIRO PUBLIC SPACE Electrical Room.....................1308 SF...........4 Elevator Control Room..........1419 SF..........4 Chiller Plant...........................4038 SF..........13
Building Area: Ground Level: SQ FT MIX320,000 / WATERFALL Second Level: 233,000 SQ FT Total: 553, 000 SQ FT MARKET Proposed Structural System:
BUS
Steel Columns Type A: Steel, floor-to-floor: 27 feet Type B: Reinforced Concrete, floor-to-floor: 75 feet Steel Girders and Beams DIRECT VS. Girders: W24x131, spans 40 feet MEANDER Beams: W18x143, spans 32 feet
FILTER
Construction Type: IA Non-combustible Materials and Structure Automatic Sprinklers throughout Fire Pump
BRIDGING Smoke Control
A GAP
Smoke control is not required for atriums that connect only two stories. Exception 1 allows adjacent spaces to be separated by glass walls where automatic sprinklers have been installed to protect the glass
Systems Passive Cooling and Chilled Water Coil Solar Power from panel covers over Parking Lot Rainwater Collection and Reuse
STRUCTURE/MECHANICAL
PROCESS AND ITERATIONS
TECHNICAL REVIEW
FEEDBACK The feedback I got during the Technical Review reaffirmed that when it came to mechanical issues, ventilation was key to keep to keep air moving in my building. The buses need to be properly ventilated by being partially uncovered and openair. The market hall has to be enclosed so that it’s not open to the bus level, but I was advised to provide outlets so that mechanical fans can push out warm air. Air inlets in the facade push outside air into the market space. I have room for a large plenum space to accommodate for this mechanical ventilation system. As for my structure, the jurors agreed that it was important for me to differentiate the bays that covered waiting areas to those that covered the buses and the market space.
SITE PLAN
TECHNICAL REVIEW
STRUCTURE
THERMAL
AIR INLETS IN FACADE
AIR INLETS IN FACADE
RAINWATER PATH WATER COLLECTON CISTERN
THERMAL WALL AIR SUPPLY FRESH AIR HOT AIR EXHAUST FANS
FINAL REVIEW
PARTI
My final project strove to complete these goals: keeping the bus terminal, separating pedestrian and vehicular circulation and putting a market in the middle. Adding some public park space and giving back the rest of the land to the community for housing, in accordance with the city’s plans to urbanize and legitimize this community. Thus, coming back to the name I chose for this project - I want the building to be a portal or to have many portals ones that can take out all over the country via bus or could serve as portals to local culture. Arcades are both associated with transportation and market typologies so it's’ something that have inspired my design and structure.
BUS
BUS MARKET
PORTAL: A DOORWAY, GATE, ENTRANCE ENTRANCE TO ANOTHER DIMENSION BOTH EXIT AND ENTRANCE SOPORTAL = ARCADE: A COVERED PASSAGEWAY WITH ARCHES.
BUS •
BUS MARKET
• •
COMMUTERS/ WORKERS
RESIDENTS/ LEISURERS
• Coming in and out of Estación Retiro (train) • and Estación Terminal de Omnibus (bus) Working in offices • Working in Navy or Air Force
