Interface Vol. 22, No.3, Fall 2013 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 22, NO. 3 Fall 2013

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

On Carbon Capture and Conversion (or C3): The Power of Cubed

7 Pennington Corner:

Electrochemical Energy

23 Special Section:

224th ECS Meeting, San Francisco, CA

47 Tech Highlights 49 New Frontiers in Nanocarbons

51 The Revival of Fullerenes? 57 Discovering Properties

of Nanocarbon Materials as a Pivot for Device Applications

61 Carbon Onions: Synthesis and Electrochemical Applications

New Frontiers in

Nanocarbons

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The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Winter 2010

FROM T HE EDITOR

On Carbon Capture and Conversion (or C3): The Power of Cubed

nergy production from the combustion of fossil fuels results in greenhouse gas emissions (GGEs), a chief contributor among them being CO2. Public awareness and legislation continue to drive a policy of reducing GGEs in many countries although some may argue that not enough is being done. Much discussion and R&D have also centered on displacing fossil fuels with renewable energy sources. However, at least three factors will make this shift gradual rather than abrupt: (a) new discoveries of significant petroleum reserves and the current glut in natural gas supplies; (b) the inability of renewable energy to compete with fossil fuels in terms of utility costs (the so-called grid parity); and (c) the intermittency of renewable energy sources that demand new storage technologies to enable their electric power grid integration. Thus the immediate-tointermediate energy demand is likely to be met by conventional fossil fuel combustion with increasing levels of emissions control as dictated by environmental regulations. Of all the strategies for reducing GGEs from fossil fuel combustion systems, those based on carbon capture are likely to have the most impact. On the other hand, the socalled carbon capture and storage (CCS), based either on the use of sorbent materials or sequestration in underground and marine reservoirs, is largely a passive approach. Chemical sorption based on the use of materials such as CaO suffers from the fact it relies on an equilibrium process and thus requires the use of process temperatures, significantly above the ambient. Deposition in either ground or marine reservoirs may have unforeseen (and drastic) consequences related to salinity changes, impact on aquatic life, etc. Injecting CO2 into depleted oil or gas-bearing fields for enhanced oil or natural gas recovery does have the virtue of putting a waste chemical to good end use. This approach obviously is less passive than simple burial or chemical conversion to an insoluble carbonate mineral. We can go one step further and consider carbon capture coupled with its conversion to liquid fuel, what I refer to above as Carbon Capture and Conversion or C3 group of technologies. There are many variants on this theme and conversion is the key, not to an inert product with low economic value (such as a carbonate mineral) but to a value-added product. For example, there is widespread interest in coupling the CO2 captured (for example on a microporous polymer) with epoxides to form cyclic carbonate with applicability in the pharmaceutical or fine chemical industry sectors. Conversion to a liquid fuel has the most appeal (at least to me), and this strategy has the added virtue of being a closed, sustainable loop. For example, burning methanol generates CO2 and water; recombining CO2 and water to regenerate methanol closes the loop. This approach is akin to the much-discussed water splitting energy scheme (for example, see articles featured in the summer 2013 issue of this magazine) but unlike hydrogen, liquid fuels such as methanol do not pose problems associated with volumetric energy density, storage, and distribution infrastructure issues. There are many approaches for converting CO2 to liquid fuels, but I am in favor of those based on the use of sunlight and an inorganic semiconductor (such as CuxO, derived from earth-abundant elements). Electrochemical conversion (reduction) of CO2 to products such as methanol has been intensely researched, but where is the electricity to come from? If it is fossil-derived, then the approach would have less appeal relative to a solar-based approach, from a lifecycle (“well-to-wheels”) analysis perspective. One can always couple a solar photovoltaic panel to a CO2 conversion reactor but an integrated system such as the solar photoelectrochemical approach based on a semiconductor electrode has several redeeming features. Nonetheless, process efficiencies and material stability issues have to be further improved before implementation of C3 technologies on the scale needed to make real impact becomes viable. Stay tuned.

Krishnan Rajeshwar Editor The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Editor: Krishnan Rajeshwar, rajeshwar@uta.edu Guest Editor: R. Bruce Weisman, weisman@rice.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail. com; Zoltan Nagy, nagyz@email.unc.edu Managing Editor: Mary E. Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Production & Advertising Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Bor Yann Liaw (Battery), Shinji Fujimoto (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Giovanni Zangari (Electrodeposition), Andrew Hoff (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Luis Echegoyen (Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures), Xiao-Dong Zhou (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publications Subcommittee Chair: Dan Scherson Society Officers: Tetsuya Osaka, President; Paul Kohl, Senior Vice-President; Dan Scherson, 2nd Vice-President; Krishnan Rajeshwar, 3rd Vice-President; Lili Deligianni, Secretary; Christina Bock, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN Print: 1064-8208 Online: 1944-8783 The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2013 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings.

All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

Vol. 22, No. 3 Fall 2013

49 51 57

New Frontiers in Nanocarbons by R. Bruce Weisman

The Revival of Fullerenes? by Nazario Martín

Discovering Properties of Nanocarbon Materials as a Pivot for Device Applications by Tetyana Ignatova and Slava V. Rotkin

Carbon Onions: Synthesis and Electrochemical Applications

the Editor: 3 From On Carbon Capture and Conversion (or C3): The Power of Cubed

Corner: 7 Pennington Electrochemical Energy the Impact of 8 Expanding ECS Transactions

12 Society News Section: 23 Special 224 ECS Meeting, th

San Francisco, CA

42 People News 47 Tech Highlights 67 Section News 69 Awards 72 New Members 75 Student News

by John K. McDonough and Yury Gogotsi On the cover . . . Nanotube–PCBM interface in nanocarbon solar cells (top inset); heat conductance in a nanotube forest on a quartz substrate (middle inset); T- and H-junctions of single-wall nanotubes as electronic splitters (bottom inset and background). Cover design by Slava V. Rotkin (data and image); Monica Shell, designer; Johanna S. Brams, project manager, IMRC, Lehigh University. (See related article on page 57). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

PENNINGTON CORNER

Electrochemical Energy

he Society’s 3rd Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) will be held in San Francisco, CA on October 27 & 28. The focus of this Summit will be on the Energy–Water Nexus, with a special symposium focused on the increasing global demands for both energy and water, which pose formidable challenges to these interconnected infrastructure systems.1 It will be a very exciting and important event with several excellent invited speakers talking about policy and funding in these areas including Congressman Jerry McNerney, 9th District of California. He is the only renewable energy expert in Congress and sits on the House Committee on Energy & Commerce. There will also be a showcase of electrochemical energy activities from research groups in industry, academia, and government laboratories, and a student poster session. The complete schedule can be found on pages 34-35. The 1st Electrochemical Energy Summit was held at the Boston Meeting in October 2011, and it was conceived by the Society leadership to promote the important scientific developments in electrochemical energy. This has always been an important part of the Society’s technical interest areas and activities, but the worldʼs energy problems have placed a higher level of importance on this discipline and the role the Society plays in its advancement. The Summits were created because ECS leadership felt that it was time to take stock in our role of this increasingly-relevant science and how we should contribute to, and advocate for, the development of new technologies that help the sustainability of our planet. The worldwide relevance of our science is having a major impact on ECS and the future of electrochemistry. There has never been a more significant period of development for electrochemical science and technology, and the science has never had a greater role in “making the world a better place.” Electrochemistry has been an important science since Alessandro Volta conducted his frog experiments in 1799 on the shore of Lake Como, Italy.2 Since then, advances in electrochemical and solid state science have dramatically influenced technological advancements in new materials, communications, transportation, and microelectronics. Now, advancements at the energy–water nexus have pushed electrochemistry to the forefront because they represent solutions for mankind’s most difficult environmental and societal challenges. One of the greatest scientists of the modern era recognized the importance of electrochemistry in the early part of the 20th century. In conversation with Henry Ford in 1931, Thomas Edison3 said, “We are like tenant farmers chopping down the fence around our house for fuel when we should be using

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Nature’s inexhaustible sources of energy—sun, wind and tide. ... I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.” We are not in imminent danger of running out of oil and coal at this time, but these energy sources have created immeasurable environmental and socio-economic problems, which can be resolved with electrochemical processes that capture the power of the inexhaustible sources of energy that Edison described. Electrochemical processes can create clean energy and water, which are probably the two greatest challenges of the new millennium and also the most perplexing challenges because of their interconnectivity. Clean water is needed for energy production even for renewable energy resources, and energy is in turn needed to produce and transport clean water. It is a true conundrum that requires our best and brightest to find answers and a sustainable balance. Recognizing these needs, ECS has been very progressive in restructuring our meetings, publications, and membership programs to advance these increasingly-important areas of science, and which we hope will stimulate ideas and scientific exchange to assist scientists and engineers to find solutions for our future. By taking a leadership role, ECS and its members truly have an opportunity to play a major role in bettering the human condition.

