STUDY ON POSSIBILITIES FOR RIVER BREGALNICA REGULATION (SMALL ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, BANKS)
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STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES FOR REGULATION OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA (MINI ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, DAMS)
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Proposer:
Council for development of Eastern plan region with a decision No. 0201-235/1 from 03/09/2009
Carrier of the project:
Center for development of the Eastern plan region Vanco Prke No. 119, 2 floor 2000 Stip Republic of Macedonia Telephone: +389 32 386 408 Fax: +389 32 386 409 e-mail: eastregion@rdc.mk Web: www.rdc.mk/eastregion
Elaborator:
Urban Rural Consulting ul. “Ognjen Prica� No. 1/4-23 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia Telephone/fax: 389 2 6 132 432 E-mail: urc@urc.com.mk Web: www.urc.com.mk
Reviewer:
Cakar and Partners ul. Naroden front. 5/IV/09 1000 Skopje Republic of Macedonia Telephone: 389 2 3 112 361 E-mail: cakarp@t-home.mk
Financed by:
Center for development of the Eastern plan region Decision for allocation of means for equivalent regional development for 2008, Government of Republic of Macedonia No. 19-6969/1 from 23.12.2008 (Official Gazette of Republic of Macedonia 162/2008)
Expert team: Key experts: 1. Marjan Glavinceski, BA civil engineer, team leader, 2. MA Slavko Milevski, BA civil engineer, 3. Velice Nikolovska, BSc economist, 4. Slavjanka Pejcinovska – Andonova, Expert in Living environment Short term expert: 1. Angel Atanasov, BA civil engineer, 2. Ljube Dimov, BA civil engineer, 3. Sonja Zikova, BSc economist, 4. Stole Georgiev – BSc environmental engineer
PREFACE One of the most important water resources in the Eastern Plan region is the river Bregalnica. The region does not have other big water resources, which makes the meaning of this water flow more important and the proper exploitation of the potentials of the river Bregalnica and the confluents of its drainage – basin is a precondition for further sustainable development of the whole region. According to this, the Center for development of the Eastern plan region has made a project task, on which basis this Study for opportunities for regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams), has been made. Making of such a study is a complex work. In the frames of the Study the following thematic areas are included: -
Hydrography and hydrology (Physical characteristics of the drainage-basin, climate characteristics, erosion, regime of flowing, alluvium analysis); Possibilities for exploitation of the water potential of the river drainage-basin (with a special accent of the possibility of construction of small accumulations); Possibilities for regulation of the water flow (through construction of dams of the river flow and regulation of the river-bed in the drainage-basin) Influence of the project over the living environment (detecting the weaknesses, possibilities for their overcoming, identification of the positive influences of the project over the living environment).
A detailed analysis of the existing situation is given, as well as overtaking certain activities and recommendations and identifications of the concrete projects which come out from the Study, so that the key activities can be determined, certain instruments and measures, priority activities, indicative budget, responsibilities and time frame. With the Study, without getting into detailed technical solutions, the possibilities in the Eastern plan region are given for construction of small accumulations, dams and regulation of the river-beds, in order to focus the further planning in this issue towards higher phases of projection and finding means for it. I will use this opportunity to thank the Mayors of the Municipalities involved in the Eastern plan region and the employees in the Center for development of the Eastern plan region for their full cooperation when making this Study.
September, 2010 Marijan Glavinceski, BA architect. Eng. Team leader
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Content Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 9 Description of the region...................................................................................................... 11 Aim of the made Study......................................................................................................... 12 General aim of the Study:................................................................................................. 12 Concrete aims of the Study: ............................................................................................. 12 Review of the documentation used ...................................................................................... 13 Short comment from the review of the used documentation............................................ 14 SWOT analysis of the current condition of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica ...... 14 Connection and Compliance of the Study with other relevant plans, programmes, strategies and positive regulation ......................................................................................................... 16 Mutual compatibility of the goals of the Study................................................................ 16 Connection and compatibility of the Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica with other strategic plan documents............................................................... 18 Review of the existing law regulation and competent bodies .......................................... 21 Hydrology of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica......................................................... 25 Situation of the drainage-basin and its size .......................................................................... 25 Orrography ........................................................................................................................... 27 Relief and formation of the drainage-basin...................................................................... 27 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 27 Sea level of the drainage-basin............................................................................................. 27 Hydrography......................................................................................................................... 28 Description of the main flow............................................................................................ 28 Larger profile of the river................................................................................................. 28 Confluents of Bregalnica.................................................................................................. 30 Climate characteristics ......................................................................................................... 32 Annual and monthly amounts of rainfalls in (mm) .......................................................... 32 Distribution of the rainfalls .............................................................................................. 33 Annual and monthly characteristics of the air temperature (СО) ..................................... 33 A flow-out regime ................................................................................................................ 35 Flow-out ........................................................................................................................... 35 Characteristic streaming of the stations of the river Bregalnica .................................. 36 Characteristic streaming of the stations of the confluents of the river Bregalnica....... 37 Analysis of the middle, big and small waters of the river Bregalnica.................................. 38 Bregalnica near Stip ......................................................................................................... 38 Middle streaming.......................................................................................................... 38 Homogeneousness of the string.................................................................................... 38 Big waters..................................................................................................................... 38 Small waters ................................................................................................................. 39 Bregalnica near Oci Pale .................................................................................................. 40 Middle streaming.......................................................................................................... 40 Big waters..................................................................................................................... 40 Small waters ................................................................................................................. 41 Erosion appearances and noisiness of the drainage-basin.................................................... 42 Erosion appearances ......................................................................................................... 42 Characteristics of the streams........................................................................................... 42 Accumulations (dams) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica ...................................... 44 General ................................................................................................................................. 44
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Accumulations (barriers) already constructed...................................................................... 44 Anticipatory accumulations according to the physical plan of RM until 2020.................... 47 Defining locations appropriate for construction of small accumulations (dams) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica ................................................................................. 48 Short showing of the most favorable small accumulations (dams)...................................... 51 Municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo........................................ 51 Municipality of Kochani .................................................................................................. 53 Municipality of Berovo and Pehcevo............................................................................... 55 Municipality of Delchevo................................................................................................. 58 Municipality of Vinica ..................................................................................................... 61 Municipality of Probishtip................................................................................................ 64 Review of the activities related to construction of small accumulations (barriers) ............. 67 General ................................................................................................................................. 68 Elements of the rubber barriers ............................................................................................ 68 Concrete threshold............................................................................................................ 70 Connection elements ........................................................................................................ 70 Waterfall........................................................................................................................... 70 Zone thresholds ................................................................................................................ 70 Rubber sack (barrier)........................................................................................................ 70 Manipulative drain ........................................................................................................... 70 Fish path ........................................................................................................................... 71 Foundations for calculation of the rubber sacks................................................................... 71 Topographic foundations.................................................................................................. 71 Geological foundations..................................................................................................... 71 Hydrological foundations ................................................................................................. 71 Hydraulic calculation ........................................................................................................... 72 Overspill height ................................................................................................................ 72 Built rubber barriers on the river Bregalnica........................................................................ 74 Built rubber barriers on the river Bregalnica........................................................................ 74 Short description of the built rubber barriers ................................................................... 74 Rubber barrier in the city of Delchevo......................................................................... 74 Rubber barrier near the village of Grdovci .................................................................. 75 Rubber barrier near the village of Chiflik .................................................................... 75 Rubber barrier near the village of Dolni Balvan .......................................................... 76 Projected rubber dams .......................................................................................................... 77 Possible profiles for construction of rubber barriers ............................................................ 77 Shtip.................................................................................................................................. 77 Kochani ............................................................................................................................ 83 Barrier at “The Court”................................................................................................. 83 Barrier at “Krusharski bridge” ..................................................................................... 84 Orizari............................................................................................................................... 85 Barrier above the bridge at the church ......................................................................... 85 Cheshinovo-Obleshevo .................................................................................................... 86 Pre-measurement and calculation......................................................................................... 87 Review of the activities related to reparation and construction of rubber sack barriers ...... 88 Regulation of the river Bregalnica and its confluents in the drainage-basin............................ 89 General ................................................................................................................................. 89 Current situation with the regulation in the drainage-basin of Bregalnica........................... 89 River Bregalnica............................................................................................................... 89 Confluents of the river Bregalnica ................................................................................... 93
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Possibilities for regulation of the river Bregalnica and the confluents in the drainage-basin .............................................................................................................................................. 98 Regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Shtip ........................................... 99 Characteristic transversal cuts .................................................................................... 101 Looks of the regulated river bed................................................................................. 104 Pre – measurement and calculation ............................................................................ 105 Continuation of the regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Delchevo.... 105 Continuation of the regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Berovo ....... 105 Regulation of the river Pancharevska in Pehcheve municipality ................................... 105 Regulation of river Gradechka and Vinichka in municipality of Vinica ....................... 106 Regulation of the river Zletovska in Municipality Cheshinovo-Obleshevo................... 107 Regulation of the river Zrnovka in Municipality Zrnovci.............................................. 107 Reparation of the river bed of the river Bregalnica downstream at the village Dolni Balvan, municipality of Karbinci ................................................................................... 107 Review of the activities related to regulation of the river Bregalnica and the water flows in its drainage-basin................................................................................................................ 107 Possibilities of energetic exploitation of the river Bregalnica and its confluents .................. 108 Assessment of the impact of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica on the environmental elements.......................................................................................................... 110 Main purpose of Strategic assessment on the environment ............................................... 111 Current problems with the environmental elements in the planning scope ....................... 111 Probable significant impacts of the Study on the environment.......................................... 114 Influence on the population............................................................................................ 114 Influence on the human health ....................................................................................... 115 Influence on the quality of air ........................................................................................ 115 Influence on the quantity and quality of waters ............................................................. 116 Influence on the soil ....................................................................................................... 117 Influence on the biodiversity (flora and fauna) .............................................................. 118 Influence on the climate change..................................................................................... 119 Influence on the climate change of the water resources sector ...................................... 119 Influence on the area ...................................................................................................... 119 Influence on the cultural heritage................................................................................... 120 Objectives for environmental protection in the subject scope and measures for their accomplishment.................................................................................................................. 120 Objectives of strategic assessment of the environment and indicators .............................. 120 Measures to mitigate, prevent the possible negative impacts of the Study........................ 121 Monitoring plan.................................................................................................................. 121 Alternatives and Preconditions for the Study Execution and the Suggested protection Measures............................................................................................................................. 131 Crucial Activities for the Administration of the Priority Projects, Time Frame, Indicative Budget and Evaluation Method of the Activity Administration ............................................ 133 Crucial Activities for the Administration of the Priorities, Responsible Organs and Possible Financial Sources ............................................................................................................... 133 Time Frame for the Administration of the Planned Activities with Indicative Budget ..... 137 Table: List of activities with administration time frame ........................................................ 137 Table: List of evaluation indicators for administration of the planned activities.................. 139
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
General Introduction Republic of Macedonia is in the group of countries which do not have enough water resources, and the lack of them is especially felt in certain periods of the year. The problem that was mentioned as global is the main characteristic of the water resources in Republic of Macedonia, and that is unequal allocation of the water in time, space and quality. Therefore, the biggest water resources are disposed in the western parts of the country, while the eastern part, including the Eastern plan region is faced with constant lack of water. The lack of water is also a consequence of not using the existing water potentials, first and foremost of the river Bregalnica as the most important river in the region and one of the biggest confluents of the river Vardar. The state with the quality and especially with the quantity of the water in the Eastern plan region is unsatisfactory. That is already shown by the disturbed natural balance in the water flows. The water potentials with which this region disposes are not used enough. During the summer periods, as a result of the decreased water flow and un-built irrigation systems, not enough water can be provided for irrigating the agricultural surfaces, with which the revenue and the yield is decreased significantly, although the country in general, especially Eastern plan region has comparative advantages for the agriculture. At the same time, in certain periods of the year biological minimum of the water flows is questioned, too. During the winter and especially in the spring period, as a result of the snow melting, the level of the water in the existing accumulations is increased. In order to avoid the danger of flooding the agricultural surfaces when letting the water flow from the accumulations in the river-beds, it is needed that the river Bregalnica and its confluents to be regulated. Besides the influence of the human activities, the quality of water is directly dependant on the quantity of the water, which means that the bigger quantity of water is equal to increased capacity of the water body for self-purification. The quantity of water is connected to the climate changes. These factors are the reason for increased quantity of water in the spring time, as a result of increased rainfalls and snow melting from the mountains and appropriate decrease of the quantity of water in the summer period as a result of the evaporation from the high temperatures and dry periods. All of the above imposes the need of regular monitoring of the quality and quantity of the water flows in the Eastern plan region and undertaking measures for improvement of their bad situation. One of the most important water resources in the region is the river Bregalnica. The region does not dispose with other big water resources, and in the future, the water supply and irrigation should be taken into consideration to be done by additional accumulations which should be built on the river Bregalnica and on its confluents. For that reason, the Center for development of the Eastern plan region, as investor and Urban Rural Consulting Skopje, as developer agreed to make: Study for the possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, dams and cascades), with which the priority activities will be identified and an Action plan will be made for the following period. Methodological approach which the developer applied when preparing the Study for the possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, dams and cascades), is including all the interested parties and direct beneficiaries, applying the principles of: - Ecological – social and economic concept, which includes a complete comprise and protection of the biodiversity in the water resources;
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Minimizing the usage of resources – as a basic principle of the sustainable development; - Integrity in managing the water resources; - Complete participation of the public in the process of preparation, defining and decision-making; - Complete involvement of all the interested parties in the whole process; - Legality in the whole process and in the outcomes and results; - Time perspective in the foreseeing of the results and projects; - Cautiousness or risk assessment in all the spheres of the process as well as of the foreseen projects as a part of the study. When making the Study, a complete preparation of all provided information, data and opinions, their expert’s analysis, adding new information which was provided during the preparation of the draft version of the Study is included. The draft version was liable to a series of comments by all the interested parties before the final part of the Study had been made. In the team for preparation of the Study from the developer of the Study “Urban Rural consulting” – Skopje the following people participated: Key experts: 1. Marjan Glavinceski, BA construction engineer, team leader 2. MA Slavko Milevski, BA construction engineer, 3. Velice Nikolovska, BSc economist 4. Slavjanka Pejcinovska – Andonova, environmental expert Short term experts: 1. Angel Atanasov, BA construction engineer 2. Ljube Dimov, BA construction engineer 3. Sonja Zikova, BSc economist 4. Stole Georgiev – BSc environmental engineer From the investor, Center for development of the Eastern plan region, the following people have been completely involved in the preparation of the study and have been giving complete logistic support: - Dragica Zdraveva, manager of the Center for development of the Eastern plan region - Emil Vasilev, coordinator in the Center for development of the Eastern plan region From the Municipalities, the following people were involved in giving suggestions and basic directions, in providing the necessary documentation, terrain visits and on the spot insight: - Nikola Micevski, manager of LER for Municipality of Stip - Delce Stoilov, secretary of the Municipality of Karbinci - Ljupco Georgiev, manager of the urbanism department in the Municipality of Vinica - Miso Dogazanski, manager of the urbanism department in the Municipality of Berovo - Dimitar Runtevski, Urbanism department in the Municipality of Pehcevo - Blaze Stankov, Mayor of the Municipality of Zrnovci - Jordanco Lefkov, Mayor of the Municipality of Cesinovo – Oblesevo - Zvonko Atanasovski, Toni Stoimenovski, Municipality of Delcevo - Zoran Manasiev, manager of the planning and development sector in the Municipality of Kocani - Zivka Mihajleva, Manager of the urbanism department in the Municipality of Probistip
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Number
Description of the region The situation of the Eastern region covers the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, occupying 14% from the territory of R. Macedonia with a surface of 3537 square kilometers. The Region is divided into 11 municipalities (Berovo, Vinica, Delcevo, Zrnovci, Karbinci, Kocani, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Cesinovo-Oblesevo and Stip), which, regarding urbanism are divided into 217 settlements, out of which 209 categorized as rural areas. This region on the east part bounds with R. Bulgaria and the communication with the neighbouring country is realized through the border crossing Delcevo in the Municipality of Delcevo. There is a possibility of activating the crossings Klepalo, Ajdutska Cesma and Crna Skala. The region has almost four times smaller birth-rate compared to the birth-rate of the population in the country. The total number of the inhabitants in the region is 181.858. The population density is 51 inhabitants per square kilometer. But, because of the permanent process of depopulation, there is a big number of abandoned villages, villages with about 100 inhabitants and villages with significantly high ageing index. This situation leads to concentration of about 66 % of the population in the urban areas. In the following table, there is the number of inhabitants in the Municipalities of the Eastern plan region according to the last census of the population and property in Republic of Macedonia from 2002 and the anticipated number of inhabitants based on the birth-rate and the migration processes in this region in the past period. Table: Review of the municipalities in the Eastern region with the number of inhabitants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
NUMBER OF THE POPULATION ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS FROM 2002
MUNICIPALITY Berovo Vinica Delcevo Zrnovci Karbinci Kocani Makedonska Kamenica Pehcevo Probistip Cesinovo – Oblesevo Stip
13952 17945 17520 3268 4015 33715 8123 5519 12804 7502 48098 172461
Total:
ANTICIPATED NUMBER OF THE INHABITANTS IN THE FOLLOWING PERIOD 20000 20000 20000 3500 4500 38000 11000 6000 15000 8000 58000 204000
Climate conditions in the region are favorable for agricultural development, especially for rice production. Rice fields in the Eastern region cover about 95% of the total rice production in Republic of Macedonia. The gardens and plough fields as part of the arable surfaces are 84%. Agricultural land takes an area of 165.639 ha i.e. 14% of the total agricultural surface in the country, and 88.075 ha i.Đľ. 53.1% are pastures. The total surface which is under woods in the region is 135.378 ha i.e. 13% of the total woods in Republic of Macedonia, which is 38% of the total territory of the region. From the raw materials and other resources which this region disposes of, the lead and zinc minerals from the mines of Zletovo, Dobrevo and Kamenica. Annual production of minerals in these mines is 1.000.000 tones.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
From the nonmetal mineral production, the most significant are the asbestos, kaolin clays, opal as well as the bed of coal-lignite “Brik” in Berovo, which annual exploitation is 100.000 tones. There is a big potential for development and export in the livestock production, especially at the goat and sheep breeding. The potential is big for development of the dairy and meat industry because 40% of the pig breeding in Republic of Macedonia is realized in the region. From the water resources, the most significant is the river Bregalnica where there are two high dams on the accumulations “Kalimanci” and “Berovsko Ezero”. Eastern region does not have other big water resources so in the future the water supply and irrigation should be resolved with building new accumulations on the river Bregalnica as well as on the other rivers in the drainage-basin or the river Bregalnica. Aim of the made Study General aim of the Study: Sustainable development of the Eastern plan region and sustainable management of the water resources of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica and exploitation of the unexploited water potential. Concrete aims of the Study: ¾ Possibilities seen for regulation of the drainage-basin and the river-bed of the river Bregalnica, possibilities for building mini accumulations, as well as possibilities for exploiting the water potential; ¾ Documented basic information and established preliminary approach for prefeasibility study; ¾
Identified and assessed priorities along the water flow of the river Bregalnica;
¾ Increased understanding of the meaning of the flow, based on the science and the local meaning, its participation and assistance in the decision making process which will promote and improve sustainability of the water flow of the river Bregalnica; ¾ Identification of the possibilities for exploiting the water potentials and the water flows in the drainage-basin of Bregalnica; ¾ Protection, preservation and constant improvement of the available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the condition of the coastal land, water eco-systems, and of the eco-systems depending on water, protection and promotion of the water environment through rational and sustainable usage of the waters; ¾ Protection and promotion of the living environment, nature and biological diversity along the water flow of the river; ¾ Examined touristic opportunities and potentials which the water flow of Bregalnica offers;
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Review of the documentation used - HE “Kalimanci”, Preliminary project, Book 1, Basic decision, hydrological and geological foundations, Hydroelectroproject, Skopje, 1961 - Preliminary project for regulation of the river Bregalnica long 43395 m from Istibanja – Stip, Hydroelectroproject, Skopje, 1959 - Study for priority small accumulations in Republic of Macedonia, Book 2, volume 1-4, Institution for water of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, April 1980 - Study for fortifying the possibilities of irrigation of the agricultural surfaces in the region of Municipality of Probistip, OOPI “Water supply – Melioproject” Skopje, 1992 - Cadastre of the built small dams and accumulations in Republic of Macedonia, Book 2, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, December 1992 - Forestry-economic basis for forests and forestry cultures from Hydro-meliorative system “Bregalnica”, period 1995-2004, Faculty of forestry Skopje, 1995 - Main project for intervention at river Bregalnica near village Pribazevo, type rubber partition and annex, Institution for water management, Skopje 1991-2000 - Physical plan of Republic of Macedonia 2002-2020, Ministry of environment and physical planning of Republic of Macedonia - Improvement of Enviroment in the Watershed of the river Bregalnica, Macedonia, HydroProject, Czech Republic, September 2006 - Strategy for equal regional development of Republic of Macedonia 2009-2019 г. - Development programme of the Eastern plan region 2009-2013 г. - Main project for partition on Vinicka River, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, March 1988 - Main project for partition and small accumulation “Racovec” – Pehcevo, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, August 1989 - Main project for dam and small accumulation “Crnik” – Berovo, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, August 1990 - Main project for dam and accumulation “Bela Voda” – Gabrovo – Delcevo, Co-project, Skopje, October 2001 - Main project for dam and small accumulation “Bigla”, Bigla – Municipality of Delcevo, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, March 2004 - Preliminary project for regulation of r. Bregalnica from the bridge on the way to Strumica km 0+000.00 to the intervention at v. Karbinci km 19+458.45, Book 1, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje October 1989 - Preliminary project for regulation of r. Bregalnica from the bridge on the way to Strumica km 0+000.00 to the intervention at v. Karbinci km 19+458.45, Book 2, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje October 1989 - Regulation of Pehcevska River, Institute for urbanism and projection Panorama Kocani, 1978 - Main project for arrangement of Pancarevska River, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, 1981
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- The study on Integrated water resources development and management master plan in the Republic of Macedonia, Nippon KOEI Co. Ltd. Kri International Corporation, May 1999 - Hydrological basis for Vinicka River – Dam “Lipec”, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, September 2009 - Main project for regulation of the river Bregalnica after inflow of Blagova River km 0+000.00 upstream to km 1+452.06, Aqua-Eng doo Stip, March 2008 - Main project for reparation of intervention (Rubber partition) at v. Karbinci Stip, Book 1, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, June 2001 - Main project for intervention (Rubber partition) of the river Bregalnica km 52+500, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, January 2002 - Annex to the main project for reparation of intervention (rubber partition) at v. Karbinci Stip, Book 1, Institute for water management of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, December 2002 - Annex to the main project for regulation of the river-bed of Zrnovka river in village Zrnovci, GeoIng, Delcevo, February 2010 - Project task for making a Study for possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Short comment from the review of the used documentation After the insight in the abovementioned documentation, it can be concluded that in the Municipalities from the eastern plan region it was continuously worked on this issue. Regarding the issues related to construction of small accumulations on the water flows in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, there are certain location, and for part of those locations there are main projects made for their realization. The purpose of these mini accumulations is mostly irrigation of the agricultural surfaces, water supply and small part is for tourism development near the defined locations. About the regulation of the flow of river Bregalnica, especially through the city areas, it can be concluded that in the biggest part of the settlements through which the water flows pass (Bregalnica, Kocanska Reka, Kamenicka Reka, Vinicka Reka, Pehcevska Reka, Orizarska Reka, Zrnovka etc.) there is a regulation made, except for the city of Stip, where the river-bed of the river Bregalnica is not regulated at all, although there is a preliminary project made for regulation of river Bregalnica through Stip long about 20 km. About the available foundations, it is found that they are not on a satisfactory level, but they are good enough for making a preliminary Study, as one of the starting elaborates for making an investment-technical documentation. In the further phases of the projection, it is needed the foundations on an appropriate level to be updated or made. SWOT analysis of the current condition of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica According to the data and analysis given in the profile of the region and of the situation with the water flows in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, as well as from the available documentation related to this issue, and from the set goals in the Project task, a strategic analysis has been made of the current condition of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica. On one side, there are internal attributes of the region, so-called strengths and weaknesses, and on the other side, there are factors which come out of the external surrounding of the region and also factors over which the region does not have any direct influence, i.e. opportunities and threats. This so-called SWOT analysis is a strategic tool for assessment of
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
the current situation, as well as a tool for defining ways and approach when selecting concrete measures for improvement and development of the current condition. Below there are the factors of the SWOT analysis in the context of the needs of the Study. Table: Review of the evidenced factors when making the SWOT analysis Strengths - Strategic plans made for development of the region and the Municipalities which treat the drainage-basin of Bregalnica - Having professional and experienced staff - Having center for development of the Eastern plan region - Having long string of hydrological data - Construction of the system Zletovica - Conditions for mountain tourism development - Developed agriculture - Good cooperation with the local selfgovernments in the region - Ecologically clean environment - Border with a country – EU member
Opportunities - Using experiences from the developed countries for regulation of drainage-basins - EU and other funds - Development of the mountain tourism - Public private partnership - Private investments - Regional connection and cooperation with the neighbouring regions - Development enabled by the decentralization - Using the state investment funds - Attracting domestic and foreign investments - Using the pre-accession funds from the EU
Weaknesses - Lack of a good network for following the hydrological data of the confluents in the drainage-basin - Lack of general hydrological analysis model of flow out of the whole drainage-basin - Small number of small accumulations in the drainage-basin - Uncontrolled usage of the river-bed and water flows for pumping of the alluvium - Failure of the old water management enterprises - Not finished regulation of the river-beds especially through the city areas (Stip) - Unequal flow out of the water flows in the drainage-basin - Splintered agricultural lots - Construction land owned by the central government - Lack of business investments - Lack of capital - Weak local economy and low standard of the citizens - Extensive (old) agriculture Threats - Influence of the local politics - Lack of competences - Rigid administration - No cooperation between the regions - Lack of financial means - Recession - Insufficient information and education of the agriculturists - Unpreparedness for IPA - Population emigration - Small donations for the region from the central government - Small subventions for agriculture and tourism development - Incomplete implementation of the decentralization
Recommendations after SWOT Analysis: - Preparation of a complete hydrological modeling for the whole drainage-basin by contemporary methods - Ending the regulation of the river-beds especially through the settlements - Construction of a bigger number of small accumulations, in order to accumulate water for equal usage during the whole year - Using the accumulations for development of the mountain tourism, fishing, recreation - Protection of the banks of the water flows from erosion and wild digging of the river-beds - Esthetic arrangement of the water flows especially through the settlements
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Connection and Compliance of the Study with other relevant plans, programmes, strategies and positive regulation Mutual compatibility of the goals of the Study The study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica has a few specific goals which when reviewed individually, if they were realized, they could negatively, conflict and cumulatively – synergic influence the realization of other goal of the Study and that’s why an identification of their mutual compatibility is needed. If the goals are incompatible, defining measures which should be overtaken is needed, in order to realize the goals with less, shortterm negative influences. As a tool for identification of the mutual compatibility of the goals of the Study, the consultants were using a Matrix. Filled in matrix for compatibility of the individual goals of the Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica is given in a Table below. Large compatibility between the goals of the Study can be seen regarding systematic review of all the previous documents, studies, projects prepared for the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica in order to identify priority projects for which a general assessment has been made about the financial expenditures for construction and maintenance, as well as the goal which examines the possibilities for development and improvement of the eco-tourism. A positive cumulative effect is expected from the realization of several goals over the protection and continuous improvement of the existing water resources in the region, through which it would be enabled improvement of the coastal land and preservation of the water ecosystems. Of course, a positive cumulative effect is expected also over the economic-social life of the population through providing safe drinking water, water for hygienic and improvement of the quality of life, providing appropriate distribution of the water of which the farmers will have the biggest effect, more employed young people from the Eastern plan region, recruiting construction workers for construction of the individual projects and development of the small and middle enterprises in the region. Realization of the goals for regulation of the drainage-basin, through construction and everyday work of the mini accumulation, rubber partitions, mini hydroelectric and operations about the regulation of the rivers in the settlements and necessary contemporary infrastructure needed for their continuous functioning is in conflict with the protections of the environment. It is expected that the project activities which will follow after the adoption of the Study, providing financial means and preparation of the project documentation for every priority project, to cause (during the construction of the objects or infrastructure) negative influence over the different elements of the environment (disorder of the quality of air, generating different types of waste from the List of waste, creation of noise, spending energy, disorder of the biodiversity etc In the operational phase of the planned objects not significant negative influences are expected, but in any way, the incompatibility of the goals will be overcome through the proposed measures for avoiding, decrease or alleviation of the negative influences from the realization of the goals of the Study.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Table: Matrix of the mutual compatibility of the goals of the Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica Perceiving of the possibilities for regulation of the drainage –basin and the river-bed of the river Bregalnica, possibilities for construction of mini accumulations and possibilities for exploitation of the water potential
Goals of the Study
Perceiving of the possibilities for regulation of the drainage –basin and the river-bed of the river Bregalnica, possibilities for construction of mini accumulations and possibilities for exploitation of the water potential Identifying and assessment of the priority projects for regulation along river Bregalnica Protection, preservation and constant improvement of the available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the condition of the coastal land, water ecosystems and ecosystems depending on water Protection and improvement of the environment, nature and biological diversity along the river Examining the possibilities for exploitation of the tourist potentials which the water flow of the river Bregalnica offers
Legend √ - the two goals are mutually supporting X- the two goals have mutual conflicts
Identifying and assessment of the priority projects for regulation along river Bregalnica
Protection, preservation and constant improvement of the available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the condition of the coastal land, water ecosystems and ecosystems depending on water
Protection and improvement of the environment, nature and biological diversity along the river
Examining the possibilities for exploitation of the tourist potentials which the water flow of the river Bregalnica offers
√
√
X
X
О
√
√
√
√
√
√
О
X
√
√
X
√
√
О – no significant connections between the goals ? – the conditions for mutual dependence are insufficient
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X X
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Connection and compatibility of the Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica with other strategic plan documents Providing equal and sustainable development of the municipalities, and through them of the whole Eastern plan region and Republic of Macedonia, is a continuous process, which is realized through proposing, preparation, adoption and realization of big number of strategic plan documents which cover different areas and zones which are basis for human living in social and economic welfare caring about the protection and promotion of the living environment. On a national level, the responsible institutions and governmental bodies adopted the most significant strategic documents which give the direction of development of these areas, and also, within the frames of the Eastern plan region the Council for development of the plan region adopted the basic plan documents which are of interest of all the eleven municipalities. On the local level, the municipalities usually have strategic documents prepared from the area of economy (Strategy for economic development), tourism, sustainable development, profile for presentation of the same and for protection and promotion of the living environment (Local Environmental Action Plan – LEAP). The complexity of the goals of the Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica, which, if realized, would have significant positive influence over different spheres of living and acting of people and nature, can be seen in their interaction through direct and indirect connections with other, already adopted and probably partly implemented strategic documents. In the process of adoption of the Study for possibilities of regulation of river Bregalnica, identification of the connections (direct/indirect) is crucial and also compatibility or insufficient compatibility of the goals of the Study with the goals of the relevant plan documents adopted on local, regional, national and/or global level. If there is no compatibility or there is a conflict in the compatibility, defining measures is needed, through which the compatibility would be provided, or the goals of the plan document should be changed in order to reach the necessary compatibility. To establish these relations, for the Study the most relevant and the most significant are the goals of the strategic plan documents which cover the following areas: ¾ Protection of waters ¾ Protection of the environment ¾ Economic development on a local, regional and national level ¾ Agricultural development ¾ Sector’s relevant areas – energy, tourism ¾ Physical planning and sustainable development and they are all stated in the following table, while in Annex 5 of this Study, the goals and the relation of these plan documents with the goals of the Study are processed in details.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Table: Strategic plan documents relevant for making of the Study 1. Programme for development of the Eastern plan region 2009 – 2013, Council for development of the eastern plan region, 2009 2. Action plan for 2009 for realization of the Programme for development of the Eastern (Bregalnica) plan region 2009-2013 3. National strategy for regional development of Republic of Macedonia, 2009-2019 4. National strategy for agriculture and rural development for the period from 2007 – 2013, Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water supply, 2007 5. Strategic plan of the Ministry of local self-government for the period from 2007 – 2009 6. National Plan for protection of the living environment – NEAP II, Ministry of environment and physical planning, Skopje, 2006 7. National Strategy for sustainable development for the period from 2010-2030, Government of Republic of Macedonia, 2009 8. National Strategy for integration of Republic of Macedonia in the EU, Government of Republic of Macedonia, 2004 9. National strategy for approximation of the EU legislation for living environment, Ministry of environment and physical planning, 2007 10. National programme for adoption of the law of EU (NPPA II, 2009 changed in 2010) 11. Strategy for energy efficiency to 2020, Ministry of economy, 2004 12. Strategy for development of energy of RM to 2030, Ministry of economy, 2010 13. National health-ecological action plan (NHEAP), Ministry of environment and physical planning, 1999 14. Strategy and action plan for protection of the biological diversity of Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of environment and physical planning, Skopje, 2004 15. National Strategy for waste management for (2008 – 2020), Government of Republic of Macedonia, 2008 16. National Plan for waste management (2009-2015), 2009 17. Report for the progress in realization of the Millennium development goals for Republic of Macedonia (2008) – MDG 7 Sustainability of the environment, UNDP Office in Macedonia, Government of Republic of Macedonia 18. Environmental indicators, Ministry of environment and physical planning, 2008 19. National strategy for economic development of Republic of Macedonia, Government of Republic of Macedonia, 1998 20. Strategy for sustainable development of the forestry in R. Macedonia, Ministry of agriculture, forestry and water supply, 2006 21. National strategy for Mechanism for clean development, Ministry of environment and physical planning, 2007 22. National strategy for transport, Ministry of transport and communications, 2007 23. Study for the condition of the biological diversity in Republic of Macedonia (first national report), Ministry of environment and physical planning, Skopje 2003 24. Strategy for sustainable development of municipality of Berovo 2006 – 2011 / Action plan of the strategy for sustainable development 2006 – 2011of municipality of Berovo 25. Local Action Plan for environment, Municipality of Berovo, 2003 26. Strategy for development of the rural tourism in municipality of Cesinovo - Oblesevo, 2007
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
27. Local Action Plan for environment, Municipality of Delcevo, 2005 28. Profile and Strategic Plan for Local Economic Development, Municipality of Delcevo 29. Profile of municipality of Karbinci, Municipality of Karbinci 30. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Karbinci 31. Strategy for Local economic development, Municipality of Kocani 32. Master plan for development of the tourism in Municipality of Kocani, 2006 33. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Kocani, 2004 34. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica 35. Strategy for Local economic development, Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica 36. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Pehcevo 37. Strategic plan for local economic development, municipality of Probistip 38. Profile of municipality of Probistip, Municipality of Probistip 39. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Stip, 2004 40. Strategic plan for local economic development of the municipalities of Stip and Karbinci 41. Local Action Plan for Environment, Municipality of Vinica, 2006 42. Strategy for local development of the municipality of Vinica 2008-2013, Municipality of Vinica, 2008 43. Strategy for development of rural tourism in Municipality of Zrnovci, 2007 44. Profile of Municipality of Zrnovci, 2009 45. Physical plan of Republic of Macedonia (2002-2020), Government of Republic of Macedonia, 2004 46. Second National Report of the Framework Convention of the United Nations for climate changes, Part: Assessment of the vulnerability and adaptation of the sector of water resources, 2006, Ministry of environment and physical planning
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Review of the existing law regulation and competent bodies Each country which plans to join the European Union (EU) must, during the pre-accession membership, prove that it is ready to accept the common law, economic and technical standards which are applicable in EU. Protection of the environment, especially in the sector for waters (improvement of the collection of waste waters and cleaning systems and providing drinking water for the needs of the whole population, protection and management with the probabilities of flooding and similar) is identified as one of the most important conditions for joining the EU. Existing EU legislation in the Sector of waters and fulfilling these standards, especially the directive of the Council of Europe and the European Parliament 2007/60/EC, the Directives of the Council 91/27/EEC and 98/83/EZ are especially meaningful for Republic of Macedonia joining the EU and during any activities related to regulation of the drainage-basin of river Bregalnica, their application must be taken care of. In Republic of Macedonia, there is a positive law regulation which is in compliance with the EU directives and in the following table, there are valid Law regulations for this issue, as well as other documents which at the same time have influence over making of this Study. Table: Review of the existing Law regulation List of national law regulation 1. Environmental Law (Official gazette of RM No. 53/05, 81/05 24/07, 159/08 and 83/09); 2. Rule for qualification of the projects and the criteria on which basis the need for implementation of the procedure for assessment of the influences over the environment is fortified (Official Gazette of RM No.74/05); 3. Book of rules for the contents of the requests that should be fulfilled by the study for assessment of the influence of the project over the environment (Official Gazette of RM No. 33/06) 4. Rule for strategies, plans and programmes, including changes of those strategies, plans and programmes, for which the procedure for assessment of their influence over the environment and the life and health of people is obligatory (Official Gazette of RM No. 153/2007) 5. Rule for the content of the report for strategic assessment of the environment (Official Gazette 153/2007) 6. Rule for the criteria on which basis are the decisions made if certain plan documents could have significant influence over the environment and over the health of people (Official Gazette 144/2007) 7. Rule for participation of the public during making of the regulations and other acts, as well as plans and programmes for the environment (Official Gazette 147/2008) 8. Law for physical and urban planning Official Gazette of RM No. 51/05; changes 137/07 and 24/08-clear text, 91/09); 9. Book of rules for standards and norms for physical planning (Official Gazette of RM No. 69/99); 10. Book of rules for closer contents, ratio and way of graphic processing of the urban plans (Official Gazette of RM No. 78/06 and 140/07) 11. Construction Law (Official Gazette of RM No. 51/05); 12. Law of quality of the ambient air (Official gazette of RM No. 67/04; changes 92/07); 13. Book of rules for the criteria, methods and procedures for assessment of the quality of the ambient air (Official Gazette of RM No. 67/04); 14. Rule for border levels and types of polluting substances in the ambient air and alarming limit, deadlines for reaching the border values, margins of tolerance for border value, target values and long-term goals (Official Gazette of RM No. 22.06.2005)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
15. Law of waters (Official Gazette of RM No. 87/08 and 06/09, 161/09); 16. Rule for classification of the waters (Official Gazette of RM No. 18/99 год.); 17. Rule for categorization of the water flows, lakes, accumulations and groundwater (Official Gazette of RM No. 18/1999, 71/99); 18. Book of rules for the methodology of the assessment of drainage-basins (Official Gazette of RM No. 148/09) 19. Law on waste (Official gazette of RM No. 68/04; changes 71/04; 107/07, 102/08 and 134/08); 20. List of waste (Official Gazette of RM No. 100/05); 21. Law on protection from noise in the environment (Official Gazette of RM No. 79/2007); 22. Law on chemicals (Official Gazette of RM No. 113/07); 23. Law for protection of the cultural heritage (Official Gazette of RM No. 20/04; changes 115/07); 24. Law for protection of the nature (Official Gazette of RM No. 67/04; changes 14/06; 84/07); 25. Law of welfare of the animals (Official Gazette of RM No. 113/07); 26. Law of welfare of the plants (Official Gazette of RM No. 25/98; 06/00); 27. Law for protection of the plants (Official Gazette of RM No. 25/98; changes 06/00); 28. Law on energy (Official Gazette of RM No. 63/06; 36/07); 29. Convention on wetlands of international importance as dwellings of the water birds (Ramsar, 1971), ratified in 1977; 30. Convention for protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage (Paris, 1972), ratified in 1974; 31. Convention on international trade with endangered species of wild flora and fauna (Washington, 1973), ratified in 1999; 32. Convention for protection of the migration species of wild animals (Bonn, 1979), ratified in 1999 година; 33. Convention for protection of the wild world and the natural dwellings in Europe (Bern, 1979), ratified in 1997; 34. Agreement for protection of the bats in Europe (London, 1991), ratified in 1999 (Amendment of the Agreement ratified in 2002); 35. Agreement for protection of the African – Asian migration types of birds (Hague, 1995), ratified in 1999; 36. Basel convention regarding the control of cross-frontier polluters with dangerous waste and its disposal (Basel, 1995), ratified in 1997; 37. Convention for protection of the biological diversity (Rio De Janeiro, 1992), ratified in 1998; 38. Convention for access to information, public participation in the decision – making and access to justice in environmental matters (Aarhus, 1998), ratified in 1999; 39. Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991), ratified in 1999; 40. European landscape convention (Florence, 2000), ratified in 2003 List of EU Directives relevant for the plan document 1. Framework directive for waters (2000/60 /EC) supplemented with the Decision 2455/2001/EC 2. Directive for urban waste waters (91/271/EEC) supplemented with the Directive 98/15/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 3. Directive for nitrates (91/676/EEC) supplemented with the Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 4. Directive for drinking water (98/83/EC) supplemented with the Regulation (EC)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
1882/2003 5. Surface water abstraction Directive (75/440/EEC) supplemented with the Directives 79/869/EEC and 91/692/EEC (will be revoked with the Framework Directive for waters (2000/60/EC) from 22.12.2007) 6. Directive for bathing water (2006/7/EC) 7. Directive on pollution caused by certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment (76/464/EEC) complemented by the Directive 91/692/EEC and 2000/60/EC (will be revoked by the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) from 22.12.2013, except for art. 6, which was revoked on 22.12.2000) 8. Directive for possible exploitation of the sewage sludge from the purifying stations (86/278/EEC) 9. Directive for measurement of the quality of drinking water (79/869/EEC) complemented by the Directives 81/855/EEC, 91/692/EEC, and the Regulation (EC) 807/2003 (will be revoked with the Framework Water Directive (2000/60/EC) from 22.12.2007) 10. Directive for groundwater (80/68/EEC) complemented by the Directive 91/692/EEC 11. Directive on limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by the chloralalkali electrolysis industry (82/176/EEC) complemented by the Directive 91/692/EEC 12. Directive on cadmium emissions (83/513/EEC) complemented by the Directive 91/692/EEC 13. Directive on other mercury discharges (84/15/EEC) complemented by Directive 91/692/EEC 14. Directive on HCH discharges (84/491/EEC) complemented by Directive 91/692/EEC 15. Directive on dangerous substances from List one (86/280/EEC) complemented by Directives 88/347/EEC, 90/415/EEC and 91/692/EEC 16. Directive on fish water (78/659/EEC) complemented by Directive 91/692/EEC and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 17. Framework waste Directive (2006/12/EC) 18. Directive on dangerous waste 91/689/EEC, complemented by 94/31/EC 19. Directive on wastelands (99/31/EC) complemented by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 20. Directive on waste oils (75/439/EEC) complemented by Directives 87/101/EEC, 91/692/EEC and Directive 2000/76/EC 21. Directive on PCB/PCT (96/59/EC) 22. Directive on restriction of dangerous substances (2002/95/EC) complemented by the Decision 2005/618/EC, 2005/717/EC, 2005/747/EC and 2006/310/EC 23. Framework directive on quality of ambient air (96/62/EC), complemented by the Regulation (EC)1882/2003 24. Directive (1999/30/EC) on limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air, complemented by the Decision 2001/744/EC 25. Directive on benzene and carbon monoxide (2000/69/EC) 26. Directive on ozone in the ambient air 2002/3/EC 27. Directive 2004/107/EC on arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air 28. Directive on fish water (78/659/EEC) complemented by Directive 91/692/EEC and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 29. REACH Policy and directives of EU on chemicals 30. Regulation on substances which make the ozone layer poorer ((EC) 2037/2000) complemented by Regulations (EC) 2038/2000, 2039/2000, 1804/2003 and 2077/2004, and decisions 2003/160/EC and 2004/232/EC
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
31. Directive on assessment of the influence over the environment (85/337/EEC) complemented by directives 97/11/EC and 2003/35/EC 32. Directive on strategic environmental assessment (2001/42/EC) 33. Directive on access to environmental information (2003/4/EC) 34. Directive on public participation regarding preparation of certain plans and programmes and complement of the Directive on public participation and access to justice (2003/35/C) 35. Directive on integrated prevention and control of the pollution (96/61/EC) complemented by Directive 2003/35/EC and Directive 2003/87/EC and Regulation(EC) 1882/2003 36. Directive SEVESO II – on control of accident hazards with dangerous substances (96/82/EC) complemented by Directive 2003/105/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 37. Directive on volatile organic compounds from solvents (1999/13/EC), complemented by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 and Directive 2004/42/EC 38. Directive of the Council 94/63/EC on control of emissions of volatile organic compounds (ВОК) which are result of storing gas and its distribution to the terminals of gas stations complemented by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 39. Decision 2000/479/EC on implementation of the European pollution emission registry (EPER) / Regulation (EC) 166/2006 on implementation of the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register 40. Directive on preservation of the natural dwellings of the wild flora and fauna (92/43/EEC), complemented by Directives 97/62/EC and 97/266/EC 41. Directive on wild birds (79/409/EEC), complemented by Directives 81/854/EEC, 85/411/EEC, 91/244/EC, 94/24/EC and 97/49/EC, and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 42. Regulation on endangered species ((EC) 338/97) complemented by Regulations (EC) 938/97, 2307/97, 2214/98, 1476/99, 2724/2000, 1579/2001, 2476/2001, 1497/2003, 1882/2003, 834/2004, 252/2005 and 1332/2005 43. Regulation on forest monitoring (EC) 2152/2003 44. Directive on assessment and management of the environmental noise (2002/49/EC) 45. Directive on motor vehicles noise (92/97/EEC), complemented by Directive 92/97/EC 46. Directive on noise from equipment used outside (2000/14/EC)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Hydrology of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica In this part of the Study, a short review will be given of the hydrology of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica. In the Appendix 1 which is part of this Study, a complete hydrological study has been made of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica as a basis for all the planning related to water issues. Situation of the drainage-basin and its size Geographic situation of the drainage-basin of Bregalnica is taking the eastern part of Republic of Macedonia and it lies on the left side of the river Vardar. The drainage-basin lies between 42о 9’ 25” and 41о 27’ 20” N and 21о 48’ 30” and 23о 01’ и 50” E (According to Greenwich). The distance between the most northern and the most southern point of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica is 78 km, and between the most eastern and the most western point is 102.25 km.
Picture: Drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica The growth of the drainage-basin surface of the river Bregalnica is given graphically below. With an analysis of the graphic of the drainage-basin and the table of the surfaces, we get the following: а) The right side of the drainage-basin is bigger than the left 1.35 times б) 1391.5 km2 are the direct drainage-basins which makes 32.3 %, and the drainage-basins of the confluents are 2903.5 km2 or 67.7% from the total surface of the drainage-basin. в) The surface of the drainage-basins of all the bigger confluents on the right side (1819 km2) is bigger than the surface of the confluents on the left side (1089.5 km2) 1.67 times.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Picture: Graphics of the growth of the drainage-basin surface of the river Bregalnica separately
-2000
2 50
2 00
River Zelevica
River Ribnica
Kamenicka
Orizarska
Zletovska River
Svetinikolska
-1500
Left Side
Kocanska River
50
-500 -1000
10 0
0
0
500
Pehcevska River
Right side
Ratevska
River Osojnica
1000
0
2 Dr ainage-basin ar ea (km )
1500
Gradeska
2000
River Kozjak
River Lakavica
2500
Zrnovska Reka
Growth of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica
-2500 -3000 Station (km)
250
Ratevska River
Pehcevska River 200
150
100
0
0
50
500
River Zelevica
Kamenicka River
Ocipolska River
1000
River Ribnica
Zrnovska River Gradeska River Orizarska River River Osojnica
River Kozjak
Kocanska River
Zletovska River
2 D rainage-basin area (km )
River Lakavica
Growth of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica
Station (km)
Picture: Graphics of the growth of the drainage-basin surface of the river Bregalnica In the down table, because of clearness, there are the values of the surfaces to be studied of the parts of the drainage-basin for a “local� drainage-basin between two reviewed points and
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
“total” which refer to the whole drainage-basin to the reviewed point. In this table, the average widths of the drainage-basin are given. Table: Surface and width of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica in parts Drainagebasin
Budinarci Istibanja Stip Ubovo
Surface of the drainage-basin (km2) Local drainage-basin Whole drainagebasin Left Right Total Whole drainagebasin total 239 137 376 376 219 565 784 1160 760 960 1720 2880 614 806 1420 4300
Average width of the drainage-basin (km) Local 13.9 10.9 39.0 20.8
Total 13.9 11.7 20.0 20.3
Orrography Relief and formation of the drainage-basin Regarding the relief and the formation of the drainage-basin of the valley of Bregalnica, it is complicated. It is mainly consisted of 4 valleys: Maleska, Pijanecka, Kocanska and Krivolakavicka. Among the valleys, Bregalnica intersected the canyons: Malesko-Pijanecka, Pijanecko-Kocanska, Kocanska-Lakavicka and Lakavicko-Vardarska. Each of the mentioned is a part with different relief and orrographic characteristics. Conclusion The drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica belongs to an old Rodopi mountain massive. In the formation of the today’s shape and relief, tectonic shifts took part, and also the oldest orrogenic and hertz movements, before and after the Pliocene when the lowering along the seedlings happened. Regressive erosion which starts in the neogene goes to Aegean Sea through the valley of the river Vardar up to the highest parts of the drainage-basin. The drainage-basin is cut with many valleys and dry-valleys which at the upper part are shorter and with bigger fall and at the down part are longer and with a smaller fall. Sea level of the drainage-basin The level of the drainage basin is very important regarding defining the rainfalls regime, percentage of the rainfalls, percentage of the snowfalls, conditions of flowing, evaporation etc. Average height of the whole drainage-basin is: F ⋅ H sr H pr = = 722 m F F-surface between the contour lines Hsr=middle height of the surface F
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Distribution of the heights of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica Hydrography Description of the main flow Bregalnica is the biggest river in the Eastern part of Republic of Macedonia which starts in the Malesevo Mountains at the Macedonian-Bulgarian border, south of the peak Kalaica and instill into Vardar at Ubovo. Near Berovo, Bregalnica gets the first bigger confluent Ratevska River and from there it flows to the north through Malesko-Pijanecka canyon. In Delcevsko field, Bregalnica piles up large quantities of massive alluvium, changes its river-bed and takes the banks. From Delcevo, Bregalnica turns to the west through the canyon valley and then after the instillation of Kamenicka River flows in the direction of southwest. At the village Istibanja, the river comes out of the canyon and flows on through the Kocanska valley. While in the upper part of the drainage-basin until Istibanja, Bregalnica still erodes its river-bed and has characteristics of a mountain river, in the middle flow through Kocansko field Bregalnica has a look of a valley river and starts largely to piles up its alluvium. Through Kocansko field, the river-bed of the river Bregalnica is embossed in its own alluvium. The banks are low and unstable, so the river quickly and easily changes the direction of the flow, takes away the banks or covers with alluvium large near-banks areas. After the instillation of the river Zletovska, Bregalnica again flows into the canyon valley where its banks are more stable. After Stip, the river deeply embosses its river-bed in Paleogene sediments, so its valley here gets canyon character. For this part, the strong meander of the river is typical. Larger profile of the river The length of the river from the instillation to the springs is 211.5 km. The spring is on the cote 1200 meters sea level, and the instillation is on the cote 135 meters sea level, so the total fall of the river-bed is 1065 m, i.e. 5.05 ‰. The flow of the river Bregalnica towards the falls of the river-bed can be separated into three characteristic parts. This separation is appropriate to the falls of the drainage-basin which is -28-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
characterized by the mentioned parts of the drainage-basin. Other factors, such as afforestation and climate have influence so that in these parts there are different conditions of flow-out formed, so this separation actually extracts three areas with different geographic characteristics and conditions of flow-out. These parts are: a) Upper Bregalnica. From the spring to Istibanja. The length of this part of the river is 99 km, and the total fall is 825 m, which gives middle fall in this part of the flow from i=8.35‰. This part of the river, i.e. drainage-basin takes 27 % of the total surface of the drainage-basin while according to the fall it takes 77.3 % of the total fall. This can show that this part is mountain and with pretty developed falls. b) Middle Bregalnica. From Istibanja to Stip. The length of this part is 44 km, and the fall of the river-bed is 113 m, i.e. i=2.52 ‰. In this part, the fall of the river gets smaller and takes 10.7 % of the total fall of the river. It is characteristic that in this part, the river has almost valley character and because of the large decrease of the fall, it piles up large quantity of alluvium in Kocansko field. c) Lower Bregalnica. From Stip to the instillation into Vardar, the flow of Bregalnica is 68.5 km long, and the total fall of this part is 127 m or 1.87 ‰, which makes 11.9% of the total fall of Bregalnica. In the table below, there are the falls and the length of the flow for the counted sections in the flow and for the whole flow to the viewed point. Table: Falls of the river Bregalnica per sections Place
Budinarci Istibanja Stip Instillation
(km) 27 72 44 68
Length of the river flow Local (%) 12.8 34.0 20.8 32.4
-29-
Total 27 99 123 211.5
Fall of the river (%) Local Total 16.1 16.1 5.42 8.35 2.52 6.55 1.87 5.05
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Confluents of Bregalnica Bregalnica has a well-developed hydrographic network. There are 16 bigger confluents whose total drainage-basin is 2908.5 km2 or 67.7% of the total drainage basin of Bregalnica. On the right side, there are 10 confluents, and their surface is 1.67 times bigger than the surface of the confluents which Bregalnica gets on the left side. Bregalnica has 10 confluents whose drainage-basins are bigger than 100 km2 which almost never get dry. The other confluents as well as those which are not stated in the table below excluding Zrnovka have more noisy character and get dry almost every year. Drainage-basin surface of the river Bregalnica on the left side
Lakavica F=371.0 km2 Direct drainage20 % basin F=742.5 km2
41 %
Kozjak F=134.0 km2 7% Zrnovska river F=68.0 km2 4%
Gradiska river F=55.2 km2 3%
River Osojnica F=327.5 km2 18 %
Ratevska river F=133.8 km2 7%
Picture: Showing of the drainage-basin surfaces of the river Bregalnica on the left side
-30-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica on the right side Total right side F=2468 km2
Pehcevska River
Svetinikolska F=691.5 km2 28 %
Direct drainagebasin F=650.0 km2 26 %
Zletovska F=476.0 km2 19 % Ribnica Kamenica
Picture: Showing of the drainage-basin surfaces of the river Bregalnica on the right side
Total drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica F=4300 km2
Picture: Showing of the drainage-basin surfaces of the river Bregalnica
-31-
400
100
0
-32-
Years Godini
Picture: Annual amounts of rainfalls and of meteorological station Stip for period from 1961 - 2000 2000
1999
2000
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
493.6
608.5
Annual amount ofvrne`i rainfallsna of metrolo{kata the meteorological station[tip Stip Godi{ni sumi na stanica for the period 1961-2000 za period 1961-2000 godina
1999
443.9
501.8
514.2
493.1
Picture: Annual amounts of rainfalls and of meteorological station Berovo for period 1961-2000
503.3
306.9
315.7
290.2
258.8
290.7
316.9
649.0
726.0
Years Godini
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
471.6
437.6
1986
1987
430.6
365.3
1985
1984
402.8
700
1983
1982
550.9
537.8
1980
1981
540.2
364.5
301.2
558.7
513.8
581.3
562.6
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
472.7
432.3
516.6
478.5 439.7
800
1974
1973
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
802.4 750.3 594.7 557.9 660.3 544.8 571.9 498.8 561.5 631.0 672.9 663.3 664.0 531.9 739.7 446.5 686.3 697.6 726.7 695.0 634.4 686.1 477.1 579.3 539.7 660.2 522.6 564.6 458.3 577.1 457.4 381.7 482.5 717.0 678.2 480.1 580.6 648.5 308.4
300
1965
400
1964
466.7
600
459.3
1963
1962
1961
700
1965
494.5
200
1964
300 506.3
500
1963
600 592.8
800
365.5
368.5
900
1962
Rainfalls Vrne`i(mm) (mm) 500
1961
Rainfalls Vrne`i(mm) (mm)
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Climate characteristics
Annual and monthly amounts of rainfalls in (mm) Godi{ni sumi na metrolo{kata stanica Annual amount of vrne`i rainfalls na of the meteorological stationBerovo Berovo za period 1961-2000 godina 1961-2000 for the period
200
100
0
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Distribution of the rainfalls
to 500 mm to 600 mm to 700 mm to 800 mm to 900 mm to 1050 mm
Picture: Annual isochietic map of Macedonia Annual and monthly characteristics of the air temperature (СО) Minimum mid-year and maximum air temperatures in Berovo Minimalni, srednogodi{ni i maksimalni temperaturi na vozduh kaj Berovo
50.00 40.00
T (C)
30.00 20.00
Tmin
10.00
Tsr Tmah
0.00 -10.00 -20.00 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-30.00 Years Godini
Picture: Graphic of minimum, maximum and mid-year air temperatures in Berovo for the period from 1961-2000
-33-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Minimum mid-year and maximum air temperatures Stip kaj [tip Minimalni, srednogodi{ni i maksimalni temperaturi na in vozduh
50.00 40.00
T (C)
30.00 20.00
Tmin
10.00
Tsr Tmah
0.00 -10.00 -20.00 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-30.00 Years Godini
Picture: Graphic of minimum, maximum and mid-year air temperatures in Stip for the period from 1961-2000 The upper drainage-basin of Bregalnica is characterized with low winter temperature so that here there are recorded absolute minimum temperatures for this whole part of Macedonia. Middle annual amplitude of middle monthly temperature goes up to 21 0小, while the absolute amplitude is 66 0小. On the base of this, it can be concluded that this drainage-basin climate is of continental type. On the middle part of the drainage-basin, the temperature increases so in Delcevo, in July and August the middle monthly temperature is above 21 C0. The mid-year temperature here goes up to C0. In Kocani, the mid-year temperature is above 13 C0 and middle monthly temperature is 23 C 0. This area is characterized with high absolute amplitudes and big number of hot days with a temperature above 30 C 0 which are followed by a low percentage of humidity and drought. It can be said that the influence of the modified Mediterranean climate comes to here, which penetrates along the river Vardar. In Kocani, there are 277 days with a temperature higher than 5 C0 and 224 days with a temperature higher than 10 C0 and 100 days with a temperature above 20 C0. Certain places in Ovce Pole, Stip and Ergelija have the highest temperatures ad they belong to the hottest region of the drainage-basin of Bregalnica. The middle monthly temperatures go up to 25 C0. Here, based on appearance of high monthly amplitudes, a character of the temperate continental climate can be found. In this region, there are many days with ice, but also hot days with a temperature above 30 C0.
-34-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
A flow-out regime Flow-out The regime of flow-out in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica is shown through measured flow-outs in the hydrological stations of the river Bregalnica near Berovo, Oci Pale, Budinarci, Stip, Ubogo and at the confluents of the river Bregalnica: Zletovska river, Kamenicka river, Osojnica river and Ratevska river. Sreden protek na stanicite na reka Bregalnica za period 1961-2000 godina Middle streaming at the stations of the river Bregalnica for the period from 1961-2000
30.00 Berovo
25.00
Budinarci Oci Pale
Q (m3/s)
20.00
Stip Ubogo
15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Months Meseci
Picture: Middle streaming of the stations of the river Bregalnica for the period from 1961-2000 Sreden protek stanicite pritokite reka period 1961-2000 g. Middle streaming at thena stations of the na confluents of the riverBregalnica Bregalnica forza the period from 1961-2000
3.00 Kocanska
2.50
Kamenicka Orizarski
Q (m3/s)
2.00
Osojnica
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
Picture: Middle streaming of the stations of the confluents of the river Bregalnica for the period from 1961-2000
-35-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Characteristic streaming of the stations of the river Bregalnica River Bregalnica – Berovo Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
Qmin
0.082
0.187
0.209
0.220
0.200
0.120
0.040
0.040
0.020
0.060
0.060
0.110
0.020
Qsr
1.116
1.638
1.570
2.044
1.402
0.902
0.473
0.357
0.317
0.455
0.687
0.983
0.995
Qmax
16.700
54.000
14.700
40.750
14.700
16.000
38.600
30.300
4.320
8.410
57.600
17.450
57.600
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
River Bregalnica – Budinarci Month
I
II
III
IV
Qmin
0.180
0.180
0.580
0.616
0.336
0.150
0.070
0.040
0.075
0.120
0.170
0.130
0.040
Qsr
3.299
4.806
4.845
5.368
3.419
2.000
1.212
0.894
0.740
1.218
1.906
3.216
2.740
49.600 162.000 233.000 72.700
233.000
Qmax 180.000 136.000 137.000 121.000 73.310
91.400 108.000 77.200
River Bregalnica – Oci Pale Qgod m3/s
Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qmin
0.480
0.720
0.780
0.944
0.492
0.320
0.100
0.072
0.100
0.140
0.320
0.440
0.07
Qsr
5.570
9.020
8.740
9.280
6.380
3.310
1.750
1.310
1.160
1.990
3.320
5.410
4.77
Qmax
189.000 228.000 130.000 176.000 118.000 245.000 117.000 125.000 60.500 396.000 360.000 148.000
396.00
River Bregalnica – Stip Qgod m3/s
Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qmin
0.730
1.150
1.930
0.480
0.032
0.376
0.080
0.032
0.032
0.339
1.260
0.510
0.032
Qsr
12.860
19.280
18.940
19.270
14.170
8.860
5.020
4.210
5.340
5.540
8.410
11.480
11.110
Qmax
226.000 337.000 305.000 344.000 330.000 155.000 138.000 69.500
88.800 168.000 260.000 203.000 344.000
River Bregalnica – Ubogo Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
Qmin
0.733
1.270
2.267
0.413
0.100
0.281
0.150
0.047
0.100
0.233
1.410
0.452
0.047
Qsr
16.240
24.440
24.000
24.420
17.910
11.120
6.220
5.190
6.640
6.880
10.540
14.470
14.010
Qmax
288.600 430.500 389.600 439.400 421.500 197.900 176.200 56.500 113.300 214.500 332.100 259.200 439.400
-36-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Characteristic streaming of the stations of the confluents of the river Bregalnica River Zletovska – Zletovo Qgod m3/s
Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qmin
0.120
0.200
0.320
0.700
0.600
0.360
0.160
0.080
0.120
0.080
0.080
0.120
0.08
Qsr
1.750
2.320
3.190
4.510
3.430
2.040
1.250
0.680
0.580
0.840
1.280
1.720
1.97
Qmax
22.100
60.500
61.800
47.400
30.600
74.400
37.100 148.200 27.400
26.400
60.000
40.800
148.20
River Kocanska – Gradce Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
Qmin
0.050
0.084
0.134
0.294
0.252
0.151
0.067
0.034
0.050
0.034
0.034
0.050
0.034
Qsr
0.737
0.975
1.340
1.894
1.440
0.855
0.524
0.285
0.245
0.355
0.537
0.721
0.826
Qmax
9.300
25.400
26.000
19.900
12.900
31.200
15.600
62.200
11.500
11.100
25.200
17.100
62.200
XII
Qgod m3/s
0.234
0.139
River Kamenicka – Makedonska Kamenica Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Qmin
0.227
0.249
0.280
0.470
0.540
0.280
0.215
0.150
0.139
0.215
0.280
Qsr
1.255
1.527
1.911
2.768
2.291
1.418
0.873
0.620
0.547
0.725
1.012
1.260
1.350
Qmax
13.000
35.200
29.300
27.600
17.900
43.300
18.700
86.100
16.000
11.400
34.900
21.800
86.100
River Orizarska – Orizari Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
Qmin
0.100
0.134
0.134
0.294
0.300
0.202
0.099
0.053
0.078
0.054
0.056
0.090
0.053
Qsr
1.389
1.693
1.596
2.026
1.853
1.210
0.790
0.477
0.408
0.593
0.905
1.336
1.190
Qmax
18.800
50.200
40.800
23.700
17.100
46.100
22.600
97.800
18.400
18.500
50.100
25.300
97.800
River Laki – Osojnica Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qgod m3/s
Qmin
0.096
0.064
0.064
0.235
0.166
0.088
0.048
0.056
0.056
0.064
0.088
0.104
0.048
Qsr
1.144
1.443
1.402
1.559
1.189
0.741
0.427
0.281
0.238
0.389
0.616
0.940
0.864
Qmax
13.600
37.200
20.200
8.000
12.600
13.200
27.900
14.500
8.700
13.600
14.200
19.500
37.200
-37-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Analysis of the middle, big and small waters of the river Bregalnica Bregalnica near Stip Middle streaming The minimum, maximum and middle annual streaming is calculated for the period of 1961 – 2003. Those values are Qmax=34.87 m3/s, Qmid.=11.15 m3/s, Qmin=2.32 m3/s. On the following picture a graphic showing is given of the middle-year streaming of the river Bregalnica for the profile of Stip for the period from 1961-2003. Srednogodi{ni proteci na reka Bregalnica na profil Middle streaming of the river Bregalnica for the profile of Stip[tip for period from 1961-2003 za the period 1961-2003 godina 40.00 35.00
25.00
3
Streaming /s Protokm (m3/s)
30.00
20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Years Godini
Picture: Graphics of the middle-year streaming of the river Bregalnica for the profile of Stip for the period 1961-2003 Homogeneousness of the string Considering that in n1970 the construction of the dam “Kalimanci” was finished and with that, the regime of the flow of the river Bregalnica was changed, the analysis has been made for the homogeneousness of the string of the mid-year streaming. As a null hypothesis the period from 1961 – 1970 was taken and as a hypothesis 1 the period from 1971 – 2003 was taken. With a Ttest made, a value was gotten from 0,0593 which is bigger than 0,05, and that shows that the strings are not statistically different, which means that on a mid-year streaming level there is no difference before and after the construction of the dam “Kalimanci”. Big waters The probability of appearance of big waters has been calculated by numerous methods and those are: Normal distribution. 2 parameters log normal, 3 parameters log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Considering that the hydrological appearances are best adjusted to the unsymmetrical distributions, as representative the values gotten with Gumbel type 1 distribution are adopted, according to which the 200-years-old big water is 458,02 m3/s.
-38-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Obezvedenost golemite vodi na r. Bregalnica-profil [tip Protection na of the big waters of the river Bregalnica – profile Stip
700 Gumbel tip 1
600
Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
500
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
400
Normal
300 200 100 0 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Picture: Protection of the big waters of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Stip Small waters The probability of appearance of small waters has been calculated by numerous methods and those are: Normal distribution, 2 parameters log normal, 3 parameters log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Considering that the hydrological appearances are best adjusted to the unsymmetrical distributions, as representative the values gotten with Gumbel type 1 distribution are adopted, according to which the minimum water for a 200-years-old return period is 0,01 m3/s. Verojatnost su{nost nariver r. Bregalnica-profil [tip Probability ofna drought of the Bregalnica – profile Stip
2.0
Gumbel tip 1 Log Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
1.5
Pearson tip 3
1.0
3 parametar log normal
0.5
Normal
2 parametar log normal
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Picture: Probability of drought of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Stip
-39-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Bregalnica near Oci Pale Middle streaming The minimum, maximum and middle annual streaming is calculated for the period of 1961 – 2003. Those values are Qmin=1.12 m3/s, Qmid.=4.75 m3/s, Qmax=15.65 m3/s. On the following picture a graphic showing is given of the middle-year streaming of the river Bregalnica for the profile of Stip for the period from 1961-2003. Srednogodi{ni proteci na reka Bregalnica na profil Middle streaming of the river Bregalnica for the profile of Oci O~i Pale Pale for the za period from 1961-2003 period 1961-2003 godina
18.00 16.00
3 Protok (m3/s) Streaming m /s
14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Godini Years
Picture:Graphic of the mid-year streaming of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Oci Pale for the period from 1961 - 2003 Big waters The probability of appearance of big waters has been calculated by numerous methods and those are: Normal distribution, 2 parameters log normal, 3 parameters log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Considering that the hydrological appearances are best adjusted to the unsymmetrical distributions, as representative the values gotten with Gumbel type 1 distribution are adopted, according to which the 200-years-old big water is 433,32 m3/s.
-40-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Obezvedenost nariver r. Bregalnica-profil O~i Pale Protection ofna thegolemite big watersvodi of the Bregalnica – profile Oci Pale
700 Gumbel tip 1
600
Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
500
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
400
Normal
300 200 100 0 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Picture: Protection of the big waters of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Oci Pale Small waters The probability of appearance of small waters has been calculated by numerous methods and those are: Normal distribution, 2 parameters log normal, 3 parameters log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Considering that the hydrological appearances are best adjusted to the unsymmetrical distributions, as representative the values gotten with Gumbel type 1 distribution are adopted, according to which the minimum water for a 200-years-old return period is 0,06 m3/s. Verojatnost naofsu{nost r. Bregalnica-profil O~iOci Pale Probability drought na of the river Bregalnica – profile Pale
0.5
Q (m3/s)
0.4
Gumbel tip 1 Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
0.3
3 parametar log normal
0.2
Normal
2 parametar log normal
0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Picture: Probability of drought of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Oci Pale
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Erosion appearances and noisiness of the drainage-basin Erosion appearances The intensity degree and the development of the erosion appearances in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica is different depending on the different natural conditions (geologicalpedological foundations, relief expressions, climate conditions, vegetation, actions of people etc.) according to the degree of these factors influence positively and negatively and the intensity of the erosion as well as its extension. The most spread of the type of erosions is the surface erosion which manifests with surface clearing without forming or with just starting the process of formation of furrows. On many smaller surfaces but with a stronger intensity, the types of spread erosions are furrow and ravine erosions. Line erosion of the river-bed is the most spread at the most of the streams and water flows more or less, but its meaning in some cases is significantly less from the surface erosion. The expansion of the eroded surfaces or surfaces caught by the erosion in the upper part of the river Bregalnica at the right but also at the left bank, which is conditioned by the significantly higher degree of afforestation. On the right bank, a line erosion is developed because of the frail foundation. The eroded surfaces are mostly in the lower stream perimeters, while in the wider perimeters these surfaces are less thrown, taking over weak pastures, fields and valleys. On the right bank the eroded surfaces and the surfaces caught by erosion take the right bank of Zelevica, i.e. the surface below the villages Crnik, Sivi Dol, then, Pancarevo, Stamara, Zvegor and Umiljanska river. These areas are generally caught by surface cleansing of the land followed by the appearance of furrow and ravine erosion. The left confluents and their drainage-basins are characterized by significantly weaker caught of erosion, but also they have thinner drainage-basins of certain streams. The surfaces caught with erosion processes in the mid-part are grouped in individual extends and areas depending on the deforestation of the terrain and the frail foundations. The terrains with deeper pedological layers, middle inclination of the slopes, frail foundation and no vegetations, such as the terrains from Stip to Bucevska valley and from Zletovska river towards the direction of Ovce Pole, are characterized with surface big cleansing but with a lower intensity. The terrains where the process of forming furrows, ravines and river-beds are not very much expanded, and are usually found at the bottoms of the mountain areas, where above them sharp and resistant slopes are raised and they are generally not very afforested. The most significant surfaces like this are on the left bank of Kriva Lakavica, the bottom of the mountain Plackovica and the area of the Bogoslovski massive. Line erosion is the most spread more or less at the most of the water-flows, but considering its dominant role, the areas on the left bank of Kriva Lakavica river can be underlined, where the whole complex of river-beds and streams is caught with strong deeping and spreading of the river-bed, then certain streams and river-beds in the bottom of the mountain Plackovica and also some in Ovce Pole. Characteristics of the streams The water flows and the confluents of the river Bregalnica have mainly stream character. According to the fastness, they can be separated into three groups. The first group covers the bigger water flows, which are recipients of the smaller water flows and streams whose fastness is small and mainly connected to this confluents. In the second group, there are the water flows which are direct confluents of Bregalnica or confluents of the water flows of the first group. In the third group, there are fast rivers and river-beds which are direct confluents of Bregalnica or any other water flow regardless of the size and the category of fastness.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Because of easier giving of the characteristics of the fast rivers and water flows, the whole drainage-basin of Bregalnica is divided into 12 groups which are given the basic characteristics. The basic characteristics of these groups are shown in the Appendix 1 of this Study. In the table below there is a review of the quantity of alluvium per given fast rivers groups. Table: Review of the quantity of alluvium Group of fast rivers I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Group of fast rivers in the upper flow (I – VI) Group of fast rivers in the middle flow (VII, VIII и X) Group of fast rivers in the lower flow (IX, XI и XII) TOTAL:
Number of confluen ts 4 24 1 12 6 9 4 1 1 14 1 10
76100 248078 102248 180370 150000 136731 56300 140000 81000 175000 105000 50000
Alluvium which goes to Bregalnica m3 60880 186058 75000 135277 120000 95500 45000 84000 50000 140000 52000 35000
56
893527
672715
757
19
371000
269298
515
12
236000
137000
389
87
1500827
1078715
554
Quantity of alluvium m3
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Erosion intensity per km2 967 1738 897 1588 793 1218 397 480 378 667 441 350
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Accumulations (dams) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica General If we consider the topography, hydrography and hydrological characteristics of the region, defining locations for eventual barriers – accumulations, means searching for water for them. Fact is that the area of the Eastern region has large arable surfaces with high productive possibilities but also has huge lack of humidity in the soil. Because of that, intensifying the agricultural production of that complex surfaces requests providing constant and secure spring of water for irrigation. Constructing the accumulation (dam) will contribute to ennoblement of the area with possibilities for fishing, tourism and recreation development. The research and fortifying eventual accumulation (dam) is based on several assumptions: -guarantee for full filling of the useful accumulation space; -if the suitable space and the space for accumulation does not have filling conditions from its own drainage-basin, eventually a rational solution shall be looked for in engaging other drainage-basins through shifting; -the relation between the in-built material in the body of the dam and the total space of the accumulation, i.e. useful space of the same, shall be on a satisfactory level. Hereinafter, a review of the already built barriers (accumulations) shall be given, in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, and also anticipatory accumulations (barriers) with the physical plan of Republic of Macedonia until 2020 shall be given, as well as a choice of possible locations for construction of small accumulations (barriers). Accumulations (barriers) already constructed In the past until now in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica there have been the following accumulation constructed: “Kalimanci”, “Gradce”, “Ratevska River”, “Mariovica”, “Pisica” and “Losana”, and the construction of the dam “Knezevo” is in the final phase from the system “Zletovica”. A showing of the constructed accumulations (barriers) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica is given on the following picture. The biggest accumulation “Kalimanci” formed in 1969 with a basic assignation to irrigate 280000 ha of the agricultural acreage in the region of Kocani and Ovce Pole. Besides irrigation, the water from the accumulation “Kalimanci” is used for production of electric energy. The dam “Kalimanci” is stone with a central clay core and gallery. The height of the dam is 92.0 m. The total volume of the accumulation is 127 000 000 m3, of which 119 500 000 m3 is useful. For exploitation of the flown waters a hydroelectric central was constructed with installed capacity of 12,8 MW. The look of the accumulation with the dam is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
4
9
6
10
3
2
7
5
8
11 1
*Municipalities in the Eastern plan region: 1.Berovo; 2.-Vinica; 3.-Delcevo; 4-Makedonska Kamenica; 5-Karbinci; 6-Kocani; 7-Zrnovci; 8-Pehcevo; 9-Probistip; 10-Cesinovo-Oblesevo; 11-Stip
Picture: Constructed barriers (accumulations) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica
Picture: Accumulation with dam “Kalimanci�
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Other smaller accumulation is “Ratevo” at the Ratevska river, confluent of the river Bregalnica in the upper flow. The construction of the dam started in 1969. The dam is made of concrete it is arch-gravity and its basic assignation is irrigation of 3000 ha of agricultural acreage in Berovsko Pole and water supply of the city of Berovo and all the settlements around. The height of the dam is 53.0 m. The total volume of the accumulation is 10 500 000 m3, of which 9000 000 m3 is useful. The view to the dam is given on the following picture.
Picture: Accumulation with dam “Ratevo” The dam “Gradce” at the Kocanska River was constructed in the period 1958-1959. The dam is made of concrete and it is arch-gravity shaped and its basic assignation is to irrigate the area of 576 ha and supply with water the factory of cellulose and paper in Kocani. The height of the dam is 29.0 m. The total volume of the accumulation is 2 160 000 m3, of which 1 780 000 m3 is useful. The look of the dam is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Accumulation with dam “Gradce” The dam “Pishica” which is situated on the river Pishica is terrestrial dam with a height of 22,0 m which forms an accumulation with a total volume of 784 000 m3 of which 740 000 m3 is useful. The water from the accumulation is used for irrigation. The dam “Mantovo” which is situated on the river Kriva Lakavica is terrestrial dam with a height of 37,5 m which forms an accumulation with a total volume of 3 037 656 m3 of which 2750 299 m3 is useful. The water from the accumulation is used for irrigation of Radovishko Pole. The dam “Mavrovica” which is situated on the river Mavrovica (confluent of the river Svetinikolska) is terrestrial dam (clay with sidelong drainage wall) with a height of 25,0 m which forms an accumulation with a total volume of 3 037 656 m3 of which 2750 299 m3 is useful. The water from the accumulation is used for irrigation and water supply of the city of Sveti Nikole. The dam “Loshana” which is situated on the river Loshana is terrestrial dam with a height of 41,0 m which forms an accumulation with a total volume of 1 407 410 m3 of which 1 077 050 m3 is useful. The water from the accumulation is used for irrigation and water supply of the city of Delcevo. A construction of the dam “Knezevo” on the river Zletovica which is a right confluent of Bregalnica is on-going and its basic assignation is water supply of 100 000 inhabitants from the municipalities of Kratovo, Probistip, Stip, Sveti Nikole, Karbinci and Lozovo. The dam is made of stone with a central core of asphalt concrete and its height is 75 m. The accumulation is with a total volume of 23 000 000 m3 of which 22 500 000 m3 is useful. Anticipatory accumulations according to the physical plan of RM until 2020 With the physical plan of Republic of Macedonia until 2020 in Republic of Macedonia, a construction of 13 big dams and about 100 small accumulations is anticipated. In the drainagebasin of the river Bregalnica 5 big accumulations (dams) are anticipated, whose basic characteristics are given in the following table, and their position is given on the following picture.