Walking through high-end stores and residential areas Walking through municipal parks and historical areas Taking Metro to Retiro subte stop
VEHICULAR DROPOFF/PICKUP PEDESTRIAN BUS
VILLEROS
LOADING/UNLOADING
• •
Coming in and out of Villa 31 Taking public transport -
•
TOURISTS
Coming in and out of Estación Terminal de Omnibus - long-distance destinations
FINAL REVIEW SITE MODEL AND STREET SECTION
GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE
NEW YORK PENN STATION
ORIENTE STATION - CALATRAVA
MADRID AIRPORT COLUMN TO TRUSS BASE PLATE CONNECTION 4'-0"
COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN
CIRCULAR HSS TRUSS
3'-0"
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION BASE PLATE ANCHOR BOLT STEEL COLUMN BEYOND
FINISHED FLOOR POURED CONCRETE FLOOR
LEVEL 2 27' - 0" METAL DECKING
STAINLESS STEEL PIN CONNECTION
GIRDER: W24x131 STEEL ANGLE
CIRCULAR HSS TRUSSES
EMBEDDED BOLTS INTO CONCRETE
BASE PLATE
STEEL BRACKET
GROUT
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION
STRUCTURAL INSPIRATION
PLENUM SPACE: 4'-0" HIGH
TOP OF COLUMNS
CEILING
47' - 0" ANCHOR BOLT
FINAL REVIEW
ANCHOR NUT COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN:
COLUMN DETAIL #2: FLOOR TO COLUMN CONNECTION SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
COLUMN DET
COLUMN DETAIL #3: COLUMN TO TRUSS TRANSITION
SCALE: 1/2” =
SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
4 TOP OF ROOF 75' - 0"
COLUMN TO TRUSS BASE PLATE CONNECTION 4'-0"
COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN
CIRCULAR HSS TRUSS
3'-0"
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION BASE PLATE ANCHOR BOLT STEEL COLUMN BEYOND
FINISHED FLOOR POURED CONCRETE FLOOR
LEVEL 2 27' - 0" METAL DECKING
STAINLESS STEEL PIN CONNECTION
3 GIRDER: W24x131 STEEL ANGLE
CIRCULAR HSS TRUSSES
EMBEDDED BOLTS INTO CONCRETE
BASE PLATE
STEEL BRACKET
GROUT
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION
PLENUM SPACE: 4'-0" HIGH
TOP OF COLUMNS 47' -0"
TOP OF COLUMNS
CEILING
47' - 0" ANCHOR BOLT ANCHOR NUT COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN:
COLUMN DETAIL #2: FLOOR TO COLUMN CONNECTION SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
COLUMN DETAIL
COLUMN DETAIL #3: COLUMN TO TRUSS TRANSITION
SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0
SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
COLUMN TO TRUSS BASE PLATE CONNECTION
LEVEL 2 27' - 0"
4'-0"
COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN
2 CIRCULAR HSS TRUSS
3'-0"
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION BASE PLATE ANCHOR BOLT STEEL COLUMN BEYOND
COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN:
FINISHED FLOOR POURED CONCRETE FLOOR
24" x 24" BLOCK CUT TO BE FILLED WITH CONCRETE AFTER BASE PLATE GROUT HAS SET
LEVEL 2 27' - 0" METAL DECKING
STAINLESS STEEL PIN CONNECTION
LEVEL 1 0' - 0"
GIRDER: W24x131 CIRCULAR HSS TRUSSES
STEEL ANGLE
BOLTED END-PLATE CONNECTION
PLENUM SPACE: 4'-0" HIGH
EMBEDDED BOLTS INTO CONCRETE
BASE PLATE