2013

Roque J. Calvo ECS Executive Director

1. 3rd Electrochemical Energy Summit—The Energy–Water Nexus, organizers: Christina Bock (National Research Council - Canada), Jim Burgess (Case Western Reserve Univ.), Michael Carter (KWJ Engineering, Inc.), Robert Glass (Lawrence Livermore National Lab), Carl Hensman (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation), Bor Yann Liaw (Hawaii Natural Energy Inst.), Shelley Minteer (Univ. of Utah), Paul Natishan (U.S. Naval Research Lab), Brian Stoner (RTI International), and Eric Wachsman (Univ. of Maryland Energy Research Center). 2. Lake Como is the location of the 17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (June 10-14, 2014). 3. Thomas Edison joined ECS in 1903 and enjoyed membership for 28 years. A true technological genius, he held patents for more than 1,000 inventions, including the incandescent electric lamp, the phonograph, and the motion picture projector.

socie t y ne ws

Expanding the Impact of ECS Transactions by Jeffrey W. Fergus

Impact of Publications Presentations at conferences and journal publications are both important for the dissemination and discourse needed to advance science and technology. Presentations at meetings can contain very recent results, since they do not have to take the time or meet the standards associated with the peer-review process of a journal publication. A journal paper contains more complete information, but is not available until sometime later. Oral or poster presentations at meetings provide

Other Meetings

2,000

ECS Meetings

Papers

1,500

1,000

500

0 2005

2006

2007

2008 2009 Year

2010

2011

2012

Fig. 1. ECST publication history.

Meeting

Level of Interaction

ne of the objectives of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) is to disseminate knowledge in electrochemistry and solid state science. Content presented at ECS meetings is disseminated beyond meeting attendees through the publication of proceeding papers. Prior to 2005, these papers were published in hard-cover Proceedings Volumes (PVs). In 2005, ECS Transactions (ECST) was established to expand dissemination of ECS meeting content. ECST allows for the publication of printed proceedings volumes, but also expands access because the papers are available online either as complete volumes or individual papers. Each ECS symposium is represented by an issue of ECST, some of which are available as hard-cover books and others that are available as soft-cover print-on-demand books. If a hard-cover book is not published, there is no minimum paper number requirement, so any paper presented in an ECS symposium can be published for further dissemination. In some cases, papers are submitted prior to the meeting, so that the volume can be made available at the meeting. In other cases, the papers are not submitted until a few weeks after the meeting, so the issue is published later. As shown in Fig. 1, more than 13,000 papers have been published in ECST. Most of these papers (81%) are associated with presentations made at ECS biannual meetings. However, ECST also publishes volumes for other meetings, which is a valuable resource for organizations lacking the infrastructure for publishing meeting content. As ECST approaches a decade of publication, ECS is evaluating possible changes or new features to enhance the impact of ECST on scientific discourse in electrochemical and solid state science.

Journal

Transactions

Time May 2013 F14 ig. 2. Impact of publications.

ECS Spring 2013 Meeting

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

socie t y ne ws opportunities for interaction and discussion between the authors and meeting participants, but this opportunity is available only to meeting participants. On the other hand, journal publications are more widely available but there is typically minimal interaction between authors and readers. A reader may contact an author with questions and perhaps have some subsequent discussion, but the level of interaction is generally limited. These interactions are illustrated graphically in Fig. 2 where meetings have a high level of interaction among a relatively small number of meeting participants (smaller depth in the figure) while journals are widely available (large depth in the figure) but with little interaction. Also illustrated in Fig. 2 is the gap in time between when content is presented at a meeting and when it is published in a journal. This gap is due to the time required to develop research to the stage where it is suitable for a journal publication as well as the time for the peer-review and production processes. Proceedings publications can span this gap, since they can be available at or shortly following the meeting. Results that are not ready for a journal publication may still be valuable to other researchers in the field, so proceedings publications can be useful for advancing science and technology. Proceedings papers that are available at the meeting are particularly useful since they can provide information to enhance the discussions at the meetings.

Enhancing the impact of a publication can be through increasing the number of, or the interaction among, authors and readers as illustrated in Fig. 3. ECS is in the process of obtaining member feedback to identify ways in which the impact of ECST can be enhanced in both of these ways.

Input on the Future of ECST To obtain member feedback on the future of ECST an open forum was held at the Toronto meeting. In addition, the ECST Editor met with members at Division meetings and luncheons. Subsequently, broader input was solicited through a survey to ECS members. Toronto Meeting.—One of the issues identified during discussions at the Toronto meeting (May 2013) was concern over the value to the author in writing ECST papers. Proceedings papers are typically read by fewer people and count for less in performance evaluations and promotion considerations as compared to journal publications. While the time required to write a proceedings paper is less than that to write a journal paper, it still takes time, so the value of spending that time must be justified. Another concern raised is that publication in ECST may limit subsequent publication in a journal paper. Any content published in ECST can be published in an ECS journal. However, some authors may want to

Level of Interaction

Meeting

Transactions Journal Extent of Participation

May 2013impact of ECST. Fig14 . 3. Expanding

ECS Spring 2013 Meeting

publish content in other journals. In some cases, selected portions of the results can be published in a proceedings paper and then elaborated with additional results in a subsequent journal publication. However, in other cases any publication will preclude subsequent publication. One of the strengths of ECST identified was its flexibility. Some symposia require all participants to submit a proceedings paper prior to presenting at the symposium, while others provide the option of a proceeding paper submitted after the meeting, but do not emphasize the proceedings issue. Different communities have different constraints, objectives and emphases, so the availability of multiple options is appreciated. This flexibility, however, leads to variability in the level of review and thus expectations between issues. To explore ways to take advantage of this flexibility, ECS members were surveyed on some possible new initiatives for ECST. Member Survey.—The survey was sent by email to ECS members in June 2013. More than 300 members responded with at least 262 responses to each question. About half of the respondents indicated that proceedings are always (12%) or often (40%) useful. The proportion that contributes (41% always or often) or actively seeks out proceedings papers (42% always or often) is somewhat less, but still indicates that proceedings papers are of value. The comments from respondents indicated that the value of proceedings papers is the rapid dissemination of recent results and providing a forum for publication of results that would not later be published in journals (such as some work from industry). Although proceedings papers are generally considered to be of lower stature than journal publications, they are useful for students and young researchers that need to establish a publication record. One possible extension of ECST being considered is the publication of slides from meeting presentations. The support for this idea was similar to the general support for proceedings in that 49% of the respondents would often or always find narrated slides of presentations useful. The value of slides without narration was somewhat lower—42% indicated that this was often or always useful. Figure 4 shows that, although there is value in the slides, there is a reluctance to contribute. Only 28-32% of respondents would often or always contribute their slides, while 4647% would never or sometimes contribute slides. Of those that would contribute slides, 62% would often or always want to remove selected slides before publication. The concern over publishing sensitive information was also identified as an issue in some of the respondent comments. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Fergus

(continued from previous page)

60%

Percent of Respondents

50% 40% 30%

Would narrated slides of talks given at ECS meetings be useful to you? Would the slides (without narration) of talks given at ECS meetings be useful to you? As a presenter, would you agree to ECS recording and posting the narration and slides of your talk? As a presenter, would you agree to ECS posting the slides (without narration) from your talk? Would you submit slides (with or without narration) instead of a full-text ECST paper?

Participation

Value

20% 10% 0% Never

Sometimes

Neutral Value

Often

Always

Fig. 4. Survey results on publication of slides from meeting presentations.