Table: Review of the anticipated dams (accumulations) for construction until 2020 in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica No. Dam Water flow Assignation Volume (106 m3) Total Useful 1. Razlovci Bregalnica 64,0 52,0 e, r, w, i, es, cf 2. Rechane Orizarska 24,0 22,0 e, r, i, w 3. Knezhevo Zletovska 24,0 e, r, w, i, es, cf 4. Bargala Kozjachka 195,0 5,0 w, r, i 5. Jamurlar Bregalnica 240,0 135,0 w, r, i w-water supply, i-irrigation, e-energetic, es-ennoblement of small waters, cf-control of floods, r-retention of alluviums For the dam “Rechane” a project idea is in preparation and also a feasibility study and tender documentation.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Knezevo Rechane Razlovce Jagmurlar
Bargala
Picture:Anticipated accumulations in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica until 2020 Defining locations appropriate for construction of small accumulations (dams) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica Many analysis and studies have been made regarding this issue. In those studies, there have been many places analyzed in the water flows in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, and as most significant, there is the Study for priority small accumulations in Republic of Macedonia, made by the Institution of water supply of Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, April, 1980. Based on that study about 50 locations have been identified in this region for construction of small dams. In the following table, there are the locations and their basic characteristics. Table: Review of the analyzed locations for construction of small accumulations (dams) in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica. No.
Name of the profile
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Stara Vodenica Mileva Cuka Crvulevo Golem Gerber Chiflik Piperevo Kemerot (Chaprovo) Ablanica Kamenica Chiflik Crnik
8 9 10 11
Name of the water flow Kozjachka Turtelska Argulevo Radenska Dlaboka river Piperevska Otinja Bregalnica Kamenicka Negrievska Zelevica
Height of the dam (m) 18 18 18 18 18 8 18
Volume of the accumulation (106 m3) 0,80 0,65 0,35 1,00 1,30 0,70 0,10
Volume of the dam (106 m3) 0,08 0,10 0,07 0,08 0,8 0,03 0,10
Accumulation will be used for
18 15 18 18
2,30 1,42 0,60 0,55
0,120 0,065 0,080 0,080
N, V N, V, P N (R) NO, N
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NO, N, EN NO, EN, N, R N, EN NO, ST NO, P, K NP, ST V, P
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Chukava Vladimirovo1 Vladimirovo2 Robovo1 Robovo2 Tri reki Shirinata1 Shirinata2 Loshana Chukar Grad Zvegor Bela Voda Stara Reka Ocipalska 1 Ocipalska 2 Turishnica Repnica Ponikva 1
31 32 33 34
Ponikva 2 Ziganci Sokolarci Trkanje
35 36
Svilanovo Grncarka
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
Dobrava Pekljani Krushevo Upper profile Upstream profile Ravnishte Puzderci Strizhovce Pleshanci Kundino Marishina Shtalkovica 1
49
Shtalkovica 2
Zelevica Selska reka Brezov Dol Golem Dol Golem Dol Tri Reki Dzunkovacha Slivnica Loshana Zelevica Pijavica Zvegorska Gabrovska Stara Reka Ocipalska Kiselicka Turishnica Repnica Aramiska cheshma Potok Klanica Vrbicka Reka Selska Reka Zdrazhevska Reka Voltinja Shifts from Vinicka river Sushichka Pekljanska Zeleznicka Vinicka Vinicka Parlovski dol Kostomarska Belashica Pleshanski dol Grizlievski dol Kiselichki dol Shtalkovichka reka Shtalkovichka reka
18 18 18 18 18 15 18 18 18,00 18,00 16,50 7,50 18,00 18,00 15,00 15,00 18,00 18,00 13
2,80 0,90 0,80 0,15 0,300 1,625 1,60 1,70 0,70 2,00 0,12 0,06 0,66 0,25 0,32 0,35 0,50 0,53 0,120
0,080 0,100 0,100 0,030 0,060 0,040 0,080 0,080 0,100 0,035 0,025 0,015 0,037 0,060 0,040 0,035 0,070 0,051 0,027
N, R NO, N, R N, R N, R N, R N, P N, P N, P N, P N, R N, R, NO N, R, NO N, NO N, R N, P, NO N, P, NO N, P N, R, E NO, V, R
18 18 18 18
0,21 0500 0,138 0,500
0,052 0,100 0,035 0,100
NO, V, R N, P N, P N
18 18
0,750 0,38
0,060 0,054
N
18 18 18 14 17,6 12,00 15,00 15,00 18,00 15,00 18,00 18,00
0,30 0,70 0,30 0,06 0,138 0,70 0,70 0,27 0,165 0,60 0,65 0,40
0,028 0,070 0,040 0,01 0,036 0,04 0,06 0,02 0,037 0,05 0,10 0,07
N N, V N, V R, N, P R, N, P N, V N, V N N, V Technical water Technical water ST
18,00
0,50
0,08
ST
When choosing the most suitable small accumulations in the Eastern plan region, it was started from the fact that there should be enough land material and accessible road to the profile of the dam, that the hydrology in the water flow should be favorable as well as to be close to the settlements as an opportunity for development of fishing, tourism and other commercial activities which will contribute to the benefit from the construction of the accumulation. Small dams up to 18 m high shall be given stress, with an inclination of the upstream and downstream incline from 1:2, made with local material. A preliminary geological prospection of all the evidenced barrier places was executed, so on the base of the positive assessment of the barriers, there are 15 suitable locations for construction of small accumulations (dams). For those locations which have a main project made, there is a complete geological research made.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Defining hydrological parameters for these locations has been made empirically by many methods, and then it has been taken a middle value or correlating with the measurement places, where there are hydrological measuring constantly, because there is no direct measuring for the locations where the small accumulations are planed to be constructed. In the Appendix 2 which is part of this Study, all the suitable locations for construction of small accumulations are elaborated in details, also for the cuts and the curves for the dams and accumulations for each location separately, estimation of the time and means needed for operation, the look of the location and also other data needed in the further process or in case of preparation of eventual technical documentation for those locations. In the following table a review of the most suitable locations for construction of small accumulations (dams) is given. Table: Characteristics of the most suitable small accumulations of the confluents in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica No.
Name of the profile
Name of the water flow
Height of the dam (m)
Volume of the accumulatio n (106 m3)
Volume of the dam (106 m3)
Accumulation will be used for
Otinja
18,00
0,10
0,10
V, P
Kozjachka
18,00
0,80
0,08
NO, N, EN
13,00
0,120
0,027
NO, V, R
18,00
0,21
0,052
NO, V, R
18,00 18,00 18,00 15,40
0,60 0,55 0,90 0,664
0,080 0,080 0,100 0,025
N (R) NO, N NO, N, R N, V
18,00 18,00 17,00
0,66 0,53 0,02
0,037 0,051 0,014
N, NO N, R, E N
18,00
0,38
0,054
N
18,00 14
0,30 0,06
0,028 0,01
N R, N, P
18,00
0,165
0,037
N, V
Municipality of Shtip and Karbinci 1 2
Kemerot (Chaprovo) Stara Vodenica
Municipality of Kochani 3
Ponikva 1
4
Ponikva 2
Aramiska Cheshma Potok Klanica
Municipality of Berovo and Pehchevo 5 6 7 8
Chiflik Crnik Vladimirovo 1 Rakovec
Negrievska Zelevica Selska Reka Rakovec
Municipality of Delchevo 9 10 11
Bela Voda Repnica Bigla
Gabrovska Repnica Zarovec
Municipality of Vinica 12
Grncharka
13 14
Dobrava Vinichka
Shifting from Vinichka Sushichka Vinichka
Municipality of Probishtip 15
Pleshanci
Pleshanski dol
Municipality of Zrnovci 16
Morovishte
Morovishka
N, V
The situation of the anticipated small accumulations is given on the following picture:
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
4
9
6 3 10 7
2
5
8
11 1
*Municipalities in the Eastern plan region: 1.Berovo; 2.-Vinica; 3.-Delcevo; 4-Makedonska Kamenica; 5-Karbinci; 6-Kocani; 7-Zrnovci; 8-Pehchevo; 9-Probishtip; 10-Cheshinovo-Obleshevo; 11-Shtip
Picture: Locations suitable for construction of the most favorable small accumulations in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica Short showing of the most favorable small accumulations (dams) A short showing is given in the continuation, of the most favorable small dams of the confluents of the river Bregalnica towards the municipalities where they are situated. A more detailed showing is given in the Appendix 2 of this Study. Municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo In the municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo as the most suitable locations for construction of mini accumulations, the following locations are defined: “Kemerot” and “Stara Vodenica”. The dam “Kemerot” is situated on the river Otinja. The mid-year flow of water profile is 4054000 m3 (0,129 m3/s). The dam “Kemerot” is terrestrial dam with a height of H=18,0 m with an accumulation space V=730000 m3 of which 4000000m3 is useful. The water from the accumulation can be used for water supply of the city of Shtip with industrial water and for irrigation of the acreage of F=100 ha. The biases of the dam upstream and downstream have an inclination of 1:2,0 and a crown width of 5,0 m. The cote of the dam crown is 327,00 mnm. On the following pictures, you can see the characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and the accumulation “Kemerot”.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=327.00 mnm
k.v.=325.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Kemerot”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Kemerot” The dam “Stara Vodenica” is situated on the river Kozjachka. The mid-year water flow is 5 820 000 m3 (0,184 m3/s). The dam “Stara Vodenica” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m and with an accumulation space of V=430 000 m3. The water from the accumulation can be used for irrigation of the acreages. These acreages topographically are located downstream from the dam profile. The biases of the dam upstream and downstream have an inclination of 1:2,0 and a crown width of 3,0 m. On the following pictures, you can see the characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Stara Vodenica”.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=423.00 mnm
k.v.=421.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Stara Vodenica”
Picture: Showings of the accumulation and dam “Stara Vodenica” Municipality of Kochani In the municipality of Kochani, the most suitable locations for construction of mini accumulations are the following: “Ponikva1” and “Ponikva2”. The accumulations are situated on the stream Klanica. The mid-year water flow for the first profile is 100800 m3 (0,0032 m3/s), and for the second profile it is 302400 m3 (0,0096 m3/s). It is anticipated that the accumulation “Ponikva” shall be constructed in two stairs, i.e. two small accumulations. The need for water of Osogovo is huge, especially after the construction of the tourist center “Ponikva” which has a few hotels and a ski-center. With the construction of the accumulations “Ponikva1” and “Ponikva2”, the water supply of the tourist center would be solved and it would contribute to enrich the touristic offer. The dam “Ponikva1” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=13,0 m with an accumulation space of V=296 000 m3, and the dam “Ponikva2” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m and accumulation space of V=743 7500 m3. On the following pictures, the characteristic transversal cuts and the position of the dams and accumulations “Ponikva1” and “Ponikva2” are shown.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=1655.00 mnm
k.v.=1653.00 mnm
1:2 H=13.0
1:2
L=55.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Ponikva1”
b=3.0 m k.k.=1450.00 mnm
k.v.=1448.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Ponikva2”
Picture: Showings of the future accumulations and dams “Ponikva1” and Ponikva2”
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Municipality of Berovo and Pehcevo In the municipalities of Berovo and Pehcevo as the most suitable locations for construction of mini accumulations are the following: “Vladimirovo1”, “Chiflik”, “Crnik” and “Rakovec”. The dam “Vladimirovo1” is situated on the Selska River. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 1 050 000 m3 (0,033 m3/s). The dam “Vladimirovo1” is a terrestrial with a height of Н=18,0 m with accumulation space of V=280 000 m3. The water from the accumulation will be used for irrigation of the Vladimirovsko Pole which surface is F=100 ha. On the following pictures, the characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Vladimirovo1” are shown.
b=3.0 m k.k.=913.00 mnm
k.v.=911.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Vladimirovo1”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Vladimirovo1” The dam “Chiflik” is situated on the Negrievska River. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 2 300 000 m3 (0,073 m3/s). The dam “Chiflik” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with an accumulation space of V=350 000 m3. The water from the accumulation will be used for irrigation of the Pehchevsko Pole with a surface of F=121 ha. On the following pictures, the characteristic cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Chiflik” are shown.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=943.00 mnm
k.v.=941.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Chiflik”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Chiflik” The dam “Crnik” is situated on the River Zelevica. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 419500 m3 (0,0013 m3/s). The dam “Crnik” is a stone-alluvium dam with a height of Н=17,0 m with an accumulation space of V=60500 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation. For this dam there is a Main construction project made. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Crnik” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
DAM “CRNIK” – CHARACTERISTIC TRANSVERSAL CUT
LEGEND: 1. Clay 2. Filter material – gravel 3. Slope material
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Crnik”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Crnik” The dam “Rakovec” is situated on the River Rakovec. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 315 360 m3 (0,01 m3/s). The dam “Rakovec” is a stone-alluvium dam with a height of Н=15,40 m above the river-bed with an accumulation space of V=66 414 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation of acreages with F=100 ha. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Rakovec” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
DAM “RAKOVEC” – CHARACTERISTIC TRANSVERSAL CUT
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Rakovec” SITUATION DAM “RAKOVEC
Picture: Situation of the future accumulation and dam “Rakovec” Municipality of Delchevo In the municipality of Delchevo, as the most suitable locations for construction of mini accumulations are the following: “Bela Voda” on the river Gabrovska, “Repnica on the river Repnica and “Bigla” on the stream Zarovec. The dam “Bela Voda” is situated on the River Gabrovska. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 3 077 360 m3 (0,097 m3/s). The dam “Bela Voda” is a stone-alluvium dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with an accumulation space of V=660 000 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation of acreages with F=200 ha. For the dam “Bela Voda” there is a Main construction project made. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Bela Voda” are shown on the following pictures. -58-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
DAM “BELA VODA” – CHARACTERISTIC TRANSVERSAL CUT LEGEND: 1. Clay core 1` Clay cork 2. Filter 2` River material alluvium 3. Thrown stone 3` Thrown large stone 3``Arranged large stone
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Bela Voda”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Bela Voda” The dam “Repnica” is situated on the River Repnica. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 797 000 m3 (0,025 m3/s). The dam “Bela Voda” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with an accumulation space of V=525 000 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation of acreages with F=165 ha. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Repnica” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=758.00 mnm
k.v.=756.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Repnica”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Repnica” The dam “Bigla” is situated on the stream Zarovec. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 197 730 m3 (0,0063 m3/s). The dam “Bela Voda” is a stone-alluvium dam with a height of Н=17,0 m with an accumulation space of V=22 150 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation. There is a Main construction project made for this dam. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Bigla” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
DAM “BIGLA” – CHARACTERISTIC TRANSVERSAL CUT
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Bigla” SITUATION OF THE DAM “BIGLA” DELCHEVO
Picture: Situation of the dam “Bigla” Municipality of Vinica In the municipality of Vinica as the most suitable locations for construction of the mini accumulations are the following: “Grncharska” which will be filled with operation and shifting of the water from the river Vinicka, “Dobrava, on the river Susicka and “Vinicka” on the river Vinicka. -61-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
The dam “Grncarka” is situated on the dry ravine, and it is filled with shifting water from the Vinicka River. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 2 080 105 m3 (0,066 m3/s). The dam “Grncarka” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with a volume of V=53 640 m2, and is going to form an accumulation space with V=660 000 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation of acreage F=100 ha by gravity and =50 ha with pumping the water. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Grncarka” are shown on the following pictures.
b=3.0 m k.k.=516.00 mnm
k.v.=514.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Grncarka”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Grncarka” The dam “Dobrava” is situated on the river Sushichka. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 2 549 975 m3 (0,081 m3/s). The dam “Dobrava” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with an accumulation space of V=300 000 m3. The water of the accumulation will be used for irrigation of acreage F=125 ha. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Dobrava” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=688.00 mnm
k.v.=686.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Dobrava”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Dobrava” The dam “Vinichka” is situated on the river Vinichka. The mid-year water flow of the profile is 6 307 200 m3 (0,200 m3/s). The dam “Vinchka” is anticipated as a stone-alluvium dam with a height of Н=11 m above the river bed with an accumulation space of V=36 880 m3. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam and accumulation “Vinichka” are shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
CHARACTERISTIC TRANSVERSAL PROFILE OF A BARRIER OF VINICHKA RIVER
Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Vinichka” BARRIER OF VINICHKA RIVER - BASIS
Picture: Situation of the dam “Vinichka” Municipality of Probishtip In the municipality of Probishtip an accumulation “Pleshanci” is anticipated on the river Pleshanski Dol. The mid-year quantity of water in the profile of the dam is 644 700 m3 (0,0204m3/s). The dam “Pleshanci” is a terrestrial dam with a height of Н=18,0 m with accumulation space of V=165 000 m3. The water from the accumulation will be used for irrigation of the acreages with F=60 ha. The characteristic transversal cut and the position of the dam “Pleshanci” are shown on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
b=3.0 m k.k.=638.00 mnm
k.v.=636.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m Picture: Transversal cut of the dam “Pleshanci”
Picture: Showing of the future accumulation and dam “Pleshanci”
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Municipality of Zrnovci In the municipality of Zrnovci according to on-the-spot insight the most suitable location for construction of accumulation with dam is on the river Morodvishka right under the village of Morodvish. The water from the accumulation will be used for irrigation and water supply. The location shall be reviewed once more by a geologist who will give an opinion about the availability of the location from the geological aspect. A showing of the proposed location for construction of the dam and accumulation is given on the following picture.
Брана
Акумулација
Picture: Position of the dam and accumulation “Morodvish"
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Review of the activities related to construction of small accumulations (barriers) In the following table a review of the most suitable location in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica is given and their approximate costs. Table: Costs of the most suitable small accumulations of the confluents in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica No. Name of the profile Name of the water Costs Costs flow (denars) (Euro) 1 Kemerot (Chaprovo) Otinja 70192900 1413480 2 Stara Vodenica Kozjachka 61976000 1007740 3 Ponikva 1 Aramiska Cheshma 4 Ponikva 2 Potok Klanica 48641000* 790911* 5 Chiflik Negrievska 45720000 743415 6 Crnik Zelevica 42341800 688485 7 Vladimirovo 1 Selska River 39912200 648979 8 Rakovec Rakovec 32277050 524830 9 Bela Voda Gabrovska 44780200 728133 10 Repnica Repnica 44780200 728133 11 Bigla Zarovec 22736407 369698 12 Grncharka Shifting from river 49022000 797106 Vinichka 13 Dobrava Sushichka 37274500 606089 14 Vinichka Vinichka 43348275 704850 15 Pleshanci Pleshanski Dol 25300100 411384 16 Morodvish Morodvishka River 22736407 369698 *The cost is for both Ponikva 1 and Ponikva 2
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Rubber barriers in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica General Exploiting the sand from the river-bed of the river Bregalnica and its confluents, led to disordering of the downs along the river-beds and increasing the speed of water, which led to significant increase of the depths of the river-beds compared to the natural depth. In order to provide whole functioning of the river-beds in the area, to keep and initiate the development of the coastal vegetation, as well as to reach supplement of the underground water reserves in the river alluvial valleys, but also to get positive effect in the period of the small waters, it is necessary to stabilize the river-beds and to prevent their further degradation and deepening. This problem can be solved in two ways – with regulation and arrangement of all the rivers in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, which is expensive and long-term solution and with intervention and partitioning on the most suitable places along the river-beds, with an aim to reach the natural level of the river-bed. Altitude stabilization of the river-bed of the river Bregalnica can be reached with building cross sections along the river Bregalnica. These cross sections can be built as firm monolithic constructions, known from our practice as concrete cascade thresholds or with movable constructions, rubber sacks, fixed to the rived bottom and with their manipulation making a lake is possible, when small flowing of the river are happening and their safe permeability when big flowing are happening. Comparing the variants with a classic barrier, with overflow concrete threshold and an elastic barrier with a rubber sack, it was ascertained that the elastic rubber sack barrier is significantly cheaper and more practical for construction 1:3,5 to 1:4,1 in favor of the elastic barrier. The advantage of such a barrier, besides the price, can be seen from the following aspects: -Effective overflowing of the water when there are larger quantities from the capacity of the objects, without side intervention (opening or closing the caps); -Easy and effective change of the height of the barrier through the manipulative object; -Creating natural conditions for flow of the water in the river-bed after the irrigation season with lowering the rubber sack; -Self-cleaning of the accumulation space from the alluvium and other items during increased spill waters; -Positive ecological effect and good fitting in the natural ambient choosing the rubber sack etc. Because of this, construction of rubber sack barriers is preferred and in the following text the possibility for their application will be elaborated. Elements of the rubber barriers On the following pictures you can see a three-dimensional look and cut of a rubber sack barrier with its basic characteristic elements. Each barrier with rubber sack is consisted of the following basic elements: concrete threshold, connecting elements, waterfall, zone thresholds, rubber barrier (sack), manipulative drain, fish path. In the following text a short description of all the basic elements is given.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Regulation house with electric equipment Manipulative drain Concrete foundation
Overflow
Rubber sack
Filling pipe Key profiles U NP
Picture: Look of the rubber barrier with the characteristic elements Filling and discharge system of the rubber barrier
pump
Rubber bubble
WATER
Waterfall Threshold of reinforced concrete with supplying pipe
Picture: Transversal cut of the rubber barrier with the characteristic elements and the way of functioning
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Concrete threshold The assignation of the concrete threshold is to be a stable, flat foundation for the rubber barrier and its dimensions to enable accepting of all the burdens from the water and the rubber sack. The concrete threshold with the rubber barrier is connected to special fixing elements. It is made so that it is 50 cm above the river bottom, with biasing of the front with an inclination of 3:1. The depth of the foundation is 1.5 m, which is thickness of the concrete threshold. The threshold is made of concrete MB 20 without reinforcement. The construction of the concrete threshold should be in dry months, because when digging the foundation ditch of the concrete threshold an underground water appears which in the summer months is the smallest. Connection elements Connection elements for connecting the rubber barrier with the concrete threshold are consisted of steel “U” profiles and anchors which are set in the threshold when concreting. Their setting up is made with a big accuracy whereupon geodetic control instruments are used. Waterfall Waterfall is made 30 m long upstream and downstream to the concrete threshold and its assignation is to prevent erosion processes close to the concrete threshold. When the rubber barrier is up (2 m.) in the downstream waterfall a controlled dissipation of the flow energy. It is made by an arranged stone with a minimum diameter of 30 cm in the concrete foundation of MB30 and the minimum thickness of 20 cm. This foundation is made on a leveling layer from broken stone or large gravel. The compress is spread on the river bottom and the biases. The waterfalls end with zone thresholds upstream and downstream. The compress ends on the biases with a stone with minimum dimension of 60 cm. The compress ends with a scissor of arranged stone in dry place on the waterfalls above the biases. The depth of the scissor is 0.9 m or 1.4 m together with the compress. The minimum dimension of the stone in the scissor is 30 cm. Zone thresholds The waterfalls and the concrete threshold upstream and downstream start with zone thresholds from gabions. The assignation of this zone thresholds is stabilizing and protection of the regulated river profile. They are made of gabions with dimensions 2.5х1.0х1.0 m. Rubber sack (barrier) Rubber sack (barrier) has an assignation to increase the level of the water in the river-bed and to provide shifting needed quantities of water when small waters are happening, so that it is enough for irrigation or for forming small accumulation for recreational and esthetic assignation. With the concrete threshold it is connected by steel elements. The preparation and the mounting of the rubber sack is usually made by the manufacturer. The basic characteristics of the barrier are: -height of the rubber barrier; -volume of the rubber barrier; -surface of the transversal cut of the rubber barrier; -minimum length of the concrete threshold. Manipulative drain Manipulative drain is assigned to control and manage the rubber barrier (sack), which has a direct influence over the water level to which the sack raises (lowers) to create deceleration.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
It is located on one of the banks on distance of 15 m from the regulated river profile. It is connected to the rubber barrier through a steel pipe. The pipe is dug in about 70 cm under the upper surface of the concrete threshold, it is lubricated with anti-corrosion means and additionally protected by asphalt. The fall of the pipe is 3 о/оо towards the manipulative drain. The drain is made of reinforced concrete branded MB30 and reinforced armature. It is covered by a concrete lid. Manipulative drain is separated on small and big drain. The small drain is dry and in it there are the lids and the buoy with which the rubber barrier is filled and managed. The big drain is separated on dry and wet. It is filled with water from the discharging and the filling of the rubber barrier. The filling, discharging and the supplement of the rubber barrier is made with water through pumping out water from the river Bregalnica, automatically and with a manual option. Fish path The fish path is made for undisturbed communication of the river fish upstream and downstream. Besides, through the fish path a biological minimum is let off, which is 0,5 m3/s. The basic criteria when dimensioning is the maximum speed of the flow in the fish path to be lower than the limit speed which enables traveling of the laziest fish in river Bregalnica (0,51,30 m/s). The most spread species in river Bregalnica are carp, dace, barbell, bojnik of which the dace is considered as least mobile. To reach this speed an artificial roughness is projected of the bottom of the path with an reinforced concrete ribs at a corner of 45 о in relation with the channel axis which is set on a distance not larger than 50 cm. During the construction the fish path is for switching the river and providing construction ditch. It is made as reinforced concrete with MB30 and reinforced with concrete armature. Foundations for calculation of the rubber sacks From the practice of constructed rubber sacks when calculating, the following things shall be considered: Topographic foundations The situation of the barrier place in ratio of 1:1000 for regulation of the river bed upstream and downstream long 500 m. if the works are done on a non-regulated river bed and 1:200 on the location itself. Geological foundations For defining the geological geotechnical characteristics on the barrier place a research is needed with at least three holes. Hydrological foundations For dimensioning of the flow characteristics of the barriers knowing the hydrological parameters of the anticipated profiles for construction of the barriers is needed. In the Appendix 1 of this Study a complete hydrology of the river Bregalnica is made. In the continuation the characteristic annual flows are given, as well as the values of the big and small waters of the profiles of Oci Pale and Stip per different types of allocations for different probabilities. At the profile of Oci Pale, the minimum, maximum and middle annual flows for the period from 1961-2003 are Qmin=1.12 m3/s, Qmid.=4.75 m3/s, Qmax=15.65 m3/s, and the 200 years big water got with Gumbel type 1 allocation is 433,32 m3/s.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
At the profile of Stip, the minimum, maximum and middle annual flows for the period from 1961-2003 are Qmin=2.32 m3/s, Qmid.=11.15 m3/s, Qmax=34.87 m3/s, and for the 200 years big water got with Gumbel type 1 allocation is 458.2 m3/s. In the projection phase of the barriers a hydrological analysis of the profile of the barrier should be made. Hydraulic calculation Overspill height When calculating the overspill over the rubber barrier, it is considered that the rubber barrier (sack) is not deformed and the spillover is not sunken. The calculation is made with the following formula: Q pr = m ⋅ b ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ H 3 / 2 , Q pr = 0.45 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ H 3 / 2 m = 0.45 -spillover quotient Q pr -spillover quantity, H pr -spillover height b -length of the spillover edge If all the above calculations of the flow for different widths of the spillover edge from b=20, 25, 30, 35, 36 and 40 m are put into a table and graphic, the following is got: Table: Dependence between the overspill height and overspill quantity for different widths hpr 0.2 м 0.4 м 0.6 м 0.8 м 1м Qpr, b=40m 7.13 20.17 37.06 57.05 79.73 Qpr, b=36m 6.42 18.15 33.35 51.35 71.76 Qpr, b=35m 6.24 17.65 32.42 49.92 69.76 Qpr, b=30m 5.35 15.13 27.79 42.79 59.80 Qpr, b=25m 4.46 12.61 23.16 35.66 49.83 Qpr, b=20m 3.57 10.09 18.53 28.53 39.87 Qpr, b=15m 2.67 7.56 13.90 21.39 29.90 Qpr, b=10m 1.78 5.04 9.26 14.26 19.93
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Prelivna koli~ina, 36,30, 35,25, 30,20 25,m20m Spillover quantity, b=40,b=40, 36, 35, 1.2
Spillover height (m)
Prelivna visina (m)
1
0.8
b=20m b=25m
0.6
b=30m b=35m b=36m
0.4
b=40m b=15m
0.2
0 0.00
b=10m
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Prelivna koli~ina (m3/s) Spillover quantity (m3/s)
Picture: Dependence between the spillover height and spillover quantity for different widths From the above shown spillover curve, it can be concluded that when the profile of Bregalnica is fully regulated, the maximum spillover above the rubber barrier (without deformation of the rubber sack) is 79,73 m3/s with a spillover edge of b=40m and a height of water of 1 m above the spillover. A detailed hydraulic calculation for different widths of the spillover edge and the spillover quantity is given in the Appendix 3 which is part of this Study.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Built rubber barriers on the river Bregalnica Along the river Bregalnica, in the period from 1987 to 1991 there were four barriers from rubber sacks built, whose main assignation is capturing water for irrigation from the river Bregalnica. The barriers are projected in the “Water supply institution�, and are executed by the water supply enterprise from Kochani. On the following picture, the position of the built rubber barriers along the river Bregalnica is given.
4
9
6 3 10 7
2
5
8
11 1
Municipalities in the Eastern plan region: 1.Berovo; 2.-Vinica; 3.-Delcevo; 4-Makedonska Kamenica; 5-Karbinci; 6-Kocani; 7-Zrnovci; 8-Pehchevo; 9-Probishtip; 10-Cheshinovo-Obleshevo; 11-Shtip
Picture: Position of the built rubber barriers along the river Bregalnica Short description of the built rubber barriers Rubber barrier in the city of Delchevo The assignation of this grip is irrigation of an area of 160,0 ha on the right bank of the river Bregalnica downstream from the city of Delchevo and creating water mirror in the river-bed. The barrier is consisted of: -concrete part with a threshold 0,50 m high and 20,0 m width for fixing the river bed for horizontal and vertical position -rubber sack for forming the deceleration with maximum lift of the sack of 1,0 m for directing the water through the irrigation channel and forming the water mirror; -waterfall 12,0 m long which on the bottom and the biases is covered with broken stone over a concrete foundation; -manipulative drain for commanding the object. The banks of the river-bed are arranged with quay walls.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Grip with a rubber barrier near Delchevo Now the waterfall is 50% ruined (in the downstream part), and the rubber sack is torn so that this grip is almost not functioning and it needs reparation. Rubber barrier near the village of Grdovci The assignation of this grip is irrigation of the area which is part of Kochansko Pole. The grip is consisted of: -the concrete part with threshold 0,80 m high and 25,0 m wide for fixing the river bed for horizontal and vertical position; -rubber sack for forming the deceleration with maximum lift of the sack of 1,2 m for directing the water through the irrigation channel; -waterfall 15,0 m for mollification of the overspill water with covered bottom and the biases with broken stone on a concrete foundation; -manipulative drain for commanding the object. -fish path for undisturbed crossing of the fish in both directions. The river bed is arranged with mounds, downstream about 50,0 m and upstream about 200,0 m. Rubber barrier near the village of Chiflik The assignation of this grip is irrigation of the areas which are part of Kochansko Pole. The grip is consisted of: -the concrete part with threshold 0,50 m high and 25,0 m wide for fixing the river bed for horizontal and vertical position; -rubber sack for forming the deceleration with maximum lift of the sack of 1,2 m for directing the water through the irrigation channel; -manipulative drain for commanding the object; -fish path for undisturbed crossing of the fish in both directions;
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
-waterfall 15,0 m long for mollification of the overspill water. The river-bed of the bottom and the biases is arranged with a coverage of broken stone set over a concrete foundation. The river bed upstream and downstream is arranged with terrestrial mounds long about 200,0 m. The waterfall is partly taken away from the big waters in the downstream part on the left side. Rubber barrier near the village of Dolni Balvan This grip is near the village of Dolni Balvan in the municipality of Karbinci.
Picture: Grip with a rubber barrier near the village of Dolni Balvan The assignation of this grip is irrigation of the areas which are part of Shtipsko Pole and it is consisted of: -the concrete part for fixing the river bed for horizontal and vertical position 30,0 m wide; -rubber sack for forming the deceleration with maximum lift of the sack of 1,2 m for directing the water through the irrigation channel; -waterfall for mollification of the overspill water 15,0 m long, which is covered at the bottom and the biases with broken stone on a concrete foundation; -manipulative drain for commanding the object. -fish path for undisturbed crossing of the fish in both directions. The river bed is arranged on the banks with gabions 50,0 m long and upstream about 200,0 m long with terrestrial mound. Left downstream mound is very much damaged and its urgent reparation is needed because there is a possibility the channel which is very close to the coast, to be taken away. Also, the rubber sack is cut and it needs reparation.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Projected rubber dams On the river Bregalnica a project has been implemented of a grip with a rubber barrier near the village Pribachevo on the territory of municipality of Kochani. The project was prepared by the Water supply institution Skopje in 1991, and an annex was made in 2002 also in the Water supply institution Skopje because of a small displacement of the location and capturing the water from the irrigation channels. The technical documentation is on a level of main project. The assignation of this grip and the construction elements are the same as in the grip near the village of Chiflik and near the village of Grdovci, just the water flows in the channels captured for irrigation is different. Possible profiles for construction of rubber barriers In the continuation of the text the possible locations on river Bregalnica and its confluents shall be analyzed, for setting sack barriers as well as approximate costs and time needed for their construction. Shtip In the river bed of Bregalnica near Shtip a construction of rubber sack is anticipated, but after the regulation of the river bed. On the following picture a longitudinal cut is given with the positions of the proposed location for construction of rubber sacks near Shtip. Longitudinal river Bregalnica – regulated river bed Nadol`en profile profilofnathe reka Bregalnica-regulirano korito
275.00 270.00 265.00
9+920
8+360 Kamen most Stone bridge
280.00
6+090 MostBridge Goce Del~ev Goce
3+466
Sea level height (slm) Nadmorska visina (mnm)
285.00
Bridge spa Most kaj bawanear Ke`ovica Pipe from the main Cevka od glaven kolektor 4+504
290.00
260.00 255.00
20000.00
18000.00
16000.00
14000.00
12000.00
10000.00
8000.00
6000.00
4000.00
2000.00
0.00
250.00
Stationage Staciona`a(m) (m)
Picture: Longitudinal profile with possible barrier profiles with rubber sacks near Shtip Situations with the positions of the proposed locations for construction of barriers with rubber sacks near Shtip are given on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Proposed location for construction of the barriers with rubber sacks on river Bregalnica near Shtip (review of all the planned)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Proposed locations for construction of barriers with rubber sacks on river Bregalnica near Shtip (“Kezhovica”, before instill of river Otinja, before the bridge “Goce Delchev”)
Picture: Proposed location for construction of barriers with rubber sacks on river Bregalnica near Shtip (before “Goce Delcev” bridge)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Proposed locations for construction of barriers with rubber sacks on river Bregalnica near Shtip (under settlement Babi, under settlement Balkanska) The whole system of rubber sacks which will be set along the river Bregalnica in this part will be assigned to, through forming deceleration, form accumulations in the river bed for esthetic look in these parts of the area. That way, the river level will be raised in the minor river bed for zone of about km. in the central part of Shtip and in the period of small waters there will be filling of maximum 1,5 m. So, the current main ecological issues will be solved in the central part of the city, but also that part of the city will be esthetically arranged, and that gives possibilities for development of the water sports, fishing and recreation. The barriers will be consisted of concrete part which will fix the horizontal and vertical position of the river bed 36,0 m. long, rubber sack for creating deceleration of the water with maximum raise of the sack of 1,5 m. waterfall long according to the hydraulic calculations and manipulative drain for commanding the object. Previously, on the barrier places, with minimum three diggings geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil will be defined for dimensioning the concrete part of the grip. Maximum overspill waters when dimensioning the regulation of the river through the settlement, will be competent for dimensioning of the overspill and the waterfall. The anticipated locations for construction of barriers along the river Bregalnica near Shtip are the following: • Barrier under settlement Balkanska • Barrier under settlement Babi • Barrier before the “Goce Delcev” bridge (near the bus station Shtip) • Barrier before the instill of river Otinja • Barrier near the spa Knezhovica The barrier under the settlement Balkanska in the period of small waters will form a deceleration which will provide support for the wells in the settlement Makedonka and irrigation of the acreages around river Bregalnica. The barrier under the settlement Babi will form deceleration and possibility for optimum support of the wells in the locality Shtipsko Lake of which the city of Shtip gets the drinking water supply and this barrier should be a priority. -80-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Decreasing the water speeds in this zone will significantly decrease the erosion of the river bed and the continuous undermining of the bottom, and also the dryness of the wells. The barrier before the “Goce Delcev” bridge and on the instill of the river Otinja will provide peaceful flow of the waters through the central city area, with the regulation of the river and the construction of the river bed will be the “face” of the city. The barrier near the spa Knezhovica will form deceleration and lake-like water surface which will provide pleasant vacation place and also will increase the tourist attraction of the spa complex Knezhovica. In order to define the accurate most suitable places for construction of these rubber barriers, a detailed surveying of the river bed of Bregalnica is needed and also preparation of technical documentation on a level of Project idea where with hydraulic calculations mutual influences of this hydrotechnical objects will be defined, as well as the influence over the surrounding objects which are near the river bed. A detailed analysis is needed also, of the influence of the barrier near the spa Knezhovica, over the warm springs near L’gite, because if the deceleration is very high, flooding of the locality can happen. We would like to mention that before starting the realization of this rubber sacks system a regulation of the river Bregalnica should be made first, in accordance with the previously made technical documentation, and if we go just partially, only on the barriers construction, it is necessary to analyze the probability of flooding the objects which are near the river bed of Bregalnica from the decelerations which will be formed by the barriers and what kind of protection is needed unless the river bed is not regulated (minimum length of the river bed regulation before and after the barriers). With regulation of the river bed and construction of the barriers the banks will be stabilized and water mirrors will be formed (small lakes) which will influence the flora and fauna in the river Bregalnica, and arranging the river bed will provide walkside and good vacation and recreation place for the inhabitants of the city of Shtip. The look of the central part of Shtip after finishing the regulation of the river Bregalnica and construction of the rubber sacks is given on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Looks of the barrier with rubber sack on the river Bregalnica near Shtip before the “Goce Delcev� bridge
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Kochani In the river bed of Kochanska river there are barriers with rubber sacks anticipated to be built in the city part of the river where the river bed is regulated with quay walls. On the following picture the position of the barriers in Kochani is given.
Picture: Proposed locations for construction of barriers with rubber sacks in Kochani Barrier at “The Court” The assignation of this grip will be capturing water for irrigation (it is like that now through built channel from the Hydromeliorative system “Bregalnica” with terrestrial grip) and the other assignation will be creating deceleration which will create accumulation in the river bed with water mirror of a full river bed upstream of the grip. The grip will be consisted of concrete part with threshold from 0,50 m., for fixing the horizontal and vertical position of the river bed. It will have a rubber sack for creating deceleration of the water to capture water in the irrigation channel and creating maximum height of raising the sack of 0,80 m. It will also have a Waterfall for mollification of the spillover water with a cover of broken stone on a concrete cover which will be long according to the adopted maximum quantity of water.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Maximum spillover waters adopted when dimensioning the regulation of the river through the settlement built, will be competent for dimensioning the spillover and the waterfall, and according to the known dimensioning formulas of such a hydrotechnical object, there will be a manipulative drain for commanding the object. Previously, there should be minimum three diggings executed to fortify the geomechanical and geological characteristics of the barrier place, needed for dimensioning of the concrete threshold. The position of this barrier is given on the following picture.
Picture: Position of the barrier at “the Court” Barrier at “Krusharski bridge” This grip will be downstream from the previous barrier at about 700 m. The assignation of this grip will be forming accumulation in the river bed and improving the esthetic look of this part of the city. Also, through forming the accumulation there will be a possibility for the religious ceremonies which are executed every year on 21st of January. The constructive elements will be the same as in the grip at “The Court”, only there will be no capturing water for irrigation and the maximum raise of the sack for creating deceleration will be 1.2 m. With the construction of the barrier the drain of the canalization pipe 300 from the home of the culture, downstream from the barrier for about 300 m. and the atmosphere canalization 300 for about 350 m. downstream from the barrier. The position of this barrier is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Position of the barrier at “Krusharski Bridge� Orizari In the river bed of Orizarska River which flows through Orizari, a barrier with rubber sack is anticipated to be built in the part of the regulated river bed with quay walls inside the settlement. Barrier above the bridge at the church The assignation of this grip will be forming deceleration in order to form accumulation in the river bed because of esthetic look of that part of the settlement, as well as executing religious ceremonies on 21st of January each year. The barrier will be consisted of a concrete part with which the horizontal and vertical position of the river bed will be fixed, long 22,0 m., rubber sack for creation of raising the water with maximum raising of the sack of 1,2 m., waterfall long according to the hydraulic calculations and a manipulative drain for commanding the object. Previously, on the barrier place with minimum three diggings the geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil will be defined for dimensioning the concrete part of the grip. Maximum spillover waters adopted when dimensioning the regulation of the river through the built settlement, will be competent for dimensioning the spillover and the waterfall. The position of the proposed location for construction of the rubber sack barrier in Orizari is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Proposed location for construction of the rubber sack barrier in Orizari Cheshinovo-Obleshevo A construction of a rubber sack barrier is anticipated on the territory of Cheshinovo-Obleshevo on the river Zletovska before instill of the river Bregalnica. The barrier will be consisted of the concrete part which will fix the horizontal and vertical position of the river bed long 15,0 m., rubber sack for creation of raising of the water with maximum raise of the sack of 1,2 m., waterfall long according the hydraulic calculation and manipulative drain for commanding the object. Previously on the barrier place with minimum three diggings the geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil will be defined for the concrete part of the grip. Maximum spillover waters adopted when dimensioning of the regulation of the river through the built settlement will be competent for dimensioning the spillover and the waterfall. The position of the proposed location for construction of a barrier with rubber sack on the river Zletovska is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Kochani
Rubber barrier
Shtip
Picture: Proposed location for construction of a barrier with rubber sack on the river Zletovska Pre-measurement and calculation Pre-measurement and calculation for construction of a barrier with rubber sack for 40 m. width and spillover height 1.5 m. is given in the following table. This price is made with an assumption that the river bed has been regulated on the place of positioning the barrier and that the geological examinations of the subjected location have been made. Table: Pre-measurement and calculation for a rubber barrier without regulated river bed No. Position Price 1. Concrete threshold 5000000 2. Rubber barrier with elements for fixation 12000000 3. Waterfall 11000000 4. Manipulative drain with supply and gutter pipe 1500000 5. Fish path 1100000 6. Preparation works 600000 Total: 31200000 7. Unexpected costs 20% 6240000 Total: 37440000 8. VAT 18% 6739200 Total: 44179200 *The price is given in denars (1 Euro = 61.5 denars)
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Review of the activities related to reparation and construction of rubber sack barriers A review of the priority activities for reparation of the existing barriers with rubber sacks and construction of new ones along the river Bregalnica and its confluents is given in the following table. It is assumed that the river bed is regulated on the place of the construction of the barrier.
Table: Review of the priority activities for reparation and construction of new barriers with rubber sacks in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica No. Name of the Name of the Type of activity Price profile water flow (Euro) 1
Delchevo
Bregalnica
2 3
Chiflik Dolni Balvan
Bregalnica Bregalnica
4
Kochani, at the court Kochanska, at Krusharski bridge Orizari at the church CheshinovoObleshevo, before instill of the river Zletovska Shtip, spa Kezhovica
Kochanska
9
Shtip, before instill of the river Otinja
Bregalnica
10
Shtip, before the bridge “Goce Delchev� (near the bus station) Shtip, under the settlement Babi
Bregalnica
Shtip, under the settlement Balkanska
Bregalnica
5 6 7
8
11 12
Kochanska Orizarska Zletovska
Bregalnica
Bregalnica
Reparation of the rubber sack and the waterfall Reparation of the waterfall Reparation of the rubber sack, waterfall and the river bed downstream along 200 m. Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 80 cm. Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 120 cm Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 120 cm Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 120 cm
20 000 40 000 250 000 400 0000 400 000 400 000 400 000
Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 150 cm and width of 36 m. Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 150 cm and width of 36 m. Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 150 cm and width of 36 m.
700 000
Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 150 cm and width of 36 m. Construction of a new barrier with a water raise height of 150 cm and width of 36 m.
700 000
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700 000 700 000
700 000
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Regulation of the river Bregalnica and its confluents in the drainage-basin General River Bregalnica springs in the woodland of Maleshevski Mountains. The total length of the river Bregalnica is 225 km. Along the river Bregalnica, one artificial accumulation has been built, and that is the accumulation “Kalimanci” near Makedonska Kamenica. Accumulation “Kalimanci” has a great influence over the flow of the water through the river bed of Bregalnica downstream of the accumulation on the maximum and the middle flow. Before the construction of the dam “Kalimanci” the big waters caused lots of frequent changes of the river bed of the river Bregalnica in horizontal and vertical position. After the construction of the dam “Kalimanci” the regime of the waters has significantly changed, the flow of the maximum waters and characteristic small waters before all. On the other hand, the river bed is not very much arranged. As a result of the change of the water regime, the river bed is subjected to new changes because of: -overgrowth of the vegetation, characteristic for the river beds (Willow, wild poplars, alder etc.) -the human influence. This type of influence over the changes of the river bed is expressed in a couple of ways – changes caused by negligent usage of the alluvium from the river bed and the banks, changes from using the water for irrigation, changes because of usurpation of the land. The width of the river bed along the downstream from the dam “Kalimanci” is changeable from 30 to 120 m. The natural fall of the river bed (the fall originated from different influences) is very changeable so the average fall is about 1.75 per mils. Current situation with the regulation in the drainage-basin of Bregalnica River Bregalnica Natural conditions: climate, relief and the geological composition enabled in this region many surface water flows to be formed, such as rivers, streams. The biggest river is Bregalnica. The first settlement through which the river Bregalnica passes is the city of Berovo. In the central city area of Berovo, the river bed of Bregalnica is regulated in length of about 950 m. The width of the river bed is 13 m. and the inclination of the biases is 1:1. After the instill of the Pehchevska River, Bregalnica goes into the Pijanecka ravine from south through Razlovecka Canyon, flows on the north to Delchevo and then turns to west and through the large canyon from village Ocipale to village Istibanja goes into the Kochansko Pole. One of the bigger confluents of river Bregalnica, along which side the valley of Pijanec is spread, is river Zelevica, and the biggest confluent is Kamenichka River. It collects the waters from the highest tops of the Osogovo Mountains and besides for irrigation, it is used for flotation of the mines in the mine “Sasa”. The river bed of Bregalnica in the central city area of Delchevo is also regulated. The regulated river bed of Bregalnica through Berovo and Delchevo is shown on the following pictures.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Regulated river bed of Bregalnica in Berovo
Picture: Regulated river bed of Bregalnica in Delchevo
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
After Istibanja, Bregalnica goes into Kochansko Pole. The water is used for irrigation of a large part of the ravine.
Picture: River bed of Bregalnica directly after the barrier near the village Dolni Balvan
Next big city in the down flow, through which river Bregalnica passes is the city of Shtip. Although the city of Shtip is the biggest city in this region and it is a center of the eastern plan region, the river bed of Bregalnica through the city of Shtip is not regulated. The look of the unregulated river bed of Bregalnica through Shtip is given on the following pictures.
Picture: Panoramic view on the unregulated river bed of Bregalnica through Shtip
Picture: Panoramic view on the unregulated river bed of Bregalnica at the instill of r. Otinja
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Unregulated river bed of Bregalnica near Shtip A longitudinal profile of river Bregalnica in given on the following picture, from the bridge on the road to Strumica, to Karbinci. It can be seen that it is very unsteady with lots of hollows and prominences as consequences from different factors which influence it. The average fall of this section is 1,75 per mills. Also, the width of the river bed of this section is very variable. Longitudinal profile of river Bregalnnica – existing river bed 285.00
265.00
260.00
Stone bridge
Bridge Goce Delchev
270.00
Pipe from the mail collector
275.00 Bridge near spa Kezhovica
Sea level (slm)
280.00
255.00
250.00
0.00
2000.00
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12000.00
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18000.00
20000.00
Position (m)
Picture: Longitudinal profile of the river bed, existing situation Values of the minimum, maximum and middle annual flows for the period from 1961-2003 of the river Bregalnica in the profile of Shtip are: Qmin=2.32 m3/s, Qmid.=11.15 m3/s, Qmax= 34.87m3/s. In the further flow river Bregalnica continues with the unregulated river bed until instillation in the river Vardar, near the village Ubogo.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Confluents of the river Bregalnica In the river Bregalnica there is a big number of confluents which have regulated river beds in the places where they flow in the bigger settlements. Regulation of the river Pehchevska through the city of Pehchevo is shown on the following picture.
Picture: Regulated river bed of Pehchevska River in Pehchevo 1
Regulation of the river Kamenichka through the city of Makedonska Kamenica is shown on the following picture. The regulation of this river is finished in the bigger part, starting from above Makedonska Kamenica until the instillation in the accumulation “Kalimanci�. It is an example of a well regulated river bed.
Picture: Regulated river bed of r. Kamenichka downstream from the bridge on the road Kochani-Berovo
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Regulated river bed of r. Kamenichka upstream from the bridge on the road Kochani-Berovo
Other confluents of the river Bregalnica which are partly regulated through the settlements are: the river bed of Vinichka and Gradechka River through the city of Vinica, the river bed of river Kochanska through the city of Kochani, the river bed of river Trkanjska through the village Trkanja, the river bed of river Orizarska through Orizari and the river bed of the river Otinja through Shtip. Kochanska River arises from the south of Lopensko Bilo on the Osogovo Mountain, in the settlement Retki buki, at a sea level of 1.630 meters. It instills in Bregalnica near the village Chiflik at a sea level of 295 meters. The river has developed springs with wide valley, which until Kochani is canyon-like, and then until it instills it is plain river. The total length of Kochanska river is 34 kilometers. In the mountain part it accepts large number of confluents, such as Lopenska, Ramnobrdska and Small river. All of these come from the right side, because of which Kochanska river has outspread, but asymmetrical hydrographic network. The highest water level is during April and May when the snow from the mountains melts, and the lowest water level is in July and August, when the rainfalls are minimal, and the evaporation is big because of the high temperatures. The river has a very big fall (39,3%) which enabled in its river bed an artificial accumulation to be built near the village Dolno Gradce, which gave the accumulation the name Gradce. The river bed of Kochanska River is regulated and it is shown on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Regulated river bed of Kochanska River in Kochani
Zrnovska River is situated in the eastern part of Macedonia, in the area of municipality of Zrnovci and it is a left confluent of the river Bregalnica. The river arises from under the peak Kozobran, in the area Bachalija, on the mountain Plachkovica, at a sea level of 1.420 m. The drainage-basin of Zrnovska River is 70 km², and the length is 24 km. The surface of the drainage-basin is 70 km2. Its relative fall is 47,6%. From the springs it flows towards west under the name of Ulmija, and then it turns to north and it is known as Zrnovska. To the village of Zrnovci, it is a mountain river with a canyon valley, and then through the field until the instillation, it flows as a plain river. It instills directly near the road Kochani-Zrnovci, at a sea level of 325 meters. From the river about 250 ha are irrigated, seeded with corn, leek and other agricultural seeds. On the river Zrnovska there is a hydroelectric central, which has significantly changed the natural flow of the river and the living conditions in it. The river bed of river Zrnovska through Zrnovci is shown on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: River bed of river Zrnovska in Zrnovci
Zletovska River is one of the bigger water flows in the eastern part of Macedonia, which arises from the Osogovo Mountains. The springs of the river have rainforest characteristics, and the spring is at a sea level of 1.718 meters. The drainage-basin of the river is 218,72 km2, and the length of the river is 32,8 km. The river bed in the bigger part is cut into the crystal rocks and vulcanite and that is mostly expressed near the village Mushkovo, where there are more streams and two bigger waterfalls. From the spring to the village Zletovo the river has big fall (in average about 24 %), deep valley and big hydro-energetic potential. So, in the frames of the regional multiple hydro-system “Zletovica” it is anticipated 3 hydroelectric centers to be built. At the moment, the construction of the dam “Knezhevo” is at the end, and it is situated near the village Knezhevo, Kratovo region, and it has height of 70 m. and capacity of 23 million m3 water. It is anticipated the water from the dam to be used for drinking water supply for several municipalities in the northeast part of the country. Zletovska River has 35 big and small confluents, of which the biggest is Venechka River. The average flow of Zletovska River is 2,64 m3/sec. It instills in the river Bregalnica near the village Ularci.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: River bed of r. Zletovska before the instillation in the river Bregalnica
River Otinja is a left confluent of the river Bregalnica. It arises from the place called Chaprovka. It goes through the city of Shtip where there is a wide river bed (channel) for protection from the torrents i.e. from the big waters which come after the spring and summer lavish rains. It instills in the river Bregalnica under the Isar near Novo Selo, very close to the city of Shtip. The regulated river bed of the river Otinja is given on the following picture.
Picture: Regulated river bed of the river Otinja through Shtip
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Possibilities for regulation of the river Bregalnica and the confluents in the drainage-basin The sections where it is necessary to regulate the river Bregalnica are defined on the water management basis. The sections of the river Bregalnica and its confluents which have the possibility to be regulated according to the water management basis of RM are given on the following picture. Those are sections in the city areas and on the places where construction of accumulations is not anticipated.
4
5
6
3
1
7
2 1-Bregalnica 2-Lakavica 3-Osojnica 4-Zletovska 5-Orizarska 6-Kochanska 7-Pehchevska
Picture: Possible sections for regulation From the previous review of the regulation, it can be seen that mostly in all the cities, except for the city of Shtip, along the river Bregalnica and its confluents, regulation has been made. Because of that, regulation of Bregalnica through the city of Shtip imposes as a priority. It will be big grip both materially and time consuming. Also, a continuation of the already built regulations in the other cities is necessary. Critical section is the part of river Bregalnica from village Istibanje to Shtip, where besides built accumulations, still there is flooding of the agricultural surfaces. In 1959 a project idea has been made for regulation of the river Bregalnica with mounds, but this project because of its extensiveness and expensiveness hasn’t been implemented. Also, with terrestrial mounds the rivers Kochanska and Trkanska should be regulated in the settlements to the instillation of the river Bregalnica. In the area of municipality of Vinica there are few confluents of the river Bregalnica. One of the bigger left confluent is river Osojnica with its confluents Brbushnica, Blateshnica, Peklanska River, Sushica, Vinichka River and Voden. The length of the river Osojnica is about 50 km. River Osojnica is not regulated and because of that it frequently overflows and damages the surroundings along its flow, causing coastal landfall. Complete regulation of the river Osojnica should be treated as a whole from economic aspect considering its size and length and it is a big investment. Another left confluent of the river Bregalnica is the river Gradechka. The length of this river is about 20 km. The river arises from the highest peak Lisec on the mountain Plachkovica, with 1754 sea level. Because of the big fall the water has big speed and together with Leskovska River makes lots of damages along the flow mostly in the down parts. In this region, right confluent of the river Bregalnica is Istibanski Dol (Poroen Dol) which passes through the village Istibanja. The length of Istibanski Dol (Poroen Dol) is about 5 km, but because of the big fall and the woodless terrain it has big erosion and brings big alluvium. -98-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
The position of the mentioned water flows is given on the following map.
Picture: Position of the rivers Osojnica, Gradechka and Poroen Dol In the following text, the attention will be mainly paid to the possibility for regulation of the river Bregalnica by Shtip, as well as arranging certain sections of the water flows in the region, and as for the other regulations, firstly between village Istibanja and Shtip, and the regulation of the river Osojnica, they should be considered as a whole, since it is a very big grip and requires lots of finances. Regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Shtip Regulation of the river bed of Bregalnica near Shtip should start from the bridge on the road to Strumica, and ends at Karbinci, for which there is a project idea prepared. The length of this section is about 19.5 km. For a complete and more suitable fitting of the regulated river bed in the frames of the existing width of the river bed, the trace has been drawn with needed number of curves and directions, and the existing bridges are fitted in. The natural fall of the river bed, and its width in the section anticipated to be regulated is very changeable. The average fall of this section is 1,75 ‰. The projected longitudinal fall of the river bed is 1 ‰ which is consider the best to improve the flowing regime. Because of decrease of the fall on the bottom of the regulated river bed related to the natural average fall and because of enabling capture of water for irrigation of the underground, there are cascades anticipated to be built along the whole regulation. The transversal cut of the regulated river bed is defined so that undisturbed flow is provided of the big water which is calculated by several methods but as the most suitable is considered the value gained from the allocation by Gumbel. The big water of river Bregalnica on the profile of Shtip has a possibility
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
to appear 0,995 or once in 200 years by Gumbel and it is 458,02 m2/s and is calculated on a string of 40 years. The competent big water is an indicator which the size of the protective objects depends on and it is directly related to economic indicators. If the protective object is bigger, it means that more means are needed and the damage risk is smaller and vice versa. In the section out of the city a one-side trapeze profile is adopted, and in the city section a double regulated profile is chosen, just on one part (around the Stone Bridge) the upper part is more spread because of enabling and setting up different cultural and entertaining events. The longitudinal profile of the regulated river bed with marked parts of the city and out of the city is given in the following picture.
Longitudinal profile of river Bregalnica – regulated river bed 290.00
265.00
7+933
19+458
Out of city section
Stone bridge
270.00
Goce Delcev bridge6+108
275.00
City section Pipe of the main collector
Bridge at the spa Kezhovica
280.00
Out of city section 0+000
Sea level (slm)
285.00
260.00 255.00 250.00
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Position (m)
Picture: Longitudinal profile with separation by section type The construction of the regulation should be divided in two phases because of the large length, so that the first phase will take the city part and the other will take the regulation out of the city. A longitudinal profile with marked parts for construction in first and second phase is given on the following picture.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Longitudinal profile of river Bregalnica – regulated river bed 290.00 Out of city section
275.00 270.00
19+458
7+933
Stone bridge
Bridge at spa Kezhovica
280.00
Out of city section
City section 6+108 Bridge Goce Delchev
0+000
Pipe from the main collector
Sea level (slm)
285.00
265.00 260.00 255.00 2 faza
250.00
0.00
2000.00
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4000.00
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Position (m)
Picture: Longitudinal profile with separation by section type and construction phases Characteristic transversal cuts
Picture: Transversal cut of river bed of the river Bregalnica near Shtip (city part) Đ =1:100/200
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Look of the regulated part of the river bed of river Bregalnica near Shtip In the city part
Picture: Transversal cut of river bed of the river Bregalnica near Shtip (out of the city) ла=1:100/200
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Picture: Look of the regulated part of the river bed of river Bregalnica near Shtip out of the city
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Looks of the regulated river bed
Picture: Look of the regulated part of the river bed of river Bregalnica near Shtip In the city part from the bridge Goce Delchev towards Stone bridge
Picture: Look of the regulated part of the river bed of river Bregalnica near Shtip In the city part from the Stone bridge towards Goce Delchev bridge -104-
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Pre – measurement and calculation - Out of the city section (from км 0+000 to км 6+108,69 and from км 7+933,19 to км19+458,45) Position Price (Euro) Previous works (marking, cutting the vegetation) 200000 Terrestrial works (digging, making mounds) 3700000 Objects (cascades, zone thresholds, instillation of confluents) 3700000 Total: 7600000 -City section (from км 6+108,69 to км 7+933,19) Position Price (Euro) Previous works (marking, cutting the vegetation) 50000 Terrestrial works (digging, making mounds) 450000 Objects (cascades, zone thresholds, instillation of confluents) 7400000 Total: 7900000 Continuation of the regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Delchevo In Delchevo part of the river bed of river Bregalnica is regulated. It is planned the regulation to continue in length of about 1,5 км through the city part, which is estimated to cost about 750 000 Euros. Continuation of the regulation of the river Bregalnica through the city of Berovo In Berovo it is needed the river Bregalnica to be continued upstream and downstream from already regulated river bed in length of about 2х300 м with the same transversal cut as the existing. The price of this activity is estimated about 500 000 Еура. Regulation of the river Pancharevska in Pehcheve municipality In municipality of Pehchevo there is a prepared project for regulation of the river Pancharevska along the whole length, and it is anticipated forming of the river bed with minimal grips in the river bed, forestation and stabilization with gabions. The price of this grip is estimated to 600 000 Euros.
Picture: Transversal cut of new projected river bed of river Pancharevska from км 0+48 to км 21+58
Picture: Transversal cut of new projected river bed of river Pancharevska from км 21+58 to км 42+90
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Regulation of river Gradechka and Vinichka in municipality of Vinica Because of complete prevention from negative consequences from the river Gradechka, a project for its regulation has been made. According to this project the transversal profile of the regulated river bed should be with trapeze transversal cut, with bottom width of 10 m, depth of 1.5 m, inclination of the biases of the channel 1:1.5 and a longitudinal inclination of 1.0 %. This cut should enable water flow of 50 м3/с, which is 20 – years water. Transversal cut of the regulated river bed of river Gradechka is given on the following picture. Such a regulation has been already made from the cut with the left bus channel of the irrigation system Bregalnica to the instillation of river Gradechka in Bregalnica, and it should be maintained. The river bed of river Gradechka is partly regulated with quay walls, but this kind of regulation for improved protection of the city of Vinica should be continued until the meeting point with left bus channel of the irrigation system Bregalnica. These activities cost about 300.000 euro.
Picture: Characteristic transversal cut of the river Gradechka Because of complete prevention from negative consequences from the river Vinichka, a project for its regulation has been made. According to this project the transversal profile of the regulated river bed should be with trapeze transversal cut, with bottom width of 6 m, depth of 1.1 m, inclination of the biases of the channel 1:1.5 and a longitudinal inclination of 0.7 %. This cut should enable water flow of 17 м3/с, which is 20 – years water. Transversal cut of the regulated river bed of river Vinichka is given on the following picture. Such a regulation has been already made from the end of the city part to the instillation of river Vinichka in Bregalnica, and it should be maintained. The river bed of river Vinichka is partly regulated with quay concrete walls. For enlargement of the city of Vinica and urbanized areas a continuation is needed with quay walls downstream from already made river regulation in length of about 300 m. These activities cost about 600.000 euro.
Picture: Characteristic transversal cut of the river Vinichka
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Regulation of the river Zletovska in Municipality Cheshinovo-Obleshevo A regulation is needed of the river Zletovska from the instillation in Bregalnica towards the village Ularci in length of about 2500 m. Because of that, a technical documentation should be prepared previously, and then the regulation should be made. Prices of these activities are estimated to 1 300 000 Euros. Regulation of the river Zrnovka in Municipality Zrnovci A regulation is needed of the river Zrnovka in Zrnovci in length of 800 m., for which there is a project prepared. The price of this activity is estimated to 300 000 Euros.
Picture: Characteristic cut of the new projected river bed of the river Zrnovka in Zrnovci Reparation of the river bed of the river Bregalnica downstream at the village Dolni Balvan, municipality of Karbinci A regulation is needed of the river Bregalnica downstream from the rubber sack barrier at the village Dolni Balvan, municipality of Karbinci. On this part there is an uncontrolled undermining of the left bank of the river Bregalnica which endangers the left bus channel for irrigation. Because of that, it is needed a regulation to be made of the river downstream in length of about 200 m. The price of this activity is estimated to 150 000 Euros. Review of the activities related to regulation of the river Bregalnica and the water flows in its drainage-basin Review of the anticipated activities for regulation of the river bed of Bregalnica and its confluents is given in the following table. Table: Review of the anticipated activities for regulation of the river Bregalnica and the confluents in its drainage-basin No. Municipality River and activity Price (Euros) 1 Shtip Bregalnica regulation 1 phase 7 600 000 2 Shtip Bregalnica regulation 2 phase 7 900 000 3 Delchevo Bregalnica regulation 750 000 4 Berovo Bregalnica regulation 500 000 5 Pehchevo Pancharevska regulation 600 000 6 Vinica Gradechka and Vinichka regulation in the city part 900 000 7 Cheshinovo- Zletovska – preparation of project from the instillation 1 300 000 Obleshevo in Bregalnica to the village Ularci with construction 8 Zrnovci Zrnovka – regulation of the river bed 300 000 9 Karbinci Bregalnica – reparation of the river bed at the rubber 150 000 barrier in the village Dolni Balvan
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Possibilities of energetic exploitation of the river Bregalnica and its confluents In the past period to May 2010 four tenders have been called for, by the Ministry of economy, for construction of small hydroelectric centers in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica. In the first call for tenders three regions were comprised with locations for SHC: - Spring part of the river Kriva above Pehchevo, 3 locations - In the drainage-basin of the right confluents of the r. Bregalnica: r. Kosevica, r. Kamenichka and Golema River, 4 locations - In the drainage-basin of the river Osojnica as a left confluent, 2 locations In the following tables, all the anticipated locations will be listed for construction of small hydroelectric centers in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, through these four tenders. In the second tender two regions were comprised with locations for SHC: - Spring part of the river Kriva above Pehchevo, 3 locations - In the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, r. Kosevica, before the accumulation “Kalimanci�, 2 locations In the third tender, for the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, there are 4 SHC comprised. Two of them are located on the river Kosevica, which is right confluent of the river Bregalnica at the accumulation Kalimanci, and the other two are at the river Eshterichka, which is left confluent of the Zletovska river. In the fourth tender for the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, there are 15 SHC comprised totally, of which 14 are on the confluents of the river Bregalnica: 3 on the river Zrnovska, per two on the rivers Kosevichka, Crvulevska and Eshterichka, per one on the rivers Kozjachka, Trebomirska, Mala, Zelengradska and Blatechka and one on the river Bregalnica in the upper flow. Table: Anticipated SHC in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica No. 1 1 tender
Identificati on No. 2
Water flow
Drainage-basin
3
4
Position (cote) 5
Description of the place 6
1
326
r. Ljutachka
r. Bregalnica
1260.00
2
327
r. Kriva
r. Bregalnica
1250.00
3
325
r. Bregalnica
r. Vardar
1160.00
4
337
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
590.00
1 km before the composition with r. Kriva 1 km before the composition with r. Ljutachka The composition of r. Kriva and r. Ljutachka After v. Kosevica
5
338
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
1000.00
Above v. Kosevica
6
339
r. Kamenichka
r. Bregalnica
1000.00
Under Toranica
7
360
r. Golema
r. Bregalnica
730.00
Polaki
8
348
r. Brbushnica
r. Osojnica
850.00
2 km above Ribnik
9
350
r. Gradechka
r. Osojnica
900.00
Above v. Gradec
1
326
r. Ljutachka
r. Bregalnica
1260.00
2
327
r. Kriva
r. Bregalnica
1250.00
3
325
r. Bregalnica
r. Vardar
1160.00
1 km before the composition with r. Kriva 1 km before the composition with r. Ljutachka The composition of r.
2 tender
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
4
337
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
590.00
Kriva and r. Ljutachka After v. Kosevica
5
338
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
1000.00
Above v. Kosevica
1
337
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
850.00
2
338
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
700.00
3
372
r. Eshterichka
r. Zletovska
650.00
36
4
373
r. Eshterichka
r. Zletovska
800.00
36
1
361
Mala river
Kochanska
550
480
2
349
r. Blatechka
Osojnica
950
750
3
371
r. Zelengradska
Zletovska
700
590
4
351
r. Zrnovska
r. Bregalnica
948
760
5
352
r. Zrnovska
r. Bregalnica
760
630
6
353
r. Zrnovska
r. Bregalnica
1050
950
7
328
r. Trebomirska
r. Bregalnica
1200
1100
8
329
r. Bregalnica
r. Vardar
1100
1000
3 tender
4 tender
9
354
r. Crvulevska
r. Bregalnica
775
675
10
355
r. Crvulevska
r. Bregalnica
675
555
11
358
r. Kozjachka
r. Bregalnica
650
570
12
337
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
850
750
13
338
r. Kosevichka
r. Bregalnica
700
600
14
372
r. Eshterichka
r. Zletovska
650
530
15
373
r. Eshterichka
r. Zletovska
795
670
Picture: Anticipated locations for construction of SHC in the drainage-basin of r. Bregalnica
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Assessment of the impact of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica on the environmental elements The prepared draft version of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica represents a planning document for managing the waters of river Bregalnica and its tributaries by defining the manner of regulation, usage and deployment of the waters, protection from harmful actions of the waters and their rational and efficient use. Taking into consideration the approach and methodology of preparing the Study of the possibilities for regulation of the river Bregalnica by building accumulations, rubber compartments, mini hydropower plants and the thoroughness of defining the future projects that need to be accomplished as priority projects as well as the national legal regulation that provides strategic approach to assessment of the impact of the planning document on the environmental elements, this chapter of the Study focuses on the following: ¾ Assessment of impact of the Study on the environment which contains elements of Strategic assessment of impact of studies, plans and programs on the environment ¾ Preliminary assessment of the impact of proposed project solutions in the form of mini regulations, cascades or dams on all elements of the environment in order to identify the most sensitive elements. The strategic assessment of impact on the environment (EIA) provides a broader vision for the protection of the environmental elements while accomplishing the objectives of the planning document, provides early inclusion of the environmental issues in the process of preparation of the planning document and takes into consideration all impacts on it, offers alternatives that need to be reviewed with attention, and proposes measures to prevent, mitigate or compensate the negative impacts of the planning document on the environment. The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica represents a planning document that prоvides: а) managing the waters of river Bregalnica and its tributaries by defining the manner of their regulation, b) usage and deployment of the waters by the comprised population of 11 municipalities in the Easter planning region, c) protection from harmful actions of waters, d) rational and efficient utilization of the waters and e) sustainable development of water resources. At the same time the Study considers the possibilities for development of tourism and ecotourism, use of the hydro potential as an energy source that is renewable and favorable to the environment, as well as conditions for water use in agriculture for irrigation of crops. Precisely because of the scope and topics related to the sustainable usage of the waters of river Bregalnica a strategic approach is required in the determination of the impact of the Study on the environment and human health by giving proposed measures and indicators that need to be followed in the next phase of project level for each priority project defined in the Study when financing conditions are provided and before its construction begins. For each priority project an Assessment of project impact on the environment should be started in accordance with the national regulations – the Law of environment (Official Gazette No. 53/05, 81/05, 24/07, 159/08, 83/09) and the appropriate by-laws in which the ЕU Directive EU 85/337/ЕЕC for assessment of the impact of the projects on the environment is transposed with the changes and amendments EU Directive 97/11/ЕC.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Main purpose of Strategic assessment on the environment The main purpose of the Strategic assessment of the environment for the Study of the possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica is timely to include the objectives of protecting and improving the environment defined by national, regional and local strategic documents in the defined objectives of the Study and to provide a general view for the possible negative and possitive impacts of the realization of the objectives of the Study. The timely inclusion of measures to prevent, mitigate or compensate the negative effects of the planning decisions on the environment and the identification of appropriate indicators with which the implementation of the proposed measures will be monitored, will enable the sustainable development of the community on local (for each of the municipalities involved in the Study), regional (the whole Eastern planning region), national and global level. Current problems with the environmental elements in the planning scope The environmental problems in the Eastern Planning Region and the subject coverage are identified by analyzing the current state of the environment in all eleven municipalities that the region covers, taking into account the strategic planning documents of all covered municipalities. It is expected that the elements of the environment that are most threatened by pollution, destruction, extermination, in one municipality to also represent the most sensitive elements in realizing the objectives of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica. These most sensitive elements also represent a scope of the analysis of the impact of the objectives of the study on each of them. The most sensitive elements of the environment in the entire region are: a) water (water supply, sewerage network, storm water sewerage, waste water treatment, irrigation, water losses, etc.), b) air (only in major urban areas in the winter period because of the use of firewood), c) management of municipal solid waste, but all other types of waste as well, d) soil and the occurrence of soil erosion and loss of arable land, e) climate change (but not in large extent) as a result of inadequate waste management and the emissions from the agriculture, f) the population (taking into account the needs for socio-economic development of the community), g) human health (the direct and indirect impact of the pollution of media on the health of people), and the material goods (illegal buildings, destroying crops, yards and homes during floods). The consultants have analyzed the key problems in each municipality separately, they synthesized the common key problems for each environmental element and summarized the key environmental problems of the municipalities in the region that are shown in the following table. The relevance of the key problems for the subject scope has been identified, also taking into consideration the location and the purposes of the Study.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Тabel : Key currents problems with the environmental elements in the subject scope Elements of Strategic assessment of the environment
Water
Problem
Relevant for the purposes of the Study and the subject scope
Unregulated river basins and overflow of rivers: Gradecka (Vinica) Spancevska reka and Banska reka (Cesinovo - Oblesevo), Kocanska, Orizarska and Trkanska (Kocani), Zletovska (Karbinci), r.Zletovica and r.Kiselica (Probistip), r.Bregalnica, r.Otinja and Kriva Lakavica (Stip) Direct discharge of municipal wastewater in the river basins
Х
Absence of stormwater sewerage (Vinica, Berovo, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Zrnovci)
Х
Absence of sewerage network especially in rural neighboorhoods
Х
Absence of accumulation for water supply and irrigation (at r.Losana) Delcevo, Pehcevo.
Х
Absence of water treatment station for wastewater from the industrial capacities and for the municipal water (Vinica, Berovo, Chesinovo - Oblesevo, Delcevo, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Stip) Water supply Reconstruction of existing water supply: in Berovo, Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Stip Construction of a new one where missing: Cesinovo - Oblesevo, Karbinci Unconstructed dam "Rechani" at Bela reka (Kocani)
Х
Х Х Х
Absence of monitoring the water quality in the cities and suburbs
Х
Absence of a mechanism to prevent uncontrolled exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river beds
Х
Lack of use of the warm geothermal waters (vil.Banja - Cesinovo) Air
Absence of monitoring stations for monitoring air quality in municipalities (Berovo, Vinica, Delcevo, Zrnovci, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Cesinovo - Oblesevo) Increased presence of dust in the air from the aridity surrounding the mine Sasa (Makedonska Kamenica) Soil pollution from uncontrolled use of chemical preservatives
Soil
Pollution of water used for irrigation with wastewater and direct pollution of the soil Soil erosion (Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica)
Waste
Х Х Х
No selection of waste (municipal / industrial and hazardous waste) No existence of a regional landfill for municipal and hazardous industrial waste The existence of illegal dumps along rivers and roads
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Х Х
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Elements of Strategic assessment of the environment
Problem
Relevant for the purposes of the Study and the subject scope
The existing urban landfills do not meet standards in accordance with legal requirements (Vinica, Berovo, Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica, Probistip Stip) Not ready Plan and program for waste management for the Eastern Planning Region
Х
Unsolved problem of waste disposal, including villages
Х
Removal of illegal dumps at new areas under inappropriate conditions
Х
Failure to comply with bans on hunting endangered species (deer and eagle)
Biodiversity (plant and animal)
Uncontrolled cutting of forests
Х
Destroying of fieldprotective bands
Х
Protection of plant species oak tree "Quercus pubescens" (Kocani) Drying of the white pine, the black pine and the oak as endemic species in Macedonia (Berovo) Protection of endemic turtles in the area of the lake above Petrasevec (Delcevo)
Population Human health
Low living standard and migration of population
Х
Reducing the population capable of working due to closure of industrial capacities
Х
Absence of continuous monitoring of the impact of environmental pollution on human health
Х
Using firewood as a source for heating and cooking Climate factors
Lack of use of renewable sources of energy
Х
Insufficiently explored archaeological sites Cultural heritage Landscape Material goods
Insufficient protection of natural and cultural heritage Degradation processes (disturbance of the natural environment and the qualitative factors of the environment, water, air, land during exploitation of natural resources) Existence of illegal buildings Insufficient protection of the exploitation of the mineral metallic resources and the thermomineral hydroelectric potential
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Probable significant impacts of the Study on the environment In order to identify the positive and negative impacts of meeting the objectives of the Study in relation to the objectives of the strategic environmental assessment in the region, analysis of the likely impacts on the media of the environment is carried out. Influence on the population With the realization of the objectives of the Study for possible regulation of river Bregalnica, long-term, positive and very significant impacts on the population of the region are expected. Timely continuous water supply will provide quality, efficient and safe supply of a large number of inhabitants of the region with drinking water that meets standards, thus having direct effects on improving health and reducing the number of diseases that are transmitted through water, improving the quality and a simpler way of living. It will also have direct impact with the continuous meeting of the needs of the industry with technological water for the processes and quality safe water for agriculture, tourism and the other economic sectors (eg. fishing). The modernization of the existing and construction of new irrigation systems and the use of new modern techniques of irrigation will ensure sufficient quantities of efficiently used water to agricultural areas, greater yields and continuous supply of quality agricultural products at the national and export market, increasing the share of arable agricultural land in the total agricultural area, creating new jobs, security for farmers to continue with the same or to replace certain crops with economically more viable crops that may require more irrigation. Indirect impacts will be felt by providing lower cost of food and increased share of agriculture in the national GDP. At the same time with the development of agriculture, economical strengthening of other service areas related to agriculture is expected (trade, marketing, packing, transportation, storage, laboratories and institutes and consulting services). Some planned decisions have a direct impact on the development of tourism, alternative tourism and recreation in this beautiful and picturesque region. The construction of the mini accumulations will also reduce the current oscillations of the occurrence of floods and droughts in the region that occur and cause severe damages to the households (flooded houses, yards, destroyed cattle, need of financial resources for reconstruction and time), to the individual agriculturers and to the agriculture like an industry branch as a whole. Automatically a lack of crops appears and the food prices rise which directly affects on the already weak economic power of the population. During the regulation of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries, as well as during the construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments, there will be an opportunity for opening of temporary job positions (during construction) and constant jobs during their operation and maintenance. At the same time, the attracting of investors for a longer time period, who can develop these facilities into a tourist and recreational sports centers will lead to an improved level of living standard, which will result in a reduction of the migration village city of the young people in the region. A major significant influence is also expected on strengthening the local self-government which by regular collection of taxes will allow better quality of social, educational and cultural life of the inhabitants in the municipality.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Influence on the human health One of the purposes of some of the planned accumulations is providing drinking water to a large number of inhabitants covered in the region where at the moment there is lack of quality water and uncertainty in supply. The water that is being used for water supply of households is previously subjected to treatment for purification and constant control of physical-chemical and bacteriological safety of the water, in water plants, which of course would have a direct impact on the health of the population and would improve the quality of life. In contribution to the protection of environment and human health are also the anticipated activities for forestation of the surrounding of the watercourses and the accumulations, as well as construction of facilities for recreation and sport. Regarding the human health of the population in the region, no significant adverse impacts are expected due to the type and the nature of the development projects (the construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments), which generally do not belong to the group of large and direct pollutants of the environment and human health, except in the construction phase when slight, short-term direct impacts on human health are expected (noise, vibration, air emissions from vehicles, dust, etc.). The construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments, will result in increase of the traffic near the site due to the construction work, that is, temporary presence of the construction machinery and the transport vehicles for transport of workers and construction materials. It will cause an increase in the amount of dust and exhaust fumes from vehicles in the air, and thus problems with respiratory organs among the population, particularly in the settlements where such activities will take place. Sources of noise will be the transportation vehicles for transport of the workers in and out of the subject scope as well as the mechanizing needed in the process of construction. Especially the noise will be enhanced in the phase of implementation of planned activities for the construction of reservoirs, dams, rubber compartments and regulation of the rivers. During the construction activities for regulation of rivers, especially in the settlements, attention should be paid not to exceed the allowed noise levels for a settlement and to take all measures for noise protection. Influence on the quality of air With the implementation of the objectives of the Study, no significant, long-term negative impacts on air quality are expected, especially because of the type and nature of the core activity of the facilities planned in the subject scope (water supply and irrigation). The main impacts of project activities on air quality are expected during the construction or performance of earthworks and concrete works for setting the foundations and the structures of buildings. The emergence of dust is expected as fugitive emission of the tiniest particles of soil, sand during construction of the new access roads, the final shaping of existing roads as well as during the clearing of the area and exploitation of materials for construction of dams, accumulations, compartments and the regulation of rivers, which may have a negative impact on the environment or cause respiratory irritation and breathing problems in the population. The emergence of emissions of combustible substances and the negative impact are with shortterm intensity, locally and through distribution of the pollutants affects on the air quality in the area. Increased frequency of vehicles is expected for delivery of construction materials and transport of workers in and out of the subject scope as a short-term and cumulative process.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
The emergence of emissions of harmful gaseous substances from the eventually created dumps of solid waste, construction waste and hazardous waste by the construction sites is not excluded. The possibility of using the water in the accumulations and watercourses, as a renewable source of energy production from small hydro power plants, contributes to improving air quality on long-term and promotion of the renewable energy sources available to Macedonia.. But since this is a very small capacity of the planned hydropower plants (Ponikva, Bela Voda, Repnica, Dobrava and Plasinci) of total 13,75 kW, the importance of the renewable energy sources is minimal as a share of the total production. Influence on the quantity and quality of waters With the implementation of the objectives of the Study which primarily mean managing the waters of the river basin Bregalnica, very significant, long-term, positive synergistic impacts on water quantity and quality are expected, as well as benefits for the local population of rational use of the waters for water supply, irrigation and getting electricity. Efficient redistribution of water by space and time is expected which will provide water in the dry summer periods, and will reduce flooding. Higher quantities of water will provide increased capacity of the water body for self-purification. The destructive effects of erosion of land will be reduced and reducing of deposition of sediments is expected, thus providing greater accumulation space and efficiency in the operation of the accumulations. The regulation of the river-bed of rivers and the possibility to manage the flows of river Bregalnica and its tributaries will directly affect the regulation of minimum acceptable flows (biological minimum of rivers) for provision of water eco system. The project solutions will directly at long-term contribute to the protection and promotion of the aquatic environment and the biodiversity along the river. The positive long-term and most significant impacts on the water represent cumulative and synergistic impacts that directly affect to all areas of life of the population in the region. But, however, small, insignificant negative impacts appear. During the construction phase of building the facilities for regulation of r.Bregalnica and its tributaries, the following negative impacts on the quality of the surface and ground waters are expected: ¾ The disruption of earthen surface and the removal of soil cover can cause erosion of the sediments and potential contamination of nearby surface waters by increasing the level of solid suspended particles in them; ¾ Temporarily changing of the course of rivers, until the completion of construction activities; ¾ Reducing the flow of water in rivers, while following the legal regulations for providing the necessary biological minimum in water courses; ¾ Increasing the concentrations of heavy metals, nitrates and dangerous substances from nearby installations; ¾ Leakage of contaminated waters from areas of construction activities; ¾ Disposal of waste into surface waters. ¾ Leakage of wastewater from the temporary toilets (wastewater from the temporary toilets should be transported and removed by an authorized company and that is why impact on water quality is not expected).
