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contents Power Generation

TAKING ENERGY INTELLIGENCE TO THE BANK

BETTER WAYS TO TROUBLESHOOT AUTOMATION AND PROCESS CONTROL

Combining energy-management efforts with efficient operations to drive long-term financial growth. By Mukund, Rockwell Automation

In any power generation plant, uptime and optimisation are key. Instrument and automation technicians are constantly challenged to keep instrumentation loops and I/O working at peak efficiency while using the least possible time to do it. By Jeremy Ang, Fluke (Southeast Asia)

WHY STANDBY POWER IS INVALUABLE TO HOUSEHOLDS AND BUSINESSES IN ASIA With an increasing population and more frequent natural disasters, standby power is increasingly important to households and businesses in Asia. By Sharlene Sun, Cummins Power Generation

Renewable Energy

PHOTOVOLTAICS TO SHINE IN EMERGING REGIONS Photovoltaics is a rapidly growing field, especially in Asia, where alternative sources of energy need to be harvested to improve living conditions. By Melvin Leong,

IAA spoke with Angie Koh, business development director, Yingli Singapore on her company and the Photovoltaic sector, particularly in Asia. By Mark Johnston

Oil & Gas

ULTRASONIC DOPPLER FLOWMETERS FOR OIL APPLICATIONS

DEVELOPING OIL & GAS IN ASIA PACIFIC

MEASURING FLOW FOR CUSTODY TRANSFER ON PIPELINES

Energy Efficiency

GREEN BUILDINGS: SMART TECHNOLOGY How can management systems reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliability of services? By Philip Tang,

Mitsubishi Electric Asia

CUTTING PEAK DEMAND AND REDUCING OUTAGES WITH SUBSTATION-BASED SMART GRID AUTOMATION In power generation, Smart Grid automation will enable peak demand to be cut and a reduction in outages. The technology and challenges behind this will be discussed. By Gary Frederich and Patric Dove, Advantech Corporation

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The Energy Research Development and Demonstration Executive Committee announced recently that it will invest S$100 million (US$80 million) in two major initiatives for the research and development of green data centres and to improve the energy efficiency of buildings. By Benedict Soh, Schneider Electric

Frost & Sullivan (Asia-Pacific)

THE ASIAN PV MARKET

BUILDING ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter can be used in the Oil industry as well as many other applications. By Omega Engineering

IAA interviewed Sundeep Saraf, VP, Analytical, Emerson Process Management Asia Pacific on the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involvement in the Oil & Gas sector and the technology being developed in the industry. By Mark Johnston

Measurements for custody transfer present both technical and cost challenges for pipeline companies. Ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters meet those challenges. By Jerry Stevens, Endress+Hauser Incorporated and Michael Keilty, Endress+Hauser Flowtec

energy guide Supplement

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editorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s page A Premium Product Of Industrial Automation Asia

The Future Of Asian Energy The world is constantly changing and new government policy is being drafted and implemented by governments around the world according to their own situation. The Asia-Pacific region has seen particularly robust demand for microgrids in recent years, due to economic development, electrification, and industrialisation directly related to the growing need for more electricity and the resulting development of renewable distributed energy generation and, ultimately, microgrids, according to Navigant Research. The Singapore energy R&D sector has recently been given a S$100m (US$80m) funding boost. This funding will go to two initiatives: Building energy efficiency and green data centre research, according to the Energy Research Development and Demonstration Executive Committee. The Building Energy Efficiency Research Development and Demonstration Hub, which will be the first initiative, will be implemented and managed by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA). On the other hand, the second initiative, the Green Data Centre Research Hub Programme, will be managed by the Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA). In addition to this, overall five national energy technology road maps were revealed for Singapore at the first Energy Technology Roadmap Symposium. These being solar panel research, carbon capture and storage or utilisation, green data centre, building energy efficiency and industry energy efficiency. There are also signs that the LNG sector in Asia is rebounding after some

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months of price decline that took prices to their lowest since the Fukushima

CONTRIBUTORS

nuclear disaster over three years ago. This slide in prices has prompted

Mukund, Jeremy Ang, Sharlene Sun, Melvin Leong, Philip Tang, Gary Frederich, Patric Dove, Benedict Soh, Jerry Stevens, Michael Keilty

purchases from India and Southeast Asian countries like Thailand that do not have major term-supply agreements, and can take advantage of the falling commodity.

EASTERN HOLDINGS LTD

We hope you find IAAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 2014 Energy Guide both informative and enjoyable to read. We focus on 4 main sectors spanning the industry, these being Power Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, and Oil & Gas. Your feedback is always welcome and appreciated, so do not hesitate to get in touch.

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EdNote.indd 2

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forward The Evolving Energy Sector The Asia Pacific region is witnessing major changes

more demonstration plants now, than any

in the energy sector and the coming years will be

other country.

even more significant and transformative. Energy

Wi t h re n e w a b l e e n e rg y b e c o m i n g

security and energy management have emerged

increasingly affordable and more efficient,

as the two key themes that will determine the

technologies like solar, wind, biomass and

strategic direction for the industry.

geothermal are considered crucial for reducing

Diversification of energy sources continues to

energy poverty and increasing security.

be one of the major areas of focus for achieving

With more than US$100 billion, the Asia Pacific

energy security. In this regard, the infrastructure for

region accounts for about half of all global

natural gas, in particular LNG, will continue to grow

renewable energy investments, in 2013.

in the wider Asia Pacific region. New gas import

Convergence of technologies, markets,

Ravi Krishnaswamy,

markets like China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and

competition and business models will drive the

VP for the Energy & Environment practice, Frost & Sullivan

Thailand will compete for supplies with traditional

future of energy management. It will impact

importers Japan, Korea and Taiwan.

the entire value chain all the way from energy

Coal continues to find strong favour in Asia,

extraction, power generation, transmission

despite environmental backlash, mainly because

and up until end use customer. While energy

of price stability and local availability. Coal is

efficiency will still be a major element of energy

finding new markets in Japan, Korea and Malaysia,

management, adoption of new technologies in

while China and India still account for the lionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

areas like micro-generation, building automation,

share of capacity. A phenomenal 1,400 GW of coal

LED lighting, smart metering, and so on, will

fired power plants are being planned across Asia

provide Asian countries more options to customise

over the next two decades. China will also emerge

their approach towards energy management

as a leader in clean coal technologies, building

and start small at the community level.

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SPECTRIS PTE LTD C/O OMEGA ENGINEERING SINGAPORE

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This index is provided as an additional service. The publisher does not assume any liability for errors or omissions.

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Forward (2).indd 5

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Power Generation

Taking Energy Intelligence To The Bank Combining energy-management efforts with efficient operations to drive long-term financial growth.

Attilio Lombardo, Torino, Italy

By Mukund, software business manager (Asia-Pacific), Rockwell Automation

variety of industry forces are driving the need amongst industrial companies for a comprehensive energymanagement system, but it is profitability that ultimately motivates much of this activity. Organisations are realising that sustainability initiatives alone cannot drive profitability; energy management efforts must be combined with efficient operations to effectively drive long-term financial growth. However, two key challenges are preventing many companies from achieving their financial and operational goals — the lack of visibility into Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and a legacy manufacturing IT environment. Investing in energy-intelligence software — which includes data collection, visualisation software and analytical tools — is one way in which organisations are beginning to address these obstacles. In many cases, this software supplements existing and planned Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) software and automation investments, which traditionally neglected the collection and management of energy data in the context of operations. Therefore, many companies are turning to energy-intelligence strategies to gain insight into the role of energy within their operations — from procurement through production.

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OVERCOMING OBSTACLES Macroeconomic trends, such as global population growth and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) expansion, are driving the need for cleaner, more cost-effective energy sources. These trends are prompting individual companies to target energy projects aimed at reducing consumption and improving sustainability. A recent survey from LNS research, a US based business research centre, showed that although financial growth is a top business objective for executives, companies are not necessarily tying sustainability and energy-management programmes directly to this goal. Instead, sustainability and energy-management programmes are more often linked to profitability improvements and energy-usage reductions. Key sustainability objectives include minimising the total cost of operations and energy consumption. Likewise, the top goal for energy management is reducing operational costs. Executives also want to align their energy programmes and operations with corporate sustainability objectives. Companies face a variety of challenges in reaching these objectives, but the main issue cited by executives is related to technology: disparate systems and data sources. Purpose-built

energy guide Supplement

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The effective and reliable delivery of energy is the first step towards profitable energy management with energy-intelligence software.

Seeking support from senior leadership This backing is imperative for success because it often acts as a catalyst for creating an energy-focused culture and an effective energy-intelligence software implementation.

Taking advantage of existing energy-management programmes These programmes can serve as a helpful resource for understanding industry best practices and developing methodologies.

Taking a next-generation approach to manufacturing software Using a common information management system for energy data can help alleviate past problems related to measuring energy data and transforming it into operational insights.

Using role-based KPIs Energy-intelligence software standardises data sources in a way that allows everyone, from executives and decision makers to those on the shop floor, to identify specific areas for improvement and measure progress toward goals.

CONCLUSION d r o u u, mpls, mn, United States

In conclusion, whilst more environmentally conscious decisions will be expected by stakeholders over time, the operational and financial benefits of energy-intelligence software gives a strong impetus to take action now.