Are comments from others on your paper useful?

50%

Would you want others to publicly comment on your papers? Would you use a forum for online discussion and commenting on ECST papers?

Percent of Respondents

The other common issue identified in the comments was that many presenters like to continue to modify their slides until just before the talk. However, many respondents did indicate that they would find the slides of other presenters valuable. Since there is potential value in publishing presentation slides, ECS will be recording presentations made in the Symposium on Sensors for Agriculture at the meeting in San Francisco and post the narrated slides on the ECS website as a pilot test of this potential publication format. Another possible extension of ECST is to provide an opportunity for online discussion of papers and scientific topics. Figure 5 shows that while respondents found value in input from others on their work (47% often or always found comments on their papers useful) they would not likely participate in online discussion. Only 15-19% of respondents would often or always comment on other papers or participate in an online discussion, while 25-26% would never do so. The comments from respondents indicated that developing an effective online discussion is difficult and that it is also difficult to find time to participate in such discussions. One method for increasing participation is to reduce the length of the paper or provide alternative publication formats (like the slides discussed above). The survey included a question asking if a page limit should be imposed on ECST papers. There was no strong consensus for or against page limits. Figure 6 summarizes results on the suggested length, which indicates that preferred length is a little shorter than the actual length of ECST published papers (average length = 9.7 pages). Another approach to shorter publication is a two-page extended abstract, which has been used by ECS in the past, either in addition to, or in place of, a proceedings paper. The results from the survey shown in Fig. 7 indicate that the usefulness of or interest in submitting extended abstracts is not strong. One of the strengths of ECST noted in the comments was, as also identified in discussions at the Toronto meeting, the flexibility that allows different groups to take different approaches to publishing in ECST. Thus, support from all members is not needed for an initiative to be successful, so some ideas with moderate support may still be worth pursuing. Expanding the range of publication alternatives will benefit ECS members even if all members do not utilize the new features.

40% 30%

Would you publicly comment on other papers?

Participation

20%

Value

10% 0% Never

Sometimes

Neutral Value

Often

Always

Fig. 5. Survey results on online discussions.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

socie t y ne ws The result from the survey that generated the strongest consensus was the preference for electronic formats. Of the respondents, 62% always or often download individual ECST papers, while 62% never purchase hard-cover books.

35%

Percent of Respondents

30%

Average page length of ECST papers = 9.7

25%

Conclusions

20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 4

8 Page Length

About the Author

Fig. 6. Survey results on ECST paper length.

50%

Would you find 2-page extended abstracts of presentations for which there is no full-text ECST paper useful?

Percent of Respondents

Would the slides of talks (with or without narration) be more useful than an extended 2 page abstract for presentations without full-text papers?

40%

The membership of ECS is very diverse and different groups within the Society have different needs and objectives for publishing meeting content. ECST provides multiple avenues for publication to meet these needs, but the range of opportunities can be expanded to more effectively disseminate content from ECS meetings. The survey of ECS members indicates that finding value for and facilitating participation of content contributors is a challenge for proceedings publications like ECST. Comments and suggestions on the possibilities discussed in this paper or alternative ideas would be most welcome.

Would you submit a 2-page extended abstract instead of a full-text ECST paper?

30%

Jeffrey W. Fergus is Editor of ECS Transactions and Chair of the High Temperature Materials Division. After receiving his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Notre Dame, he joined the materials engineering faculty at Auburn University, where he is currently a professor. His research interests are in the high temperature and solid state chemistry of materials, including the chemical degradation of materials and materials for electrochemical devices, such as chemical sensors, batteries, and fuel cells. He may be reached at jwfergus@eng. auburn.edu.

20% 10% 0% Never

Sometimes

Neutral Value

Often

Always

Fig. 7. Survey results on two-page extended abstracts.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

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IE&EE Division NET Award

he ECS IE&EE Division presented the 2013 New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award to UTC Power at the Division’s Luncheon and Business Meeting in Toronto, Canada. Michael L. Perry and Robert M. Darling accepted the company’s award plaque as well as the individual key contributor scrolls for Sathya Motupally, Timothy W. Patterson, Tom Skiba, and Mathew P. Wilson. The team of engineers from UTC Power was awarded the 2013 NET Award for outstanding work in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering that enabled fuel-cell powered vehicles to achieve commercial levels of reliability and durability in real-world transit bus service. Dr. Darling presented the NET Award address entitled “Fuel Cells for Transportation with Commercially-Viable Reliability and Durability.” All sponsoring organizations of commercial, new electrochemical technology are invited to submit their nominations for the 2015 NET Award (see the ECS website for details). The IE&EE Division was pleased to present Young WooLee (Soongsil University, Seoul) with its 2013 H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award; and Wei Yan (Ohio University) and Christopher Arges (Illinois Institute of Technology) with the Division’s 2013 Student Achievement Awards. This item was contributed by: Gerri Botte (Ohio University), IE&EE Division Chair.

The ECS IE&EE Division presented the 2013 New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award to UTC Power at the Division’s Luncheon and Business Meeting in Toronto Canada. From left to right are: Robert M. Darling (UTC Power), Michael L. Perry (UTC Power), and Gerri Botte (IE&EE Division Chair).

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

The î&#x20AC;&#x201A;eElectrochemical Electrochemical Society Society Series Series

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The Electrochemical Society of Japan Celebrates Their 80th Anniversary

he Electrochemical Society of Japan’s (ECSJ) 80th Anniversary celebration was held in Sendai, Japan from March 29-31 on the newly renovated Tohoku University campus. At the invitation of presiding ECSJ President Kiyohiko Nakae, ECS President Fernando Garzon and Executive Director Roque Calvo participated in this memorable anniversary celebration, and had an opportunity to reflect on the long term relationship between ECS and ECSJ. This relationship has spanned more than 40 years and has been primarily built on our collaborative or joint meeting now called the Pacific Rim Meeting on Electrochemical and Solid Sate Science or PRiME. The most recent PRiME was held last October, and it was the 6th and most successful event with the inclusion of 4,011 technical papers. The ECS–ECSJ partnership began when leaders of each Society conceived the idea to hold a joint meeting in Hawaii. The growth and development of electrochemistry led to individual collaborations among leaders of both organizations who recognized that there were opportunities for the societies to work together. Because the programs and activities of each Society were built around technical meetings, they concluded that a joint meeting in a mutually beneficial location would leverage contributions from both organization and create a program that was superior to anything that either could do alone.

After concluding our most successful joint meeting last October, it was clear that this was a visionary plan which has led to the development of the most significant technical meeting in the field of electrochemical and solid state science. In the 1980s, collaborations of this nature were uncommon and they remain complex and challenging. The early collaboration between ECS and ECSJ was pioneering and the sustained excellence of the meeting and relationship between the societies is a model of success (see meeting summary on page 15). ECSJ’s 80th Anniversary was an opportunity to celebrate the progress of ECSJ, the partnership with ECS, and the important role electrochemistry is playing in the world today. The presidents of several important electrochemical societies participated in the anniversary celebration. In addition to those from ECS, other participants included the International Society of Electrochemistry, the Korean Electrochemical Society, and the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry. ECS President Fernando Garzon presented the following lecture to commemorate the event. “On Behalf of The Board of Directors and the Members of The Electrochemical Society, I convey our sincere congratulations to The Electrochemical Society of Japan upon their 80th Anniversary. We salute the many achievements of the Society and its membership. The Electrochemical Society of Japan has been