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¾ The access roads could change the regime of removing storm water due to the change of the permeability of the surface, removal of the vegetation and the performed modification of the earth profiles during the construction. The change of regime can cause erosion and sedimentation of the natural drainage paths, causing impacts on downstream surface waters. In the operational phase the following negative impacts are possible: ¾ Filling the accumulations, by water intake from the river Bregalnica and its tributaries alters the hydrological cycle, the quantity and quality of groundwater, but has long term positive impact in the controlled use of the water for water supply and irrigation, as well as for production of renewable energy. ¾ The rubber compartments that need to be made in the river-bed of river Bregalnica are intended to raise the water level in the river during the low watercourse and thus, despite the possibility of involvement of the irrigation water, a possibility of using the space for tourism is obtained. ¾ The operativeness of the dams and accumulations can result in potential minor adverse impacts on water quality, especially in the activities for maintenance and control of the infrastructure and the equipment of the dam. Potential sources of water pollution during this phase are: o Oil leak during maintenance and from turbines o Disposal of waste into surface waters o Creation of conditions for anaerobic processes in reservoirs ¾ Increasing concentrations of heavy metals, nitrates and dangerous substances from the surrounding installations and polluted watercourses where the untreated wastewater is being discharged, from the industry and the municipal water, also directly affect the water quality in the accumulations and rivers. In order to eliminate the negative impact of wastewater on human health by consumption of agricultural products irrigated with polluted water, it is urgent to construct treatment plants for the waste waters discharged into the watercourses. Influence on the soil The activities for construction of the facilities for regulation of r.Bregalnica and its tributaries, in the constructive phase, could hurt the geological characteristics of the soil, as a result of using heavy mechanizing and vehicles, transport and disposal of surplus excavated material, disposal of construction waste, extracting sand, gravel and clay from river banks and others. Some of the impacts that may occur in this phase are: ¾ Removal of the upper layer of soil during clearing the area, removal of vegetation, stones and roots of vegetation; ¾ During the construction of dams and accumulations, an excavation of large quantities of land occurs, as well as during construction of access roads, causing a change of the quality and profile of the soil, the changes and impacts are with permanent character and relate to the physical changes of the terrain and the use value of the soil; ¾ Erosion of land which is the result of the increased movement of soil during the digging of the ground and the construction, as well as because of cleaning of the vegetation;
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¾ Compaction of soil as a result of the movement of vehicles, causing a reduction in infiltration of water into the soil and changing the regime of groundwater; ¾ Pollution of soil from leaks of substances, such as fuel or oils during the use of vehicles and the mechanizing or the release of some pollutants that are already present in the soil; With the exploitation of sand from the river-bed of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries, a disruption of the falls along the river-beds of watercourses occurs and an increase of water speed, which is the reason for a significant increase of the depths of river-beds in relation to the natural depth. The Study records that in some places erosion has strong influence on soil, of which the most widespread is the surface erosion which is manifested by surface flushing without forming or with already started process of forming grooves. At much smaller areas but with significantly stronger intensity, widespread is the grooved and the ravine erosion. Line erosion of the riverbed is most widespread at most of the watercourses to a greater or lesser extent, but its significance in some cases is significantly smaller than surface erosion. Influence on the biodiversity (flora and fauna) The impacts on the flora, that is the plant life, are assessed as significant in the construction phase, for cleanup of sites and the removal of vegetation in the locations provided for the regulation of river beds and the creation of accumulations. These changes will cause: ¾ Changes in the water regime; ¾ Loss of wooden mass; ¾ Changes in the regime of the streaming of air and its quality; ¾ Potential instability of the soil, danger of flooding and increased sedimentation of material; In the construction phase, activities that would have a potential negative effect of the autochthonous flora and fauna are: ¾ The increased frequency of vehicles and mechanizing will result in increased noise level, which can cause disturbance especially of birds and mammals in their usual activities for food and rest and their displacement. ¾ The previously mentioned activities potentially affect, mainly in small amount, to the loss of hunting grounds (at the bats), other mammals and birds and loss of resorts during the summer or have limited impact during the migration by the loss of places for nourishment and pairing. ¾ Change of flora and fauna in and around accumulations. Still it should be emphasized that the impacts on the biological diversity in the construction phase are short-term nature and that by implementation of appropriate preventive measures and procedures, they can be reduced to a negligible level. It is expected that some of the wildlife in the future will be reduced (due to degradation and fragmentation of their natural "homes" and habitats of movement) and part of individuals will displace, but it will not affect on the disruption of biological diversity on a global scale. An important measure to prevent the disruption of the water eco system is the minimum acceptable flow of rivers along the constructed buildings (mini accumulations, mini hydro power plants) which will provide a biological minimum in the water and life for the aquatic species of plants and animals.
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Influence on the climate change The climate changes and impacts are minor and are mainly a result of the emission of exhaust gases that cause greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide). These gases affect global warming, which in turn causes changes in the intensity of the climatic parameters. Changing the water regime of the watercourses, as well as the construction and creation of accumulations, also changes the local micro - climate, especially in terms of increased humidity and temperature change that will positively affect the population. If implemented the construction of small hydro plants in the basin of river Bregalnica will have a positive impact on the micro - climate in the region since the resulting energy will be produced from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. All this will contribute to reduction of greenhouse gases, but should bear in mind that it is insignificant amounts of energy that is being received from the mini hydropower plants. Influence on the climate change of the water resources sector On the other hand, climate change that is already taking place globally, in large affects on the vulnerability of the water resources sector from the permanent trend of increasing temperatures and decreasing the amount of rain. Republic of Macedonia as a signatory to the Convention on Climate Change of the United Nations and the Kyoto Protocol is obliged to prepare National Reports covering the topics of the impacts of climate change on all sectors, identification of vulnerable sectors and introduction of measures to adapt the sector to future effects of climate change. The water resources sector is one of the vulnerable sectors and in the Second National Report of Republic of Macedonia to the UN Framework Convention. The conclusions brought out in this Report say that an increase in water temperature is expected by reducing the flows which means danger to the water balance and the water world because of limited quantities of dissolved oxygen which is necessary for wildlife. Small streams contribute to higher concentrations of ammonia, nitrites and phosphates into the water and deteriorating quality of water resources. Generally, the reduced hydrological resources that are expected as a result of climate change reduce the power of the dilution of pollution, reduction of dissolved oxygen in water bodies and particularly for agriculture an increase of pollution is expected and the result is a violation of water quality, which on the other hand requires more funding for treatment to secure quality of its usage. The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica by the defined objectives will directly help in adjusting the supply of the population with quality water for all the needs of the current but also future generations when it is assumed that the impact of climate change will be more expressed. Influence on the area In the phase of construction of the dams, accumulations, rubber compartments and other associated facilities, the appearance of the landscape will shortly change as a result of the activities to be undertaken on the ground in the form of clearing, digging of foundations, presence of transport vehicles, trucks and other mechanizing required for transport of construction materials and workers, setting of water supply systems and disposal of wastewater along the river Bregalnica.
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But, a significant negative impact is not expected because the planned locations for the construction of dams and accumulations, are chosen in a manner to best fit the environment in accordance with the situation on the ground, that is to have earth material near enough, as well as to have already an access road to the profile of the dam (thus the needs for intervention are minimized), to have a favorable hydrology of the water flow as well as proximity to the settlements as an opportunity for the development of fishing, tourism and other economic activities that would derive substantial benefits from the construction of accumulation. It is expected that the implementation of project activities will have a positive impact on the area in terms of landscape and functional composing with the existing infrastructure and will act as a planned whole, which in future will contribute to the development of tourism and fishery. Influence on the cultural heritage The region along the river Bregalnica and its tributaries is characterized by the presence of numerous natural reserves and natural monuments, caves, waterfalls, archaeological sites and so on and these are listed in Chapter 6.1.7. It is a matter of a rich natural heritage and the possible negative impact on it, which would appear in the phase of the planned buildings depending on their distance from the project locations. Negative impacts can be defined after determining the boundaries of the same in a detailed urban plan, which will determine the precise locations and boundaries of each of these facilities with the detailed urban plans (planning documents), and at the same time also the exact location of the facilities for regulation of river Bregalnica and the tributaries, the exact distance, the interdependence and the possible impacts will be visible. If during the execution of construction works a locality is revealed, the constructor of work is obliged to stop work and inform the competent institutions to take appropriate measures. Objectives for environmental protection in the subject scope and measures for their accomplishment Objectives of strategic assessment of the environment and indicators The specific objectives of protecting the environment (Objectives of Strategic Environmental Assessment) during the realization of the objectives of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica are identified on the basis of an analysis of the environmental problems in the subject scope (the entire Eastern planning region) and identification of the most sensitive elements of the environment on which the most pressure is felt, and which would be mostly exposed to the negative impacts of the realization of the generally proposed project solutions in the Study. The specific objectives of environmental protection must be taken into account and parallelly to be accomplished together with the objectives of the Study when the planned project solutions will be realized. From the analysis made in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 it is evident that the water as a medium (its quantity and quality and current and future use) is not the only sensitive element of the realization of the objectives of the Study despite the fact that the Study is focused on management with the water resources in the basin of river Bregalnica. It is because of the existence of other already sensitive environmental elements whose condition would be aggravated further by the realization of the objectives of the Study, why it is necessary for each significant element of the SEA (sea, air, biodiversity - flora, fauna, population, material goods, land, climate change, human health, cultural heritage and -120-
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landscape/region) to have defined objectives of the Strategic Environmental Assessment as objectives for the protection of the particular element so that each element can be protected and able to get a promotion of its present condition during the realization of the Study for regulation of river Bregalnica. For each objective of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) a set of indicators is appointed to monitor the implementation of the objectives for protection of the environment in the subject scope in the next period. Measures to mitigate, prevent the possible negative impacts of the Study Regarding the estimated possible impacts of the objectives of the Study on the various elements of the environmental there are measures proposed that must be implemented to prevent, reduce, mitigate or compensate the negative impacts that would occur during the realization of the objectives of the Study (Table). The proposed measures are mainly focused on identifying issues that should be taken into account in the preparation of other documents that follow after adoption of the Study, in the phase of identification of financial funds, preparation of conceptual, basic and performance project of each planned project. Monitoring plan In order to monitor the significant effects (positive and negative) of the realization of the objectives of the Study and to take appropriate measures on time, if the same are not realized or if they significantly and negatively affect the environmental elements in the subject scope, it is necessary to set indicators of SEA and their continuous that will provide systematic observation, examination and evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures introduced to protect, reduce or mitigate the adverse effects of the planning document. The monitoring plan that in summary establishes the relations between the elements of the SEA from the subject scope, the proposed indicators and the responsible for their monitoring, analyzing and, where appropriate intervention is provided in The monitoring plan will help to the Centre for Development of the Eastern planning region (to all covered municipalities) to review the situations in the subject scope in realizing the objectives of the study, the status of implementation of the planned measures and will further enable efficient planning of other infrastructural projects and will ensure sustainable development of the municipality. Only in this way, the objectives of the strategic planning document for managing the waters of river Bregalnica can be realized in a synchronized manner (parallelly) and the objectives of environmental protection in the subject scope can be achieved. Of course the local government of the covered municipalities is fully responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Plan for monitoring, analysis of the values of the indicators and the trend of decreasing, increasing them and comparison with the national or other relevant. The monitoring plan is part of the Appendix 5 of this Study.
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Таbel: Objectives of Strategic assessment of the environment and indicators for Strategic assessment of the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Indicators of SEA
Regulation of the river basins in the populated places: Gradecka reka (Vinica), Spancevska reka and Banska reka (Chesinovo - Oblesevo), Kocanska, Orizarska and Trkanska (Kocani), Zletovska (Karbinci), r.Zletovica and r.Kiselica (Probistip), r.Bregalnica, r.Otinja and Kriva Lakavica (Stip)
Number of prepared project documents for the construction of systems for regulating the river beds annually (in accordance with the requirements of the financial institutions that would finance) Number of prepared project cards (project fishe) for applications in front of international institutions Number of signed contracts to build facilities for the regulation of riverbeds Prepared and adopted Study of assessment of the impact of the project on the environment
Water
Limiting the pollution of the rivers and accumulations with wastewater and water from the industrial capacities
Limiting the pollution of the rivers and accumulations with municipal wastewater
Providing quality from the sludge from the treatment plant which can be used as agricultural fertilizer Regulation of stormwater
Construction of municipal sewerage network in the village settlements
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% of industrial capacities that have obtained environmental permit (IPPC A / B) or permit for adjustment with operational plan Trend of decreasing water consumption in industrial capacities (the last 3-5 years) % of water that circulates through the process % of industrial capacities with wastewater treatment - treatment plants (at the level of each municipality) Trend of reducing the losses of water (the last 3-5 years) % of industrial capacities with their own monitoring of wastewaters Established Plan for taking samples for analysis of wastewaters Number of samples with concentrations of pollutants above the maximum allowable Efficiency of the water treatment plant % of municipalities included in the basin of river Bregalnica with built treatment plants for municipal wastewaters % of population covered by the existing faecal sewerage network % of population covered by the collector’s system for disposing wastewater to treatment plant Concentration of pollutants in the sludge: heavy metals, (Pb, Cd, Cr, CU, NI, Zn, Hg), organic materia, pH value, nitrogen and phosphate and dry materia. Length of construction of sewerage Covered area which is drained % of population covered by stormwater sewerage % of households in rural areas connected to sewerage network Length of sewerage network in rural areas
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Indicators of SEA
Construction of accumulations for water supply and irrigation and efficient water use
Area covered by irrigation Trend of reducing the losses of water through the irrigation system Provided quantity of water needed for the residents in the locality in accordance with the norms for water supply and the coefficients of daily and hourly imbalance Completed conceptual and basic projects for the water supply network Trend of reducing water losses Length of water network and number of beneficiaries covered Composition and abundance of the aquatic flora Composition and abundance of invertebrate fauna Composition, abundance and age structure of the fish fauna Minimum acceptable flow (biological minimum) Connection with groundwater bodies Physical - chemical status of the water Concentrations of priority pollutants Number of implemented projects for using the geothermal water
Construction/Reconstruction of water supply network for solving the problem of providing clean water for use
Maintenance, improvement and monitoring the water quality in the water of river Bregalnica, its tributaries, in the accumulations, to a good ecological status
Utilization of the warm geothermal waters in the eastern region Setting up a mechanism to control the exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds
Soil
Limitation of soil pollution from uncontrolled use of chemical preservatives Efficient management of various types of waste that are thrown along the rivers in the basin of Bregalnica
Protecting soil Kamenica)
from
erosion
(Delcevo,
Makedonska
Construction of regional landfill for municipal and harmfull industrial waste
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Number of cases of illegal exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds Number of permits issued for the exploitation of sand, gravel, stone from the river-beds Conformity of the quality of the soil towards the purpose (physical - chemical analysis) Trend of reducing the annual consumption of chemical protective assets by the agriculturers % or area of cleaned up illegal landfills Made Plan for regional municipal waste management % of municipalities that submit regular Annual Reports for collected, transported and disposed waste Remediation of the polluted surface % of selected waste from the total generated waste Quantity / volume of waste that is taken on landfill Trend of reducing the area affected by erosion Newly planted areas % of population in the region covered by the regional landfill
Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Objectives of SEA
Indicators of SEA
Protection and promotion of the diverse plant, animal and water world of the subject
% of saved and new species and populations of birds
Human health
Population
Biodiversity
Element of SEA
% of new and preserved animals and species of plants determined and maintained biological minimum in the water of the rivers
Increasing the employment
Downward trend in unemployment
Opening new job positions
Number of new open positions
Improving the quality of life
Satisfaction of the residents of the socio - economic life and the ecological surrounding
Reducing the health risk from unsafe water for drinking, bathing and irrigation of crops
Trend of reduction of intestinal diseases, skin diseases
Maintaining the level of noise and vibration to the maximum permissible for the area of construction of the projects
Noise level within the area of the subject scope
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Physical - chemical and biological water quality
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Table: Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets SELE targets SELE Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the Elements realization of the study targets
Water
Regulation of the river beds in urban areas; the Gradecka River (Vinica). The Spancevska River and the Banska River (CesinovoOblesevo), the Kocanska, the Orizarska and the Trkanska (Kocani), the Zletovska (Karbinci), the Zletovica River and the Kiselica River (Probistip), the Bregalnica River, the Otinja River and the Kriva Lakvica (Stip)
Consequent realization of the legal regulations regarding the projecting of the total regulation system of the river Bregalnica and its affluents, particularly accenting the following topics: а) flow data analysis received from the hydrological stations and the prediction of the correct water quantity that flows in the rivers during the year, b) tracking the multiyear trend of flow changes connected to other hydro-meteorological parameters c) predicting and avoiding appearances of floods d) defining the regulation type that will be applied on individual rivers (dam, accumulation or cascade – rubber barriers), depending on the ground conditions Making an evaluation study of the influence on the life environment or an Elaborate for life environment protection before the project beginning, accenting the following topics: а) administration of various dump fractions that could be created (dump separation, recycling and/or reuse of the dump as fuel and final elimination at appropriate places – selection of dangerous and non-dangerous dump and dump gathering and transporting by authorized companies, not abandoning the location before the whole dump is gathered and safely transported b) noise level of the mechanization that will work in the open in urban places (use of equipment and machines with noise level below the maximum permitted and with efficient energy) c) possible violation of the micro-location biodiversity (avoiding constructive works in the nesting or bird migration periods, providing free fish movement and sufficient quantities of dissolved oxygen in the water, avoiding unnecessary wood cutting and damage and animal refuges damage) d) the constructive works (maintenance of the equipment and vehicles in perfect condition with no oil leakage, fuel gasses, keeping powder sand and mud from entering the accumulation or the river, providing sanitation conditions for the workers, precaution working measures and first aid for injuries e) Providing sufficient finances and time for intensive participation of all the interested parties (local population, ecological NGO, authorized institutions, fishermen, farmers; the authorized medical institutions ought to be included at the beginning of the project and predict all the health aspects f) continuous monitoring of the water quality regarding the physical-chemical and micro-biological parameters and other measures After regulating the river beds in the populated places, the environmental area can be cultivated with trim paths for sporting and sport grounds for recreation of the population.
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SELE Elements
SELE targets
Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets
Limitation of river and accumulation pollution with communal drainage water and water from the industrial capacities and building filtering stations
Consequent respect of the national legal legislative regarding the drainage/waste water release into the recipient/collector system when the industrial drainage water is in question and/or the drainage net when the urban waste water is in question. INDUSTRY Attending the requests of the EU Directive for integrated control and protection of pollution for the installations that are obliged to receive ISKZ licenses (A/B types) regarding the efficient water use, water allocation in the technological process and its reuse and identification of emissions of pollution substances in the drainage water and methods for its filtering. If there is a filtering station, then its efficiency, type of technology in use, accepted design for constant monitoring of the drainage water and watching the recipient quality are important elements. Regular reports to the authorized institutions (municipality and LCSPP) about the data of the drainage water monitoring are also necessary. The installations should also respect the requests of the EU Frame Water Directive and the EU Directive for priority substance emission that are released in the drainage water because of a lack of national legislative (unfortunately the sublegislative acts which are based on the water law are not prepared and passed, yet). The future evaluation studies of the project influence or Elaborates about the environment protection should point out the water sources for the technological process, the way in which it will be returned to the process, the drainage water filtering solution, the building of the filtering stations, the recipient quality of the recipient that will receive the released water, the filtering technique and level, the plan for laboratory investigations of the drainage water quality before and after its treatment and the filtering level. COMMUNAL/URBAN DRAINAGE WATER The municipalities should start and realize initiatives connected to drainage communal/urban water collecting, its safe eduction to a filtering station and appropriate filtering before releasing it to the recipient. . Special attention should be paid to the mud treatment and its elimination. If it is eliminated as waste, it has to be controlled for dangerous substance contains (if it does, it should be treated as dangerous waste). Implementation of EU Directive requests for the possibility of using the mud on the agricultural ground regarding the presence of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, CU, NI, Zn, Hg), organic materials, pH values, nitrogen and phosphate and dry material. Using the best mud administration techniques, transportation and final elimination. The information is the actual concentration of heavy metals in ground where mud depositing has been planned, is very important. Consequent implementation of the legal regulation of projecting the total drainage system with correct calculations of rain water quantities that are expected to be collected and taken to the recipient, that is to say, the river Bregalnica and its affluents. Implementation of drainage building legal regulation. Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding taking away the urban drain water while making the draft and basic projects to protect surface water quality that absorb/take urban unfiltered drain water as well as the underground water quality which are directly polluted by septic tanks. It is necessary to establish direct communication with public communal organizations which serve populated places and to initiate infrastructure projects financed by the municipalities or international donors.
Providing quality mud from the filtering station so that it can be used as agricultural fertilizer Regulation of weather water
Building drainage nets in rural settlements
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SELE Elements
SELE targets
Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets
Building accumulations for water supply and efficient water use
Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding water capture and use, the newest technical inventions (best available techniques – BAT) for efficient water use for the process (water supply and/or irrigation). Compulsory water quality monitoring in accordance with the sub-law act for water security, regarding physical-chemical and biological parameters in the national and regional health protection institutions according to their yearly plans. The continuous quality monitoring should be done because of the fact that no filtering stations have been built for industrial and urban drainage waters. Similar controls should be done on the water-systems, too. The pipeline net of the irrigation systems should be controlled periodically to discover possible defects and cracks that could cause water effluence and leakage. The studies about the project influence, particularly the influence on the environment (elaborate for environment
Building/Reconstruction of water supply net in order to solve the clean water supply problem
Maintaining, updating and monitoring the water quality in the river Bregalnica, its affluents and the accumulations for good ecological status
Use of the warm geothermal water in the eastern region
Setting a control mechanism for the exploitation of sand, gravel and rock from the river beds
protection/Application of ISKL license) a technical solution for efficient water use, establishing measures for cleaner production by material water balance, its reuse and saving, should be technically requested. Доследно исполнување на националната законска регулатива во поглед на квалитетот на водата за пиење и редовни контроли на најважните параметри. Исто така исполнување на националната законска регулатива во поглед на основните хидротехнички услови при изработка на идејните и основните проекти. Директна комуникација со Јавните комунални претпријатија за воведување на мерки за ефикасно користење на водата, воведување на мерки почисто производство преку материјален биланс на водата и намалување на загубите. Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding water pumping, efficient use, drainage water effluence and water quality. Implementation of EU Frame Directive water requests and the national programs and strategies that will set up the targets for maintaining good ecological water status is also compulsory. It is necessary to make a characterization of surface water body types in the Bregalnica basin regarding the biological reference conditions and hydro-morphological and physical conditions in accordance with the national law and sub-law acts. Surface water condition should be monitored by the biological elements, hydro-morphological elements as support of the biological, chemical and physical-chemical particular pollution substances which are supposed to exist in the river water. Setting up nationally leveled techniques and calculations of minimum acceptable flowing (biological minimum) and support of the water flora composition and abundance, composition and abundance of invertebrate fauna, abundance and age structure of the edge fauna. Monitoring surface water quality in accordance with national an EU regulations. Investigation of the capacities of the regional geothermal waters, its lavishness, temperature, quality, usage possibilities and recommendations. Preparing a Development Strategy of bath tourism with appropriate touristic capacities and tourist attraction programs in the whole region, considering Tourism Development Strategies of the municipalities which have been approved. Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding controlled natural resources exploitation (sand, gravel and rocks from the river beds), in order to protect from erosion, surface waters quality protection and under ground waters quality and quantity which directly get polluted with the result of composition change.
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SELE Elements
SELE targets
Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets
Ground pollution limitation from uncontrolled use of chemical protective means
Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding the control of the used chemicals in the agriculture, the way and frequency of their implementation and the possibility of their replacement with less damaging substances. Farmer training for more efficient and dosed recipe use of chemical protective substances and the right time for their application regarding the winds, humidity, temperature and other parameters; about the new irrigation techniques, waste administration, substance packaging (pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers etc) because they are considered as dangerous waste. Continuous ground analysis and monitoring its quality changes in order to maximize the water use and minimize the evaporation (early morning and late evening irrigation). Irrigation and drainage operation improvement in the sense “how much a when the irrigation or drainage are done�. Controlling the presence of heavy metals in the ground where mud displacement from the filtering station is considered. Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding waste administration and checking its depositing near the rivers or small watersheds by the individual households. Capacity reinforcement of all the citizens and authorized regional institutions of understanding the importance of the river Bregalnica and its affluents and the regular waste administration and prevention of water resources pollution. Minimizing ground pollution with waste waters which are used for irrigation of the agricultural cultures. Implementation of EU politics requests for ground pollution (EU Ground Strategy and Directive). Implementation of a number of measures of administrating erosive fenomena and processes in the basin areas and watershed beds (building erosion protection objects: barriers, channels, dams, accumulations etc.) The measure type depends on the strength (erosive, damaging), the watershed torrents, object and ground type that has to be protected. In the upper (source) part of the torrential bed, smaller barriers are set up, the target of which is bank consolidation and sanction of possible sliding. In the middle flow, cross barriers are built in order to keep away the alluvium of the opposite side. In the lower flow several measures can be applied: barriers for keeping the alluvium, regulation work etc... Forestation is one of the most effective measures to prevent erosion. Other general measures: Maintaining the vegetation surface cover on the erosion sensitive ground Restriction of vehicle movement and use of mechanization that causes ground pressure of weaker intensity Prohibition of making regular controls or fixings in conditions of downpours Checking the implementation of preventive sliding measures, inclination stabilization (supporting walls) if necessary Rehabilitation of eroded channels and bringing them to their natural condition/ replanting vegetation Clearing up the intervention spot after finishing the regular control Prohibiting building activities in conditions of downpours.
Efficient administration various types of waste that thrown into the water of rivers that belong to Bregalnica basin
of are the the
Ground
Ground erosion protection (Deceive, Makedonska Kamenica)
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SELE targets
Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets
Building a regional dump for communal non-dangerous waste
Consequent implementation of the national legal regulation regarding waste administration and its appropriate treatment on regional level. Implementation of actual EU waste administration principle: a) minimizing waste generation, its selection on the spot where it has been created, recycling certain recyclable types to reduce the final quantity of waste to be replaced into a dump, using waste as energy. The dangerous waste, which is presently mixed up with the communal and transported to the regional dumps, is of special importance, it is strictly forbidden because it infiltrates the rivers through the ground. Waste collection, transportation and final elimination should be done by authorized legal people, who have got licenses for that activity (it is done with the dangerous waste, too). Reinforcing the local administration capacities, regarding planning, administrating waste (various waste types, waste identification according to the Waste list and appropriate administration with every fraction, inspection). Household education about the use and composting, as ways of administrating bio-decomposing waste. Preparing yearly waste reports (communal, non-dangerous and inert) which has been collected, transported and dislocated in the dumps, and delivered to the MEPP. Non-existence of regional dumps and waste dislocation to illegal and irregular dumps, impacts the other environmental media and their pollution (air, water, area, infective illnesses, skin diseases and diseases that are taken over from animals. Consequent implementation of national legal regulations and waste administration directives. Waste administration plans should contain waste administration rules (minimizing waste accumulation, selecting a spot for creation, recycling – making contracts with waste recycling companies, composting of bio-decomposing waste, waste reuse in a technological process, if possible, waste use as energy and final elimination of non-dangerous and communal waste separated from the dangerous in the dump... Implementation of efficient waste use best world practices.
Waste
SELE Elements
Human health
Preparing a waste administration plan and program for the eastern region
Reducing the health risk from air and water emissions and inappropriate administration of filtering station waste and mud
Maintaining the noise and vibration level below the maximum allowed level for the planned area ambit
Assigning regular systematic checks of the workers in accordance with the law norms and to inform the local health workers. The workers who are going to work on the projects should be protected in accordance with the law norms, there should be first aid means and medical personnel on the locations, building locations should be fence enclosed, information signs should be set, to inform the passers-by about the danger of the building works and locations should be well illuminated. Establishing a data collection and analysis system and preparing a plan for monitoring the dependence of the illness development as a result of emissions that appear while working on the project solutions and after that. Special attention should be paid to administrating secure and covered mud transportation from the filtering stations in order to avoid undesired health consequences. Consequent implementation of sub-law requests regarding the level of noise protection in the planned ambit area. At project level, the following should be considered: planning appropriate building actions in order to reduce the use time of the equipment that produces most intensive noise. Requesting use of equipment with noise dampers, forbidding use of equipment that produces noise above the maximum limitation.
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Study for possibilities of regulation of the river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Biodiversity
Weather factors
SELE Elements
SELE targets
Suggested measures for prevention, decrease or softening the significant negative effects of the realization of the study targets
Increasing the share of energy recovering sources
Investigation of the possibilities for maximum exploitation of energy recovering sources (water) of the suggested small hydro plants on the accumulations, made on project level. Purchasing equipment, vehicles that are energetically efficient and effective planning of transport vehicles routs in order to provide more efficient fuel use and reduction of glass house gasses emission.
Biodiversity protection
Consequent implementation of legal building solutions regarding the biodiversity violation (flora and fauna).Establishing rules for nature protection in accordance with the Law for nature protection (Off. Papers number 67/04 and 84/ General measures: Building vegetation barriers, if possible, authentic; Ground surface layer renewal by planting certain vegetation species; Renewal of natural habitats; Monitoring bird species and their population, as well as corridors of their migration paths; Building highway and other infrastructure (surface and underground) far from objects of natural value, and esthetic fitting of miner works into the natural landscape;
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Alternatives and Preconditions for the Study Execution and the Suggested protection Measures The study does not consider detailed technical solutions, but it makes a cross-section of the possibilities for building small accumulations, rubber barriers and regulation of the river beds in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica, in the Eastern mountainous region. To effectuate it, delicate and step by step preparations should be made and a few alternatives should be taken in consideration. The alternatives suggested by the consultants refer to topics that should be taken in consideration during the course of the further planning in order to fulfill the targets of the strategic assessment of the life environment of the given ambit and to accomplish maximum realization of the study targets. It is characteristic that in the study a majority of priority projects have been considered, but the alternatives for each of them should concern the following: ¾ Choosing an appropriate location within the frames of the given ambit with consideration of the sensitive elements of the life environment and the SELE indicators. The time of project activities beginning (preparing the project documentation and object building – particularly of those intended for irrigation and water supply) have to be simultaneous and in correlation with the improvement of the water quality contained in the accumulation ¾ The possibilities of adding or eliminating accumulation functions and capacity should be examined ¾ The assessment of the river basins and their characterization in types of surface water bodies by the use of compulsory and non-compulsory values of the hydro-morphological and physical-chemical conditions as well as the biological reference conditions, should be given advantage ¾ The aspect of the economic justification of the project, the readiness of the population to pay the service (application of the rule – the user pays), informing the public in due time and its active participation, should also be considered ¾ Projects that can faster, more easily and under better financial conditions guarantee realization means, should be given advantage ¾ Immediate beginning of the reinforcement of the local administration capacities and the employees of the Development Center of the Eastern mountainous region concerning the investigation of the financing possibilities of this type of projects and the financing ¾ When preparing the project documentation, the directives of the national legislative should be used, but in the same time they should be complemented by topics/demands that have been recommended by international institutions that might, eventually finance the project (EU, EBRD, KFW Bank, World Bank …). Of course, the same should be applied to the assessment of the project influence on the life environment ¾ When preparing the study of the assessment of the project influence on the life environment. The targets of the Strategic evaluation of the life environment, the indicators and the projected measures should be taken in consideration ¾ Each municipality should immediately start the identification of its own count value of the SELE indicators to enable getting the regional ones, which will be used for the monitoring of the study target realization and the life environment protection (SELE targets)
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
¾ Reinforcement of the local self-governing capacities in relation with the planning methods and techniques, administrating and practicing the legal regulations in all life environment elements and inspection supervision (particularly for the water resources) ¾ Maximum active participation of the local self-government representatives of the covered municipalities and the Development Center of the Eastern planning region will be necessary during the preparation of the strategic documents by the WATER sector (Water Strategy, Water economy basis etc.) ¾ Establishing data basis for the condition of each element of DPSIR (moving force – pressure – life environment condition - influence – response) the administration frame of the life environment on local and regional level. (with the advantage to the WATER element) ¾ Establishing monitoring of the pollution substances emission of the production capacities, emission distribution in the air, water and ground and regular information of the Ministry of life environment and space planning and local self-government ¾ Reinforcement (technical, educational and with human resources) of the existing water and ground quality monitoring by renewal and superstructure of the existing laboratories in order to undertake new parameters, anticipated in EU sector water directives, new analysis, control and quality readiness insurance methods – supply of their accreditation in accordance with ICO 17 025 standard ¾ Preparation of the necessary urban planning documentation in order to start the project activities ¾ Providing transparency, communication forms with all interested parties (the government institutions, the consulting firms, the non-government organizations, the academic institutions and the economic/industrial installations) targeting active participation in the water administration ¾ Establishing a procedure and ways of information access to the public about the water quality and quantity; ¾ Close cooperation with the health workers and the doctors of work medicine about the identification of the water pollution health risks or their insufficient and inappropriate treatment. Only timely and/or parallel realization of these preconditions can guarantee maximum efficient realization of the targets of the Investigation Study of the possibilities for the regulation of the river Bregalnica with lasting, positive synergetic effects for maintaining development of the covered municipalities and the Eastern planning region.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Crucial Activities for the Administration of the Priority Projects, Time Frame, Indicative Budget and Evaluation Method of the Activity Administration Crucial Activities for the Administration of the Priorities, Responsible Organs and Possible Financial Sources The table below displays a list of crucial activities that have to be administrated in order to execute certain priorities. The responsible organs for the activity execution are quoted, as well as the possible financial sources.
Table: List of precise projects with crucial activities, responsible organs and possible financial sources O. N. 1
Priority
Crucial activities
Responsible organs
Building the small accumulation Kemerot
Revising the project documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam
Local selfgovernment PC Water economy Stip PC Isar Stip
2
Building the small accumulation Stara Vodenica
Local selfgovernment PC Water economy Stip PC Isar Stip
3
Building the small accumulation Ponikva
4
Building the small accumulation Ciflik
5
Building the small accumulation Crnik
Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Selecting the most appropriate designer of the technical documentation Revision of the project documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Revision of the project documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam
6
Building the small accumulation Vladimirovo 1
Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam
Local selfgovernment MZSV
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Possible financial sources Water economy institution MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes) MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Tourist economists of Ponikva Local self-government Private investitors Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes) MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes) MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) O. N. 7
Priority Building the small accumulation Rakovec
Crucial activities
Responsible organs
Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Revision of the project documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam
Local selfgovernment MZSV
Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Building the small Geological hydrologic accumulation investigations Dobrava Preparation of technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Building the small Revision of the project accumulation Vinicka documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam
Local selfgovernment MZSV
14
Building the small accumulation Plesanci
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
15
Building the small accumulation Morodvis
8
Building the small accumulation Bela Voda
9
Building the small accumulation Repnica
10
Building the small accumulation Bigla
11
Building the small accumulation Grncarka
12
13
Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of the technical documentation Settling property legal relations Building a dam Assignment of appropriate location Geological hydrologic investigations Preparation of the technical documentation
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Local selfgovernment MZSV
Possible financial sources MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes) MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes) MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government PC’s that administrate the irrigation Local communities (parishes)
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Local self-government ЈП кои раководат со наводнувањето
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) O. N.
Priority
16
Repairing the rubber bag and the waterfall at Delcevo
17
Repairing the waterfall of the rubber barrier Ciflik
18
Repairing the rubber bag, the waterfall and bed downstream in length of cca 200m at the village Dolni Balvan Setting up a new barrier of rubber bag in Kocani, at the Court
19
20
Setting up a new barrier of rubber bag in Kocani, at the Krusarski bridge
21
Setting up a new barrier of rubber bag in Orizari at the Church
22
Cesinovo-Oblesevo, befor the junction of the river Zletovska
23
Stip, bath Kezovica
24
Stip, before the junction of the river Otinja
25
Stip, before the bridge Goce Delcev (at the bus station)
26
Stip, under the settlement Babi
Crucial activities
Responsible organs
Settling property legal relations Building a dam Preparation of the sanction technical documentation Stating the rubber bag damage and the method of its sanction Preparation of the technical documentation for the waterfall sanction and its sanction
Possible financial sources Месни заедници
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Preparation of the sanction technical documentation Stating the rubber bag damage and the method of its sanction
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
MZSV IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Private farmers
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) O. N.
Priority
27
Stip, under the settlement Balkanska
28
Regulation through the urban area of the river Bregalnica
29
Regulation through nonurban area of the river Bregalnica
30
Regulation of the river Bregalnica in Delcevo
31
Regulation of the river Bregalnica in Berovo
32
Regulation of the river Pancarevska
33
Regulation of the rivers Gradecka and Vinicka
34
Regulation of the river Zletovska from its flowing into the Bregalnica to the village Ularci
35
36
Crucial activities
Responsible organs
rubber barrier Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the elements for setting up a rubber barrier Revision of the Notional project Preparation of the Main Project Administration of the regulation of the river Bregalnica Revision of the Notional project Preparation of the Main Project Administration of the regulation of the river Bregalnica Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the regulation of the river Bregalnica
Possible financial sources
Local selfgovernment MZSV PC for irrigation
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects
Preparation of the technical documentation Administration of the regulation of the river Bregalnica Revision of the technical documentation
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Revision of the technical documentation Administration of the regulation of the rivers Gradecka and Vinicka
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Preparation of the technical documentation for the regulation of the river Zletovska from its flowing into the Bregalnica to the village Ularci Execution of the project Regulation of the bed Execution of the final of the river Zrnovka technical documentation through Zrnovci
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects
Local selfgovernment MZSV Economic subjects
Sanction of the bed at Sanction of the left the rubber barrier in irrigation channel at the the village Dolni rubber barrier Balvan
Local selfgovernment MZSV Irrigation PC (public company)
Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government Civil contribution Economic subjects Budget of the RM, Water fund IPA, IPARD programs Local self-government, Irrigation PC, MZSV, Interested farmers
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Time Frame for the Administration of the Planned Activities with Indicative Budget The table below displays the indicative budget for each anticipated activity with a time frame for their administration. The time frame is made for a 10 year period in accordance with the necessity of the project task, but it can suffer changes in dependence of the available financial chances and the real needs and the newly appeared moments in connection with the issue. Table: List of activities with administration time frame
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8
9
Priority small accumulations in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica Setting up the dam Kemerot 1 500 000 (Caprovo) Setting up the dam Stara 1 000 000 Vodenica Setting up the dam Ponikva 1,2 800 000 Setting up the dam Ciflik 750 000 Setting up the dam Crnik 700 000 Setting up the dam Vladimirovo 650 000 1 Setting up the dam Rakovec 550 000 Setting up the dam Bela Voda 750 000 Setting up the dam Repnica 750 000 Setting up the dam Bigla 400 000 Setting up the dam Grncarka 800 000 Setting up the dam Dobrava 600 000 Setting up the dam Vinicka 400 000 Setting up the dam Plesanci 400 000 Setting up the dam Morodvis 400 000 Priority activities in connection with the sanction and setting up of barriers of rubber bags in the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica Repair of the rubber beg and 20 000 waterfall in Delcevo Repair of the waterfall in Ciflik 40 000 Repair of the rubber beg, 250 000 waterfall and bed in the length of cca 200 m at Dolni Balvan Setting up a new rubber barrier at 400 000 the water elevation of 80 cm in Kocani, at the Court Изведба на нова гумена 400 000 преграда за подигање на Water Water of 120 cm in Kocani Setting up a new barrier, the 400 000 height of the water elevation of 120 cm in Orizari Setting up a new barrier, the height of the water elevation of 120 cm in Orizari Setting up a new barrier, the height 400 000 of the water elevation of 150 cm in Cesinovo-Oblesevo Setting up a new barrier, the height 700 000 of the water elevation of 150 cm and 36 m width at the bath Kezovica, Stip Setting up a new barrier, the 700 000 height of the water elevation of
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2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
Activity time frame 2012
Activity
Estimatio n (Euro)
2011
O. N.
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
150 cm and 36 m width before the junction of the river Otinja, Stip 10 Setting up a new barrier, the height 700 000 of the water elevation of 150 cm and 36 m width at the bridge Goce Delcev, Stip 11 Setting up a new barrier, the 700 000 height of the water elevation of 150 cm and 36 m width at the settlement Babi, Stip 12 Setting up a new barrier, the 700 000 height of the water elevation of 150 cm and 36 m width at the settlement Balkanska, Stip Priority activities in connection with the regulation of the river Bregalnica and the watersheds of its drainage-basin 1 Regulation of the river 7 600 000 Bregalnica bed in the urban area of Stip, 1,8 km 2 Regulation of the river 7 900 000 Bregalnica bed in the nonurban area of Stip, 1,8 km 3 Regulation of the river Bregalnica 750 000 bed in Delcevo, 1,5 km 4 Regulation of the river 500 000 Bregalnica bed in Berovo, 600 m 5 Regulation of the river 600 000 Pancarevska, Pehcevo 6 Regulation of the rivers 900 000 Gradecka and Vinicka, Vinica 7 Regulation of the river Zletovska 1 300 000 bed from its flow into the Bregalnica to the village Ularci 8 Regulation of the river Zrnovska 300 000 bed in length of 800 m 9 Sanction of bed at the rubber 150 000 barrier in the village Dolni Balvan
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2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
Activity time frame 2012
Activity
Estimatio n (Euro)
2011
O. N.
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Monitoring of the Administration of the Study 1. The monitoring and evaluation process anticipates gathering and analyzing data during the planned time period for realization of the activities in the study. The process includes continual informing about the progress of the realization of the set priorities or about the eventual changes as a result of the appearance of new priority tasks. The process should include all the interested subjects. 2. The monitoring process should offer answers to the questions: whether the activities in realization are in the function of the set targets; whether the desired progress is realized in relation to the improvement of the situation of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica and whether the planned activities are realized in accordance with the time frame. 3. It is necessary to establish and ensure functioning of the interaction between the local factors an the central authorities as well as continual collaboration with the wider community and the government organs, in order to ensure better realization of the set targets and tasks factors that anticipate a more successful administration of the study activities. 4. Informing the public about the realization of certain segments of the document and about the influence that the realization of certain projects has upon the maintenance of the region, are integral parts of the monitoring system. 5. These activities are in function of the document updating, which has to be considered open for extending and innovation in dependence of the needs and problems that appear in the basin. A list of evaluation indicators for the administration of the planned activities for each group of activities and the responsible subjects for the administration and monitoring is given in the table below. Table: List of evaluation indicators for administration of the planned activities O. N.
Target group of activities
Evaluation indicators
Monitoring administrators
1
Building small accumulations in the drainage-basin of the Bregalnica
Development center for the eastern mountainous region Local self-governments Other involved subjects
2
Building and sanction of barriers on the river Bregalnica
Number of set projects for building small accumulations Number of revised projects for building small accumulations Number of built small accumulations Number of sanctioned rubber barriers Number of set projects for rubber barrier building Number of built rubber barrier
3
Regulation of the river Bregalnica and the watersheds in the basin
Number of set projects for basin watershed regulations Number of meters of regulated watershed bed
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Development center for the eastern mountainous region Local self-governments Other involved subjects Regional water economy corporations Development center for the eastern mountainous region Local self-governments Other involved subjects
STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES FOR REGULATION OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA (MINI ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, DAMS)
ANNEX 1 HYDROLOGICAL REPORT
Sreden protek na stanicite na pritokite reka Bregalnica za period 1961-2000 g. Middle streaming at the stations of the confluents of the river Bregalnica for the period from 1961-2000
3.00 Kocanska
2.50
Kamenicka Orizarski
Q (m 3/s )
2.00
Osojnica
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Month Meseci
September 2010
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Table of Contents Physical and geographic characteristics of the drainage-basin............................................. - 5 Location of the Drainage-basin and its size...................................................................... - 5 Geographic Position...................................................................................................... - 5 Drainage-basin Limit .................................................................................................... - 5 Length of the Watershed............................................................................................... - 6 Area of the Bregalnica Drainage-basin......................................................................... - 7 Orography ....................................................................................................................... - 11 Drainage-basin Relief and Genesis............................................................................. - 11 Maleska Valley ........................................................................................................... - 12 Maleska-Pijanecka Canyon......................................................................................... - 12 Pijanecka Valley ......................................................................................................... - 12 Pijanecka-Kocanska Canyon ...................................................................................... - 12 Kocanska Valley ......................................................................................................... - 12 Kocansko-Lakavicka Canyon ..................................................................................... - 12 Lakavicko-Vardarska Valley ...................................................................................... - 13 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. - 13 Drainage-basin Altitude above Sea Level....................................................................... - 13 Ground Inclination ...................................................................................................... - 14 Geological Composition ................................................................................................. - 14 Granite......................................................................................................................... - 14 Vulcanites ................................................................................................................... - 14 Paleocene Sediments................................................................................................... - 15 Pliocene Sediments ..................................................................................................... - 15 Quartern Sediments..................................................................................................... - 15 Hydrography ................................................................................................................... - 15 Main Stream Description ............................................................................................ - 15 Longitudinal Profile of the River................................................................................ - 16 The Bregalnica Affluents............................................................................................ - 16 Drainage-basin Forestation ............................................................................................. - 19 Climate Characteristics ....................................................................................................... - 21 Yearly and Monthly Amounts of Rains in (mm) ............................................................ - 21 Yearly and monthly rainfall and snowfall amounts in (mm).......................................... - 25 Rainfall Distribution ....................................................................................................... - 26 Yearly and Monthly Characteristics of the Air Temperature ......................................... - 27 Winds .............................................................................................................................. - 33 Humidity Deficiency....................................................................................................... - 33 Water Balance................................................................................................................. - 33 Effluence Regime................................................................................................................ - 34 Effluence ......................................................................................................................... - 34 The River Bregalnica-Berovo ..................................................................................... - 35 The River Bregalnica-Budinarci ................................................................................. - 36 The River Bregalnica-Oci Pale ................................................................................... - 37 The River Bregalnica-Stip .......................................................................................... - 38 The River Bregalnica-Ubogo...................................................................................... - 39 The River Zletovska-Zletovo...................................................................................... - 40 -3-
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Kocanska-Gradce....................................................................................... - 41 The River Kamenicka-Makedonska Kamenica .......................................................... - 42 The River Orizarska-Orizari ....................................................................................... - 43 Analysis of the average, large and small waters of the river Bregalnica........................ - 45 The Bregalnica at Stip................................................................................................. - 45 The Bregalnica at Oci Pale ......................................................................................... - 50 Conclusion about the Effluence Regime of the River Bregalnica (Water Balance)... - 54 Erosion and Torrent Phenomena of the Drainage-basin ..................................................... - 55 Erosion Phenomena ........................................................................................................ - 55 Torrent Characteristics.................................................................................................... - 55 Group 1 ....................................................................................................................... - 56 Group 2 ....................................................................................................................... - 56 Group 3 ....................................................................................................................... - 56 Group 4 ....................................................................................................................... - 56 Group 5 ....................................................................................................................... - 56 Group 6 ....................................................................................................................... - 57 Group 7 ....................................................................................................................... - 57 Group 8 ....................................................................................................................... - 57 Group 9 ....................................................................................................................... - 57 Group 10 ..................................................................................................................... - 57 Group 11 ..................................................................................................................... - 58 Group 12 ..................................................................................................................... - 58 -
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Physical and geographic characteristics of the drainage-basin Location of the Drainage-basin and its size Geographic Position Geographically, the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica covers the east part of The Republic of Macedonia and lies on the left side of The Vardar. The drainage-basin lies between 42о 9’ 25” and 41о 27’ 20” north geographic length (Greenwich). The distance between the farthest north and farthest south points of the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica is 78 km, and between the farthest east and farthest west points is 102.25 km.
Picture: Area of the Drainage-basin of The Bregalnica Drainage-basin Limit According to the inclination of the ground and the stream of the river itself, the whole drainage-basin of The Bregalnica can be divided into three main parts. This division corresponds to the other physical-geographic characteristics of the basin, as are: the ground forestation, the climate and human influence, which define the flow regime consequently.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Because of these reasons, the river stationeries have been located on places where the water flow can be controlled. They are: - Izvoriste-Istibanja - Istibanja-Stip - Stip-junction to The Vardar This division has been the basis of the elaboration of all the physical-geographic parameters. Of practical reasons, the division of the upper drainage-basin into a part to the Budinarci measuring station and a part from Budinarci to Istibanje has been accepted, too. The right dissolution of The Bregalnica begins at the top Cengino Kale, and above Berovo it spreads to Bulgaria, the drainage-basin of The Pcinja and The Vardar all the way to The Bregalnica flow into The Vardar and it spreads over 199.80 km. The left dissolution lies in the south and separates the drainage-basin of The Strumica and The Vardar from the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica. The length of this watershed is 204.1 km. The whole watershed of the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica is hydrologically entirely determined. In the east, the watershed of the drainage-basin spreads to the border of Bulgaria in length of 90.65 km. The cliffs of the mountains Vlajna and Osogovo, with picks of 1200 and 1800 m. altitude above sea level, make dissolution there. In the north, the watershed moves along the side of the mountains Osogovo and the picks of the Ovce Pole hills. This watershed separates the drainage-basins of The Pcinja and The Bregalnica. The length of the watershed towards The Pcinja is 83.4 km. The picks of the mountain Osogovo, along this watershed, lie on the altitude of 1200 to 1890 m. above see level, but, in the lower part, moving towards the Ovce Pole, it descends and passes over picks with 550 to 850 m. altitude above sea level. In the west and south-west, the watershed separates the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica from the direct drainage-basin of The Vardar. The length of the watershed on the right side towards The Vardar is 42.75 km. and lies on rises with the altitude of 220 to 500 m. above sea level. On the left, the border to The Vardar is 62.5 km. long and it actually separates the drainage-basin of The Kriva Lakavica, an influent of The Bregalnica, from the drainage-basin of The Vardar. There, the picks of the watershed are somewhat higher; 500 to 1100 m. altitude above sea level. In the south, the watershed goes to the highest picks of The Plackovica from 1200 to 1625 m. altitude above sea level and towards Radovish it descends to 400 m. altitude above sea level. The length of this watershed is 123.95 km. and it separates the drainage-basins of The Strumica and The Bregalnica. Length of the Watershed The total length of the watershed of the whole drainage-basin of The Bregalnica is 403.9 km. - The right watershed 199.8 km - The left watershed 204.1 km The total watershed is 172 km longer than the smallest possible of 232 km that presents the circumference of the circle the area of which is equal to the area of the drainage-basin. The diameter of that circle is 74 km. At the average, there are 10.7 кm2 drainage-basin areas per each kilometer of the watershed. The coefficient of the watershed development is: S 403.9 m= = = 1.72 s 232 S - Total length of the watershed s – Circumference of the circle the area of which is equal to the area of the drainage-basin
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology This development coefficient can, to a certain degree, characterize the regime of the effluence. The smaller the development coefficient the more turbulent the effluence processes, and its decrease makes the water inflow slower. In the table below, the values of the watershed lengths of certain parts of the drainage-basin, as well as the values of the watershed development coefficient, are given (m). The values in the column (local) refer to the part of the drainage-basin between the particularly elaborated points, and the ones in the column (total) refer to the whole drainage-basin of The Bregalnica to the given point. Table: Table display of the length, the area of the drainage-basin and the development coefficient of the watershed in particular parts Length of watershed
Budinarci Istibanja Stip Drainagebasin
Local
Total
95.00 174.15 222.30 236.60
95 207.15 283.45 404.00
Area of the drainage-basin per km’ of the watershed Local Total
4.0 4.5 7.7 6.0
4.0 5.6 10.2 10.7
Development coefficient of the watershed Local Total
1.37 1.74 1.50 1.75
1.37 1.70 1.48 1.70
Area of the Bregalnica Drainage-basin The general characteristic of The Bregalnica drainage-basin is the shape irregularity of the drainage-basin. The enclosed graph of The Bregalnica drainage-basin shows that the area of the drainage-basin gradually increases from the source to the km 108+150, but downriver of this pont the larger influents come that make the line of area increase more rising. The stretch course of the drainage-basins of The Kriva Reka and The Sveti Mikulski River contribute to the rapid widening of the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica. The average width of the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica is F Bs = = 20.3km L F = Drainage-basin area (кm2) L = Length of the drainage-basin (кm) The analysis of the graph of the drainage-basin and the area table, gives the following: a) The right side of the drainage-basin is 1.35 times larger than the left one. The direct drainage-basins make 1391.5 кm2 or 32.3 %, and the drainage-basins of the influents make 2903, 5 km2 or 67.7 % of the total drainage-basin area. b) The area of the drainage-basins of all the larger influents on the right side (1819 km2) is 1.67 times larger than the left side area (1089.5 km2).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Table: Area of the Bregalnica drainage-basin and its left influents Stationary
Position
219km 193km + 100 193km + 100 108km+150 108km+150 105km +500 105km +500 103km + 400 103km + 400 80km+450 80km+450 67km+100 60km+650 60km+650 0km+000
Source Before The Ratevska river After The Ratevska river (133, 85 кm2 drain.-b.) Before Osojnica After Osojnica (327, 50 км2 drain.-b.) Before The Gradeska River After The Gradeska River (55, 2 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Zrnovska River After The Zrnovska River (68, 85 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The river Kozjak, Karbinci village After The river Kozjak (153, 2 кm2 drain.-b.) Stip Before The Lakavica River After The Lakavica River (371, 1 кm2 drain.-b.) Joining The Vardar
The Bregalnica Drainage-basin (кm2) 0.00 70.00 203.85 467.00 794.50 798.00 853.20 860.00 928.85 1044.80 1178.00 1218.00 1290.00 1661.10 1832.00
Affluent Drainage-basin (кm2)
133,85 327,50 55,20 68,85 153,20
371,10
Table: Area of the Bregalnica drainage-basin and its right affluents Stationary
Position
219km 192km +500
Source Before The Pehcevo River After The Pehcevo River (46, 20 кm2 drain.bas.) Before Zelevica After Zelevica (115,90 кm2 drain.-basin)) Before Ocipolska River After Ocipolska River (31,50кm2 drain.-basin) Before The River Ribnica After The River Ribnica (37, 75 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Kamenicka River After The Kamenicka River (115, 7 кm2 dr,-b.) Before The Orizarska River After The Orizarska River (137, 7 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Kocanska River After The Kocanska River (133, 70 кm2 dr.-b.) Before The Zletovska River After The Zletovska River (476 кm2) Stip Before The Sveti Nikolska River After The Sveti Nikolska Riv. (691,3кm2 dr.-b.) Flowing into The Vardar
192km +500 163km+700 163km+700 149km+210 149km+210 131km+250 131km+250 125km+550 125km+550 98km+850 98km+850 90km+200 90km+200 86km+100 86km+100 67km +100 32km +100 32km +100 0km +100
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The Bregalnica Drainage-basin (кm2) 0.00 60.00
Affluent Drainage-basin (кm2)
102.20 185.00 300.90 400.00 431.50 466.00 503.70 530.00 645.70 728.00 865.70 890.00 1023.70 1100.00 1576.00 1662.00 1710.00 2401.30 2468.00
46,20 115,90 31,50 37,75 115,70 137,70 133,70 476
691,30
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Table: Area of the Bregalnica drainage-basin and its affluents Stationary
River
219km 193km + 100
Source Before The Ratevska River After The Ratevska River (133, 85 кm2 drain.b.) Before The Pehcevska River After The Pehcevska River (46, 20 кm2 drain.b.) Before The Zelevica After The Zelevica (115, 90 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Ocipolska River After The Ocipolska River (31,50кm2 drain.-b.) Before The River Ribnica After The River Ribnica (37, 75 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Kamenicka River After The Kamenicka River (115, 7 кm2 dr.-b.) Before The Osojnica After The Osojnica (327, 50 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Gradeska River After The Gradeska River (55, 2 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Zrnovska River After The Zrnovska River (68, 85 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Orizarska River After The Orizarska River (137, 7 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Kocanska River After The Kocanska River (133, 70 кm2 drain.b.) Before The Zletovska River After The Zletovska River (476 кm2) Before The River Kozjak, village Karbinci After The River Kozjak (153,2 кm2 drain.-basin) Stip Before The River Lakavica After The River Lakavica (371, 1 кm2 drain.-b.) Before The Sveti Nikolska River
193km + 100 192km +500 192km +500 163km+700 163km+700 149km+210 149km+210 131km+250 131km+250 125km+550 125km+550 108km+150 108km+150 105km +500 105km +500 103km + 400 103km + 400 98km+850 98km+850 90km+200 90km+200 86km+100 86km+100 80km+450 80km+450 67km+100 60km+650 60km+650 32km +100 32km +100 0km +100
After The Sveti Nikolska River (691,3кm2 dr.-b.)
Joining The Vardar
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Area of The Bregalnica drainage-basin (km2) 0.00 130.00
Area of affluent drainage-basin (км2)
263.85 263.85
133,85
310.00 534.00 649.90 780.00 811.50 896.00 933.70 980.00 1095.70 1175.00 1502.50 1509.00 1564.20 1575.00 1643.80 1688.00 1688.00 1900.00
46,20
2033.70 2133.00 2609.00 2672.80 2761.00 2880.00 2967.00 3338.00 3430.00 4121.30 4300.00
115,90 31,50 37,75 115,70 327,50 55,20 68,85 137,70
133,70 476 153,20
371,10 691,30
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
-2000
2 50
2 00
0
River Zelevica
Kamenicka
Orizarska
Kocanska River
50
Left Side
Zletovska River
-1500
Svetinikolska
-500 -1000
10 0
0
River Ribnica
500
Pehcevska River
Right side
Ratevska
River Osojnica
1000
0
2 Dr ainage-basin ar ea (km )
1500
Gradeska
2000
River Kozjak
River Lakavica
2500
Zrnovska Reka
Growth of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica
-2500 -3000 Station (km)
Figure: Graph of the Bregalnica drainage-basin increase, separately left and right side
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
250
Ratevska River
Pehcevska River 200
150
100
0
0
50
500
River Zelevica
Kamenicka River
O cipolska River
1000
River Ribnica
Kocanska River
Zrnovska River G radeska River Orizarska River River Osojnica
River Kozjak
Zletovska River
2 D rainage-basin area (km )
River Lakavica
Growth of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica
Station (km)
Figure: Graph of the drainage-basin area increase along The River Bregalnica Because of clarity, the values of the areas, which are necessary for the study of the drainagebasin parts, have been separated into “local” basins, between two observed points and “total”, referring to the whole basin to the observed point. The average widths of the basins have also been given in this table. Table: Display of the Bregalnica drainage-basin area and width per parts Drainage-basin area (кm2) DrainageAverage drainage-basin width basin (км) Local drainage-basin Whole basin, total Left Right Total Whole Local Total basin, total Budinarci 239 137 376 376 13.9 13.9 Istibanja 219 565 784 1160 10.9 11.7 Stip 760 960 1720 2880 39.0 20.0 Ubovo 614 806 1420 4300 20.8 20.3 Orography Drainage-basin Relief and Genesis Concerning the relief and the genesis of the drainage-basin along the valley of The Bregalnica, it is compound. It generally consists of four valleys: Maleska, Pijanecka,
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Kocanska and Krivolakavecka. Among the valleys, The Bregalnica has cut the canyons: Maleska-Pijanecka, Pijanecka-Kocanska, Kocanska-Lakavicka and Lakavicka-Vardarska. Maleska Valley This broad and high valley, which covers the upper part of The Bregalnica drainage-basin, generally stretches in the east-west direction. In the east, it is limited by The Kadijica Cliff, in the west, by The Kamenica Cliff, and in the south and south-east the dissolution towards Strumica, with the highest pick Petlec, rises. The Maleska Valley is open towards north-west, the direction in which The Bregalnica navigates/penetrates. This valley is filled by lake alluviums of Pliocene age, as a result of which, its relief has got adequate specific forms as are the remnants of ancient terraces. The other higher areas, in which this valley has been evolved, consist of crystal schist and granite. Maleska-Pijanecka Canyon It lies between The Maleska and The Pijanecka Valleys. This canyon has been cut by The River Bregalnica in eruptive rocks. The canyon has been cut progressively, depending on the strength of the layer and the regressive erosion. There are preserved terraces on levels from 30 to 60 m, too (elevation 800 and 830). Pijanecka Valley It mainly extends from the south to the north, and then, it stretches towards the west. It is not a true river valley as we can primarily conclude. It is a valley, filled with Oligocene alluviums and lake sediments. In the east and west, this valley is limited by high cliffs, which are steep and mainly consist of schist. At its edges, this valley, as the previously mentioned one, has preserved terraces and higher lake and lower river sediments. Pijanecka-Kocanska Canyon It joins The Pijanecka Valley in the east with The Kocanska Valley in the west. This canyon is cut in Paleocene sandbanks, eruptive rocks and in schist. The very canyon is primarily cut in a plateau, the height of which is around 750 m. The relief of the canyon and the massif is mountainous with high, steep sides. Kocanska Valley It mainly extends from the east to the west. In the south it is limited by The Plackovica cliff and in the north by The Osogovo Mountains. Based on the appearances on the north final edge of this valley (eruptive oblique/inclination, thermal sources and other), it has been concluded that this side of the valley has descended along the fault line. At the south final edge, the valley has no signs of that type, but the steep final edge indicates tectonic descend. West of Kokand, layers of middle Oligocene have been found, on the basis of which we can conclude that The Kocani Valley was descended at the beginning of the Oligocene. There are more recent sediments in The Kocani Valley, and the lake layers have been covered with diluvia and alluvial alluviums. Kocansko-Lakavicka Canyon This canyon has been cut when The Bregalnica was leaving the Kocani Valley. It stretches to the Kriva Lakavica valley. At the beginning it is wide. In the environment of the village Krupiste, right, and of Krivaca, left of the Bregalnica, lake alluviums have been preserved. The obliques of Majuroca, Cair-Bair and Karakus, around 95 m high, extend in the south-
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology west, on the left and on the south-east side. They are dissipated in the valley. They consist of Paleocene sediments. Right and north-west of the river Bregalnica the relief is miscellaneous. Eruptive heads rise on terraces of around 60 m high. Downstream of Cardaklija there are developed terraces of 25 and 40 m, which have been cut in Paleocene rocks. Right of the Bregalnica and north-west of Ezevo Pole and the valley of Ovce Pole, lake sediments of Pliocene age have been developed. Ezevo Pole, which presently represents dissolution between Ovce Pole and the Bregalnica, was a valley in the olicene, in which the lake of Ovce Pole flew through the Bregalnica. Lakavicko-Vardarska Valley The Bregalnica has cut a bed in Paleocene sediments, from the valley of Kriva Lakavica to its junction. It flows among capes, the tops of which are terraces and as a result of that its course is much curved. The relief of this part of the basin is low mountainous with plateaus, it is cut by many valleys and dry ravines with developed erosion. Conclusion The Bregalnica drainage-basin belongs to an old Rodop mountain massif. Tectonic replacements, ancient orogene and hircine movements, before and after the Pliocene ones, when the descending along the fault lines has happened, have taken part in the formation of the actual form and relief. The regressive erosion, which started in the Neocene, moves from The Mediterranean Sea over the valley of the Vardar to the highest parts of the basin. The basin has been intersected by many valleys and dry ravines which, in the upper part are shorter and with greater inclination, and in the lower part they are longer but less inclined. Drainage-basin Altitude above Sea Level The drainage-basin altitude relations are important regarding the rainfall regime determination, the snow percentage, the joint conditions, the evaporation and other.
Figure: Altitude distribution of the Bregalnica drainage-basin The average altitude of the whole drainage-basin amounts to:
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology F â‹… H sr = 722 m. F F - Area between the izohipsies Hsr - Average altitude of the area F H pr =
Ground Inclination The ground inclination greatly influences the surface inflow, the inflow time and the water concentration in the river bed. The ground inclination influences the plunge amount and the underground inflow to the river stream. The inclination of the whole drainage-basin is defined by measuring the length of the contour and the calculation, done by using the following formula: H H â‹…L J = ( L1 + L2 + ... + Ln ) = F F Đˆ=Average drainage-basin inclination H=Altitude of the belt among the contours L=Total length of all the contours F=Drainage-basin area Average inclination of the whole drainage-basin of the Bregalnica amounts to 15.6%. Table: The Bregalnica inclinations per shares Ground inclination % Place Total Local Budinarci 13.8 13.8 Istibanja 16.9 15.9 Stip 20.3 18.5 Junction 9.8 15.6 Geological Composition The geological characteristics and the geological history of the ground stipulate the topographic character of the drainage-basin, its erosion, the underground water and other. The Bregalnica basin belongs to the Rodop massif which is characterized with internal thick Paleozoic crystal masses. Depending on the granite intrusions ,which have happened in the eastern part, there is change of the mass composition and character; there are filas, sericite schist and other, further than the granite intrusions, which later turn into micaschists. Generally speaking, all kinds of rocks can be found in this area. Granite The granite has been exuded for the first time in the Paleozoic; these are The Osogovo granites and the granites along the Bulgarian border. As a result of the tectonic displacements, diacloses and harnishes have often been formed in the granite where it has mechanically collapsed. Consequently, all the granite mass is subjected to erosion, so all the recent alluviums in the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica (Pliocene and quartern) are full of granite sand and gravel. The granites in the western part of the basin were created later in the Miocene, but they have all differentiated from the other rocks, as the gabbroic diorites. Those are the granites near Stip, Tisa Bair, Bogoslovec and others. Vulcanites
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology They have also evolved in relation with the Sava orogenesis, and the andesine rocks are the most prevailing ones in the Bregalnica drainage-basin. The whole ground along the lower flow of The Zletovka to the village Orel, in the east and the village Najmnici, in the west are covered with andesine. The andesines are subjected to fast decomposition and they give a lot of alluviums. The diorites, dacites and trahites are spread everywhere in the basin as products of the shallow intrusion or effusion and they have similar characteristics as the andesine. Paleocene Sediments They cover a large area of Stip to the junction of the Bregalnica to the Vardar, but they can be found around the Sveti Nikolska River between Zletovo and Probistip and around Carevo Selo, too. These sediments have been left there by the Oligocene Sea, mainly: sandbanks, conglomerates, marlies and clay. Pliocene Sediments The Pliocene sediments are loose or loosely connected sediments. They easily get denuded and slip to the valleys. They can be found in the area south-west of the Sveti Nikolska to the drainage-basin of the Vardar, in the valley of Kriva Palanka, in the valleys of Dragobase and Osojnica, in the upper stream of the Bregalnica, where they are most widespread and in the area from the Ocipolska River to Pehcevo and Berovo. The most widespread sediments there are: sends, loosely connected conglomerates, clay and basaltic breach. Quartern Sediments They are fine alluviums and gravel that fill the actual valley. Massive gravel and boulders cover the old river terraces and form cone alluviums in the mountain and valley lines. Tectonic dislocations have happened several times and actually, they have caused the appearance of topographic and geological diverse composition of the drainage-basin. The oldest orogenic movements have no influence on the firmness of the rocks. However, the Paleocene sediments have been pretty fragmented by these movements and they have formed diacloses and brachyblases; in that way greatly enlarging the porosity and waterpenetrativness of these sediments. The movements in the Pliocene have brought large fault lines, Sveti Nikole – Bogoslovec – Konce – Kosturino, when the cliff of Kriva Lakavica descended and Bogoslovec appeared, and then, the fault line at the village Blatec. During the quartern, individual tectonic units were formed, as the Ovce Pole cliff, from the village Keseler to Vrsakovo and the Kocansko Pole cliff, from the village Krupiste to Vinica. These two fields are consequences of the fault line that stretches in the west-east direction. Hydrography Main Stream Description The Bregalnica is the largest river in the east part of The Republic of Macedonia, which arises from The Malesevo Mountains at the Macedonian-Bulgarian boundary, south of the pick Kalaica, and it joins the Vardar at Ubovo. The Bregalnica receives its first larger affluent, the Ratevska River, at Berovo and it flows on to the north through the Malesevsko-Pijanecka valley. In the field of Delcevo, it deposits large quantities of massive alluvium; it changes its bed and takes away its banks. At Delcevo, The Bregalnica turns to the west, through a canyon valley, to the area after the inflow of the Kamenicka River and it flows to the south-west. At the village Istibanja, the river flows out of the canyon and continues through the Kocanska valley. In the upper part of the basin, to Istibanja, the Bregalnica still erodes its bed and it has the character of a mountainous river, in the middle stream, in the field of Kocani, it looks like a flatland river and it massively starts
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology depositing its own alluvium. The banks are low and impermanent, so that the river changes its direction fast and easily, it takes away the banks or covers large bank areas with alluviums. After the flow of the river Zletovka into the Bregalnica, the Bregalnica enters a canyon valley again and there, its banks are more permanent. After Stip, the river cuts its bed deeply in Paleocene sediments, so that its valley gets a canyon character again. This part of the flow is characterized by strong meandering of the river. Longitudinal Profile of the River The length of the river, from its source to its flow into the Vardar, amounts to 211.5 km. Its source is on the elevation of 1200 m above sea level, and its end is on the elevation of 135 m a.s.l., so, the full inclination of its bed is 1065 m, or 5.05‰. According to its bed inclination, the Bregalnica can be divided into three specific parts. This division corresponds to the inclinations of its drainage-basin, which is also characterized with the quoted parts of the basin. The other attributes, as the forestation and the climate, contribute to the formation of various effluence conditions, so that this division actually distinguishes three areas with different geographic characteristics and affluence conditions. They are: a) The upper Bregalnica – from the source to Istibanja, the length of which is 99 km and its total inclination is 825 m; the average inclination of this part is i=8.35‰. This part of the river or the basin covers 27% of the total area of the basin, while in regard of the inclination it takes 77.3% of the total inclination. On the basis of this, it can be concluded that this part is mountainous with quite developed inclinations. b) The middle part of the Bregalnica – from Istibanja to Stip. The length of this part is 44 km, and its bed inclination is 113m, or 2.52‰. The inclination of the river, at this part, sharply diminishes and it takes 10.7 % of the total inclination of the river. It is characteristic that this part of the river gets a flatland character and because of the sharp decrease of the inclination it deposits large amounts of alluvium in the field of Kocani. c) The lower Bregalnica – from Stip to its flow into the Vardar. It is 68.5 km long, and the total inclination of this part is 127m or 1.87‰, which makes 11.9% of the total inclination of the river. In the table below, the inclinations and the length of the quoted shares of the flow as well as the total flow to the observed point are given.
Table: Inclinations of the river Bregalnica per shares Length of the river flow Place Local Total (%) (кm) Budinarci 27 12.8 27 Istibanja 72 34.0 99 Stip 44 20.8 123 Influence 68 32.4 211.5
River inclination (%) Local Total 16.1 16.1 5.42 8.35 2.52 6.55 1.87 5.05
The Bregalnica Affluents The Bregalnica has a well developed hydrological net. There are 16 larger affluents with a total drainage-basin of 2908.5 км2 or 67.7% of the Bregalnica total basin. Ten of the quoted number of affluents is on the right side with an area 1.67 times larger than the area of the affluents that the Bregalnica has on the left side.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The Bregalnica has 10 affluent basins, larger than 100 km2, which almost never dry up. The other affluents, as well as those that are not quoted in the table below, except the Zrnovska, are of a torrent character and dry up almost every year. Table: The Bregalnica affluents o.n..
Affluent
Right affluents 1 Pehcevska 2 Zelevica 3 Gabrovska 4 Ocipolska 5 Ribnica 6 Kamenica 7 Orizarska 8 Kocanska 9 Zletovska 10 Sveti Nikolska Left affluents 11 Ratevska 12 Osojnica 13 Gradeska 14 Zrnovska 15 Kozjak 16 Kriva Lakavica
Drainagebasin area (км2)
Flow length (км)
Total inclination (м)
Bed inclination of the river (%)
Stationary to the junction
46.2 115.9 32.3 31.5 37.7 115.7 137.7 133.7 476.0 691.3
14.9 20.0 11.8 10.4 10.1 23.0 31.0 35.0 46.0 30.0
720.0 667.0 360.0 310.0 620.0 866.0 427.0 1024.0 790.0 197.0
4.83 3.33 3.40 2.90 6.20 3.76 1.38 3.60 1.76 0.656
192+500 163+700 153+000 149+210 131+250 125+550 98+850 90+320 86+080 32+100
133.8 327.5 55.2 68.8 133.2 371.0
25.0 29.0 16.1 23.0 19.4 41.00
467.0 254.0 960.0 680.0 560.0 656.0
1.87 0.875 5.90 2.62 2.90 1.60
193+100 108+150 105+500 102+000 80+000 60+700
Drainage-basin surface of the river Bregalnica on the left side Total left side F=1832 km2
Lakavica F=371.0 km2 Direct drainage20 % basin F=742.5 km2
41 %
Kozjak F=134.0 km2 7% Zrnovska river F=68.0 km2 4%
Gradiska river F=55.2 km2 3%
River Osojnica F=327.5 km2 18 %
Ratevska river F=133.8 km2 7%
- 17 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Figure: Display of the basin areas of the river Bregalnica on the left side
Drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica on the right side Total right side F=2468 km2
Pehcevska River
Svetinikolska F=691.5 km2 28 %
Direct drainagebasin F=650.0 km2 26 %
Zelevica
Gabrovska
Zletovska F=476.0 km2 19 %
Ocipolska
Ribnica
Kocanska
Kamenica
Orizarska
Figure: Display of the basin areas of the Bregalnica on the right side
Total drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica F=4300 km2 Pehchevska
Lakavica
Kozjak
Zelevica
Direct drainagebasin F=650.0 km2 26 %
Zrnovska
Gabrovska
Gradeska
Osojnica
Ocipolska
Ribnica
Direct drainagebasin F=742.5 km2 41 %
Kamenica Zletovska
Ratevska Orizarska Svetinikolska
Kocanska
Figure: Display of the basin areas of the river Bregalnica
- 18 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Drainage-basin Forestation The drainage-basin forestation consists of woods and wood cultures that protect the ground from erosion. The characteristics of the drainage basin of the river Bregalnica, regarding the natural function of the ground and its use, depend on the topo-orographic conditions. The clear distinction of the mountain chains and their different heights and the fields and valleys situated among them, roughly divide the ground into agricultural and forest localities. The forest localities, which are mainly mountain chains and hills, as the Malesevo and the Osogovo mountains, the Plackovica, the Ovce Pole hills, Serta and other mountainous branches, cover almost two thirds of the total area of the basin. As for the forests and the distribution of the forest areas, they greatly differ, depending on the natural and local conditions. The upper part of the Bregalnica, proportionally, contains most forests, the middle one has less and the lowest has least. The forest quality is best in the upper source part, then on the Plackovica, which comprises the upper and the middle part of it, and all the others are of worse quality. The forests and the forest areas in the upper part of the Bregalnica, cover around 2/3 of the upper part and regarding the quality, forests on both sides of the Bregalnica can be set apart. However, the left side of the river is considered as an expressively forest area with quality and high forests, while the right side is worse, both, in the area prevalence and the forest quality. The forests and forest areas in the middle and lower parts of the Bregalnica are mainly distributed in the middle part, actually to Stip. From Stip to the river flow into the Vardar, there are almost no forest areas, except some in the district of the Kriva Lakavica. The forestation coefficients of certain parts of the basin are: to Budinarci-0.37; to Istibanja: local-0, 27 and total-0.31; to Stip: local- 0.31, and total 0, 31; to Ubogo: local- 0.09, and total 0.24. The last one is, at the same time, the coefficient of the whole basin. The tables below display the physical and geographic parameters.