GLOBAL SCADA MARKET 2020

applications often are implemented piecemeal by individual divisions or business units, resulting in systems that lack cohesion and strategic purpose. As such, energy metrics are not measured effectively. The proliferation of disparate systems makes it difficult to share data across the enterprise and make measurable improvements.

LEVERAGING DATA By distributing data across the enterprise, energy-intelligence software makes it easier for companies to achieve their sustainability and energy-management objectives. In addition, this information can be delivered to role-based decision makers in real time with analytics. Energy-intelligence software also integrates energy and production data, making it possible to view energy consumption by process or product, and even allocate energy costs to the bills of material. However, technology investment alone is not enough. Companies must align and optimise key resources â&#x20AC;&#x201D; people, processes and technology. Instituting the following best practices in these areas can help ensure the technology investment reaches its full potential:

Factors driving the SCADA market are high potential from renewable energy and high investments in infrastructure. The SCADA market is expected to reach up to US$11.16 billion by 2020, at an estimated CAGR of 7.24 percent from 2014 to 2020. APAC has been estimated to account the highest CAGR of 8.06 percent from 2014 to 2020 amongst all the geographic regions due to high investments in infrastructure development, mainly from countries such as China and India. The SCADA Market by Components (PLC, RTU, HMI, Communication Systems), Architecture (Hardware, Software, Services), Application (Oil & Gas, Power, Water & Wastewater, Transport, Manufacturing, Chemicals), and Geography - Analysis & Forecast to 2013 - 2020 research report describes the value chain for the SCADA market by considering all the major stakeholders in the market and their role in the analysis. The SCADA market includes PLCs, RTUs, HMIs, and communication systems. This market is expected to grow in the forecasted period as there is huge potential from the renewable energy sector, high investments in infrastructure for sectors such as oil and gas, power (transmission and distribution), and water and wastewater management. These are some of the factors which are driving the growth. The Cyber security threat is considered as an important restraint which is being faced frequently by this market.

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Power Generation In any power generation plant, uptime and optimisation are key. Instrument and automation technicians are constantly challenged to keep instrumentation loops and I/O working at peak efficiency while using the least possible time to do it. By Jeremy Ang, product marketing manager, Fluke (South East Asia)

Better Ways To Troubleshoot

Automation And Process Control I

n electrical panels there are a lot of connections, and when a system failure occurs, measurements will need to be taken to trace the root cause of the fault. One of the better solutions is to use a Thermal Imager that allows the detection of potential electrical and mechanical issues in your system. A thermal scan should be performed to detect any hot spots and determine potential issues in the system, after which, use an electrical measurement tool to understand the electrical noises or disturbances in the control systems.

LOOP CONTROL For Loop Control issues, technicians will need to break the loop to measure the current when there is no control signal. This simple measurement is an expensive task because the whole production line has to stop. This troubleshooting task will involve a few people as the control systems are often far away from the machine. When Fluke introduced the 773 mA Clamp Meter, technicians found that measuring loop current without breaking the circuit saved a great deal of time. By incorporating the functions of a loop calibrator, these more advanced tools allow technicians to troubleshoot on the spot.

CHECKING A VALVE POSITIONER Technicians in a plant will often need to perform periodic infield checks for electronic valve positioners as part of preventive maintenance programs. Performing quick operational checks using the Fluke 773 as a signal source while observing the valve stem position, mechanical position indicators, or flow indicators as input changes are made has proven to be a very efficient way to carry out predictive maintenance tasks to avoid random machine downtime. Mitch Stewart, field service manager, L2 Systems, tells of using the 4-20 sourcing output of a mA process clamp meter to drive a control valve open and closed when the process output from the PLC was not working.

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CHECKING VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE MOTOR Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are used to power motors, blowers and fans in process applications as well as conveyor systems and machine tools. Control inputs have generally a voltage in the range of 1 V to 5 V or 0 V to 10 V, or current in the range of 4 mA to 20 mA. A mA process clamp meter can feed in a signal to simulate a normal input while the technician observes the result. This will enable the technicians to efficiently troubleshoot why the motor is not operating and if the problem is coming from the PLC control or the VFD Motor system.

WHY CALIBRATION IS IMPORTANT Besides troubleshooting, calibration is also another important area of focus to optimise energy usage and also to ensure good operation. In most of the plants, sensors are used to

ensure safety as well as to control and monitor the whole process operations. The sensors are usually connected to the transmitters that convey the control signal information to the main control system. If the sensors or the transmitters are not well calibrated, the whole control system will not be stable, resulting in a high level of risk in safety and also the creation of high energy waste. For example, the boilers in the power generation plant need to generate steam to turn the turbine to generate electricity. There are sensors that are installed in the boiler to maintain the boiler temperature. If the temperature measurements control signals are translated inaccurately to the main control system, there will be over-heating in the boiler creating a lot of energy wastage and safety risks that we will need to avoid. Most users will use tools to calibrate the temperature transmitters to avoid inaccuracy in the temperature control system. During temperature calibration, there will probably be many other types of calibration tasks like pressure calibration or 4 to 20mA loop calibration required. Multifunction calibration tools will ensure efficiency and enable you to carr y less tools and perform more tasks. To further ensure that the workflow has minimum human errors, all the measurements will be recorded digitally without requiring the user to use a pen and paper to record the measurements.

If the sensors or the transmitters are not well calibrated, the whole control system will not be stable, resulting in a high level of risk in safety and also the creation of high energy waste.

In critical situations when machines fail, you can also leverage on this type of multi-function documenting process calibrator to help to source and measure test points to effectively trace the faults quickly.

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Power Generation

n the current age and time, a steady flow of electricity is an indispensable commodity. Without power, households will be left in the dark, while businesses stand to lose thousands and even millions in revenue. Although Asia is plagued by natural disasters like other regions, some developing countries here are facing another unique challenge — a rapidly growing economy, which unfortunately causes electricity demand to outstrip supply. In 2014, the Philippines, China and Vietnam were ravaged by Typhoon Rammasun, a category 4 tropical storm and the second strongest typhoon to batter the Philippines. The typhoon damaged buildings, uprooted trees and toppled electric poles along its path. Manila Electric Company, which supplied electricity to an area

accounting for half of the country’s GDP, reported that a third of its 5.3 million customers or roughly 25 million people had no electricity for up to four days, severely affecting households and businesses. The outage was attributed to damaged transmission lines that isolated major power plants, significantly reducing the power grid’s capacity by 55 percent. The impact of Typhoon Rammasun on Philippines’ economy is still unknown, but the local authority has estimated losses from the agricultural industry alone at US$147 million. Often touted as the ‘final frontier for investors’, Myanmar is currently experiencing rapid economic growth, thanks to the easing of economic sanctions by Western countries. This year, its

Why Standby Power Is Invaluable To Households And Businesses In Asia With an increasing population and more frequent natural disasters, standby power is increasingly important to households and businesses in Asia. By Sharlene Sun, sales application engineer leader – Asia Pacific, Cummins Power Generation

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GDP is projected to grow by 7.8 percent, but persistent power outages are threatening to dampen the momentum. Since 2007, Myanmar’s electricity demand has been increasing steadily at a rate of 10 percent year-on-year. Almost 70 percent of available power is generated from 18 hydroelectric dams. However, the output of these power plants tends to drop sharply during the dry season, resulting in frequent power cuts. Another contributing factor to the constant blackouts is the country’s aging national grid. Not only are the electricity lines already at full capacity, it is both challenging to maintain stable transmission and minimise power losses as some cables are almost 40 years old. Over two-thirds of the country does not have access to electricity. In rural areas, it is less than 16 percent. As for larger cities like Yangon, electricity is frequently rationed during summer and available for as little as 6 hours daily. With the large amount of natural disasters and the need for growth, standby power has been proven to be critical in maintaining the livelihood of households and businesses. Selecting the right generator sets to meet these needs is vital in ensuring the economic competitiveness of these up-and-coming nations.

Gyulavári Csaba, Szombathely, Vas Megye, Hungary

Since 2007, Myanmar’s electricity demand has been increasing steadily at a rate of 10 percent year-on-year. Almost 70 percent of available power is generated from 18 hydroelectric dams .

CHOOSING THE RIGHT SUPPLIER The first step to selecting the right generator set in determining the right supplier. Generator set suppliers can be broadly categorised into single-source manufacturers and Generator Original Equipment Manufacturers (GOEMs). A GOEM basically does not manufacture any components, but performs the role of an assembler to piece together an OEM generator set. Without in-depth knowledge of each part and the expertise to design a complete power set, it is unlikely to develop a seamlessly integrated product. Neither does it typically possess the relevant experiences needed to promptly resolve all technical issues. A single-source manufacturer, on the other hand, offers complete generator sets which have been tested and have met international performance standards. By being pre-integrated, all the major components are designed and built to work together, optimised for both reliability and performance. While it is tempting to purchase a cheaper generator set or the first one that meets your immediate power requirements, it is of utmost importance to consider the quality of the product and the supplier as this will have a significant impact on the overall lifespan of the generator. Ideally you should approach a supplier that has the expertise and experience in offering power generation products while offering installation, commissioning and maintenance services. Technical know-how aside, it is of critical importance that the supplier is able to discuss and determine with you the economic risk associated with a utility outage and your desired level of response to that risk when planning for a standby power generator set. This ensures that you receive a high performing and reliable product that is tailored to your specific needs from the very beginning.