Attending the ECSJ 80th anniversary dinner in Sendai, Japan are Roque Calvo, ECS Executive Director; Fernando Garzon, ECS President; Tsutomu Takamura, former ECSJ Editor; Shanshan Cheng, student, Waseda University; Tetsuya Osaka, ECS VicePresident and former ECSJ President; Isao Taniguchi, former ECS Board member; and Toshio Fuchigami, former ECSJ Editor.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

socie t y ne ws societ a leading contributor to the advancement of world science and technology throughout its distinguished history. As mankind faces the many challenges of increased population and energy usage, diminishing natural resources and the global environmental impacts associated with economic development, better technology needs to be implemented to ameliorate the undesirable consequences of our increasing standard of living. The Electrochemical Society of Japan, through its publications, technical symposia, and the scientific breakthroughs of its membership, has played and will continue to play a vital role in advancing improvements in efficient energy conversion, energy storage, environmental sensing and monitoring, and green chemistry and manufacturing. These achievements are evident in our everyday lives. Among the many achievements are the advanced lithium battery technology in our mobile computers, telephones and tablets, the high efficiency and low emission hybrid vehicles we drive, emerging fuel cell energy conversion technology, the sensors that monitor our homes and workplaces for toxic and flammable gases, and the numerous new advanced medical devices that improve our health and vitality. “The Electrochemical Society and The Electrochemical Society of Japan have many mutual members and the societies have been formally collaborating for 40 years, which represents half of the historical lifetime of The Electrochemical Society of Japan. Our dual members were the basis of informal collaborations for decades before our joint meetings officially began. Our first international meeting was held October 1987 in Honolulu, Hawaii after five years of planning between the leadership of our societies. The attendance has grown from 2,500 to over 3,800 participants at PRiME 2012 demonstrating the success and importance of our

joint meetings. PRiME is the world’s largest and most important meeting dedicated to electrochemical science and technology and we only expect it to grow in the future. International collaboration in scientific endeavors directed toward the benefit of humanity, as exemplified by the PRiME conference, will only become increasing more important for the future well being of the planet. “The Electrochemical Society would like to thank the outstanding past and present members and leaders of The Electrochemical Society of Japan for their globally significant advancement of electrochemical science and technology and we wish you continued future success in your noble mission.” Date

Name

Location

Attendance

October 1987

Joint International Meeting

Honolulu, Hawaii

2,537

May 1993

Joint International Meeting

Honolulu, Hawaii

2,470

October 1999

Joint International Meeting

Honolulu, Hawaii

2,410

October 2004

Joint International Meeting

Honolulu, Hawaii

2,960

October 2008

PRiME 2008

Honolulu, Hawaii

2,775

October 2012

PRiME 2012

Honolulu, Hawaii

3,811

Special guests at the ECSJ 80th Anniversary held on the campus of Tohoku University are (standing from left to right): Akira Fujishima President, Tokyo University of Science; Masuo Aizawa, Counselor to the President of the Japan Science & Technology Agency; Fernando Garzon, ECS President; Hasuck Kim, ISE President; Kiyohiko Nakae, ECSJ President; Michiharu Nakamura, President of the Japan Science & Technology Agency; Zempachi Ogumi, Chair, ECSJ 80th Anniversary Celebration; and Hideaki Matsuoka, ECSJ Former President.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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Your Article. Online. FAST!

Quality peer review. Continuous publication. No page charges. u ECSâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the only nonprofit society publisher in its field. u High-impact research and technical content areas. u Authors do not pay page charges. u Immediate and worldwide dissemination of content to more than 1,000 academic, research, and corporate libraries. u Visibility and discoverability on a leadingedge, innovative platform. u Special FOCUS ISSUES devoted to critical, highprofile research that offer state-of-the-science summaries and perspectives.

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The Electrochemical Society

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 110 years

16 Meeting Program

www.electrochem.org

May 12-16, 2013

Toronto, ON, Canada

www.ecsdl.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013 1

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New Division Officers New officers for the 2013-2015 term have been elected for the following Divisions.

Energy Technology Division Chair Adam Weber, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Vice-Chair Scott Calabrese Barton, Michigan State University Secretary Andrew Herring, Colorado School of Mines Treasurer Vaidyanathan (Ravi) Subramanian, University of Nevada, Reno

Members-at-Large Katherine Ayers, Proton Energy Systems Huyen Dinh, NREL James Fenton, University of Central Florida Thomas Fuller, Georgia Institute of Technology Kunal Karan, University of Calgary Sanjeev Mukerjee, Northeastern University William Mustain, University of Connecticut Sri Narayan, University of Southern California Peter Pintauro, Vanderbilt University Krishnan Rajeshwar, University of Texas at Arlington Juergen Stumper, Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation John Weidner, University of South Carolina Karim Zagib, Hydro-Quebec

Division Officer Slates Announced New officers for a 2013-2015 term have been nominated for the following Divisions. All election results will be reported in the winter 2013 issue of Interface.

Electrodeposition Division (The Division will vote to affirm the current Executive Committee to remain in office for the 2013-2015 term.) Chair Giovanni Zangari, University of Virginia Vice-Chair Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Northeastern University Secretary Stanko Brankovic, University of Houston Treasurer Philippe Vereecken, IMEC vzw Members-at-Large (both to be elected) Ingrid Shao, IBM Corporation Natasa Vasiljevic, University of Bristol

High Temperature Materials Division Chair Xiao-Dong Zhou, University of South Carolina Senior Vice-Chair Turgut Gur, Stanford University Junior Vice-Chair Greg Jackson, University of Maryland Secretary/Treasurer (the candidate not elected will be a Member-at-Large) Paul Gannon, Montana State University Koichi Eguchi, Kyoto University Members-at-Large (up to 33 to be elected) Stuart Adler, University of Washington Mark Allendorf, Sandia National Laboratories Timothy Armstrong, Carpenter Technology, Corporate Research & Development Sean Bishop, Kyushu University Fanglin (Frank) Chen, University of South Carolina Emiliana Fabbri, Paul Scherrer Institute Fernando Garzon, Los Alamos National Laboratory Robert Glass, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Srikanth Gopalan, Boston University The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

Ellen Ivers-Tiffee, University of Karlsruhe Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University Torsten Markus, Forschungszentrum Juelich Toshio Maruyama, Tokyo Institute of Technology Patrick Masset, Fraunhofer UMSICHT-ATZ Nguyen Quang Minh Mogens Mogensen, DTU Energy Conversion Jason Nicholas, Michigan State University Juan Nino, University of Florida Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia Emily Ryan, Boston University Subhash Singhal (retired) Enrico Traversa, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology Anil Virkar, University of Utah Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Werner Weppner, Christian-Albrechts University Kielc Mark Williams, URS Corporation Leta Woo, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Eric Wuchina, Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division Shu Yamaguchi, The University of Tokyo Harumi Yokokawa, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science & Technology

Luminescence and Display Materials Division Chair Anant Setlur, GE Global Research Center Vice-Chair Madis Raukas, Osram Sylvania Secretary/Treasurer Mikhail Brik, University of Tartu Members-at-Large (up to 6 to be elected) Holly Comanzo, GE Global Research Center Uwe Happek, University of Georgia Charles Hunt, University of California, Davis Marco Kirm, University of Tartu David Lockwood, National Research Council â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Canada Alok Srivastava, GE Global Research Center

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Highlights from IC4N

he latest edition of the 4th International Conference from Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials to Nanodevices and Nanosystems (IC4N) (www.uta.edu/ic4n) on the beautiful island of Corfu, Greece was a resounding success. Like the three previous conferences, this year’s IC4N was also co-sponsored by ECS and had a truly international flavor with ca. 200 participants from more than 40 countries around the world. The conference was opened with an inspirational plenary lecture by Nobel Laureate Dan Shechtman and involved four keynote lectures and more than 100 invited lectures by renowned researchers around the globe, making IC4N a forum of the highest quality. The poster sessions contributed to a vigorous and informal scientific and technical exchange. Mariana Sendova of the New College of Florida received the ECS Poster Paper Award for her poster, “BaTiO3 Nanoparticles: Temperature-Dependent Micro-Raman Spectroscopy.” The conference involved eleven special symposia that were planned to address the current state‑of‑the‑art in nanoscience and nanotechnology as applied to energy conversion, human health, and the environment. A Nanotechnology Transfer Workshop also took place to address issues relating to facilitation of recent nanomaterials and nanotechnology advancements to the marketplace.

The ECS Poster Paper Award at IC4N was awarded to Mariana Sendova of the New College of Florida (center), who is pictured here with Stathis Meletis (left) and Krishnan Rajeshwar (right).