Table: Drainage-basin area, average altitude above sea level, ground elevation, flow length, inclination of the Bregalnica Drainage-basin area (км2) Average Flow length River Area Place Local basin
Budinarci Istibanja Stip Ubogo
Left
Right
Total
239 219 760 614
137 565 960 805
376 784 1720 1420
Whole basin 376 1160 2880 4300
altitude above sea level Local Total 1115 920 683 468
115 978 870 728
inclination in ‰,
elevation
765 374 263 135
Лок.
Вк.
Лок.
Вк.
27 72 44 69
27 99 143 211
16.1 5.4 2.5 1.9
16.1 8.35 6.55 5.05
Table: Area inclination, basin coverage, concentration coefficient, width of the Bregalnica drainage-basin Place
Budinarci Istibanja Stip Ubogo
Area inclination (%) Local Tot. 13.8 13.8 16.9 15.9 20.3 18.5 9.8 15.6
Basin coverage (км) Local Tot. 95.0 95.0 174.2 207.2 222.3 283.5 236.6 404.0
- 19 -
Concentration coefficient Local Tot. 1.37 1.37 1.74 1.70 1.50 1.48 1.76 1.72
Drainage-basin width (км) Local Tot. 13.9 13.9 10.9 11.7 39.0 20.0 20.8 20.3
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Table: Forestation coefficient, curving coefficient of the Bregalnica drainage basin Place Budinarci Istibanja Stip Ubogo
Forestation coefficient Local Total 0.37 0.37 0.27 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.09 0.24
Curving coefficient Local Total 1.09 1.09 1.14 1.13 1.11 1.12 1.07 1.10
The building of the “Kalimanci” and “Gradce” accumulations, as well as the realization of the forestation programs of the basin areas, has greatly enhanced the forestation of the Bregalnica drainage-basin. However, the forestation has to be continued in the coming period in order to enlarge the forest areas and to prevent bringing alluviums into the accumulations, to prevent the erosive processes, to enhance the micro-climate, to decrease the watershed torrences and their flooding of the populated places.
- 20 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Climate Characteristics Yearly and Monthly Amounts of Rains in (mm) Table: Amounts of rains per month and per year for Berovo in (mm): N. Year. 1 1961 2 1962 3 1963 4 1964 5 1965 6 1966 7 1967 8 1968 9 1969 10 1970 11 1971 12 1972 13 1973 14 1974 15 1975 16 1976 17 1977 18 1978 19 1979 20 1980 21 1981 22 1982 23 1983 24 1984 25 1985 26 1986 27 1987 28 1988 29 1989 30 1990 31 1991 32 1992 33 1993 34 1994 35 1995 36 1996 37 1997 38 1998 39 1999 40 2000 Total Average (1961-2000)
I 22.5 29.1 130.8 7.2 68.0 100.5 53.3 50.8 55.9 29.1 38.8 20.3 36.1 50.1 19.8 41.4 31.6 43.3 40.5 54.9 27.9 20.5 16.6 40.0 46.4 71.6 65.1 8.3 1.0 2.0 14.8 3.5 26.6 55.2 64.8 36.0 6.2 16.7 37.5 26.2 1510.9 37.8
II 12.7 77.8 99.0 24.6 60.7 65.9 11.6 39.9 68.2 43.4 47.3 37.2 64.5 55.3 11.7 8.6 44.2 61.9 26.6 8.3 46.9 40.6 19.8 58.8 31.7 114.9 69.9 45.4 21.8 11.5 44.9 6.8 24.0 37.0 12.4 81.4 18.5 68.0 42.9 34.0 1700.6 42.5
III 38.4 135.6 39.5 33.1 16.4 60.2 31.3 24.4 60.7 52.8 104.7 11.6 56.5 43.0 55.8 21.2 34.5 47.6 27.5 38.5 30.2 30.7 10.3 72.9 64.1 15.1 53.1 50.6 20.2 11.2 18.6 11.9 43.6 20.3 53.1 56.3 42.2 9.5 47.0 29.1 1623.3 40.6
IV 60.1 57.3 60.5 30.6 68.4 39.1 52.8 4.1 40.4 52.4 18.2 81.6 79.7 58.2 30.5 77.2 21.1 76.2 84.8 55.1 21.7 65.2 34.8 19.5 26.5 28.6 65.2 27.0 42.1 95.3 100.3 94.9 29.4 60.4 27.1 63.0 44.8 58.5 71.9 17.6 2042.1 51.1
V 88.9 78.2 80.1 87.1 81.3 71.5 42.2 115.1 18.9 129.1 44.5 52.2 40.3 84.3 68.2 100.5 50.0 103.4 69.3 114.0 52.5 84.1 72.4 41.2 67.3 89.0 81.4 75.8 58.2 26.1 80.0 48.8 60.2 46.6 82.7 46.8 36.9 68.5 46.2 40.0 2723.8 68.1
VI 53.7 56.0 89.0 79.2 32.3 52.7 64.3 96.0 31.8 16.7 55.7 54.7 11.7 152.4 67.8 72.9 56.0 61.1 17.3 39.5 73.9 30.7 165.6 30.0 87.5 59.6 69.7 95.5 94.1 37.9 36.2 57.8 7.7 30.0 26.9 43.8 66.3 47.2 95.9 32.1 2349.2 58.7
- 21 -
VII 7.8 34.1 56.9 30.2 55.5 10.6 61.0 1.6 22.3 49.8 114.0 76.6 124.6 23.4 96.3 110.9 61.0 9.3 36.7 47.2 61.5 39.6 99.5 18.9 32.5 31.2 14.5 24.2 73.5 20.3 57.6 24.0 17.4 64.2 129.8 30.5 17.4 35.1 47.7 13.7 1882.9 47.1
VIII . 10.3 15.9 33.2 62.9 16.8 72.1 67.3 30.4 28.6 44.7 49.5 56.2 26.8 36.5 67.8 61.5 34.4 124.3 23.8 44.0 67.8 24.3 102.0 38.3 46.9 45.7 1.7 34.7 33.6 48.6 15.7 2.0 28.3 107.9 68.9 61.4 9.0 51.0 26.5 1721.3 43.0
IX 5.1 20.6 37.1 65.3 4.6 16.0 36.3 35.0 25.3 35.5 65.3 154.7 56.3 19.3 27.7 37.6 21.0 100.2 30.6 52.2 92.6 28.2 48.5 23.6 10.0 10.7 19.8 9.4 44.6 5.3 35.6 45.4 15.2 19.5 78.8 128.2 10.1 75.1 26.0 25.0 1597.3 39.9
X 23.6 57.3 47.6 70.5 0.1 24.2 32.1 8.2 0.4 71.4 27.1 109.3 28.1 74.6 85.9 55.4 3.0 47.9 105.5 165.3 64.4 31.5 30.9 4.0 7.9 31.5 54.6 13.4 97.8 57.6 31.6 37.7 34.0 66.5 2.7 25.2 87.8 90.0 43.9 32.4 1882.9 47.1
XI 106.0 195.6 36.5 72.5 34.7 127.8 25.2 72.9 20.1 19.5 33.1 25.1 41.4 36.2 22.2 92.1 45.4 27.8 114.2 48.9 99.9 102.3 94.6 29.7 156.3 9.4 86.9 118.3 31.4 19.7 87.5 58.9 54.4 8.5 30.6 48.1 30.1 70.5 64.8 20.0 2419.1 60.5
XII 47.9 50.5 57.4 61.2 73.0 75.0 62.6 56.6 124.4 33.2 37.6 0.1 67.9 40.4 9.5 54.1 17.2 73.2 20.3 79.0 79.5 93.2 68.8 36.5 10.8 31.2 34.3 53.0 45.2 137.8 21.4 52.0 67.2 46.0 100.2 50.0 58.4 32.5 73.7 11.8 2144.6 53.6
Total 466.7 802.4 750.3 594.7 557.9 660.3 544.8 571.9 498.8 561.5 631.0 672.9 663.3 664.0 531.9 739.7 446.5 686.3 697.6 726.7 695.0 634.4 686.1 477.1 579.3 539.7 660.2 522.6 564.6 458.3 577.1 457.4 381.7 482.5 717.0 678.2 480.1 580.6 648.5 308.4 1966.5 590
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
802.4 750.3
900 800 700
500
466.7
Rainfalls (mm) Vrne`i i f ( (mm))
600
400 300
594.7 557.9 660.3 544.8 571.9 498.8 561.5 631.0 672.9 663.3 664.0 531.9 739.7 446.5 686.3 697.6 726.7 695.0 634.4 686.1 477.1 579.3 539.7 660.2 522.6 564.6 458.3 577.1 457.4 381.7 482.5 717.0 678.2 480.1 580.6 648.5 308.4
Godi{ni sumi na vrne`i na metrolo{kata stanica Berovo Yearly rainfallofamounts atthe themeteorological meteorologicalstation station Berovo, Annual amount rainfalls of Berovo for za period 1961-2000 godina the period 1961-2000 for the period 1961-2000
200 100
Godini Years Years
Figure: Yearly rainfall amounts at the meteorological station Berovo, for the period 1961-2000 Monthly rainfall amounts Berovo, za forperiod the period 1961-2000 Suma na mese~ni vrne`i for za Berovo 1961-2000
8
9
53.6
47.1
39.9
3
43
2
47.1
51.1 40.6
40
42.5
50
37.8
Vrne`i (mm) Rainfall (mm)
60
58.7
70
60.5
68.1
80
30 20 10 0
1
4
5
6 7 Months Meseci
10
11
12
Figure: Graph display of the monthly rainfall amounts for Berovo, for the period 1961-2000
- 22 -
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1987 1988
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1973 1974
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
0
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Table: Yearly and monthly rainfall amounts for Stip in (mm): Nb. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Total
Year 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Average (1961-2000)
I 24.5 21.9 62.5 11.5 54.2 91.0 23.3 41.5 56.0 25.6 26.3 24.3 30.9 48.7 20.2 17.7 16.6 17.1 25.6 59.3 26.2 5.0 9.7 26.6 50.7 43.1 34.8 3.7 0.2 0.5 15.8 0.1 24.8 31.2 42.2 37.5 13.6 15.2 14.6 7.4 1101.6 27.5
II 6.0 47.0 59.0 9.1 32.7 22.8 4.4 30.8 40.4 32.7 34.2 36.9 38.9 128.0 8.2 9.7 19.4 18.3 25.4 8.0 30.7 28.3 24.3 42.7 27.6 49.3 11.2 32.9 6.7 5.8 39.8 0.0 16.2 20.3 6.8 32.6 23.0 58.3 22.8 13.2 1104.4 27.6
III 21.0 117.6 42.8 18.1 17.6 36.0 21.9 11.5 50.2 16.6 82.9 10.4 61.7 41.5 32.2 4.5 16.0 29.0 17.4 28.9 22.3 33.8 19.8 41.3 53.0 19.5 83.6 28.3 9.2 3.2 28.0 20.0 36.8 3.9 41.3 29.8 50.3 12.4 36.6 31.1 1282.0 32.1
IV 37.2 49.4 53.6 44.5 28.1 23.0 38.2 21.4 40.1 26.2 13.6 24.9 52.2 52.7 10.2 26.3 19.1 51.9 85.1 25.4 53.3 96.3 29.1 45.4 25.6 28.4 56.1 24.4 63.9 50.0 78.8 73.5 14.2 51.4 23.3 38.5 26.2 23.8 37.9 17.2 1580.4 39.5
V 85.7 22.9 60.8 68.8 74.5 30.8 55.9 116.4 3.3 67.7 61.9 41.4 17.0 131.2 70.4 93.5 45.8 58.0 57.5 91.4 15.0 50.2 72.4 16.3 88.3 64.3 47.4 35.9 54.1 29.6 48.7 17.7 31.1 14.7 57.9 74.1 25.3 49.8 34.9 100.5 2183.1 54.6
VI 30.4 69.9 29.6 19.7 31.5 56.7 44.5 84.9 29.3 23.1 52.2 19.0 1.0 86.2 98.2 52.7 53.2 5.3 35.8 27.8 40.1 10.6 160.3 20.1 14.1 84.0 9.9 41.6 172.1 13.7 18.1 31.2 13.9 31.8 22.2 4.7 40.3 59.0 87.1 32.8 1758..6 44.0
- 23 -
VII 6.7 13.2 22.7 54.2 59.6 3.1 115.6 0.7 10.9 65.3 64.6 86.2 52.7 7.3 60.4 102.3 29.2 9.7 32.5 13.4 46.0 26.7 72.6 12.7 3.5 75.5 2.4 17.5 49.5 9.6 85.7 10.5 12.9 49.3 110.7 30.6 28.3 27.7 31.5 12.2 1525.7 38.1
VIII 2.2 19.4 14.0 24.1 67.0 2.8 21.4 60.4 28.8 4.8 23.0 51.5 60.8 14.2 38.2 33.4 40.5 11.7 69.3 38.9 44.0 13.3 33.7 58.2 22.3 20.6 49.4 9.8 41.6 30.2 27.4 8.3 1.7 11.6 82.6 56.8 30.2 28.4 35.2 6.6 1238.3 31.0
IX 5.9 19.7 22.2 65.3 3.5 27.8 29.4 17.8 8.0 16.7 73.4 99.3 116.8 52.1 15.3 8.2 6.3 64.6 22.5 33.8 85.5 4.4 61.8 36.9 5.8 8.9 16.8 2.8 14.0 1.6 29.7 5.2 5.8 10.9 68.3 86.7 3.3 38.2 61.9 15.9 1273.0 31.8
X 12.6 62.6 76.4 79.3 0.0 49.9 15.7 13.1 . 112.5 12.8 135.6 43.9 61.4 89.3 92.1 12.8 27.4 25.3 129.6 66.2 13.7 28.7 8.0 22.4 18.9 42.6 9.6 31.2 25.3 82.9 19.0 29.0 27.9 1.1 13.8 112.1 80.2 40.2 40.5 1765.6 44.1
XI 102.7 117.1 26.2 64.1 20.9 55.4 17.2 62.5 4.8 10.0 15.1 32.3 62.9 40.0 62.4 87.0 30.5 13.5 132.8 23.3 83.7 72.8 82.3 31.4 105.4 17.1 80.8 79.3 18.1 14.0 53.3 37.4 58.8 8.3 44.2 37.2 31.0 83.6 65.7 20.4 2005.5 50.1
XII 33.6 32.1 36.5 35.8 69.7 79.2 52.2 55.6 93.7 31.1 12.7 0.8 42.5 62.7 8.8 31.3 11.8 58.0 11.0 58.0 37.9 47.7 54.3 25.7 11.9 8.0 36.6 31.1 32.5 107.2 6.0 35.9 45.0 54.4 107.9 59.5 60.3 26.7 25.2 9.1 1640.0 41.0
Total 368.5 592.8 506.3 494.5 459.3 478.5 439.7 516.6 365.5 432.3 472.7 562.6 581.3 726.0 513.8 558.7 301.2 364.5 540.2 537.8 550.9 402.8 649.0 365.3 430.6 437.6 471.6 316.9 493.1 290.7 514.2 258.8 290.2 315.7 608.5 501.8 443.9 503.3 493.6 306.9 18458.2 461.5
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Godi{ni sumi na vrne`i na metrolo{kata stanica [tip Yearly amounts of rainfalls and the weather station Stip for the za period 1961-2000 godina period 1961-2000
402.8
501.8 443.9 503.3 493.6 306.9
300
365.3 430.6 437.6 471.6 316.9 493.1 290.7 514.2 258.8 290.2 315.7
540.2 537.8 550.9
513.8 558.7 301.2 364.5
400
365.5 432.3 472.7
506.3 494.5 459.3 478.5 439.7 516.6
500 368.5
Rainfalls (mm) Vrne`i (mm)
600
562.6 581.3
592.8
700
608.5
649.0
726.0
800
200 100
Years Godini
Figure: Yearly amounts of rainfalls and the weather station Stip for the period 1961-2000
44.1 31.8
38.1
44
39.5 2
32.1
1
31
30
27.6
40
27.5
Rainfalls(mm) Vrne`i (mm)
50
8
9
41
54.6
60
50.1
Monthly rainfall vrne`i amountsza for[tip Stip for the period 1961-2000 Suma na mese~ni za period 1961-2000
20
10
0
3
4
5
6
7
10
11
Meseci Months
Figure: Graph display of the monthly rainfall amounts for Stip for the period 1961-2000
- 24 -
12
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1987 1988
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
1977
1976
1975
1973 1974
1972
1971
1970
1969
1968
1967
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
0
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Yearly and monthly rainfall and snowfall amounts in (mm) Suma na mese~ni vrne`i od sneg za Berovo za period 1961-2000 Monthly snowfall amounts for Berovo (1961-2000) 80
90 80
60
33
31
40
43
50
35 1
2
3
30
25
Vrne`i (cm) Snowfall (cm)
70
13
20 10 0
4
5
6 7 Months Meseci
8
9
10
11
12
Figure: Graphic display of the amounts of monthly snowfalls in Berovo ( 1961-2000) *Source RHMZ Suma na mese~ni vrne`i od sneg za [tip za period 1961-2000 Monthly snowfall amounts for Stip (1961-2000)
51
60
40
33 30
20
26
20
12
Snowfall (cm) Vrne`i (cm)
50
2
6
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Months Meseci
Figure: Graphic display of the amounts of monthly snowfalls in Stip ( 1961-2000) *Source RHMZ
- 25 -
12
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Rainfall Distribution As it can be seen in the isoheight yearly map, the drainage-basin of The Bregalnica gets small amounts of falls. There are falls above 700 mm only in the area of the fountain and in the mountainous parts of The Osogovo and Plackovica. The lower part of the drainage-basin of The Ovce Pole area, gets up to 500 mm falls. The central part of the drainage-basin up to Istibanje gets only 550 mm falls. The upper part of the basin of The Bregalnica almost up to Berovo and Pehcevo also gets small amounts of falls; they amount up to 600 mm. We can say that the largest area of the basin lies in a zone that gets 450 to 600 mm falls.
Figure: Yearly isoheigth map of Macedonia
- 26 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Yearly and Monthly Characteristics of the Air Temperature Table: Average monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000 Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Average T
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 max aver
-1.7 0.5 -4 -4.9 0 -1.7 -4.5 -4 -2.9 1.6 2.5 0.7 -1.5 -0.5 -3.9 -1.1 -0.3 -1.3 -1.6 -3.7 -3.7 -0.8 0.1 0.3 -1 -0.4 -1.6 1.2 -3.3 -4.7 -2.6 -0.8 -1.9 2.2 -1.4 -0.5 1.3 0.7 -0.3 -5.4 2.5 -1.4
-0.8 -3.5 1.1 -0.9 -5.3 5 -1.2 2.3 2 0.9 -0.3 1.9 0.7 1.9 -2.3 -1 4.3 2.3 1.5 -0.3 -1.3 -1.8 -1.7 0.8 -4.7 0 2.4 0.8 0.9 2.8 -0.8 -0.7 -2.4 1.2 3.4 -0.3 0.4 1.8 -1.9 -1.9 5.0 0.1
4.4 3.6 1 4.2 3.2 2.9 4.2 2.9 3.2 4 2.2 4.7 0.8 4.6 5.2 2.2 5 4.5 5.5 3.3 6.3 2.6 4.2 2.4 3.8 4 -1.1 2.8 6.4 6 6.4 3.2 2.8 5.1 3.5 0 1.8 0.6 3.6 0.6 6.4 3.4
10.2 8.1 8.1 8.4 6.9 9.2 7.5 10.9 6.9 9.2 8.4 9.8 7.3 6.2 8.9 8 7.9 7.7 6.7 6.4 8.5 7 10.1 0.5 9.5 10.2 7.5 7.8 11.3 8.2 7.3 8.4 8 9.5 7.4 7.4 3.4 9.9 8.4 8.1 11.3 8.0
12.2 14.1 12.6 11.7 12.1 12.4 13.4 16.1 16.1 10.7 14 13.2 14.3 11 13.8 12.6 13.8 12.2 12.8 11.1 11.7 13.2 14 14 14.5 13.5 11.7 13.3 11.9 12.3 9.7 11.8 13.3 13.8 12.8 15.1 14.5 12.7 13.4 11.9 16.1 13.0
16.3 15.3 16.7 17.4 16.4 16.2 15.3 16.3 16.8 16.6 16.5 17.5 16.3 15.2 16.3 14.7 16.1 16.3 17.8 16 18.5 17.7 14.7 15.8 15.5 16 16.8 15.9 14.3 17 16.7 16.3 16.7 16.9 18.1 17.7 18.1 17.7 17.2 15.5 18.5 16.5
18.3 19.1 18.5 17.6 19.3 18.8 17.7 18.5 16.8 18.3 16.7 18 18 17.7 17.7 16.6 19 18.3 17.7 18.2 17.4 17.6 17.6 17.4 18.4 17.4 21 21.5 17.8 19.4 18.3 17.4 19.5 19.1 18.9 19.5 18 19.7 19.5 17.3 21.5 18.3
18.4 20 19.5 17.1 15.7 19.4 18.2 16.6 17.6 18 18.3 16.9 16.7 18.2 16.8 13.8 17.2 16.7 17 18 17.2 17.6 16.3 16 18.3 18.9 17.7 19.6 17.3 18.3 17.4 20.3 20.4 20 16.4 17.5 16.1 20.1 19.4 17.9 20.4 17.8
14.2 15 15.2 13 14.8 14.2 13.8 13.9 14.9 13.6 11.7 12.1 14.8 14.3 14.9 11.8 12.4 11.9 13.6 13.6 14.4 15.8 13.2 14.4 13.7 14.7 16.9 14.5 13.3 12.9 14.8 14.1 14.5 18.1 13.1 12 13.1 13.6 15 12.4 18.1 14.0
9.2 9.6 9 10.3 7.3 12.2 10.2 8.3 7.1 7.7 7 6 3.8 9.6 8.3 10.4 7.9 7.3 8.4 10.2 10.5 9.7 7.2 10.7 7.1 7.9 8.6 8 7.5 9.9 10 12.1 11.8 10.3 7.6 8.3 6.5 9.7 10.3 9 12.2 8.8
6.9 8.1 6.7 5.8 4.8 5.7 5 6.1 6.2 4.3 3.6 3.9 1.1 3.6 3.1 4.9 6.5 0.8 5.6 6.2 0.6 3.1 1.9 3.9 5.6 2.2 4.6 -2.3 3.2 5.7 5.9 5.8 2.6 4.1 0.5 5.5 4.9 3.4 4.5 6.9 8.1 4.3
0 -1.6 1.4 1.5 2.1 0.3 0.2 0 1.8 0.6 0.3 -1 -0.3 -1.3 -0.1 -0.2 -2 1.7 1.8 0.4 1.9 2.4 0.8 -1.1 2.6 -3 1.3 -1.8 0.5 0.1 -3.7 -0.8 2.1 1.8 2.6 2.4 0 -2.9 2 2 2.6 0.4
9 9 8.8 8.4 8.1 9.6 8.3 9 8.9 8.8 8.4 8.6 7.7 8.4 8.2 7.7 9 8.2 8.9 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.2 7.9 8.6 8.5 8.8 8.4 8.4 9 8.3 8.9 9 10.2 8.6 8.7 8.2 8.9 9.3 7.9 10.2 8.6
min
-5.4
-5.3
-1.1
0.5
9.7
14.3
16.6
13.8
11.7
3.8
-2.3
-3.7
7.7
*Source RHMZ
- 27 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Minimalni mese~ni temperaturi na vozduh za Berovo Minimum monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000
11.70 3.80
10.00
5.00
0.50
T (S)
13.80
14.30 9.70
15.00
16.60
za period 1961-2000
20.00
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 -3.70
-5.30
-5.00
3
-2.30
2
-1.10
1 -5.40
0.00
-10.00
Months Meseci
Figure: Graph of the minimum monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000 Sredni mese~ni temperaturi na vozduh za Berovo za period 1961-2000 13.96
17.82 8
8.81
0.13
5.00
0.37
3.42
T (S)
10.00
4.29
8.03
15.00
0.00
-1.37
1
-5.00
7
12.98
16.48
20.00
18.34
Average monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
Meseci Months
Figure: Graph of the average monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000
- 28 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Maksimalni mese~ni temperaturi vozduh Maximum monthly air temperatures in na Berovo for za theBerovo period 1961-2000 20.40
21.50
12.20 8.10
T (S)
11.30
15.00
18.10
16.10
20.00
18.50
za period 1961-2000
25.00
2.60
6.40
5.00
5.00
2.50
10.00
0.00
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Months Meseci
Figure: Graph of the maximum monthly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000 Minimalni, srednogodi{ni i maksimalni temperaturi na vozduh kaj Berovo
Minimum, maximum and average yearly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000 50.00 40.00
T (C)
30.00 20.00
Tmin
10.00
Tsr Tmah
0.00 -10.00 -20.00 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-30.00 Godini
Years
Figure: Graph of the minimum, maximum and average yearly air temperatures in Berovo for the period 1961-2000
- 29 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Table: Average monthly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000 Year
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Average Т
1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Max Aver
0.9 2.9 -2.5 -2.3 2.8 0.2 -2 -1.2 -1.9 3.4 5.3 3.7 1.2 2.5 -0.7 1.1 2.7 1.7 1.1 -1.9 -1.4 0.5 3.2 2.7 -1.7 2.3 -0.3 3.3 -0.2 -3.2 -1.2 0.6 -1.2 4.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.2 1.3 -2.3 5.3 0.9
2.4 -0.7 3.6 2.6 -2.7 8.6 2.1 5.3 5.1 4.2 3 5.3 3.9 5.7 1.4 3.1 8.1 5.2 5.3 2.9 2.1 1.3 1.6 4 -2.2 2.9 5.3 4.6 4.6 6.9 1.2 2.4 -0.3 4.5 6.9 1.9 4.2 5.4 1.6 4 8.6 3.4
8.6 6.3 5 7.8 7.4 6.8 7.9 7.2 6.7 7.9 4.8 9.4 4.4 8.5 9.4 5.7 9.4 8.6 10 7 10.1 6.8 8.5 6 7 8.3 2.5 6.6 10.5 10.9 9.8 7.6 6.2 9.6 7.3 3.7 5.8 4.8 8 7.1 10.9 7.4
15.5 12.8 12.3 12.9 10.8 13.5 11.8 15.2 11.2 13.4 12.4 13.7 11 10.3 12.8 12.3 11.7 11.3 10.5 10.7 12.2 10.1 14.7 10.4 13.9 14.7 11.7 11.9 15.6 12.7 11 12.8 12.9 13.5 11.7 11.4 7.3 14.3 13.1 15 15.6 12.4
16.5 19.2 16.8 15.8 15.9 16.8 17.6 20.7 20.7 14.9 18.9 18 17.7 15.1 18.2 16.2 18.2 15.9 17.1 14.6 16.4 17.3 19 18.3 19.2 17.5 16 17.5 16.2 17.3 13.9 16.9 18.4 18.8 16.9 18.8 18.4 16.7 17.9 19.4 20.7 17.4
21.8 20.2 21.9 22 21.2 20.9 20 20.7 20.5 21.5 21.7 23.1 21.3 19.6 20.9 19 20.7 21.7 22.3 20.6 23.1 22.8 19 20.7 20.4 20.4 22.2 21.1 18.5 22.2 22.4 21.2 22.7 21.8 22.8 22.9 23.2 22.8 21.8 22.8 23.2 21.4
23.9 24.8 24.6 22.8 24.8 24.3 22.7 23.9 21.9 22.7 22.5 23.1 23.4 22.9 22.7 21.4 24.3 24 22.3 23.5 22.1 22.8 22.2 22.4 24.1 22.2 26.7 27.1 22.5 24.1 23 23.3 24.7 24.6 24.3 24.2 24 25.5 24.4 26.1 27.1 23.7
24.7 25.7 25.5 22.5 21.1 25.3 23.8 21.9 23.1 23.6 24.1 22.1 22.3 23.9 22 18.9 22.9 22.6 21.3 22.8 22.1 22.8 21.3 21 24 24.3 23.3 25.7 23.1 23.1 22.5 26.8 25.8 25.5 21.7 23.9 21.6 25.3 25.6 26 26.8 23.4
20.2 20.6 20.9 17.5 20.9 19.8 19.6 19.2 20.6 19.3 16.4 16.2 19.3 19.3 21.1 17.1 17.8 16.5 18.4 18.5 18.8 21.3 17.4 19.8 19.1 20.1 22.6 19.8 19 18.6 19.8 19.6 20.2 23.7 17.2 16.4 18.4 18.6 20.7 19.6 23.7 19.2
14.6 14.1 13.2 15 12.9 17.7 15.5 13 13.1 11.8 11.1 9.1 13.1 14.6 12.7 14.8 12.9 12.1 12.7 13.5 14.8 14.3 11.6 16 12.1 12.8 13 12.5 12.1 14.4 13 15.9 16.7 14.4 12.5 12.2 10.3 14 14.5 14.6 17.7 13.5
9.7 11 9.7 8.9 8.8 8.7 8.1 9.3 9.7 7.5 7.7 7.2 4.1 6.8 6.9 8.2 9.8 1.9 8.7 9 3.5 5.1 4.1 8 7.8 5.8 8.4 0.4 6.1 9.9 8.6 5.5 6.2 7.9 3.8 9.2 8.6 6.4 8.6 11.4 11.4 7.4
1.9 0.3 3.5 4.4 4.2 2.3 2 2.1 2.6 2.9 3.4 1.9 0.5 2.3 2.4 2.7 -0.2 4.7 4.5 2.4 4.3 5.4 1.6 1.6 4.5 -0.9 4 0 -0.5 1.5 -1.2 -3.2 4.8 2.5 5.4 4.1 3.4 -1.3 4.2 4.1 5.4 2.4
13.4 13.1 12.9 12.5 12.3 13.7 12.4 13.1 12.8 12.8 12.6 12.7 11.9 12.6 12.5 11.7 13.2 12.2 12.9 12 12.3 12.5 12 12.6 12.4 12.5 13 12.5 12.3 13.2 11.9 12.5 13.1 14.3 12.7 12.6 12.3 13 13.5 14 14.3 12.7
Min
-3.2
-2.7
2.5
7.3
13.9
18.5
21.4
18.9
16.2
9.1
0.4
-3.2
11.7
*Source RHM3
- 30 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Minimalni mese~ni temperaturi na vozduh [tip1961-2000 Minimum monthly air temperatures in Stip for theza period
9.1
10.0
7.3
T (S)
15.0
16.2
21.4 18.5 13.9
20.0
18.9
za period 1961-2000
25.0
0.4
2.5
5.0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 -3.2
2 -2.7
-5.0
1 -3.2
0.0
Months Meseci
Figure: Graph of the minimum monthly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000 Sredni mese~ni temperaturi na vozduh za [tip za period 1961-2000
8
19.2 7
7.4
10.0
0.9
2.4
3.4
5.0
7.4
T (S)
12.4
15.0
13.5
17.4
20.0
23.4
21.4
25.0
23.7
Average monthly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000
0.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
Months Meseci
Figure: Graph of the average monthly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000
- 31 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
26.8
7
8
17.7
23.2
20.7
25.0
27.1
za period 1961-2000
30.0
23.7
Maksimalni mese~ni temperaturi vozduh [tip1961-2000 Maximum monthly air temperatures in na Stip for thezaperiod
11.4
15.6
5.4
5.0
5.3
10.0
10.9
15.0
8.6
T (S)
20.0
0.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
11
12
Months Meseci
Figure: Graph of the maximum monthly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000 Minimalni,and srednogodi{ni i maksimalni temperaturi na vozduh [tip 1961-2000 Minimum, maximum average yearly air temperatures in Stip for thekaj period
50.00 40.00
T (C)
30.00 20.00
Tmin
10.00
Tsr Tmah
0.00 -10.00 -20.00 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-30.00 Godini Years
Figure: Graph of the minimum, maximum and average yearly air temperatures in Stip for the period 1961-2000 The upper basin of The Bregalnica is characterized with low winter temperatures, so that absolute minimums for that area of Macedonia have been noted there. The average yearly amplitude of extreme average monthly temperatures amounts up to 210小, while the absolute amplitude is 66 0小. Taking in consideration this, we can conclude that the climate of this basin is of a continental type. In the middle part of the basin, the temperature rises, so that in Delcevo, in July and August, there is a monthly average temperature of above 210小. The average yearly tempreture there amounts up to 11.9 0 小. - 32 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The average yearly temperature in Kocani is above 130 С, and the average monthly amplitude is 230 С. This area is characterized with high absolute amplitudes and a big number of worm days with temperatures above 300 С, which are accompanied with a low percent of humidity and drought. It can be concluded that this area is influenced by the modified Mediterranean climate, which penetrates along the valley of the River Vardar. In Kocani, there are 277 days with temperature higher than 50 С and 224 days with temperature higher than 100С, and finally 100 days with temperature above 20 0С. Some places in The Ovce Pole, Stip and Ergelija have the highest temperatures and they belong to the warmest area in the basin of The Bregalnica. The average monthly temperatures amount to 250С. There, based on great monthly amplitudes, the character of moderate continental climate can be noticed. There are many icy days in this region, but still, days with temperatures above 300С prevail, compared to the region of Kocani. Winds The wind speed rises on the move to the lower part of the basin. So, maximum wind speed of 16m/sec has been noted in Berovo, while in Stip and Ergelija, wind speed of 28m/sec and 35m/sec has been noted. Humidity Deficiency Water deficiency is calculated as a difference between potent evaporation and effective falls. That is an indicator of water deficiency in the earth. In the table below, the humidity deficiency for the stations, located in the east region, for the period 1971-2000, is given.
Table: Humidity deficiency O.N 1 2 3 4 5
Weather Station Stip Коcani Delcevo Кratovo Berovo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Год.
-2.4 -3.8 -7.1 -11.9 -9.3
0.5 -2.2 -6.9 -10.8 -13.1
15.7 18.2 11.0 5.0 4.0
38.6 40.0 32.0 21.5 21.3
75.3 80.8 57.7 60.0 52.7
116.0 119.4 90.1 86.9 80.5
139.6 138.2 106.5 108.4 98.5
129.0 131.8 105.3 111.3 89.2
80.3 82.4 60.3 62.8 55.6
33.4 37.3 23.7 26.3 19.3
-3.4 -7.2 -10.9 -15.6 -9.9
-8.9 -10.9 -14.5 -19.1 -19.3
613.7 624.0 447.3 424.8 369.5
Veg. Seas. 578.8 592.6 451.9 450.9 397.7
Water Balance The Thorntwight method has been used to calculate the actual water evaporation as well as the deficiency and excess in the earth or the water balance. In the table below, the water balance for the stations, which are located in the east region, for the period 1972-2000, is given. Table: Water Balance according to Thorntwight Р.б 1 2 3 4 5
Weather Station Stip Коcani Delcevo Кratovo Berovo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Год.
1.4 2.6 0.0 1.5 0.0
6.9 8.3 3.5 6.0 0.9
24.3 27.8 20.3 22.8 16.6
52.9 56.3 48.7 49.0 42.8
97.3 101.6 87.2 88.5 81.3
132.7 136.7 114.3 117.0 106.0
153.0 155.6 129.6 134.2 119.5
138.9 142.7 116.9 124.1 106.9
91.5 94.1 76.7 83.9 71.9
50.3 53.5 42.0 48.8 40.2
17.1 18.9 14.9 17.9 14.2
3.5 5.1 2.1 4.7 0.8
769.7 803.3 656.2 698.6 601.3
- 33 -
Veg. Seas. 666.3 687.0 573.5 596.7 528.5
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Effluence Regime Effluence The effluence regime in the basin of the River Bregalnica is shown by the water passing in the hydrological stations on the river Bregalnica at Berovo, Budinarci, Oci Pale, Stip, and Ubogo and on the affluents of the river Bregalnica: The Zletovska, The Kamenicka, The Osojnicka, and The Ratevska. Sredenstreaming protek naatstanicite na of reka za period godina Middle the stations theBregalnica river Bregalnica for the1961-2000 period from 1961-2000
30.00 Berovo
25.00
Budinarci Oci Pale
Q (m3/s)
20.00
Stip Ubogo
15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Months Meseci
Figure: Average effluence through the stations on the river Bregalnica for the period 1961-2000 Sreden protek na stanicite pritokite reka Bregalnica zafor period 1961-2000 Middle streaming at the stations of the na confluents of the river Bregalnica the period from g. 1961-2000
3.00 Kocanska
2.50
Kamenicka Orizarski
Q (m3/s)
2.00
Osojnica
1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
Figure: Average effluence through the stations of the river Bregalnica for the period 1961-2000
- 34 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
The River Bregalnica-Berovo Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qyear m3/s
Qmin
0.082
0.187
0.209
0.220
0.200
0.120
0.040
0.040
0.020
0.060
0.060
0.110
0.020
Qaver
1.116
1.638
1.570
2.044
1.402
0.902
0.473
0.357
0.317
0.455
0.687
0.983
0.995
Qmax
16.700
54.000
14.700
40.750
14.700
16.000
38.600
30.300
4.320
8.410
57.600
17.450
57.600
Minimalen, maksimalen i sreden protek na reka Bregalnica za stanica "Berovo" za period 1961-2000
Minimum, maximum and average disharges at river Bregalnica – “Berovo” for period 1961 - 2000 70.00 60.00
Qmin Qsr
Q (m3/s)
50.00
Qmax
40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OFNA AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCIAT NA r.BREGALNICA BEROVO for period 1961 2000 year r. BREGALNICA-BEROVO za period 1961-2000 godina 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00
Q (m3/s)
9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Qsr.=0.995 m3/s
0.00 0
50
100
Tsr.=145 dena
150
200
Days Denovi
- 35 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
The River Bregalnica-Budinarci Моnth Qmin Qaver Qmax
I
II
III
IV
V
0.180
0.180
0.580
0.616
0.336
3.299
4.806
4.845
5.368
3.419
180.000 136.000 137.000 121.000 73.310
VI
VII
VIII
0.150
0.070
0.040
2.000
1.212
0.894
91.400 108.000 77.200
IX
X
XI
Qyear m3/s
XII
0.075
0.120
0.170
0.130
0.040
0.740
1.218
1.906
3.216
2.740
49.600 162.000 233.000 72.700
233.000
Minimalen, maksimalen i sreden na reka –Bregalnica Minimum, maximum and average disharges at protek river Bregalnica “Budinarci” za forstanica period 1961 - 2000 "Budinarci" za period 1961-2000
250.00
Qmin
200.00
Qsr
Q (m3/s)
Qmax
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OFNA AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES ATNA TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCI r.BREGALNICA - BUDINARCIzafor period 1961 - 2000 year r. BREGALNICA-BUDINARCI period 1961-2000 godina 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00
Q (m3/s)
16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Qsr.=2.74 m3/s
2.00 Tsr.=125 dena
0.00 0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 36 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Bregalnica-Oci Pale Моnth
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qmin
0.480
0.720
0.780
0.944
0.492
0.320
0.100
0.072
0.100
0.140
0.320
0.440
Qaver
5.570
9.020
8.740
9.280
6.380
3.310
1.750
1.310
1.160
1.990
3.320
5.410
Qmax
Qyear m3/s
0.07 4.77
189.000 228.000 130.000 176.000 118.000 245.000 117.000 125.000 60.500 396.000 360.000 148.000
396.00
Minimalen, i sredenatprotek na reka Bregalnica Minimum, maximum maksimalen and average disharges river Bregalnica – “Oci Pale” za forstanica period 1961 - 2000 "O~i Pale" za period 1961-2000 450.00 400.00 Qmin
350.00
Qsr Qmax
Q (m3/s)
300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OFNA AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCIAT NA r.BREGALNICA – OCI PALE period 1961-2000 1961 - 2000godina year r. BREGALNICA-O^I PALE zafor period 70.00 65.00 60.00 55.00 50.00
Q (m3/s)
45.00 40.00 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 Qsr.=4.77 m3/s
5.00
Tsr.=118 dena
0.00 0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 37 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Bregalnica-Stip Моnth
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Qyear m3/s
XII
Qmin
0.730
1.150
1.930
0.480
0.032
0.376
0.080
0.032
0.032
0.339
1.260
0.510
0.032
Qaver
12.860
19.280
18.940
19.270
14.170
8.860
5.020
4.210
5.340
5.540
8.410
11.480
11.110
Qmax
226.000 337.000 305.000 344.000 330.000 155.000 138.000 69.500
88.800 168.000 260.000 203.000 344.000
Minimum, Minimalen, maximum maksimalen and average idisharges sreden protek at river na Bregalnica reka Bregalnica – “Stip” forza period stanica 1961 - 2000 "[tip" za period 1961-2000 400.00 350.00 Qmin
300.00
Qsr Qmax
Q (m3/s)
250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE I AND FREQUENCY OF DSCHARGES TRENDLINIJA FREKVENCIJA NAAVERAGE SREDNIMONTHLY MESE^NI PROTOCI AT NA r.BREGALNICA - STIP period1961-2000 1961 - 2000godina year r. BREGALNICA-[TIP za for period 110.00 100.00 90.00 80.00
Q (m3/s)
70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00
Qsr.=11.1m3/s
0.00 0
50
100
Tsr.=129 dena
150
200
Days Denovi
- 38 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Bregalnica-Ubogo Моnth
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Qyear m3/s
XII
Qmin
0.733
1.270
2.267
0.413
0.100
0.281
0.150
0.047
0.100
0.233
1.410
0.452
0.047
Qaver
16.240
24.440
24.000
24.420
17.910
11.120
6.220
5.190
6.640
6.880
10.540
14.470
14.010
Qmax
288.600 430.500 389.600 439.400 421.500 197.900 176.200 56.500 113.300 214.500 332.100 259.200 439.400
Minimum, maximummaksimalen and average disharges river Bregalnica – “Ubogo” for 1961 - 2000 Minimalen, i sreden at protek na reka Bregalnica za period stanica "Ubogo" za period 1961-2000 500.00 450.00 Qmin
400.00
Qsr
Q (m3/s)
350.00
Qmax
300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE FREQUENCY NA OF AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES AT TRENDLINIJA I AND FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCI NA r.BREGALNICA - UBOGO for period 1961 - 2000 year r. BREGALNICA-UBOGO za period 1961-2000 godina 150.00 140.00 130.00 120.00 110.00
Q (m3/s)
100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00
Qsr.=14.00 m3/s
10.00 Tsr.=128 dena
0.00 0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 39 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Zletovska-Zletovo Моnth
Qyear m3/s
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qmin
0.120
0.200
0.320
0.700
0.600
0.360
0.160
0.080
0.120
0.080
0.080
0.120
Qaver
1.750
2.320
3.190
4.510
3.430
2.040
1.250
0.680
0.580
0.840
1.280
1.720
1.97
Qmax
22.100
60.500
61.800
47.400
30.600
74.400
37.100 148.200 27.400
26.400
60.000
40.800
148.20
0.08
Minimalen, maksimalen i sreden na reka– Zletovska zaperiod stanica Minimum, maximum and average disharges at protek river Zletovska “Zletovo” for 1961 - 2000 "Zletovo" za period 1961-2000 160.00 140.00 Qmin
120.00
Qsr Qmax
Q (m3/s)
100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
Q (m3/s)
TRENDLINE I AND FREQUENCY OF AVERAGE DSCHARGES TRENDLINIJA FREKVENCIJA NA SREDNIMONTHLY MESE^NI PROTOCIAT NA r.ZLETOVSKA - ZLETOVO for period1961-2000 1961 - 2000godina year r. ZLETOVSKA-ZLETOVO za period 12.00 11.50 11.00 10.50 10.00 9.50 9.00 8.50 8.00 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Qsr.=1.97 m3/s
Tsr.=143 dena
0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 40 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
The River Kocanska-Gradce I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qyear m3/s
Qmin
0.050
0.084
0.134
0.294
0.252
0.151
0.067
0.034
0.050
0.034
0.034
0.050
0.034
Qaver
0.737
0.975
1.340
1.894
1.440
0.855
0.524
0.285
0.245
0.355
0.537
0.721
0.826
Qmax
9.300
25.400
26.000
19.900
12.900
31.200
15.600
62.200
11.500
11.100
25.200
17.100
62.200
Mоnth
Minimalen, maksimalen i sreden protek na reka Ko~anska stanica Minimum, maximum and average disharges at river Kocanska – “Gradce” forza period 1961 - 2000 "Grad~e" za period 1961-2000 70.00 60.00
Qmin Qsr
Q (m3/s)
50.00
Qmax
40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Months Meseci
Q (m3/s)
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OF NA AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES ATNA TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCI r.KOCANSKA - GRADCE period 1961-2000 1961 - 2000godina year r. KO^ANSKA-GRAD^E zafor period 5.00 4.80 4.60 4.40 4.20 4.00 3.80 3.60 3.40 3.20 3.00 2.80 2.60 2.40 2.20 2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00
Qsr.=0.826 m3/s
Tsr.=142 dena
0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 41 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Kamenicka-Makedonska Kamenica XII
Qyear m3/s
0.280
0.234
0.139
1.012
1.260
1.350
34.900
21.800
86.100
Month
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
Qmin
0.227
0.249
0.280
0.470
0.540
0.280
0.215
0.150
0.139
0.215
Qaver
1.255
1.527
1.911
2.768
2.291
1.418
0.873
0.620
0.547
0.725
Qmax
13.000
35.200
29.300
27.600
17.900
43.300
18.700
86.100
16.000
11.400
maksimalen i sreden protek na reka– Kameni~ka Minimum,Minimalen, maximum and average disharges at river Kamenicka “Kamenica” za for stanica period 1961 - 2000 "Makedonska Kamenica" za period 1961-2000
100.00
Q (m3/s)
90.00 80.00
Qmin
70.00
Qsr Qmax
60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OFNA AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCIAT NA r.KAMENICKA - KAMENICA period 1961 - 2000 godina year r. KAMENI^KA-KAMENICA zafor period 1961-2000 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00
Q (m3/s)
4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50
Qsr.=1.35 m3/s
1.00
Tsr.=135 dena
0.50 0.00 0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 42 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Orizarska-Orizari I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qyear m3/s
Qmin
0.100
0.134
0.134
0.294
0.300
0.202
0.099
0.053
0.078
0.054
0.056
0.090
0.053
Qaver
1.389
1.693
1.596
2.026
1.853
1.210
0.790
0.477
0.408
0.593
0.905
1.336
1.190
Qmax
18.800
50.200
40.800
23.700
17.100
46.100
22.600
97.800
18.400
18.500
50.100
25.300
97.800
Моnth
Minimalen, i sredenatprotek na reka –Orizarska stanica Minimum, maximum maksimalen and average disharges river Orizarska “Orzari” forzaperiod 1961 - 2000 "Orizari" za period 1961-2000 120.00 100.00
Qmin Qsr
Q (m3/s)
80.00
Qmax
60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
TRENDLINE AND FREQUENCY OF AVERAGE MONTHLY DSCHARGES AT
TRENDLINIJA I FREKVENCIJA NA SREDNI MESE^NI PROTOCI NA r.ORIZARSKA - ORIZARI for period 1961 - 2000 year r. ORIZARSKA-ORIZARI za period 1961-2000 godina 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00
Q (m3/s)
4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50
Qsr.=1.19 m3/s
1.00 0.50
Tsr.=143 dena
0.00 0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 43 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The River Laki-Osojnica I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Qyear m3/s
Qmin
0.096
0.064
0.064
0.235
0.166
0.088
0.048
0.056
0.056
0.064
0.088
0.104
0.048
Qaver
1.144
1.443
1.402
1.559
1.189
0.741
0.427
0.281
0.238
0.389
0.616
0.940
0.864
Qmax
13.600
37.200
20.200
8.000
12.600
13.200
27.900
14.500
8.700
13.600
14.200
19.500
37.200
Mоnth
Minimalen, maksimalen i sreden protek reka Osojnica za stanica "Laki" Minimum, maximum and average disharges atna river Osojnica – “Laki” for period 1961 - 2000 za period 1961-2000 40.00 35.00 Qmin
30.00
Qsr Qmax
Q (m3/s)
25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
Meseci Months
Q (m3/s)
TRENDLINE I AND FREQUENCY OF DISCHARGES AT TRENDLINIJA FREKVENCIJA NAAVERAGE SREDNIMONTHLY MESE^NI PROTOCI NA r.OSOJNICA - LAKI for period 1961 - 2000 year r. OSOJNICA-LAKI za period 1961-2000 godina 10.00 9.50 9.00 8.50 8.00 7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00
Qsr.=0.864 m3/s Tsr.=140 dena
0
50
100
150
200
Days Denovi
- 44 -
250
300
350
400
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Analysis of the average, large and small waters of the river Bregalnica The Bregalnica at Stip Minimum, Average and Maximum Tideway The minimum, maximum and average yearly tideway, for the period 1961-2003 have been calculated. The values are the following: Qmin=34.87 m3/s, Qaverage. =11.15 m3/s, Qmin=2.32 m3/s. The figure below gives a graphic display of the minimum, average and maximum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Stip for the period 1961-2003. Minimalni proteci naof reka na profil [tipStip Minimum yearly tideway the Bregalnica river Bregalnica at the profile za period 1961-2003 godina for the period 1961-2003 4.00 3.50
3 Streaming /s Protok m (m3/s)
3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Years Godini
Figure: Graph of the minimum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Stip for the period 1961-2003
- 45 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Srednogodi{ni Bregalnica naat profil [tip Average yearly proteci effluencena of reka the river Bregalnica the profile za period godina Stip for the 1961-2003 period 1961-2003 40.00 35.00
Streaming m3/s Protok (m3/s)
30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Godini Years
Figure: Graph of the average yearly effluence of the river Bregalnica at the profile Stip for the period 1961-2003 Maximum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at the[tip profile Maksimalni proteci na reka Bregalnica na profil for the period 1961-2003 zaStip period 1961-2003 godina 400.00 350.00
Streaming m3/s Protok (m3/s)
300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Years Godini
Figure: Graph of the maximum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Stip for the period 1961-2003
- 46 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology String Homogeneity Considering that the building of the dam “Kalimanci” was finished in 1970, which has consequently changed the flow regime of the river Bregalnica, an analysis of the string homogeneity of the average yearly effluence has been made. The period of 1961-1970 has been taken as a zero hypothesis, and the period of 1971-2003 has been taken as hypothesis 1. The administration of the T-test has given the value of 0,0593, which is bigger than 0,05, and that shows that the strings are not statistically different, which means that the level of the average yearly effluence does not differ from the time before the building of the “Kalimanci” dam. Big Waters
The probability of phenomenon of big waters has been calculated by several methods, like Normal Distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Table: Probability audit of phenomena of big waters in the river Bregalnica-Stip Distribution type
(%) 0.500 1.000 2.000 4.000 10.000 20.000 33.300 50.000
Probability 0.995 0.990 0.980 0.960 0.900 0.800 0.667 0.500
Reverse period (years) 200 100 50 25 10 5 3 2
Normal 362.41 339.24 313.91 285.76 242.16 201.26 163.15 123.09
2 parameter log normal 554.03 468.60 390.23 318.37 232.32 172.86 131.24 98.25
3 parameter log normal 454.10 406.77 359.24 311.08 245.21 191.89 148.58 108.85
Pearson tip 3 475.62 423.94 371.74 318.73 246.53 188.98 143.52 103.53
Log Pearson tip 3 652.00 546.80 449.99 361.19 255.30 183.01 133.34 94.94
Gumbel tip 1 458.02 408.97 359.74 310.15 243.30 190.40 148.38 110.49
Considering that the hydrological phenomenon best fit to the asymmetrical distributions, the values, received by the Gumbel type 1 distribution have been accepted as representative, according to which the 200 year big water is 458,02 m3/s.
- 47 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Obezvedenost nawaters golemite vodi naBregalnica r. Bregalnica-profil [tip Security of the big of the river of the Stip profile Stip
700 Gumbel tip 1
600
Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
500
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
400
Normal
300 200 100 0 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Figure: Security of the big waters of the river Bregalnica of the Stip profile Stip Small Waters The probability of big waters phenomenon has been calculated by several methods, as Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type and Gumbel type 1.
Table: Display of the probability of small waters phenomenon of the river Bregalnica –Oci Pale Distribution type
(%) 0.500 1.000 2.000 4.000 10.000 20.000 33.300 50.000
Reverse Period (years) 200 100 50 25 10 5 3 2
Drought 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.100 0.200 0.333 0.500
Normal -0.97 -0.72 -0.46 -0.16 0.3 0.73 1.13 1.55
2 parameter log normal 0.3 0.34 0.4 0.48 0.62 0.81 1.02 1.31
3 parameter log normal -0.82 -0.61 -0.37 -0.1 0.32 0.72 1.11 1.52
Pearson tip 3 -0.77 -0.57 -0.35 -0.09 0.32 0.72 1.1 1.52
Log Pearson tip 3 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.13 0.3 0.57 0.94 1.43
Gumbel tip 1 0.01 0.01 0.13 0.28 0.53 0.79 1.08 1.42
Taking in consideration that the hydrological phenomena are best adapted to asymmetric distributions, the Gumbel type 1 distribution has been accepted as most representative. According to it, the minimum water for a 200 year reverse period is 0,01m3/s.
- 48 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Drought probability of thenariver Bregalnica at the Stip profile Verojatnost na su{nost r. Bregalnica-profil [tip
2.0
Gumbel tip 1 Log Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
1.5
Pearson tip 3
1.0
3 parametar log normal
0.5
Normal
2 parametar log normal
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0.100
1.000
10.000 p (%)
Figure: Drought probability of the river Bregalnica at the Stip profile
- 49 -
100.000
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
The Bregalnica at Oci Pale Minimum, Average and Maximum Tideway Calculations of the minimum, average and maximum tideway have been made for the period 1961-2003. They are Qmin=1.12 m3/s, Average.=4.75 m3/s, Qmin=15.65 m3/s. The figure below displays a graph of the minimum, average and maximum tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Oci Pale for the period 1961-2003. Minimumproteci tideway of river Bregalnicanaatprofil the profile Oci Paleza forperiod the Minimalni nathe reka Bregalnica O~i Pale period 1961-2003 1961-2003 godina 1.20
Protok (m3/s) Streaming m3/s
1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Years Godini
Figure: Graph of the minimum tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Oci Pale for the period 1961-2003
- 50 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Average yearly effluence of the river Bregalnica the profile Oci Pale Srednogodi{ni proteci na reka Bregalnica naatprofil O~iofPale za for the1961-2003 period 1961-2003 period godina
18.00 16.00
Protok (m3/s) Streaming m3/s
14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Godini Years
Figure: Graph of the average yearly effluence of the river Bregalnica at the profile of Oci Pale for the period 1961-2003 Maximum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at theO~i profile Ociza Pale Maksimalni proteci na reka Bregalnica na profil Pale for the period 1961-2003 period 1961-2003 godina 450.00 400.00
Streaming m3/s Protok (m3/s)
350.00 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Godini Years
Figure: Graph of the maximum yearly tideway of the river Bregalnica at the profile Oci Pale for the period 1961-2003
- 51 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Big Waters
The probability of large waters phenomenon has been calculated by several methods as, Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Table: Audit of the probability of large waters phenomenon of the river the Bregalnica- Oci Pale Distribution type
(%)
Probability
Reverse Period (years)
0.995 0.990 0.980 0.960 0.900 0.800 0.667 0.500
200 100 50 25 10 5 3 2
0.500 1.000 2.000 4.000 10.000 20.000 33.300 50.000
Normal 341.16 319.11 295.02 268.23 226.75 187.85 151.59 113.48
2 parameter log normal 527.63 444.36 368.32 298.94 216.39 159.81 120.48 89.53
3 parameter log normal 452.59 399.64 347.64 296.21 228.15 175.14 133.63 96.88
Pearson tip 3 480.04 421.38 363.14 305.18 228.65 170.23 126.27 89.8
Log Pearson tip 3 610.96 513.22 422.72 339.24 239.11 170.49 123.29 86.86
Gumbel tip 1 433.32 386.49 339.49 292.13 228.3 177.78 137.66 101.48
Taking in consideration that the hydrological phenomena are best adapted to asymmetric distributions, the Gumbel type 1 distribution has been accepted as most representative. According to it, the minimum water for a 200 year reverse period is 433,32m3/s. Security of thena large watersvodi of thena river Bregalnica at the profile Pale Obezvedenost golemite r. Bregalnica-profil O~iOci Pale
700 Gumbel tip 1
600
Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
500
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
400
Normal
300 200 100 0 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Figure: Security of the large waters of the river Bregalnica at the profile Oci Pale
- 52 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Small Waters The probability of small waters phenomenon has been calculated by several methods, as Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type and Gumbel type 1.
Table: Display of the probability of small waters phenomenon of the river Bregalnica –Oci Pale Вид на распределба Reverse period (years)
(%) 0.500 1.000 2.000 4.000 10.000 20.000 33.300 50.000
200 100 50 25 10 5 3 2
Drought 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.100 0.200 0.333 0.500
Normal -0.15 -0.09 -0.03 0.04 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45
2 parameter log normal 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.21 0.26 0.32 0.4
3 parameter log normal -0.07 -0.03 0.02 0.07 0.16 0.25 0.34 0.43
Pearson tip 3 -0.04 0 0.04 0.08 0.17 0.25 0.33 0.43
Log Pearson tip 3 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.15 0.23 0.32 0.43
Gumbel tip 1 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.15 0.2 0.27 0.34 0.42
Taking in consideration that the hydrological phenomena are best adapted to asymmetric distributions, the Gumbel type 1 distribution has been accepted as most representative. According to it, the minimum water for a 200 year reverse period is 0,06m3/s.
Drought probability of thena river Bregalnica at the profile Pale Verojatnost na su{nost r. Bregalnica-profil O~iOci Pale
0.5
Q (m3/s)
0.4
Gumbel tip 1 Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
0.3
3 parametar log normal
0.2
Normal
2 parametar log normal
0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.100
1.000
10.000 p (%)
Figure: Drought probability of the river Bregalnica at the profile Oci Pale
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100.000
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Conclusion about the Effluence Regime of the River Bregalnica (Water Balance) The results of the effluence amounts of the river Bregalnica are displayed in the tables below:
Table: Effluence of the drainage-basin of the river Bregalnica between certain profiles V Q q Cv.u Cv.g (106m3) (m3/s) (m3/km2) Budinarci 123 3,9 0,327 0,350 0,975 Istibanja 349 11,05 0,301 0,316 0,880 Stip 747 23,7 0,260 0,266 0,845 Ubovo 871 27,7 0,202 0,216 0,718 As the river moves closer to its junction, the variation indexes decrease, which indicates that the variation of the total yearly flow, even the average day flow during the year, decrease as the basin area arises. It is clear that even the specific effluence per km2 of the basin decreases as the basin area increases, which is a result of the rainfall decrease, the temperature increase and appearance of other described escape factors, which are less convenient as the river flows closer to its junction. It is best noticeable in the particular basin parts balances. Table: Display of specific effluence of the river Bregalnica, between individual profiles Rainfalls Effluence F H F V Q Q (km2) (mm) (106m3) (106m3) (m3/s) (m3/km2) Basin to Budinarci 376 737 277 0,443 3,9 0,327 Basin between Budinarci 784 695 544 0,415 7,15 0,282 and Istibanja Basin between Istibanja 1720 632 1086 0,367 12,65 0,231 and Stip Basin between Stip and 1420 515 732 0,170 4 0,089 Istibnja
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Erosion and Torrent Phenomena of the Drainage-basin Erosion Phenomena The level of the development strength and the erosion phenomena in the drainage-basin area of the Bregalnica differs in dependence of the various natural conditions (the geologicalpedological backgrounds, the relief expressiveness, the weather conditions, the vegetation cover, the human activities and other). The erosive strength and its intensity are in accordance with the activities of these factors, both in positive and negative sense. The surface erosion is the most prevailing of all the erosive types. It is manifested by surface washing up without formation or with a recently started process of groove formation. On much smaller areas, but with much stronger intensity, the groove and ravine erosion is quite evident. The line erosion of the bed is most prevailing, in a greater or smaller degree, with a large number of torrents and watersheds, but its importance in some cases is less significant than the surface erosion. The prevalence of the eroded or areas affected by erosion, is more significant in the upper flow of the Bregalnica, on the right, but as well on the left bank, which is caused by a significantly higher level of forestation. Because of the nonresistant ground, the line erosion is developed on the right bank, too. The eroded areas are most frequently in the lower torrential perimeters, while they are less distributed in the wider perimeters and they cover some worse pastures, fields and bare regions. The eroded and with erosion affected areas on the right bank cover the right bank of the Zelevica, the area under the villages Crnik, Sivi Dol, then they can be noticed around the villages Pancarevo, Stamara, Zvegor and the Umiljanska river. These areas are mainly affected by surface ground wash up, followed by the appearance of groove and ravine erosion. The left affluents and their basins are characterized by significantly lower erosion affection, but with narrower basins of some torrents. The areas affected by erosive processes, in the middle part, are concentrated in some lines and districts, in dependence of the ground bareness and irresistible backgrounds. The areas with deeper pedological layers, average side inclination, irresistible background without vegetation, as the areas from Stip to the valley of Bucevo and from the Zletovska River towards the Ovce Pole direction, are characterized with large areas affected by surface wash up, but with low intensity. The number of areas where the process of groove, ravine and galley formation has started is not big; they are usually located in the pre-mountainous areas, above which steep, bare and resistant slopes rise. The most manifested areas of this type are on the left bank of the Kriva Lakavica, the foot of Plackovica and the area of the Bogoslovski massif. The line erosion is most spread, in large or small extents, at a bigger number of watersheds, but according to its dominating role, some areas on the left bank of the Kriva Lakavica can be sorted out. There, a whole net of galleys and torrents are affected by strong bed deepening and widening, then some torrents and galleys in the foot of Plackovica as well as some in the Ovce Pole. Torrent Characteristics The watersheds and torrents of the Bregalnica mainly have torrential character. According to their torrential character, they can be divided into three groups. The first one covers larger watersheds, which are recipients of the smaller and weaker watersheds and torrents, which mainly depend on them.
The second group consists of watersheds which are direct affluents of The Bregalnica or the affluents of the watersheds of the first group. - 55 -
Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology The third group consists of torrents and watersheds which are direct affluents of The Bregalnica or any other watershed with no regard to its size and torrential category. For easier characterization of the torrents and torrential watersheds, the area of the whole drainage-basin of The Bregalnica has been divided into 12 groups, which have been given the basic characteristics. Group 1 All the torrents from Berovo to the village Budinarci have similar all equal characteristics concerning the geological background, the climate and vegetation conditions. The geological background consists of Pliocene sediments, with the exception of the Kamenicka River where schist appear. The erosive processes are quite evident. There are various forms, created by the washing up of the delicate parts, as pyramids, cupolas, ravines and others. More than one half of the torrent material in this area does not reach the Bregalnica, but it is deposited in the field. They bring to the Bregalnica only around 58000 m3 of alluvium. Group 2 It covers the watersheds from the village Budinarci to the village Trabotiviste. Some characteristics can be generalized, as for example the geological background, which mainly consists of granite with, layers of crystal schist, quite frail and dilapidated. The vegetation cover is pretty good, particularly on the left bank of the Bregalnica, where even the erosive processes are not strongly developed. The torrents and watersheds of this group flow directly into the Bregalnica. They bring around 186000 m3 of alluvium to the Bregalnica. Group 3 It covers the affluent of the river Zelavica. Taking in consideration the configuration of the background which, in the lower and middle flows consists of sandbank, conglomerate and clay, the capacity of creating alluvium is really great. However, the pretty beneficial relief conditions significantly moderate the portage and washing of the material. Gently sloping sides, large plains and widened beds contribute to the weakening of the erosive effect and to the deposition of the washed material there. Around 75000 m3 of alluvium reaches the Bregalnica. Group 4 It comprises the torrents and the watersheds from the village Trabotiviste to the junction of the Ocipolska River. The torrents of this move have certain differences referring to the geological background as well as to the vegetation. The vegetation cover on the left bank is somewhat better than the one on the right. The geological background along the Bregalnica consists of alluvium sediments; the next belt consists of Pliocene sediments that spread over to the Ocipolska River. The torrents give middle quantities of alluvium. The majority of these torrents reach the Bregalnica, where they deposit the alluvium which amounts to 135000 m3. Group 5 It comprises the affluents of the river Kamenica and three affluents of the river Bregalnica. These torrents are located on a mildly mountainous ground; they have established beds with developed line erosion. There is no serious surface erosion. The line erosion is clearly expressed. There is mild forestation and the area is well grassed. They provide certain quantities of material. The river Kamenica brings to The Bregalnica around 70000 m3 of alluvium, mainly tiny and somewhat larger alluviums. The rest of the direct affluents of The Bregalnica give around 50000 m3 of alluvium.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology Group 6 It covers the torrents from both sides of the river Bregalnica from Kamenica to Istibanja. These torrents are in the canyon of The Bregalnica and they flow directly into it. They have steep falls, frequently with rocky beds and they carry middle amounts of material. Woody areas are few, particularly on the right bank. The geological background is on the right bank – schist, and on the left, there is granite, too. This group does not contain many erosive areas. Certain torrents have developed line erosion with signs of major swoops. The alluvium that reaches The Bregalnica is predominantly tiny and amounts to around 94000 m3. Group 7 It comprises the torrents and watersheds of The Istibanja and The Zletovska River. These torrents and watersheds are located on the sides of The Osogovo Mountains. They are mainly characterized with similar geological backgrounds – schist with existence of other rocks (chalkstone, Paleocene sediments), and there are more volcanic rocks towards The Zletovska river. The vegetation cover is insufficient with the exception of the upper parts of The Kocanska and The Orizarska rivers. The erosive processes are mainly developed in the sense of the surface erosion, while the line erosion is less developed. The quantities of alluvium are of a middle bulk that means that The Bregalnica gets around 128000 m3 alluviums from all the torrents. Group 8 It comprises the area of the drainage-basin of The Zletovska River. The affluents of The Zletovska River are characterized with major or minor torrents as a result of which The Zletovska river itself is torrential, too. The affluent net is much bifurcated, particularly in the upper and middle parts of the flow. The affluents in the upper flow, that are mainly woodymountainous creeks, are of a less torrential character. The torrential character is much more expressed in the middle and lower parts of the flow. The vegetation cover is good, particularly from Zletovo towards the north. The erosive processes are quite developed, both in the surface and line erosion. The alluvium quantities are significant, and The Bregalnica receives only the finest material in a quantity of around 84000 m3. Group 9 It comprises watersheds from The Ovce Pole, both as single watersheds or as affluents of The Sveti Nikolska River. The characteristics of these watersheds and torrents are conditioned by the specifications of the natural conditions of the ground. A major number of these watersheds are cut in a frail bed, so, the processes of line erosion are significant, and on the other hand, the minor falls of these watersheds ensure transportation of the most microscopic alluvium only, while the rest of the alluvium stays in the torrent beds. Besides, as a result of the mild falls of the ground and the large drainage-basins, the water flow is slowed up and diminished, so that the flow profiles can almost constantly accept the whole water. The surface erosion is less developed mainly in the hills. The wood cover scarcely exists. All these torrents of The Sveti Nikolska River provide around 50000 m3 alluviums for The Bregalnica. Group 10 It comprises the left affluents of The Bregalnica, actually the massif of Plackovica near Stip. The characteristics of the torrents directly next to the Plackovica are somewhat different than those located west of the village Burilcevo towards Stip. The first have more mountainous characteristics of the watersheds with quite a lot of water and large pieces of material with
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology minor erosive areas and erosive processes of minor intensity. The torrents in the area near Stip have significantly major weather-worn surfaces; the alluvium is of diminutive size, but of larger quantity. The watersheds of the Plackovica series have a background of mainly resistant schist. The vegetation cover is good. The torrents towards Stip have a background of tertiary sediments that are pretty frail. The wood cover is insufficient. The major number of these torrents does not reach The Bregalnica; actually they deposit their alluvium in the field. The total amount of alluvium that reaches The Bregalnica from this group of torrents has been estimated at around 140000 m3. Group 11 It comprises the drainage-basin of The Kriva Lakavica. All the affluents of The Lakavica are mainly of torrential character. The left side is characterized with more expressive erosive areas and more developed line erosion. The affluents on the right bank cover a larger field with weather-worn areas, but with weaker intensity. The vegetation cover is better on the left bank. The geological background on the left bank consists of sedimentary rocks, and on the right one, of schist, granite and andesine. The quantity of alluvium is medium, mainly of diminutive size. The Lakavica brings around 52000 m3 alluviums into The Bregalnica. Group 12 It comprises torrents from the flow of The Sveti Nikolska River into The Bregalnica to the flow of The Bregalnica into The Vardar. There are 10 miner torrents and watersheds in this region with weaker activity that bring a miner quantity of alluvium into The Bregalnica. The alluvium that is predominantly of diminutive size with some bigger pieces settles out directly before the flowing of these torrents into the river. The total quantity of the alluvium of these torrents is around 35000 m3. In the table below, there is an audit of the quantity of alluvium per quoted groups of torrents:
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Study of possibilities for regulation of The River Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams)
Annex 1: Hydrology
Table: Audit of Alluvium Quantity Torrent group I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Torrent group of the upper flow (I – VI) Torrent group of the middle flow (VII, VIII и X) Torrent group of the lower flow (IX, XI и XII) TOTAL:
Number of affluents
Quantity of alluvium м3
4 24 1 12 6 9 4 1 1 14 1 10
76100 248078 102248 180370 150000 136731 56300 140000 81000 175000 105000 50000
Alluvium that reaches The Bregalnica м3 60880 186058 75000 135277 120000 95500 45000 84000 50000 140000 52000 35000
56
893527
672715
757
19
371000
269298
515
12
236000
137000
389
87
1500827
1078715
554
- 59 -
Intensity of erosion per км2 967 1738 897 1588 793 1218 397 480 378 667 441 350
STUDY ON REGULATION OF RIVER BREGALNICA (MINI ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, BANKS) ANNEX 2: SMALL ACCUMULATIONS ON TRIBUTARIES OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA
September, 2010
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Contents Possibilities for building small accumulations ........................................................................11 General.................................................................................................................................11 Defining locations suitable for building small accumulations (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica ........................................................................................................11 Municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo ...............................................13 "Kemerot" accumulation......................................................................................................14 General.............................................................................................................................14 Topography ......................................................................................................................14 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................14 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................14 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................14 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................15 Access roads.....................................................................................................................15 Bank "Kemerot"...................................................................................................................15 General.............................................................................................................................15 Principal information about the bank...............................................................................15 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................15 Technical solution............................................................................................................15 Necessary investment for building the bank....................................................................16 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................17 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................18 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................18 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................11 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................19 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................20 Situation ...........................................................................................................................21 Pictures.............................................................................................................................22 Accumulation "Stara Vodenica" ..........................................................................................23 Topography ......................................................................................................................23 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................23 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................23 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................23 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................24 Access roads.....................................................................................................................24 Bank "Stara Vodenica" ........................................................................................................24 General.............................................................................................................................24 Principal information about the bank...............................................................................24 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................24 Technical solution............................................................................................................24 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................25 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation.........................26 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................26 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................27 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................27 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................28 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................29 Situation ...........................................................................................................................30 -3-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures.............................................................................................................................31 Municipality of Kochani ..........................................................................................................32 Accumulation "Ponikva 1 i 2“ .............................................................................................33 General.............................................................................................................................33 Topography ......................................................................................................................33 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................33 Bank's body material........................................................................................................33 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................33 Alluvium ..........................................................................................................................34 Evaporation ......................................................................................................................34 Main information about the area of the drainage-basin ...................................................34 Water-supply....................................................................................................................34 Energetics.........................................................................................................................34 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................35 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation "Ponikva 1" ....36 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................36 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................37 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................37 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................38 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation "Ponikva 2" ....39 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................39 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................40 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................40 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................41 Situation ...........................................................................................................................42 Pictures.............................................................................................................................43 Municipalities of Berovo and Pehchevo ..................................................................................44 Accumulation "Chiflik" .......................................................................................................46 General.............................................................................................................................46 Topography ......................................................................................................................46 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................46 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................46 Access roads.....................................................................................................................46 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................46 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................47 Bank "Chiflik" .....................................................................................................................47 General.............................................................................................................................47 Basic information about the bank ....................................................................................47 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................48 Necessary quantities of water ..........................................................................................48 Fishery..............................................................................................................................48 Energetic ..........................................................................................................................48 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................49 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation.........................50 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................50 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................51 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................51 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................52 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................53 Situation ...........................................................................................................................54 -4-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures.............................................................................................................................55 Accumulation "Crnik" .........................................................................................................56 General.............................................................................................................................56 Topography ......................................................................................................................56 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................56 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................56 Access roads.....................................................................................................................56 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................57 Bank "Crnik"........................................................................................................................57 General.............................................................................................................................57 Basic information about the bank ....................................................................................57 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................58 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation.........................59 Cross-cut, longitudinal profile of the bank's body and situation .................................59 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................60 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................61 Accumulation "Vladimirovo 1" ...........................................................................................62 General.............................................................................................................................62 Topography ......................................................................................................................62 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................62 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................62 Access roads.....................................................................................................................63 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................63 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................63 Bank "Vladimirovo 1" .........................................................................................................63 General.............................................................................................................................63 General information about the bank ................................................................................63 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................64 Technical solution............................................................................................................64 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................64 Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation ................................................65 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................65 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................66 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................66 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................67 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................68 Situation ...........................................................................................................................69 Pictures.............................................................................................................................70 Accumulation "Rakovec".....................................................................................................71 General.............................................................................................................................71 Topography ......................................................................................................................71 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................71 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................71 Access roads.....................................................................................................................71 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................71 Bank "Rakovec"...................................................................................................................72 General.............................................................................................................................72 Basic information about the bank ....................................................................................72 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................72 Technical solution............................................................................................................72 -5-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................73 Characteristic cross-sections and curves of the bank and the accumulation ...................74 Cross-cut profile of the bank's body and situation.......................................................74 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................75 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................75 Municipality of Delchevo ........................................................................................................76 Accumulation "Bela Voda"..................................................................................................77 General.............................................................................................................................77 Topography ......................................................................................................................77 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................77 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................77 Access roads.....................................................................................................................77 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................78 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................78 The bank "Bela Voda" .........................................................................................................78 General.............................................................................................................................78 Basic information about the bank ....................................................................................78 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................78 Technical solution............................................................................................................79 Fishery..............................................................................................................................79 Energetic ..........................................................................................................................79 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................79 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation.........................80 Cross-cut, longitudinal profile of the bank's body and situation .................................80 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................82 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................82 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................83 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................84 Situation ...........................................................................................................................85 Pictures.............................................................................................................................86 Accumulation "Repnica" .....................................................................................................87 General.............................................................................................................................87 Topography ......................................................................................................................87 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................87 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................87 Access roads.....................................................................................................................88 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................88 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................88 Bank "Repnica"....................................................................................................................88 General.............................................................................................................................88 General information about the bank ................................................................................89 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................89 Technical solution............................................................................................................89 Fishery..............................................................................................................................89 Energetic ..........................................................................................................................89 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................90 Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation ................................................91 Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .................................................91 Accumulation level-surface dependence .....................................................................92 Accumulation level-capacity dependence....................................................................92 -6-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence ......................................................................93 Situation with irrigation ...................................................................................................94 Situation ...........................................................................................................................95 Pictures.............................................................................................................................96 General.............................................................................................................................97 Topography ......................................................................................................................97 Geological prospect .........................................................................................................97 Bank's materials ...............................................................................................................97 Access roads.....................................................................................................................97 Hydrology ........................................................................................................................97 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.......................................98 Bank "Bigla" ........................................................................................................................98 General.............................................................................................................................98 General information about the bank ................................................................................98 Irrigation ..........................................................................................................................98 Technical solution............................................................................................................98 Necessary investments for building the bank ..................................................................99 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation.......................100 Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body and base ......................................100 Accumulation level-surface dependence ...................................................................102 Accumulation level-capacity dependence..................................................................102 Municipality of Vinica...........................................................................................................103 Accumulation "Grncharka"................................................................................................104 General...........................................................................................................................104 Topography ....................................................................................................................104 Geological characteristics ..............................................................................................104 Bank's materials .............................................................................................................104 Access roads...................................................................................................................104 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................104 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.....................................105 Bank "Grncharka"..............................................................................................................105 General...........................................................................................................................105 Basic information about the bank ..................................................................................105 Irrigation ........................................................................................................................105 Technical solution..........................................................................................................105 Fishery............................................................................................................................105 Necessary investments for building the bank ................................................................106 Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation ..............................................107 Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .....................................................107 Accumulation level-surface dependence ...................................................................108 Accumulation level-capacity dependence..................................................................108 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ....................................................................109 Situation with irrigation .................................................................................................110 Situation .........................................................................................................................111 Pictures...........................................................................................................................112 Accumulation "Dobrava"...................................................................................................113 General...........................................................................................................................113 Topographically .............................................................................................................113 Geological prospect .......................................................................................................113 Bank's materials .............................................................................................................113 -7-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Access roads...................................................................................................................113 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................113 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.....................................114 Брана „Добрава“...............................................................................................................114 Општо............................................................................................................................114 Basic information about the bank ..................................................................................114 Irrigation ........................................................................................................................114 Technical solution..........................................................................................................115 Fishery............................................................................................................................115 Energetic ........................................................................................................................115 Necessary investments for building the bank ................................................................115 Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation ..............................................116 Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .....................................................116 Accumulation level-surface dependence ...................................................................117 Accumulation level-capacity dependence..................................................................117 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ....................................................................118 Situation with irrigation .................................................................................................119 Situation .........................................................................................................................120 Pictures...........................................................................................................................121 Accumulation "Vinichka" ..................................................................................................122 General...........................................................................................................................122 Topography ....................................................................................................................122 Geological prospect .......................................................................................................122 Bank's materials .............................................................................................................122 Access roads...................................................................................................................122 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................123 Bank "Vinichka" ................................................................................................................123 General...........................................................................................................................123 Basic information about the bank ..................................................................................123 Irrigation ........................................................................................................................123 Technical solution..........................................................................................................123 Necessary investments for building the bank ................................................................124 Characteristic cross-cuts and curves of the bank and the accumulation........................125 Cross profile of the bank's body and situation...........................................................125 Accumulation level-surface dependence ...................................................................126 Accumulation level-capacity dependence..................................................................126 Municipality of Probishtip .....................................................................................................127 Accumulation "Pleshanci" .................................................................................................129 General...........................................................................................................................129 Topography ....................................................................................................................129 Geological prospect .......................................................................................................129 Bank's materials .............................................................................................................129 Access roads...................................................................................................................129 Hydrology ......................................................................................................................129 Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments.....................................129 Bank "Pleshanci" ...............................................................................................................130 General...........................................................................................................................130 Basic information about the bank ..................................................................................130 Irrigation ........................................................................................................................130 Technical solution..........................................................................................................130 -8-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Fishery............................................................................................................................130 Energetic ........................................................................................................................130 Necessary investments for building the bank ................................................................131 Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation ..............................................132 Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body .....................................................132 Accumulation level-surface dependence ...................................................................133 Accumulation level-capacity dependence..................................................................133 Bank's body level-capacity dependence ....................................................................134 Situation with irrigation .................................................................................................135 Situation .........................................................................................................................136 Pictures...........................................................................................................................137 Municipality of Zrnovci.........................................................................................................138 Review of the activities about building small accumulations (barrages) ..............................139
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Possibilities for building small accumulations General Taking into account topography, hydrography and the hydrological features of the field and its higher zone, the search for potential barriers-accumulations also is a search for water for them. Building the accumulations in the higher zone decreases not only the size of the drainagebasin, but also the potential expected balance of waters that would gravitate towards the accumulation. It is a fact that the area in the eastern region has great amounts of farmland with high productive possibilities, but also with enormous lack of humidity in the soil. That is the reason why the intensifying the agricultural production in the estate of land makes it necessary to supply permanent and reliable source of water for irrigation. Building the accumulation (bank) also redounds to cultivation of the area with the possibility of fishery, tourism and recreation development. The research and approval of potential accumulation (bank) is based on several postulates: - the location of the potentially approved accumulation to dominate above the areas included in the irrigation, i.e. the irrigation water to be brought to the areas by the way of gravitation; - a full load guarantee of the usable area of the accumulation; - if the appropriate area and the area for accumulation do not meet the necessary requirements for loading their own basin, then a rational solution should be found with having other basins by the way of transfering; - the proportion between the built-in material in the bank's body and the total area of the accumulation, which is the usable area of the bank, should be on a satisfactory level. Defining locations suitable for building small accumulations (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica There are many analyses and studies about this problems carried out in the previous years. More barrage places on the watercourses in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica are analyzed in these studies, but the most important is the Study on Preferential Small Accumulations in the Republic of Macedonia (original: " Студија за приоритетните мали акумулации во Република Македонија") carried out in the Water Economy Office of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, April 1980. Based on the study about 50 locations are determined for building small banks in the first phase in the region. During the election of the most suitable small accumulations in the Eastern highland it is taken into account the fact that there is sufficient soil material in the vicinity, and also there is already access road near the bank's profile, also convenient hydrology on the watercourse and also the vicinity of the settlements as the possibility for fishery, tourism and other economic branches which would bring greater benefits from the accumulation building. The accent is on the small banks of up to 18 m high, inclining towards upriver and downriver gradient of 1:2, made of local material. A preliminary geological prospect was carried out on every recorded barrier, and according to the positive evaluation of the barriers, fifteen suitable locations are determined for building small accumulations (banks). For those locations for which a main project is made there are complete geological examinations. Determining hydrological parameters for these locations is made by empirical way with many methods after which mediocre is done or with correlation to the measured places where
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica hydrological measuring are constantly being done, as there are not direct measuring for the locations where the small accumulations are planned to be built. The following picture shows the locations suitable for building small accumulations, and in the text below there is a description of every individual location according to the municipality where it is located.