STEEL BRACKET
GROUT
BASE PLATE
1
LEVEL 1
2" NON-SHRINK GROUT
TOP OF COLUMNS
CEILING
0' - 0"
ANCHOR
47' - 0" ANCHOR BOLT ANCHOR NUT
CONCRETE FOOTING
COLUMN ENCASED STEEL COLUMN:
COLUMN DETAIL #2: FLOOR TO COLUMN CONNECTION SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
COLUMN DETAIL #3: COLUMN TO TRUSS TRANSITION SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
COLUMN DETAIL #1: COLUMN TO CONCRETE FOOTING SCALE: 1/2” = 1’-0”
TYPICAL COLUMN SECTION SCALE: 1/4” = 1’-0”
FINAL REVIEW 11
10
9
40'-0"
8
40'-0"
40'-0"
7 40'-0"
6 40'-0"
5 40'-0"
4 40'-0"
3 40'-0"
2
1
40'-0"
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
40'-0" 40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
40'-0"
SOUTH ENTRANCE A
A 401 10615 SF
402
403
5294 SF
5302 SF
32'-0"
32'-0"
RETAIL
RETAIL
GROCERY STORE
B
B 601
32'-0"
32'-0"
TEMP. PARKING
VEHICLE PASSTHROUGH
C
5099 SF
C 32'-0"
32'-0"
ESCALATOR
CIRCULATION
NW
D
ESCALATOR NE
ESCALATORS NW
D ESCALATOR NE
32'-0"
NW
ELEVATORS
NE
NW
UTILITY
UTILITY
E
520
519
97 SF
97 SF
32'-0"
32'-0"
ELEVATORS
ELEVATORS
NE
32'-0"
ELEVATORS
E TENANT 101 1309 SF
F TENANT
32'-0"
32'-0"
301 4085 SF
102 1279 SF TICKETING/OFFICES
G
201
WAITING
32'-0"
32'-0"
6805 SF TENANT 103
502 11791 SF
1279 SF
H
H TENANT 104
NORTH MARKET
1279 SF
METER ROOM 303
105 1279 SF
I
521
12848 SF
107 SF
107 SF
FAMILY TLT
517
522
100 SF
100 SF TLT
TLT 516
523
77 SF
81 SF
TLT
TLT
515
524
89 SF
85 SF TLT
TLT
525
514
81 SF TLT
TLT
526
513
106
81 SF
81 SF
J
TENANT
1327 SF
518
NURSING RM
81 SF
32'-0"
CIRCULATION
32'-0" 32'-0"
J
TENANT
32'-0"
26008 SF
302 2651 SF
503
NURSING RM
FAMILY TLT
CC
CIRCULATION
BOILER ROOM
I
32'-0"
32'-0"
WAITING
UTILITY/ MECHANICAL
UTILITY/ MECHANICAL
527
512
350 SF
350 SF
1279 SF TICKETING/OFFICES
K
K
202
32'-0"
6670 SF ELECTRICAL ROOM
TENANT 107
304
1281 SF
1308 SF
L
32'-0"
32'-0"
L TENANT 108 1308 SF
M
32'-0"
32'-0"
M
ELEVATORS
ELEVATORS
CW
CE
ESCALATOR
N
CW
ESCALATOR
CIRCULATION
ELEVATORS
N
CE
ESCALATOR
ESCALATOR
CW
CE
CW
ELEVATORS CE
32'-0"
32'-0"
UP
O
32'-0"
32'-0"
O
TENANT 109 1310 SF
P
32'-0"
32'-0"
P ELEVATOR CONTROL ROOM
TENANT
305
110
1419 SF
1281 SF TICKETING/OFFICES
Q
Q
203
32'-0"
32'-0"
6671 SF TENANT 111
528 390 SF
R NURSING RM
NURSING RM
510
529
107 SF
107 SF
FAMILY TLT
FAMILY TLT
509
530
100 SF
100 SF
TLT
TLT
508
S
531
81 SF
81 SF
TLT
SOUTH MARKET
TLT
507
532
85 SF
DD
32'-0"
113
34837 SF
85 SF
TLT
TLT
506
533
WAITING
81 SF TLT
1281 SF
505 81 SF
81 SF
504
TLT
11444 SF
81 SF
534
T 32'-0"
32'-0"
T
32'-0"
CIRCULATION
112 1279 SF
TENANT
UTILITY / MECHANICAL
511
TENANT
306 3931 SF
CIRCULATION
32'-0"
LOADING/STORAGE
S
UTILITY / MECHNICAL 385 SF
1277 SF
R
32'-0"
BUENOS AIRES HAS A HUMID SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE WITH FOUR DISTINCT SEASONS. IN THEIR COLD SEASON, LOWS AVERAGE AT AROUND 40 °F AND THEIR HIGHS AVERAGE AT 76 °F. THE CITY GETS A FAIR AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION YEARLY AND IS PRONE TO FLOODING. THERE IS RARELY SNOW OR FORMATION OF ICE. THE GROWING SEASON CAN LAST UP TO 8 MONTHS.