In addition, a supplier that provides a single point of contact simplifies the purchase, setup and long-term maintenance of the generator set. Once you have decided on a supplier, you can work with them to size the generator set according to the needs of your household or business.

ESTABLISHING PROJECT PARAMETERS The first step in sizing a standby power generator is to establish project parameters. •

Minimum generator set load/capacity: In general, a standby power generator should be sized to provide a 20 percent reserve margin of power for better stability and to accommodate load growth over time. However, running a generator set at less than 30 percent of rated load can lead to engine damage, and reduced reliability.

•

Maximum allowable frequency and voltage dips: As you reduce the maximum allowable frequency and voltage dips, the size of the specified generator set increases.

•

Altitude and temperature: Based on the geographic location, the size of the generator set must increase for a given level of performance as altitude and ambient temperature rise.

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Lin Kwan, US

With the large amount of natural disasters and the need for growth, standby power has been proven to be critical in maintaining the livelihood of households and businesses.

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Fuel: Diesel generator sets are typically the most popular for standby power applications.

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Other factors: Generator voltage, number of phases and generator frequency should all be specified before selecting a specific power generator.

Without power, households will be left in the dark, while businesses stand to lose thousands and even millions in revenue.

IDENTIFYING LOADS The next step is to identify loads. Typically, a standby generator powers a variety of loads having different operating characteristics. There are linear and nonlinear loads, loads that are extremely sensitive to voltage disturbances, loads like motors that have very high starting current requirements, loads that cycle on and off, and loads that exhibit high peak load demand when operated. In some applications, multiple loads may be required to be picked up by the generator simultaneously, while most applications will allow step sequence loading that can have a big impact on reducing the required generator capacity. The generator must accommodate the highest anticipated starting, peak and running load expected. Most modern electrical loads are nonlinear in nature. They are electronic loads that consume power in bites, creating load current harmonics. These harmonics cause additional heating in the alternator, and generator output voltage distortion. Untreated, these harmonics may cause alternator and load overheating. Typically, oversized generators are recommended in these instances.

DO YOU NEED MULTIPLE GENERATOR SETS? A single, large diesel standby generator may have sufficient capacity

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to supply all your critical loads; however, it is often advisable to divide the load among smaller, multiple standby generators to maximise reliability and operational flexibility. In the unlikely event that one standby generator does not start when needed, the others will start and supply the load by drawing on their built-in reserve capacities. Also, with multiple generator sets, one unit can be offline for maintenance without affecting the availability of standby power for emergencies.

CHOOSING THE RIGHT LOCATION The last step in sizing a standby power generator unit has to do with the amount of physical space that is available to house the generation set. Standby generator sets located inside buildings should have a dedicated room with sufficient airflow for cooling and sufficient space for proper maintenance activities. Alternatively, a standby power generator unit can be placed outdoors in a weather-protective and sound-attenuated enclosure or ISO style containers. With lives and economies at stake, standby power can be invaluable to safeguarding the way of life and maintaining critical services while enabling business continuity in Asia.

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Renewable Energy

he past decade has witnessed significant developments in policies and markets for renewable energy. While less than 50 countries worldwide had renewable support policies in place during the early part of the past decade, this number has presently increased to more than 120. Systematic and concerted support for solar energy, for instance, has meant that annual installations of solar photovoltaics (PV) increased from 0.47 gigawatt (GW) in 2002 to 29.0 GW in 2012, a sixty-fold increase. Investments in renewables have also risen dramatically in the past decade.

The installed capacity of renewable energy is forecasted to grow by 69 percent during this decade (2010 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2020). This corresponds to the average annual growth of 5.4 percent, with growth in the 1st half of the decade expected to be higher than in the 2nd half. This is partly the result of some technologies such as onshore wind and solar PV becoming more mature, and partly because of the effects of an ongoing tightening of subsidy schemes in mature economies (particularly in Europe, the global leader in renewable energy) that will affect future projects. Higher growth in emerging economies will not be able to offset this slowing trend in Europe.

Photovoltaics To Shine In Emerging Regions Photovoltaics is a rapidly growing field, especially in Asia, where alternative sources of energy need to be harvested to improve living conditions.

Debbie Mous, Den Bosch, Brabant, Netherlands

By Melvin Leong, research manager, Energy and Environment Practice, Frost & Sullivan (Asia-Pacific)

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Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Development by Technology, Global, 2010–2020 Technology Hydro Wind Solar PV CSP Biomass and Waste Geothermal Marine Total

GW (2010) GW (2015) GW (2020) CAGR (2010-2015) CAGR (2015-2020) CAGR (2010-2020) 1,034.7 196.0 38.0 1.3 54.6 11.0 0.3 1,335.7

1,151.50 395.0 148.7 8.3 75.7 15.4 0.8 1,795.3

1,292.7 556.0 247.5 22.7 110.2 20.8 2.5 2,252.3

2.2% 15.0% 31.4% 45.2% 6.8% 7.0% 23.1% 6.1%

2.3% 7.1% 10.7% 22.2% 7.8% 6.2% 25.9% 4.6%

2.3% 11.0% 20.6% 33.2% 7.3% 6.6% 24.5% 5.4%

Additional GW (2010-2020) 258.0 360.1 209.5 21.4 55.6 9.8 2.2 916.6

Note: CSP denotes concentrated solar power; PV denotes photovoltaics Source: Frost & Sullivan

REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT China and India are the two single countries in the world with very robust growth rates in renewable energy installed capacity from 2010 to 2020. Respectively, the installed capacity growth rates are expected to register 7.9 percent and 8.7 percent. Currently, EU and North America are the leading regions in renewable energy. However, China is expected to overtake both regions by 2020 to become the world’s largest renewable energy market.

KEY TRENDS AND IMPLICATIONS Declining Equipment Prices Overall, the cost of solar PV modules is estimated to have dropped by 75 percent between 2008 and 2012. The prices in Europe depicted steeper downward dynamics than in the US because of a reduction Feed-In Tariff (FIT) and speculations on further cuts to subsidies in core solar power markets in Europe. Moreover, prices in the US were supported by a reduction in imports from China, following the imposition of anti-dumping and illegal subsidy tariffs on imports. Overcapacity Leads To Industry Consolidation And Shutdowns For the first time in the history of the solar PV industry, annual growth fell to below 10 percent in 2012, linked to rapidly decreasing FIT payments and financing issues. The rapid expansion of Chinese manufacturing capacity in particular has led to some key recent company failures. Industry pioneers BP Solar, Photowatt, and Evergreen Solar went into liquidation. Consolidation is expected to continue as many integrated participants, particularly those from China where some production plants will become increasingly underutilised, might close. Aggressive Expansion Of Chinese Participants Likely To Keep Pressure On Margins Coming from low-cost regions and often receiving generous government support, Asian solar module manufacturers have rapidly risen to the top of the solar producer charts. China and Taiwan are home to 8 out of the 10 top global manufacturers. In

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Solar PV’s share of total power generation capacity is forecast to increase more than five-fold by 2020, compared to the level of 2010. addition, Chinese manufacturers have been able to survive on slim or no margins for long enough to drive the competition out of the marketplace. Following the imposition of the US import tariffs and the threat of action from the European Commission, China has started to source cells from nearby Asian markets to avoid import tariffs. Chinese manufacturers will continue to be better supported by their governments and state finance than their Western counterparts. Intense Competition And Market Characteristics Competition will continue to be intense in the PV market. A wave of consolidation has wiped out many smaller participants and this trend is likely to remain prevalent in the next five years. The remaining participants are concentrated in Asia, especially in China and Taiwan, where the local markets are booming and market participants are supported by the respective governments.

POWER OF SUPPLIERS Supplier power has weakened further since 2012 with several suppliers forced to sell at narrow or negative profits that drove many companies out of business. Remaining participants have been forced to reduce production. Threat Of New Entrants And Substitutes New entrants are likely to be limited to those companies buying assets of bankrupt producers. For instance, Hanergy, a privately held Chinese power generator, has acquired Solibro, a thin film unit of bankrupt Q-Cells, once the world’s largest cell manufacturer. Other less expensive renewable technologies are the main threat to solar PV, especially at present, when governments

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Renewable Energy Installed Capacity Development by Region, Global, 2010–2020 Technology EU Russia Middle East Africa North America Latin America China India ASEAN OECD APAC Others* Total

GW (2010) GW (2015) GW (2020) CAGR (2010-2015) CAGR (2015-2020) CAGR (2010-2020) Additional GW (2010-2020) 283.9 48.7 13.1 27.5 255.9 157.8 250.9 56.2 31.3 83.4 127.0 1335.7

409.4 52.0 18.7 38.4 323.8 178.7 404.8 84.8 41.4 104.7 138.9 1795.3

503.8 56.8 28.4 52.6 393.5 202.6 538.0 130.0 52.6 130.7 163.4 2252.3

7.6% 1.3% 7.4% 6.9% 4.8% 2.5% 10.0% 8.6% 5.7% 4.6% 1.8% 6.1%

4.2% 1.8% 8.7% 6.5% 4.0% 2.5% 5.9% 8.9% 4.9% 4.5% 3.3% 4.6%

5.9% 1.6% 8.1% 6.7% 4.4% 2.5% 7.9% 8.7% 5.3% 4.6% 2.6% 5.4%

219.9 8.1 15.3 25.1 137.6 44.7 287.2 73.8 21.2 47.3 36.4 916.6

Note: Covers all other countries outside the defined regions/countries above; OECD denotes Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; APAC denotes Asia-Pacific; ASEAN denotes Association of Southeast Asian Nations; EU denotes European Union Source: Frost & Sullivan

are reassessing their priorities for capital cost subsidies and FIT. PV Market Forecasts A total of approximately 30 GW of solar PV capacity was added in 2013, a small increase on the 29.0 GW installed in 2012 and 27.7 GW added in 2011. The shift away from Europe is continuing as the region represented approximately 40 percent of 2013 installations worldwide compared to 58 percent in 2012, 68 percent in 2011, and 82 percent in 2010. China, which installed about 4 GW in 2012, was likely to have become the world’s largest solar PV market in 2013, surpassing Germany where the market is becoming increasingly mature. Chinese manufacturers are better protected than their Western counterparts from the effects of falling prices and negative profit margins. JinkoSolar, for instance, secured US$1 billion in financing from China Development Bank in late 2012 as the country looks to back companies to survive the market upheaval among leading solar panel manufacturers. India has a goal of 22 GW by 2020, drawing its momentum from the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). It installed approximately 1.1 GW of solar PV in 2012.