4
9
6 3 10 7
2
5
8
11 1
*Municipalities in the Eastern highland region: 1.Berovo; 2.-Vinica; 3.-Delchevo; 4-Makedonska Kamenica; 5-Karbinci; 6-Kochani; 7-Zrnovci; 8-PehchevĐž; 9-Probishtip; 10-Cheshinovo-Obleshevo; 11-Shtip
Picture: Locations suitable for building small accumulations in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo In the Municipalities of Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo there are seven locations according to previously made studies as possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica. In the following tables the basic characteristics are given for those accumulations. Based on the perceptions and field analyses as priorities the following accumulations are determined "Kemerot" and "Stara Vodenica" that would be elaborated in detail in the following text. The given profiles are elaborated according to the field prospect with on site insight and situation of 1:25000. There are no engineer's geological and geomechanical analyses carried out. In the further phase of projecting for the priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineer geological and geomechanical analyses made. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the Municipalities Shtip, Karbinci and Cheshinovo-Obleshevo Р.б Name of the Name of the Surface area of Forestation Erosiveness profile watercourse the basin (km2) 1 Kemerot Otinja 45 Low Vivid (Chaprovo) forestation 2
4
Stara Vodenica Mileva Chuka Crvulevo
5
Golem Geber Radenska
41,50
6
Chiflik
12,80
7
Piperovo
Р.б
Name of the profile
1
4 5 6
Kemerot (Chaprovo) Stara Vodenica Mileva Chuka Crvulevo Golem Geber Chiflik
7
Piperevo
3
2 3
Kozjachka
43,60
Timbered
Туртелска Turtelska Argulevo
19,40
Partly timbered Low forestation Partly timbered Low forestation Low forestation
Dlaboka Reka Piperevska
17,40
2,80
Name of the watercourse
Bank's height (m)
Accum.'s capacity (106 m 3)
Low erosiveness Low erosiveness Vivid Vivid Vivid Vivid
Bank's capacity (106 m 3)
Purpose
Otinja
18
0,10
0,10
В, П
Kozjachka
18
0,80
0,08
НО, Н, ЕН
Turtelska
18
0,65
0,10
Argulevo Radenska Dlaboka Reka Piperevska
18 18 18
0,35 1,00 1,30
0,07 0,08 0,8
НО, ЕН, Н, Р Н, ЕН НО, СТ НО, П, К
8
0,70
0,03
НП, СТ
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica "Kemerot" accumulation General Geographically, the area is situated in the Municipality of Shtip. The River Otinja is a confluent of the River Bregalnica. Its headwaters are near the village Kala, Petrovci and the village Shashavarlija. In the upper course it is called Kalapetrovska Reka (the River Kalapetrovska), in the middle course it is called Lipovdolska Reka (the River Lipovdolska) and in the lower part, before it enters into the city of Shtip, it is called Otinja Reka (the River Otinja). The River Otinja is a watercourse of torrential type, with surface are of the drainage-basin of F=45 kм2. Topography Topographically the accumulation's profile "Kemerot" is situated in the eastern part of the city of Shtip. The valley of the River Otinja before the entrance in the eastern part of the city of Shtip it narrows and makes a couloir convenient for building earthen bank. Geological prospect The profile of the dividing place is lop-sided and straggling. The left flank is abrupt with gradient of 40О-45О, and the right flank from the foundation to a certain height is abrupt, with gradient of 30О, and then it changes in quite mild fall. The left and the right flank are made of craggy material with a basis made of granite. The river-bed is made of alluvium sand, gravel with thickness up to 3.0 m. The River Otinja cuts across the granite massif of the profile. This position, in relation to the accumulation, is advantageous. From the above mentioned, it could be stated that the location for building the bank from earthen material is advantageous and it corresponds to its purpose. Bank's materials The necessary materials for building the earthen bank are near the profile and of enough quantity. Hydrology General information about the basin are given in the following table: Table: General information about the basin Parameter Value Surface area of the basin F=45 km2 Basin's scope O=31 km Watercourse length L=14,50 km Altitude above sea level Hср=661 m Average annual rainfalls Hпр=530 mm Average annual temperature Тср=11,10 оС Humidity deficit D=3,70 mm Water inflating factor 0,112-0,208 (taken 0,170) Annual water inflating 4 054 000 m3 (0,129 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=880mm per year.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bed load load sediments is 298,86 m3/year./km2, the annual quantity of suspended load sediments is 7127,74 m3/year. Access roads Mechanization can access the given profile as there is an access road connected to the city of Shtip. Bank "Kemerot" General It is planned earthen bank of H=18,0 m height with accumulation volume of V=730000 m3. The accumulation water could be used for water supply in the city of Shtip with industrial water and irrigation of land of F=100 ha. The bank's gradients upriver and downriver are of 1:2.0 and width in the crown of 5.0 m. Crown's elevation of the bank is 327.00 mnm. Principal information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Principal information about the bank "Kemerot" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18,0 m Elevation of the river bed 309,00 mnm Crown's elevation of the bank 327,00 mnm Elevation of dead space 320,00 mnm Elevation of normal level 325,00 mnm Crown's length L=120,00 m Accumulation capacity V=730 000 m3 Total load sediments VŃ…=213 832 m3 Total evaporation Vevap=117 040 m3 Usable capacity of the accumulation Vus.=400 000 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=32 830 m3 Irrigation The surface areas for irrigation that could be water supplied from the accumulation "Kemerot" are F=100 ha. The clay soil is the most common soil type. From the crops the most common could be the following: vine plantation (elevated). The necessary quantities of water with water-supply norm from 3200 m3/year are 320 000 m3 of water. Technical solution With technical solution disposition analysis, topographic features, the areas could be irrigated from the accumulation with height of pumping from Hman=80 m and installed flow of Q=85 l/s. The technical solution is made of bank with accumulation, suppressed pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surface areas. -15-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica The suppressed pipeline and the network for irrigation are planned to be made of plastic pipes and equipment for simulated rain. The following profiles would be there: from f 100 to f 300 mm. Necessary investment for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments for building the bank "Kemerot" near Shtip: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Kemerot" near Shtip Ordinal Description of the main objects Total in denars number 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 14000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 25000000 1.3 Irrigation network 1000000 1.4 Equipment for simulated rain 100000 1.5 Road network 1.6 Intakes 1.7 Suppressed pipelines 9000000 1.8 Pump station 5000000 Total main objects: 54100000 2. Other things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 5410000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 3787000 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1623000 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1352500 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 form the main objects 2434500 Total other things: 14607000 IN TOTAL: 68707000 *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 1,117.187 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-sections and curves of the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=327.00 mnm
k.v.=325.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Bank's body longitudinal profile
Elevation (mnm)
328.00 327.00 326.00 324.00
327.00 324.00
322.00 320.00 318.00 316.00 314.00 312.00 310.00 308.00 0
319.00
319.00
309.00 309.00 20
40
60 80 Length (m)
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100
120
140
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation level-surface dependence
330.00
Accumulation level-surface dependence
Level (mnm)
325.00 320.00
Surface area (m2) 240 2528 21984 55416 128632
315.00 310.00 305.00 0
Elevation (mnm) 309.00 311.00 315.00 319.00 325.00
20000 40000 60000 80000100000120000140000160000180000200000 Surface area (m2)
Level (mnm)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
330.00 328.00 326.00 324.00 322.00 320.00 318.00 316.00 314.00 312.00 310.00 0
Capacity (m3) 2768 49270 198846 737714 1384898
Elevation (mnm) 311.00 315.00 319.00 325.00 329.00
200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000120000014000001600000 Capacity (m3)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Height (m)
Bank's body level-capacity dependence
20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0
Capacity (m3) 0 8970 20630 32830
5000
10000
15000 20000 Capacity (m3)
25000
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
30000
35000
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
Elevation (mnm)
328.00 327.00 326.00 324.00
327.00 324.00
322.00 320.00 318.00 316.00 314.00 312.00 310.00 308.00 0
319.00
319.00
309.00 309.00 20
40
60 80 Length (m)
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100
120
140
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
-21-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation "Stara Vodenica" Geographically the objected area is situated in the municipality of Karbinci. The River Kozjachka is formed from the mountain springs and rises in the place of Bukovo in the Pljachkovica Mountain. In the upper part it is called the River Kuchishka, in the middle course it is called the River Kodzjda Dere, and in the lower part it is called the River Kozjachka and it enters in the river Bregalnica. As far as the quantities of water are concerned it is constant, the water is there even during the summer time. According to the citizens there, the river has never run dry. In the driest period there was a flow of 15 l/s. The drainage-basin is almost forested. The basin area is F=43.6 m2. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Stara Vodenica" is situated southeastern from the village of Kozjak with destination of 2.5 km and in the vicinity of the old church "Kozjak" with destination of 700 m. Topographically the profile is conveniently located and the height fall above the irrigation areas dominates. Geological prospect The profile is good and convenient strait for building earthen bank. Upriver, the valley widens and could make good accumulation. The accumulation bed has smaller fall and that makes it a good condition for making accumulation. The slopes are mainly stable. On the left side gully can be noticed which is inactive during elapsing drenching rain and during filling the accumulation erosion could appear with great intensity. From the right side the slopes are mild. Rocky material could be seen in some places. The profile's bed is made of alluvium load sediment, deeper to the rocky material. The coasts are made of rocky material. From the above mentioned, the location for building a bank from earthen material is suitable and is adequate for its purpose. Hydrology General information about the basin are given in the following table: Table: General information about the basin Parameter Value Basin surface area F=43,60 km2 Basin's scope О=39 km Watercourse length L=16,50 km Basin's altitude above sea level Hср=900 m Average annual rainfalls Hпр=580 mm Average annual temperature Тср=9,60 оС Humidity deficit D=3,35 mm Water inflating coefficient 0,165-0,310 (taken 0,230) Annual water inflating 5 820 000 m3 (0,184 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=780mm/year. Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload load sediments is 60.00 m3/year./km2, the annual quantity of suspended load sediments is 1713,50 m3/year.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's materials The necessary materials for building the earthen bank are situated in the vicinity of the profile and they are of sufficient quantity. Access roads With traffic connections in the given area there is asphalt road that connects the villages Burilchevo, the village Radanje to the city of Shtip. From the asphalt road to the church "Kozjak" there is a village road, and from the church "Kozjak" to the profile itself there is not any road. It is necessary to have the road, to the asphalt road to the church, arranged and widened in order to have the mechanization passed through. It is necessary to have road from the church "Kozjak" to the profile itself. Bank "Stara Vodenica" General It is planned to have earthen bank built H=18.0 m high with accumulation volume of B=430 000 m3. The water from the accumulation could be used for irrigation of the soil areas. Topographically these areas are located downriver from the bank's profile. The bank's inclines upriver and downriver are with gradient of 12.0 and crown's width of 3.0 m. Principal information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Principal information about the bank "Stara Vodenica" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18,0 m Elevation of the river bed 405,00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 423,00 mnm Dead space elevation 409,50 mnm Normal level elevation 421,00 mnm Crown's length L=80,00 m Accumulation capacity V=480 000 m3 Total alluvium VŃ…=51 404 m3 Total evaporation Vevap=31 207 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vus.=397 390 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=32 032 m3 Irrigation The irrigation areas that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Stara Vodenica" are F=100 ha. From the soil types the most common are the developed clay soil. From the agricultural crops the following could be the most common: vine plantations, grain, poppy. The necessary water quantities with water-supply norm from 3200 m3/year are 397 390 m3 of water. Technical solution With technical solution disposition analysis, topographic features, the areas could be irrigated naturally, gravitationally under pressure.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica The technical solution is made of bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surface areas. The intake pipeline and the network for irrigation are planned to be made of plastic pipes and equipment for simulated rain. The following profiles would be there: from f 100 to f 300 mm. Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Stara Vodenica" in the municipality of Krabinci: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Stara Vodenica" in the municipality of Karbinci
Ordinal Description of the main objects number 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 1.2 Evacuation organs 1.3 Irrigation network 1.4 Rain equipment 1.5 Road network 1.6 Intake pipes 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station
Total in denars
14000000 23000000 1400000 200000 1000000 9500000 Total main objects:
2. Other things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 form the main objects Total other things: IN TOTAL: *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 1013935 Euros
-25-
49100000 4910000 3437000 1473000 1227500 2209500 13257000 62357000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=423.00 mnm
k.v.=421.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Elevation (mnm)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
424.00 423.00 422.00 420.00 418.00 416.00 415.00 414.00 412.00 410.00 408.00 406.00 404.00 0 10 20
423.00
415.00
405.00 30
40 50 Length (m)
-26-
405.00 60
70
80
90
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
422.00 420.00
Level (mnm)
418.00 416.00 414.00 412.00
Surface (m2)
410.00
0 20600 51200
408.00 406.00
Elevation (mnm) 405.00 410.00 420.00
404.00 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
422.00 420.00
Level (mnm)
418.00 416.00 414.00
Capacity (m3) 0 51500 410000 480000
412.00 410.00 408.00 406.00
Elevation (mnm) 405.00 410.00 420.00 421.00
404.00 0
100000
200000
300000 Capacity (m3)
-27-
400000
500000
600000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Height (m)
Bank's body level-capacity dependence
20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00 0
5000
10000
15000 20000 Capacity (m3)
Capacity (m3) 0 9200 21458 32032
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
25000
30000
35000
Elevation (mnm)
Longitudinale profile of the bank's body
424.00 423.00 422.00 420.00 418.00 416.00 415.00 414.00 412.00 410.00 408.00 406.00 404.00 0 10 20
423.00
415.00
405.00 30
40 50 Length (m)
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405.00 60
70
80
90
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
-30-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures
-31-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipality of Kochani In the municipality of Kochani according to the previously done studies as possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica six locations are noticed. In the following tables the main characteristics of those locations are given. According to the perceptions and the in-field analyses the accumulations "Ponikva 1" and "Ponikva 2" are given the priority. These accumulations are elaborated in detain in the following text. The given profiles are elaborated on the basis of the in-field prospect with on the site insight and situation to 1:25000. There were no engineering geological and geomechanical analyses. In the following phase of projecting for the priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineering geological and geomechanical analyses done. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building the small accumulations (banks) in the municipalities of Kochani and Zrnovci Or. Profile's Watercourse Basin's surface Forestation Еrosiveness 2 num. name name (km ) 1 Ponikva 1 Aramiska 0.30 Forested Not erosive Cheshma 2 Ponikva 2 Potok 1.40 Forested Not erosive Klanica 3 Zhiganci Vrbichka 5.70 Forested Not erosive Reka 4 Sokolarci Selska Reka 4.90 Partly forested Not erosive 5 Trkanje Zdrazhevska 12.0 Partly forested Not erosive Reka 6 Svilanovo Voltinja 17.80 Partly forested Not erosive Р.б Profile's name
Watercourse name
Bank's height (m)
Bank's capacity (106 m3)
Purpose
13
Accumulat ion capacity (106 m3) 0.120
1
Ponikva 1
2
Ponikva 2
3
Zhiganci
4 5
Sokolarci Trkanje
6
Svilanovo
Aramiska Cheshma Potok Klanica Vrbichka Reka Selska Reka Zdrazhevska Reka Voltinja
0.027
НО, В, Р
18
0.21
0.052
НО, В, Р
18
0.500
0.100
Н, П
18 18
0.138 0.500
0.035 0.100
Н,П Н
18
0.750
0.060
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Ponikva 1 i 2“
General The accumulations "Ponikva 1" and "Ponikva 2" have the purpose of water-supplying. It is planned that the accumulation "Ponikva" to be built on two levels, that is two small accumulations. There is a big necessity of water on Osogovo, especially after the building of the tourist centre "Ponikva" in which several hotels and a ski-centre are situated. The building of the accumulations "Ponikva 1" and "Ponikva 2" would solve the problem with the water-supply in the tourist centre and would contribute to the enriching of the tourist offers. Topography Geographically the area in question is situated in the municipality of Kochani. The accumulation "Ponikva" is situated in the place of Ponikva, from which it got its name. The accumulation itself was situated near the road Kochani-Osogovo, which is asphalted and it connects Kochani to the centre for sport and recreation "Osogovo". Building the first level, that is the upper profile, the road itself could pass through the bank's crown, that is to make a certain shortcut of the road-bed already built. Geological prospect The dividing place itself, as far as the topographic characteristics are concerned, is suitable for building a bank. From geological aspect, the terrain is suitable for building a bank, in the upper profile and also in the downer profile. The bottom and the inclines of the accumulation pool are waterproof. The underlay is made of clay. Bank's body material Clay for the bank's core could be used locally from the accumulation pool itself, which would increase the accumulation water. Stone, that is gravel and sands for the bank's body and the evacuation organs are supposed to be transported at a distance of 10 km. Hydrology The flow in Potok Klanica is constant. The minimal flow in the dividing place "Aramiska Cheshma" (upper profile) is 3 l/s, and the profile "Klanica" (downer profile) is 6 l/s. For determining the amount of water in the accumulation the average annual rainfalls are used and these are Hav=800 mm. The drainage-basin area of the stream Klanica is small but as the result of the constant flow of water that springs, it is considered that there is no problem with loading the accumulation. The flow of water in the accumulation pool from the drainagebasin area is calculated according to the rainfalls and the inflating coefficient measured by more than one person so that the average value is taken. The total inflating from the basin is: For the first level Vflow=100800 m3/year, q=3,2 l/s For the second level Vflow=302400 m3/year, q=9,6 l/s In spite of the small basin area there would be no problem with loading the accumulation with water.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Alluvium Despite the small basin, filling the accumulation with alluvium is insignificant (for the upper level it is almost impossible alluvium to appear). Evaporation The annual evaporation is calculated from the water area of the accumulation according to the rainfalls and to the average annual temperature for a longer period of time (several years). The average annual evaporation from the accumulation is Đ•av.=552,40 mm/year. Main information about the area of the drainage-basin The information is given in the following table: Table: The main information about the basin area of the accumulations "Ponikva 1" and "Ponikva 2" Parameter Value Basin's area F=0.90 km2 Basin's scope O=4.65 km Watercourse length L=1.00 km Basin's altitude above sea level Hsr.=1525 mnm Average annual rainfalls Hpr.=800 Average annual temperature tsr.=6o C Humidity deficit d=2.50 m Water-supply The water-supply for the users from the tourist settlement "Ponikva" is planned to be done through pump station situated on the right coast of the accumulation pool on the downer level. It is planned to have PVC pipes installed with Ń„ 125 mm and working pressure of 6 atmospheres. Energetics Under special circumstances the accumulation could also be used for energetic purposes, that is, 8000 kWh a year could be produced.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments for building the bank "Ponikva 1 i 2" near Kochani: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Ponikva 1 i 2" near Kochani Ordin. Description of the main objects Total in denars number 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 34000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 2000000 1.3 Irrigation network 0 1.4 Rain equipment 0 1.5 Road network 0 1.6 Intake pipes 1600000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 200000 1.8 Pump station 500000 Total main objects: 38300000 2. Other things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects Total other things: IN TOTAL: *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 790894 Euros
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3830000 2681000 1149000 957500 1723500 10341000 48641000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation "Ponikva 1" Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=1655.00 mnm
k.v.=1653.00 mnm
1:2 H=13.0 m
1:2
L=55.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
1656.00 1654.00 Elevation (mnm)
1652.00
1655.00
1655.00
1652.00
1652.00
1650.00 1648.00 1646.00 1644.00 1642.00 1640.00 0
1642.00 20
40
1642.00
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
1665.00 1660.00
Level (mnm)
1655.00 1650.00
Surface (m2)
1645.00
0 12500 34375
1640.00
Elevation (mnm) 1640.00 1650.00 1660.00
1635.00 0
5000
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15000
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40000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
1665.00
Elevation (mnm)
1660.00 1655.00 1650.00 1645.00 1640.00
Capacity (m3) 0 62500 296870
Elevation (mnm) 1640.00 1650.00 1660.00
250000
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's body capacity-height dependance 14.00 12.00
Height (m)
10.00 8.00 6.00
Capacity (m3) 0 16100 27355
4.00 2.00
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0.00 0
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Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
1656.00
Elevation (mnm)
1654.00 1652.00
1655.00
1655.00
1652.00
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1650.00 1648.00 1646.00 1644.00 1642.00 1640.00 0
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation "Ponikva 2" Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=1450.00 mnm
k.v.=1448.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
1455.00
Elevation (mnm))
1450.00
1452.00
1452.00
1445.00 1442.00
1440.00
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
1465.00 1460.00
Elevation (mnm))
1455.00 1450.00
Surface (m2)
1445.00 1440.00
0 5625 20625 48125
1435.00 1430.00
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1425.00 0
10000
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Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
1465.00 1460.00
Level (mnm)
1455.00 1450.00
Волумен (м3) 0 56250 262500 743750
1445.00 1440.00 1435.00 1430.00
Кота (мнм) 1430.00 1440.00 1450.00 1460.00
1425.00 0
100000
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height - capacity dependance 20.00 18.00
Height (m)
16.00 14.00 12.00
Capacity (m3) 0 13800 33470 52450
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
0.00 0
10000
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Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
1455.00
Elevation (mnm)
1450.00
1452.00
1452.00
1445.00 1442.00
1440.00
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipalities of Berovo and Pehchevo In the municipalities of Berovo and Pehchevo according to the previously studies carried out as possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the basin of the River Bregalnica 13 locations are noticed. In the following tables the main characteristics are given about those accumulations. According to the in-field analyses as priority are determined the following accumulations "Vladimirovo 1", "Chiflik", "Crnik" and "Rakovec" which are going to be elaborated in detain in the following text. the given profiles are elaborated according to the terrain prospect with on the spot inspection and situation to 1:25000. Engineering geological and geomechanical analyses are carried out. In the following phase for projecting as priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineering geological and geomechanical analyses. For the banks "Rakovec" and "Crnik" there are complete geomechanical analyses carried out, and from the Water Economy Office of the Republic of Macedonia in 1989 and 1990 there are Main project carried out. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the municipality of Kochani Ord. Profile's Watercourse Basin's area Forestation Erosiveness 2 num. name name (km ) 1 Ablanica Bregalnica 70.00 Forested Not erosive 2 Kamenica Kamenichka 37.00 Partly forested Not erosive 3 Chiflik Negrievska 11.90 Partly Not erosive forested 4 Crnik Vinichka 2.74 Mainly Not erosive erosive 5 Chukava Zhelevica 36.90 Partly forested Not erosive Vladimirovo 1 Selska Reka 6 5.40 Partly Low forested erosiveness Vladimirovo 7 Brezov Dol 5.00 Forested Low 2 erosiveness 8 Robovo 1 Golem Dol 4.45 Not forested Low erosiveness 9 Robovo 2 Golem Dol 2.25 Forested Low erosiveness 10 Tri Reki Tri Reki 27.40 Partly forested Low erosiveness 11 Shirinata 1 Djunkovachk 13.90 Low Low a erosiveness erosiveness 12 Shirinata Slivnica 8.00 Low Low erosiveness erosiveness 13 Rakovec Rakovec 1.460 Forested Not erosive
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Р.б Profile's name
Watercourse name
Bank's height (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Bregalnica Kamenichka Negrievska Vinichka Zhelevica Selska Reka Brezov Dol Golem Dol Golem Dol Tri Reki Djunkovachka Slivnica Rakovec
18 15 18 17 18 18 18 18 18 15 18 18 15.40
Ablanica Kamenica Chiflik Crnik Chukava Vladimirovo 1 Vladimirovo 2
Robovo 1 Robovo 2 Tri Reki Shirinata 1 Shirinata 2 Rakovec
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Accumulat ion capacity (106 m3) 2.30 1.42 0.60 0.65 2.80 0.90 0.80 0.15 0.300 1.625 1.60 1.70 0.664
Bank's capacity (106 m3)
Purpose
0.120 0.065 0.080 0.034 0.080 0.100 0.100 0.030 0.060 0.040 0.080 0.080 0.025
Н,В Н,В,П Н (Р) НО, Н Н,Р НО,Н,Р Н,Р Н,Р Н,Р Н,П Н,П Н,П Н, В
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation "Chiflik" General Geographically, the mentioned area is situated on the River Negrievska in the ravine Maleshevska Kotlina, which is situated among the high mountains or their base. It spreads in the upper watercourse of the River Bregalnica, on the right side with altitude above sea level of about 900 mnm. The River Negrevska has its springs in the mountains Maleshevska Planini in the place of Bukovikj. It runs with great fall up until below the village, and then it takes another small creek which is called by the name Rakovec. So formed, the both creeks in one run with a fall around 4% to the village Chiflik where it infuses in the River Pehchevska. There are no water-worn areas in the basin up until the profile comes. The surface area of the junction is F=11.67 m2, together with the junction Rakovec. Topography Topographically, the accumulation profile "Chiflik" is situated in the vicinity of the village Chiflik, on north-eastern side. Geological prospect The location of the accumulation is built of marly-clay-sandy series that can be up to 20 meters high. The presence of layers of clay makes it a good condition because of the water-proof feature on the slopes of the bottom of the accumulation. Bank's profile, that is the downer part, is made of basaltic conglomerates, which means that there is no water loss on a location like that. On the left side of the accumulation pool there are surfaces cut with small water-courses which, for now, are inactive and of small proportions. When loading the accumulation, these surfaces are going to be saturated with water and land sliding can appear in some of these areas. In the following phase of projecting, these surfaces should be well inspected in order to suggest necessary measures to prevent these hot beds from possible appearing. These measures are not expansive and are necessary. Taking into account some negative characteristics of this terrain, the location for building a bank is suitable and adequate for its purpose. Bank's materials Materials for building the future bank are in the vicinity and they are of sufficient quantity. Access roads To the village Chiflik itself there is an asphalt road with roadway width of 5.0 m. From the village to the profile there is a village road. Every type of mechanization can access the profile. In the village there is an electric network. Hydrology There is no watermeasuring information about the River Negrevska. The available waters are determined through rainfalls. General information about the junction are given in the following table:
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Table: General information about the junction Parameter Junction surface area Junction scope Water-course length Altitude above sea level of the junction Average annual rainfalls Average annual temperature Water-inflating coefficient Annual water inflating Annual evaporation Total alluvium Total evaporation Usable accumulation capacity Bank's capacity
Value F=11.9 km2 О=15.0 km L= 10.5 km Hср=1300 m Hпр=662mm Тср= 6.3оС 0.240-0.337 (taken 0,290) 2 300 000м3 (0.073 m3/s) Fср=540 mm/year. Vх=1607 m3/year Vevap=33 000 m3 Vusa.=3 500 000 m3 Vbank=57 555 m3
Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments Годишната количина на влечен нанос изнесува 1607,00 м3/год.The annual quantity of bedload sediments is 1607.00 m3/year. Bank "Chiflik" General Earthen bank is planned which would be H=18.0 m high with accumulation volume of V=350 000 m3. The water from the accumulation would be used for irrigation of Pehchevo Pole with surface area of F=121 ha. Basic information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Chiflik" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river bed 925.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 943.00 mnm Dead space elevation 931.00 mnm Normal level elevation 941.00 mnm Crown's length L=153.00 m Accumulation capacity V=350 000 m3 Total alluvium (for 30 years) Vх=48 200 m3 Total evaporation Vevap.=17 820 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=283 980 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=57 555 m3
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Irrigation The irrigation areas that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Chiflik" are F=121 ha. From the soil types in the major part are brown wood soils (chajnichi) and they are spread between Pehchevo and the village Chiflik on the left and on the right side of the road Pehchevo-Berovo and Pehchevo-Negrevo. With disposition analysis and topographical suitability, the areas are going to be irrigated with water-pumping. The surprised water is going to be distributed in the network and from the network irrigation is going to be made by simulated rain. The pump station could be located on the left riverbank of the River Negrevksa. The height of the water lifting is H=50.0 m. The length of the surprised pipeline is L=800.00 m. The network and the surprised pipeline are planned to be made of plastic pipes of ф 100mm to ф 200mm. From the agricultural crops the following cultures could be present: tobacco plant, fruit plantations, bur clover, hop. Necessary quantities of water The flow module is 0.304 l/s/ha. The average norm for irrigation is 2380 m3/year. The total quantity necessary for irrigation of 121 ha is 273720 м3. the flow of the surprised pipeline is 44 l/s. Fishery During the "Chiflik" accumulation forming there would appear great conditions for sport and fishery development with local significance. Energetic The accumulation waters could not be used for energetic because the water is pumped from the accumulation, directly in the network for irrigation.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Chiflik", municipality of Berovo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Chiflik" municipality of Berovo Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars num. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 23000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 6000000 1.3 Irrigation network 1300000 1.4 Rain equipment 200000 1.5 Road network 500000 1.6 Intake pipes 1.7 Repressed pipelines 2800000 1.8 Pump station 2200000 Total main objects: 36000000 2. Other things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3600000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2520000 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1080000 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 900000 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1620000 Total other things: 9720000 IN TOTAL: 45720000 *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 743414 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=943.00 mnm
k.v.=941.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
944.00 943.00 942.00 940.00 940.00 938.00(mnm) Elevation 936.00 934.00 932.00 930.00 928.00 926.00 924.00 0 20
943.00 940.00
930.00
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
955.00 950.00 945.00 Level (mnm)
Surface (m2)
940.00 935.00 930.00 925.00
0 12500 42500 70000 145000
Elevation (mnm) 925.00 930.00 940.00 943.00 950.00
120000
140000
920.00 0
20000
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160000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
955.00 950.00 945.00 Level (mnm) 940.00
Capacity (m3) 0 31250 306250 475000 1227500
935.00 930.00 925.00
Elevation (mnm) 925.00 930.00 940.00 943.00 950.00
920.00 0
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Capacity (m3)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height (m) 12.00
Capacity (m3) 0 12743 31900 57556
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
2.00 0.00 0
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30000
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Capacity (m3)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
944.00 943.00 942.00 940.00 940.00 938.00(mnm) Elevation 936.00 934.00 932.00 930.00 928.00 926.00 924.00 0 20
943.00 940.00
930.00
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Crnik" General Geographically, the area in question is part of the ravine Maleshevska Kotlina, which is situated among the high mountains or their base. It is situated in the upper course of the River Bregalnica spread on the right side with altitude above sea level of about 900 mnm and it is spread in the upper course of the River Bregalnica, being on the right side with altitude above sea level of about 900 mnm. The River Zhelevica springs from the mountains Maleshevski Planini in the place of Treshchen Kamen in the vicinity of the border with the Republic of Bulgaria. Zhelevica is a right confluent of the River Bregalnica and one of the bigger confluents. The River Zhelevica does not run dry during the year and it has a significant flow. The accumulation is planned to be built in the vicinity of the village Crnik. The necessary water for the accumulation would be brought by Tyrolean barrage from the River Zhelevica and by intake pipeline would be brought to the accumulation. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Crnik" is situated upriver from the village Crnik, municipality of Pehchevo and north from the village Crnik, below the village Kadica. The location was chosen by analysis of many profiles and water-courses of a situation and on-thespot circulation. Regarding its technical, topographical and engineering and geological characteristics, the location belongs among the adequate locations for building such an object. Geological prospect In order to define the engineering and geological characteristics by the Construction Institute "Makedonija" from Skopje in 1989 engineering and geological researches were carried out, and the results from these researches are given in a special elaborate. The wider area of the junction of the River Vinichka Reka lies on rocks from the Precambrian era like quartz - chlorite - sericit - schists, old Paleozoic granitite, quartile swamp lake sediments. The bank's location is completely built of fresh strong locally cracked quartzite, covered by strong layers of lake-swamp sediments. the mineral composition of these rocks is relatively simple and flat of the researched location Bank's materials The materials for building the bank are situated near the divided place. Material for the supporting objects is planned to be pulled out of the left flank of the accumulation volume, and the clay from the location also in the vicinity of the bank. Adequate filter material is placed in the river-bed downriver from the village Crnik. Access roads The village Crnik is connected with an asphalt road with the highway road Berovo-PehchevoDelchevo. From the village Crnik to the profile itself there is a village road that should be widened and smoothened with bulldozer in order to find mechanization necessary for building the bank "Crnik". The village has electricity network.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Hydrology For the location itself there is no measuring done on the flow. That is why determining the flow is done by usage of the information from the rainfalls of the rainfalls measuring station Crnik and Pehchevo, and also the flows of the other local rivers for which there are some data. After the done calculations the average annual flow was 13.32 l/s or the total flow is 419500 m3 of water. General information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Bank's surface area F=2.74 km2 Bank's scope О=9.50 km Water-course length L=4.2 km Altitude above sea level of the junction Hcp=1370 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=769mm Average annual temperature Тav= 9оС Water inflating coefficient 0.300 Annual water inflating 419500m3 (0.0013 m3/s) Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=78830 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=34892 m3 Bank "Crnik" General Earthen bank was planned which would be H=17.00 m high with accumulation capacity of V=60500 m3. The water from the accumulation would be used for irrigation of the surface areas. Basic information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Crnik" municipality of Pehchevo Parameter Value Bank's height above river-bed H=17.00 m Bank's height above elevation of founding H=20.75 m Elevation of the river-bed 1016.00 mnm Elevation of founding of clay core 1012.25 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 1033.00 mnm Elevation of minimal working level 1022.00 mnm Normal level elevation 1016.73 mnm Crown's length L=77.00 m Accumulation capacity V=330 000 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=60500 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=34892 m3
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments for building the bank "Crnik" municipality of Berovo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Crnik" municipality of Pehchevo Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars number 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 21000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 9000000 Total main objects: 30000000 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3000000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2100000 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 900000 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 750000 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1350000 Total other things: 8100000 IN TOTAL: 38100000 *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 619512 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut, longitudinal profile of the bank's body and situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation level-surface dependence
1032.00 1030.00 1028.00 1026.00 Level (mnm) 1024.00 1022.00 1020.00 1018.00 1016.00 1014.00 0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00 Surface (m2)
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8000.00
10000.00
12000.00
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-capacity dependence
1034.00 1032.00 1030.00 1028.00 Level (mnm) 1026.00 1024.00 1022.00 1020.00 1018.00 1016.00 1014.00 0
10000
20000
30000 40000 Capacity (m3)
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50000
60000
70000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Vladimirovo 1" General Geographically the area in question is situated on The River Selska Reka in the ravine Berovska Kotlina which is situated among the high mountains or their base. It is placed in the upper course of the River Bregalnica, spread on the left side with 800-1300 mnm altitude above sea level. The River Selska Reka is formed by mountain springs at the place Gradishte. Concerning the water quantity, it is constant till it enters in the village Vladimirovo it is full of water even during the summer. After it enters into the village the water is separated for irrigation of small gardens. During the winter period and during the spring it is used for mills, cresses, put subsequently one next to the other in this small area. Below the village, the River Selska Reka has another name and it is called the River Vladimirska Reka and it enters into the River Bregalnica. The ravine is situated among mountains that are well forested with pine plantations. This area has continental mountain climate. The surface area of the drainage-basin is F=5.4 km2. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Vladimirovo 1" is placed southwestern above the village Vladimirovo at 1200 m distance. Topographically the profile is conveniently located and height fall dominates above the surface areas that are irrigated. Geological prospect The accumulation's downhills are forested with pine plantations. That means that the downhills are stable, and there is no erosion. The terrain consists of crystal schists that are mainly gneiss, but there are also mica schists, filets with chloride schists. The earth color of the chloride is predominating in the schists, but there are also amphibole and biolith. The profile itself is located in a bay. Upriver from the profile, the accumulation is widened and topographically is quite convenient. Starting from the river-bed in the accumulation itself to 6 meters of height the downhills are with plant cover, and the convenient places are with pine plantations. It could be stated that during building of the future accumulation would not make any loss of water, which should be confirmed in the further phases of projecting. The left flank of the profile itself and part of the bottom the terrain is rocky, and the right flank of alluvium material. According to the people living there the River Selska Reka does not run dry. That could make us certain that the loading of the future accumulation with water would be ensured. From the above mentioned the location for building a bank is adequate and it suitable for its purposes. Bank's materials Earthen materials for building the future bank are in the vicinity of the profile and they are of sufficient quantity, and that is the reason why the bank is most adequate to be made of earthen materials.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Access roads Vladimirovo village is the closest to the profile "Vladimirovo 1" of 1.2 km distance. To the profile itself there is a village passable road through which the necessary mechanization could pass for the purposes of the building the bank. Vladimirovo village is connected to Berovo with an asphalt road which has 5.0 m of roadway width. The distance is 5.2 km. There is an electricity network in the village, too. Hydrology General information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction surface area F=5.4 km2 Junction's scope О= 9.75 km Water-course length L= 5.5 km Junction altitude above sea level Hср=1098 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=691mm Average annual temperature Тav=7.4 оС Water inflation coefficient 0.200-0.376 (taken 0.280) Annual water inflating 1 050 000 m3 (0.033 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=540 mm/year Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload load sediments is 693.00 m3/year, and the annual quantity of suspended load sediments is 19170 m3/year. Bank "Vladimirovo 1" General An earthen bank is planned which would be H=18.0 m high with accumulation volume of V=280 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of Vladimirovo Pole which has F=100 ha surface area. General information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Vladimirovo 1" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 895.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 913.00 mnm Elevation of dead space 900.00 mnm Normal level elevation 911.00 mnm Crown's length L=140.00 m Accumulation capacity V=280 000 m3 Total capacity Vх=19 170 m3 Total evaporation Vevap=15 120 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=245 710 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=52 293 m3
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Irrigation The surface areas for irrigation that could be supplied with water from the accumulation "Vladimirovo 1" are F=100 ha. From the soil types the most common are alluvium soils. The necessary quantities for irrigation of 100 ha, with water-supply norm of 2473 m3/ha are 245 710 m3 of water. Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographical suitability, the surface areas could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surfaces. The intake pipeline and the network for irrigation are planned to be made of plastic pipes and equipment for simulated rain. The following profiles would be there ф 100 to ф 200 mm. Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the necessary investments for building the bank "Vladimirovo 1" near Berovo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Vladimirovo 1" near Berovo Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars num. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 20000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 3000000 1.3 Irrigation network 1020000 1.4 Rain equipment 140000 1.5 Road network 1300000 1.6 Intake pipes 5400000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station Total main objects: 30860000 2. Оther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3086000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2160200 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 925800 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 771500 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1388700 Total other things: 8332200 IN TOTAL: 39912200 *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 648979 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=913.00 mnm
k.v.=911.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
914.00 913.00 912.00 910.00 910.00 908.00(mnm) Elevation 906.00 904.00 902.00 900.00 900.00 898.00 896.00 894.00 0 20 40
913.00 910.00
900.00 895.00 60
80 100 Length (m)
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120
140
160
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
914.00 912.00 910.00 908.00 Level (mnm) 906.00
Surface (m2)
904.00 902.00
0 2500 22500 52500
900.00 898.00 896.00
Elevation (mnm) 895.00 900.00 910.00 913.00
894.00 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
914.00 912.00 910.00 908.00 Level (mnm) 906.00
Capacity (m3) 0 32500 237500 395000
904.00 902.00 900.00 898.00
Elevation (mnm) 895.00 900.00 910.00 913.00
896.00 894.00 0
50000 100000 150000200000 250000300000 350000 400000 450000 Capacity (m3)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence
Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height 12.00(mnm)
Capacity (m3) 0 12352 29025 52293
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
2.00 0.00 0
10000
20000
30000 40000 Capacity (m3)
50000
60000
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
914.00 913.00 912.00 910.00 910.00 908.00(mnm) Elevation 906.00 904.00 902.00 900.00 900.00 898.00 896.00 894.00 0 20 40
913.00 910.00
900.00 895.00 60
80 100 Length (m)
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120
140
160
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Rakovec" General Geographically the area in question is situated on the River Rakovec in the municipality of Pehchevo. The River Rakovec to the place of the division has drainage-basin of F=1.46 km2. Topography Topographically the profile of the accumulation "Rakevec" is situated in the vicinity of the city of Pehchevo. Geological prospect With the research things of the bank's profile and the accumulation volume there are pluvial materials which consist of minces of square shaped pieces of dacites and brechi with brownred clay and presence of sand. In the river-bed of the creek there is an alluvium load sediments with relatively small volume. From seismic viewpoint this area belongs to the wider area in which there is a possibility of earthquakes to 10Đž magnitude Mercalli intensity scale. Water penetration through etages of the barrage is not examined, and it is determined in a laboratory and there are coefficients of filtration Đş=10-6 to 10-9 cm/s and according to that water loss from the accumulation through the layer of the barrage could not be expected. From the above mentioned it could be stated that the bank's location is suitable and adequate for its purposes. Bank's materials Together with the researches about the bank "Rakovec" there are analyses done also for the material fields for building the dike type of bank. With the researches it is confirmed that material for the supporting bodies of the bank could be used from the accumulation volume, especially of the right flank upriver from the barrage in indefinite quantities. There is some material for making clay core in a distance of 1.0-1.5 km from the dividing place in the vicinity of the city of Pehchevo. As a material for making bank's filters the alluvium load sediments of the River Bregalnica could be used by satisfying the granular metric composition according to the project conditions. Access roads Near the bank's profile there is a road that should be widened in order the mechanization necessary for building the bank to pass through.. Hydrology There are no water measuring information for the River Rakovec. Determining the accessible waters is done through rainfalls, but also from the date for the flow of the surrounding. General information about the junction are given in the following table:
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Table: General information about the junction Parameter Junction surface area Junction scope Water-course length Junction's altitude above sea level Average annual rainfalls Average annual temperature Water inflating coefficient Annual water inflating Annual evaporation
Value F=1.46 km2 О=5.425 km L= 3.00 km Hср=1310 m Hпр=662 mm Тav=8 оС 0.32 315 360 m3 (0,01 m3/s) Fср=600 mm/year
Bank "Rakovec" General It is planned to have stony dike bank of H=15.40 m height above river-bed with accumulation volume of V=66 414 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of the surfaces of F=100 ha. Basic information about the bank These are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Rakovec" Parameter Value Bank's height above river-bed H=15.40 m Bank's height above elevation of founding H=19.90 m Elevation of the river-bed 1140.6 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 1156.0 mnm Elevation of minimal working level 1147.5 mnm Normal level elevation 1154.5 mnm Crown's length L=95.5 m Upriver incline angle 1:1.8 Downriver incline angle 1:1.8 Bank's capacity Vbank=25 052 m3 Accumulation capacity Vаccum.=66 414 m3 Water mirror surface 11 500 m2 Irrigation The irrigation surfaces that could be supplied with water from the accumulation "Rakovec" are of F=100 ha. Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographical suitability, the surfaces could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surfaces.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Rakovec" near Pehchevo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Rakovec" neat Pehchevo Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars num. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 1.2 Evacuation organs 1.3 Loading capacity of the water from the accumulation and manhole Total main objects: 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects Total other things: IN TOTAL: *For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 411 384 Euros
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15000000 10000000 415000 25415000 2541500 1779050 762450 635375 1143675 6862050 32277050
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-sections and curves of the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut profile of the bank's body and situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
1158.00 1156.00 1154.00 1152.00 Level (mnm) 1150.00 1148.00 1146.00 1144.00 1142.00 1140.00 0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00
8000.00
10000.00
12000.00
14000.00
50000
60000
70000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
1158.00 1156.00 1154.00 1152.00 Level (mnm) 1150.00 1148.00 1146.00 1144.00 1142.00 1140.00 0
10000
20000
30000 40000 Capacity (m3)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipality of Delchevo In the municipality of Delchevo according to the previously made studies as possible locations for building small accumulation (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica ten locations are determined. In the following tables the basic characteristics of those accumulations are given. According to the perceptions and on-the-spot analyses, the accumulations "Bela Voda" on the River Gabrovska and "Repnica" on the River Repnica are determined as priorities, and these accumulations are going to be elaborated in details in the following text. The given profiles are elaborated on the base of the terrain prospect with onthe-spot inspection and situation to 1:25000. Engineering geological and geomechanical examinations are not carried out. In the following phase of projecting the priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineering geological and geomechanical inspections. Beside the banks "Repnica" and "Bela Voda" in 2004 there is a main project done for the bank "Bigla" on the creek Zarovec. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the municipality of Delchevo Or. Profile's Water-course Junction's Forestation Erosiveness n. name name surface area (km2) 1 Loshana Loshana 16.50 Forested Erosive 2 Chukar Zhelevica 90.00 Partly forested Erosive 3 Grad Pijavica 8.95 Partly forested Low erosiveness 4 Zvegor Zvegorska 10.00 Low forestation Erosive 5 Bela Voda Gabrovska 22.00 Partly forested Erosive 6 Stara Reka Stara Reka 20.00 Partly forested Low erosiveness 7 Ochipalska 1 Ochipalska 23.00 Partly forested Low erosiveness 8 Ochipalska 2 Kiselichka 8.00 Partly forested Erosive 9 Turishnica Turishnica 20.00 Partly forested Erosive 10 Bigla Zarovec 17.00 Partly forested Erosive 11 Repnica Repnica 5.67 Partly forested Erosive Or. Profile's n. name
Water-course name
Bank's height (m)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Loshana Zhelevica Pijavica Zvegoska Gabrovska Stara Reka Ochipalska Kiselichka Turishnica Zarovec Repnica
18.00 18.00 16.50 7.50 18.00 18.00 15.00 15.00 18.00 17.00 18.00
Loshana Chukar Grad Zvegor Bela Voda Stara Reka Ochipalska 1 Ochipalska 2 Turishnica Bigla Repnica
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Accumulat . capacity (106 m3) 0.70 2.00 0.12 0.06 0.66 0.25 0.32 0.35 0.50 0.02 0.53
Bank's capacity (106 m3) 0.100 0.035 0.025 0.015 0.037 0.060 0.040 0.035 0.070 0.014 0.051
Purpose Н, П Н, Р Н, Р, НО Н, Р, НО Н, НО Н, Р Н, П, НО Н, П, НО Н, П Н Н, Р, Е
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation "Bela Voda" General Geographically the area in question is situated on the River Gabrovska in the ravine Delchevska Kotlina, the second ravine on the water-course on the River Bregalnica. The ravine is surrounded by the massif Osogovski Masiv, part of the mountains Maleshevski Planini and Golak. The River Gabrovksa Reka springs north-eastern from the MacedonianBulgarian border at the place of Zlatanovska Maala. To the right confluent Crvarica, the River Gabrovska Reka is called Stari Dol and it runs with a great fall. Then from the inculcation on the right confluent Crvarica to the village Gabrovo it is called the River Crvarica which is called by the name of the right confluent and it runs with a fall of around 2.5 %. From the village Gabrovo to the inculcation in Bregalnica itself it is called the River Gabrovska Reka. The drainage-basin is almost 90 % forested. There are no erosive areas in the junction, up until the profile. The surface area of the drainage-basin is F=22.00 km2, together with the inculcation of the right confluent the River Crvarica. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Bela Voda" is situated north-eastern above the village Gabrovo in a distance of 1.5 km and 4 km from the city of Delchevo. Topographically the profile is suitably located and it dominates in height above the surfaces that are going to be irrigated. Geological prospect Accumulation downhills are forested and stable. The surface layer of the accumulation downhills to the height of 25-30 m consists of downhill diluvia material. Rocky material could be noticed on some places. The accumulation bottom along its whole length consists of river alluvium. In the profile itself the right flank is made of rocky material. Along the left flank also rocky material also could be noticed, but the diluvia downhill material prevails. The river-bed in the profile itself is wide and it is 15-20 m. With terrain measuring there is a flow measured of 3 l/s, and according to the citizen's telling in the village Gabrovo there was not a case when the river Gabrovska ran dry, which means that there would be sufficient quantity of water supplied for the future accumulation, because the drainage-basin is quite big for small accumulations and it is of F=22.0 km2. From the above mentioned facts it could be stated that the location for building a bank is suitable and adequate to its purpose. Bank's materials Earthen materials for building the future bank are enough and they could be found in the vicinity of the profile and they are of quite sufficient quantity. Access roads From Delchevo to the village Gabrovo there is an asphalt road which driveway is of 5.0 m width. From the village Gabrovo to the profile itself there is a village road and it is necessary to have it widened and adjusted, so that the mechanization could access the profile. There is an electricity network in the village.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Hydrology There are no water measuring information about the River Gabrovska. Determining the available waters is done by the rainfalls on the rain-measuring station Delchevo. General information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction's surface area F=22.00 km2 Junction's scope О=22.5 km Water-course length L= 12.00 km Junction altitude above sea level Hср=854 m Average annual rainfalls Hпр=538 mm Average annual temperature Тср=8.9 оС Water inflating coefficient 0.200-0.310 (taken 0.260) Annual water inflating 3 077 360 м3 (0.097 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=540 mm/year Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload and suspended load sediments is 2177.00 m3/year. The bank "Bela Voda" General An earthen bank with height of H=18.0 m is planned which would have accumulation volume V=660 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of surfaces with F=200 ha. Basic information about the bank They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Bela Voda" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 680.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 698.00 mnm Elevation of the dead space 686.00 mnm Normal level elevation 696.00 mnm Crown's length L=103.00 m Accumulation length V=660 000 m3 Total alluvium (for 30 years' time) Vн=65 300 m3 Total evaporation Vevap.=29 970 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=564 730 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=37 123 m3 Irrigation The surface areas for irrigation that could be water supplied from the accumulation "Bela Voda" are F=200 ha. From the soil types there are the diluvia soils, non-carbonate clay soil and carbonate clay soil. From the agricultural crops there would be: tobacco, fruit plantations, corn, garden-stuffs, bur clover, peas, grains.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica The necessary irrigation quantities of 200 ha, with water-supply norm from 2900 m3./ha are 564 730 m3 of water. Technical solution With the analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographic suitability, the surface areas could be irrigated naturally. Technical solution consists of the bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen areas. The intake pipeline and the network for irrigation are planned to be made of plastic pipes and artificial rain equipment. The following profiles would be there: of ф 100 to ф 300 mm. Fishery With forming the accumulation "Bela Voda" there are good conditions for sport and fishery development with local significance. Energetic There is the possibility for building small power plant with the intensity of 2.12 kW, during which it is possible to get 19 000 kWh of electrical energy annually. Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Bela Voda" near Delchevo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Bela Voda" near Delchevo Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars num. 1. Главни работи 1.1 Bank's body 14000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 12000000 1.3 Irrigation network 2070000 1.4 Rain equipment 290000 1.5 Road network 1300000 1.6 Intake pipelines 5600000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station Total main objects:: 35260000 2. Оther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3526000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2468200 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1057800 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 881500 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1586700 Total other things: 9520200 IN TOTAL:: 44780200 For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 728133 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut, longitudinal profile of the bank's body and situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation level-surface dependence
705.00 700.00 695.00(mnm) Elevation
Surface (m2)
690.00
0 17500 57500 101500 112500
685.00 680.00
Elevation (mnm) 680.00 685.00 690.00 698.00 700.00
675.00 0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
705.00 700.00 695.00 Level (mnm)
Capacity (m3) 0 43750 231250 867250 1081250
690.00 685.00 680.00
Elevation (mnm) 680.00 685.00 690.00 698.00 700.00
675.00 0
200000
400000
600000 Capacity (m3)
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800000
1000000
1200000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 Height (m) 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Capacity (m3) 0 9355 23715 37123
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
30000
35000
2.00 0.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000 Capacity (m3)
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25000
40000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Repnica" General Geographically the area in question is part of the ravine Delchevska Kotlina which is second ravine on the water-course of the River Bregalnica. The ravine is surrounded by the massif Osogovski Masiv, part of the mountain Maleshevska Planina and Golak. The River Repnica springs from the Macedonian-Bulgarian border near the place of Kitka. The River Repnica is the right confluent of the River Bregalnica. To the accumulation itself the river-bed is narrow and with quite a big fall, in the accumulation itself the river-bed is widened and the fall decreases, then again it narrows and the bank is located in this couloir. Below the bank, the river valley is wide and that way to the inculcation into the river Bregalnica. The River Repnica often runs dry in dry periods and there is no flow of water. The surface area of the drainage-basin is F=5.67 km2. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Repnica" is situated on the east from the village Trabotivishte in the vicinity of the village Virche in a distance of 1 km and 3 km from the inculcation into the River Bregalnica. Topographically the profile is suitably located and it prevails above the surfaces that are subject of irrigation. Geological prospect Accumulation downhills are mainly forested. There are some places which are not forested, but they could be, prospectively. In the upper places of the valley of the river there are some local places which are erosive and during drenching rain penetrating that alluvium in the further course surely would get to the accumulation. That is why, prospectively, it is necessary to take some measures for downhills protection from surface erosiveness in the drainage-basin. These measures could be with forestation of the field or some other anti-erosiveness measures. These expanses are small in relation to the bank, but they are not necessary. The profile itself is a couloir that downriver from the profile the ravine suddenly widens, and that would mean that topographically that location is adequate. The bottom is situated on elevation of 740.00 mnm. River-bed width is around 10-12 m. The bottom consists of river alluvium. Both coasts of the profile consists of rocky material. From the above mentioned from geological perspective the accumulation and the profile are suitable and adequate for their purposes. Bank's materials Materials for building the future bank are with quite sufficient quantity and they are in the vicinity. Stones for the supporting bodies are situated upriver from the profile. Clay, necessary as anti filtering element for the bank is at a distance of 1000-1500 m.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Access roads . To the village Virche there is an asphalt road which is 5.0 m wide and it connects it with Delchevo. From the village to the bank's profile there is a village road which is 1000 m long through which the mechanization can pass. There is an electricity network in the village. Hydrology There are no done measuring on the River Repnica for the flow or the water-level, because there is no water-measuring station. Determining the available water is done by the rainfalls. General information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction's surface area F=5.67 km2 Junction's scope О=11.0 km Water-course length L= 5.5 km Junction altitude above sea level Hср=910 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=523 mm Average annual temperature Тav=8.5 оС Water inflating coefficient 0.188-0.350 (taken 0.269) Annual water inflating 797 000 m3 (0.025 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fav=540 mm/year Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload and suspended load sediments is 809.00 m3/year. Bank "Repnica" General It is planned the earthen bank with height of H=18.0 m with accumulation volume of V=525 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of surfaces of F=165 ha.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
General information about the bank They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Repnica" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 740.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 758.00 mnm Dead space elevation 741.80 mnm Normal level elevation 756.00 mnm Crown's length L=187.00 m Accumulation capacity V=525 000 m3 Total alluvium (in 30 years time) Vн=20 250 m3 Total evaporation Vevap=24 270 m3 Корисен волумен на акумулацијата Usable Vusab.=480 480 m3 accumulation capacity Bank's capacity Vbank=51 097 m3 Irrigation The irrigation surface areas that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Repnica" are of F=165 ha. From the soil types there are diluvium soils, non-carbonate clay soil and carbonate clay soil. From the agriculture crops there could be the following crops: tobacco, fruit plantations, corn, and garden-stuff. The necessary quantities for irrigation of 200 ha, with water-supply norm from 2900 m3/ha are 480 000 m3 of water. Technical solution Доводниот цевковод и мрежата за наводнување се предвидуваат од пластични цевки и опрема за вештачки дожд. Ќе бидат застапени следните профили од ф 100 до ф 250 мм. With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographical conveniences, the surface areas could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surfaces. Fishery By forming the accumulation "Repnica" there are good conditions for sports and fishery development with local significance. Energetic There is a possibility for building small power plant with intensity of 2.25 kW, during which it is possible to get 20000 kWh electricity annually.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Repnica" near Delchevo: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Repnica" near Delchevo Ordin. Description of the main objects Total in denars numb. 1. Description of the main objects 1.1 Bank's body 21000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 3000000 1.3 Irrigation network 1700000 1.4 Rain equipment 230000 1.5 Road network 1020000 1.6 Intake pipelines 3500000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station Total main objects: 30450000 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3045000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2131500 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 913500 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 761250 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1370250 Total other things: 8221500 IN TOTAL: 38671500 * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 628805 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross-cut and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=758.00 mnm
k.v.=756.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
760.00 758.00 758.00 756.00 754.00 Elevation 752.00(mnm) 750.00 750.00 748.00 748.00 746.00 744.00 742.00 742.00 740.00 740.00 738.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Length (m)
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140
160
180
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
765.00 760.00 755.00 Level (mnm)
Surface (m2)
750.00
Elevation (mnm) 740.00 750.00 758.00 760.00
0 22500 57500 81250
745.00 740.00 735.00 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
765.00 760.00 755.00 Level (mnm)
Capacity (m3) 0 225000 685000 847500
750.00 745.00 740.00
Elevation (mnm) 740.00 750.00 758.00 760.00
735.00 0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
Capacity (m3)
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700000
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height (m) 12.00
Capacity (m3) 0 9505 30020 51097
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
2.00 0.00 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
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60000
Capacity (m3)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
760.00 758.00 758.00 756.00 754.00 Elevation 752.00(mnm) 750.00 750.00 748.00 748.00 746.00 744.00 742.00 742.00 740.00 740.00 738.00 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Length (m)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation "Bigla" General Geographically the area in question is part of the ravine Delchevska Kotlina on the stream Zarovec. The surface area of the drainage-basin is F=1.33 km2. Average altitude above sea level of the junction is 1009.17 mnm, the elevation of the dividing place is 820.00 mnm, while the highest elevation of the junction is 1201.00. The average junction fall is 29.86 %. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Bigla" is situated in the place of Bigla municipality of Delchevo. Topographically the profile is located and it prevails above the surfaces that are to be irrigated. Geological prospect The accumulation falls are mainly forested. Around 30 % from the junction surface area is below high forests. Degraded surface areas, shikari and eroded surfaces are 25 % from the total junction surface area. The pastures take 15.5 while the bare country region and low forests 30 % from the junction surface area. The bottom consists of river alluvium. Both coasts of the profile consists of rocky material. From the above mentioned from geological prospect the accumulation and the profile are suitable and adequate to its purposes. Bank's materials Materials for building the future bank are in the vicinity and they are of sufficient quantity. Stones for the supporting bodies are upriver from the profile. Clay necessary as anti-filtering element for the bank could be found at a distance of 1000-1500 m. Access roads From the village to the bank's profile there is a village road which is 1000 m long and through which the necessary mechanization could pass. Hydrology On the stream Zarovec there are no done measuring of the flow or the water-level, because there is no water-measuring station. Determining the available quantity of water was done by the rainfalls from the rain measuring station Trabotivishte. General information are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction surface area F=1.33 km2 Junction scope О=5.20 km Water-course length L= 1.98 km Junction's altitude above sea level Hср=1009.17 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=496.80 mm Average annual temperature Тav=10.2 оС Water-inflating coefficient 0.300 Annual water inflating 197 730 m3 (0.0063 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=500 mm/year
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantities of bedload and suspended load sediments is 77.00 m3/year. Bank "Bigla" General An earthen bank is planned which would be H=17.0 m high with accumulation volume of V=22 150 m3. The water from the accumulation would be used for irrigation of the surfaces. General information about the bank Дадени се во следната табела: They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Bigla" Parameter Value Elevation of founding H=17.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 815.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 819.00 mnm Elevation of founding 832.00 mnm Maximum accumulation elevation 830.50 mnm Minimal working level 824.00 mnm Crown's length L=54.60 m Upriver incline angle 1:2.0 Downriver incline angle 1:2.0 Bank's capacity Vbank=14 491 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=22 150 m3 Water mirror surface А=5000 m2 Dead space capacity V=2 800 m3 Irrigation The irrigation surfaces that could be water-supply from the accumulation "Bigla" are F=165 ha. From the soil types there are diluvia soils, non-carbonate clay soil and carbonate clay soil. From the agricultural crops the following could be there: fruits, corn, tobacco and it is planned to have a water-supply norm of 4678 m3/ha. Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, topographic suitability, the surfaces could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surfaces.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the necessary investments for building the bank "Bigla" near Delchevo taken from the Main project made in 2004: Табела: Потребни средства за изградба на браната „Бигла“ крај Делчево Table: Necessary investments for Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars num. 1. Main objects 1 Bank 11115864 2 Topping, water-course speed 1989447 3 Repressed pipe 4434049 4 Artificial rainfall equipment 65662 5 Barrage 297660 Total main objects: 17902683 2. Оther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1790268 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1253188 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 537080 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 447567 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 805621 Total other things: 4833724 IN TOTAL: 22736407 * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 369698 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body and base
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
834.00 832.00 830.00 828.00 Level (mnm) 826.00 824.00 822.00 820.00 818.00 816.00 0.00
1000.00
2000.00
3000.00 4000.00 5000.00 Surface (m2)
6000.00
7000.00
8000.00
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
834.00 832.00 830.00 828.00 Level (mnm) 826.00 824.00 822.00 820.00 818.00 816.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Capacity (m3)
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40000
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipality of Vinica In the municipality of Vinica according to the previously done studies as possible location for building the small accumulations (banks) in the junction on the River Bregalnica six locations are noticed. In the following tables the basic characteristics of those accumulations are given. According to the perceptions and on-the-spot analyses as priorities are determined the accumulations "Grncharska" that would be loaded by water transferring from the River Vnichka Reka and "Dobrava" on the River Sushichka that would be elaborated in detail in the following text. The given profiles are elaborated according to the terrain prospect with field inspection and situation to 1:25000. There are no engineering geological and geomechanical inspections carried out. In further projecting phase for the priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineering geological and geomechanical inspections carried out. In 1984 the Water Economy Office made a complete Main project for the bank "Vinichka" on the River Vinichka. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the municipality of Delchevo Or. Profile's Water-course Junction's Forestation Erosiveness nu name name surface area (km2) m. 1 Grncharka It transfers 10.00 Partly erosive Mainly from the erosive River Vinichka 2 Dobrava Sushichka 12.75 Forested Non-erosive 3 Pekljani Pekljanska 23.00 Forested Non-erosive 4 Krushevo Zheleznichka 14.00 Forested Non-erosive 5 Vinichka Vinichka 11.00 Partly Low forested erosiveness 6 ThroughVinichka 10.00 Partly forested Low water profile erosiveness Or d. nu m. 1
Profile's name
Water-course name
Bank's height (m)
Accumulat Bank's . capacity capacity (106 m3) (106 m3)
Purpose
Грнчарка
18
0.38
0.054
Н
2 3 4 5 6
Dobrava Pekljani Krushevo Vinichka Throughwater profile
It transfers from the River Vinichka Sushichka Pekljanska Zheleznichka Vinichka Vinichka
18 18 18 14 17.6
0.30 0.70 0.30 0.06 0.138
0.028 0.070 0.040 0.01 0.036
Н Н, В Н, В Р, Н, П Р, Н, П
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation "Grncharka" General The profile and the accumulation itself are situated in the dry valley in the place of "Grncharka" right above Vinica. The accumulation's loading would be done by taking the water form the River Vinichka. By building the bank "Grncharka" the accumulated waters from the accumulation could be used for irrigation of the surfaces from Vinichko Pole, water-supply of the water industry, and there would be sports and recreation conditions for the city population and the surrounding villages in the municipality. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Grncharka" is suitable for building a small bank to 18 m high, which prospectively, could be made higher. Geological characteristics From soil inspection of the surfaces for the bank "Grncharka" it is stated that there was a surface layer of humic material, which downwards it transfers into clay with greater density. Bank's materials Clay material for building water-proof element of the bank could be found in the vicinity of the location, and sand and gravel could be found in the river-bed of the River Vinichka. Access roads The bank location is situated at a distance of 2.5 km from the Vinica-Berovo road. There is road that should be widened so that the mechanization necessary for building the bank could pass through. The water barrage from the River Vinichka is situated at a distance of 4 km from the bank's profile. Hydrology The accumulation loading with water is done by water barrage from the River Vinichka, whose minimal flow is 12-14 l/s. The River Vinichka springs out of the mountain Plachkovica. The drainage-basin is not very big, it is quite forested and with almost no erosion. Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction surface area F=10.00 km2 Junction scope О=19.50 km Water-course length L= 8.75 km Junction altitude above sea level Hср=900 m Average annual rainfalls Hпр=738 mm Average annual temperature Тav=9.60 оС Humidity deficit d=3.30 mm Water inflating coefficient 0.171-0.380 (taken 0.282) Annual water inflating 2 080 105 m3 (0.066 m3/s) Annual evaporation Fav=641 mm/year
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload and suspended load sediments is 2177.00 m3/year. Bank "Grncharka" General It is planned to have an earthen bank built which would be H=18.0 m high and would have V=53640 м2, and it would form accumulation volume of V=660 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of surfaces with F=100 ha by gravitation and F=50 ha with water pumping. Basic information about the bank They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Grncharka" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 498.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 516.00 mnm Dead space elevation 500.00 mnm Normal level elevation 514.00 mnm Crown's length L=117.00 m Accumulation capacity V=380 000 m3 Total alluvium (for 30 years time) Vн=15 305 m3 Total evaporation Vevap.=27 552 m3 Usable capacity of the accumulation Vusab..= 337 143m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=53 640 m3 Irrigation The irrigation surface areas that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Grncharka" are F=100 ha by gravitation and F=50 ha by water pumping. The necessary quantities of water for irrigation of 200 ha, with water-supply norm of 2100 m3/ha are 232 143 m3 of water. Technical solution Доводниот цевковод и мрежата за наводнување се предвидуваат од пластични цевки и опрема за вештачки дожд. Ќе бидат застапени следните профили од ф 100 до ф 250 мм. With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographical characteristics, greater part of the surfaces could be irrigated naturally, and partly, the water should be pumped. The technical solution consists of barrage of the River Vinichka, intake of 4 km length bank with accumulation, pump station, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surfaces. Fishery With forming the accumulation "Grncharka" there are good conditions for sports and fishery development with local significance.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a short review of the investments for building the bank "Grncharka" near Vinica: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Grncharka" near Vinica Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars numb. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 22000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 6000000 1.3 Irrigation network 1600000 1.4 Rainfall equipment 200000 1.5 Road network 2900000 1.6 Intake pipelines 4100000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 400000 1.8 Pump station 1400000 Total main objects: 38600000 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 3860000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 2702000 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1158000 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 965000 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 1737000 Total other things: 10422000 IN TOTAL: 49022000 * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 797106 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=516.00 mnm
k.v.=514.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Надолжен профил на телото на браната 518.00 516.00
516.00
516.00
514.00 Кота (мнм)
512.00 510.00
510.00
510.00
508.00 506.00 504.00 502.00 500.00
500.00
500.00
498.00
498.00
496.00 0
20
40
60
80
Должина (м)
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
525.00 520.00 515.00 Level (mnm)
Surface (m2)
510.00
0 3125 19375 45950
505.00 500.00
Elevation (mnm) 498.00 500.00 510.00 520.00
495.00 0
5000
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Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
525.00 520.00 515.00 Level (mnm) 510.00 505.00 500.00
Capacity (m3) 0 9375 203125 663075
Elevation (mnm) 498.00 500.00 510.00 520.00
500000
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495.00 0
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height (m) 12.00
Capacity (m3) 0 15972 33014 53640
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
2.00 0.00 0
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Capacity (m3)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
518.00 516.00 516.00 514.00 512.00 Elevation 510.00 510.00( mnm) 508.00 506.00 504.00 502.00 500.00 498.00 496.00 0 20
516.00
510.00
500.00
500.00 498.00
40
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Dobrava" General . Geographically the area in question is situated on the River Sushichka, 3 km southeastern from the village of Pepljani. The bank is planned to be earthen-bank with 18 m height. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of agricultural areas. Topographically Topographically the accumulation "Dobrava" profile is situated on the River Dushichka at 3 km distance from the village Peklani, at altitude above sea level of 688 (elevation of the bank's crown). The topographic circumstances allow building of a bank with 18 m height. It is possible to have it built higher in the future. Geological prospect The river-bed and the coasts of the future accumulation are rocky, which makes it a good underlay for building the bank. In the upper places on the river valley there are several local places that are erosive and during drenching rain that alluvium in the further course surely could get to the accumulation. That is why, prospectively, it is necessary to take measures for downhills protection of the junction area from surface erosion. These measures include forestation or other anti-erosion measures. The expanses are small in relation to the bank, but they are necessary. From the above mentioned from geological prospect the accumulation and the profile are suitable and adequate to their purposes. Bank's materials Materials for building the future bank are in the vicinity and they are of quite sufficient quantity at around 1000 m distance. Access roads The village Pepljani is at 10 km distance from Vinica and it is connected by an asphalt road. From the village to the profile at 3 km length there is a road which it is necessary to have it widened so that the construction mechanization could pass through for building the bank. There is an electricity network in the village. Hydrology On the River Sushichka there are no measuring of the flow and water-level done, because there is no water measuring station. Determining the available quantity of water is done by the average rainfalls. General information about the junction are given in the following table:
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Table: General information about the junction Parameter Junction's surface area Junction's scope Water-course length Junction's altitude above sea level Average annual rainfalls Average annual temperature Water inflating coefficient Annual water inflating Annual evaporation
Value F=12.75 km2 О=15.0 km L= 6.0 km Hср=894 m Hav=738 mm Тav=9.7 оС 0.165-0.380 (taken 0,271) 2 549 975 m3 (0.081 m3/s) Fсрg=723 mm/year
Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments Annual quantity of bedload and suspended load sediments is 760.34 m3/year. Брана „Добрава“ Општо It is planned to have earthen bank built which would be H=18.0 m high and would have accumulation volume of V=300 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of surfaces with F=125 ha. Basic information about the bank They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Dobrava" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 660.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 686.00 mnm Dead space elevation 674.00 mnm Normal level elevation 756.00 mnm Crown's length L=66.00 m Accumulation capacity V=300 000 m3 Total alluvium (of 30 years time) Vн=22 810 m3 Total evaporation Vevap.=18 065 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=259 125 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=28 068 m3 Irrigation The irrigation surfaces that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Dobrava" are F125 ha. From the agricultural crops the following could grow: tobacco, fruit plantations, rice. The necessary quantities for irrigation of 125 ha, with water-supply norm of 2100 m3/ha are 259125 m3 of water.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographic suitability, the surfaces could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen areas. The intake pipeline to a length of 1700 m and the network for irrigation are planned to be made of plastic pipes and equipment for rain simulation. The following profiles are suitable of Ń„ 100 to Ń„ 250 mm. Fishery By forming the accumulation "Dobrava" there are good conditions for sports and fishery development with local significance. Energetic There is the possibility for building small power plant of 7.77 kW, during which it is possible to get 68097 kWh electricity annually. Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments for building the bank near Vinica: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Dobrava" near Vinica Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars numb. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 1.2 Evacuation organs 1.3 Irrigation network 1.4 Rainfall equipment 1.5 Road network 1.6 Intake pipelines 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station Total main objects: 2. Other things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects Total other things: IN TOTAL: * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 606089 Euros
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"Dobrava"
12000000 7000000 1350000 200000 3400000 5400000 29350000 2935000 2054500 880500 733750 1320750 7924500 37274500
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=688.00 mnm
k.v.=686.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
705.00 700.00 700.00 695.00 Elevation (mnm) 690.00
700.00 690.00
690.00
685.00 680.00
680.00
680.00
675.00 670.00 665.00 0
670.00 20
40
60 Length (m)
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670.00 80
100
120
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
695.00 690.00 685.00 Level (mnm)
Surface (m2)
680.00
Elevation (mnm) 670.00 675.00 680.00 690.00
0 4375 12812 23125
675.00 670.00 665.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
695.00 690.00 685.00 Level (mnm) 680.00
Capacity (m3) 0 43750 171810 403120
675.00 670.00
Elevation (mnm) 670.00 675.00 680.00 690.00
665.00 0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
Capacity (m3)
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300000
350000
400000
450000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height (m) 12.00
Capacity (m3) 0 8050 18525 28066
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
2.00 0.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Capacity (m3)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
705.00 700.00 700.00 695.00 Elevation (mnm) 690.00
700.00 690.00
690.00
685.00 680.00
680.00
680.00
675.00 670.00 665.00 0
670.00 20
40
60 Length (m)
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670.00 80
100
120
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation
-120-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Pictures
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Vinichka" General Geographically the area in question is situated on the River Vinichka in the municipality of Vinica. The River Vinichka near the place of the division has drainage-basin of F=11.41 кП2. Topography Topographically the accumulation "Vinichka" profile where building a bank for small accumulation is planned, is situated in the downer course of the river at the very exit of the mountain canyon part of the river bed. The divided place characterizes with big incline on the right downhill and very mild incline on the left downhill. Geological prospect Geological composition of the terrain on the divided place and also the wider area consists of schists, decayed on their surface. The divided place itself has schists in their basic rock, and onto it, it is deposited with load sediments. In the river-bed the basic rock is near the surface. The right flank has a basic rock on depth of 3.0 m, and the left flank it is on depth of 2.0 m. From the above mentioned it could be concluded that the bank's location is suitable and adequate to its purposes. Bank's materials For building the bank the material would be used from the upriver from the division itself in the accumulation volume. The material, according to its characteristics and its composition, suits the type of division with certain selection of surface layer. For the clay core the material is in the vicinity downriver near Vinica of both coasts. Access roads The bank's profile is in the vicinity of the city of Vinica and it has an access road through which the mechanization necessary for building the bank could pass.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Hydrology For determining the average flow of the River Vinichka the measuring of the river itself are taken. The average flow is 0.2 m3/s. information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction surface F=11.416 km2 Junction scope О=21.70 km Water-course length L=9.84 km Junction's altitude above sea level Hср=960 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=850 mm Average annual temperature Тav= оС Water inflating coefficient 0.32 Annual water inflating 6 307 200 m3 (0.200 m3/s) Alluvium production Wyear=5240 m3/year Bank "Vinichka" General It is planned to have rocky bank built which would be H=11 m high and above river-bed with accumulation volume V=36 880 m3. Basic information about the bank are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Vinichka" Parameter Value Bank's height above river-bed H=11,00 м Bank's height from elevation of founding H=12,00 м Elevation of the river-bed 418,00 мнм Elevation of the bank's crown 430,00 мнм Elevation of minimal working level 421,00 мнм Normal level elevation 418,00 мнм Crown's length L=78,00 м Upriver incline angle 1:2,0 Downriver incline angle 1:2,0 Bank's capacity Vбрана=10 660 м3 Accumulation capacity Vакум.=36 680 м3 Water mirror surface 10 125 м2 Irrigation The irrigation surfaces that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Vinichka" are of F=100 ha. Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographic suitability, the surfaces could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen areas.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments for building the bank near Vinica. Table: Necessary investment for building the bank "Vinichka" near Vinica Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars numb. 1. Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 1.2 Đ•vacuation organs 1.3 Water barrage from the accumulation and sequined tunnel Total main objects: 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects Total other things: IN TOTAL: * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 704 850 Euros
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"Vinichka"
9225000 19372500 5535000 34132500 3413250 2389275 1023975 853313 1535962 9215775 43348275
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic cross-cuts and curves of the bank and the accumulation Cross profile of the bank's body and situation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation level-surface dependence
429.00 428.00 427.00 426.00 425.00 Level (mnm) 424.00 423.00 422.00 421.00 420.00 419.00 418.00 0.00
2000.00
4000.00
6000.00 Surface (m2)
8000.00
10000.00
12000.00
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
429.00 428.00 427.00 426.00 425.00 Level (mnm) 424.00 423.00 422.00 421.00 420.00 419.00 418.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000 25000 Capacity (m3)
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30000
35000
40000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipality of Probishtip In the municipality of Probishtip according to the previously done studies as possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica nine locations are noticed. In the following tables the basic characteristics of those accumulations are given. According to the perceptions and in-field analyses as priority is determined the accumulation "Pleshanci" on the River Pleshanski Dol, which would be elaborated in detail in the following text. The given profiles are elaborated according to the terrain prospect with on-the-spot perception and situation of 1:25000. There are no engineering geological and geomechanical inspections done. In the further phase of projecting for the priority profiles it is necessary to have complete engineering geological and geomechanical examinations done. Table: Characteristics of the possible locations for building small accumulations (banks) in the municipality of Probishtip Р.б Profile's Water-course Junction's Forestation Еrosiveness name name surface area (km2) 1 Ravnishte Parlovski dol 8.00 Not forested Erosive 2 Puzderci Kostomarska 9.00 Partly forested Low erosiveness 3 Strizhovce Belashica 4.00 Not forested Low erosiveness 4 Pleshanci Pleshanski 5.00 Partly Low dol forested erosiveness 5 Kundino Grizilevski 5.70 Partly forested Low dol erosiveness 6 Marishina Kiselichki 8.70 Partly forested Low dol erosiveness Shtalkovica1 Shtalkovichka 18.00 7 Forested Low reka erosiveness Shtalkovica2 Шталковичка 19.00 8 Forested Low Река erosiveness 9 Kosel Koselska 7.00 Forested Low reka erosiveness
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Or. Profile's nu name m.