F LOADING/STORAGE
G
TENANT 114 1277 SF TICKETING/OFFICES
U
U
204 TENANT
307
115
4038 SF
V 32'-0"
32'-0"
116 1309 SF
W
SW
32'-0"
UTILITY 535
97 SF
98 SF
ELEVATORS
ELEVATORS
SW
SE
ESCALATOR
SW
SE
X
CIRCULATION
ESCALATORS
ESCALATOR
SW
SE
Y
Y
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
SCALE: 1’ = 1/32”
SCALE: 1’ = 1/32”
AIR INLETS IN FACADE
RAINWATER PATH THERMAL WALL AIR SUPPLY FRESH AIR
THERMAL SECTION PERSPECTIVE
UTILITY 132
32'-0"
SE
ESCALATOR
32'-0"
32'-0"
ELEVATORS ELEVATORS
X
WATER COLLECTON CISTERN
501 11576 SF
1279 SF
TENANT
W
CLIMATE
WAITING
32'-0"
32'-0"
6805 SF CHILLER PLANT
V
HOT AIR EXHAUST FANS
SECOND FLOOR
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”
program
CODE ANALYSIS DESIGN CONCEPTS
DIRECT NoVS. Building Regulation Code in Argentina. FILTER CONVERGENCE OF EDGES Building Regulation as suggested by IBC 2009. MEANDER
Building Area:
Occupancy: Mixed Use M - Mercantile CARVING Market COMMUNITY VILLA 31 A - Assembly: A-3 Waiting areas in transportation terminals S - Storage: S-2 (Parking Garages) Low-hazard storage
Ground Level: SQ FT MIX320,000 / WATERFALL Second Level: 233,000 SQ FT Total: 553, 000 SQ FT
Occupant Loads Tenant Spaces.......................1280 SF ea...21 Ticketing/Offices....................6800 SF ea...66 Open Market: ......................52,000 SF......866 2nd Floor Waiting Rooms:...47,200 SF......3,144 Loading/Storage:....................4232 SF.......14 Grocery Store:......................10615 SF.......176 Retail:....................................5300 SF.........88
BUS
Steel Columns Type A: Steel, floor-to-floor: 27 feet Type B: Reinforced Concrete, floor-to-floor: 75 feet
AI R ES
N
Mechanical Spaces Boiler Room...........................2651 SF..........7 C O
BRIDGING Smoke Control
A GAP
Smoke control is not required for atriums that connect only two stories. Exception 1 allows adjacent spaces to be separated by glass walls where automatic sprinklers have been installed to protect the glass
Electrical Room.....................1308 SF...........4 Elevator Control Room..........1419 SF..........4 Chiller Plant...........................4038 SF..........13
Systems Passive Cooling and Chilled Water Coil Solar Power from panel covers over Parking Lot Rainwater Collection and Reuse
TRANSPORTATION bus standards
LOADING AND UNLOADING
LONG DISTANCE BUS - 40 FT
driver
passengers luggage
ANGULAR SAW TOOTH
TURNING RADIUS
URBAN BUS - 6O FT
driver
passengers luggage
RAMP SLOPE
STRAIGHT SAW TOOTH
GROUND FLOOR
FILTER
Construction Type: IA Non-combustible Materials and Structure Automatic Sprinklers throughout Fire Pump
Meter Room...........................1327 SF..........4 RETIRO RETIRO RETIRO PUBLIC SPACE
program
MARKET Proposed Structural System:
Steel Girders and Beams DIRECT VS. Girders: W24x131, spans 40 feet MEANDER Beams: W18x143, spans 32 feet
BUNEC T EN ION O S
COMMERCIAL RAIL RAIL RAIL
PORT PORT
My market is organized is such a way that there are pockets of density but also large “avenues” that allow travelers to pass through the space quickly when they’re going from one waiting area to another. It functions as a mini-city with major and minor movement paths and breakout spaces. My structural grid helps to shape this pattern. TRANSPORTATION
FINAL REVIEW
GROUND FLOOR
SCALE: 1/32” = 1’-0”
“Architecture can't force people to connect, it can only plan the crossing points, remove barriers, and make the meeting places useful and attractive.” -Denise Scott Brown
Wood: brings a sense of comfort, texture, wood slats for acoustical quality Concrete circular columns: mold-able shape protrudes out to support steel structure Steel Black Framework brings modern touch to historical vault shapes
VILL
HOU
SIN
G
VE
HI
CU
LA
R
DR O
P
OF
F/
PI
CK
UP
A 31
TRA
NSP
ORT BUE ATION NOS BOU L AIR ES EVARD
TRAVELERS SHOPPERS
FINAL REVIEW
Materials
FINAL REVIEW
FINAL REVIEW This project has helped me explore some of my biggest ambitions in architectural design. I undertook a large-scaled building that incorporated transportation and city planning. I also got to explore historical forms as design precedents, something I seldom do in my work now. I hope to look back at this project fondly as I move on with my architectural career.