MOVING FORWARD Solar PV’s share of total power generation capacity is forecast to increase more than five-fold by 2020, compared to the level of 2010. The global share of 3.6 percent covers some wide variations among regions, with the technology share in the EU capacity mix forecasted to exceed 10 percent while remaining well below 1 percent in regions such as Latin America. As solar PV’s growth will outpace that of most other forms of renewable energy production, its share of renewables will increase to 10.9 percent (for all renewables) and more than 25 percent (for renewables excluding hydro), respectively, by 2020.

Solar PV Share of Total Installed Power Generation Capacity, Global, 2010, 2015, and 2020

Solar PV All Other Power Generation Capacity

Source: Frost & Sullivan

One of the challenges that remain for all RE markets is the global economic climate. Economic difficulties in many parts of the world have started to affect the outlook for renewable energy and the sectors that have, for some time, escaped relatively unscathed from the vagaries of global economic turmoil. 2012 was the first year in the history of renewable energy development that marked a significant reduction in investment. This is a clear indication of the economic downturn in much of the Western world, but also a harbinger of a gradual shift in market power to emerging economies where economic growth and revised energy priorities will drive a much more sustained increase in the adoption of wind, solar, biofuels, and energyefficient technologies.

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Renewable Energy

ingli Solar is a photovoltaic module manufacturer. The company’s manufacturing operations covers the photovoltaic value chain from ingot casting and wafering through solar cell production and module assembly. Headquartered in Baoding, China, the company has more than 30 regional subsidiaries and branch offices and has achieved a recent milestone by supplying some 10 GW worth of photovoltaic modules worldwide. The company suggests that when these modules are fully operational, they have the potential to generate a combined 12 billion kilowatt-hours worth of electrical power every year. This is enough to power some 4 million average homes or meet 20 percent of China’s residential energy demand.

One such project in Latin America is the Maracanã Stadium, a Brazilian football stadium, used in the FIFA World Cup as recently as 2014. Thanks to recent renovations, the stadium may now become as famous for its sustainability as for its rich football history. As part of this project the company partnered with Light ESCO, EDF Consultoria, Schlaich Bergermann und Partner, and the State of Rio de Janeiro to install more than 1,500 of the company’s solar panels on the roof of the stadium. The solar project will produce enough electricity to power 240 homes annually, preventing the release of more than 2,560 tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year. The company’s partners overcame the architectural challenges posed by the stadium’s canvas roof by mounting the solar panels on a metal ring

THE CHINESE MARKET The company has shipped more than 40 million solar modules to 50 countries around the world. Its home market of China has seen its renewable sector expand rapidly, and with 53 percent of all solar module shipments from the company going to China, its a highly important market for the organisation. “We have two main products which is the polycrystalline as well as the monocrystalline. For the polycrystalline model our cell efficiency is up to 17.3 percent and for the monocrystalline, which is our panel series it is nearly up to 20 percent. In addition, our panels have gone through tests, such as our TÜV certified models, which is a German certified company testing our models’ efficiency as well as a marathon test to prove the various trials the panels can withstand, such as rain, and so on,” explained Angie Koh, business development director, Yingli Singapore. The Chinese government has been pushing for greater adoption of renewable sources of energy to diversify the sector and combat concerns from too much fossil fuel useage. In particular, solar power has seen much support and promotion by China with an upward trend seen in the adoption of solar technologies across the country.

The Asian PV Market IAA spoke with Angie Koh, business development director, Yingli Singapore on her company and the Photovoltaic sector, particularly in Asia. By Mark Johnston

NEW MARKETS Other than China, the organisation sees the Latin American market as a region of great potential. This includes countries like Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, which are all showing a rising and robust solar energy sector. In a similar fashion to China, this growth is driven by friendly government policy toward solar power, as well as other forms of renewable energy.

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of Singapore (YMCA Singapore), a volunteer community service organisation; and Rezeca Renewables, a system integrator in Singapore. MyLaoHome Hotels & Villas, a local community partner, also assisted with project coordination and logistics. Located in Ban Lad Khammune, which is four hours from the city of Luang Prabang by boat, the school serves over 100 primary and secondary students from seven nearby villages. The official commissioning of the project took place on June 25, 2014. Ms Koy went on to explain that Malaysia is the biggest and fastest growing market for the company in Southeast Asia. However, both Thailand and the Philippines are expected to overtake Malaysia in demand.

encircling the top of the stadium. The prominent placement of the panels will bring green energy to the global stage during the football competitions, helping to raise environmental awareness among football fans worldwide. Ms Koh, commented: “We work with companies who are interested in building solar farms that are linked to the grid system. We also have customers who install solar panels in their homes, residential, and for industrial and commercial use as well.” Another project, closer to home, was the donation of 3 kilowatts off-grid solar power system to a school in Laos that had no prior access to electricity. This project resulted from the company’s collaboration with Earthlinks, an environmental club from Nanyang Technological University; the Young Men’s Christian Association

Solar energy milestone shipments to China are on the rise because the country has taken an aggressive stance on the matter of clean energy.

fabiennew, UK

In late 2013, 53 percent of all solar module shipments from the company went to companies located in China

Patrick Moore, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, US

THE FUTURE In terms of trends, Ms Koh explained: “Emerging markets, such as Southeast Asia, Africa, Middle East, and South America have shown trends towards exploring alternative clean energy. Previously 5 years ago, the trend was more in Europe and the US, but now we see emerging markets following these trends too. This is why in 2011 Yingli Solar set up the Singapore branch office to oversee the Southeast Asian market.” The company currently has a research centre in San Francisco, US, and Madrid, Spain. There is another research centre planned for Baoding City, China.

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Energy Efficiency

GREEN BUILDINGS:

Smart Technology How can management systems reduce energy consumption while ensuring reliability of services? By Philip Tang, business development manager, Mitsubishi Electric Asia

nergy eﬃciency is a major point of focus across various industries today. Building owners too, are looking into technologies that can help them cut down on the use of energy and lower their electricity bills. The question is how to achieve all of these objectives while providing the same level of service.

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There are different methods of improving energy eﬃciency. One is by creating better building designs while another is retroﬁtting equipment to improve their performance. It is also necessary to understand energy behaviour patterns, as energy use is likely to fluctuate throughout the course of the entire day or week.

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In the face of increasing competition and pressure to be ecologically responsible, companies have to look for ways to use energy wisely. UNDERSTANDING TRENDS In commercial buildings for example, energy usage tends to peak during the office hours of 9am to 5pm. Low-key periods would be from late evenings till the next morning. For residential buildings, the reverse may be true as lights, heaters and other appliances are turned on at night when occupants return home from work. This makes it necessary to program systems that effectively optimise energy usage. An intelligent integrated energy management solution can help to reduce consumption, monitor demand trends and lower energy costs. Proficient energy analytics software such as AX Energy provide managers with analytical tools and information to make continuous improvements. Such software are available off-the-shelf and focus on energy data analysis to increase efficiency and reduce overall operational costs. These help with improving energy usage patterns, monitoring energy supply reliability, and can even be used to forecast energy consumption. Peak periods of usage are presented to operators and managers. This is so that adjustments can be performed to load-balance assets and to take advantage of off-peak energy usage rates. Energy usage for each individual site can be visualised and calculated by per sq f or sq m. Especially for industrial applications, equipment can be closely monitored to determine energy usage trends.