13th ISE Topical Meeting

he 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) was held at the International Convention Centre of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR ICC) in Pretoria, South Africa, from April 7 to 11, 2013. The theme of the meeting was “Advances in Electrochemical Materials Science and Manufacturing,” which involved ISE Division 4 (Electrochemical Materials Science) and ISE Division 5 (Electrochemical Process Engineering and Technology). The meeting was a huge success, attracting 218 participants from 25 countries. The program included five plenary lectures, eleven keynote lectures, 131 oral and invited lectures, and 77 posters. This was the first time ECS was one of the sponsors of the 13th ISE Topical Meeting and as part of its sponsorship, awarded travel grants to four students. From left to right: Daniel Scherson (ECS 2nd Vice-President); award an ISE meeting was held in Africa. winners Xolile Godfrey Fuku, Shane Flanagan, Paul Ejikeme, and Katlego Makgopa; and ECS was one of the sponsors of the Kenneth Ozoemena (Conference Chair). conference and the Society awarded travel grants to the following four students (USD 500 each). Paul Ejikeme (University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria), for his Xolile Godfrey Fuku (University of the Western Cape, Cape paper, “Factorial Design and Response Surface Methodology in Town, South Africa), for his paper, “Quantum Dots Electrochemical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Nigerian Non-Edible Oil.” Genosensor for Breast Cancer Biomarkers.” Shane Flanagan (Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Katlego Makgopa (University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa), Africa), for his paper, “Normalizing Variability in the Electrochemical for his paper, “Electrochemical Properties of Graphene Oxide/ Detection of Mycotoxins at Carbon Nanotube Modified Glassy Manganese Oxide Nanocomposites for Electrochemical Capacitors. Carbon Electrodes.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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websites of note by Zoltan Nagy

Guide to Electrochemical Technology for Synthesis, Separation, and Pollution Control

Chemical manufacturers and users are daily faced with decisions associated with the need to improve chemical processes (e.g., increase selectivity, separate difficult mixtures, decrease energy consumption, recover the value of chemicals in waste streams, minimize the discharge of a toxic by-product, etc). This Guide seeks to show that modern electrochemical technology can offer the preferred solution to a range of problems, and several illustrative examples are described. What is electrolysis? Applications of electrochemical technology. Why consider electrolysis now? Will electrochemical technology solve your problem? Examples of electrolytic processes. • D. Pletcher (U. of Southampton) • http://www.electrosynthesis.com/pdfs/Guide.pdf

Electrochemical Technology for Environmental Treatment and Clean Energy Conversion

The applications of electrochemical technology in environmental treatment, materials recycling, and clean synthesis are briefly reviewed. The diversity of these applications is shown by the number of industrial sectors involved. The scale of operation ranges from microelectrodes to large industrial cell rooms. The features of electrochemical processes are summarized. Electrochemical reactors for energy conversion are also considered, with an emphasis on load-leveling and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) (hydrogen–oxygen) fuel cells. • F. C.Walsh (U. of Bath) • http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7312x1819.pdf

Electrodialysis

Electrodialysis is used to transport salt from one solution, the diluate, to another solution (concentrate) by applying an electric current. This is done in an electrodialysis cell providing all necessary elements for this process. The concentrate and diluate are separated by a membrane into the two different process streams (concentrate and diluate), an electric current is applied, moving the salt over the membrane. Applications are: desalination of salt water, stabilization of wine, whey demineralization, pharmaceutical applications, pickling bath recycling, etc. • PCA - Polymerchemie Altmeier GmbH • http://www.pca-gmbh.com/appli/ed.htm

About the Author

Zoltan Nagy is a semi-retired electrochemist. After 15 years in a variety of electrochemical industrial research, he spent 30 years at Argonne National Laboratory carrying out research on electrode kinetics and surface electrochemistry. Presently he is at the Chemistry Department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He welcomes suggestions for entries; send them to nagyz@email.unc.edu.

224th ECS Meeting Highlight ECS celebrates the publication of Lithium Batteries—Advanced Technologies and Applications

Meet, greet, and chat with some of the editors! Plus, enter to win* a signed copy of Lithium Batteries When: Wednesday, October 30, 2013 l See Meeting Program for time. Where: ECS Booth in the 224th ECS Meeting Technical Exhibit *Please refer to the 224 ECS Meeting Program for further details about the time and location of this event. No purchase is necessary but you must be present to win. Official rules available upon request to ecs@electrochem.org. th

You must be present at the Meet and Greet Book Signing & Giveaway to be eligible to win. Please check your meeting badge sheet for your book giveaway entry ticket and the 224th ECS Meeting Program for more details.

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www.ecee2014.com

ECEE 2014

is the first Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment, a major international conference that covers a unique blend of topics pertaining to energy and the environment. A joint meeting of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry (CSE), ECEE 2014 is a unique forum for the discussion of interdisciplinary research from around the world through a variety of formats, such as invited and keynote oral presentations, poster sessions, and exhibits.

Symposium topics include: • Electrochemical Energy Storage (E1)

• Electrochemical Fundamentals (E3)

• Electrochemical Energy Conversion (E2)

• Environmental Electrochemistry (E4)

IMPORTANT DEADLINES & INFORMATION: u Abstract Submission Deadline: October 31, 2013

u Hotel Accommodations: Now accepting reservations

u Early Bird Registration Deadline: February 14, 2014

u Sponsorship & Exhibit Opportunities are also available

For more information about the first-ever

Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment,

a joint meeting of ECS and CSE, please continue to visit the ECEE 2014 website. Society Interface • Fall 2013 The Electrochemical

www.ecee2014.com

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ECS Co-sponsored Conferences for 2013 In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections co-sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of the co-sponsored meetings for 2013. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all cosponsored meetings. • Electrochem 2013, September 1-3, 2013 — Southampton, UK • EuroCVD 19, September 1-6, 2013 — Varna, Bulgaria • 64th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, September 8-13, 2013 — Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico • New Processes and Materials Based on Electrochemical Concepts at the Microscopic Level (MicroEchem 2013), September 16-19, 2013 —

Querétaro, Mexico

• 28th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro 2013), September 16-19, 2013 — Curitiba, Brazil (Sponsored by

ECS Electronics & Photonics Division)

• 13th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-XIII), October 6-11, 2013 – Okinawa, Japan To learn more about what an ECS co-sponsorship could do for your conference, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for co-sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS co-sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

In the

issue of

• The work of the members of the ECS High Temperature Materials Division will be featured. Guest edited by Jeff Fergus, the issue will feature a number of very interesting articles, including “Design of Materials for Solar-Driven Fuel Production by Metal-Oxide Thermochemical Cycles,” by Mark Allendorf; “A Summary of the SOFCPPP Workshop,” by Jason Nicholas; “Corrosion in Energy Conversion,” by Elizabeth Opila; “High Temperature Proton Conductors,” by Enrico Traversa; “Energy Harvesting,” by Mark Williams; and “Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells/Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells,” by Nguyen Minh and Mogens Mogensen.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

• Highlights from the 224th ECS Meeting in San Francisco will be presented, including photos from the Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) featuring the Water-Energy Nexus Symposium, and from the special symposium in honor of Adam Heller on the occasion of his 80th birthday. • Tech Highlights continues to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals, including articles from the Society’s newest journals: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters. • Don’t miss the next edition of Websites of Note which will focus on all the ECS websites: the new ECS Digital Library, the ECS home site, and Redcat.