Watercourse name
Bank's height (m)
Bank's capacity (106 m3)
Purpose
12.00 15.00 15.00 18.00
Accumulat ion capacity (106 m3) 0.70 0.70 0.27 0.165
1 2 3 4
Ravnishte Puzderci Strizhovca Pleshanci
5
Kundino
6
Marishina
Parlovski dol Kostomarska Belashica Pleshanski dol Grizilevski dol Kiselichki dol
0.04 0.06 0.02 0.037
Н, В Н, В Н Н, В
15.00
0.60
0.05
18.00
0.65
0.10
Shtalkovichka reka Шталковичка Река
18.00
0.40
0.07
Technical water Technical water СТ
7
Shtalkovica1
8
Shtalkovica2
18.00
0.50
0.08
СТ
9
Kosel
Koselska reka
18.00
0.50
0.07
СТ
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Accumulation "Pleshanci" General Geographically the area in question is situated on the River Pleshanski dol in the municipality of Probishtip. The River Pleshanski dol has never run dry and it has junction area of F=5.00 км2. Topography Topographically the accumulation profile "Pleshanci" is situated in the vicinity of the village Pleshanci at around 900 m distance. Geological prospect The downhills of the accumulation are forested and stable. The water-course fall before the profile is small and it makes it a good condition for building small accumulation which would be 18 m high. The accumulation itself is suitably located and the height fall prevails above earthen surfaces that are to be irrigated. From the above mentioned it can be concluded that the bank's location is suitable and adequate to its purposes. Bank's materials Earthen materials for building the future bank could be found in the vicinity of the profile and they are of sufficient quantity. Access roads The village Pleshanci is connected to the city of Probishtip by an asphalt road. From the village to the bank's profile there is a road that should have it widened so as the mechanization necessary for building the bank could pass through. Hydrology There are no water-measuring information about the River Pleshanskii dol. Determining the available waters was done through rainfalls. General information about the junction are given in the following table: Table: General information about the junction Parameter Value Junction's surface area F=5.00 km2 Junction's scope О=9.00 km Water-course length L= 3.00 km Junction's altitude above sea level Hср=868 m Average annual rainfalls Hav=538 mm Average annual temperature Тav=9.8 оС Water inflating coefficient 0.21 Annual water inflationg 644 700 m3 (0.0204m3/s) Annual evaporation Fср=600 mm/year. Mid-year's capacity of bedload and suspended load sediments The annual quantity of bedload and suspended load sediments is 782.00 m3/year. -129-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank "Pleshanci" General It is planned to have earthen bank built which would be H=18.0 m high with accumulation volume of V=165 000 m3. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation of surface areas with F=60 ha. Basic information about the bank They are given in the following table: Table: Basic information about the bank "Pleshanci" Parameter Value Bank's height H=18.0 m Elevation of the river-bed 620.00 mnm Elevation of the bank's crown 638.00 mnm Dead space elevation 627.00 mnm Normal level elevation 636.00 mnm Crown's length L=140.00 m Accumulation capacity V=165 000 m3 Total alluvium (for 30 years time) Vн=23 460 m3 Total evaporation Vevap.=10 800 m3 Usable accumulation capacity Vusab.=130 740 m3 Bank's capacity Vbank=37 000 m3 Irrigation Irrigation surfaces that could be water-supplied from the accumulation "Pleshanci" are F=60 ha. From the soil types there are clay soils. From the agricultural crops the most common could be the following: corn, bur clover, sunflower. The necessary quantities of water for irrigation of 60 ha, with water-supply norm of 2300 m3/ha are 130 740 m3 of water.. Technical solution With analysis of the technical solution disposition, the topographic suitability, the areas could be irrigated naturally. The technical solution consists of a bank with accumulation, intake pipeline and a network for irrigation of the earthen surface areas. The intake pipeline and the irrigation network are planned to be made of plastic pipes and equipment for rain simulation. The following profiles would be there: of ф 100 to ф 150 mm. Fishery By forming the accumulation "Pleshanci" there are good conditions for sport fishery development with local significance. Energetic There is the possibility for building small power plant of 1.68 kW intensity, during which it is possible to get 14757 kWh electricity annually.
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Necessary investments for building the bank In the following table there is a review of the investments necessary for building the bank "Pleshanci" near Probishtip: Table: Necessary investments for building the bank "Pleshanci" near Probishtip Ord. Description of the main objects Total in denars numb. 1.Main objects 1.1 Bank's body 14000000 1.2 Evacuation organs 2000000 1.3 Irrigation network 640000 1.4 Equipment for rain simulation 90000 1.5 Road network 800000 1.6 Intake pipelines 2100000 1.7 Repressed pipelines 1.8 Pump station Total main objects: 19630000 2. Đžther things 1.1 Unforeseen things 10 % from the main objects 1963000 1.2 Preparations 7 % from the main objects 1374100 1.3 Expropriation 3 % from the main objects 588900 1.4 Researches 2.5 % from the main objects 490750 1.5 Operating inspection 4.5 % form the main objects 883350 Total other things: 5300100 IN TOTAL: 24930100 * For the exchange rate 1 Euro = 61.5 denars, the total value is 405367 Euros
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Characteristic curves for the bank and the accumulation Cross and longitudinal profile of the bank's body
b=3.0 m k.k.=638.00 mnm
k.v.=636.00 mnm
1:2 H=18.0 m
1:2
L=75.0 m
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
640.00 638.00 638.00 636.00 634.00 Elevation 632.00(mnm) 630.00 628.00 626.00 624.00 622.00 620.00 618.00 0 20
638.00
630.00
630.00
620.00 40
60
80 Lenth (m)
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100
120
140
160
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Accumulation level-surface dependence
640.00 638.00 636.00 634.00 Level (mnm) 632.00 630.00
Surface (m2)
628.00
0 5000 22500
626.00 624.00 622.00
Elevation (mnm) 620.00 630.00 638.00
620.00 618.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Surface (m2)
Accumulation level-capacity dependence
640.00 638.00 636.00 634.00 632.00 Level (mnm) 630.00
Capacity (m3) 0 50000 230000
628.00 626.00 624.00
Elevation (mnm) 620.00 630.00 638.00
622.00 620.00 618.00 0
50000
100000
150000
Capacity (m3)
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200000
250000
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Bank's body level-capacity dependence Bank's height-capacity dependance 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 Height (m) 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
Capacity (m3) 0 8625 22333 36965
Height (m) 0.00 10.00 15.00 18.00
30000
35000
2.00 0.00 0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
40000
Capacity (m3)
Longitudinal profile of the bank's body
640.00 638.00 638.00 636.00 634.00 Elevation 632.00(mnm) 630.00 628.00 626.00 624.00 622.00 620.00 618.00 0 20
638.00
630.00
630.00
620.00 40
60
80 100 Length (m)
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120
140
160
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Situation with irrigation
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Situation
-136-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica Pictures
-137-
Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Municipality of Zrnovci In the municipality of Zrnovci according to the terrain inspaections suitable location for building accumulation with bank could be found on the River Morovishka next to the village Morovishte. The accumulation water would be used for irrigation and water-supply. The location is supposed to be examined by a geologist who would inform about the location's adequacy from geological stand-point. The following picture shows a review of the proposed location for building the bank accumulation.
Брана
Акумулација
Picture: Location of the bank and the accumulation "Morovishka"
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Study on Regulation of the River Bregalnica (Mini accumulations, Cascades, Banks)
Annex 2: Small Accumulations on Tributaries of the River Bregalnica
Review of the activities about building small accumulations (barrages) In the following table there is a review of the most suitable locations in the junction of the River Bregalnica and their approximate price of value. Table: Price of value for the most suitable small accumulations of the affluents in the junction of the River Bregalnica Ord . nu mb.
Profile's name
Water-course name
Municipality of Shtip and Krabinci 1 Kemerot Оtinja (Chaprovo) 2 Stara Vodenica Коzjachka Municipality of Kochani 3 Ponikva 1 Aramiska Cheshma 4 Ponikva 2 Potok Klanica Municipality of Berovo and Pehchevo 5 Chiflik Negrievska 6 Crnik Zhelevica Vladimirovо1 7 Selska reka 8 Rakovec Rakovec Municipality of Delchevo 9 Bela Voda Gabrovska 10 Repnica Repnica 11 Bigla Zarovec Municipality of Vinica 12 Grncharkа Transfers from the River Vinichka 13 Dobravа Sushichka 14 Vinichka Vinichka Municipality of Probishtip 15 Pleshanci Pleshanski dol Municipality of Zrnovci 16 Morodvish Morodvishka reka *Price for both Ponikva 1 and Ponikva 2 **1Euro=61,5 denars
-139-
Price of value (denars)
Price of value (Euro)
70192900
1413480
61976000
1007740
48641000*
790911*
45720000 42341800 39912200 25300100
743415 688485 648979 411384
44780200 44780200 22736407
728133 728133 369698
49022000
797106
37274500 43348275
606089 704850
25300100
411384
22736407
369698
\
STUDY ON POSSIBILITIES FOR RIVER BREGALNICA REGULATION (SMALL ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, BANKS)
ANNEX 3: RUBBER BARRAGES IN THE DRAINAGE-BASIN OF THE RIVER BREGALNICA
September, 2010
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Contents General.......................................................................................................................................5 Barrages with rubber sack..........................................................................................................6 Concrete threshold .................................................................................................................8 Connection elements..............................................................................................................8 Spillway .................................................................................................................................8 Zone thresholds......................................................................................................................8 Rubber barrage (sack) ............................................................................................................8 Manipulative manhole ...........................................................................................................9 Fish path.................................................................................................................................9 Underlayers for calculation of the rubber barrages..................................................................10 Topographic underlayers .....................................................................................................10 Geological layers .................................................................................................................10 Hydrological layers..............................................................................................................10 Bregalnica at Ochi Pale....................................................................................................10 Characteristic annual flows..........................................................................................10 Great waters .................................................................................................................10 Small waters.................................................................................................................10 Bregalnica at Shtip...........................................................................................................11 Characteristic annual flows..........................................................................................11 Great waters .................................................................................................................11 Small waters.................................................................................................................12 Conclusion about the hydrology ......................................................................................13 Hydraulic calculation of the rubber barrages...........................................................................13 Overflow height ...................................................................................................................13 Built rubber barrages on the River Bregalnica ........................................................................21 Short description of the built rubber barrages......................................................................21 Rubber barrage in the city of Delchevo ...........................................................................21 Rubber barrage in the village of Grdovci ........................................................................22 Rubber barrage in the village of Chiflik ..........................................................................23 Rubber barrage in the village of Dolni Balvan ................................................................23 Projected barrages with rubber sack ........................................................................................24 Possible profiles for building the barrages with a rubber sack ................................................25 Shtip .....................................................................................................................................25 Kochani ................................................................................................................................32 Barrage near "Sudot" (The Court) ...................................................................................32 Barrages near "Krusharski most".....................................................................................33 Orizari ..................................................................................................................................34 Barrage above the bridge near the church........................................................................34 Cheshinovo-Obleshevo ........................................................................................................35 Object and calculation..............................................................................................................36 Review of the activities connected to sanction and building of barrages with rubber sacks...37
-3-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
General In order to supply complete function of the river-beds in the space, and to keep and encourage development of the river-side vegetation, and also to reach completion of the underground water reserves in the river alluvium valleys, but also to have positive esthetic effect in the period of small waters, it is necessary to stabilize the river-beds in their height and to prevent any further degradation and deepening. The sand exploitation from the river-bed of the River Bregalnica and its confluents has caused disorder of the longitudinal falls of the river-beds and increasing water speed, that is why there is significant increasing of the river-bed depths in comparison with their natural depth. This problem could be solved in two ways and that is by regulation and arrangement of all rivers in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica which is rather expensive but long-term solution. The second way is by intervention and obstruction of the most suitable places along the river-beds length, in order to reach river-beds' natural level. Stabilization in height of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica could be reached by building cross barrages along the length of the River Bregalnica. These cross barrages could be built as strong monolithic construction, known from the practice as concrete cascade thresholds or by movable constructions, rubber sacks, fixed to the river-bed, and with their manipulation laking of the water level could be made during smaller river flow. By comparing the types of a classic kind of a barrage, of concrete threshold with the necessary height in function of the conditions that should be fulfilled and of a barrage of an elastic type with applying a rubber sack on the part of the barrage, strongly tight to the concrete threshold, it is determined that the elastic type of barrage with a rubber sack is significantly cheaper and practical for building and exploitation. The relation is 1:3.5 to 1:4.1. The advantage of such a barrage, except for its price, could be seen from the following aspects: - Efficient water over-flow during bigger quantities of object capacities for catching, without intervention (opening or closing the fasteners); - Easy and efficient change of the height of the barrage through manipulating object; - Making natural conditions for flow of water in the river-bed after the season of irrigation by dropping the rubber sack; - Self-purification of the accumulation space (before it) from the alluvium and other objects during greater water flow. - Positive ecological effect and well integrating in natural ambient by choosing the rubber sack etc. That is the reason why building barrages with a rubber sack was preferred and the following text would explain the examined possibility for their application.
-5-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Barrages with rubber sack The advantage of the sack barrages has already been proved and it has great conditions for intensifying their using of the Eastern Plan Region. The sack barrages mainly could be used by catching water of much better quality for all potential users of the surface waters of the River Bregalnica and other water-courses in its drainage-basin and for improving the ecological conditions in river-beds. Unfavorable ecological condition during small waters flow through the river-bed of Bregalnica through Shtip, could very simply be solved by application of the sack barrages in a system. The way of functioning of the rubber sacks would be explained in the following part of the text. In the river-bed with a strong base, which could be made of concrete plate or cascade threshold with widen surface, the movable part of the construction is being tight up, for which the term "rubber sack" has already been accepted. The sack consists of a rubber reinforced canvas, which is tight to the concrete underlayer and it forms a closed space in a form of a pipe set across the river-bed. Through a pipe built in the strong concrete construction water is being carried or air in the inner part of the sack. On the river-side a manhole is being built, with a chamber for maintaining the higher water level of the sack, in relation to the laking level of the river. The manhole itself is also used for unloading of the sack, which enables manipulation with and it is being controlled on the level of the river. Greater inner water pressure or the pressure of the air in the sack, regulated through the manhole holds it in an erected form. During increasing the water level of the river, if the pressure in the sack is maintained constant, the difference between the outer and the inner pressure is decreased and the sack is gradually unloading and it slowly subsides on the riverbed. The sack moving could automatically be regulated or obligatorily to intervene according to the needs. At the same time, for sack manipulation it is necessary only to have difference between the inner and the outer pressure, so that even at longer distances it is not necessary to bring energy. Automatic regulation of the water-level could very simply be reached through maintaining and dropping of water or air from the manhole. The following pictures show three-dimensional view and cross-cut of a barrage with a rubber sack with basic characteristic elements. Each barrage with a rubber sack consists of the following basic elements: concrete threshold, connecting elements, spillway, zone thresholds, rubber barrage (sack), manipulative manhole, fish path. The following text gives a short description of all constitutional basic element:
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Regulation house with Регулациона куќарка electric equipment со електроопрема Manipulative Манипулативна drain шахта Concrete Бетонскиfoundation темел
Overflow Прелив
Rubber Гумена sack вреќа
Filling pipe Цевка за полнење Key profiles Носечки U NP профили U NP
Pictures: View of the rubber barrage with characteristic elements (boxes in up-down direction; starting from left: 1. Regulation box with electric equipment; 2. Manipulative manhole; 3. Concrete foundation; 4. Rubber sack; 5. Load-bearing profiles U NP; right: 1. Overflow; 2. Loading pipe) Filling and discharge system of the rubber barrier Rubber bubble
WATER
Waterfall Threshold of reinforced concrete with supplying pipe
Picture: Cross-cut of the rubber barrage with characteristic elements and functioning (text in the picture: 1. System for loading and unloading of the rubber bank; 2. Pump; 3. rubber bubble; 4. WATER; 5. Spillway; 6. reinforced concrete threshold with intake pipeline
-7-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Concrete threshold The purpose of the concrete threshold is to be a foundation, that is a stable and flat underlayer for a rubber barrage, and its dimensions could enable receiving all loads of water and the rubber sack. The concrete threshold with a rubber barrage is connected with special elements for tighten. It is made so that it is 50 cm from the river-bed, by forehead inclining of declivity of 3:1. The foundation depth is 1.5 m, which is the thickness of the concrete threshold. The threshold is made of concrete MB 20 with no armature. The making of concrete threshold as a rule should be during the dry months, because during the dogging of the foundation of the concrete threshold underground water appears and it is the smallest during summer period. Connection elements The connection elements of the rubber barrage with the concrete threshold consist of steel Y profiles and anchors that are set in the threshold during the concreting. Their setting is made with great precision during which geodetic control instruments are used. Spillway Spillway is made along 30 m length upriver and downriver to the concrete threshold and its purpose is to prevent erosive processes immediately to the concrete threshold. During erected rubber barrage (2.0 m) in the downriver spillway controlled dissipation of the energy in the course would be made. It is made of stones with minimal diameter of 30 cm in concrete underlayer of MB 30 and minimal thickness of 20 cm. This underlayer is made of layer for balancing from craggy stone or thick grit stone. The inlay is stretched on the river-bed and its inclines. Upriver and downriver the spillway end with zone thresholds. On the inclines the inlay ends with finishing stone with a minimal dimension of 60 cm. The inlay of the spillway above the inclines, in the bottom ends with a scissor from mounted stone ashore. The scissors depth is 0.9 m or 1.4 m together with the inlay. The minimal dimension of the stone in the scissors is 30 cm. Zone thresholds The spillway and the concrete threshold downriver and upriver begin with zone thresholds from gabions. The purpose of these zone thresholds is stabilizing and protection of the regulated river profile. These are made of gabions with 2.5x1.0x1.0m. Rubber barrage (sack) The rubber sack (barrage) has the purpose to rise the water-level in the river-bed in conditions of small waters in order to supply catching of the necessary quantities of water for irrigation or for forming small accumulation for recreation and esthetic purposes. The basic characteristics of the barrage are: - rubber barrage height; - rubber barrage scope; - surface of the cross-cut of the rubber barrage; - minimal length of the concrete threshold.
-8-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Manipulative manhole The manipulative threshold has the purpose of controlling and managing the rubber barrage (sack), so as it directly influences on the water-level to which the sack rises (falls) in order to cause deceleration. It is located on one of the river-sides at 15 m distance from the regulated river profile. It is connected to a rubber barrage through a steel pipe. The pipe is digged in around 70 cm below the upper surface of the concrete threshold, coated with anti-corrosive appliances and additional protection with bitumen and therrised paper. The pipe fall is 3 % in comparison to the manipulative manhole. The manhole is made of reinforced concrete MB 30 and reinforced by armature. Above it is covered with concrete cover. The manipulative manhole is divided into a small and a big manhole. The small manhole is dry and the fasteners and the buoy are set in it with which the rubber barrage is being loaded and managed. The big manhole is divided into a wet and a dry one. It is filled with water from the unloading and loading of the rubber barrage. Loading, unloading and filling up the rubber barrage is made by water through pumping water from the River Bregalnica, automatically with the possibility for manual work. Fish path The fish path serves for excellent communication of the river fish in downriver and upriver direction. Beside that, through the fish path the "biological minimum" would be discharged which is 0.5 m3/s. The basic criterion during dimensioning is the maximum speed of the course of the river path in order to be smaller than the marginal speed that enables travel of the laziest fish in the River Bregalnica (0.5 - 1.30 m/s). The most common kinds in the River Bregalnica are the barbell, the carp and the dace. The last ones are considered to be the least movable. In order to reach this speed it is planned to have artificial roughness made on the bottom of the path with reinforced concrete ribs under the angle of 45 о in relation to the axis of the channel that are set at a distance not longer than 50 cm. During the building the fish path serves for turning of the river and supplying construction cavity. It is built as reinforced concrete with MB 30 and reinforced with concrete armature.
-9-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Underlayers for calculation of the rubber barrages From the present practice, the following things should bear in mind during calculation for building rubber sacks: Topographic underlayers Situation of the area of 1:1000 for regulation of the river-bed upriver and downriver along 500 m length if it is unregulated river-bed and 1:200 on the location itself. Geological layers In order to determine the geological geotechnical characteristics of the area it is necessary to have it examined with at least three holes. Hydrological layers The hydrological parameters are necessary for determining the great and the small waters. In Annex 1 from this Study it is made a complete hydrology of the River Bregalnica. Further on, the characteristic annual flow are given, so as the values of the great and the small waters of the profiles Ochi Pale and Shtip in different types of distributions of the various probabilities. Bregalnica at Ochi Pale Characteristic annual flows The minimal, the maximum and the middle annual flow have been calculated for the period of 1961-2003. These values are: Qmin=1.12 m3/s, Qmid.=4.75 m3/s, Qmax=15.65 m3/s. Great waters The probability of appearance of great waters is calculated by many methods and those are: normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Со оглед на тоа дека хидролошките појави најдобро се прилагодуваат на несиметричните распределби, како репрезентативни се усвојуваат вредностите добиени со Gumbel tip 1 распределба, спрема која 200 годишната голема вода е 433,32 м3/с. Taking into account that the hydrological appearances are best adjusted on asymmetrical distributions, as representative are taken the values of Gumbel type 1 distribution, according to which 200 year-old water is 433.32 m3/s. Small waters The probability of appearance of great waters is calculated by many methods and that is by Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Dryness probability of the River Bregalnica - Ochi Pale profile
0.5 0.4
Gumbel tip 1 Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
0.3
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
Q (m3/s) 0.2
Normal
0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.000
p (%)
Picture: Probability of dryness of the River Bregalnica of the Ochi Pale profile Taking into account that the hydrological appearances are best determined of the asymmetrical distributions, as representative are taken the values from Gumbel tip 1 distribution, according to which the minimal water for a period of 200 years is 0.06 m3/s. Bregalnica at Shtip Characteristic annual flows The minimal, maximum and middle annual flows have been calculated for the period from 1961-2003. These values are Qmax=34.87 m3/s, Qsmid.=11.15 m3/s, Qmin=2.32 m3/s. Great waters The probability of appearance of great waters has been calculated by many methods and those are Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1.
-11-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Great waters supply of the River Bregalnica - profile Shtip
700 Gumbel tip 1
600
Log Pearson tip 3 Pearson tip 3
Q (m3/s)
500
3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal
400
Normal
300 200 100 0 0.100
1.000
10.000
100.00 0
p (%)
Слика: Обезбеденост на големите води на река Брегалница на профилот Штип Taking into account that the hydrological appearances are best determined of the asymmetrical distributions, as representative are taken the values from Gumbel tip 1 distribution, according to which the minimal water for a period of 200 years is 458.02 m3/s. Small waters The probability of appearance of great waters was calculated by many methods and those were Normal distribution, 2 parameter log normal, 3 parameter log normal, Pearson type 3, log Pearson type 3 and Gumbel type 1. Probability of dryness of the River Bregalnica - profile Shtip
2.0 1.5 1.0
Log Pearson Gumbel type 1tip 3 Pearson tip 3 3 parametar log normal 2 parametar log normal Normal
Q (m3/s) 0.5
0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 0.100
1.000
10.000
Picture: Probability of dryness of the
p (%) River
-12-
100.000
Bregalnica on the profile Shtip
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Taking into account that the hydrological appearances are best determined of the asymmetrical distributions, as representative are taken the values from Gumbel tip 1 distribution, according to which the minimal water for a period of 200 years is 0.01 m3/s. Conclusion about the hydrology By annual flows analysis about the minimal and maximal waters of the profiles Ochi Pale and Shtip a big difference can be seen between the maximal and the minimal flows, especially on the profile Shtip in the downer course of the River Bregalnica. Therefore, it can be concluded that during the winter months a full profile of the river-bed should be supplied, and during summer months the water-level should be lifted as a result of the catching irrigation water and laking of the river for relaxation purposes. As ideal for this purpose are the barrages with rubber sack which by blowing or by unloading it supplies a full laking and lifting of the water-level during dry months and full profile of the river during winter months for water leaking.
Hydraulic calculation of the rubber barrages Overflow height During calculation of the overflow through rubber barrage it is considered that the rubber barrage (sack) is not sufficiently formed, and the overflow hasn't been sunken. The calculation is done by the following formula: Q pr = m ⋅ b ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ H 3 / 2 m = 0.45 -overflow coefficient b = 36m -overflow edge Q pr -overflow quantity
H pr -overflow height Q pr = 0.45 ⋅ b ⋅ 2 ⋅ 9.81 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Q pr = 1.993 ⋅ b ⋅ H 3 / 2
-for overflow edge of b = 40m Q pr = 79.730 ⋅ H 3 / 2
Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 7.13 20.17 37.06
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0.8
1
57.05
79.73
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Overflow quantity b=40m 1.2
79.73
1 Overflow height (m)
57.05
0.8
37.06
0.6
20.17
0.4 7.13 0.2
0 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
Overflow quantity (m3/s)
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence - for overflow edge of b = 36m Q pr = 71.757 ⋅ H 3 / 2
Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 6.42 18.15 33.35
0.8
1
51.35
71.76
Overflow quantity b=36m 1.2
71.76
1
51.35
Overflow height (m) 0.8
33.35
0.6
18.15
0.4 6.42 0.2
0 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Overflow quantity (m3/s)
-14-
60.00
70.00
80.00
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence - for overflow edge of b = 35m Q pr = 69.764 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 6.24 17.65 32.42
0.8
1
49.92
69.76
Overflow quantity, b=35m 1.2
69.76
1
49.9 2
Overflow height (m) 0.8
32.42
0.6
17.65
0.4 6.24 0.2
0 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
Overflow quantity (m3/s)
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence -за преливен раб b = 30m Q pr = 59.798 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 5.35 15.13 27.79
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0.8
1
42.79
59.80
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Overflow quantity, b=30m 1.2
59.80
1 Overflow height (m)
42.79
0.8
27.79
0.6
15.13
0.4 5.35 0.2
0 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
Overflow quantity (м3/s)
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence -за преливен раб b = 25m Q pr = 49.831 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 4.46 12.61 23.16
0.8
1
35.66
49.83
Overflow quantity, b=25m 1.2
49.83
1
35.66
Overflow height (m) 0.8
23.16
0.6
12.61
0.4 4.46 0.2
0 0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Overflow quantity (m3/s)
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence - for overflow edge of b = 20m -16-
60.00
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Q pr = 39.865 ⋅ H 3 / 2
Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 3.57 10.09 18.53
0.8
1
28.53
39.87
Overflow quantity, b=20m 1.2
39.87
1
28.5 3
Overflow height (m) 0.8
18.53
0.6
10.09
0.4 3.57 0.2
0 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
Overflow quantity (m3/s)
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence - for overflow edge of b = 15m Q pr = 29.90 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 2.67 7.56 13.90
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0.8
1
21.39
29.90
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Overflow quantity,
b=15m
1.2
29.90
1
21.39
Overflow height (m)
0.8
13.90
0.6 7.56 0.4 2.67 0.2 0 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00 Overflow quantity (m3/s)
25.00
30.00
35.00
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence - for overflow edge of b = 10m Q pr = 19.93 ⋅ H 3 / 2 Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence hpr 0.2 0.4 0.6 Qpr 1.78 5.04 9.26
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0.8
1
14.26
19.93
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Overflow quantity,
b=10m
1.2
19.93
1
14.26
Overflow height (m)
0.8 9.26 0.6 5.04 0.4 1.78 0.2 0 0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00 Overflow quantity (m3/s)
20.00
25.00
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence If all calculations of the flow for various widths of the overflow edge of b= 20, 25, 30, 35, 36 and 40 m from above are put in a table and a graphic the following appears:
Table: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence for various widths hpr 0.2 m 0.4 m 0.6 m 0.8 m Qpr, b=40m 7.13 20.17 37.06 57.05 Qpr, b=36m 6.42 18.15 33.35 51.35 Qpr, b=35m 6.24 17.65 32.42 49.92 Qpr, b=30m 5.35 15.13 27.79 42.79 Qpr, b=25m 4.46 12.61 23.16 35.66 Qpr, b=20m 3.57 10.09 18.53 28.53 Qpr, b=15m 2.67 7.56 13.90 21.39 Qpr, b=10m 1.78 5.04 9.26 14.26
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1m 79.73 71.76 69.76 59.80 49.83 39.87 29.90 19.93
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Overflow quantity,
b=40, 36, 35, 30, 25, 20m
1.2 1 Overflow height (m)
0.8
b=20m b=25m b=30m b=35m b=36m
0.6 0.4
b=40m b=15m b=10m
0.2 0 0.00
10.00
20.00 30.00
40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 Overflow quantity (m3/s)
80.00 90.00
Picture: Overflow height - overflow quantity dependence for various widths From the above shown curve of overflowing it can be concluded that during fully regulated profile of Bregalnica, the maximum overflow above the rubber barrage (without deformations of the rubber sack) is 79.73 m3/s with an overflow edge of b=40 m and 1 m water height above the overflow.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Built rubber barrages on the River Bregalnica Along the River Bregalnica water-course in the period of 1987 to 1991 four barrages of rubber sacks were built. Their main purpose was catching water for irrigation from the River Bregalnica. The barrages are projected in the Water Economy Office, and they are realized by a Water Economy company from Kochani. The following picture shows the location of the built rubber barrages along the River Bregalnica water-course.
4 9 6
3
10 2
7
8
5 11 1
* Municipalities in the Eastern region: 1.Berovo; 2.-Vinica; 3.-Delchevo; 4- Makedonska Kamenica; 5-Karbinci; 6-Kochani; 7- Zrnovci; 8-Pehchevo; 9-Probishtip; 10-Cheshinovo-Obleshevo; 11-Shtip
Picture: Location of built rubber barrages along the River Bregalnica water-course Short description of the built rubber barrages Rubber barrage in the city of Delchevo The purpose of this is irrigation of a surface of 160.0 ha and the right river-side of Bregalnica downriver from the city of Delchevo and making water mirror in the river-bed. The barrage consists of: - concrete part with a threshold of 0.50 m height and width of 20.0 m for fixation of the riverbed for horizontal and vertical condition
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница - rubber sack for formation of deceleration with maximum lifting of the sack of 1.0 m for water directing through the channel for irrigation and forming a water mirror; - spillway of 12.0 m length which on the bottom and its inclines is inlaid with craggy stone on the concrete underlayer; -манипулативна шахта за командување со објектот. The river-sides of the river-bed are arranged with coast walls.
Picture: Rubber barrage in Delchevo Now the spillway is 50 % ruined (in the downriver part), and the rubber sack is torn, therefore, it does not function properly and sanction is necessary. Rubber barrage in the village of Grdovci The purpose of this is irrigation of the surfaces of the part of the field Kochansko Pole. It consists of: - concrete part with a threshold is 0.80 m high and the width is 25.0 m high and fixation of the river-bed for horizontal and vertical condition; - rubber sack for formation of deceleration of the water with maximum lifting of the sack of 1.2 m for water directing though the channels for irrigation; - spillway for abatement of the overflown water of 15.0 m length, with inlaid bottom and inclines of craggy stone on the concrete underlay; - manipulative manhole for commanding the object; - fish path for excellent crossover of the fish in both directions The river-bed is arranged with banks, downriver cca 50.0 m and upriver cca 200.0 m.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Rubber barrage in the village of Chiflik The purpose of this is irrigation of the surfaces of the part of the field Kochansko Pole. It consists of: - concrete part with a threshold of 0.50 m high and 25.0 m wide for fixation of the river-bed for horizontal and vertical condition; - rubber sack for formation of deceleration of the water with maximal lifting of the sack of 1.2 m for direction of the water through the channels for irrigation; - manipulative manhole for commanding the object; - fish path for successful fish passing in both directions; - spillway for abatement of the overflown water on length of 15.0 m. The river-bed at the bottom and inclines is arranged by inlay of craggy stone set on the concrete underlayer. The river-bed downriver and upriver is arranged by earthen banks on cca 200.0 m distance. The spillway is partly carried out by the great waters, more precisely on the downriver part of the left side. Rubber barrage in the village of Dolni Balvan This is situated near the village Dolni Balvan in the Municipality of Karbinci.
Picture: Rubber barrage in the village of Dolni Balvan The purpose of this is irrigation of the part of the surfaces of Shtipsko Pole, and it consists of: - the concrete part for fixation of the river-bed for horizontal and vertical condition with 30.0 m width;
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница - rubber sack for formation of deceleration of water with maximum lifting of the sack of 1.2 m direction of the water through the channels for irrigation; - spillway for abatement of the overflown water on length of 15.0 m which was inlaid at the bottom and inclines with an inlay of craggy stone set on the concrete underlay; - manipulative manhole for commanding the object; - fish path for successful fish passing in both directions Речното корито е уредено на бреговите низводно со габиони во должина од 50,0 м. и узводно со земјан насип во должина од цца 200,0 м. The river-bed was arranged on the river-sides downriver by gabions on length of 50.0 m and upriver by earthen bank on length of cca 200.0 m. The left downriver bank is quite damaged and immediate sanction is needed because there is a danger of the channel being carried out which is situated in the vicinity of the river-side. The rubber sack is also cut and sanction is needed.
Projected barrages with rubber sack For the River Bregalnica there is a project made about a rubber barrage in the vicinity of the village Pribachevo on the territory of the Municipality of Kochani. The project is made by the Water Economy Office Skopje in 1991, and there is an annex made in 2002 also by the Water Economy Office because of small relocation and catching water from the channels for irrigation. The technical documentation is for the main project. The purpose of it and the construction elements are the same as those in the village of Chiflik and in the village of Grdovci, however, the flows of water in the channels for irrigation are different.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Possible profiles for building the barrages with a rubber sack In the following part of the text the possible locations of the River Bregalnica and its confluents would be analyzed, for setting sack barrages and also approximate values and time needed for their building. Shtip In the river-bed of Bregalnica near Shtip it is planned to have barrages with rubber sack set up, but after the river-bed regulation. The following picture shows a cross-cut with locations of the proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sack near Shtip. Longitudinal profile of the River Bregalnica - regulated river-bed
275,00 270,00 265,00
9+920
8+360
Kamen most bridge
280,00
Goce Delchev 6+090
3+466
Altitude above sea level (mnm
285,00
Bridge at Banja Kezhovica Pipe from the main 4+504
290,00
260,00 255,00
20000,00
18000,00
16000,00
14000,00
12000,00
10000,00
8000,00
6000,00
4000,00
2000,00
0,00
250,00
Stationary (m)
Picture: Longitudinal profile with possible profiles for barrages with rubber sack in Shtip The following pictures show given situations with location of the proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sack in Shtip
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Picture: Proposed locations for building the barrages with rubber sacks on the River Bregalnica in Shtip The red letters starting from above: New projected rubber barrage near the settlement Balkanska; new projected rubber barrage near the settlement Babi; new projected rubber barrage near before the Goce Delchev Bridge; new projected rubber barrage before the River Otinja runs into; new projected rubber barrage near the bridge for Kezhovica bath
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Picture: Proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sacks on the River Bregalnica in Shtip ("Kezhovica, before inculcation of the River Otinja, before Goce Delchev Bridge) Red letters from above: New projected rubber barrage before the Goce Delchev Bridge, new projected rubber barrage before inculcation of the River Otinja; new projected rubber barrage near the bridge for the Kezhovica bath
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница Picture: Proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sacks on the River Bregalnica in Shtip (before Goce Delchev Bridge) Red letters Red letters: New projected rubber barrage before Goce Delchev Bridge
Picture: Proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sacks on the River Bregalnica in Shtip (below the settlement Babi, below the settlement Balkanska Red letters from above: New projected rubber barrage near the settlement Balkanska; new projected rubber barrage near the settlement Babi The whole system of rubber barrages that could be set along the length of the River Bregalnica in this part would have the purpose of, by forming deceleration, formation of accumulations in the river-bed for esthetics of this parts of the area. Namely, that way the river-level would be lifted in the minor river-bed along cca 9 km in the central part of Shtip and in a period of small waters there would be a filling of maximally to 1.5 m. That would solve the main current ecological problems of the River Bregalnica in the central part of the city, but also, that part of the city would esthetically be arranged, which opens the possibility for water-sports development, fishery and recreation. The barrages would consist of a concrete part which the horizontal and the vertical condition of the river-bed would be fixed along 36.0 m, a rubber sack for creating deceleration of the water with maximum lifting of the sack of 1.5 m, spillway long according to the hydraulic calculations and the manipulative manhole for commanding the object. Previously, the geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil would be determined by minimum three holes on the divided place in order to get the dimensions of the concrete part. Максималните прелиени води усвоени при димензионирање на регулацијата на реката низ населеното место, ќе бидат меродавни за димензионирање на преливот и слапиштето. The maximum overflown waters taken by determining the dimensions of the regulation of the river through a settlement, would be competent for dimensioning the overflow and the spillway. -28-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница • A barrage below the settlement Balkanska • A barrage below the settlements Babi • A barrage before the Goce Delchev Bridge (at the bus-station in Shtip) • A barrage before the inculcation of the River Otinja • A barrage near Kezhovica bath The proposed locations for building barrages of rubber sacks along the water-course of the River Bregalnica in Shtip are the following: The barrage below the settlement Balkanska in the period of small waters would form deceleration, which would feed the mickeries in the place of Makedonka and irrigation of the agricultural areas around the River Bregalnica. The barrage below the settlement Babi would form deceleration and a possibility for an optimal feeding of the mickeries in the location Shtipsko Ezero (Shtip Lake) from which the city of Shtip is being supplied with drinking water and this barrage should be a priority. The barrages before the Goce Delchev Bridge and on the inculcation of the River Otinja would supply safe and quiet flow of water through the central city area, with regulation of the river and building of the river-bed would be the "face" of the city. The barrage near Kezhovica bath would form deceleration and laky water surface area which would enable a kind river-side for relaxation and that would increase the tourist attraction of the bath complex Kezhovica. In order to determine the right adequate locations for building these rubber barrages it is necessary to have a detailed recording of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica and preparation of the technical documentation on a level of Future project from where by hydraulic calculations would be determined the mutual influences of these hydro technical objects, and also the influence on the surrounding objects that are in the vicinity of the riverbed. It is necessary to have a detailed analysis of the influence of the barrage near the Kezhovica bath on the warm springs near Lgjite, because if the deceleration is very high flooding can appear in this locality. We would like to mention that before we start with realizing this system the regulation of the River Bregalnica should be built from rubber sacks according to the previously prepared technical documentation, and if we start partially only by building the barrages it is necessary to analyze the possibility of flooding the objects that are immediately next to the river-bed of the River Bregalnica from the decelerations that are formed by the barrages and what type of protection is needed if the river-bed is not regulated (the minimum length of regulation of the river-bed before and after the barrages). By regulation of the river-bed and building barrages the river-sides would be stabilized and water mirrors would be formed (small lakes) that would influence well on the flora and the fauna in the river, and by arranging the river-bed people could enjoy on the small park which would be a place for relaxation in the city of Shtip. The following pictures show the view that of the central part of Shtip after finishing the regulation of the River Bregalnica and building the rubber sacks.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Picture: View of the barrage with a rubber sack on the River Bregalnica near Shtip before the Goce Delchev Bridge
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Kochani In the river-bed of the River Kochanska Reka it is planned to have barrages with a rubber sack built and that would be in the city part of the river where the river-bed is regulated by quay walls. The following picture shows the given proposed location of the barrages in Kochani.
Picture: Proposed locations for building the barrages with rubber sacks in Kochani Barrage near "Sudot" (The Court) The purpose of this is to catch irrigation water (this place is now used for catching irrigation water through built channel from Hydromeliorative System "Bregalnica" but earthily) and the other purpose would be creation deceleration which would create accumulation in the riverbed with a water mirror of a fully loaded river-bed, upriver. This would consist of a concrete part with a threshold of 0.50 m, for fixation of the horizontal and vertical position of the river-bed. Then a rubber sack for creating deceleration of water for catching it in the channel for irrigation and creation with maximum height for lifting the
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница sack of 0.80 m. A spillway for abating of the overflown water with an inlay of a craggy stone on a concrete inlay which length is according to the adopted maximum quantity of water. The maximum overflown waters adopted through dimensioning the regulation of the river through a settlement which is built, would be competent for dimensioning the overflow and the spillway, and according to the known formulas for dimensioning this kind of hydraulic object and the manipulative manhole for commanding the object. Three holes should be digged previously in order to determine the geomechanical and geological characteristics of the barrage area, necessary for dimensioning the concrete threshold. The following picture gives the location of this barrage.
Picture: Location of the barrage near "Sudot" ( red line show: a barrage with a rubber sack) Barrages near "Krusharski most" This would be made downriver from the previous barrage on cca 700 m. The purpose of it would be forming of accumulation in the river-bed and improvement of the esthetic view of this part of the city. And, also, forming the accumulation would open the possibility of these areas to have the religious rituals for the Epiphany on the 21 January each year. The construction elements would be the same as that near the "Sudot" except that there would not be any irrigation water catching and the maximum lifting of the sack for creating deceleration would be 1.2 m.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница The action of building the barrage itself should cause extension of the waste pipe of the canalization pipe ф 300 from the House of Culture, downriver from the barrage for cca 300 m and atmospheric canalization ф 300 for cca 350 m downriver from the barrage. The following picture gives the location of this barrage.
Picture: Location of the barrage near "Krusharski most" The red line shows: barrage with a rubber sack near "Krusharski most" Orizari In the river-bed of the River Orizarska Reka that runs through Orizari building of a barrage with a rubber sack is planned in the part of the regulated river-bed with quay walls in the settlement itself. Barrage above the bridge near the church The purpose of it would be forming of accumulation in the river-bed and improvement of the esthetic view of this part of the settlement. And, also, to having the religious rituals for the Epiphany on the 21 January each year. The barrage would consist of a concrete part which would fix the horizontal and the vertical position of the river-bed with 22.0 m length, a rubber sack for enabling the lifting of the water lever by maximum lifting of the sack of 1.2 m, a spillway with a length according to the hydraulic calculations and the manipulative manhole for commanding the object. By digging three holes previously, the geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil for dimensioning of the concrete part of it would be determined. The maximum overflown waters adopted by dimensioning the regulation of the river through a settlement which is built, would be competent for dimensioning the overflow and the spillway. The following picture gives the location of the proposed location for building the barrage with a rubber sack in Orizari. -34-
Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Picture: Proposed locations for building barrages with rubber sacks in Kochani The red line shows: A rubber sack Cheshinovo-Obleshevo On the territory of the Municipality of Cheshinovo-Obleshevo it is planned to have a barrage with a rubber sack built on the River Zletovska before it runs into the River Bregalnica. The barrage would consist of a concrete part which would fix the horizontal and the vertical position of the river-bed with 15.0 m length, a rubber sack for enabling water lifting with a maximum lifting of the sack of 1.2 m, a spillway with a length according to the hydraulic calculations and a manipulative manhole for commanding the object. By digging three holes previously, the geotechnical and geomechanical characteristics of the soil for dimensioning of the concrete part of it would be determined The maximum overflown waters adopted by dimensioning the regulation of the river through a settlement which is built, would be competent for dimensioning the overflow and the spillway. The following picture gives the location of the proposed location for building a barrage with a rubber sack in Zletovska.
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Kochani
Rubber barrage
Shtip
Picture: Proposed location for building a barrage with a rubber sack on the River Zletovska The red line shows: A rubber barrage
Object and calculation The following table gives us the calculations for building the barrage with a rubber sack for width of 40 m and height of overflow of 1.5 m. This price is done with assumption for a regulated river-bed on the place of setting the barrage and geological investigations done on the subjected location. Table: Object and calculation of the rubber barrage without regulation of the river-bed O. n. Position Price 1. Concrete threshold 5000000 2. Rubber barrage with elements for fixation 12000000 3. Spillway 11000000 4. Manipulative manhole with intake-waste pipe 1500000 5. Fish path 1100000 6. Preparations 600000 Total: 31200000 7. Unforeseen things 20 % 6240000 Total: 37440000 8. VAT 18% 6739200 In total: 44179200 * The price is given in denars (1 Euro=61.5 denars)
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Студија за можности за регулација на река Брегалница (мини акумулации, каскади,брани)
Додаток 3: Гумени прегради во сливот на река Брегалница
Review of the activities connected to sanction and building of barrages with rubber sacks The following table gives a review of the planned activities for sanction of the current barrages with a rubber sack and building new ones along the course of the River Bregalnica and its confluents. It is anticipated that the river-bed is regulated on the location of building the barrage. Table: Review of the planned activities for sanction and making new barrages with a rubber sack in the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica Р.б Profile's name Watercourse Type of activity Price of value name (Euro) 1
Delchevo
Bregalnica
2 3
Chiflik Dolni Balva
Bregalnica Bregalnica
4
Kochani near the Court Kochanska near the Krusharski Most Bridge Orizari near the church CheshinovoObleshevo before the inculcation of the River Zletovska Shtip, Kezhovica bath
Kochanska
Shtip, before the River Otinja runs into Shtip, before the Goce Delchev Bridge (at the busstation) Shtip, below the settlement Babi
Bregalnica
Shtip, below the settlement Balkanska
Bregalnica
5 6 7
8 9 10
11 12
Kochanska Orizarska Zletovska
Bregalnica
Bregalnica
Bregalnica
Repairing of the rubber sack and the spillway Repairing the spillway Repairing of the rubber sack, the spillway and the river-bed downriver along cca 200 m Building a new barrage with 80 cm of water lifting height Building a new barrage with 120 cm of water lifting height
20 000 40 000 250 000 400 0000 400 000
Building a new barrage with 120 cm of water lifting height Building a new barrage with 120 cm of water lifting height
400 000
Building a new barrage with 150 cm of water lifting height and 36 m width Building a new barrage with 150 cm of water lifting height and 36 m width Building a new barrage with 150 cm of water lifting height and 36 m width
700 000
Building a new barrage with 150 cm of water lifting height and 36 m width Building a new barrage with 150 cm of water lifting height and 36 m width
700 000
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400 000
700 000 700 000
700 000
STUDY ON POSSIBILITIES FOR RIVER BREGALNICA REGULATION (SMALL ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, DAMS)
ANNEX 4 WATER-COURSES REGULATION IN THE DRAINAGE-BASIN OF BREGALNICA
September, 2010
Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cscades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Contents: Introduction...................................................................................................................................5 Current state with regulation of the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica ...............................5 The River Bregalnica ................................................................................................................5 Confluents of the River Bregalnica...........................................................................................9 Possibilities for regulation of the River Bregalnica and the confluents in its drainage-basin ....14 Regulation of Bregalnica through the city of Shtip ................................................................15 Characteristic diagonal cross-cuts.......................................................................................17 Views of the regulated river-bed.........................................................................................20 Hydraulic calculations ........................................................................................................21 - non-city division ...........................................................................................................21 - city division ..................................................................................................................22 Object and calculation.........................................................................................................23 Extension of the regulation of the River Bregalnica through the city of Delchevo................23 Extension of the regulation of the River Bregalnica through the city of Berovo ...................23 Regulation of the River Pancharevska in the Municipality of Pehchevo ...............................23 Regulation of the River Gradechka and Vinichka in the Municipality of Vinica ..................24 Regulation of the River Zletovska in the Municipality of Cheshinovo-Obleshevo................25 Regulation of the River Zrnovka in the Municipality of Zrnovci...........................................25 Sanction of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica downriver from the barrage at the village of Dolni Balvan Municipality of Karbinci..............................................................................25 Review of the activities connected to the regulation of the River Bregalnica and water-courses in its drainage-basin ....................................................................................................................25
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Introduction The River Bregalnica springs out from the forest area of the mountains Maleshevski Planini. The total length of the River Bregalnica is 225 km. Along the water-course of Bregalnica there are two accumulations built and those are Ratevo near Berovo and Kalimanci near Makedonska Kamenica. The accumulation "Kalimanci" has a great influence on the flow of water through the river-bed of the River Bregalnica downriver from the accumulation and that is on the maximum, but also on the middle and the minimum flow. Before building the "Kalimanci" bank the great water caused very common changes on the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in horizontally but also in vertically. After building "Kalimanci" bank the water regime was significantly changed above all the flow dimensions of the maximum waters and the characteristic small waters. On the other hand, for river-bed arrangement there very few things are done. As a result of changing in water regime, the river-bed is subjected on new changes above all because: - vegetation ingrowing, characteristic for the river-beds (willows, wild poplars, alders etc.) - human influence. This kind of influence on the changes of the river-bed is expressed in several ways. Changes caused by reckless usage of the alluvium from the river-bed and its coasts, changes in water usage for irrigation, which is a result of the primitive water catching, changes because of the usurping of the immediate land. River-bed width downriver from the bank "Kalimanci" is quite changeable and it is 30 to 120 m. The natural fall of the river-bed (the fall made as a result of different influences) is quite changeable during which the average fall is around 1.75 promiles.
Current state with regulation of the drainage-basin of the River Bregalnica The River Bregalnica The natural conditions: the climate, the relief and the geological constitution made conditions in this region many surface water-courses, rivers, confluents, springs to be formed. The biggest river is Bregalnica. The first settlement through which the River Bregalnica runs is the city of Berovo. In the central city area of Berovo, the river-bed of Bregalnica is regulated at length of cca 950 m. The river-bed width at the bottom is 13 m, and the incline of gradients is 1:1. After the River Pehchevska flows into it, Bregalnica runs into the ravine Pijanechkata Kotlina from the south through the canyon Razlovechka Klisura, it runs on the north to Delchevo, and then it runs into the west and through the long canyon from the village of Ochipale to the village of Istibanja it runs into the Kochansko Pole field. The River Zhelevica is the bigger right confluent of the River Bregalnica, along which the ravine Kotlina Pijanec continues, and the biggest confluent of Bregalnica is the River Kamenichka Reka. It collects the waters from the highest tops of the mountains Osogovski Planini and except for irrigation it is also used for ore flotation in the Mine "Sasa". The river-bed of the River Bregalnica in the central city area of Delchevo is also regulated. In the following pictures it shown the regulated river-bed of the river Bregalnica through the cities of Berovo and Delchevo.
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Picture: Regulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Berovo
Picture: Regulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Delchevo
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica After Istabanja Bregalnica runs into the field Kochansko Pole. From its waters great part from the ravine is being irrigated.
P icture: River-bed of the River Bregalnica immediately after the barrage near the village of Dolni Balvan
Next big city in the downer course through which the River Bregalnica flows is the city of Shtip. Although the city of Shtip is the biggest city in this region it is the Eastern Plan Region center, the river-bed of the River Bregalnica through the city of Shtip is not regulated. The following pictures show the image of the unregulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip.
Picture: Panoramic view of the unregulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip
Picture: Panoramic view of the unregulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica where the River Otinja runs into
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Picture: Unregulated river-bed of the River Bregalnica near Shtip The following picture shows the longitudinal profile of the River Bregalnica from the bridge of the road for Strumica to Karbinci. It can be seen that the bridge can be very unbalanced with many grooves and bulges as a result of the various factors that influence on that. The average fall of this division is 1.75 promiles. Also the river-bed width of this division is quite changeable. Longitudinal profile of the River Bregalnica - constant river-bed 285.00
280.00
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Bridge near the bath Kezhovica The bridge Goce Delchev Kamen most
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Picture: Longitudinal profile of the river-bed, constant state Values of minimal, maximum and middle annual flows for the period of 1961-2003 on the River Bregalnica on the profile Shtip are: Qmin=2.32 m3/s, Qmid.=11.15 m3/s, Qmax= 34.87m3/s.
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica In the following course the River Bregalnica continues with unregulated river-bed until it runs into the River Vardar near the village of Ubogo. Confluents of the River Bregalnica Greater number of confluents run into the River Bregalnica. These confluents run through places where bigger settlements are situated and there is regulation of their river-beds. The following picture shows regulation of the River Pehchevska through the city of Pehchevo.
Picture: Regulated river-bed of the River Pehchevska in Pehchevo
The following pictures show regulation of the river Kamenichka through the city of Makedonska Kamenica. The regulation of this river is finished in the major part, beginning from the place above Makedonska Kamenica up until it runs into the accumulation "Kalimanci". It is an example of well regulated river-bed.
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Picture: Regulated river-bed on the River Kamenichka downriver from the bridge of the road KochaniBerovo
Picture: Regulated river-bed of the river Kamenichka upriver from the bridge of the road KochaniBerovo
Other confluents of the River Bregalnica that are partly regulated through the settlements are the river-bed of the River Vinichka and Gradechka through the city of Vinica, the river-bed of the River Kochanska through the city of Kochani, the river-bed of the River Trkanjska through the city of Trkanja, the river-bed of the city of Orizarska through Orizari, the river-bed of the River Otinja through Shtip. -10-
Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica The River Kochanska Reka springs out of the southern side of Lopensko Bilo on Osogovo, in the place of Retki Buki, at 1630 meters altitude above sea level. It runs into Bregalnica near the village of Chiflik at 295 meters altitude above sea level. The river has developed springs with wide valley, which to Kochani is canonic, and then to its running into the river it runs as an open county river. The total length of the River Kochanska Reka is 34 kilometers. In the mountain part it takes greater number of confluents, like Lopenska, Ramnobrdska and Mala Reka. All of them come from the right side, because the River Kochanska Reka has outspread, but also asymmetric hydrographic network. The highest water-level of the river is during April and May when the snow melts from the high mountain tops, and the lowest water-level is during July and august, when rainfalls are minimal, and the big evaporation because of the high temperatures in the air. The river has quite big fall (39.3%) that made possible to have accumulation built in its riverbed near the village of Dolno Gratche, which was named after the village and got the name Gratche. The river-bed of the River Kochanska in Kochani was regulated and this is shown in the following picture.
Picture: Regulated river-bed on the River Kochanska in Kochani
The River Zrnovska Reka is situated in the eastern part of Macedonia, in the surroundings of the Municipality of Zrnovci and it is a left confluent of the River Bregalnica. The River springs out from above the top Kozobran, in the place of Bachalija, on Plachkovica, at 1420 meters altitude above sea level. The drainage-basin of the Zrnovska Reka is 70 km², and its length is 24 km. The surface area of the drainage-basin is 70 km². Its relative fall is 47.6 %. From its springs it flows towards the west under the name Ulmija, and then it turns towards north and it is known as Zrnovska. To the village of Zrnovci it is a mountain river with canyon valley, and then through the field, to its inculcation, it runs as an open country river. It inculcates immediately next to the road Kochani-Zrnovci, at 325 meters altitude above sea level. From the river around 250 hectares of land with corn, leeks and other agricultural crops have been irrigated. -11-
Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica On the River Zrnovka there is a hydroelectric power plant built which has significantly changed the natural water-course of the river and the living conditions in it. The following picture shows the river-bed of the River Zrnovska through Zrnovci
Picture: River-bed of the River Zrnovci
The River Zletovska Reka is one of the bigger water-courses in the eastern part of Macedonia which springs from the mountains Osogovski Planini. The part of the river at the place where it springs has characteristic rainforest, and the spring is situated at 1718 meters altitude above sea level. The drainage-basin of the river is 218.72 km2, and the river length is 32.8 km. The river-bed in the greater part is situated in crystal rocks and vulcanites, and it is the most prominent at the village of Mushkovo, where there are many rapid streams and 2 major waterfalls. From the spring to the village of Zletovo the river has a big fall (around 42 % average), a deep valley and great hydro energetic potential. That is why in the framework of the regional multipurpose hydro system "Zletovica" it is planned to have 3 hydroelectric power plants. At the moment the bank "Knezhevo" is being finished in the vicinity of the village of Knezhevo, near Kratovo, which height is 70 meters and its capacity of 23 million m3 of water. It is planned several municipalities in the north-eastern part of the country to be water-supplied from the bank with drinking water. The River Zletovska Reka has 35 major and smaller confluents, out of which the biggest one is the River Venechka Reka. Average measured flow of the River Zletovska Reka is 2.64 m3/sec. It runs into the River Bregalnica in the vicinity of the village Ularci.
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Picture: The river-bed of the River Zletovska before it runs into the River Bregalnica
The River Otinja is a left confluent of the River Bregalnica. It springs out of the place called Chaprovka. It passes through the city of Shtip where there is a wide river-bed built (canal) for protection from downfalls, that is, from the big waters that run during the spring and summer downfall rains. It runs into Bregalnica below Isarot near Novo Selo, immediately next to the city of Shtip. The following picture shows regulated river-bed of the River Otinja in Shtip.
Picture: Regulated river-bed of the River Otinja through Shtip
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Possibilities for regulation of the River Bregalnica and the confluents in its drainage-basin The divisions on the River Bregalnica where regulation should be built are defined by the water economy. The following picture shows the divisions from the River Bregalnica and its confluents where it is possible to have regulation built according to the water economy of the Republic of Macedonia. These are divisions in the city environment and in places where there is not any planned accumulation building.
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Слика: Можни делници за регулација Picture: Possible divisions for regulation (1. Bregalnica, 2. Lakavica, 3. Osojnica, 4. Zletovska, 5. Orizarska, 6. Kochanska, 7. Pehchevska) From the previous review of regulation it can be seen that mainly in all cities except for the city of Shtip along the River Bregalnica water-course and its confluents there is regulation built. That is the reason why building regulation of Bregalnica through the city of Shtip is a priority. It takes a big effort from material point of view but also from time framework, it is also extension of the already built regulations in the other cities where they have already been done. As critical divisions are also the part of the River Bregalnica from the village of Istibanje to Shtip, where beside the already built accumulations because of the plain character of the course, flooding of the agricultural surfaces and agricultural crops has appeared. As yet in 1959 there was a project for regulation of the River Bregalnica made which included dams. This project has not been realized yet because of its enormity and expensiveness. Also, the earthen dams should be used for building regulation of the Rivers Kochanska and Trkanska Reka from the already built regulations in the settlements to their inculcation into the River Bregalnica. In the area of the Municipality of Vinica there are several confluents of the River Bregalnica. A major left confluent is the River Osojnica with its confluents Brbushnica, Blateshnica, Peklanska Reka, Sushica, Vinichka Reka, Voden. The River Osojnica length is cca 50 km. The River Osojnica is unregulated and that is why very often it overflows and makes damages along its water-course length, running deeply into the riversides. Complete regulation of
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Osojnica should be treated as a whole and from economical aspect taking into account its dimensions and length it is a major investment. Other left confluent of the River Bregalnica is the River Gradechka. The length of this river is cca 20 km. The river springs out of the highest top Lisec on the mountain Plachkovica, with 1754 m altitude above sea level. Because of its great fall the water has significant speed and together with the River Leskovska Reka they damage their course especially in the downer water-course. In this region the right confluent of the River Bregalnica is Istibanski Dol (Poroen Dol) which passes through the village of Istibanja. Istibanski Dol (Poroen Dol) length is cca 5 km, but because of the great fall and unforested terrain it has high erosion and it carries a big alluvium. In the following map there is the location of the mentioned water-courses.
Picture: Location of the Rivers Osojnica, Gradechka and Poroen Dol The following text mainly gives an explanation to the possibility for River Bregalnica regulation near Shtip, and also for rearranging certain city divisions of the water-courses in the region, and for the other regulations above all between the village of Istibanja and Shtip, and also for regulation of the River Osojnica, we should think as a whole and for the regulations themselves bigger finances are needed. Regulation of Bregalnica through the city of Shtip Regulation of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica near Shtip should begin from the bridge of the road to Strumica, and it finishes near Karbinci, for which there is already elaborated Future project. The length of this part is around 19.5 km.
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica In order to have complete and adequate assimilation of the regulated river-bed in the frames of the constant width of the river-bed, the track was drawn with the necessary number of curves and directions, during which the current bridges are included. The natural fall of the river-bed and also the width of the river-bed of the division which is planned to be regulated is quite changeable. The average fall of this division is 1.75 %. The project longitudinal fall of the river-bed is 1 % which is considered to be the most adequate in order to improve the regime of flowing. Because of the decreased fall on the bottom of the regulated river-bed in relation of the average natural fall and because of enabling the water to catch irrigation and feeding the underground, cascades along the whole regulation are planned to be built. Cross-cut of the regulated river-bed was determined in the way that it supplies unmeasured flow of the big water that is calculated by many methods but the value of allocation to Gumbel is considered to be the most adequate. The big water of the River Bregalnica of the profile Shtip with the probability of appearance 0.995 or once in 200 years to Gumbel is 458,02 m2/s and it is calculated in a time period of 40 years. The competent big water is an indicator which the dimensions of the protective objects depend on and it is in direct relation to the economic indicators. Bigger protective object means more assets, and lower risk of damages and vice versa. In the non-city division one-dimensional trapeze profile was adopted, and in the city division double regulation profile was chosen, with which on one part (around the bridge Kamen Most) the upper part is still more widened because of enabling and setting various contents for culture and entertaining life. The following picture shows a longitudinal profile of the regulated river-bed with marked parts on the city part and non-city parts. Longitudinal profile of the River Bregalnica - regulated river-bed 290.00 285.00 Non-city division City 6+108 division Altitude above0+000 sea level (mnm) Pipe of the main collector
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Picture: Longitudinal profile with subdivision according to the divisions types The regulation performance because of the big length should be divided into two phases so that the first phase would embrace the city part, and the second phase the regulation of the non-city parts. The following pictures shows longitudinal profile with marked parts for performance of the first and the second phase
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Longitudinal profile of the River Bregalnica-regulated river-bed 290.00 285.00 Vongradska delnica Altitude above sea level (mnm)
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Picture: Longitudinal profile with division according to the divisions types and building phases Characteristic diagonal cross-cuts
Picture: Diagonal cross-cut of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip (city part) ла=1:100/200
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Pictures: View of a regulated part of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip in the city part
Picture: Diagonal cross-cut of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip (non-city part) ла=1:100/200
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica
Picture: View of the regulated part of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip out of the city part
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Views of the regulated river-bed
Picture: View of the regulated part of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip in the city part from aspect of Goce Delchev Bridge opposite to the Kamen Most Bridge
Picture: View of the regulated part of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica in Shtip in the city part from the aspect of Kamen Most Bridge opposite of Goce Delchev Bridge
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Hydraulic calculations - non-city division Consumption curve - Non-city division b=30 m 3.00
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica - city division Consumption curve - City division b=30 m 500 450 400 350 300 Q (m3/s) 250 200 150 100
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Object and calculation -Вонградска делница (од км 0+000 до км 6+108,69 и од км 7+933,19 до км19+458,45) - Non-city division (from km 0+000 to km 6+108,69 and from km 7+933,19 to km 19+458,45) Position Price (Euros) Previous things (marking, vegetation cutting) 200000 Earthen things (excavation, making dams) 3700000 Objects (cascades, zone thresholds, inculcation of confluents) 3700000 Total: 7600000 - City division (from km 6+108,69 to km 7+933,19) Position Price (Euros) Previous things (marking, vegetation cutting) 50000 Earthen things (excavation, making dams) 450000 Object cascades, zone thresholds, quay walls) 7400000 Total: 7900000 Extension of the regulation of the River Bregalnica through the city of Delchevo In Delchevo, part of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica was regulated. It is planned to have extension of the regulation done on the length of cca 1.5 km through the city part, which it is calculated to be around 750 000 Euros. Extension of the regulation of the River Bregalnica through the city of Berovo In Berovo, extension of the regulation of the River Bregalnica is needed upriver and downriver from the already regulated river-bed on the length of cca 2x300 m with the same diagonal cross-cut as the current. The price of this activity is calculated to be around 500 000 Euros. Regulation of the River Pancharevska in the Municipality of Pehchevo In the Municipality of Pehchevo there is already made project for regulation of the River Pancharevska along its whole length during which it is planned to have river-bed being formed with minimal efforts in the river-bed, forestation and stabilization with gabions. The price of it was calculated to be more than 600 000 Euros.
Picture: Diagonal cross-cut of new projected river-bed of the River Pancharevska from km 0+48 to km 21+58
Picture: Diagonal cross-cut of new projected river-bed of the River Pancharevska from km 21+58 to km 42+90
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Regulation of the River Gradechka and Vinichka in the Municipality of Vinica Because of the complete prevention of the negative consequences of the River Gradechka, there is a project done for regulation of it. According to the project, the diagonal profile of the regulated river-bed should be with trapeze diagonal cross-cut, with 10 meters width of the bottom, 1.5 meters depth, incline of the canal declivity 1:1.5 and longitudinal incline of 1.0%. Such a cross-cut should enable water flow of 50 m3/s, which is 20 % of the annual quantity of water. The following picture shows cross-cut of a regulated river-bed of the River Gradechka. This regulation has already been built from the cross-cut of the left highway channel of the system for irrigation. Until Gradechka runs into the River Bregalnica, the regulated river-bed should be well maintained (clean the vegetation, maintain the inclines etc.) The river-bed of the River Gradechka through the city part of Vinica is partly regulated with quay walls, but this regulation for better protection of the city area in Vinica should be extended to the cross-cut with the left highway channel of the system for irrigation Bregalnica. These activities were calculated to be around 300 000 Euros.
Picture: Characteristic diagonal cross-cut of the River Gradechka As a result of preventing the negative consequences from the River Vinichka, there is a project done for regulation of the River Vinichka. According to this project, the diagonal profile of the regulated river-bed should be with trapeze diagonal cross-cut, with 6 meters width of the bottom, 1.1 meters depth, incline of the canal declivities of 1:1.5, and longitudinal incline of 0.7 %. This cross-cut should enable water flow of 17 m3/s, which means 20 years of water. The following picture shows diagonal cross-cut of regulated river-bed of the River Vinichka. This profile was already built from the ending of the city part to the inculcation in Bregalnica. The River Vinichka Reka through the city part is regulated by quay concrete walls. As a result of the city expansion and urban areas expansion it is necessary to extend the regulation of the River Vinichka with quay walls downriver from the already built regulation of the river in the city part on the length of cca 300 meters. This was calculated to be 600 000 Euros.
Picture: Characteristic diagonal cross-cut of the River Vinichka
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Study on Possibilities for River Bregalnica Regulation(Small Accumulations, Cascades, Dams) Annex 4: Water-Courses Regulation in the Drainage-Basin of the River Bregalnica Regulation of the River Zletovska in the Municipality of Cheshinovo-Obleshevo Regulation of the River Zletovska is needed from its inculcation in Bregalnica opposite to the village of Ularci on a length of cca 2500 meters. That is why, previously it is necessary to have technical documentation done, and then to have the regulation done. The price of these activities are calculated to be 1 300 000 Euros. Regulation of the River Zrnovka in the Municipality of Zrnovci It is necessary to have regulation of the River Zrnovka done in Zrnovci on a length of 800 meters. There is an already done project for this. The price for this activity is calculated to be 300 000 Euros.
Picture: Characteristic diagonal cross-cuts of a new projected river-bed of the River Zrnovka in Zrnovci Sanction of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica downriver from the barrage at the village of Dolni Balvan Municipality of Karbinci Regulation of the River Bregalnica is needed downriver from the barrage with a rubber sack at the village of Dolni Balvan, Municipality of Karbinci. In this part, uncontrolled digging was noticed on the left river-side of the River Bregalnica which endangers the left high way channel for irrigation. As a result, it is necessary to have regulation of the river built downriver on the length of cca 200 m. The price of this activity was calculated to be 150 000 Euros.
Review of the activities connected to the regulation of the River Bregalnica and water-courses in its drainage-basin The following table show a review of the planned activities for regulation of the river-bed of the River Bregalnica and its confluents. Table: Review of the planned activities for regulation of the River Bregalnica and its confluents in its drainage-basin O.n. Municipality River and activity Price (Euros) 1 Shtip Bregalnica regulation 1 phase 7 600 000 2 Shtip Bregalnica regulation 2 phase 7 900 000 3 Delchevo Bregalnica-regulation 750 000 4 Berovo Bregalnica-regulation 500 000 5 Pehchevo Pancharevska-regulation 600 000 6 Vinica Gradechka and Vinichka regulation in the city parts 900 000 7 Cheshinovo- Zletovska-elaboration of a project from its inculcation 1 300 000 Obleshevo into Bregalnica to the village of Ularci 8 Zrnovci Zrnovka-regulation of the river-bed 300 000 9 Karbinci Bregalnica-sanction of the river-bed at rubber barrage 150 000 in the city of Dolni Balvan -25-
STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES FOR REGULATION OF RIVER BREGALNICA (MINI ACCUMULATIONS, CASCADES, DAMS)
ANNEX 5 ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
September 2010
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
CONTENT 1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................7 2. PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT...............9 2.1 Purpose of strategic assessment .......................................................................9 2.2 Used methodology ............................................................................................9 3. Main objectives of the study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica .......11 4. State without the implementation of the planning solutions .....................................12 5. Connection and Compliance of the Study with other relevant plans, programs and strategies ....................................................................................................................13 5.1 Mutual compatibility of the objectives of the Study........................................13 5.2 Connection and compliance of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica with other strategic planning documents.....................................15 6. Characteristics of the space and current state of the environment.............................28 6.1 Characteristics of the space ...........................................................................28 6.1.1 Geographical position................................................................................28 6.1.2 Terrain........................................................................................................29 6.1.3 Geology......................................................................................................31 6.1.4 Climate.......................................................................................................31 6.1.5 Population ..................................................................................................32 6.1.6 Economy ....................................................................................................33 6.1.7 Cultural heritage ........................................................................................34 6.2 Description of the current state of the environment .......................................35 6.2.1 Air ..............................................................................................................35 6.2.2 Water..........................................................................................................37 6.2.3 Waste .........................................................................................................41 6.2.4 Soil.............................................................................................................42 6.2.5 Flora and fauna ..........................................................................................43 6.2.6 Noise ..........................................................................................................46 6.3 Current problems with the environment in and around the planning scope .48 7. Probable significant impacts of the Study on the environment .................................52 7.1.1 Influence on the population .......................................................................55 7.1.2 Influence on human health.........................................................................56 7.1.3 Influence on the quality of air....................................................................56 7.1.4 Influence on the quantity and quality of waters.........................................57 7.1.5 Influence on the soil...................................................................................59 7.1.6 Influence on the biodiversity (flora and fauna) .........................................60 7.1.7 Influence on the climate change ................................................................60 7.1.8 Influence of the climate change on the water resources sector .................61 7.1.9 Influence on the area..................................................................................61 7.1.10 Influence on the cultural heritage...........................................................62 8. Objectives of Envronmental Protection.....................................................................63 8.1 Objectives of strategic assessment of the environment and indicators ..........63 8.2 Measures to protect, reduce and mitigate the negative influences of the Study on environmental elements .............................................................................67 8.3 Monitoring plan..............................................................................................76 9. Alternatives and preconditions for the realization of the study and proposed measures for protection..............................................................................................81 10. attachments ................................................................................................................83 10.1 List of national legal regulations ...................................................................83 10.2 List of EU Directives relevant for the planning document.............................85 10.3 Used strategic planning documents and literature.........................................87 -3-
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
TABELS Тabel 1 Таbel 2 Таbel 3 Таbel 4 Таbel 5 Таbel 6 Таbel 7 Таbel 8 Таbel 9 Таbel 10 Таbel 11 Таbel 12 Таbel 13 Таbel 14
Маtrix of mutual compatibility of the objectives of the Study on possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica..................................................................................14 Compatibility of the objectives of the Study on possibilities for regulation of river Bragalnica with relevant plans, programs and strategies.........................................16 Demografic indicators for the Eastern planning region in relation to Republic of Macedonia................................................................................................................32 Annual emissions of pollution substances in the air in the Eastern region .............36 Limit values for the human helath and surpassing of annual level in measuring point Kocani for 2009..............................................................................................37 Big game present on the territory of the Eastern planning region...........................46 Levels of noise in areas determined by the degree of protection ............................47 Most sensitive environmental elements in the region .............................................48 Key currents problems with the environmental elements .......................................49 Mutual relation between the general project activities and the environmental elements (Leopold matrix).......................................................................................53 Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environmental elements (EIA).........................................................................................................54 Objectives of Strategic environmental assessment and indicators for Strategic environmental assessment .......................................................................................64 Proposed measures to prevent, reduce and mitigate the significant negative effects for the relization of the objectives of the Study.......................................................68 Monitoring plan of the Strategic environmental assessment for the Study for possible regulation of river Bregalnica....................................................................77
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
FIGURES Figure 1 Levels of use of both planning tools (SEA and EIA) ................................................. 7 Figure 2 Geographical possition of the river basin Bregalnica ............................................... 28 Figure 3 Location of the Eastern planning region................................................................... 29 Figure 4 Terrain of the region ................................................................................................. 29 Figure 5 Network of measuring points for monitoring the quality of surface waters ............. 38 Figure 6 Discharge of sewage in the rivers ............................................................................. 40 Figure 7 The look of burning and disordered landfill ............................................................. 41 Figure 8 Stipa tirsa (mountain-range spur) Figure 9 Galium purpureum (prickly plant) .... 44 Figure 10 Ostrya carpinifolia .................................................................................................. 44 Figure 11 Drosera rotundifolia................................................................................................ 45 Figure 12 Limenitis populi Figure 13 Melanocorypha calandra (big sky lark).................... 45 Figure 14Vormela peregusna (multicoloured polecat)............................................................ 45 Figure 15 Salmo trutta fario (brown trout) Figure 16 Barbus meridionalis (Mediterranean barbel) .......................... 46
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
ABBREVIATIONS EIA EU IPPC permits LEAP люEPP NEAP NGO RM SEA CDM HMS
Assessment of impact on the environment European Union Permission for Integrated prevention and control of pollution Local action plan for the environment люinitry of environment and physical planning National action plan for environment Non-governmental organization Republic of Macedonia Strategic assessment of the environment Mechanism of clean development Head Office for hydrometeorology
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
1. INTRODUCTION The prepared draft version of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica represents a planning document for managing the waters of river Bregalnica and its tributaries by defining the manner of regulation, usage and deployment of the waters, protection from harmful actions of the waters and their rational and efficient use. Taking into consideration the approach and methodology of preparing the Study of the possibilities for regulation of the river Bregalnica by building accumulations, rubber compartments, mini hydropower plants and the thoroughness of defining the future projects that need to be accomplished as priority projects as well as the national legal regulation that provides strategic approach to assessment of the impact of the planning document on the environmental elements, this chapter focuses on the following: ¾ Assessment of impact of the Study on the environment which contains elements of Strategic assessment of impact of studies, plans and programs on the environment ¾ Preliminary assessment of the impact of proposed project solutions in the form of mini regulations, cascades or dams on all elements of the environment in order to identify the most sensitive elements. There are similar principles of the procedures for Assessment of impact on the projects (EIA) and Strategic assessment of the plans, the programs on the environment (SEA) as a result of the fact that both procedures tend to involve as early as possible the objectives of the environment at both levels: а) at the level of planning (SEA) in a certain sector or spatial planning and b) at the level of accomplishment of particular defined projects (EIA) providing sustainable community development. The different levels of use of the Assesment of the project impact on the environment and Strategic assessment of the impact on the environment are presented on Figure 1 showing the level of planning (policy, plan and program) covered by the procedure of Strategic assessment (SEA) and the level of development projects that fall under the procedure for Assessment of impact of the project on the environment (EIA).