IN-DEPTH UNDERSTANDING Information obtained from an energy analytics software system can effectively aid in the optimisation of an organisation’s energy management programme. This is particularly useful for industrial and commercial buildings, where an in-depth analysis can be performed on ineﬃcient assets that are consuming too much energy. The system can correlate energy consumption to related assets while also highlighting any overuse or underutilisation. Energy analytics software improves energy planning and cost allocation by giving users insights into the operation’s energy consumption. This is possible through the use of intuitive visualisation techniques and reports. The software presents charts that allow side-by-side comparisons to be made. Operators can visually evaluate how energy is being used on similar equipment and other parameters can be monitored too. If a particular machine

appears to be consuming more energy than other similar ones, further investigation can be made to determine the root causes.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES In the face of global warming and growing concern for the environment, there is increasing emphasis for greater corporate social responsibility. Companies are aligning themselves with goals to operate in an economically, socially and environmentally sustainable manner. This has the advantage of enhancing their reputations, while allowing them to achieve cost eﬃciency and minimise environmental impact. In order to meet these objectives, it is necessary to integrate information from all building equipment and environmental sensors, and perform occupancy tracking and energy metering. These data are only useful however, if they are presented in a meaningful manner that can be used for analysis and decision-making. Understanding these needs, a software solution has been developed to detect and diagnose faults for various types of buildings and manufacturing equipment. Facility AnalytiX is based on advanced Fault Detection and Diagnostics (FDD) technology. It makes use of FDD algorithms to determine probable causes when abnormal conditions are detected on monitored equipment. The software solution calculates the probability of equipment failure, with the help of user-customisable fault rules. By using this function, personnel are advised on the types of pre-emptive action to take before faults occur. This improves operational safety and allows energy savings to be realised. In the unfortunate occurrence of a failure, the software will analyse current and historical information, together with the symptom/cause relationships that the system has been taught. Probability algorithms are executed and user guidance is provided with a list of probable causes. The latter is sorted in descending order of probability. The purpose of the user guidance is to reduce the time required for diagnosis and repairs to be made. This helps to reduce equipment downtime and lowers the overall cost of maintenance.

HARDWARE MATTERS In building management, Human-Machine Interfaces (HMIs) are commonly paired up with Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)

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Michaela Kobyakov, Leonding, Upper Austria, Austria

Energy analytics software improves energy planning and cost allocation by giving users insights into the operation’s energy consumption.

to perform certain functions. Certain PLCs like the Q-Series, have a software feature that is known as Ladder Monitor. This allows engineers to monitor ladder programs on the PLC onsite and also remotely via the internet. Using a HMI, the operator can call up the ladder program on the display screen. This information can also be transferred to and stored on an external storage device. HMIs can also help to relieve the workload of the maintenance team. If an error alarm goes off, maintenance staff are immediately called to resolve the problem quickly. To accomplish this, they have to analyse the situation and identify the source and nature of the problem. The GOT series of HMIs offers a One-Touch Ladder Jump function to help locate the problem. Via the touch-screen, the operator activates the Search button. This sends a request to the HMI to display the device and its ladder block of the PLC ladder program where the error has occurred. In this manner, the cause and root of the problem are quickly traced, without requiring the engineer to use his PC or study long ladder programs.

TOTAL PLANT OPTIMISATION E & eco-F@ctory is a factory automation solution that ensures effective production management and streamlines a plant’s overall operation. It facilitates energy management for factories, with the aim to maximise productivity and achieve a total cost reduction. The solution makes full use of control and network technologies to ‘visualise’ production information. The latter includes production and equipment data (quantitative and qualitative). Production equipment are linked to higher-level manufacturing execution systems to allow information to be incorporated into production plans, and be utilised to ensure quality traceability. The automation solution enables the ‘visible management’ of power usage. This is through the introduction of measuring equipment and technologies, which support energy conservation

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efforts by meticulously measuring power usage. By effectively installing inverters and other energy-saving devices, waste and surges during energy consumption can be eliminated — allowing overall power usage to be reduced. The merging of e-F@ctory and eco-Factory is essentially the combining of productivity improvements through ‘visualisation’ of the manufacturing floor and energy conservation through ‘visible management’ of energy. It makes production line operations visible in real-time, and links that data to the top-level enterprise systems used for plant management and business administration. For example, EcoWebServer has been created to measure the amount of electricity consumed by each piece of equipment in a factory, including the production line. It links this data to production volume, making it possible to know detailed consumption requirements (ie: the amount of energy needed to manufacture a single unit of production). The information is used as a benchmark and facilitates the implementation of energy-saving initiatives to improve this index and boost productivity. For example, such initiatives have been carried out at Mitsubishi Electric’s Fukuyama Works in Japan. Based on data provided by Eco-Server, the plant has successfully reduced CO2 emissions by about 11 percent, which equates to nearly US$1 million in annual savings. In the face of increasing competition and pressure to be ecologically responsible, companies have to look for ways to use energy wisely. Fortunately, such technologies are available and provide the means to lower consumption, while providing the management with deeper insight into production operations. By leveraging on these benefits, companies can make a big difference in reducing their operational costs and ensure a smaller environmental footprint.

SINGAPOREAN LEADERSHIP IN GREEN BUILDING RECOGNISED

Members of the Singapore Green Building Council (SGBC) have been named as Finalists in the World Green Building Council’s (WorldGBC’s) inaugural Asia Pacific Regional Network Leadership Awards in Green Building. “It is heartening to see SGBC members making such stellar inroads regionally, an affirmation of the enduring emphasis on quality and reliability that Singaporean companies have come to be associated with,” says Er Ng Eng Kiong, president, SGBC. “As the global community becomes more cognizant of the benefits green building can bring, I am glad that the efforts undertaken by our member companies have paid off handsomely and once again put Singapore on the world map,” he added. Producing the most number of Finalists from a single country, Singapore counts City Developments Limited (CDL), Keppel Land International Limited and Lend Lease Asia (Singapore) among the seven Finalists selected from a field of 65 companies in the Asia Pacific region for the Business Leadership in Sustainability Category. Local green buildings Khoo Teck Puat Hospital and Ocean Financial Centre also rank amongst the eight regional projects recognised for Leadership in Sustainable Design & Performance.

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Energy Efficiency

utomation and industrial PCs have improved productivity in every area of industry over the last few decades. The electric power generation, transmission and distribution systems have been integrating automation systems and industrial PCs as well â&#x20AC;&#x201D; but now must face the challenges of full conversion to integrated automation and information platforms. An area of particular focus is the distribution system and its substations. Many existing substations still have circular recording charts with paper graphs that must be manually replaced every week. Many of the protective devices for line, bus, and transformer

protection are electromechanical components with only basic inputs and outputs. Utility line workers must often manually operate switches to reroute the flow of power during routine maintenance or power outages. Although the present system has worked for decades, fully integrated automation and information platforms based around substations and encompassing the entire utility distribution system will provide significant improvements. These will result in increased safety, more accurate diagnoses of problems, lower customer outage minutes, better utilisation of assets and other benefits.

Cutting Peak Demand And Reducing Outages With

Substation-Based Smart Grid Automation

In power generation, Smart Grid automation will enable peak demand to be cut and a reduction in outages. The technology and challenges behind this will be discussed.

Alessandra Lobo, curitiba, Brazil

By Gary Frederich and Patric Dove, Industrial Automation Group, Advantech Corporation

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AUTOMATION INCREASES EFFECTIVE CAPACITY If all the appropriate automation systems were in place, utilities could curtail customer loads automatically, and provide control of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs). DERs in particular have skyrocketed in growth over the last few years as governments worldwide have promoted relatively small and localised generation facilities. Monitoring and controls for DERs will become ever more important as these resources increase in size and quantity. Whether it is a solar panel or a small gas turbine generator, utilities want to be able to increase the generator’s output or completely shut it down, all in support of the overall utility generation system. With the customer’s agreement — controls could also be connected to major use points such as air conditioners via electric meters to help shed load. These initiatives, sometimes called Smart Meter programs, have already started with most electric utilities. Before the installation of Smart Meters, all residential customers had electromechanical meters that only kept track of kWh usage. These meters were not and are not capable of remotely monitoring and controlling power usage. With Smart Meters, utilities now have the capability to implement time-of-use billing. This means that utilities can bill at a higher rate for power usage during peak demand. With time-of-use billing, customers become aware of their electric usage and its cost, encouraging load curtailment during peak hours. Some utilities, such as Southern California Edison, go one step further and offer their customers guaranteed annual rebates if they agree to let the utility automatically shut off their air conditioners during peak demand periods. Utilities also offer their industrial customers a variety of load curtailment programs. These programs offer progressively lower rates as customers agree to cede more control of their electricity demand to the utility. Ceding this control to utilities will lead to higher utilisation factors of existing equipment and drastically reduce the money spent each year for capacity increases.

STEPS TO AUTOMATING A GRID 3 4 5 1 2

8 9 10 6 7

Automate power factor correction. Replace open points in the distribution network with switches. Implement pilot protection schemes. Automate fault isolation systems. Replace electromechanical relays with microprocessor-based relays. Install servers at control centres. Install high-speed two-way data networks. Provide automated control of distributed energy resources. Fully implement the OpenADR initiative. Upgrade substation controllers to industrial PCs.

Through the installed automatic controller on each capacitor bank, specific voltage and current readings can also be sent back to the control centre. With more real time data points, engineers can be proactive and anticipate voltage and power factor problems.