Volume 58– S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a from the San Francisco meeting, October 27—November 1, 2013 The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the San Francisco meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in soft or hard cover editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 58

No. 1

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 13 (PEFC 13) CD/USB........................ M $212.00, NM $265.00

Vol. 58 No. 2

Electrochemical Synthesis of Fuels 2 HC ................................M $141.00, NM $177.00

Vol. 58 No. 3

High Temperature Experimental Techniques and Measurements HC ..............................M $92.00, NM $115.00

Vol. 58 No. 4

Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 3 HC..............................M $127.00, NM $159.00

Vol. 58 No. 5

Nonvolatile Memories 2 HC.............................M $94.00, NM $117.00

Vol. 58 No. 6

Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology (SCST) 13) HC.............................M $102.00, NM $127.00

Vol. 58 No. 7

Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 11 HC ...........................M $117.00, NM $147.00

Vol. 58 No. 8

State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors (SOTAPOCS) 55 -and- LowDimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 6 HC.............................M $114.00, NM $143.00

Vol. 58 No. 9

ULSI Process Integration 8 HC.............................M $92.00, NM $115.00

Vol. 58 No. 10

Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 9 HC.............................M $92.00, NM $115.00

Vol. 58 No. 11

Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 9 SC.............................TBD

Forthcoming Issues SAN A0

Special Lectures - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN A1

Student Posters (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN A2

SAN D1

Corrosion Posters (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN G1

Alkaline Electrolyzers

SAN G2

Synthesis and Electrochemical Engineering General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN D2

Atmospheric Corrosion

Nanotechnology (General) - 224rd ECS Meeting

SAN D3

Degradation of Carbon Structural Materials

SAN H1

SAN A3

The Energy Water Nexus

SAN D4

SAN B1

Energy Technology/Battery--Joint Session (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

Mass Transport Phenomena in Localized Corrosion

Carbon Nanostructures 4 - Fullerenes to Graphene

SAN I1

SAN D5

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN B2

Battery Chemistries Beyond Lithium Ion

Oxide Films: A Symposium in Honor of Clive Clayton on his 65th Birthday

SAN I2

Battery Safety

SAN I3

SAN B4

Computational Science of Battery Materials

Biodegradable and Bioabsortable Metals and Materials

Invitational Symposium in Honor of Adam Heller on his 80th Birthday

SAN B3

SAN D6 SAN E1

Photoelectrochemistry and Photoassisted Electrocatalysis

SAN I4

SAN B5

Electrochemical Capacitors: Fundamentals to Applications

Solid State Topics (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN E7

Physical and Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids 3

SAN I5

Electrode Processes 8

SAN B8

Intercalation Compounds for Rechargable Batteries

Processing, Materials, and Integration of Damascene and 3D Interconnects 5

SAN F1

SAN J1

Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems (General) - 224th ECS Meeting

SAN B9

Interfacial Phenomena in Battery Systems

Current Trends in Electrodeposition An Invited Symposium

SAN F2

SAN J2

Impedance Techniques, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications

SAN B10

Lithium-Ion Batteries

Emerging Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage

Stationary and Large-scale Electrical Energy Storage Systems 3

SAN F3

Fundamentals and Applications of Electrophoretic Deposition

SAN J3

SAN B12

Luminescence and Display Materials Fundamentals and Applications

SAN F4

Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth - From UPD to Microstructures 3

SAN J4

Microfluidic MEMS/NEMS, Sensors and Devices

SAN F5

Emerging Opportunities in Electrochemical Deposition for Nanofabrication

SAN J6

Sensors for Agriculture

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org 22

09/09/13 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

San Francisco Travel Association photo by Mark Gibson.

San Francisco Travel Association photo.

224 th

ECS MEETING

San Francisco Travel Association photo by P. Fuszard.

San Francisco, CA San Francisco Travel Association photo by Carol Simowitz.

October 27—November 1, 2013 Hilton San Francisco

San Francisco Travel Association photo.

special meeting section

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

224 th

ECS MEETING San Francisco, CA

October 27—November 1, 2013 San Francisco Travel Association photo by P. Fuszard.

Hilton San Francisco

San Francisco Travel Association photo.

elcome to San Francisco! We are pleased to convene the 224th ECS Meeting in this great city, a leading center of science, technology, and industry. This major international conference will be centrally located in the Hilton San Francisco and will include more than 2800 technical presentations and the third international ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S). We invite you to take advantage of all this meeting has to offer by participating in as many technical and social events as time permits!

Featured Speakers Plenary Session and ECS Lecture Monday, October 28, 2013, 1700h Grand Ballroom A, Tower 2, Grand Ballroom Level

America’s Energy Future: Science, Engineering, and Policy Challenges by Mark S. Wrighton Mark S. Wrighton was named the 14th Chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis in 1995, following more than two decades at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was Professor of Chemistry, head of the department, and later Provost. Chancellor Wrighton earned a bachelor’s degree in chemistry from Florida State University and a PhD in chemistry from the California Institute of Technology. Active in public and professional affairs, he has served on numerous governmental panels, including service as Vice Chair of the NRC Committee on America’s Energy Future.

ECS Olin Palladium Award Lecture Monday, October 28, 2013, 1400h Grand Ballroom A, Tower 2, Grand Ballroom Level

Mathematical Modeling of Lithium Ion Cells and Batteries by Ralph E. White Ralph E. White is a Professor of Chemical Engineering and a Distinguished Scientist at the University of South Carolina. He received his PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1977 under the direction of Professor John Newman. Dr. White taught at Texas A&M University for almost 16 years before moving to the University of South Carolina where he has served as the Chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Dean of the college. Dr. White has authored or coauthored more than 320 peer-reviewed journal articles, primarily on electrochemical systems, and has graduated 50 PhD and 38 MS students. Currently, he and members of his research group are working on projects on batteries and numerical methods. Dr. White is a former Treasurer of ECS, and he is a Fellow of ECS, American 24

In 2007 the National Research Council convened a committee to study America’s Energy Future, and the report from the committee became public in the spring of 2009. This presentation will include a summary of important events and issues that have arisen since the report was issued, including expansion of the use of natural gas in the United States, the devastating impact from the tsunami in Japan at the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s plant in Fukushima, international tensions surrounding the photovoltaic industry, and a rise in CO2 concentration in the global atmosphere above the 400 ppm level in 2013. Efforts are being made to assure that America’s future energy needs are met at an affordable cost while minimizing adverse effects on the environment. However, to achieve this goal, many challenges must be overcome in a number of critical areas, many of which must be addressed by the science and engineering community. Other challenges require leadership on local, state, national, and international policy. The challenges and opportunities to meet America’s future energy needs will be summarized.

Institute of Chemical Engineers, and AAAS. He has received several awards including the 2000 AESF Scientific Achievement Award for mathematical modeling of the electrodeposition of alloys. A physics-based model of a lithium ion cell can be used to make predictions of the voltage of the cell as a function of time for charge and discharge given the design parameters and operating conditions of the cell. Such a model enables cell designers to determine the effect of changing design parameters on cell performance before building the cell. This model can also be used to design a thermal management system to ensure that the heat generated in the cell is removed before causing overheating and thermal runaway of the cell. It could also be used to make predictions about the life of the cell given information about the anticipated operational conditions. This physics-based model of a lithium ion cell could also be extended to include multiple spatial dimensions to predict the temperature distribution in a lithium ion cell for a given set of conditions. It is now possible to use such physic-based models of lithium ion cells to simulate the performance of lithium ion battery packs. These physics-based battery pack models can be used to design thermal management systems, balancing circuits to extend the life of the battery packs, and control algorithms to ensure successful operation of the battery pack over the life of the pack. A review of the development of physics-based lithium ion cell and battery pack models will be presented. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

ECS Carl Wagner Memorial Award Lecture Monday, October 28, 2013, 1450h Grand Ballroom A, Tower 2, Grand Ballroom Level

Multiple Proton-coupled Electron Transfer in Electrocatalysis: Theory vs. Experiment by Marc T. M. Koper Marc T. M. Koper is Professor of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis at Leiden University, The Netherlands. He received his PhD in 1994 from Utrecht University, The Netherlands, in the field of electrochemistry with a thesis on electrochemical oscillations. He was an EU Marie Curie postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ulm, Germany and a Fellow of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) at Eindhoven University of Technology, before moving to Leiden University in 2005. Dr. Koper has also been a visiting professor at Hokkaido University, Japan. He is the recipient of various research grants of the Netherlands Organization

of Scientific Research (NWO), including a VICI grant in 2005 and a TOP grant in 2011. He was the recipient of a Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Long-Term Fellowship Award in 2011, and the Hellmut Fischer Medal of the German Society for Chemical Technology (DECHEMA) in 2012. This talk will outline a simple but general theoretical analysis for multiple proton-electron transfer reactions, based on the microscopic theory of proton-coupled electron transfer reactions, recent developments in the thermodynamic theory of multi-step electron transfer reactions, and the experimental realization that many multiple proton-coupled electron transfer reactions feature decoupled proton-electron steps in their mechanism. It is shown that decoupling of proton and electron transfer leads to a strong pH dependence of the overall catalytic reaction, implying an optimal pH for high catalytic turnover, and an associated optimal catalyst at the optimal pH. When more than one catalytic intermediate is involved, scaling relationships between intermediates may dictate the optimal catalyst and limit the extent of reversibility that may be achievable for a multiple proton-electron-transfer reaction. These scaling relationships follow from a valence-bond-type binding of intermediates to the catalyst surface. The theory is discussed in relation to the experimental results for a number of redox reactions that are of importance for sustainable energy conversion, primarily focusing on their pH dependence.