и ни и тор чк ос сти Пр бани ови ур план
Ра Пр звој огр ни ам и
и он ци сти ми ве ра Ин прог
Стратешка оцена на влијание врз жив. средина (СОЖС)
Ре пл гион ан ал ир но ањ е
СЕКТОРСКИ ПОЛИТИКИ
Оценка на влијание на проектот врз жив. средина (ОВЖС)
Figure 1 Levels of use of both planning tools (SEA and EIA)
The strategic assessment of impact on the environment (EIA) provides a broader vision for the protection of the environmental elements while accomplishing the objectives of the planning document, provides early inclusion of the environmental issues in the process of
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
preparation of the planning document and takes into consideration all impacts on it, offers alternatives that need to be reviewed with attention, and proposes measures to prevent, mitigate or compensate the negaitive impacts of the planning document on the environment. The procedure for Strategic assessment of the environment for a certain planning document is legally binding in accordance with the national legislation (Chapter X from the Law of environment – Official Gazette of RM No. 53/2005, 81/2005, 24/2007 and 159/2008 and the by-laws) where the requirements of the EU Directive for Strategic assessment of the environment 2001/41/EC have been transposed. The national legislation obliges commencement of a procedure for Strategic assessment on the environment while preparation of short, medium and long term planning documents at national, regional and local level for development in all aspects (urban development, waste management, water management, industry, development of small and medium enterprises, energetics, commercial complexes, tourism, agriculture, transport etc.). The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bragalnica represents a planning document that prоvides: а) managing the waters of river Bregalnica and its tributaries by defining the manner of their regulation, b) usage and deployment of the waters by the comprised population of 11 municipalities in the Easter planning region, c) protection from harmful actions of waters, г) rational and efficient utilization of the waters and d) sustainable development of water resources. At the same time the Study considers the possibilities for development of tourism and eco-tourism, use of the hydropotential as an energy source that is renewable and favourable to the environment, as well as conditions for water use in agriculture for irrigation of crops. Precisely because of the scope and topics related to the sustainable usage of the waters of river Bregalnica a strategic approach is required in the determination of the impact of the Study on the environment and human health by giving proposed measures and indicators that need to be followed in the next phase of project level for each priority project defined in the Study when financing conditions are provided and before its construction begins. For each priority project an Assesment of project impact on the environment should be started in accordance with the national regulations – the Law of environment (Official Gazette No. 53/05, 81/05, 24/07, 159/08, 83/09) and the appropriate by-laws in which the ЕU Directive EU 85/337/ЕЕC for assessment of the impact of the projects on the environment is transposed with the changes and amendments EU Directive 97/11/ЕЦ. The most sensitive elements defined in the Strategic assessment, the proposed measures and indicators shoud be taken into consideration when defining the scope of the Study of assessment of the project impact on the environment or the Elaboration for environmental protection that will need to be prepared for each project separately. The possible negative nad positive impacts of all project activities on the most sensitive elements of the environment in all phases of the project cycle (construction, operational phase, in case of disaster and after cessation of work) will need to be defined thoroughly and measures to prevent, reduce and mitigate the negative impacts will need to be proposed.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
2. PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2.1
PURPOSE OF STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT
The main purpose of the Strategic assessment of the environment for the Study of the possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica is timely to include the objectives of protecting and improving the environment defined by national, regional and local strategic documents in the defined objectives of the Study and to provide a general view for the possible negative and possitive impacts of the realization of the objectives of the Study. The timely inclusion of measures to prevent, mitigate or compensate the negative effects of the planning decisions on the environment and the identification of appropriate indicators with which the implementation of the proposed measures will be monitored, will enable the sustainable development of the community on local (for each of the municipalities involved in the Study), regional (the whole Eastern planning region), national and global level. 2.2
USED METHODOLOGY
The consultants used a methodology based on conducting research, assessments and use of analytical skills in defining a concept that will use all available data and information comprehensively and connectedly and will provide a strategic approach to environmental protection (at the highest planning level). The methodology included the following steps: ¾ Review of the draft version of the Study of the possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica, attachments of the Study and the accompanying schemes and charts; ¾ Identification and analysis of the main objectives of the Study and the relation with other relevant plans and programs at national, regional, local and global level in terms of protection and sustainable use of the water and water resources and the other environmental media, also taking into account the future purposes of the projects (strategic planning documents that were discussed at this stage are given in Annex 2); ¾ Review and analysis of the characteristics of the environment in the location covered by the scope of the study (the river basin Bregalnica throughout the whole Easterern planning region); ¾ Identification of the sensitive environmental elements in the respective ambit that would be most affected by the realization of the objectives of the study ¾ Creating matrices, check lists, comparative tables for implementing the assessment of the possible negative and positive impacts of the objectives of the Study and the particular project solutions on the environment throughout the whole region ¾ Definition of the likely significant impacts of the objectives of the Study on the following elements of Strategic environmental assessment: population, human health, biodiversity (flora, fauna), soil including waste, water, air, climatic factors, cultural heritage, landscape/area and material benefits; ¾ Assessment of the type of impact (positive, negative), the duration of the impact (short, medium, long term), the range of impact (local, regional, national, global), reversibility of the impact, cumulative, secondary effects that could occur; ¾ Еxpert estimation whether the influences can be prevented, avoided, mitigated and/or compensated; ¾ Definition of objectives of Strategic environmental assessment for the entire subject scope and specifying appropriate indicators through which the realization of the Study will be followed;
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
¾ Preparation of a Plan for monitioring with preventive and corrective measures to mitigate, compensate the negative impacts of the objectives of the Study on the various elements of the environment; ¾ Preparation of a Plan for monitoring parameters that should be followed in accomplishing the objectives of the Study by the defined indicators for Strategic environmental assessment, frequency of monitoring the indicators and responsible institution in order to see the progress in implementing the measures to mitigate the negative impacts; ¾ Informing all decision makers and stakeholders about the consequences of accomplishing the objectives of the study and their involvement in the whole transparent process by maintaining presentation of the Study, collection and analysis of comments, notes on the draft version of the document. The main findings, conclusions from the above analysis are given in this chapter as an integral part of the Study and the topics covered follow the content of a Report prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Regulation on the contents of the Report on Strategic environmental assessment ("Offical Gazette no. 153/07). It should be noted that description of the planning document (the Study of the possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica) is not covered in this chapter because of the fact that this document is part of the Study itself, which has thoroughly analyzed the possibilities for regulating the river Bregalnica and there is no need of unnecessary repetitions … Articles 11.1 and 11.2 contain the List of relevant national legislation and the relevant EU Directives as well as international agreements accepted by Republic of Macedonia. In Annex 11.3 there is a List of strategic planning documens and literature that were used in the analysis and preparation of this chapter of assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
3. MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES FOR REGULATION OF RIVER BREGALNICA The main objective of the Study of possibilities for regulating the river Bregalnica is to ensure sustainable development of the Easterern planning region and sustainable water resources management of river basin Bregalnica as well as utilization of the unused water potential. The specific objectives of the study are focused on: ¾ Perception of opportunities for regulating the river basin and the river-bed Bregalnica, opportunities for construction of mini accumulations and opportunities for utilization of the water potential; ¾ Identification and estimation of priority projects for regulation along the river Bregalnica; ¾ Protection, preservation and continuous improvement of available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the situation of coastal land, aquatic ecosystems and the ecosystems dependent on water, protection and promotion of the aquatic environment through rational and sustainable use of the waters; ¾ Protection and promotion of the environment, nature and biodiversity along the river; ¾ Testing of opportunities to exploit the tourist potential offered by the flow of river Bregalnica. It is expected that the realization of the planning decisions in the Study will contribute to the following: a) better utilization of the existing water potentials of river Bregalnica and its tributaries, b) provision of sufficient quantities of quality drinking water and overcoming the current problems with water supply and decrease of health risk of water shortage, c) providing sufficient water for irrigation of the agriculural surfaces which directly indicates promotion of the regional agriculture as a very important economic sector of the population, d) avoiding the dangers of demolishion of the existing accumulations some of which are older than 40 years and flooding of farmland, e) stabilization of river-beds and prevention of their further degradation and deepening, f) regulation of the river and its tributaries in populated places that will provide visually and aesthetically more acceptable solution to beautifying the space g) provision and development of local and regional economy with new jobs during construction and operation of the planned solutions, h) provision of energy from renewable sources and maximum utilization of hydro potential , i) strengthening the medium and small enterprises of service activities and development of tourism and eco - tourism as a relatively new branch of the economy in the region, but with great potential. The management of waters of river Bregalnica will overwhelmingly contribute in strengthening the cooperation among all municipalities in the Easterern planning region by joint planning, definition of priority projects and serious collective appearance in front of the financial institutions for financing the proposed project solutions.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
4. STATE WITHOUT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLANNING SOLUTIONS Unless the priority planning solutions are not accomplished - projects for regulation of river Bregalnica with the construction of mini accumulations, installation of rubber compartments, regulation of river-beds (all or part of them), then a continuation and worsening of the current situation is expected with (so-called "business as usual scenario" - to continue without changing the current situation): ¾ Low rate of redistribution of water in time and space which means lack in the summer period, and abundance in winter - spring months at various locations in the region; ¾ Poor use of water potential for water supply, further losses and lack of safe drinking water and irrigation of crops; ¾ Continuous phenomena of floods, destruction of agricultural land and crops as well as destruction of the surrounding houses and yards; ¾ Destructive effect of soil erosion, loss of layers of arable land and direct influence on the economic power of the agriculturists; ¾ Loss of the accumulation space of the existing accumulations in the region due to the deposition of large amounts of sediment, thereby increasing the inefficiency of the accumulation; ¾ Further increase of the amount of sediments in the downriver part of the basin and further disruption of the biological balance in water; ¾ Dissatisfied citizens and agriculturists in the region because of the inability to use the water in an efficient and safe way thereby to provide a better quality of life and economic prosperity; ¾ Distrust in the municipal administration in providing quality services of water supply to the households in the region; ¾ Low coefficient of efficiency of the irrigation systems (around 50%) as a result of the long period of exploitation by irregular and delayed maintenance; ¾ Lack of private investment in cost-effective and sustainable businesses in the areas of agriculture, tourism, energetics ¾ Deficient participation of renewable energy sources (hydroelectric potential) in the total energy consumption in the region ¾ Further weakening of the current fragile socio - economic picture of the region; ¾ Continuing the trend of deterioration of water quality in the river and its tributaries; ¾ In the summer period disturbance of the minimum acceptable flow that automatically means disruption of the biological minimum for survival of aquatic wildlife; ¾ Additional deterioration of the state of quantity, the water quality and thereby direct impact on the lives of population and their social status as a result of climate changes (water is one of the most sensitive aspects of the negative impact of climate change).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
5. CONNECTION AND COMPLIANCE OF THE STUDY WITH OTHER RELEVANT PLANS, PROGRAMS AND STRATEGIES 5.1
MUTUAL COMPATIBILITY OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica has several specific goals that when examined separately, if they are realized, can negatively, conflictly or cumulatively synergistically affect the realization of another goal of the Study and therefore identification of their mutual compatibility is required. If discrepancy appears between the goals it is necessary to define measures to be taken in order to overcome the incompatibility so the objectives can be realized with as smaller, short-term negative impacts. As a tool for identification of the mutual compatibility of the objectives of the Study, the Consultants used Matrix as one of the tools in preparing the Strategic assessment of impact of a planning document on the environment. The completed Matrix for compatibility of individual goals of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica is shown in Table 1. You see great alignment between the objectives of the Study regarding the systematic review of all existing documents, studies and projects prepared for the river basin Bregalnica in order to identify priority projects for which a general assessment of the financial costs for construction and maintaining the same is made, as well with the objective that examines the possibilities for development and promotion of tourism and eco - tourism. A positive cumulative effect of the realization of several objectives on the protection and continuous improvement of existing water resources in the region is expected, through which improvement of the coastal land and preservation of aquatic ecosystems would be provided. Of course a positive cumulative effect is also expected on the economic - social life of the population by providing safe water for consumption, maintening the hygiene and improving the quality of life, providing an appropriate redistribution of water from which the greatest effect will be sensed by the agriculturists, higher employment of the young inhabitants in the Easterern planning region, engaging construction workers in the construction of individual projects and development of small and medium firms in the region. Of course the realization of objectives for regulation of the river basin, through the construction and daily operation of mini accumulations, rubber compartments, mini hydroelectric power plants and grips for the regulation of rivers in urban areas and the necessary modern infrastructure required for their smooth functioning is in conflict with the protection of the environment. It is expected that project activities that will follow after the adoption of the Study, provision of funds and preparation of project documentation for each priority project to cause maybe in a small rate, short-term (during construction of facilities or infrastructure) negative impact on various elements of the environment (worsening of the quality of air, generating different types of waste from the List of waste, creating noise, expense for energy, disruption of biodiversity etc.). In the operational phase of the planned facilities significant adverse impacts are not expected, but in any case the incompatibility of the objectives will be exceeded by the proposed measures to avoid, reduce or mitigate the negative impacts of the realizaion of the objectives of the study.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 1 Маtrix of mutual compatibility of the objectives of the Study on possibilities for regulation of river Bragalnica
Objectives of the Study
Perception of opportunities for regulating the river basin and the riverbed Bregalnica, opportunities for construction of mini accumulations and opportunities for utilization of the water potential
Perception of opportunities for regulating the river basin and the river-bed Bregalnica, opportunities for construction of mini accumulations and opportunities for utilization of the water potential Identification and estimation of priority projects for regulation along the river Bregalnica Protection, preservation and continuous improvement of available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the situation of coastal land, aquatic ecosystems and the ecosystems dependent on water, Protection and promotion of the environment, nature and biodiversity along the river Testing of opportunities to exploit the tourist potential offered by the flow of river Bregalnica
Legend √ - both objectives are mutually supportive X- both objectives are mutually in conflict
Identification and estimation of priority projects for regulation along the river Bregalnica
Protection, preservation and continuous improvement of available water resources of the river Bregalnica, improvement of the situation of coastal land, aquatic ecosystems and the ecosystems dependent on water,
Protection and promotion of the environment, nature and biodiversity along the river
Testing of opportunities to exploit the tourist potential offered by the flow of river Bregalnica
√
√
X
X
О
√
√
√
√
√
√
О
X
√
√
X
√
√
О – there is no significant relationship between objectives ? – the conditions for interdependence are poorly known
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X X
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
5.2
CONNECTION AND COMPLIANCE OF THE STUDY OF POSSIBILITIES RIVER BREGALNICA WITH OTHER STRATEGIC PLANNING DOCUMENTS
FOR REGULATION OF
The provision of balanced and sustainable development of communities, and through them development of the entire Eastern Planning Region and Republic of Macedonia is a continuous process, which is accomplished by proposing, drafting, adoption and implementation of a number of strategic planning documents that cover different areas and regions that represent the basis for human life in social and economic welfare with care to protect and enhance the environment. At the national level the most important strategic documents that provide direction on development in these areas are adopted by the responsible institutions and government bodies, and also within the Eastern Planning Region the basic planning documents of interest of all eleven municipalities are adopted by the Council for development of the planning region. At the local level, municipalities so far usually have prepared strategic documents on the economy (Strategy for economic development), tourism, sustainable development, profile for the presentation of it and for the protection and promotion of the environment (Local Action Plan for the Environment - LEAP) . The complexity of the objectives of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica if they are realized, would have a significant positive impact on various spheres of life and work of man and nature, it is also evident in their interaction through direct and indirect links with other, already adopted and perhaps partially implemented strategic documents. In the process of adopting the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica of crucial importance is the identification of links (direct / indirect) and compliance and / or insufficient compliance of the objectives of the Study with the objectives of relevant planning documents adopted at local, regional, national and / or global level. If there is no compliance or if there is conflict in the compliance, what is neccesary is defining measures which would ensure the compatibility, or ought to change the goals of the planning document in order to achieve the necessary compliance. For the establishment of these relations, the most relevant and important for the Study are the goals of the strategic planning documents which cover the following areas: ¾ Water protection ¾ Environmental protection ¾ Economic development at local, regional and national level ¾ Development of agriculture ¾ The relevant sectoral areas - energy, tourism ¾ Spatial planning and Sustainable development and they are listed in Table 2 together with the main conclusions of the conducted expert analysis.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 2 Compatibility of the objectives of the Study on possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica with relevant plans, programs and strategies Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
National Strategy for Regional Development of Republic of Macedonia 2009 - 2019
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection NATIONAL LEVEL Lays the foundations for establishment of planning regions in RM, as functionally teritorial units for planning the development and realization of the measures and instruments for promoting the development. The primary objective of the regional development policy is to increase the competitiveness of the planning regions by strengthening their innovation capacity, optimal use and valorization of the natural wealth, human capital and economic characteristics of the planning regions. One of the main priorities for achieving the objectives of the Strategy, is priority 1.2 Developing a contemporary and modern infrastructure in the planning regions, where special attention capture the activities for reconstruction, modernization and expansion of water supply systems, construction of new and rehabilitation of existing tanks and water supply systems, use of existing and creation of new water accumulations, reconstruction and modernization of systems for drainage and wastewater treatment, construction of new and expansion of existing sewage networks, completion of the collector systems, construction of stormwater drains and construction of wastewater treatment stations. Priority 1.5 Creating competitive advantages of the planning regions, emphasizes the optimal use of the natural heritage for the development of tourism. Realization of priority 1.6 Optimal use and valorization of the natural resources and energy potentials in the planning regions, includes the measures for preparation of studies on the optimal use of natural resources and realization of small hydropower plants for production of electricity. Priority 1.7 Environmental protection in the planning regions includes the measures for preparation of studies for environmental protection in the mountain regions, modernization of the systems for wastewater treatment, providing higher protection from natural risks - prevention of soil erosion, protection of river-beds and protection of biodiveristy.
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Connection/Compatibility
Direct connection by realization of the priorities of the Strategy for development of contemporary and modern infrastructure in the eastern planning region and optimal utilization and valorization of the natural resources and the energy potentials in the eastern planning region, in accordance with the law standards and norms in order to ensure conservation of the environment.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
National Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development for the period 2007 - 2013
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection Defines the basic principles of the national strategic objective of the Strategy, for sustainable use of natural resources, the need to introduce policy for agro-ecology, as well as targets for the creation of agriculture competitive on the integrated regional markets of the European Union and Southeastern Europe, by measures of increasing the efficiency of agricultural production and construction of rural municipalities capable of survival through sustainable rural development. Regarding the priorities of the environment, several problems are being pointed, of which soil erosion is one of the most significant environmental problems, resulting in a large proportion of sediment that ends in the artificial and natural accumulations, which leads to reduction of the capacity for storage/flow and damage to the critical hydraulic infrastructure.
Connection/Compatibility
Direct connection exists in the area of defining the problems related to agro-ecology, such as soil erosion, pollution of water caused by agricultural sources, the insufficient number of hydro - meliorative systems and problems with irrigation.
The remaining environmental problems, that are part of the priorities of the Strategy, are associated with irrigation, low rate of efficiency of the systems for drinking water, the insufficient number of hydro - meliorative systems and the waters’ pollution. Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Local Government for the period 2007 - 2009
It defines the strategic areas and goals of the Ministry of Local Government, through the development of decentralized local government system and policy design to ensure balanced regional development. Programs for achieving the objectives and priorities defined by specific subprograms and projects. Achievement of a higher degree of overall functional integrity of the space as well as providing conditions for significantly greater infrastructural and economic integration with neighboring and other European countries.
Spatial Plan of Republic of Macedonia (2002-2020)
Determining the importance of the environment and the ecological requirements for the planning of economic activities. Especially important are the promotion and protection of the valuable natural resources and larger areas with specific purpose and with natural values, important for biodiversity and environmental quality, as well as the protection and the promotion, or the appropriate treatment of cultural heritage in accordance with its cultural and civilizational importance and significance.
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Direct connection by realizing the objectives of the Plan, for regional support to enhance the economy and employment in structurally weak areas in the eastern part of Macedonia.
Indirect (hierarchical) connection through the General Urban Plans for the municipalities in the Eastern planning region and compliance in terms of respecting the guidelines for future spatial organization, editing, use and protection of space.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
National Environmental Action Plan of RM (NEAP II, 2006)
National Strategy for approximation of EU environmental legislation (2007)
National Programme for Adoption of the Acquis (NPAA II, 2009, amended 2010)
National Strategy for Sustainable Development (2008) for the period 2010-2030
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection Defining the environmental problems, measures and activities needed to overcome them in a six years period and establishing a flexible framework for continuing the process of approaching EU policy in the environment, inclusion of the environmental goals into sectoral policies and guidelines for ecologically sustainable approach, increasing the degree of fulfillment of the obligations from the regional and global agreements and opening new perspectives and involvements in the international systems for environment protection. One of the objectives of the Plan is an integrated water management based on the principles of sustainable development, by the introduction of the practice of river basin management. Recommendation of the most appropriate approach for the Government of the Republic of Macedonia to respond to the complex responsibilities projected for the approximation of the EU environmental law and at the same time to contribute to sustainable development of the country. It provided a "roadmap" for full and effective process of approximation, including sustained, comprehensive action framework with associated costs required for legal transposition of the EU directives, their technical implementation and control of the implementation in all ten sectors in the environment. Includes comments made by the European Commission for the Programme of the adoption of EU law into the national legislation and contains an action plan for harmonization of national legislation with EU legislation, the necessary dynamics of institutional strengthening for the implementation of the legislation and the necessary resources for realization.
Continuing the process of approximation to the EU using a sustainable approach and defining a set of 84 indicators for sustainable development (unfortunately only the indicators are contained and not the values of those indicators that could be used for the Strategic assessment of the impact of the plan on the environment).
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Connection/Compatibility
Compatibility in terms of the objectives of environmental protection will be enabled by timely implementation of the proposed protection measures and the Report on Strategic assessment.
Indirect connection by the knowledge of the requirements of the EU directives for all sectors of the environment especially for those that are not yet fully transposed into national legislation (the standards for emissions in air, water, soil).
Indirect connection by monitoring the level of transponsition of the EU directives and adoption of the latest legal and sublegal acts governing the impact of economic activities on various environmental elements. Direct connection by monitoring the indicators of sustainable development and the indicators of the Millennium Development Goals - MDG 7 at the national level and those for environmental sustainability in order to see the degree of achievement / failure of the national and global goals. The first set of national indicators for sustainable development is expected.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection
Energy Efficiency Strategy to 2020 (2004)
Defining guidelines for saving energy, using renewable energy sources and sets measurable targets for using energy in a sustainable way.
Strategy for Energy Development to 2030 years. (2010)
One of the objectives of the Strategy is the construction of small hydropower plants and their issuance under concession, which is an ongoing process in the Republic of Macedonia.
National Health - Environmental Action Plan (NEHAP), 1999
Defining the relationship between human health and the problems of the conditions in the environment and integration of policies and principles of the environment in the health sector. Knowing the health aspects influenced by the pressures on the environment provides effective prevention and health control.
Strategy for protection of biodiversity and action plan (2004)
Incorporation of the biodiversity protection and its sustainable use in the highest priorities of the country, protection of the natural ecosystems and species and their maintenance and revitalization, implementation of protection of vulnerable components of the biological diversity.
National Strategy for Waste Management (2008-2020)
National Plan for Waste Management (2009-2015)
Connection/Compatibility Direct connection may be provided by involving the municipalities of the Eastern planning region, in the regional projects for utilization of renewable energy sources and incentives for efficient use of water and energy (the concept of cleaner production in the future manufacturing firms) Direct connection of the planned economic development solutions with the health of the population would be provided by taking into consideration the health aspects when making analysis of the impact of future project activities on human health. Can be provided with the mandatory inclusion of this aspect in obtaining permits for construction (Elaborates for the Protection of Environment/ Assessment Study on impact of projects on the environment and the IPPC permits) Direct connection exists and the measures that are proposed and will be supplemented, will fully contribute to meeting the objectives of protection of biological diversity.
Specifies the basic principles of sustainable use of natural resources and waste management, including the hierarchy of the basic principles of waste management, determines the responsibilities of waste, determines the role of ownership of capital, as well as the roles and responsibilities of the individual interested subjects in the society;
There is a direct connection by review of waste management as one of the elements of the environment.
Provides directions in solving the waste problems, establishing a system for separate collection and processing of the beneficial compounds in the selected waste and used products, recovery of valuable constituents of the waste as a substitute source
Direct connection will be enabled by the provision of recommendations for minimizing waste generation, selection of the place of
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection of energy and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases; gradual establishment of rational network of capacities for waste management at the regional level, especially through the segregation of hazardous and non-hazardous waste fractions at source and their recycling, treatment and final disposal in a safe manner.
Connection/Compatibility creation, use of beneficial currents that can be recycled and / or re-use of waste as energy source and safe final disposal of the regional landfill in a junk that can not be further on treated.
Strategy for Sustainable Forestry Development in the Republic of Macedonia (2006)
In order to ensure the expansion of the area with forest, quality improvement and protection of the forest fund on basis of management according to the principles of sustainability, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management in 2006 prepared, and the government adopted a Strategy for Sustainable Forestry Development and Action Plan for a period of twenty years in coordination with the Spatial Plan of Macedonia
Direct connection exists in the part for the use of land for green zone. As one of the measures for protection from erosion, afforestation along the watercourses is planned.
Report on progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals for the Republic of Macedonia (2008) - MDG 7 Environmental Sustainability
The report shows the progress of RM in meeting the globally accepted Millennium Development Goals (8 development goals in total with more indicators) relating to the overall quality of life (poverty, education, economic development, health aspects, social inclusion, environmental sustainability - MDG 7). Environmental sustainability is a commitment to action of the countries signatories of the Millennium Declaration in 2000. In order to provide current human needs without having to disrupt the capacity of natural systems and to provide clean air, water, land and sufficient resources for the future generations.
Direct link can be established if the indicators for sustainable development and MDG indicators and MDG 7 indicators are taken as benchmarks in the local government in creating policies of sustainable development of the municipalities in the Eastern Planning Region.
Environmental Indicators (2007)
The report contains environmental indicators for all sectors at national level (biodiversity, water, water supply, waste water, waste, forests, agricultural land, noise level, etc.)‌ These indicators refer to the European Environment Agency annually (EEA).
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The measures of protection of the environment directly depend on the environmental indicators at the local / regional level and they should be maximally used as benchmarks in the implementation of protection measures and SEA. It takes consideration of all developed indicators (sustainable development, MDG indicators and environmental indicators) and that is the only way to ensure sustainable development of municipalities in the Eastern planning region.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection
Connection/Compatibility
REGIONAL AND LOCAL LEVEL
Development Program of Eastern Planning Region, 2009 - 2013
Action Plan for 2009 inclusive implementation of the Programme for the Development of the East (Bregalnica’s) Planning Region 2009-2013
Sustainable Development Strategy of the Municipality Berovo 2006 2011 / Action Plan for Sustainable Development Strategy 2006 - 2011
The program is in accordance with the National Program and the National Strategy for balanced regional development, providing a general framework for the development of the planning regions in the country. The priority thematic areas for the eastern region are defined including: economic development, agriculture and rural development, infrastructure, environment and renewable energy, tourism and cultural heritage and promotion of investments. Presented are the key environmental problems in this region, such as: water management, including pollution of water resources and lack of wastewater treatment, waste management and permanent derogation from the quality of part of the water flows in the river basin Bregalnica. The program elaborates the important conditions for ensuring the economic development of the region, particularly emphasizing the construction of treatment plants that will provide wastewater treatment and potential for construction of small accumulations along the river Bregalnica as one of the indicators for achieving the objectives the program.
Direct connection by realization of the medium-term objectives of the Program, that is providing a healthy environment in the region (s.c.6) through measures to be taken in waste management, wastewater management, use of renewable energy sources, as well as saving energy, then recultivation of polluted areas of land and protection of the biodiversity.
Definition of the priority activities and measures for the realization of the strategic objectives and priorities of the Programme for development of the Eastern (Bregalnica’s) planning region in 2009. In order to realize the strategic goal of water supply, activities are planned for the preparation of a feasibility study on hydropower – system Orizarska reka and construction of small accumulations on Ponikva. The irrigation as a strategic objective will be realized through the reconstruction of existing and construction of a new irrigation network from existing accumulations that are not used. The strategic area of environment and renewable energy, covers programs for preparation of a feasibility study for construction of treatment plants and setting up monitoring of river Bregalnica. The planned activities outlined in the Action Plan, if accomplished in the foreseen dynamics, will provide overcoming of the current problems and improve the quality of life in this region.
Direct connection by the planning objectives for preparing a study for setting up a monitoring system at r.Bregalnica, construction of small accumulations on Ponikva, hydro - system on Orizarska reka, reconstruction of existing and construction of new irrigation network from existing reservoirs that are not used.
Defines strategic areas and objectives relevant to sustainable development and their realization through programs and particular projects. In the area of infrastructure are the following: development of a system for monitoring and evaluation of urban planning, construction of stormwater sewage, construction of wastewater treatment plant, marking and recording the field for channeling the quay of river Bregalnica,
Direct connection by realization of the proposed projects in the Plan for regulation of the public urban spaces and the quay of the river Bregalnica, reconstruction of the sewerage system in urban and rural areas,
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy) of the Municipality Berovo
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) for the Municipality Berovo (2003)
Strategy for development of rural tourism in the Municipality Chehinovo - Oblesevo (2007)
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) for the Municipality Delcevo (2005)
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection reconstruction of the system for communal wastewater, waste management. In the area of sustainable development, projects for sustainable use of natural resources as well as use of alternative types of energy are proposed. Analyzing the condition of the environment and defining the problems in the area of same, affecting the quality of life of the population in the municipality. The main problems to be solved by the planned works for improving the drainage and wastewater treatment and the additional construction of the sewage system, storm sewers, construction of water treatment plant and continuous monitoring of the quality of wastewater. A plan of activities is proposed, which, if accomplished promptly, would reduce environmental risks and impact on raising the public awareness about the environment.
Defines the four strategic areas and goals important for the development of rural tourism in the municipality Chesinovo - Oblesevo, as well as the tourist resources available to the municipality. The strategic objective of development of touristic offer in Chesinovo - Oblesevo, will be accompished with grip (construction of a dam) at Zletovska reka and construction of a trim trail along the river to the archaeological site, as one of the activities for its realization. Discusses the touristic trends and provides strategic directions for development of tourism through realization of action plan of goals and projects. Defining, assessing and placing the problems of the environment that affect the quality of life of the citizens in the municipality. The proposed plan of activities to reduce the impact on the environment, covers additional construction projects of accumulation of river Losana, construction of mini-accumulations to solve the problem of drinking water, solving the problem of deep erosion that damages the accumulation Kalimanci, additional construction of the sewage system for communal wastewater and storm water in Delcevo, construction of wastewater treatment plant and monitoring of wastewater in r.Bregalnica.
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Connection/Compatibility construction of a water treatment station, as well as channeling and cleaning of riverbeds and streams in municipality Berovo. Direct connection by the objectives of the plan for solving the problem of waste water, that is additional construction of storm sewage system, construction of a water treatment station, monitoring the quality of wastewater, protection of soils from pollution, protection from flooding by the outpouring of the river bed, building landfill for solid waste in the city.
Direct connection by the realization of the strategic goals including grip on Zletovska reka and building a trim trail along the river to the archaeological site.
Direct connection by the realization of the aims and activities foreseen in the plan, such as solving the problem with the drinking water by construction of mini accumulations, the problem of deep erosion which damages the accumulation Kalimanci, regulation of riverbed of the r. Bregalnica in the urban scale, construction of wastewater treatment station.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy)
Profile and Strategic Plan for Local Economic Development (LED) for the Municipality Delcevo
Profile of the Municipality Karbinci
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) of the Municipality Karbinci
Strategy for Local Economic Development (LED) of the Municipality of Kocani
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection Defines the strategic areas and objectives relevant to the local development of the municipality: business environment, tourism, agriculture, urban development (infrastructure, transport and communication), education, local government, civil sector. In the area of infrastructure are: completition of the systems for acceptance, drainage and treatment of communal wastewater, reconstruction of outdated water supply system, construction of a water treatment plant for drinking water, additional construction of municipal infrastructure in urban commercial areas, reconstruction of local and regional road network.
Direct connection by the realization of the objectives of LED of municipality Delcevo to complete the systems for acceptance, drainage and purification of the municipal waste water, reconstruction of the main supply from the dam Losana to the city.
Description of the natural resources available to the municipality and a review of the achieved level of economic development. Sets the problems of the environment that affect the quality of life of the population, such as purification of wastewater directly discharged into rivers, protection from erosion caused by torrential streams that enter large amounts of sediment in accumulations and rivers, regulation of the river bed. Proposed projects for construction of small accumulations along the rivers in the municipality are also presented.
Direct connection by solving the environmental problems, in the part of regulation of the river bed, purification of waste water, protection from erosion, accomplishment of proposed projects for construction of small accumulations along the rivers in the municipality.
The objectives of the planning document are determining, evaluation and ranking of the problems of the environment, based on the impact on health, the ecological systems and the quality of life as well as strategies and actions for their solution.
Direct connection by realization of the goals to overcome the ranked environmetal problems of wastewater treatment, landscaping, cleaning and regulation of the river-bed.
Connection/Compatibility
Displayed are the problems that require timely solution to reduce their impact, wastewater treatment, landscaping, cleaning and regulation of the river basin, additional construction of water supply network. It defines the strategic areas and objectives relevant to local development: improving the business sector, promotion of agriculture and production of environmentally friendly products, development of mountain and spa tourism and provision of adequate educational infrastructure. Identifies plans with activities for the realization of these objectives relating to the business sector and tourism, making a project for a dam on Orizarska reka, study of separation of the fecal from the storm sewerage and construction of wastewater treatment station, making of a study for construction of earthen dam in the watershed area "Aramiska cheshma" to resolve a problem with water supply at the site Ponikva.
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Direct connection by realization of action plans for the making of the project for dam at Orizarska reka, study for a separation of the fecal from the storm sewerage and construction of a water treatment plant for waste water, preparation of a study to build a clay dam in the watershed area "Aramiska cheshma� for solving the problem of water supply at Ponikva site.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy) Master Plan for Tourism Development in the Municipality of Kocani (2006)
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection Proposes measures and activities based on the existing resources available to the municipality and their use for creating competitive touristic programs. Assesses the potential for local tourism and the service quality of tourism sites.
Connection/Compatibility Indirect connection by ‘/’potential local economic development at local level and development of tourism.
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) of the Municipality of Kocani
Creates a plan of measures and activities for the protection and promotion of the environment to overcome the existing problems with the environment. The plan assesses the state of the environment, sets priorities, identifies appropriate strategies to solve problems and implement activities to improve the environment and human health. Part of the activities to overcome the problems are reconstruction of water supply network, construction of a dam on Bela reka, protection from uncontrolled exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from river beds, reconstruction of sewage system, construction of regional water treatment plant, regulation of riverbeds and antierosive taking measures.
Direct connection by the realization of the projected measures and activities, building a dam on Bela reka, reconstruction of sewage system, construction of regional water treatment plant, regulation of river basins, taking antierosive measures.
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) of the Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica
Analyzes the conditions of the environment and identifies problems that affect the quality of life of the population, by devising a plan of measures and activities and specific projects. Basic elements that are considered in the planning document are the formulation of measures and activities to reduce the negative impact of environmental pollution, improving the system of environmental management and raising public awareness about the state of the environment for future prevention of its destruction. In terms of the measure to improve the water quality, what is projected is additional construction of water supply and sewage system, construction of wastewater treatment plant, the introduction of continuous monitoring of water (Kalimanci, Bregalnica, Kamenicka reka) and afforestation along the rivers and the artificial lake Kalimanci.
Direct connection by realization of the proposed measures for improving the state of the environment, such as the introduction of continuous monitoring of waters’ state, construction of wastewater treatment station, afforestation activities along the rivers and the artificial lake Kalimanci.
Determines the economic capacities at local level to improve the economic future of the municipality by creating conditions for new jobs and establishing cooperation with the municipalities in Republic of Macedonia and neighboring countries, the private sector, civil society organizations, but also the international cooperation.
Direct connection by realization the action plans, management of water supply and wastewater treatment, regulation of the bed of Kamenicka reka.
Defines and sets problems of the environment by priority for their solving based on
Direct connection by the solving problems in the field of environment, cleanup of illegal
Strategy for Local Economic Development (LED) of the Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) of the
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy) Municipality Pehcevo
Strategic Plan for Local Economic Development (LED) of the Municipality Probistip
Profile of the Municipality Probistip
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) for the
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection the relative risk to human health, the ecological systems and the overall quality of life. Seven problems with the biggest priority are the quality, quantity of drinking water and the dilapidation of the system for water supply, the solid waste, the uncontrolled urban development and degradation of nature, cutting and deforestation, low awareness of the citizens of the environment, pollution of water with wastewater from the industry and households and soil pollution from the use of chemicals. Proposes a strategy for solving problems of environment, relocation of existing and construction of a sanitary landfill, cleanup of illegal landfills that pollute rivers and groundwater, purification of waste waters that are discharged into rivers, construction of sewerage network in villages, introduction of continuous monitoring of the water in Pehcevska reka, construction of accumulations for irrigation.
Connection/Compatibility landfills that pollute rivers and groundwater, purification of waste waters that are discharged into rivers, construction of sewerage network in rural areas, introduction of continuous monitoring of the water in Pehcevska reka, construction of accumulations for irrigation.
Provides a complete overview of existing facilities in the municipality and provides expert analysis and forecast of development opportunities. Plans the local economic development, establishes priorities, guides local economic policy, supports the development of SMEs and entrepreneurship at the local level. Defines the strategic objectives that determine the direction of solving problems, including development and improvement of technical infrastructure and management of wastewater and drinking water, promotion of hydropower potential of Zletovska reka, making a study of network for irrigation of arable land, construction of small dams, construction of systems for wastewater treatment.
Direct connection by realization of strategic objectives for development and promotion of the technical infrastructure and management of wastewater and drinking water, promotion of hydropower potential of river Zletovska, construction of small dams, construction of systems for wastewater treatment.
Description and review of the existing condition of natural resources, cultural heritage and tourism available to the municipality. A review of the existing problems of the environment, especially the realization of major construction project and the construction of a regulation of r.Kiselica, which in the General urban development plan envisages regulation but for which there are only conceptual solutions; realization of the hydro system Zletovica which has a multipurpose importance for the water supply of many municipalities, as well as a reconstruction of the sewerage network.
Direct connection by solving the environmental problems, particularly the realization of main project and construction of a regulation of r.Kiselica, realization of the hydro system Zletovica that has multipurpose importance for the water supply of many municipalities, reconstruction of the sewerage network.
Defines a plan of activities in the field of environment at local level, and allows implementation of the NEAP as a plan of lower, that is, local level. Identifies the
Direct connection by solving the ecological problems such as building a water treatment
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy) Municipality of Stip (2004)
Strategic Plan for Local Economic Development (LED) of the municipalities of Stip and Karbinci
Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP) for the Municipality Vinica (2006)
Strategy for development of rural tourism in the Municipality
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection problems in terms of environmental protection and the acticities to resolve and define the economic criteria for selecting the priorities. It analyzes the conditions of natural resources and environmental media. The measures and activities presented in the Action Plan (if they are realized by the projected dynamics) will provide overcoming of the current problems and proactively prevent new sources of pollution of the environmental media. In order to solve the water supply problem, the plan envisages the reconstruction of the water supply for the city, it is necessary to continuously monitor the quality of wastewater and a construction of water treatment station. Of particular importance is the problem of pollution of waters of rivers Otinja, Bregalnica and Kriva Lakavica, regulation of the water regime of the river Otinja, regulation of the river-bed of river Bregalnica, river Otinja and river Kriva Lakavica, protection from flooding and erosion. Determines the priorities and directs the resources towards ensuring their maximum utilization and providing function to the local economic development. It defines the strategic objectives and the policy for future economic development, by defining a development framework with specific development targets and measures, and programs and projects for their realization in the longer term. Analyzes the current economic situation in the region as well as its available resources and favours for their sustainable use. Defines the selection of strategies and policies for building the economic capacity of the local environment to improve the economic future and quality of life of the population.
Connection/Compatibility plant for wastewater treatment of faecal waste waters, continuous monitoring and control of the quality of waste water, regulation of the water regime of the river Otinja by building a dam and accumulation to prevent its outpouring, regulation of the river-bed of river Bregalnica, river Otinja and river Kriva Lakavica which are tributaries to river Bregalnica, protection of uncontroled exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from river basins to prevent flooding and erosion. Direct connection by realization a long-term strategy for maintaining the environment and its components. Implementation of the programs and measures of LEAP that have important direct and indirect connection with the LED. The sustainable use of the natural resources and the environmental protection as one of the strategic objectives, includes waste water treatment, supply of clean drinking water, solid waste management and protection of soils from pollution.
Defining, assessing and placing the problems of the environment that affect the quality of life of the population in the community, developing a plan of activities to reduce environmental risks, increasing the public awareness about the state of the environment and the possibility of participation of the public in decision making. The measures and activities presented in the Action Plan (if they are realized by the projected dynamics) will provide overcoming of current problems and proactively prevent new sources of pollution of the environment media.
Direct connection by the realization of the main priorities in the field of environment such as regulation of river basins, wastewater treatment before discharge into rivers, construction of stormwater drains and construction of accumulation for water supply and irrigation.
Emphasizes the resources and values of the municipality and proposes specific projects for realization of the strategic directions. A review of the touristic resources
Direct connection by realization of the system of purposes including the regulation of river
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Relevant planning document (plan, program, strategy) Zrnovci (2007)
Second National Report for the Republic of Macedonia to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2006, the MEPP
Key objectives of the relevant planning document / objectives of environmental protection has been made that provides strategic directions for tourism develpoment by relaization of action plan of goals and projects. Defines the vulnerable sectors in terms of the impact of climate change on the future status of the sectors and the problems that will arise at the national level. The water resources sector is one of the vulnerable sectors that will be subjected to changes due to temperature increase and decrease of the amount of rain per unit area. The activities: irrigation, water supply, hydropower are analyzed in terms of the current status and future needs at the national level according to planning documents at the national level. Assessments of the vulnerability of water resources for various water basins have been made, analyzing the impact of climate change on economic, social and health aspects at the national level and proposing adaptation measures. The proposed adaptation measures are divided into: Adaptation measures for water supply and adaptation measures to the needs for water. The measures for adaptation of the water supply include measures related to more modern and efficient management of existing water systems and building new ones in the form of mini acumulations, regulation of the river-beds, construction of mini hydro plants.
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Connection/Compatibility Zrnovka in the central core of vlg.Zrnovci. Direct synergistic connection of the goals of the strategic planning document with the objectives of the Study because the proposed project solutions for the construction of mini accumulations, installation of rubber compartments, mini-hydro plants are part of the measures for adjusting the water supply for different purposes of current but also future generations when the negative effects of climate change will be felt at a greater extent unless measures for adaptation through vulnerability assessment are introduced.
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
6. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPACE AND CURRENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT In order to identify the purpose of protecting the environment in the area covered by the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) it was necessary to consider the characteristics of the area that is defined by the flow of the river Bregalnica and its left and right tributaries, the geographical position of the entire region, the climate and hydrological features in the region, the demographic and economic indicators for the population that lives and creates in the region, natural - cultural benefits and the archaeological sites disposed by the entire covered area. The conditions on the various elements of the environment were analyzed with special interest (quality and quantity of surface waters at river Bregalnica and its tributaries, groundwater, air quality in the region, waste management and the emergence of illegal landfills which directly affect the quality of groundwater, the soil quality, the multiplicity of biodiversity and the diversity of other elements) and, based on the information, the most sensitive elements that would be significantly affected by the realization of the proposed solutions for the regulation of river Bregalnica in the subject Study were pointed. These sensitive elements of the environment would be most exposed at pollution, destruction and possible extinction during the accomplishement of the planning document for regulation of river Bregalnica and the same are relevant to the Strategic environmental assessment. 6.1 6.1.1
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPACE Geographical position
The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica analyzes the area covered by the flow of river Bregalnica and its tributaries which geographically includes a relatively large area (14%) of the territory of Republic of Macedonia which expressed in surface is 3537 km2 (Figure 2). The geographical location of the confluence of river Bregalnica coincides with the borders of east central part of Republic of Macedonia, which represents location of the Eastern planning region.
Figure 2 Geographical possition of the river basin Bregalnica
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
The Eastern planning region is divided into 11 municipalities (Berovo, Vinica, Delcevo, Zrnovci, Karbinci, Kocani, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Chesinovo, Oblesevo and Stip) of which three are rural municipalities. The region in the north is bordering the Northeast planning region, west of the Vardar planning region, and in the south by the Southeast planning region (Figure 3). This region of the eastern side borders with the Republic of Bulgaria, and the communication with the neighboring state is accomplished through the two border crossings, Klepalo in the municipality of Berovo and Delcevo in the municipality of Delcevo.
Figure 3 Location of the Eastern planning region
6.1.2
Terrain
The Eastern planning region with its location, is characterized by highly dynamic terrain structure, which includes flat sections as part of Ovce Pole, Ezovo Pole, the cirques along the river Bregalnica, Pijanec cirque, Malesevska cirque, Vinicko – Kocanska cirque, Berovsko Pehcevsko Pole, then slope parts which consist of heavy drifts, cones, covered with deluvial soils – wavy - hilly which occupy large areas and are dominant in the agricultural production, as well as mountainous areas, that is, mountains Osogovo, Plackovica, Serta, Konecka, Malesevski mountains, Ograzden, Vlaina mountain, Obozna and Golak.
Figure 4 Terrain of the region
The river basin of river Bregalnica belongs to the old Rhodope mountain massif. In the creation of today's shape and terrain tectonic shifts were involved, the oldest orogenic and hercynian movements, before and after the pliocene movements when falls along the rifts were carried out. The regresive erosion which starts in neogen goes from the Aegean Sea through the -29-
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
valley of the river Vardar to the highest parts of the basin. Watershed is crisscrossed by numerous valleys and dry ravines which are shorter and with a bigger decline at the upper part, and longer and with a smaller decline at the lower part. Regarding the terrain and the origin of the basin of the valley of Bregalnica, it is complex. It mainly consists of 4 cirques: Maleska, Pijanecka, Kocanska and Krivolakavicka. Between the cirques, Bregalnica crisscrossed the gorges: Malesko - Pijanecka, Pijanecko Kocanska, Kocanska - Lakavicka and Lakavicko - Vardarska. Each of the mentioned gorges, represents a part with various terrain and orographic conditions. Maleska cirque This spacious and high cirque that covers the upper part of the watershed of Bregalnica extends generally in direction east west. To the east is limited by the cliff Kadijica, to the west by the cliff Kamenica, and to the south and southeast rises the adulteration towards Strumica with the highest peak Petlec. The cirque Maleska is open towards the north - west direction in which the river Bregalnica gets through. This cirque is filled with lake deposits of Pliocene age and therefore in its terrain it has suitable distinctive shapes such as remnants of old terraces. Other higher terrain in which this cirque evolved valley consists of crystalline schists and granite. Maleska-Pijanecka gorge It lies between the Maleska cirque and Pijanecka cirque. This gorge cut river Bregalnica in eruptive rocks. The incision of the gorge was gradual depending on the strength of the layer and the regresive erosion. Here we also encounter preserved terraces at levels of 30 to 60 m. Pijanecka cirque Extends mainly from the south towards the north, and then bends towards the west. It is not a real river valley, but a valley filled with oligocenic deposits and lake sediments. This valley in the east and west is surrounded by high cliffs which are steep and consist mainly of schists. At the rim of this valley as in the previous the terraces, including higher lake and lower river ones are preserved. Pjanecka – Kocanska gorge It connects the cirque Pijanecka to the east with the Kocanska to the west. This gorge is cut in paleogene sandstones, eruptive rocks and schists. The gorge itself is cut firtly into one upland with height of about 750 meters. The terrain of the gorge and the massif is mountainous with high steep sides. Kocanska cirque Extends generally from the east towards the west. At the south it is limited by the cliff of Plackovica, and at north with Osogovo mountains. According to the appearances of the northern peripheral edge of this cirque (eruptive hair, thermal sources etc.) it is concluded that this side of the cirque has dropped along the rift. At the southern peripheral edge the cirque has no signs but the steep peripheral edge indicates of the tectonic lowering. Layers of middle oligocene were found west of Kocani, from which it can be concluded that the Kocani cirque is sloped at the beggining of oligocene. In Kocanska cirque there are also younger deposits, and the lake layers are covered with diluvial and alluvial sediments. Kocansko – Lakavicka gorge This gorge was cut by the river Bregalnica by leaving the Kocanska cirque. The gorge extends up to the valley of Kriva Lakavica. The gorge at the beginning is spacious. In the vicinity of the village Krupiste on the right and of Krivacha on the left Bregalnica, lake deposits are preserved. Towards southwest left, on the southeastern side extand the hairs of Madzhuroca, Chair – Bair, and Karakush about 95 m high which are scattered along the valley. These consist of paleogene deposits. Right and northwest of the river Bregalnica the terraine is diverse. The terraces with a height of about 60 cm rise eruptive bulbs. Downstream from Cardaklija terraces of 25 and 40 m were developed, which are cut in paleogoene rocks. Right from Bregalnica and northwest of Ezhevo Pole and the Ovchepolska cirque, lake deposits with pliocene age are -30-
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
spread. The Ezhevo Pole which today represents an adulteration between Ovce Pole and Bregalnica, in the oligocene was a valley in which the lake Ovce Pole escaped through Bregalnica. Lakavicko – Vardarska cirque From Krivolakavicka valley all to the inflow, Bregalnica has cut a river-bed in paleogene deposits. It runs between capes whose coronas represent terraces, so that is why the flow of this basin is very curvy. The terrain of this part of the basin is low mountainous with uplands, crisscrossed with many valleys and dry ravines where erosion is quite developed. 6.1.3
Geology
The geological features and geological history of the terrain determine the topographic features of the basin, the watershed erosion, the underground water etc. The confluence of Bregalnica belongs to the Rhodope mountain massif which is characterised with internal thick Paleozoic crystalline masses. Depending on the granite intrusions which occurred on the eastern part, the composition and properties of the underlying masses changes, so out of granite intrusions are the philia, seircitic schists and others who further on continue to cross into micashists. Generally at these areas all types of rocks are present. 6.1.4
Climate
The climate in the Eastern planning region is arid, that is in the area of the bigger part is arid - drought. A characteristic of this type of climate are long and dry summers with frequent high temperatures ranging up to 41 ° C and mild and wet winters with rare occurrence of extremely low temperatures lowered up to -22 ° C. This is a consequence of the influence of the Mediterranean and continental climate. In the part of Malesevska cirque prevails continental climate. The average annual quantity of rainfall ranges of 506 mm in the area of Kocansko Pole, to 672 mm in Malesevia. Rainfall is unevenly distributed, in time but also in quantities. The maximum rainfall is in the months from April to May, and the minimum is in summer months from July to August. The river basin of Bregalnica gets pretty little amounts of rainfall. There is rainfall above 700 mm only at the source part and in the mountainous parts of Osogovo and Plackovica. Up to 500 mm rainfall are received in the lower basin in the area of Ovce Pole. The central part of the basin all the way to Istibanja receives only 550 mm rainfall. And the upper part of the basin of Bregalnica almost to Berovo and Pehcevo has little rainfall ranging around 600 mm. Most of the basin can be said to lie in a zone which receives 450 to 600 mm rainfall.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
The average annual mean temperature in the plain part is 12.9°C, while in the Malesevia is 8.7°C. Snow occurs from December to March. The fog rarely appears in this region, except in the area of Malesevia, where annually in average there are 3 to 5 foggy days. The climatic conditions in this region are favorable for agricultural development, and particulary for the production of rice. The eastern region is characterized by frequent winds. The average annual speed is 5.7 m/sec and the maximum speed reaches 27.0 m/sec. They occur quite equally throughout the year, but with greater frequency in July and August. The southeast wind is the second in frequency in this area with average speed 6.2 m/sec and a maximum speed of 27.0 m/sec. It occurs throughout the entire year, but with a maximum frequency in March and April. The winds from other directions occur with considerably less frequency. Frequent winds, high temperatures and decreased humidity of the air, especially in the warm part of the year cause high values of the potential and actual evaporation from free water and soil surface. The evaporation in this region has the highest values in the entire country. 6.1.5
Population
The eastern planning region has almost four times less population growth in comparison with the population growth in the country (Table 3). The total number of inhabitants in the region is 181 858. There are drastic differences in population growth and its spatial distribution between the regions themselves and they are significantly unfavorable. The natural movement of the population in the region is characterized by lower average birth rates, above average mortality and natural population growth rate with a negative sign. Таbel 3 Demografic indicators for the Eastern planning region in relation to Republic of Macedonia Participation (in Density of Number of Municipalities Number of %) of the city population - municipa- with place in a populated population in the 2 inh/км lities village places total popul. 2002
Area
Space (км2)
Number of inhabitants (2006)
Republic of Macedonia
25 713
2 040 028
82
84
41
1767
56.7
3537
180 938
51
11
3
217
66.3
Eastern planning region
One of the vital characteristics of the Eastern mountainous region is the population density which is 51.2 inhabitant/km2. However, due to the permanent process of depopulation, there is a big number of displaced villages, villages with up to 100 people and villages with expressed high index of aging. This condition leads to a concentration of about 66% of the population in the urban areas. In migratory movements, the presence of internal migrations is dominant, more precisely the intermunicipal, and the representation of local migrations is lower, these are common in the municipalities Berovo, Vinica, Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica and Probistip. Regarding the external migrations, emigration is more frequent than immigration, and this migration tends to intensify with the emigration of highly educated young professionals.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
The eastern mountainous region is affected with an intensive process of demographic aging. Such changes lead to a reduction in the proportion of children, and increase of workingage population and olders than 65. It indicates the increasing workload of the older working-age population, which leads to numerous adverse consequences for the economic and social development. 6.1.6
Economy
The dominant agricultural industry in the Eastern planning region is farming, while the most important cereal crop is rice. Apart from rice, there is also good representation of also the barley, wheat and maize. Also developed branches are the early gardening, fruitgrowing and vinegrowing. The dominant industrial culture is the tobacco, and also this region is the largest potato producer in the country. In this area there is potential to create export brands of potato and rice and therefore the production of these two products is in need of improvement. Besides rice and potatoes great potential for development and export exists in livestock production, especially sheep and goat breeding. The potential is great for the development of dairy and meat industry because 40% of the pig breeding in Republic of Macedonia is realized in this region. As far as gardening, it is not very developed in the Eastern mountainous region. In the industry, the most important sectors are the clothing industry, wood industry and shoe industry, commerce. As in other regions, in the Eastern region the most important carriers of economic development are the small and medium sized enterprises. The number of small enterprises in the period 2003-2006 increased by 38%, and the biggest part of the small firms is concentrated in the services sector (68%). After the services sector, in terms of concentration of small firms, is the industry with 24%. Annual gross product in 2006 in the Eastern planning region accounts for 6.4% in gross domestic product of Republic of Macedonia. This indicates that the economic development of the Eastern planning region is very low. The east region as a result of the export of metal and textile industry is the third by the export and import. The importance of small enterprises in the manufacturing and the launching of new jobs, is pretty big. With the intense growth in the last few years, small enterprises slowly take the primate of biggest producer in the non-financial sector in the Eastern planning region. In 2006, they absolutely dominated the region by 72% participation in the production. In the Eastern region, one of the largest economic capacities is the mine for lead and zinc "Sasa" in Makedonska Kamenica, then mines "Opalit" and "Nemetali" (deposits of vulcanized tufa in Chesinovo - Oblesevo, used in the cement industry), the mine "Brik" from Berovo. Major industrial capacities in the Eastern region are the textile factories ("Triko", "Vinka" and "Vinicanka" from Vinica, "Jani-tex , "Ro-Ma", "Jo ti", "Lorteks" and "Delta Tex Co." from Cesinovo - Oblesevo, "Berovchanka", "Malesteks" from Berovo, "Tamateks", "Textil- M", "Novateks" from Makedonska Kamenica etc.), from the leather industry ("MATIZ" Ltd and "MMBrico" from Delcevo, "Bargala" from Stip), the wood processing capacities (Mebel - Vi" and "Mebel trejd" from Vinica), construction ("Granit" from Delcevo, SD "Trans" Ltd in Delcevo, "Tondah" from Vinica) food industry ("Vincini" from Vinica, "Elan" from Berovo etc.) rice factories and mills, tobacco industry, dairy, factory for eggs and plant and breeding ostriches in Zrnovci as well as factories "Selena", "Metalna", "Agroalumina", "Makpromet" from Stip.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Construction of new commercial facilities from the small and medium businesses is planned, by creating conditions for lasting and sustainable economic development. The most famous touristic places in the region are: the recreational centers around Berovo lake, the resorts "Golak" and "Ponikva", the numerous archaeological sites (in the municipalities Chesinovo - Oblesevo, Delcevo, Stip, Karbinci, Vinica and Zrnovci), the caves ("Babina dupka" - Zrnovci; "Zvegor", "Ocipala", "Kiselica" in Delchevo), springs of thermal water (vil.Banja in Chesinovo – Oblesevo; Kocani; bath "Kezovica" and spring "L'dzhi" in Stip; "Istibanja" - Vinica), the numerous monasteries and churches, farms of ostriches and pheasants (in the municipalities Chesinovo - Oblesevo), and they contribute to the development of the economy. The eastern planning region has natural potentials that enable the development of different types of tourism, such as rural tourism, mountains tourism, spa tourism, as well as ecotourism. The municipalities Delcevo, Kocani, Makedonska Kamenica, Probistip, Stip, Vinica have prepared a Strategy for economic development which as a strategic document provides the directions to the economic development of the municipality. Several municipalities in the region have developed specific strategies for tourism and eco-tourism development, due to the natural potentials which they have (Municipality Chesinovo, Municipality Kocani, Municipality Stip and Municipality Zrnovci). 6.1.7
Cultural heritage
The eastern planning region possesses significant natural and cultural - historical heritage, which should be put in service of creating recognition of the planning region and development of tourism. The most distinguished are the archaeological site Vinichko Kale (where authentic terracotta icons from the early Christian period were found), the archaeological site Bargala (late antique city, from 4 to 6 century built by the Romans, the place of the first episkopy in Bregalnica's region). As a natural rarity the most famous is the natural site Kukulje (Nov Istevnik, Delcevo). The rich natural heritage and the possibility of its use is directed towards the existence of the natural preserves (Goten, Linak, Males, Zrnovska reka, river Ulomija), the monuments of nature (Zvegor, Cave Konjska Dupka, Morodvis, Macevo, Crna Topola, the Lesnovo crater, Ilin kamen, Gjurgjov dab). The east region abounds with numerous caves ("Ajduchka", "The big cave", "Kup" and "Turtel" on Plackovica, vil.Kiselica,), waterfalls on the Malesevski mountains above Pehcevo (at Ravna Reka, one of the tributaries of Bregalnica, the two waterfalls of Ljutacka Reka, also called Z'tacka Reka, and a tributary of Bregalnica), numerous archaeological sites (Eneolithic site – Localities in Delcevo: "Gradiste" in the vil.Grad, "Prekinato Gradiste", "Malo (Dolno) Gradiste", the region "Kalata"); the region "Bauchar, Gradiste" in Zletovo, the localities Pilavo near the village Burilcevo, St. Athanasius in Kocani’s village Spancevo and Lokubija in the town of Kocani. -34-
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
In the village of Gorni Kozjak near Stip, north of Kozjacka Reka, an early middle century city-fortress is located, surrounded by high walls and towers with monumental entrances and gates. With the archaeological research in Krupiste, a neighborhood of late Classical and early Christian period was discovered with so far three church buildings. The neighborhood near Krupiste is situated close to Zletovska River. It is thought that here the old city Astibo was located. At four miles from Makedonska Kamenica, at the mouth of the river Kamenica in Bregalnica, the hill Kalata is located, with remains of late antique city. 6.2
DESCRIPTION OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT
The state of environmental quality in the Eastern planning region along the river Bregalnica and its tributaries where the project solutions are planned, is similar like in other regions in Republic of Macedonia. The environmental problems in this region are identified and grouped according to the media and the areas of the environment in which they are present, that is, problems in waste management, as a consequence of the absence of an integrated waste management system, problems in water management including pollution of the water resources and lack of wastewater treatment; air pollution with different intensities in different parts of the region and soil contamination. The lack of a developed system of monitoring the environment is a separate problem that applies to all media. Occasional threat to air quality and permanent adverse quality recipients of wastewater occurs in the cities and the immediate vicinity of Stip and Kocani. A permanent derogation from the quality of the watercourses of the river watersheds of Bregalnica (IV category) is recorded, which indicates of high pollution of the river. 6.2.1
Air
In order to establish an integrated and efficient system of measures for air quality management at national and local level, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning in 2005 prepared a Cadastre and a map of contaminants and pollutants in the air for Macedonia. In the Cadastre were presented values of polluting substances at annual level from business entities, domestic furnaces and gas stations as the main sources of air pollution that directly affect the air quality in one area. The area of the confluence of river Bregalnica is covered in the Eastern statistical region and the annual data for 2005 for emissions of pollutants from different sources are summarized by the Consultants in Table 4.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Region
Polluting substance [t/god] Source od emissions
Eastern
Pollution from industrial entities % in relation to the total emissions in Republic of Macedonia Domestic firewood furnaces % in relation to the total emissions in Republic of Macedonia
SO2 959
CO 482
NOx 242
TSP 71
10%
3%
1%
0,3%
4210
13521
138
391
13%
13%
0,1%
13%
Easily volatile organic compounds NMVOC [t/god] gas diesel ЕL oil 30,8 33,7 20,1
Petrol stations
% in relation to the total emissions in 7% 7% 8% Republic of Macedonia Таbel 4 Annual emissions of pollution substances in the air in the Easter region . The summarized data show that the biggest emissions of pollutants expressed in annual amounts of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide come from the industry and the domestic firewood furnaces. Characteristic of this region is the high proportion (in some municipalities up to 90% - i.e. Vinica) of use of wood for heating and cooking. Unlike these two pollutants, the quantities of nitrogen oxides and suspended particles that originate from the industry are very small, while again firewood generates a significant amount of emissions of solid suspended particles. Easily volatile substances as a result of vapors from petrol stations are at low level. Region
Polluting substance [t/god] Source od emissions
Eastern
Pollution from industrial entities % in relation to the total emissions in Republic of Macedonia Domestic firewood furnaces % in relation to the total emissions in Republic of Macedonia
SO2 959
CO 482
NOx 242
TSP 71
10%
3%
1%
0,3%
4210
13521
138
391
13%
13%
0,1%
13%
Easily volatile organic compounds NMVOC [t/god] gas diesel ЕL oil 30,8 33,7 20,1
Petrol stations % in relation to the total emissions in Republic of Macedonia
7%
7%
8%
Таbel 4 Annual emissions of pollution substances in the air in the Easter region
In the eastern region, in the town of Kocani there is a fixed monitoring station located within the State monitoring network and it serves for continuous monitoring of the state of air quality. The station monitors environmental and meteorological parameters: carbon monoxide
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
CO (mg/m3), sulfur dioxide SO2 (µg/m3), ozone O3 (µg/m3), suspended particles with particle size of 10 microns PM10 (µg/m3), speed and direction of wind, temperature, pressure, air humidity, global radiation and other parameters. The following table presents the average annual concentrations of gases in the air regularly measured by the State monitoring system, at the monitoring station in Kocani. Таbel 5 Limit values for the human helath and surpassing of annual level in measuring point Kocani for 2009
ЅО2 µg/m3 500
NO2 µg/m3 400
РМ10 µg/m3
CO mg/m3
О3 µg/m3 240
440
260
-
-
-
0
0
-
-
-
Limit 24h value for protection of human health for 2009
125
280
59
14/eighthour
How many times the limit value 24h was exceeded in 2009
0
0
86
0/eighthour
Limit values Alarming threshold Limit 1h value for protection of human health for 2009 How many times the limit value 1h was exceeded in 2009
Target value for the human health
120
How many times the limit value was exceeded in 2009
50
The data show excess of the limit values for protection of human health in Kocani in 2009 in terms of concentrations of suspended particles with size of 10 microns (86 times throughout the entire 2009) and all values are exceeded in the winter months (the use of firewood), but it is good that there is no excess of the limit values in terms of the other substances. 6.2.2
Water Surface waters
The watercourses in the Eastern region belong to bregalnica’s catchment area. From the water resources of the utmost importance is the river Bregalnica, which represents the largest water potential in the eastern region with well-developed hydrographic network to which there are two high dams on the accumulations "Kalimanci" and "Kocansko Ezero". To the river Bregalnica, 16 major tributaries can be distinguished, of which 10 are right tributaries (Pehcevska, Zelevica, Gabrovska, Ocipolska, Ribnica, Kamenica, Orizarska, Kocanska, Zletovska and Sveti Nikolska) and 6 left tributaries (Ratevska, Osojnica, Gradesak, Zrnovska, Kozjak and Kriva Lakavica), as well as some smaller watercourses which occasionally dry up. The quality of surface waters in Republic of Macedonia is monitored by the Head Office for hydrometeorology with RIMSYS (River Monitoring System) program by analysis of hydrological parameters, physical and organoleptic indicators, mineralization, oxygen indicators, indicators of eutrophication and harmful substances. Within this program Bregalnica is monitored in terms of hydrological parameters and other parameters that define the quality of the water and its classification according to Regulation on Classification of rivers, lakes, accumulations and groundwater (Official Gazette of RM
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
no. 18/99 and 71/99). The parameters in terms of quality are monitored in the stations: Krupiste (Dolen Balvan) and Ubogo marked in Figure 5, which provides all measuring stations included in the program.
Figure 5 Network of measuring points for monitoring the quality of surface waters
The data from 2007 processed by the Macedonian Information Centre of the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning show aberrance of the water quality of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries in terms of quality prescribed by the Regulation (II class of slightly polluted, mesotrophic water that can be used for bathing, recreation and after treatment and for drinking and III class of moderately eutrophic water which can be used for irrigation). The results show that the quality of the measuring point Dolen Balvan is with parameter values for class III, and the quality of the measuring point Ubogo is with parameter value that corresponds to the III - IV class. The organoleptic indicators of both measuring points are proven by values of I - IV class, and the water is often cloudy to opaque. The indicators of acidity, pH is with values for class I at both measuring points. The alkalinity is with value estimated for I - II class at the measuring point Dolen Balvan, while at the downriver measuring point, Ubogo, with values for I class. From the ratios of the oxygen regime, the dissolved oxygen is more frequently with values for I class. The oxygen saturation is with values from 83.8-132.3% O2, at the measuring point Dolen Balvan, and is estimated by value for IV - II class, while at the measuring point Ubogo, downstream, ranging from 83.1 to 121, 1% O2. The biological oxygen consumption varies from 1,25-11,5 mg/l O2 at the measuring point Dolen Balvan to 2,0-22,0 mg/l O2 at the measuring point Ubogo. So this parameter upstream is with values estimated for III - IV class, and downstream at the measuring point Ubogo comes to worse, and is with values of IV - V class. The total dissolved substances are more likely with values proven to be I class, while the total suspended substances with values of IV - V in the measuring point Dolen Balvan. Downstream along the river Bregalnica, at the measuring point Ubogo the total dissolved substances are often proven to be class II, and the total suspended substances are III - IV class. The indicators of eutrophication at both measuring points are with values for class II. The chemical indicators of faecal pollution are with estimated values for I - II class, except the nitritniot ion, which at both measuring points is often with values of III - IV class. The examined chemical-toxic materials are with values of I - II class. At the measuring ppint Dolen Balvan the manganese is frequently with values of III - IV class, while cadmium occasionally occurs with values of III - IV class.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
From the data it can be concluded that the current state of the quality of surface waters does not meet the legal requirements in respect of a number of parameters. The main pollutants are: a) waste water from households, b) waste water from agricultural combines and firms, the industry for processing food, beverages, slaughterhouses, livestock farms. The situation is expected to improve with the introduction of environmental permits (IPPC-Integrated Pollution Prevention and Pollution Control) for production facilities that must implement preventive measures to prevent emissions to water, air and soil. Diffuse sources of water pollution are largely nitrogen fertilizers used in agriculture and unfortunately they can not be precisely located due to the big area of pollution and they are diffusely dispensed in space and time. The situation with diffuse pollution from nitrogen derived from agriculture is not analyzed. According to the analysis made as part of the preparation of the Second National Communication on climate change - Second Report, a major threat to the worsening of the quality of surface waters are climate changes. They affect water quality as follows: a) reduced hydrological resources reduce the power of the dilution of water in the rivers which directly means deteriorating the quality and increased investments in wastewater treatment plants, b) the higher temperatures reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in water bodies, c) due to the higher temperatures and greater evaporation of the water for irrigation, the pollution that is discharged into rivers increases. The groundwater quality in the area of the region is not monitored, and disruption of groundwater quality is expected as a result of the used agrotechnical measures without caution to the concentration of fertilizers and other means of improving agriculture, waste disposal in a disorganized manner without the use of sanitary - technical standards as well as from disordered landfills and discharge of water from small and medium enterprises, but also from the unaccepted communal waste water in the sewage system. Sewage
Overall compliance with the drainage systems of waste water is relatively poor, because the systems are characterized by leakage of part of the wastewater during transport, which increases the risk of contamination of soil and groundwater. In most municipalities in this region there are no treatment plants for municipal and industrial wastewaters, which are directly discharged into the river Bregalnica or its tributaries, as well as in the surrounding accumulations. These processes caused the presence of heavy metals in the water, which additionally pollute the water and change the water quality. Additional water pollution occurs also from the wastewater from farms, barns, the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides with low quality and inadequate waste disposal.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Figure 6 Discharge of sewage in the rivers
The coverage of population with wastewater treatment stations in the Eastern region is 0% (Diagram 1). Покриеност на население со пречистителна станица за отпадни води просечно Македонија
100%
по региони 75%
60% 43.80%
50% 25%
12.5% 0%
5.40%
0%
13.80%
1.50%
2%
Ju go is t.
ol og Se ve ro is t.
P
Sk op sk i
Va rd ar sk i Ju go za pa de n
el ag on is ki
P
I
st o~ en
0%
Diagram 1 Coverage of population with wastewater treatment stations
Watter-supply
The settlements of this region, mostly supply themselves with drinking water from nearby waterways (the river Bregalnica or its tributaries, as well as the accumulations), through plants where water is treated and through water supply network distributed to the population. In the summer months when water consumption is increased, the water level of rivers is reduced, then the wells, that is, groundwater are being used as additional sources. Water quality is controled by the National Institute for Health Protection and the Institutes for Health Protection in Stip and Kocani. More populated areas of this region are facing the problem of shortage of drinking water. This problem is a consequence of several factors such as: the high average consumption per capita, then the loss of water supply systems for more than 50% because of their obsolescence (mostly older than 15 years) and the low level of utilization of systems, inadequate timely maintenance and operation of water supply systems in rural areas, absence of systematic monitoring of quality and quantity of water in water supply systems in rural areas, insufficient volume of reservoirs, treatment plants and other facilities. The problem of providing sufficient quantities of drinking water in this region is solvable by better utilization of the existing accumulation lakes as well as by reconstruction and rehabilitation of existing water supply systems and reservoirs, which will reduce the technical losses of the water. In most municipalities in the region, the water supply system is through asbestos cement pipes, which according to the standards of the World Health Organization are harmful to human health and need to be replaced.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
By releasing the water supply system Zletovica, the problem of water supply to municipalities Probistip, Stip and Karbinci Stip and other cities will be solved. In the Eastern region there are also geothermal sources registered, but their use is minimal for heating greenhouses. Irrigation
From the annual water consumption in Macedonia, 40% is being used for irrigation of agricultural crops and certainly the irrigation of agricultural land in this region has large share. For the irrigation of 280,000 ha of arable land in the region of Kocani and Ovce Pole, the largest accumulation "Kalimanci" is being used, whose water is being used to produce electricity. About 3,000 ha of agricultural land is irrigated by the waters of the accumulation "Ratevo" of Ratevska Reka, and about 600 ha of dam "Gradce" at Kocanska Reka which also serves for water supply. 6.2.3
Waste
The solid waste management in the Eastern planning region is based on its organized collection by public municipal enterprises in the central settlements, transport of waste without previous selection and final disposal. The final disposal of solid municipal waste in the Eastern planning region is made at local or so-called municipal landfills, which do not meet even the basic sanitary - technical standards for safe waste disposal. According to the relevant technical standards, landfills are not properly regulated, have no regular guard service, are not protected from animals, wind, fire, and the contamination of soil and groundwater is not prevented neither.
Figure 7 The look of burning and disordered landfill
In this region there are 17 landfills, registered according to the National Plan for Waste Management, which according to the risk of contamination of the environment are classified as follows: 3 landfills - high risk, 8 landfills - medium risk and 6 landfills - low risk. In addition to these landfills in this region there are a number of so-called dumpsites. Smaller areas are not covered by organized waste collection, so locals throw the waste near the riverbeds, dry ravines and other areas, so during rains or rises of rivers big part of this waste, through local waterways, ends in river Bregalnica and its tributaries.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
In order to overcome the problems of municipal waste management at the regional level, a Regional body for waste management is formed which is responsible for implementation of the requirements for regional approach to solving this important municipal problem and will try to provide financial resources for the planned solutions at regional and national level that are in line with the EU requirements. The basic principles of waste management that need to be followed at the regional level are: a) avoidance of creating waste and reducing its quantity, b) selecting the site of creation, c) processing by means of recycling, d) reuse of usable components or using it as an energy source and e) his removal in a manner acceptable to the environment and ensuring a high level of protection of the health of residents and the biodiversity. Waste and water management represent indeed a great challenge for Republic of Macedonia mainly because of major institutional changes that are necessary for proper functioning, strengthening the capacities of all stakeholders and the large financial resources necessary to meet the requirements of the EU Directives from these two sectors. 6.2.4
Soil
The land in the municipalities of the Eastern region, is mostly used for production of distinctive agricultural and livestock products due to the good natural and agrotechnical conditions. Rice is the most important agricultural crop with a centuries-long tradition, good yields and excellent quality. According to the production properties of the soils, mostly present are the soils from III V solvency class (50.6%). The third group of soils is characterized by mild-moderate slope (816 Đž), which is why the eroding is more reflected than in the II solvency class and the solum is moderately deep, and the fertility is moderate. The number of crops is limited, and during land use serious measures to protect soils from erosion should be taken. To the fourth group belong the heavily eroded surfaces, which give lower yields. The number of crops is limited and requires intensive application of antierosive measures.
Diagram 2 Structure of productive land
The soils of category V and VI can not be used for agriculture for various reasons: steep slopes, strong eroding, shallow and skeletal profile, unfavorable climatic conditions, salinity and alkality (haloform soils). The structure of arable surfaces according to cadastral value indicates of relatively small surfaces in the classes with high cadastral value (I, II, III) or only 13.7%, which are characterized by high fertility, variety of crops and the opportunity to obtain high yields.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Soil - climate characteristics have favorable impact on raising all agricultural crops grains, industrial, horticultural and fodder, as well as picking fruit and vineyards. Land use in areas outside agriculture and forestry, especially in recent decades has rapid growth. Intensification of the processes of industrialization and urbanization led to the transformation of a significant portion of the arable land, with a tendency for even greater transformation. Reasons for the destruction of the soil layer except the erosive processes, destruction of forests and land abrasion, are also changes in the physical - chemical structure of soils affected by excessive use of agrochemical assets, as well as deposition of sediments from the polluted air. The cloudbursts cause flushing and taking away of the soil layer, especially its organic nutrients and mineral substances necessary for the plant life. The constant devastation of the forest cover, the improper processing of the agricultural land, lead to flushing and degradation of the fertile layers and convert them into areas with reduced production capacity. In the flat areas, on the other hand, comes to accumulation of sediment on the arable land, so the erosion in total leads to impoverishment of land in the qualitative and quantitative sense. The use of chemical assets in the individual sector is characterized by large and unprofessional use of pesticides and fertilizers, which by contamination of soil, spreads and impacts on the quality of groundwater and run-off water. 6.2.5
Flora and fauna
Flora The diversity of biotopes conditions richness of plant species in the territory of the Eastern planning region. The presence of a number of endemic species is evident. The specific climatic conditions and geological diversity of the region cause the emergence of heterogeneous natural vegetation and differentiation of the altitudinal bands. More diverse plant communities live in the region (Carduus humulosus, Acanthus aculeatus, Eryngium campestre, Carthamus lanatus, Eryngium palmatum, two types of mountain-range spur - Stipa tirsa and Stipa mediterranea, prickly rose - Rosa spinosissima) and more prickly plants - Stachys recta, Galium purpureum, Achilae clypeata and Triticum vilosum (wild wheat).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Figure 8 Stipa tirsa (mountain-range spur) Figure 9 Galium purpureum (prickly plant)
In addition, the Eastern planning region is also rich with a variety of medicinal and aromatic plants, forest fruits, seeds and mushrooms. The richness of the dendroflora is reflected in the presence of 25 tree species with multiple subspecies. From the forest ecosystems, which mostly lie in the mountains in the region, most common are the deciduous forests with various species of oak (Italian oak - Quercus pubescens and communities of Italian oak and hornbeam Carpinus orientalis) and beech, while the evergreen forests are rarer where most common are pine, fir and smrcha. In the smaller areas there are mixed forests (Quercus pubescens, Quercus conferta, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Corilus collurna, Crataegus orientalis, Cotinus coggygria, Syringa vulgaris, Pinus nigra).
Figure 2 Ostrya carpinifolia
The forest cover has a huge impact on the protection of waters, land and maintenance of biological diversity. But in some areas there is unplanned and illegal cutting of forests leading to soil erosion. In part of the region there is a community of dry meadows, which is spread on flattened and mild slopes. The water captation from the mountain springs and streams, often leads to draining of the mountain swamps and peatbogs, and thus to degradation of the marsh communities. This situation leads to a reduction of the algae diversity, especially of silicate and green algae (in the vicinity of Pehcevo - Judovi Livadi). In the area Bukovic in the surrounding of Pehcevo, as a result of mining activities, rare species of algae silicate are endangered (Eunotia arculus, Gomphonema hebridense, Caloneis pulchra, Pinnularia legumen), there are also some higher plants of national importance (Drosera rotundifolia).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Figure 3 Drosera rotundifolia
Fauna An integral part of the biocenoze within the Eastern planning region are the various forms of animals from the group of amphibians, mammals, reptiles (Lacerta ercharii Macedonian lizard), birds (large sky lark - Melanocorypha calandra, Burhnius oedicnemus Eurasian Thick-knee, Pastor rosaeus - pink hummingbird , Buteo rufinus, Falco naumanni, Emberiza melanocephala, Pica pica, Perdix perdix, etc.) and insects (several species of butterflies: Limenitis populi, Leptidea sinapis, Maniola jurtina, Satyrus ferula, Meleageria daphnis, Aphantopus hiperanthus and others, and different species of grasshoppers: Paracaloptenus caloptenoides, Acrida anatolica, Caliptamus italicus).
Figure 4 Limenitis populi
Figure 13 Melanocorypha calandra (big sky lark)
The group of birds and mammals from separate biotopes is comprised of numerous associations with a large number of individuals that can be found from the lowest to the highest altitudes above sea level. Characteristic mammals in the eastern region: Vormela peregusna (colorful polecat), Cricetus migratorius (hamster) Asian Gunther’s vole (Microtus guenthneri) and others.