As more automated components and systems are installed — the industry will need to address new challenges such as increasing bandwidth, ensuring security of communication protocols and establishing standard equipment specifications. COPING WITH DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES Voltage issues will become a more common problem as additional and larger DERs are connected to the grid. With government agencies setting aggressive deadlines to incorporate more renewable resources, long term system impacts may be overlooked. DC to AC inverters are used with DERs such as solar panels, fuel cells and other direct current generating resources. The inherent problem with most inverters is that they must elevate the output voltage to produce power compatible with the grid. Without proper engineering studies, a customer without any history of high voltage problems could have issues when a neighbour installs a photovoltaic system. DERs present more problems than just high voltage to local customers. When the distribution system was first designed, it was considered to be a radial system with no other positive sequence source aside from the transmission system. Hence, all protective relays were simple over-current devices, with no provisions for generator protection. When a DER is installed downstream, the distribution system is no longer radial and utilities must consider two important safety issues: the ability to isolate the generator so that it does not back feed power into a line where work is being done, and the desensitising of overcurrent relays such that they do not trip during a fault condition. Unlike the previous examples where automation was an added benefit, in this case it is a safety requirement. When a DER is installed, circuit breakers must have voltage monitoring to verify that the generator is not online during a planned shutdown or during line testing. This prevents harm to both line crews performing work, and to DER generation equipment. If overcurrent relays are not sufficient to protect the line, relays must be upgraded to the microprocessor type to give the additional functionality of a direct transfer trip scheme. More inputs are required along with a dedicated communication line from the substation to the generator relays, allowing for simultaneous tripping during electrical faults.

AUTOMATION IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES Vendors have pushed utilities to adopt new technologies such as microprocessor-based device’s, and in most cases

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communication line is needed to connect the switch to the SCADA system. Since most of the components are installed outdoors — vendors and ultimately their utility customers must spend extra money to deal with elevated temperatures in the summer and electrical interference from lighting strikes. Additional costs are also incurred for testing new components and for replacement of parts such as batteries. Training is another issue, as utility workers must be provided with the knowledge and expertise to effectively utilise automated components and systems. If the electric utility were able to automate all of its switches, line reclosers, and capacitor banks — substation controllers would be the next bottleneck of the system. Hundreds of new data points would be added, and most of the data would need to be stored. The data is important to compare the demand during different times of the year and to monitor the system conditions in real time. As data points would increase exponentially, the best solution is an industrial PC with enough capacity to store data for several years. The PC would also need enough communication bandwidth to stream real time data from the field devices to the control centre, and it would need enough processing power to handle all data access requests. Existing communication bandwidth will not be sufficient in most cases. Ethernet is the likely choice for a communications protocol, as it has the ability to transfer data in the Gigabit range and as it is an IP-based protocol not proprietary to any particular vendor. The ideal way to keep this Ethernet network safe and secure is to build it completely separate from the existing email and Internet infrastructure. The electric power industry as a whole agrees that it is beneficial to automate the existing system. Many initiatives are being implemented, and automated devices are slowly replacing older components. But it will be some time before utilities can completely rely on system automation to manage demand and generation during system peaks. As more automated components and systems are installed — the industry will need to address new challenges such as increasing bandwidth, ensuring security of communication protocols and establishing standard equipment specifications. It will be important for standards groups, governing bodies and manufacturers to work together with the utility to develop industry standards that address these issues. This will be especially critical for equipment installed by third parties such as DERs. Once a set of specifications and standards are agreed upon, the technical challenges of transitioning to a new Smart Grid will be minimised. Michael & Christa Richert, Berlin, Germany

Although the present system has worked for decades, fully integrated automation and information platforms based around substations and encompassing the entire utility distribution system will provide significant improvements.

microprocessor-based controls and relays are the only option available from suppliers. Microprocessor relays save panel space because they combine all the features of several electromechanical relays into one box. They also have more features, and require less maintenance as it is not necessary to clean parts or make mechanical adjustments. To perform diagnostics, technicians can simply plug into the relay with a laptop. If the system is designed correctly, the relays are redundant and technicians can take them out of service for trip testing. Microprocessor relays also have a wide variety of communication options. When connected to the control centre, typically via an industrial PC, relay setting changes which used to require a person to physically turn dials can be done remotely. Event files that hold fault data can also be uploaded to the control centre via the PC for analysis. Relays in the distribution system can operate circuit breakers and shut down power to several city blocks. Because of this consequence, security of the network will become a big issue for the utility. If a fully automated system were in place, various types of communication would be used to reach field devices including wireless, which would further complicate security measures. At the same time, security should be balanced with cost and convenience. It would be optimal to access relay data from an employee’s desk computer, but doing so via the existing Internet and email network could expose the system to more security threats. The upfront cost of new automated control and monitoring components and systems along with integration to existing equipment are key hurdles for utilities. For example, new SCADA-enabled switches are much more expensive than non-communicating versions. The cost is escalated because a

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Energy Efficiency

Building Energy Efficiency The Energy Research Development and Demonstration Executive Committee announced recently that it will invest S$100 million (US$80 million) in two major initiatives for the research and development of green data centres and to improve energy efficiency of buildings. By Benedict Soh, VP, EcoBusiness division, Schneider Electric

urrently, Singapore’s buildings account for about half of the country’s electricity usage. As the population grows to 6.9 million by the year 2030, there will be an increased demand for energy consumption on the country’s already strained power grid. To ensure a sustainable future and maintain Singapore’s quality of living for future residents, greener buildings are key. In addition, research has also shown that employee productivity goes up in commercial buildings. The government has already recognised this by implementing the BCA Green Mark certification program for both residential and commercial buildings, with various incentives provided for buildings who obtain certification. The good thing is that solutions for making buildings more energy efficient already exist in today’s market. Smart technologies such as building management systems and home control systems will help facility managers and end-users control and optimise their energy usage. This will lead to buildings generating less emissions and becoming more environmentally-friendly. That said, it will be a challenge to quickly renovate a building to become eco-friendly, and that is where experts like Schneider Electric come in, providing solutions such as wireless building management systems which allow for speedy retrofitting, as well as easier management. At the same time, these solutions can integrate all key domains of a building: power, IT room, process, building and security

management systems — making buildings truly smart and allowing them to become the cornerstones on which a smart city is built.

LEVERAGING INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGIES As the era of the ‘Internet of Things’ emerges and enormous amounts of data are being generated by newer building components, companies have an opportunity to generate meaningful insights and action plans that will improve operations. New technologies, coupled with the adoption of long standing open protocols, are revolutionising how buildings operate. The government research fund will only benefit the building management segment as technological innovation is key to improving the performance of buildings. How so? Well, for example, with better capabilities in monitoring and analytics, building/facility managers will gain access to realtime data and recommendations. This ensures that they are able to spot any problems and react almost immediately to cut down on any waste and inefficiencies. But going one step beyond, having predictive analytics capabilities raises the bar even further — it ensures that managers can even prime their building systems to make corrections before problems even occur. This is the sort of research that we hope to see emerge from the funding which will make buildings even more efficient than before.

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The Hive, the company’s Headquarter in Paris area, is the first building in the world to be ‘Outstanding’ (Six stars) BREEAM In-Use certified.

To ensure a sustainable future and maintain Singapore’s quality of living for future residents, greener buildings are key. ON THE ROADMAP A number of the recommendations provided by the roadmap focus on building design, such as improving ventilation, using better materials, and so on. From a technology perspective, we see a few key areas which building managers can look at to make their buildings more efficient: Use Open Protocols: Opt for centralised control solutions built for interoperability which are able to integrate all the subsystems within a building. The interoperability allows distinct systems such as HVAC and lighting to communicate with each other and as such work together flawlessly toward complete operational efficiency. These systems are built on open protocols, which indicate that a piece of equipment or a system adheres to industry recognised communication standards or ‘languages,’ such as TCP/IP, BACnet, LonWorks and Modbus. These common languages allow equipment and systems from different manufacturers to communicate and work together. Integration as a strategy for Building Management: Building on the topic of open protocols discussed above, one of the highest impact strategies to improve a building’s operations is the integration of previously disparate systems. By implementing an integrated Building Management System (BMS) that acts as a universal translator, all the components and systems within a

building, regardless of what protocol they natively speak, can be monitored, managed and controlled from a centralised point. Information from outside the building, such as weather data and utility costs, can also be integrated via Web Services. This much more efficient process ensures the optimisation of critical building functions, including fire safety, HVAC, lighting, and energy metering. In fact, in line with this trend of integration in building management, the company has also reorganised its business, reflecting the importance of this shift. We have combined our Buildings Business unit and Eco Business unit in order for our customers to leverage the combined capabilities of building management, automation, control and monitoring. The newly-formed EcoBuildings business unit comes together to provide a comprehensive, one-stop solution for the needs of today’s modern buildings. Keep Scalability in Mind: Scalability enables building owners and managers to gradually deploy new technologies to ensure the systems are delivering on their promise of a more efficient building. This agile, iterative approach lets building managers work within today’s tight budgets while demonstrating a Return-On-Investment (ROI) to validate continued investment. This approach can start with something as simple as adding new wireless room controllers to increase occupant satisfaction while reducing energy usage at the same time.