Meeting Events-at-a-Glance Please visit the San Francisco meeting page for a list of Committee Meetings. Visit www.electrochem.org.

Sunday, October 27

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 0900h �� Short Courses 1400h �� Professional Development Series: Essential Elements for Employment Success 1500h �� ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S)

Monday, October 28

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 0800h �� ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S), featuring the Energy–Water Nexus Symposium (A3) 0800h �� Professional Development Series: Essential Elements for Employment Success 0930h �� Technical Session Coffee Break 1200h �� Professional Development Series: Résumé Review 1400h �� 2013 Olin Palladium Award Lecture: Mathematical Modeling of Lithium Ion Cells and Batteries by Ralph White 1450h �� 2013 Carl Wagner Memorial Award Lecture: Multiple Proton-coupled Electron Transfer in Electrocatalysis: Theory vs. Experiment by Marc Koper 1700h �� The ECS Lecture—America’s Energy Future: Science, Engineering, and Policy Challenges by Mark S. Wrighton 1830h �� Student Mixer (by invitation only; contact meetings@electrochem.org for details)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Tuesday, October 29

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 0800h �� Professional Development Series: Résumé Review 0930h �� Technical Session Coffee Break 1300h �� Technical Exhibit 1700h �� ECS Publications-Author Information Session 1800h �� Technical Exhibit; General and Student Poster Sessions

Wednesday, October 30

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 0800h �� Professional Development Series: Résumé Review 0900h �� Technical Exhibit 0930h �� Technical Session Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall 1800h �� Student Poster Awards Presentation in Exhibit Hall 1800h �� Technical Exhibit and General Poster Session

Thursday, October 31

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 0900h �� Technical Exhibit 0930h �� Technical Session Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall

Friday, November 1

0800h �� Technical Sessions begin (check Technical Program for exact time) 25

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Featured Speakers (continued)

Short Courses and Workshops

ix Short Courses will be offered on Sunday, October 27, 2013, from 0900h to 1630h. The registration fee for the Short Courses is $425 for ECS Members and $520 for Nonmembers. Students may register for a Short Course at a 50% discount—ECS Student Members: $212.50, and Nonmember Students: $260. The Short Course registration fee includes participation in the course, text materials, continental breakfast, luncheon, and refreshment breaks; the Short Course Registration fee does not include or apply to the general Meeting Registration, and it is not applicable to any other activities of the meeting. Pre-registration for Short Courses is required—the deadline is September 27, 2013 Please visit the San Francisco meeting page of the ECS website for full course descriptions and instructor biographies: www.electrochem.org.

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Short Course #1

Advanced Impedance Spectroscopy Mark E. Orazem, Instructor This course is intended for chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers with an interest in applying electrochemical impedance techniques to study a broad variety of electrochemical processes. The course is best suited for an attendee who has some experience with making impedance measurements and wants to develop a deeper understanding of the technique. The attendee will develop a basic understanding of the technique, the sources of errors in impedance measurements, the manner in which experiments can be optimized to reduce these errors, and the use of regression to interpret measurements in terms of meaningful physical properties.

Short Course #2

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Kinetic Methods Jamie Noël, Instructor This course, fully revised to include more practical examples and a more manageable volume of material, covers the basic theory and application of electrochemical science. It is targeted toward people with a physical sciences or engineering background who have not been trained as electrochemists, but who want to add electrochemical methods to their repertoire of research approaches. There are many fields in which researchers originally approach their work from another discipline but then discover that it would be advantageous to understand and use some electrochemical methods to complement the work that they are doing.

Short Course #3

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Hubert Gasteiger and Thomas Schmidt, Instructors This course develops the fundamental thermodynamics and electrocatalytic processes critical to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs, including direct methanol and alkaline membrane FCs). In the first part, the instructors will discuss the relevant half-cell reactions, their thermodynamic driving forces, and their mathematical foundations in electrocatalysis theory (e.g., Butler-Volmer equations). In the second part of the course, the instructors will illuminate the different functional requirements of actual PEFC (incl. DMFC and AMFC) components and present basic in situ diagnostics (Pt surface area, shorting, H2 crossover, electronic resistance, etc.). This will be used to develop an in-depth understanding of the various voltage loss terms that constitute a polarization curve. Finally, the instructors will apply this learning to describe the principles of fuel cell catalyst activity measurements, the impact of uncontrolled-operation events (e.g., cell reversal), and the various effects of long-term materials degradation. To benefit most effectively from this course, registrants should have completed at least their first two years of a bachelor’s program in physics, chemistry, or engineering; or have several years of experience with PEFCs.

Short Course #4

Operation and Exploitation of Electrochemical Capacitor Technology John R. Miller, Instructor Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), often referred to by the product names supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are receiving increased attention for use in power sources of many applications because they offer extraordinarily high reversibility, provide unexcelled power density, and have exceptional cycle-life. This tutorial is targeted at technologists interested in understanding and exploiting electrochemical capacitor technology. Basics are first covered that describe the nature and significance of electric double layer charge storage, the general design of such products, and the similarities and differences between these devices and traditional capacitors and batteries. The goal is to provide basic understanding, necessary tools, and sufficient operating information to allow direct and successful advancement and/or exploitation of electrochemical capacitor technology.

Short Course #5

Introduction to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Science and Technology Stuart B. Adler and Nguyen Minh, Instructors The objective of the course is to provide an introduction to Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) science & technology, with emphasis in the following areas: • Process/System Design and Integration • Stack Design • Cell Materials and Fabrication • Performance and Other Operating Characteristics • Cell Modeling and Diagnostics To benefit most effectively from the course attendees should have completed the first two years of a Bachelor’s program in physics, chemistry, engineering, or equivalent, and possess basic computer skills (spreadsheet calculations). Various course materials will be provided however, attendees should bring a laptop computer, hand calculator, writing implement, and note paper.

Short Course #6

Micro/Nanofabrication of Chemical and Biosensors Peter J. Hesketh, Gary W. Hunter, and Zoraida P. Aguilar, Instructors This course will cover micro/nanofabrication techniques for chemical and biosensors. Fabrication processes include physical vapor deposition, oxidation and diffusion in silicon, chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, plasma etching, in addition to photo and electron beam lithography. As nanotechnology is rapidly growing the methods for nanoscale fabrication of structures, including ion beam, electron beam, vapor-liquid-solid growth, and electroplating will be addressed.

Short Course Refund Policy: Written requests for Short Course refunds will be honored only if received at ECS headquarters by October 21, 2013. All refunds are subject to a 10% processing fee and requests for refunds must be made in writing and e-mailed to customer.service@electrochem.org. Refunds will not be processed until AFTER the meeting. All courses are subject to cancellation pending an appropriate number of advance registrants. Before making any flight or hotel reservations, please check to make sure the Short Course that you have selected is being offered.

Professional Development Workshops and Career Opportunities Several targeted professional development workshops will be presented throughout the meeting (see Meeting Events-at-a-Glance on page 25). These important workshops will provide attendees with up-to-date information on enhancing career opportunities through resume refinement and networking.

The professional development workshops are open to all registered attendees at no additional cost. We also invite you to visit the Redcat booth in the Exhibit Hall or redcatresearch.org to discover the latest career opportunities in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology.