Figure 14 Vormela peregusna (multicoloured polecat)
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
The fauna of the forests in the region is rich with various kinds of big game. From the furry big game there are wild rabbit (Lepus capensis), deer, wolf (Canis lupus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), fox (Canis vulpes), badger (Meles meles), Marten (Martes sp.), wild cat (Felis sylvestris), while from the feather big game there are: wheatear and Polish partridge, pheasant, pigeon, quail, wild ducks, hawks, coots, hazel grouse, magpies, ravens, jackdaws and others. The development program of the Eastern planning region scores the following different types of big game in the region, shown in Table 6. Таbel 6 Big game present on the territory of the Eastern planning region Type of big game
deer
wild boar
rabbit
polish partridge
wheatear partridge
pheasant
fox
Wolf
Marten
Otter
Number of units
110
84
495
170
55
155
74
42
83
4
The mammals are mostly represented in the higher mountain areas. In the aquatic ecosystems, the most common are the following species of fish: dace (Leuciscus cephalus), barbel (Barbus barbus), roach (Rutilus rutilus), carras (Carassius gibelio), and rarely carp (Cyprinus carpio) and sheatfish (Silurus glanis). Due to disruption of water regime and water quality, the balance of the fish stock is also dramatically impaired. In the upper stream of river Zletovica and its tributaries in which water is of category I and II live: the brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) and the Mediterranean barbel (Barbus meridionalis).
Figure 15 Salmo trutta fario (brown trout)
6.2.6
Figure 16 Barbus meridionalis (Mediterranean barbel)
Noise
The state with noise levels in the region so far has not been monitored and analyzed, although there are sources of noise such as: vehicles, machines of commercial facilities, service facilities, as well as the activities of people associated with housing. With the new legislative regulation on noise from 2008, new limits were established on the level of noise in the environment caused by different sources for different areas. The areas are defined by the degree of protection against noise and the type of activities and the sensitivity of the population that resides in these areas and are grouped in IV degrees shown in Table 7. In accordance with the Rulebook for the locations of the measuring points (Official Gazette of RM no. 120/2008) it is important to first identify the location where the subject scope is and the activity that is planned to take place in the location and see what level of protection is valid for that area. The level of noise that will be generated must be less than the maximum permitted according to the legislation given in Error! Reference source not found. The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica provides activities that will take place at various locations throughout the entire Eastern planning region, outside the settlement amd inside the settlement and the consultants assume that all four areas will be relevant to the projects that will follow for the priority solutions.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 7 Levels of noise in areas determined by the degree of protection
Area specified by the degree of Level of noise (dBA) protection against noise Lд Lв Lн Area of first degree 50 50 40 Area of second degree 55 55 45 Area of third degree 60 60 55 Area of fourth degree 70 70 60 Lд - day (period from 7 to 19 o’clock) Lв – evening (period from 19 to 23 o’clock) Lн – night (period from 23 to 7 o’clock)
Area with I degree of protection is an area intended for tourism and recreation, area in the near surrounding of health institutions for hospital treatment and an area of national parks or nature preserves. Area with II degree of protection against noise is an area that is primarily intended for a residence, that is, residential district, an area in the vicinity of buildings intended for educational and educational activities, facilities for primary care, area of playgrounds and public parks, public green and recreational areas and areas of local parks. Area with III degree of protection against noise is an area where a grip is permitted in the environment, where the noise generation will be less disturbing, that is commercial business area - a residential area, which is simultaneously intended for stay, or which has buildings with protected rooms, craftsman's and similar activities of production (mixed area), an area intended for agricultural activity and public centers, where administrative, commercial, service or catering activities are being performed. Area with IV degree of protection against noise is an area where grips are permitted in the environment which may cause noise disturbance, an area with no housing, intended for industrial or craftsman's or other similar productive activities, transportation activities, warehousing and service industries and communal activities that create more noise.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
6.3
CURRENT PROBLEMS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT
IN AND AROUND THE PLANNING SCOPE
The environmental problems in the Eastern Planning Region and the subject coverage are identified by analyzing the current state of the environment in 11 (eleven) municipalities covered by the region, taking into consideration the strategic planning documents of all covered municipalities. The most relevant document for identification of current problems with the various elements of the environment is a Local Plan for Environmental Protection (LEAP), where key issues in the municipality are recorded, a prioritization of problems has been made, measures are proposed in the form of an Action plan to overcome them and a Plan for monitoring the progress of implementation of the proposed measures is presented. Almost all municipalities have prepared and adopted the LEAP document and implement the proposed measures. It is expected the elements of the environment that are most threatened by pollution, destruction, extermination, in one municipality and are the basis for defining the key issues in the LEAP document, also to represent the most sensitive elements in realization of the objectives of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica. The following elements shown in Table 8 occur as the most sensitive environmental elements, according to the representation and the severity of problems in the entire region. These most sensitive elements also represent a scope of the analysis of the impact of the objectives of the Study on each of them. The most sensitive environmental elements in the region are: a) water (water supply, sewerage network, stormwater sewerage network, waste water treatment, irrigation, water losses etc.), b) air (only in major urban areas in winter because of the use of firewood), c) management of municipal solid waste, but also all other types of waste, d) soil and the occurrence of soil erosion and loss of arable land, e) climate change (but not in big range) as a result of inadequate waste management and the emissions from agriculture, f) population (taking into consideration the needs for socio-economic development of the community), g) human health (direct and indirect impact of media pollution on the health of people), and the material goods (illegal buildings, destrution of crops, yards and houses during floods). Таbel 8 Most sensitive environmental elements in the region
Most sensitive environmental elements in the subject scope
Waters
Air
Waste
Soil
Cimatic changes
Population Human health
Material goods
The consultants have analyzed the key problems in each municipality separately, they have synthesized the common key problems for each element of the environment and in summary, the following key environmental problems in the municipalities in the region can be distinguished (Table 9). The relevance of the key problems for the subject scope has been identified, taking into consideration the location and the purposes of the study.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 9 Key currents problems with the environmental elements
Elements of Strategic assessment of the environment
Water
Problem Unregulated river basins and overflow of rivers: Gradecka (Vinica) Spancevska reka and Banska reka (Cesinovo - Oblesevo), Kocanska, Orizarska and Trkanska (Kocani), Zletovska (Karbinci), r.Zletovica and r.Kiselica (Probistip), r.Bregalnica, r.Otinja and Kriva Lakavica (Stip) Direct discharge of municipal wastewater in the river basins Absence of stormwater sewerage (Vinica, Berovo, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Zrnovci) Absence of sewerage network especially in rural neighboorhoods Absence of accumulation for water supply and irrigation (at r.Losana) Delcevo, Pehcevo. Absence of water treatment station for wastewater from the industrial capacities and for the municipal water (Vinica, Berovo, Chesinovo Oblesevo, Delcevo, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Stip) Water supply Reconstruction of existing water supply: in Berovo, Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Stip Construction of a new one where missing: Cesinovo - Oblesevo, Karbinci Unconstructed dam "Rechani" at Bela reka (Kocani) Absence of monitoring the water quality in the cities and suburbs Absence of a mechanism to prevent uncontrolled exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river beds Lack of use of the warm geothermal waters (vil.Banja - Cesinovo)
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Relevant for the purposes of the Study and the subject scope Х Х Х Х Х Х
Х Х Х Х
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Elements of Strategic assessment of the environment
Air
Soil
Waste
Biodiversity (plant and animal)
Problem Absence of monitoring stations for monitoring air quality in municipalities (Berovo, Vinica, Delcevo, Zrnovci, Karbinci, Makedonska Kamenica, Pehcevo, Probistip, Cesinovo - Oblesevo) Increased presence of dust in the air from the aridity surrounding the mine Sasa (Makedonska Kamenica) From the slag in the surrounding of Mine Sasa (Makedonska Kamenica) Soil pollution from uncontrolled use of chemical preservatives Pollution of water used for irrigation with wastewater and direct pollution of the soil. Soil erosion (Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica) No selection of waste (municipal / industrial and hazardous waste) No existence of a regional landfill for municipal and hazardous industrial waste The existence of illegal dumps along rivers and roads The existing urban landfills do not meet standards in accordance with legal requirements (Vinica, Berovo, Delcevo, Makedonska Kamenica, Probistip Stip) Not ready curriculum for waste management for the Eastern Planning Region Unsolved problem of waste disposal, including villages Removal of illegal dumps at new areas under inappropriate conditions Failure to comply with bans on hunting endangered species (deer and eagle) Uncontrolled cutting of forests Destroying of fieldprotective bands Protection of plant species oak tree "Quercus pubescens" (Kocani) Drying of the white pine, the black pine and the oak as endemic species in Macedonia (Berovo) Protection of endemic turtles in the area of the lake above Petrasevec (Delcevo) -50-
Relevant for the purposes of the Study and the subject scope
Х Х Х Х Х Х
Х Х Х Х
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Elements of Strategic assessment of the environment Population Human health Climate factors Cultural richness Landscape Маterial goods
Problem Low living standard and migration of population Reducing the population capable of working due to closure of industrial capacities Absence of continuous monitoring of the impact of environmental pollution on human health Using firewood as a source for heating and cooking Lack of use of renewable soures of energy Insufficiently explored archaeological sites Insufficient protection of natural and cultural heritage Degradation processes (disturbance of the natural environment and the qualitative factors of the environment, water, air, land during exploitation of natural resources) Existence of illegal buildings Insufficient protection of the exploitation of the mineral metallic resources and the thermomineral hydroelectric potential
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Relevant for the purposes of the Study and the subject scope Х Х Х Х
Х
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
7. PROBABLE SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE STUDY ON THE ENVIRONMENT In order to identify the positive and negative impacts of meeting the objectives of the Study in relation to the objectives of the strategic environmental assessment in the region, analysis of the likely impacts on the media of the environment is carried out. Because it is a matter of analysis at the level of objectives of global, strategic aspect, individual development projects are not being considered, such as construction and operation of mini-accumulations, construction of rubber compartments, construction of mini hydro power plants, projects related to the regulation of rivers, etc. which are analyzed and planned in the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica. For the individual developing projects in the later phase of implementation of the objectives of the Study, for each separately an access will be made towards detailed analysis of the impacts and the type of impacts in all phases of the project (research works, construction, operational phase, in case of disasters and after termination of work). This is defined according to Chapter XI of the Law on Environment (Fig. Gazette of RM no. 53/2005, 81/2005, 24/2007 and 159/2008) - Process of assessment of impacts on the environment of certain developing projects or pursuant to Article 24 paragraph 3 of the same Law on the procedure for preparation of Elaborations for environmental protection. In this phase of the strategic level, the potential project activities that will inevitably occur during construction and operation of all planned projects were analyzed and the impact of these project activities on different environmental elements was identified. The matrix for the identified general project activities and their mutual relation with the elements of the environment are given in... Identification only is not sufficient, but also what must be determined, evaluated and assessed is the impact on the environmental element using several criteria: a) regarding the nature of influence (whether it has positive or negative impact on the element), b) the type of impact in terms of direct, cumulative and/or synergistic effects, c) impact strength, d) duration of impact and the fact whether it is reversible or irreversible, e) the probability of occurrence of the impact, f) the over-limit importance of impact, g) importance in terms of scope, where it is felt or where its effects can be felt - locally, regionally, nationally or globally. The matrix with the evaluation of the impact of project activities planned with the realization of the objectives of the Study on the different elements is presented in Table 11. The descriptive part of the impacts and their character are presented in the continuation of the tables. Recommendation This way it will be necessary to present in more details the individual project activities included in any planned priority project of the Study and to use these matrices and other tools during preparation of the separate Studies of assessment of the impact of projects on the environment or the Elaborations for environmental protection.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 10 Mutual relation between the general project activities and the environmental elements (Leopold matrix) General project activities Clearing and preparing the ground Construction of new roads / extending the existing Transport of mechanizing, workers and materials for construction Constructive activities related to regulation of river-bed Constructive activities for the construction of dams, accumulations, rubber compartments and associated facilities Generation of waste during the project activity Setting up facilities and a network system for irrigation of agricultural areas Construction of manholes, pump stations and their operation Using the water from the accumulations for irrigation of the agricultural surfaces Using the water for water supply Regulating the flow in the watercourse
Cultural richness
Landscape
Х
Х
Х
Air
Soil
Waste
Biodiversity
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х Х Х
Х Х Х
Х
Х
Socio – еconomic condition
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х Х
Х
Х
Х Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
Х
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Noise
Мaterial goods
Х
Х
Х Х
Health
Climate
Water
Х
Х Х
Х
Х
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 11 Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environmental elements (EIA)
biodiversity
climatic factors
material benefits
cultural heritage
landscape
Reversible/irreversible effects Probability of occurence certain/immpossible/possible Importance (local/regional/national) Sensitive elements of SEA in the subject scope
soil
Impact strength (big/medium/small) Short/medium/longterm effects Continuous/temporary effects Over-limit effects
water
cumulative/synergistic effects)
air
Character of impact (+/-) Type of impact (direct/
human health
Impact
population
Đ•lement of SEA
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
+
-
+
sinergi. direct cum.
sec. cumul.
direct
direct cumul.
direct
direct cumul.
cumul.
direct
second.
direct
big
small
small
big
big
big
small
medium
small
big
longterm
longterm
shortterm
longterm
longterm
longterm
mediumterm
longterm
longterm
longterm
cont.
cont.
tempor.
cont.
cont.
cont.
cont.
cont.
tempor.
cont.
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
irrev.
irrev.
rever.
rever.
irrev
rever.
irrev.
rever .
irrev.
rever.
possible
possible
possible
certain
certain
certain
possible
certain
possible
certain
regional
local
local
national
regional
national
regional
local
national
local
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
7.1.1
Influence on the population
With the realization of the objectives of the Study for possible regulation of river Bregalnica, long-term, positive and very significant impacts on the population of the region are expected. The complex purpose of the planning solutions itself: a) water supply, b) irrigation, c) energy needs, d) enrichment of small rivers, e) flood control and f) retention of sediments, is explaining about the direct, positive, long term and cumulative effects on the local population in the Eastern planning region and indirect effects on the entire population in the country. Timely continuous water supply will provide quality, efficient and safe supply of a large number of inhabitants of the region with drinking water that meets standards, thus having direct effects on improving health and reducing the number of diseases that are transmitted through water, improving the quality and a simpler way of living. It will also have direct impact with the continuous meeting of the needs of the industry with technological water for the processes and quality safe water for agriculture, tourism and the other economic sectors (eg. fishing). The modernization of the existing and construction of new irrigation systems and the use of new modern techniques of irrigation will ensure sufficient quantities of efficiently used water to agricultural areas, greater yields and continuous supply of quality agricultural products at the national and export market, increasing the share of arable agricultural land in the total agricultural area, creating new jobs, security for farmers to continue with the same or to replace certain crops with economically more viable crops that may require more irrigation. Indirect impacts will be felt by providing lower cost of food and increased share of agriculture in the national GDP. At the same time with the development of agriculture, economical strengthening of other service areas related to agriculture is expected (trade, marketing, packing, transportation, storage, laboratories and institutes and consulting services). Some planned decisions have a direct impact on the development of tourism, alternative tourism and recreation in this beautiful and picturesque region. The construction of the mini accumulations will also reduce the current oscillations of the occurrence of floods and droughts in the region that occur and cause severe damages to the households (flooded houses, yards, destroyed cattle, need of financial resources for reconstruction and time), to the individual agriculturers and to the agriculture like an industry branch as a whole. Automatically a lack of crops apprears and the food prices rise which directly affects on the already weak economic power of the population. During the regulation of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries, as well as during the construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments, there will be an opportunity for opening of temporary job positions (during construction) and constant jobs during their operation and maintenance. At the same time, the attracting of investors for a longer time period, who can develop these facilities into a tourist and recreational sports centers will lead to an improved level of living standard, which will result in a reduction of the migration village - city of the young people in the region. A major significant influence is also expected on strengthening the local self-government which by regular collection of taxes will allow better quality of social, educational and cultural life of the inhabitants in the municipality.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
7.1.2
Influence on human health
One of the purposes of some of the planned accumulations is providing drinking water to a large number of inhabitants covered in the region where at the moment there is lack of quality water and uncertainty in supply. The water that is being used for water supply of households is previously subjected to treatment for purification and constant control of physical-chemical and bacteriological safety of the water, in water plants, which of course would have a direct impact on the health of the population and would improve the quality of life. In contribution to the protection of environment and human health are also the anticipated activities for afforestation of the surrounding of the watercourses and the accumulations, as well as construction of facilities for recreation and sport. Regarding the human health of the population in the region, no significant adverse impacts are expected due to the type and the nature of the development projects (the construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments), which generally do not belong to the group of large and direct pollutants of the environment and human health, except in the construction phase when slight, short-term direct impacts on human health are expected (noise, vibration, air emissions from vehicles, dust, etc.). The construction of accumulations, dams and rubber compartments, will result in increase of the traffic near the site due to the construction work, that is, temporary presence of the construction machinery and the transport vehicles for transport of workers and construction materials. It will cause an increase in the amount of dust and exhaust fumes from vehicles in the air, and thus problems with respiratory organs among the population, particularly in the settlements where such activities will take place. Sources of noise will be the transportation vehicles for transport of the workers in and out of the subject scope as well as the mechanizing needed in the process of construction. Especially the noise will be enhanced in the phase of implementation of planned activities for the construction of reservoirs, dams, rubber compartments and regulation of the rivers. During the construction activities for regulation of rivers, especially in the settlements, attention should be paid not to exceed the allowed noise levels for a settlement and to take all measures for noise protection. 7.1.3
Influence on the quality of air
With the implementation of the objectives of the Study, no significant, long-term negative impacts on air quality are expected, especially because of the type and nature of the core activity of the facilities planned in the subject scope (water supply and irrigation). The main impacts of project activities on air quality are expected during the construction or performance of earthworks and concrete works for setting the foundations and the structures of buildings. The emergence of dust is expected as fugitive emission of the tiniest particles of soil, sand during construction of the new access roads, the final shaping of existing roads as well as during the clearing of the area and exploitation of materials for construction of dams, accumulations, compartments and the regulation of rivers, which may have a negative impact on the environment or cause respiratory irritation and breathing problems in the population. The different types of vehicles, equipment and construction machinery to be used during cnstruction represent mobile sources of emissions of pollutants of which the most prevalent are SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, un-combusted hydrocarbons, sulfur, lead, benzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons that contribute to secondary creation of ozone and they all represent direct and indirect risk to the human health and the environment. Yet the quality of fuels in Macedonia is within the European standards and is controled in accredited laboratories, so that mobile sources do not pose a threat to the violation of air quality.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
The emergence of emissions of combustible substances and the negative impact are with short-term intensity, locally and through distribution of the pollutants affects on the air quality in the area. Increased frequency of vehicles is expected for delivery of construction materials and transport of workers in and out of the subject scope as a short-term and cumulative process. The emergence of emissions of harmful gaseous substances from the eventually created dumps of solid waste, construction waste and hazardous waste by the construction sites is not excluded. The specific significant impacts on air quality will account for each specific activity/project, which will be implemented within the planning scope and of course they will receive appropriate treatment with measures to reduce or eliminate them. Preventive measures to reduce emissions, continuous monitoring and reporting to the competent institutions need to be provided. The possibility of using the water in the acumulations and watercourses, as a renewable source of energy production from small hydro power plants, contributes to improving air quality on long-term and promotion of the renewable energy sources available to Macedonia.. But since this is a very small capacity of the planned hydropower plants (Ponikva, Bela Voda, Repnica, Dobrava and Plasinci) of total 13,75 kW, the importance of the renewable energy sources is minimal as a share of the total production. 7.1.4
Influence on the quantity and quality of waters
With the implementation of the objectives of the Study which primarily mean managing the waters of the river basin Bregalnica, very significant, long-term, positive synergistic impacts on water quantity and quality are expected, as well as benefits for the local population of rational use of the waters for water supply, irrigation and getting electricity. Efficient redistribution of water by space and time is expected which will provide water in the dry summer periods, and will reduce flooding. Higher quantities of water will provide increased capacity of the water body for selfpurification. The destructive effects of erosion of land will be reduced and reducing of deposition of sediments is expected, thus providing greater accumulation space and efficiency in the operation of the accumulations. The regulation of the river-bed of rivers and the possibility to manage the flows of river Bregalnica and its tributaries will directly affect the regulation of minimum acceptable flows (biological minimum of rivers) for provision of water eco system. The project solutions will directly at long-term contribute to the protection and promotion of the aquatic environment and the biodiversity along the river. The positive long-term and most significant impacts on the water represent cumulative and synergistic impacts that directly affect to all areas of life of the population in the region. But, however, small, insignificant negative impacts appear. The possible negative impacts of the facilities for regulation of river Bregalnica and its tributaries, as well as the measures that would be suggested to prevent them, depend on the location, the location of the facility for regulation, the type of applied technology, the purpose and the capacity.
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During the construction phase of building the facilities for regulation of r.Bregalnica and its tributaries, the following negative impacts on the quality of the surface and ground waters are expected: Construction phase
The etablishment of construction zones and the regulation of rivers, the construction of dams, accumulations, rubber compartments, turbine foundations, access roads and other facilities can affect the quality of surface waters in the following way: ¾ The disruption of earthen surface and the removal of soil cover can cause erosion of the sediments and potential contamination of nearby surface waters by increasing the level of solid suspended particles in them; ¾ Temporarily changing of the course of rivers, until the completion of construction activities; ¾ Reducing the flow of water in rivers, while following the legal regulations for providing the necessary biological minimum in water courses; ¾ Increasing the concentrations of heavy metals, nitrates and dangerous substances from nearby installations; ¾ Leakage of contaminated waters from areas of construction activities; ¾ Disposal of waste into surface waters. ¾ Leakage of wastewater from the temporary toilets (wastewater from the temporary toilets should be transported and removed by an authorized company and that is why impact on water quality is not expected). ¾ The access roads could change the regime of removing storm water due to the change of the permeability of the surface, removal of the vegetation and the performed modification of the earth profiles during the construction. The change of regime can cause erosion and sedimentation of the natural drainage paths, causing impacts on downstream surface waters. Operational phase Quantity of waters
Filling the accumulations, by water intake from the river Bregalnica and its tributaries alters the hydrological cycle, the quantity and quality of groundwater, but has long term positive impact in the controlled use of the water for water supply and irrigation, as well as for production of renewable energy. The rubber compartments that need to be made in the river-bed of river Bregalnica are intended to raise the water level in the river during the low watercourse and thus, despite the possibility of involvement of the irrigation water, a possibility of using the space for tourism is obtained. Quality of waters
The operativeness of the dams and accumulations can result in potential minor adverse impacts on water quality, especially in the activities for maintenance and control of the infrastructure and the equipment of the dam. Potential sources of water pollution during this phase are: ¾ Oil leak during maintenance and from turbines. ¾ Disposal of waste into surface waters. ¾ Creation of conditions for anaerobic processes in reservoirs.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Increasing concentrations of heavy metals, nitrates and dangerous substances from the surrounding installations and polluted watercourses where the untreated wastewater is being discharged, from the industry and the municipal water, also directly affect the water quality in the accumulations and rivers. In order to eliminate the negative impact of wastewater on human health by consumption of agricultural products irrigated with polluted water, it is urgent to construct treatment plants for the waste waters discharged into the watercourses. 7.1.5
Influence on the soil
The activities for construction of the facilities for regulation of r.Bregalnica and its tributaries, in the constructive phase, could hurt the geological characteristics of the soil, as a result of using heavy mechanizing and vehicles, transport and disposal of surplus excavated material, disposal of construction waste, extracting sand, gravel and clay from river banks and others. Some of the impacts that may occur in this phase are: 他 Removal of the upper layer of soil during clearing the area, removal of vegetation, stones and roots of vegetation; 他 During the construction of dams and accumulations, an excavation of large quantities of land occurs, as well as during construction of access roads, causing a change of the quality and profile of the soil, the changes and impacts are with permanent character and relate to the physical changes of the terrain and the use value of the soil; 他 Erosion of land which is the result of the increased movement of soil during the digging of the ground and the construction, as well as because of cleaning of the vegetation; Compaction of soil as a result of the movement of vehicles, causing a reduction in infiltration of water into the soil and changing the regime of groundwater; 他 Pollution of soil from leaks of substances, such as fuel or oils during the use of vehicles and the mechanizing or the release of some pollutants that are already present in the soil; With the exploitation of sand from the river-bed of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries, a disruption of the falls along the river-beds of watercourses occurs and an increase of water speed, which is the reason for a significant increase of the depths of river-beds in relation to the natural depth. The Study records that in some places erosion has strong influence on soil, of which the most widespread is the surface erosion which is manifested by surface flushing without forming or with already started process of forming grooves. At much smaller areas but with significantly stronger intensity, widespread is the grooved and the ravine erosion. Line erosion of the river-bed is most widespread at most of the watercourses to a greater or lesser extent, but its significance in some cases is significantly smaller than surface erosion.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
7.1.6
Influence on the biodiversity (flora and fauna)
The impacts on the flora, that is the plant life, are assessed as significant in the construction phase, for cleanup of sites and the removal of vegetation in the locations provided for the regulation of river beds and the creation of accumulations. These changes will cause: ¾ Changes in the water regime; ¾ Loss of wooden mass; ¾ Changes in the regime of the streaming of air and its quality; ¾ Potential instability of the soil, danger of flooding and increased sedimentation of material; In the construction phase, activities that would have a potential negative effect of the autochthonous flora and fauna are: ¾ The increased frequency of vehicles and mechanizing will result in increased noise level, which can cause disturbance especially of birds and mammals in their usual activities for food and rest and their displacement. ¾ The previously mentioned activities potentially affect, mainly in small amount, to the loss of hunting grounds (at the bats), other mammals and birds and loss of resorts during the summer or have limited impact during the migration by the loss of places for nourishment and pairing. ¾ Change of flora and fauna in and around accumulations. Still it should be emphasized that the impacts on the biological diversity in the construction phase are short-term nature and that by implementation of appropriate preventive measures and procedures, they can be reduced to a negligible level. It is expected that some of the wildlife in the future will be reduced (due to degradation and fragmentation of their natural "homes" and habitats of movement) and part of individuals will displace, but it will not affect on the disruption of biological diversity on a global scale. An important measure to prevent the disruption of the water eco system is the minimum acceptable flow of rivers along the constructed buildings (mini accumulations, mini hydro power plants) which will provide a biological minimum in the water and life for the aquatic species of plants and animals. 7.1.7
Influence on the climate change
The climate changes and impacts are minor and are mainly a result of the emission of exhaust gases that cause greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide). These gases affect global warming, which in turn causes changes in the intensity of the climatic parameters. Discharge of gases in the air as a result of the work of construction operations and the occurrence of dust while performing construction endeavors, in phase of construction are among the possible causes of climate change and impacts. In this phase the removal of forest vegetation is evident and if it takes place with no control it can cause a change in the climate characteristics. Changing the water regime of the watercourses, as well as the construction and creation of accumulations, also changes the local micro - climate, especially in terms of increased humidity and temperature change that will positively affect the population. If implemented the construction of small hydro plants in the basin of river Bregalnica will have a positive impact on the micro - climate in the region since the resulting energy will be produced from renewable sources instead of burning fossil fuels. All this will contribute to reduction of greenhouse gases, but should bear in mind that it is insignificant amounts of energy that is being received from the mini hydropower plants.
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7.1.8
Influence of the climate change on the water resources sector
On the other hand, climate change that is already taking place globally, in large affects on the vulnerability of the water resources sector from the permanent trend of increasing temperatures and decreasing the amount of rain. Republic of Macedonia as a signatory to the Convention on Climate Change of the United Nations and the Kyoto Protocol is obliged to prepare National Reports covering the topics of the impacts of climate change on all sectors, identification of vulnerable sectors and introduction of measures to adapt the sector to future effects of climate change. The water resources sector is one of the vulnerable sectors and in the Second National Report of Republic of Macedonia to the UN Framework Convention these activities are analyzed: irrigation, water supply, hydropower compared to current status and the future needs at the national level according to planning documents at the national level. Also estimates were made of the vulnerability of water resources for various water basins, analysis of the impact of climate change on economic, social and health aspects at the national level and adaptation measures were proposed. An increase in water temperature is expected by reducing the flows which means danger to the water balance and the water world because of limited quantities of dissolved oxygen which is necessary for wildlife. Small streams contribute to higher concentrations of ammonia, nitrites and phosphates into the water and deteriorating quality of water resources. Generally, the reduced hydrological resources that are expected as a result of climate change reduce the power of the dilution of pollution, reduction of dissolved oxygen in water bodies and particularly for agriculture an increase of pollution is expected and the result is a violation of water quality, which on the other hand requires more funding for treatment to secure quality of its usage. The Study predicts adaptation measures that are divided into two groups: a) adjusting the supply and b) adapting to the needs because there will be a lack of available water resources and increased demands for water. As measures for adaptation of supply, specified are the modification of existing infrastructure and their alternative management and construction of new facilities for the regulation of water systems. Preserving and enhancing the efficiency of the systems and the technological changes are listed as the main measures for adaptation of needs. In addition to these technical measures, there are also listed measures relating to the creation of policy of water management, the legal framework, strengthening the capacities of all stakeholders and others. Study opportunities for regulation of river Bregalnica through defined objectives will directly assist in adjusting the supply of the population with quality water for all the needs of current and future generations when it is assumed that the impact of climate change will be worse. The Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica by the defined objectives will directly help in adjusting the supply of the population with quality water for all the needs of the current but also future generations when it is assumed that the impact of climate change will be more expressed. 7.1.9
Influence on the area
In the phase of construction of the dams, accumulations, rubber compartments and other associated facilities, the appearance of the landscape will shortly change as a result of the activities to be undertaken on the ground in the form of clearing, digging of foundations, presence of transport vehicles, trucks and other mechanising required for transport of construction materials and workers, setting of water supply systems and disposal of wastewater along the river Bregalnica.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
But, a significant negative impact is not expected because the planned locations for the construction of dams and accumulations, are chosen in a manner to best fit the environment in accordance with the situation on the ground, that is to have earth material near enough, as well as to have already an access road to the profile of the dam (thus the needs for intervention are minimized), to have a favorable hydrology of the water flow as well as proximity to the settlements as an opportunity for the development of fishing, tourism and other economic activities that would derive substantial benefits from the construction of accumulation. It is expected that the implementation of project activities will have a positive impact on the area in terms of landscape and functional composing with the existing infrastructure and will act as a planned whole, which in future will contribute to the development of tourism and fisheries. Visualization of the future project solutions (dams with accumulations, rubber compartments, mini hydropower plants) is presented in the Study in the relevant chapter. 7.1.10 Influence on the cultural heritage The region along the river Bregalnica and its tributaries is characterized by the presence of numerous natural reserves and natural monuments, caves, waterfalls, archaeological sites and so on and these are listed in Chapter 6.1.7. It is a matter of a rich natural heritage and the possible negative impact on it, which would appear in the phase of the planned buildings depending on their distance from the project locations. Negative impacts can be defined after determining the boundaries of the same in a detailed urban plan, which will determine the precise locations and boundaries of each of these facilities with the detailed urban plans (planning documents), and at the same time also the exact location of the facilities for regulation of river Bregalnica and the tributaries, the exact distance, the interdependence and the possible impacts will be visible. If during the execution of construction works a locality is revealed, the constructor of work is obliged to stop work and inform the competent institutions to take appropriate measures. The discovery of objects that have cultural and historical value are handled according to guidelines of the National Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of Republic of Macedonia in accordance with the legal obligation under Article 65 of the Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage (Official Gazette of RM no. 20/04 and br.1/07).
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8. OBJECTIVES OF ENVRONMENTAL PROTECTION 8.1
OBJECTIVES OF STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND INDICATORS
The specific objectives of protecting the environment (Objectives of Strategic Environmental Assessment) during the realization of the objectives of the Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica are identified on the basis of an analysis of the environmental problems in the subject scope (the entire Eastern planning region) and identification of the most sensitive elements of the environment on which the most pressure is felt, and which would be mostly exposed to the negative impacts of the realization of the generally proposed project solutions in the Study. The specific objectives of environmental protection must be taken into account and parallelly to be accomplished together with the objectives of the Study when the planned project solutions will be realized. From the analysis made in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7 it is evident that the water as a medium (its quantity and quality and current and future use) is not the only sensitive element of the realization of the objectives of the Study despite the fact that the Study is focused on management with the water resources in the basin of river Bregalnica. It is because of the existence of other already sensitive environmental elements whose condition would be aggravated further by the realization of the objectives of the Study, why it is necessary for each significant element of the SEA (sea, air, biodiversity - flora, fauna, population, material goods, land, climate change, human health, cultural heritage and landscape/region) to have defined objectives of the Strategic Environmental Assessment as objectives for the protection of the particular element so that each element can be protected and able to get a promotion of its present condition. By defining the objectives of the SEA a basis is created for identifying the impact of the implementation of the objectives of the planning document on these objectives and their interaction will be monitored and recorded by using proposed indicators of SEA presented in Table 12. For each objective of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) a set of indicators is appointed to monitor the implementation of the objectives for protection of the environment in the subject scope in the next period in which the realization of the planned project solutions from the Study is planned.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 12 Objectives of Strategic environmental assessment and indicators for Strategic environmental assessment
Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Indicators of SEA
Regulation of the river-beds in the populated places: Gradecka reka (Vinica), Spancevska reka and Banska reka (Chesinovo - Oblesevo), Kocanska, Orizarska and Trkanska (Kocani), Zletovska (Karbinci), r.Zletovica and r.Kiselica (Probistip), r.Bregalnica, r.Otinja and Kriva Lakavica (Stip)
Number of prepared project documents for the construction of systems for regulating the river beds annually (in accordance with the requirements of the financial institutions that would finance the project) Number of prepared project cards (project fishe) for applications in front of international institutions Number of signed contracts for construction of facilities for the regulation of the river-beds Prepared and adopted Study of assessment of impact of the project on the environment/Elaboration for protection of the environment
Water
Limitation of the pollution of the rivers and accumulations from the industrial capacities
Limitation of the pollution of the rivers and accumulations with communal wastewater
Providing quality of the sludge from the treatment plant which can be used as agricultural fertilizer
% of industrial facilities that have obtained environmental permit (IPPC A / B) or permit for adjustment with an operational plan Trend of decreasing of water consumption in the industrial facilities (the last 3-5 years) % of water that circulates through the process % of industrial capacities with wastewater pre-treatments - treatment plants (at the level of each municipality) Trend of reducing the water losses (the last 3-5 years) % of industrial capacities with their own monitoring of waste water Established Plan for taking samples for analysis of wastewaters Number of samples with concentrations of pollutants above the maximum allowable Efficiency of the water treatment plant % of municipalities included in the basin of river Bregalnica with built treatment plants for municipal wastewaters % of population covered by the existing faecal sewerage network % of population covered by the collector’s system for disposing wastewater to treatment plant Concentration of pollutants in the sludge: heavy metals, (Pb, Cd, Cr, CU, NI, Zn, Hg), organic materia, pH value, nitrogen and phosphate and dry materia.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA Regulation of stormwater Construction of sewerage network in the village settlements Construction of accumulations for water supply and irrigation and efficient water use
Indicators of SEA Length of construction of sewerage Covered area which is drainaged % of population covered by stormwater sewerage % of households in rural areas connected to sewerage network Length of sewerage network in rural areas Area covered by irrigation Trend of reducing the losses of water through the irrigation system
Provided quantity of water needed for the residents in the locality in accordance with Construction / Reconstruction of water supply network for the norms for water supply and the coefficients of daily and hourly imbalance solving the problem of providing clean water for use Completed conceptual and basic projects for the water supply network Trend of reducing water losses Length of water network and number of beneficiaries covered Composition and abundance of the aquatic flora Maintenance, improvement and monitoring the water quality in river Bregalnica, its tributaries, and in the accumulations, to a good ecological status
Utilization of warm geothermal waters in the eastern region
Composition and abundance of invertebrate fauna Composition, abundance and age structure of the fish fauna Minimum acceptable flow (biological minimum) Connection with groundwater bodies Physical - chemical status of the water Concentrations of priority pollutants Number of implemented projects for using the geothermal water Number of cases of illegal exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds
Setting up a mechanism to control the exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds Soil
Number of permits issued for the exploitation of sand, gravel, stone from the riverbeds Conformity of the quality of the soil towards the purpose (physical - chemical analysis) Trend of reducing the annual consumption of chemical protective assets by the Limitation of soil pollution from uncontrolled use of agriculturers chemical preservatives
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Indicators of SEA
% or area of cleaned up illegal landfills Made Plan for regional municipal waste management % of municipalities that submit regular Annual Reports for collected, transported and Effective management of the various types of waste which is disposed waste thrown along the rivers in the basin of Bregalnica Remediation of the polluted surface % of selected waste from the total generated waste Quantity / volume of waste that is taken on landfill Protecting soil Kamenica)
from
erosion
(Delcevo,
Makedonska
Trend of reducing the area affected by erosion Newly planted areas
Construction of regional landfill for municipal and harmles % of population in the region covered by the regional landfill industrial waste % of saved and new species and populations of birds Biodiversity
Population
Protection and promotion of the diverse plant, animal and % of new and preserved animals and species of plants water life of the subject scope determined and maintained biological minimum in the water of the rivers Increasing employment Opening of new job positions
Downward trend in unemployment Number of new open positions
Improving the quality of life
Satisfaction of the residents of the socio - economic life and the ecological surrounding
Reducing health risks from unsafe water for drinking, Trend of reduction of intestinal diseases, skin diseases bathing and irrigation of crops Physical - chemical and biological water quality Human health
Maintaining the level of noise and vibration to the maximum Noise level within the area of the subject scope permissible for the area of construction of the projects
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
8.2
MEASURES TO PROTECT, REDUCE AND MITIGATE THE NEGATIVE INFLUENCES OF THE STUDY ON ENVIRONMENTAL ELEMENTS
Regarding the estimated possible impacts of the objectives of the Study on the various elements of the environment provided in Chapter 7, the consultants proposed measures which must be implemented to prevent, reduce, mitigate or compensate the adverse impacts that could occur in realization of the objectives of the study. The measures are shown in Table 13 in relation to the element of SEA and the related objectives to be achieved. The proposed measures are mainly focused on identifying issues that should be taken into account in the preparation of other documents that follow after the adoption of the Study, in the phase of the identification of funds, preparation of conceptual, basic and performance project of each planned project. Subsequent documents/studies that should be prepared for the project are Study of assessment of impact of the development project on the environment, or Elaboration on the protection of the environment. The proposed measures should be included in the scope of these documents/studies and the competent authorities should pay special attention to their planning and practical application after the commencement of work on the buildings. Also the need for monitoring of all environmental media is pointed (special emphasis is placed on quantity and quality of wastewater, the water that will be used for water supply and irrigation) by monitoring the emissions from various sources of pollution.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Water
Таbel 13 Proposed measures to prevent, reduce and mitigate the significant negative effects for the relization of the objectives of the Study
Regulation of the river basins in the populated places: Gradecka reka (Vinica), Spancevska reka and Banska reka (Chesinovo - Oblesevo), Kocanska, Orizarska and Trkanska (Kocani), Zletovska (Karbinci), r.Zletovica and r.Kiselica (Probistip), r.Bregalnica, r.Otinja and Kriva Lakavica (Stip)
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Consistent implementation of the legislation in terms of designing the complete system for regulating the r.Bregalnica and its tributaries, with special emphasis on the following topics: A) analysis of the data for flows received from hydrological stations and predicting the exact quantity of water that flows in rivers during the year, B) monitoring the multiyear trend of change of flows connected with other hydro-meteorological parameters C) to anticipate and avoid the occurrence of floods D) to determine the type of regulation that will apply to individual rivers (dam, accumulation or cascade - rubber compartments), depending on conditions on the ground. Before starting the project an Assessment of impact on the environment needs to be developed or an Elaboration on the protection of the environment with special emphasis on the following topics: A) the management of various fractions of waste that would be created (Separation of waste, the opportunity for recycling and/or reuse as fuel and final disposal at the proper place - the selection of hazardous waste from the non hazardous waste and collection and transportation of waste/s by authorized firms, not leaving the site until all the waste is collected and safely transported B) the noise level of the mechanization that will work outdoors in populated areas (Use of equipment and machinery with noise levels below the maximum and energy efficient) C) the possible disruption of the biodiversity of the micro location (Avoiding construction works within the period of nesting or migrating birds, providing free movement of fish and providing sufficient dissolved oxygen in water, avoiding unnecessary cutting and destruction of forests and nests and the hideaways of the animals) D) the construction works (Maintenance of the equipment and vehicles in excellent condition so there won’t be any leak of oil, fuel, exhaust, retaining of petty sand and mud, not to penetrate in the accumulation and the river, providing sanitary conditions for workers, safety measures at work and first aid for injuries E) Providing sufficient financial resources and time for intensive participation of all stakeholders (local population, environmental NGOs, relevant institutions, fishermen, farmers, competent health care institutions should be involved at the start of the project and to provide all health aspects F) continuous monitoring of water quality in terms of physical-chemical and microbiological parameters and others measures After the regulation of the river basins in the populated areas, the surrounding space can be arranged with sports trim trails and sports fields for recreation of the population
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Limiting the pollution of the rivers and accumulations with wastewater and water from the industrial capacities and construction of treatment plants
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Consistent implementation of the national legislation regarding the discharge of wastewater in the recipient/collector system in the case of industrial wastewater and/or the sewage system in the case of urban wastewater. INDUSTRY Following the requirements of the EU Directive on integrated control and protection from the pollution for the installations that are required to obtain IPPC permits (A/B type) in terms of efficient water use, water use in the technological process and its reuse and identification of the emissions of pollutants in wastewaters and methods of its treatment. If there is a water treatment plant essential elements are its efficiency, type of technology used, adopted scheme for continuous monitoring of the wastewaters and monitoring the quality of the recipient. Regular reporting to the competent institutions (Municipality and MEPP) for the data from its own monitoring of wastewaters. The installations will also have to meet the requirements of the EU Framework Directive on Water and the EU Directive on emissions of priority substances released into the wastewater in a lack of national regulation (unfortunately, the bylaws that have a base in the law on water are still not ready and adopted). In the future Studies of assessment of the impact of the projects or Elaborations of protection of the environment, what should be especially pointed is the source of water for the technological process, the way it would again return in the process, the solution of wastewater treatment, the construction of the treatment plant, the quality of the recipient where the water is discharged, the technique of treatment and the extent of treatment, plan for laboratory examinations on the quality of wastewater before and after the treatment and degree of purification. COMMUNAL/URBAN WASTEWATER The municipalities need to start and realize initiatives related to municipal/urban wastewater collection, their safe drainage to a treatment plant and proper treatment before discharge into the recipient. Special attention should be paid to the treatment of the sludge and its disposal. If it is removed as waste, it must be controlled whether it contains hazardous substances (if it does, it must be treated as hazardous waste).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA Providing quality from the sludge from the treatment plant which can be used as agricultural fertilizer Regulation of stormwater Construction of municipal sewerage network in the village settlements
Construction of accumulations for water supply and irrigation and efficient water use
Construction/Reconstruction of water supply network for solving the problem of providing clean water for use
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Following the requirements of the EU Directive on the possibility of using the sludge on agricultural land in terms of presence of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, CU, NI, Zn, Hg), organic materia, pH value, nitrogen and phosphates and dry materia. Using the best techniques for managing the sludge, the transport and the final disposal. Important information is the present concentration of heavy metals in the soil where the disposal of sludge is planned. Consistent implementation of the legislation in terms of projecting the entire stormwater sewage network system with correct calculations of the quantities of rain water that would be collected and taken to the recipient, that is river Bregalnica and its tributaries. Compliance of the legislation in the construction of the stormwater sewage. Consistent implementation of the national legislation with regard to disposing of urban wastewater in preparation of the conceptual and basic projects to protect the quality of the surface waters in which untreated urban waste water is discharged as well as the quality of groundwater that is directly contaminated by the septic tanks. It is necessary to establish direct communication with the Public service companies that serve the settlements and to initiate infrastructural projects financed by the municipalities or by international donors. Consistent implementation of the national legislation in terms of intake, water use, recent technical advances (best available techniques - BAT) for efficient use of water for the appropriate process (water and/or irrigation). Compulsory monitoring of the water quality in accordance with the bylaw act on water safety in terms of the physical - chemical and biological parameters in the national and municipal institutions for health care according to annual plans. Continuous quality monitoring must be performed due to the fact that there are no built treatment plants for industrial and urban wastewater. These checks must be made to the water supply network as well. The pipeline network of the irrigation systems must be periodically examined for possible defects and cracks that might cause leakage and loss of water. In the studies of assessment of the impact of the project separately (Study on the impact of the project on the environment/Elaboration for Protection of the Environment/Application for IPPC permit) it should be strictly required to provide technical solutions for efficient water use, introduction of measures for cleaner production through material balance of water, its reuse and saving. Consistent implementation of the national legislation concerning the quality of drinking water and regular checks on the most important parameters. Also implementation of the national legislation in respect of the basic hydro-technical conditions for making the conceptual and basic projects. Direct communication with the Public service companies for the introduction of measures for efficient water use, introduction of cleaner production through material balance of the water and reducing losses.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Maintenance, improvement and monitoring the water quality in the water of river Bregalnica, its tributaries, in the accumulations, to a good ecological status
Utilization of the warm geothermal waters in the eastern region Setting up a mechanism to control the exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Consistent implementation of the legislation in terms of abstraction, efficient water use, wastewater discharges, water quality. Following the requirements of the EU Framework Directive on Waters and the national programs and strategies that will set the targets for maintaining good ecological status of waters. It is necessary to perform the characterization of the type of surface water bodies in the river basin Bregalnica in terms of biological reference conditions and hydromorphological and physical - chemical conditions in accordance with the national law and bylaw regulations for water. The condition of the surface waters should be monitored by the biological elements, the hydromorphological elements as a support of the biological, chemical and physical - chemical and the specific pollutants which can presumably be present in the water of rivers. Setting the national level of techniques and calculations of the minimum acceptable flows (biological minimum) as well as support of the composition and the abundance of the aquatic flora, composition and abundance of the invertebrate fauna and the composition, abundance and age structure of the fish fauna. Monitoring the quality of surface waters in accordance with the national and EU regulation. Research of the capacities of geothermal waters in the region, the temperature, quality, features that can be used and recommended. Preparation of Strategy for spa tourism, with appropriate tourist facilities and programs to attract tourists throughout the region taking into account the Strategies of tourism development of the municipalities that have adopted them. Consistent compliance with the national legislation in terms of controlled exploitation of the natural resources (sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds) to prevent erosion, protect surface water quality and quantity and quality of groundwaters that are directly being polluted and their disposition is changing.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Consistent implementation of the national legislation regarding the control of the chemicals used in the agriculture, the manner and frequency of their application and the possibilities for their replacement with less harmful chemicals. Training of agriculturists for efficient and dosed, according to recipe, use of chemical protective assets and the adequate time for their application in terms of wind, humidity, temperature and other parameters, for the new modern techniques of irrigation, management of waste from the packaging of the assets (herbicides, pesticides, fertilizers etc..) because they are hazardous waste.
Soil
Limitation of soil pollution from uncontrolled use of chemical preservatives Continuous analysis of the soil and monitoring the quality changes in order to max. use the water and min. evaporation (irrigation early in the morning and in the evening) Improvement of the operations for irrigation/drainage in terms of “how much water and when to irrigate/drainage� Control of heavy metals in the soil where it is taken in consideration to postpone the sludge from wastewater treatment stations. Consistent implementation of the national legislation regarding waste management and preventing its disposal Effective management of by individual households located near the rivers or small watercourses. Strengthening the capacities of all various types of waste that are residents and relevant institutions in the region about the importance of the river Bregalnica and its tributaries thrown along the rivers in the and the proper waste management to prevent pollution of water resources. basin of Bregalnica Minimize the contamination of the soil with waste waters used to irrigate agricultural crops. Following the requirements of EU policy on soil contamination (Strategy of EU on soils and Directive on soil contamination).
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Implementation of many measures of arrangement of the erosion phenomena and processes in the watersheds and the river-beds of the water courses (construction of facilities for protection against erosion: bulkheads, canals, dams, accumulations, etc.). The type of measure depends on the strength (the erosivness, the destructiveness) of heavy water flow, the type of buildings and the land to be protected. In the upper (source) part of the torrential basin most commonly minor transverse structures are performed aimed at consolidation of banks and remediation of any ice rinks. In the middle flow transverse bulkheads are built with the aim of retaining the alluvium from the upriver part. In the lower flow few different measures are applied: barriers to retention of alluvium, regulation work and similar. Forestation is also one of the most effective measures to prevent erosion. Other general measures: Protecting soil from erosion Maintenance of the vegetation cover on the soil surface sensitive to erosion. (Delcevo, Makedonska Restriction of the movements of vehicles and the use of mechanizing that carries less pressure on land Kamenica) Prohibition of the development of regular checks or repairs in conditions of torrential rains Checking the implemented preventive measures for the land falls/stabilization of the slopes (retaining walls) if needed Objectives of SEA
Rehabilitation of the eroded channels and bringing them to the natural state/re-planting of vegetation Clearing the site of intervention after the regular control Prohibition of the development of construction activities in conditions of torrential rains
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
Waste
Element of SEA
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study Consistent implementation of the national legislation regarding waste management and its proper treatment at the regional level. Monitoring the modern EU principle of waste management: a) minimizing the generation of waste, selecting the place where it is generated, recycling of waste types that can be recycled to reduce the amount that would finally be removef to a landfill, use of waste as energy. A special role has the hazardous waste that is mixed with the municipal and is carried to the municipal landfills (Strictly forbidden! for violating of hazardous substances through the soil into rivers). Attention should be paid for the collection, transportation and final disposal to be Construction of regional done by an authorized entity that has obtained authorization for that activity (the same applies to hazardous waste). landfill for municipal and Strengthening the capacities of local administration in the planning, waste management (different types of waste, harmfull industrial waste identification of wastes according to the List of wastes and proper management of each fraction, inspecting. Training of households for using the composting as a way of managing the biodegradable waste. Preparation of Annual Report on waste (municipal, hazardous and inert) that has been collected, transported and disposed of in landfill and submitting it to the MEPP. The absence of a regional landfill and waste disposal to irregular and free pass dumps, affects the quality of the other media in the environment and their pollution (air, water, landscape, infectious diseases, skin diseases and diseases transmitted by domestic animals. Objectives of SEA
Preparation of a Plans and program for waste management for the East Planning Region
Consistent implementation of the national legislation and the directives in the field of waste management. The plan for waste management should include the principles of waste management (minimizing waste generation, selection of a place of creation, recycling - contract with companies that recycle waste, composting of biodegradable waste, reuse of waste in the technological process if possible, use of waste as energy and final disposal of the non-hazardous waste and the municipal separate from the hazardous in a landfill. To follow the best practices in the world of efficient utilization of waste.
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Human health
Element of SEA
Objectives of SEA
Reducing the health risk from the emissions in the air, water, inadequate management of waste and the sludge from treatment plants
Biodiversity
Climate factors
Maintaining the level of noise and vibrations to the maximum permitted for the area of the planning scope
Proposed Measures to prevent, reduce or mitigate the significant adverse effects from the realization of the Study To provide regular health examinations of the workers in accordance with the legal norms and to inform the local health workers. Workers who will work on projects must be protected in accordance with the legal norms, to have funds for first aid and medical staff at the location, the locations where construction work will be performed must be surrounded by fence, to have signs placed for informing the passers of the danger due to building works and the site to be properly lit up. To establish a system of collection, data analysis and preparation of a plan for monitoring the dependence of developing diseases with the emissions that occur during the work of the project solutions and after building them. Special attention should be paid to the management and safe and covered transportation of the sludge from the treatment plants to avoid adverse effects on human health. Consistent monitoring of the bylaw requirements in terms of the degree of protection against noise in the area of the planning scope. At the level of project the following is required: Construction procedures to be planed accordingly in order to reduce the time of using equipment that creates the most intense noise. To require the use of equipment with silencers of sound, to prohibit the use of equipment that creates noise above the maximum allowable value.
At the project level to explore the opportunities for maximum use of renewable energy sources (water) to the already proposed small hydroenergy plants at the accumulations. Increasing the share of Purchase of equipment, vehicles that are energy efficient and effective planning of the routes of movement of renewable energy sources the transport vehicles for more efficient use of the fuel and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases.
Protection of the biodiversity
Consistent implementation of the legal decisions during construction in respect of the disruption of the biodiversity (flora and fauna). Establishing principles for nature protection under the Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette no. 67/04 and no. 84/07) General measures: Building barriers of vegetation, preferably indigenous; Resumption of the surface layer of soil by planting certain plant species; Restoring natural habitats; Monitoring of bird species and their populations, as well as the corridor of the migration pathways of the birds; Highway and other infrastructure (above ground and underground) to be run out of objects of natural values, and at lower intakes, its aesthetic integration with the natural landscape is required;
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8.3
MONITORING PLAN
In order to monitor the significant effects (of course, positive and negative) of the realization of the objectives of the Study and to take appropriate measures on time, if the same are not realized or if they significantly and negatively affect the environmental elements in the subject scope, it is necessary to set indicators of SEA which the Consultants have put into Chapter 8. The continuous monitoring of the indicators of SEA will also provide an opportunity for systematic observation, examination and evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures introduced to protect, reduce or mitigate the adverse effects of the planning document. For this purpose it is necessary to prepare a Monitoring Plan that in summary establishes the relations between the elements of the SEA from the subject scope, the proposed indicators and the responsibles for their monitoring, analyzing and, where appropriate intervention. The monitoring plan will help to the Centre for Development of the Eastern planning region (to all covered municipalities) to review the situations in the subject scope in realizing the objectives of the study, the status of implementation of the planned measures and will further enable efficient planning of other infrastructural projects and will ensure sustainable development of the municipality. Only in this way, the objectives of the strategic planning document for managing the waters of river Bregalnica can be realized in a synchronized manner (parallelly) and the objectives of environmental protection in the subject scope can be achieved. The monitoring plan also allows the establishment of an interactive relationship between all stakeholders in the process of planning, design, construction and environmental protection and is the basis for the competent institutions, to control the process of implementing the legislation and to make the right decisions. It is necessary to fully use the already established environmental indicators by the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning and the State Bureau of Statistics of Republic of Macedonia, the indicators of the millennium development objectives, especially MDG-7 on environmental sustainability, the indicators for sustainable development (unfortunately still not defined), indicators that Republic of Macedonia uses for referencing the EU for environment and energy and other sectoral indicators (water consumption, waste waters, social life, energy, agriculture, forestry, health etc.). In Table 14 the Plan for monitoring the Strategic Environmental Assessment for the subject scope is presented which includes priority projects for regulation of river Bregalnica with defined responibile institutions for monitoring the indicators of SEA. Of course the local government of the covered municipalities is fully responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Plan for monitoring, analysis of the values of the indicators and the trend of decreasing, increasing them and comparison with the national or other relevant. It is especially important that each included municipality will use the objectives of protecting the environment, the defined indicators (free to add more indicators specific for the particular municipality, for any purpose of the SEA) and the proposed measures to prevent, mitigate or compensate the negative impacts and to require from the investors/contractors of the construction works to implement the measures, and the municipal administration to monitor the indicators and to propose new measures as necessary.
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Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Таbel 14 Monitoring plan of the Strategic environmental assessment for the Study for possible regulation of river Bregalnica
Element of SEA
Indicators of SEA
Responsible for monitoring
Trend of decreasing water consumption in industrial The operator of the economic complex / MEPP facilities (the last 3-5 years) % of industrial facilities that have obtained environmental permit (IPPC A/B) or permit for adjustment with the MEPP / Local Government operational plan % of water that is circulating through the process
Water
Operator/Municipal Inspector
Accomplished Plan for taking samples for analysis of Public Health Institute/Accredited laboratories/MEPP wastewater % of industrial facilities with wastewater pre-treatment - The operator of the economic complex / MEPP / Local plants (at the level of each municipality) Government The operator of the economic complex /PE Communal Trend of decreasing water losses (the last 3-5 years) enterprise % of industrial facilities with their own wastewater Investor/Local Government/МEPP monitoring Number of samples with concentrations of pollutants Institute for Health Protection/Accredited laboratories/MEPP above the maximum allowable Number of prepared project documents for the construction of systems for regulating the river beds annually (in Local Government/Center for Development of Eastern accordance with the requirements of the financial Planning Region institutions that would finance) Local Government/Center for Development of Eastern Number of prepared project cards (project fishe) for Planning Region/Ministry of Transport and applications in front of international institutions Communications/Ministry of Local Government Local Government/Center for Development of Eastern Number of signed contracts to build facilities for the Planning Region/Ministry of Transport and regulation of riverbeds Communications/Ministry of Local Government Prepared and adopted Study of assessment of the impact of Local Government/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and the project on the environment Communications Investor/Local Government/МEPP Effeciency of the treatment plant
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Frequency of monitoring Annual level Annual level Monthly/According to Inspection Plan According to Plan for monitoring the surface waters Each 6 months Annual level Monthly Monthly Annual level
Six months Six months Annual level Monthly
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Indicators of SEA % of municipalities included in the basin of river Bregalnica with built treatment plants for communal wastewater % of population covered by the existing faecal sewerage network % of population covered by collector system for disposing of waste water to treatment station Concentration of pollutants in the sludge: heavy metals, (Pb, Cd, Cr, CU, NI, Zn, Hg), organic materia, pH value, nitrogen and phosphate and dry materia.
Responsible for monitoring
Frequency of monitoring
Local Government/Local Communities/ Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications
Annual level
Local Government/Local Communities/ Bureau of Annual level Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications Local Government/Local Communities/ Bureau of Annual level Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications Accredited Laboratory/Institute Protection/Institute of Public Health
of
Health
Prior to postponement of land
Length of constructed stormwater drains
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics
Annual level
Covered area which is drained
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics
Annual level
% of population covered by stormwater sewerage
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics
Annual level
% of households in rural areas connected to sewerage network
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics
Annual level
Length of sewerage network in rural areas
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics
Annual level
Agricultural area covered by irrigation Trend of reducing the losses of water through the irrigation system Provided quantity of water needed for the residents in the locality in accordance with the norms for water supply and the coefficients of daily and hourly imbalance Completed conceptual and basic projects for the water supply network
The operator of the agricultural complex Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management/Local government/Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/PE for Water supply Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications/Public enterprises for water supply Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications/Public enterprises for water supply Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications/Public enterprises for water supply
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Annual level/Balance of agricultural land/arable/way of irrigation Annual level According to Program of the Public enterprises for water supply Annual level
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Indicators of SEA Trend of reducing water losses
Responsible for monitoring
Frequency of monitoring
Public enterprises for water supply/LS
Annual level
Local Government/Local Communities/Bureau of Statistics/MEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications/Public Enterprise for water supply Accredited Laboratories/Institute of Health Composition and abundance of the aquatic flora Protection/Institute of Public Health/Hydrobiological Institute Accredited Laboratories/Institute of Health Composition and abundance of the invertebrate flora Protection/Institute of Public Health/Hydrobiological Institute Accredited Laboratories/Institute of Health Composition, abundance and age structure of the fish fauna Protection/Institute of Public Health/Hydrobiological Institute Accredited Laboratories/Institute of Health Minimum acceptable flow (biological minimum) Protection/Institute of Public Health/Hydrobiological Institute Length of water supply network and number of users covered
Soil
Connection with groundwater bodies
Scientific institutions
Physico - chemical status of the water
Accredited Laboratories/Institute Protection/Institute of Public Health
of
Concentration of priority pollutants
Accredited Laboratories/Institute Protection/Institute of Public Health
of
Number of implemented projects for utilization of the geothermal water and the development of spa tourism Number of cases of illegal exploitation of sand, gravel and stone from the river-beds Number of permits issued for the exploitation of sand, gravel, stone from the river-beds Efficient management of various types of waste generated at the economic complex
Annual level According to Programe monitoring surface waters
for
According to Programe monitoring surface waters
for
According to Programe monitoring surface waters
for
According to Programe monitoring surface waters
for
According to Programe monitoring surface waters According to Plan Health monitioring the water drinking and irrigation According to Plan Health monitioring the water drinking and irrigation
for for for for for
Local administration/MEPP
Annual level
Municipal inspection/local administration/MEPP
According to Plan for inspection surveillance
Local administration/MEPP/Municipal inspection
Six months
Operator/Municipal Inspector
Daily/According Inspection plan
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the
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment Element of SEA
Indicators of SEA Quantity/volume of waste that is taken to the landfill Conformity of the quality of the soil according to the purpose (physical - chemical analysis) Trend of reducing the annual consumption of chemical protective assets by the agriculturists % or area of cleaned up illegal landfills Completed plan for regional management of communal waste % of municipalities that submit regular Annual Reports of collected, transported and disposed waste Remediation of the polluted surface New planted forest areas % of population in the region covered by the regional landfill
Population
Human health Noise level within the area of the subject scope % of preserved and new species and populations of birds % of new and preserved animals and plant species Determined and maintained biological minimum in the water of the rivers
Frequency of monitoring
The operator of the commercial complex Daily basis PE Derven R.E. Communal Hygiene / Municipality of Veles Accredited pedological laboratories / Agricultural Institute
Six months
Local Government/Ministry of Agriculture/State Bureau of Six months Statistics Local government/Regional authority for waste Annual level management/Public communal enterprises Local government/Regional authority for waste Six months management/Public communal enterprises/MEPP люEPP/Local government Local government/Regional authority for waste management/Public communal enterprises/MEPP Public forest enterprise/Local government Local government/Regional authority for waste management/Bureau of Statistics/люEPP/Ministry of Transport and Communications/Public communal enterprises Bureau of Statistics/Municipality Bureau of Statistics/Municipality
Downward trend of unemployment Number of new open positions Satisfaction of residents of the socio - economic life and Bureau of Statistics/Municipality of Veles the ecological surrounding Number of intestinal diseases, skin diseases
Biodiversity
Responsible for monitoring
Bureau of Statistics/Occupational Medicine/Institute of Public Health/Health Center Occupational Medicine/Institute of Health Protection/Health Center люEPP/Scientific institutions люEPP/Scientific institutions Accredited Laboratory/Institute of Health Protection/Institute of Public Health/Hydrobiological Institute/Research Institutions
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Annual level Annual level Six months Annual level Annual level Annual level Monthly level Annual level During the construction work more frequent/Once a month Annual level Annual level Six months
Study of possibilities for regulation of river Bregalnica (mini accumulations, cascades, dams) Annex 5:Assessment of the impact of the objectives of the Study on the environment
9. ALTERNATIVES AND PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REALIZATION OF THE STUDY AND PROPOSED MEASURES FOR PROTECTION Without getting into detailed technical solutions the Study makes a cross-section of the possibilities in the Eastern Planning Region for the construction of small accumulations, rubber compartments and regulation of the river-beds of rivers in the basin of river Bregalnica. Because of the really big cumulative positive long-term importance of the realization of the objectives of the study, the preparations should run really carefully, step by step and more alternatives should be considered. It is because of the fact that the work in the Study is at level of testing possibilities, the alternatives that the consultants propose are more related to issues that should be addressed during further plannings in order to meet the objectives of the Strategic environmental assessment for the subject scope and to meet the objectives of the study fully. It is characteristic that several priority projects are examined in the Study, but for each of them the alternatives would address the following: ¾ Choosing the proper location within the subject scope when attention should be paid to the sensitive environmental elements and the indicators for SEA; ¾ The time of commencing project activities (preparation of project documentation and construction of the buildings - especially those intended for irrigation and water supply) must be in correlation and to subsequently follow after the improval of the water quality that would be affected by the accumulation; ¾ To explore opportunities for adding/taking away of functions of the accumulations and their capacity; ¾ To give priority to the assessment of the river basins and their characterization of the types of surface water bodies through the use of mandatory and discretionary values of the hydromorphological and physical - chemical conditions and biological reference conditions; ¾ Considering the aspect of the economic feasibility of the project and the willingness of the population to pay for the service (application of the principle - the user pays) and timely public informing and its active involvement; ¾ To give priority to projects for which funds for realization can be provided in an easier, faster way and under better financial conditions; ¾ Immediately to start strengthening of the capacities of the local administration and the employees at the Centre for development of the Eastern planning region in terms of examining the possibilities for financing of this type of projects and the modules for financing; ¾ During the preparation of the project documentation, the guidelines of national legislation should be utilized for the project, but at the same time to be supplemented with topics/requirements recommended by international institutions that would eventually finance the project (EU, EBRD, KfW Bank, World Bank ... ) of course the same also applies to the assessment of the impact of the project on the environment; ¾ During the preparation of the Study for assessment of the impact on the environment, for the project should also be taken into consideration the objectives of the Strategic Environmental Assessment, the indicators and the envisaged measures;
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¾ Immediate proceeding for each municipality should be made to identify the numerical value of the indicators of SEA for their municipality in order to obtain regional ones and they should be used to monitor the realization of the objectives of the Study and the objectives of protecting the environment ( SEA Objectives); ¾ Enhancing the capacities of the local government in terms of the methods and techniques of planning, management and implementation of the legislation in all elements of the environment and inspection supervision (especially for the water resources); ¾ Maximum active participation of representatives of the local government of the affected municipalities and the Centre for Development of the Eastern Planning Region during the preparation of the national strategic documents in the WATERS sector (Strategy on waters, Water-economy base, etc.); ¾ Establishment of databases for the state in each element of the DPSIR (driving force - pressure – environmental state - impact - response) framework of environmental management at local and regional level (advantage to have the element WATER); ¾ Establishment of monitoring of the emissions of pollutants from the manufacturing facilities, distribution of emissions in the air, water and soil and regular reporting to the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning and the Local Government; ¾ Enhancement (technical, educational and with human resources) of the existing monitoring of the quality of water and soil through the renovation and upgrading of existing laboratories in order to undertake new parameters that are projected in the EU water sector directives, new methods of analysis, control and ensuring the quality and readiness - providing their accreditation according to the ISO 17025 standard; ¾ Preparation of urban planning documentation neccessary for the commencement of project activities; ¾ Ensuring transparency, forms of communication with all stakeholders (government institutions, consulting firms, NGOs, academic institutions and commercial/industrial installations) in order to actively participate in the water management; ¾ Establishing procedures and ways of delivering information to the public on the quantity and quality of waters; ¾ Close cooperation with health workers and medical doctors to work on identification of health risk from water pollution or their insufficient and inappropriate treatment. Only with timely and/or parallel development of these preconditions, maximum effective realization of the objectives of the Study for examining the possibilities for regulation of the river Bregalnica can be guaranteed, with long-term, positive synergistic effects for sustainable development of the affected communities and Eastern planning region.
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10. ATTACHMENTS 10.1 LIST OF NATIONAL LEGAL REGULATIONS 1. Law on Environment (Official Gazette of RM no. 53/05, 81/05 07/24, 159/08 and 83/09); 2. Regulation on determining the projects and the criteria on the basis of which the need for conducting the assessment of the impacts on the environment is determined (Official Gazette of RM no.74/05); 3. Rulebook for the content of the requirements to be met by the Study of assessment of the impact of the project on the Environment (Official Gazette of RM no. 33/06) 4. Regulation on the strategies, plans and programs, including the changes of those strategies, plans and programs, for which it is compulsory to effectuate the procedure for assessment of their impact on the environment and on human life and health (Official Gazette 153/2007) 5. Regulation on the content of the report for strategic environmental assessment (Official Gazette 153/2007) 6. Regulation on the criteria on which decisions are made if certain planning documents could have a significant impact on the environment and human health (Official Gazette 144/2007) 7. Regulation on public participation during the drafting of regulations and other acts, as well as plans and programs relating to the environment (Official Gazette 147/2008) 8. Law on Spatial and Urban Planning (Official Gazette of the RM no. 51/05, and amendments 137/07 and 24/08-refined text, 91/09); 9. Rulebook for standards and norms for spatial planning (Official Gazette of the RM no.69/99); 10. Rulebook for closer content, scale and method of graphical processing of the urban plans (Official Gazette of the RM no.78/06 and 140/07) 11. Law on Construction (Official Gazette of the RM no. 51/05); 12. Law on ambient air quality (Official Gazette of the RM no. 67/04, amended 92/07); 13. Rulebook on the criteria, methods and procedures for evaluating the quality of ambient air (Official Gazette of RM no. 67/04); 14. Regulation on limit values of the levels and types of pollutants in ambient air and alert thresholds, deadlines for achieving the limit values, margins of tolerance for the limit value, target values and long-term goals (Official Gazette of RM no. 06/22/2005 ) 15. Law on Waters (Official Gazette of RM no.87/08 and 06/09, 161/09); 16. Regulation on water classification (Official Gazette of RM no. 18/99) 17. Regulation on categorization of watercourses, lakes, accumulations and underground waters (Official Gazette of RM no. 18/1999, 71/99); 18. Rulebook on the methodology for assessment of river basins (Official Gazette of RM br.148/09) 19. Law on Waste (Official Gazette of RM no. 68/04, amended 71/04, 107/07, 102/08 and 134/08); 20. List of waste (Official Gazette of RM no. 100/05); 21. Law on Protection from Noise in the Environment (Official Gazette no. 79/2007); 22. Law on Chemicals (Official Gazette of RM No. 113/07); 23. Law on Protection of Cultural Heritage (Official Gazette of RM no. 20.4; amended 115/07); 24. Law on Nature Protection (Official Gazette of RM no. 67/04; amended 14/06; 84/07); 25. Law on Animal Welfare (Official Gazette of RM no. 113/07); 26. Law on Welfare of Plants (Official Gazette of RM br.25/98; 06/00); -83-
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27. Law on Plant Protection (Official Gazette of RM br.25/98; amended 06/00); 28. Energy Law (Official Gazette of RM 63/06, 36/07); 29. Convention for the protection of wetlands that are of international importance as habitats for aquatic birds (Ramsar, 1971), ratified in 1977; 30. Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 1972), ratified in 1974; 31. Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (Washington, 1973), ratified in 1999; 32. Convention for the protection of migratory wild animals (Bonn, 1979), ratified in 1999; 33. Convention for the protection of wildlife and natural habitats in Europe (Bern, 1979), ratified in 1997; 34. Agreement for the Protection of Bats in Europe (London, 1991), ratified in 1999 (Amendment of the Agreement ratified in 2002); 35. Agreement for the Protection of African - Asian migratory bird species (Hague, 1995), ratified in 1999; 36. Basel Convention on control of transboundary pollutants with hazardous waste and its disposal (Basel, 1995), ratified 1997; 37. Convention for the Protection of Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), ratified 1998; 38. Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and access to justice on matters related to the environment (Aarhus, 1998), ratified in 1999; 39. Convention on the assessment of transboundary environmental impacts (Espoo, 1991), ratified in 1999; 40. European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000), ratified in 2003.
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10.2 LIST OF EU DIRECTIVES RELEVANT FOR THE PLANNING DOCUMENT 1. Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) as amended by Decision 2455/2001/EC 2. Directive on Urban Waste Water (91/271/EEC) as amended by Directive 98/15/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 3. Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 4. Directive on Drinking Water (98/83/EC) as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 5. Directive on Surface Water for Abstraction (75/440/EEC) as amended by Directives 79/869/EEC and 91/692/EEC (will be revoked by the Framework Directive on water (2000/60/EC) of 22/12/2007) 6. Directive on bathing water (2006/7/EC) 7. Directive on discharges of dangerous substances in waters (76/464/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC and 2000/60/EC (will be revoked by the Framework Directive on water (2000/60/EC) of 22.12.2013, except Art. 6, which was revoked on 12/22/2000) 8. Directive on the possible use of sludge from wastewater treatment plants (86/278/EEC) 9. Directive on measuring the quality of drinking water (79/869/EEC) as amended by Directives 81/855/EEC, 91/692/EEC, and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 (will be revoked by the Framework Directive on Water (2000 / 60/EC) from 22.12.2007) 10. Groundwater Directive (80/68/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC 11. Directive on discharges of mercury from the chlorine-alkaline industries (82/176/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC 12. Directive on cadmium discharges (83/513/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC 13. Directive on other discharges of mercury (84/15/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC 14. Directive on discharges of HCH (84/491/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC 15. Directive on hazardous substances from List one (86/280/EEC) as amended by Directives 88/347/EEC, 90/415/EEC and 91/692/EEC 16. Directive on water for fish (78/659/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 17. Waste Framework Directive (2006/12/EC) 18. Hazardous Waste Directive 91/689/EEC, as amended by 94/31/EC 19. Landfill Directive (99/31/EC) as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 20. Directive on waste oils (75/439/EEC) as amended by Directives 87/101/EEC, 91/692/EEC and Directive 2000/76/EC 21. Directive on PCB/PCT (96/59/EC) 22. Directive on the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (2002/95/EC) as amended by Decision 2005/618/EC, 2005/717/EC, 2005/747/EC and 2006/310/EC 23. Framework Directive on Ambient Air Quality (96/62/EC), as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 24. Directive (1999/30/EC) for limit values for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides, suspended particulates and lead in the ambient air, as amended by Decision 2001/744/EC 25. Directive on benzene and carbon monoxide (2000/69/EC) 26. Directive on ozone in ambient air 2002/3/EC 27. Directive 2004/107/EC on arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic hydrocarbons in ambient air 28. Directive on water for fish (78/659/EEC) as amended by Directive 91/692/EEC and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 29. REACH policy and directives of the EU for chemicals
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30. Regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer ((EC) 2037/2000) as amended by Regulations (EC) 2038/2000, 2039/2000, 1804/2003 and 2077/2004 and Decisions 2003/160/EC and 2004/232/EC 31. Directive to assess the impact on the environment (85/337/EEC) as amended by Directives 97/11/EC and 2003/35/EC 32. Directive on Strategic Environmental Assessment (2001/42/EC) 33. Directive on Access to Environmental Information (2003/4/EC) 34. Directive on public participation in terms of developing specific plans and programs and amendments to the Directive on public participation and access to justice (2003/35/C) 35. Directive on Integrated Prevention and Pollution Control (96/61/EC) as amended by Directive 2003/35/EC and Directive 2003/87/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 36. Directive Seveso II - control on accidents with dangerous substances (96/82/EC) as amended by Directive 2003/105/EC and Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 37. Directive on volatile organic compounds from solvents (1999/13/EC), as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/2003 and Directive 2004/42/EC 38. Council Directive 94/63/EC on the control of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) resulting from petrol storage and its distribution from terminals to petrol pumps as amended by Regulation (EC) 1882/ 39. Decision 2000/479/EC on the implementation of a European register of emissions of pollutants (EPER) / Regulation (EC) 166/2006 on the implementation of a European register of exemptions and transfer of pollutants 40. Directive on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (92/43/EEC), as amended by Directives 97/62/EC and 97/266/EC 41. Wild Birds Directive (79/409/EEC), amended by Directives 81/854/EEC, 85/411/EEC, 91/244/EC, 94/24/EC and 97/49/EC, and Regulation (EC) 807/2003 42. Endangered Species Regulation ((EC) 338/97) as amended by Regulations (EC) 938/97, 2307/97, 2214/98, 1476/99, 2724/2000, 1579/2001, 2476/2001, 1497/2003, 1882/2003, 834/2004, 252/2005 and 1332/2005 43. Regulation on monitoring of forests (EC) 2152/2003 44. Directive for assessing and managing noise in the environment (2002/49/EC) 45. Directive on noise from motor vehicles (92/97/EEC), as amended by Directive 92/97/EC 46. Directive on noise from equipment used outdoors (2000/14/EC)
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10.3 USED STRATEGIC PLANNING DOCUMENTS AND LITERATURE 1. Development Program of the Eastern Planning Region 2009 - 2013, Council for Development of Eastern Planning Region, 2009 2. Action Plan for 2009 for the realization of the Programme for the Development of the Eastern (Bregalnicki) Planning Region 2009-2013 3. National Strategy for Regional Development of Republic of Macedonia, 2009-2019 4. National Strategy for Agriculture and Rural Development for the period 2007 - 2013, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, 2007 5. Strategic Plan of the Ministry of Local Government for the period 2007 - 2009 6. National Plan for Environmental Protection - NEAP II, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Skopje, 2006 7. National Sustainable Development Strategy for the period 2010-2030, Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2009 8. National Strategy for Macedonia's integration into the EU, Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2004 9. National Strategy for approximation of EU environmental legislation, the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, 2007 10. National Programme for Adoption of the Acquis (NPAA II, 2009, amended 2010) 11. Energy Efficiency Strategy 2020, Ministry of Economy, 2004 12. Strategy for Energy Development of RM until 2030, the Ministry of Economy, 2010 13. National Health - Environmental Action Plan (NEHAP), Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, 1999 14. Strategy and action plan to protect the biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Skopje, 2004 15. National Strategy for Waste Management (2008 - 2020), the Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2008 16. National Plan for Waste Management (2009-2015), 2009 17. Report on progress in achieving the Millennium Development Objectives for Republic of Macedonia (2008) - MDG 7 Environmental Sustainability, UNDP Office in Macedonia, Government of the Republic of Macedonia 18. Indicators of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, 2008 19. National Strategy for Economic Development of Republic of Macedonia, Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 1998 20. Strategy for Sustainable Forestry Development in the Republic of Macedonia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management, 2006 21. National Strategy for Clean Development Mechanism, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, 2007 22. National Transport Strategy, Ministry of Transport and Communications, 2007 23. Study on the state of biodiversity in the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report), Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Skopje 2003 24. Sustainable Development Strategy of the Municipality Berovo 2006 - 2011/Action Plan for Sustainable Development Strategy 2006 - 2011 of the Municipality Berovo 25. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Berovo, 2003 26. Strategy for development of rural tourism in the Municipality Cesinovo - Oblesevo, 2007 27. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Delcevo, 2005 28. Profile and Strategic Plan for Local Economic Development, Municipality Delcevo 29. Profile of the Municipality Karbinci, Municipality Karbinci 30. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Karbinci 31. Strategy for Local Economic Development, Municipality of Kocani 32. Master Plan for Tourism Development in the Municipality of Kocani, 2006 -87-
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33. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality of Kocani, 2004 34. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica 35. Strategy for Local Economic Development, Municipality of Makedonska Kamenica 36. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Pehcevo 37. Strategic Plan for Economic Development, Municipality Probistip 38. Profile of the Municipality Probistip, Municipality Probistip 39. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Stip, 2004 40. Strategic Plan for Economic Development, for Municipalities Stip and Karbinci 41. Local Action Plan for the Environment, Municipality Vinica, 2006 42. Strategy for local development of Municipality Vinica 2008-2013 Municipality Vinica, 2008 43. Strategy for development of rural tourism in the Municipality Zrnovci, 2007 44. Profile of the Municipality Zrnovci, 2009 45. Spatial Plan of Republic of Macedonia (2002-2020), Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2004 46. Second National Report on the Framework Convention of the United Nations Climate Change Section: Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation for water resources sector, 2006, Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning
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