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Oil & Gas

he Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter incorporates a technology offering an increased range of applications for most liquids including clean water, sea water, waste water, chemical liquids, oil, crude oil, alcohol, beer, and more. Because of its noninvasive nature, no pressure drop is created, and this type of flowmeter can be used to measure the flow of fluids and slurries that ordinarily would cause damage to conventional sensors.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The basic principle of operation employs the frequency shift (Doppler Effect) of an ultrasonic signal when it is reflected by suspended particles or gas bubbles (discontinuities) in motion. This metering technique utilises the physical phenomenon of a

sound wave that changes frequency when it is reflected by moving discontinuities in a flowing liquid. Ultrasonic sound is transmitted into a pipe with flowing liquids, and the discontinuities reflect the ultrasonic wave with a slightly different frequency that is directly proportional to the rate of flow of the liquid (Figure 1). Current technology requires that the liquid contain at least 100 Parts Per Million (PPM) of 100 micron or larger suspended particles or bubbles. A typical system incorporates a transmitter/ indicator/totaliser and a transducer. The transducer is mounted on the exterior of the pipe. It is driven by a high frequency oscillator in the transmitter through an interconnecting cable. The transducer generates an ultrasonic signal which it transmits through all of the pipe into the flowing liquid.

Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeters For Oil Applications The Ultrasonic Doppler Flowmeter can be used in the Oil industry as well as many other applications.

South Korea has a strong technology advantage that works in its favour.

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James Knight, UK

By Omega Engineering

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The Ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter incorporates a technology offering an increased range of applications for most liquids including clean water, sea water, waste water, chemical liquids, oil, crude oil, alcohol, beer, and more. Figure 1: The Ultrasonic Doppler Flow Sensor.

The transmitter measures the difference between its output and input frequencies and converts this difference into electronic pulses which are processed to provide an analogue indication and a voltage or current output signal. Additionally, the pulses are scaled and totalised to provide flow quantity. The transmitter frequency power levels and transducer configuration are selected to accommodate a wide variety of liquids, pipe sizes, percentage of solids, and pipe liners. The transmitter also incorporates circuitry which allows adjustment of the signal threshold, permitting elimination of undesirable ambient noises (both mechanical and electrical). As a result, instrumentation is possible in a variety of locations subject to high levels of sonic, mechanical, and electrical noise.

ACCURACY Without Field Calibration — The accuracy of a flowmeter operating on the Doppler principle is mainly a characteristic of flow velocity profile integration by the ultrasonic wave. The ability to do this is basically a function of: percentage of sound reflectors (solids and bubbles), their size, variation and distribution, the line size, and the flowmeter’s design features. Therefore, it is unrealistic to state a general accuracy without knowing the full application details and the transducer selection. With Field Calibration — The accuracy of this method with a field flow calibration can be as high as ±1 percent plus the accuracy of the flow calibration on the actual application at given conditions.

CLEAN LIQUIDS As noted, the basic ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter requires that the liquid to be measured contain a minimum of at least 100 PPM of suspended solids or bubbles at least 100 microns or larger in size. The transducer frequency for these requirements is 1 megahertz. Lower frequencies require more PPM and a larger micron size. Until recently, 100 PPM of suspended solids or bubbles of at least 100 microns or larger, constituted the cleanest measurable application. The solution for clean liquid applications is the FDT family of Transit Time Ultrasonic flow meters FDT-30. In these designs, the time of flight of the ultrasonic signal is measured between two transducers one upstream and one downstream. The difference in elapsed time going with or against the flow determines the fluid velocity. Transit time flow meters feature non-invasive flow measurement technology — providing a measuring system with accuracy, versatility, ease of installation and dependability. Designed primarily for clean liquids, the flow meter operates reliably with small amounts of suspended solids or aeration. Transit time flow meters are designed for long- or short-term measurement flow surveys on full pipe liquid systems and are suited for verifying calibration of permanently mounted flow meters of all types. When the flow is zero, the time for the signal T1 to get to T2 is the same as that required to get from T2 to T1. When there is flow, the effect is to boost the speed of the signal in the downstream direction, while decreasing it in the upstream direction. The flowing velocity (Vf ) can be determined by the following equation: Vf = Kdt/TL Where K is a calibration factor for the volume and time units used, dt is the time differential between upstream and downstream transit times, and TL is the zero-flow transit time.

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Oil & Gas

Developing Oil & Gas In Asia Paciﬁc

IAA: What is Emerson’s overall involvement in the Oil & Gas sector? Sundeep Saraf (SS): Emerson Process Management is involved in all aspects of automation and information systems related to the production, transmission, and processing of oil and gas products. We focus on helping producers maximise production of their oil and gas assets from insight provided by reservoir modelling to process optimisation to dashboard visualisation of the entire value chain.

IAA interviewed Sundeep Saraf, VP, Analytical, Emerson Process Management Asia Pacific on the company’s involvement in the Oil & Gas sector and the technology being developed in the industry. By Mark Johnston

The Danalyser 370xA Gas Chromatograph.

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IAA: What technology has the company developed in the Oil & Gas sector? SS: Three of our technologies that are relevant for Oil & Gas applications are our Smart Wireless Solutions, DeltaV CHARMS technology and GDU-Incus ultrasonic leak detection system. The company ’s smar t wireless technology is designed to eliminate physical, economic and technical obstacles that engineers had encountered on a daily basis. The small space requirement of the DeltaV system with CHARMS, along with the reduced size and weight of wireless field devices have made them the first choice for offshore rigs where space and weight are of paramount importance. The ear ly gas leak detec tion technology of Incus has helped the world’s first Floating Liquefied Natural Gas (FLNG) development to improve their Health Safety and Environment (HSE) levels. In addition, our Roxar business has a wide array of intelligent devices that provide key information for the safe and reliable operation of sub-sea and topsides offshore exploration and production. All these solutions are the building blocks for the producer’s desire to build their version of the Intelligent Field (digital oilfield).

IAA: Emerson recently released the 370XA Gas Chromatograph, could you explain the nature of this product, how it functions, and how it improves on previous products of this nature? SS: The Danalyser 370XA Gas Chromatograph is the latest analyser to join the XA Series of the company’s gas chromatographs. Incorporating a similar operating method of other legacy Danalyser chromatographs, this device is designed to simplify natural gas measurement analysis in Fiscal and Custody Transfer applications and improve the measurement performance of your C6+ BTU/CV analysis. One of the benefits of it is its Maintainable Module technology, which allows the operator to easily replace the GC module in the field in under two hours, greatly reducing downtime and overall operating costs. The device also provides the option of using hydrogen carrier gas or air/nitrogen actuation gas instead of the industry standard of helium gas.

IAA: What trends are you seeing emerge in the Oil & Gas sector? SS: The quest for new sources of oil and gas is leading exploration into more remote areas and into deeper waters. This further increases the need for sub-sea intelligent devices to optimise these expensive and difficult operations. On the other hand, fracking has opened up a great many new production facilities that have a quick depletion. The need here is to get into production quickly, inexpensively and have the intelligence and expertise to optimise new well pads with often quite differently performing wells. The production and movement of once stranded gas has opened up a new world of monetisation opportunity. New technologies to help produce offshore gas like the first ever FLNG project and the

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build-out of the delivery infrastructure has extended the benefit of using natural gas as a clean source of fuel/energy.

IAA: In terms of trends, such as ‘Internet of Things’ and ‘Big Data’, how do you see such trends impacting the sector? SS: As I have mentioned that exploration is becoming more geographically dispersed and into areas that are either not attractive as a living area; or in areas where expertise is limited. Part of the impact of dispersed but rich and widely disseminated streams, is the possibility to connect that data to people remotely who can make decisions on it. One of the key elements in our iOps program, which involves this collaborative decision making opportunity. We help producers bring rich streams of data about plant operations and reliability into a central point where experts can interpret and react

to changes necessary for safe, optimised, and reliable operations.

IAA: How is the company aligning its strategy to leverage such trends? SS: Emerson is the key automation partner with oil companies in their journey towards fully integrated operations. In addition to doing the visioning studies and implementing iOps automation, we have established the Emerson iOps centre in Austin, Texas, which is a real world lab to experience iOps. In Asia Pacific, we have established a network of Distributed Experience Hub connecting our factories, engineering & service centres and subject matter experts, so that we can deliver a seamless collaborative environment to our customers. In addition, we continue to invest in companies and people with key expertise in our customers’ areas. Examples of this would include Roxar and Management Resources Group.

Building Intelligent Substation Solutions with Trusted System Components

IAA: How do you see the Oil & Gas sector evolving over the next 5 to 10 years, particularly in Southeast Asia? SS: Most oil and gas companies in Southeast Asia are already moving towards iOps, so in next 5 to 10 years we will see enhanced collaborative work environments involving oil & gas producers, EPCs and vendors. In the offshore segment, we might also notice a visible shift to subsea wellheads and gas processing. Shale & CBM gas availability, liquefaction projects and greener environmental regulations promise a dynamic oil and gas sector in coming years and the company is excited to be there. Additionally gas reserves that were heretofore unable to be developed due to their remote offshore locations will be serviced by FLNGs, that will allow producers to exploit these remote assets.

Power Generation - Redundant programmable automation controller architecture - Simultaneus high-speed data acquisition modules - Multi-port managed ethernet switches Smart Substations - IEC 61850-3/ IEEE 1613 compliant computing platforms, I/O modules and ethernet switches - Reliable redundant X-Ring networking communications Renewable Energy - Reliable programmable automation controllers with open system - Fiber optic managed switches for redundant X-Ring networking topology - SCADA software support

ENQUIRY NO. S012

Electric Car Charging Stations - User friendly touch panel computers - Multiple communications I/O modules to support real-time data acquisition and transmission

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© 2014 Advantech Co. Singapore Pte Ltd www.advantech.com Singapore (South Asia Pacific Headquarters) Tel: +65-64421000 Email: promotion.mkt@advantechsg.com.sg South Asia Pacific Offices Malaysia (Penang & Kuala Lumpur)

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Oil & Gas

Measuring Flow For

Custody Transfer On Pipelines

ustody transfer of oil and gas in pipelines is a billiondollar business. As oil prices reach US +$80 per barrel, making accurate flow measurements becomes extremely important when the ownership of oil or gas passes from one entity to another â&#x20AC;&#x201D; from a pipeline company to a refinery, for example, or from a pipeline to a gas-fired power plant. An error of just 1 percent can mean millions of dollars in extra costs for one owner, and millions of dollars in unexpected profits for the other. Although natural gas is not nearly as expensive as crude oil â&#x20AC;&#x201D; about US +$4 per thousand cubic feet â&#x20AC;&#x201D; there is more gas flowing these days than ever before. The worldwide rush to replace coalfired power plants with gas-fired plants means that more natural gas is flowing through pipelines, and more gas pipelines are being built to handle the demand. Complicating the measurement problem are the regulations governing custody transfer. Who sets the standards?

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Figure 1: A flow calibration lab certifies that pipeline custody transfer flow meters meet all international standards and requirements.

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THE STANDARDS Custody transfer is a term which originated in the oil and gas measurement industry, and it implies the exchange of property for trade. Many standards and regulations are applied to oil and gas custody transfer depending upon the location of the pipeline. In North America, the American Gas Association (AGA) has recommended practices and the American Petroleum Institute (API) publishes measurement standards. These are industry standards upon which legally binding contracts are written. In the US, tariffs are applied at the final use, so the government is not involved in pipeline transfers. But in Canada, the government agency Industry Canada takes a more active role in regulating pipeline transfers of oil and gas. In Mexico, the oil company is a national agency which establishes exchange practices based on API, AGA and international recommendations. Relevant standards in the US and Canada are frequently updated to recognise newer measurement technologies and practices. Internationally, most countries participate in the development of technology standards and trade recommendations under the International Standards Organisation (ISO) and International Organisation of Legal Metrology (IOLM). With numerous regulatory bodies around the world, most trade activities are regulated directly by each country at the local level. Consolidation of standards is a desired direction for the measurement industry. The introduction of the European ‘Measurement Instrument Directive’ provides — for the first time since 2006 — a pan-European approach to custody transfer for liquids other than water (MI-005). This approach makes it easier for countries to identify approved measurement systems. It requires only one approval that is automatically recognised in all EU member states, plus Turkey and Switzerland. The approval responsibility rests with the designer and includes the flowmeter, but the meter must still be evaluated separately. Such mutual international recognition of test results is possible

Shipments of Ultrasonic Gas Flowmeters Worldwide: 2010 to 2015 (Millions of Dollars)

only to a very limited extent, because a standard only sets the general framework, with verification of requirements left open.

THE NEED FOR ACCURACY A 1 percent error in flow measurement can have a significant impact on the custody transfer, where one party is delivering a valuable product to another. With crude oil, for example, 4,520 tonnes of crude oil per hour sum up to about 700,000 to 750,000 barrels per day. Given today’s prices for crude oil, the value of product passing through the pipe can equal US$3 million per hour. Using a flow measurement device with an accuracy of ±1 percent means the uncertainty in monetary terms equals more than US$30,000 per hour. With a flowmeter that has 0.05 percent accuracy, this uncertainty is reduced to a little more than US$1,500 per hour. How many flowmeters achieve 1 percent accuracy? In general, only five types of flowmeters can achieve such accuracy in custody transfer applications: Differential Pressure (DP), turbine, Positive Displacement (PD), ultrasonic and Coriolis meters. DP (orifice plate) meters are the least accurate, but they can operate in harsh environments and have been widely used for gas measurement. Turbine flowmeters are commonly applied to refined and light hydrocarbons. PD meters are used for liquid metering of crude and refined hydrocarbon liquids. PD meters are commonly used on small line size applications. Ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters, because of their inherent accuracy and ease of use, are being used in increasing numbers for custody transfer on both gas and oil pipelines. Figure 2 shows the increasing use of ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters worldwide.

COMPARING FLOWMETERS The ‘Flowmeters for Custody Transfer’ Table helps explain some of the reasons why ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters are becoming popular. The table shows advantages and disadvantages for each of the five types of flowmeters. One of the most significant differences is that DP, PD and turbine meters are mechanical devices that have

The Worldwide Coriolis Flowmeter Market

2009

2010

Source: The World Market for Gas Measurement, 2nd Edition (Flow Research, June 2011)

2011

2012

2013

2014

Source: ARC Advisory Group

Figure 2: Sales of ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters are increasing, while sales of more traditional flowmeters are falling.

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Figure 3: A flow prover is usually the most accurate flowmeter on a metering skid, and it is calibrated periodically, either in a lab like this or by a portable calibration system.

internal parts that can wear out, while ultrasonic and Coriolis meters have no internal moving parts. Coriolis and ultrasonic flowmeters also require simpler metering skids. A metering skid, used at the custody transfer point, can contain multiple headers and flowmeters, flow conditioners, temperature sensors, gas chromatographs, sampling systems, data acquisition systems, flow provers, master meters and flow computers. Typically, one flowmeter is designated as the flow prover. This flowmeter has been calibrated, either by shipping it to a calibration lab, Figure 3, or via a portable calibration rig that is brought to the site. During custody transfer operations, outputs of the other flowmeters are compared to the flow prover before, during and after transfer. This comparison is done by a flow computer. When comparing the long term cost of ownership for various flowmeters, it is important to consider the cost and quantity of components required for the installation, the cost of proving the meter, the amount of human intervention required, and the value of measurement accuracy. Adding to installation costs are the ancillary equipment necessary to ensure proper flow conditioning. These include filters, flow straighteners and, in some cases, pipeline insulation. Coriolis flowmeters require much less ancillary equipment than traditional flowmeters — especially when measuring mass flow. A standard ‘inferred mass metering system’ usually consists of a volumetric flow meter, a density meter, and hardware for performing on-line mass flow calculations using the volumetric flow and density data. Reducing the number of instruments when making mass flow measurements provides a longer MTBF and reduces the number of leak paths within the installation, as such increasing safety and reducing maintenance.

USING ULTRASONICS Ultrasonic meters are widely used for custody transfer applications, primarily because they offer excellent performance while providing significant cost savings. An ultrasonic flowmeter can measure flow accurately on pipelines up to 40 inches in diameter, which means that the incoming flow does not have to be divided up into headers with

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separate flowmeters. This translates to lower installed costs as it avoids multiple meters, secondary instrumentation, and additional valves and piping. This makes the skid less expensive to build, install, calibrate and maintain. Ultrasonic meters also provide lower maintenance costs than other metering technologies. Ultrasonic meters have no flow restriction which results in significantly lower permanent pressure loss and lower operating costs. There are no moving parts or wear that require routine maintenance. Ultrasonic meters have also proven to be insensitive to soiling and accumulated deposits found in most pipeline applications. Ultrasonic custody meters use multiple ultrasonic beams to interrogate the flow profile of the fluids moving through the meter. Multiple beams minimise the effect of abnormal flow profiles on measurement accuracy and minimise the need for upstream flow conditioning equipment. The result is custody transfer accuracy with limited upstream and downstream piping requirements. In addition, depending on application needs, multiple beam meters can provide redundancy by using data substitution techniques should one measurement path fail.

BETTER DIAGNOSTICS Ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters are among the ‘new breed’ of electronic instrumentation that can supply large amounts of diagnostic information via Fieldbus, HART and EtherNet/IP interfaces. These flowmeters have built-in sensors and electronics that monitor device status and process conditions, and this information can be used to predict imminent failures. Coriolis meters also have advanced diagnostics for predictive maintenance. By tracking certain signals that provide insight into actual process impacts, advanced diagnostics allows for early recognition of discrepancies in those signals, indicating that the meter conditions have been impacted. Coriolis meter diagnostics can detect coating or build-up on the measuring tubes, or mechanical influences such as erosion or corrosion. One example is pipeline applications handling sour service products. Here, the prediction of corrosion can generate an out of specification alarm. Accumulating solids, gels or parafins in unrefined crude products can also be identified to trigger maintenance specific events in pipeline management. If undetected, these negative process influences can reduce measurement performance or, in extreme cases, cause failure. Diagnostics is just one more reason why Coriolis and ultrasonic flowmeters are becoming popular for pipeline custody transfer applications. Oil and gas companies have embraced ultrasonic and Coriolis flowmeters for the additional benefits that they bring. Reduced installation costs with simpler metering skids, lower maintenance requirements with greater reliability and reduced measurement uncertainty with the greater precision of electronic measurement explains why pipeline companies worldwide are turning to these flowmeters.

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Energy Efficiency in Building and Industrial Automation Comprehensive solutions for energy monitoring, metering and management.

Carlo Gavazzi makes a major contribution to optimising energy use in residential and commercial buildings and in all kinds of industries and infrastructures, improving efficiency, saving costs and reducing CO2 emissions.

• energy meters • power quality and energy analysers • web-server modules / software • current, voltage and frequency monitoring relays • timers and current transformers ENQUIRY NO. S008

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ENQUIRY NO. S007

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