Award Winners 2013 Class of ECS Fellows

Hector Abruña, Emile M. Chamot Professor of Chemistry, is the Director of the Energy Materials Center at Cornell (emc2) and the Center for Molecular Interfacing (cmi). He completed his graduate studies with Royce W. Murray and Thomas J. Meyer at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1980 and was a postdoctoral research associate with Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin. After a brief stay at the University of Puerto Rico, he came to Cornell in 1983. He was Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology from 2004-2008. Dr. Abruña has received numerous awards including a Presidential Young Investigator Award, Sloan Fellowship, J. S. Guggenheim Fellowship and J. W. Fulbright Senior Fellow, the Electrochemistry Award for the American Chemical Society (2008), and the C. N. Reilley Award in Electrochemistry for 2007. He was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2007, member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2007, and Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry in 2008. He received the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award in 2009, the Faraday Medal of the Royal Society in 2011, and in 2013, the Brian Conway Prize of the International Society of Electrochemistry. Dr. Abruña is the coauthor of 400 publications and has presented over 500 invited lectures worldwide. Out of the 43 students that, to date, have obtained a PhD under his direction, 12 have gone on to faculty positions.

Gary Hunter is the technical lead for the Chemical Species Gas Sensors Team and the lead for Intelligent System Hardware in the Sensors and Electronics Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center. Since his arrival at NASA Glenn, he has been involved with the design, fabrication, and testing of sensors, especially chemical species gas sensors. He has worked closely with academia and industry in developing a range of sensor technologies and sensor systems using a number of different sensor materials and sensing approaches. This work has included the use of both micro- and nanotechnology as well as the integration of sensor technology into smart systems. Dr. Hunter’s contributions range from research to technical management in fields including engine emissions, environmental monitoring, breath monitoring, fire detection, leak detection, and high temperature wireless sensors. He has been involved with development projects ranging from: producing a sensor for detecting fuel leaks for use on launch vehicles, a Venus seismometer to work on the planet’s surface, and a new fabrication method for sensors based on nanotechnology. Dr. Hunter has been active in the application of the resulting sensor technology both in NASA and industry. In 1995, he was co-recipient of an R&D 100 for the development of an Automated Hydrogen Leak Detection System used on the Ford automotive assembly line. The technology he has developed has been chosen, demonstrated, or applied in applications such as the Space Shuttle, NASA Helios Vehicle, International Space Station, Jet Engine Test Stands, and the Ford U Car. In 2005, he was co-recipient of an R&D 100 for a fire detection system that showed a zero false alarm rate in FAA testing. In 2011, Dr. Hunter received the NASA Glenn Research Center Abe Silverstein Medal for pioneering research and commercialization of chemical gas sensor microsystems for NASA missions. He has served as Chair of the ECS Sensor Division, organized a number of symposia, taught short courses on chemical sensing, and has a significant number of papers, talks, and invited talks.

Nancy Dudney is a distinguished researcher in the Materials Science and Technology Division at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. She received degrees from the College of William and Mary (BS, chemistry) and MIT (PhD, ceramic materials science and engineering) and began work at Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a Wigner Research Fellow in the Solid State Division. Dr. Dudney’s research interests include: lithium battery materials and architectures, thin film and composite electrolytes, thin film materials for batteries, and mixed ionic-electronic conduction in oxides. She helped pioneer the development of commercial thin-film lithium batteries and continues to utilize thin film processing and materials in her research toward the stabilization of battery interfaces. Her goal is to promote development of safe and efficient batteries for vehicles and renewable energy. Dr. Dudney is an inventor with 12 issued and 11 pending patents. She authored more than 150 peer-reviewed journal publications and book chapters. Her inventions won four R&D 100 awards and three awards of Excellence in Technology Transfer by Federal Laboratory Consortium. Recognition was also awarded by the Association of Women in Science and YMCA’s Tribute to Women. Dr. Dudney is a dedicated ECS member and served various positions from member-at-large to chair on the executive board at the Battery Division. She organized numerous symposia and conferences. She also served for three decades as associate editor for the Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Her tireless service to professional societies facilitates the communications in the research community.

Jiri (Art) Janata is Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Science and Technology. Between 1991 and 1997, he was an Associate Director of Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in Richland, Washington. Prior to that appointmen. Dr. Janata was Professor of Materials Science and Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Utah for seventeen years. He came to Utah after leading an analytical development group at Corporate Laboratory of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., in England for eight years. Born in Czechoslovakia. Prof. Janata received his PhD degree in analytical chemistry from the Charles University (Prague) in 1965. His academic training included postdoc position at the University of Michigan with Harry B. Mark Jr. Dr. Janata has over 230 peer-reviewed publications to his credit, over 20 patents and 22 contributed book chapters. The main area of his research, chemical sensors, has been summarized in the popular graduate textbook Principles of Chemical Sensors, first published by Academic Press in 1989 and again in 2010 by Springer, as the updated 2nd Edition. In the course of his academic career, Professor Janata trained over 80 PhD and numerous MSc and postdoctoral students. He held visiting professorships at Universität der Bundeswehr, EPFL Lausanne, Tokyo Institute of Technology, ETH Zurich and at the Weizmann Institute, Israel. He is recipient of Senior Scientist Prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Creativity Award from the National

Established in 1989, the designation of Fellow of The Electrochemical Society is awarded for individual contributions and leadership in the achievement of science and technology in the area of electrochemistry and solid state sciences and current active participation in affairs of ECS.

(continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

See pages 24-25 for biographies of the Olin Palladium award winner and the Carl Wagner Memorial award winner. For additional information and schedule of award presentations, please see the General Meeting Program on the San Francisco page of the ECS website: www.electrochem.org.

Award Winners–ECS Fellows

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San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Science Foundation (USA), and in 1994, was the first ECS Sensor Division Outstanding Research Award. In 2001, Dr. Janata was named an Honorary Member of the Czech Learned Society. Besides organizing numerous professional meetings, he has chaired three Gordon Research Conferences on Chemical Sensors and Interfaces, Energy and Environment and Electrochemistry, respectively. In 1995, he was the Plenary Speaker at the Electrochemical Society Meeting in Reno. Dr. Janata’s general interests include interfacial chemistry and radioanalytical chemistry. His current hot topic is the synthesis of new materials for chemical sensors and catalysis, based on composites of organic semiconductors and atomic metals. Johna Leddy holds a BA from Rice University, a PhD from the University of Texas, and completed a postdoctoral appointment in the Fuel Cell Program at Los Alamos National Labs. She was Assistant Professor at Queens College, Graduate Program of the City University of New York. In 1991, she moved to the Chemistry Department, University of Iowa where she has thus far mentored 15 PhD graduates. Their work on magnetoelectrocatalysis in fuel cells, batteries, solar cells, breath sensors, electrochemical ammonia generation with cyanobacteria, and sonoelectrochemistry have generated numerous patents and patent applications. Dr. Leddy’s research interests include magnetic effects on electron transfer reactions and electrocatalysis. Magnetoelectrocatalysis improves energy storage and generation systems that include batteries, fuel cells, hydride storage, dye sensitized solar cells, and photogeneration of hydrogen on p-Si. Magnetic fields facilitate electron transfer reactions for adsorbates such as CO oxidation on platinum. Magnetic microparticles on and in electrodes are used to introduce magnetic fields. Models for magnetic effects on electron transfer characterize results of temperature dependent experiments. In essence, to transfer an electron, it is necessary to transfer the charge and the spin. Magnetic fields interact with the spin. Other research interests include physical manipulation of electrocatalysis with sound energy, electrochemical energy systems, voltammetric characterization of films on electrodes, electroanalysis, and electrochemical modeling. Dr. Leddy has been actively involved with ECS. She has served on the Executive Committee of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division (PAED) and more than half of the Standing Committees of the Society. She recently completed a term as Secretary of the Society. Professor Leddy has also served as President of the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry. Shelley Minteer is a USTAR Professor in both the Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Utah. She received her PhD in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Iowa in 2000 under the direction of Professor Johna Leddy. After receiving her PhD, she spent 11 years as a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry at Saint Louis University before moving to the University of Utah in 2011. During both her time at Saint Louis University and University of Utah, Dr. Minteer has been involved with ECS, including roles as Chair, Vice-Chair, Secretary-Treasurer, and Member-at-Large of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division (PAED), as well as being a member of the Honors & Awards Committee, the New Technology Subcommittee, and the Symposium Planning Subcommittee. She is currently a Technical Editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Electrochemistry Letters. Professor Minteer has published more than 150 publications and over 250 presentations at national and international conferences. She has won several awards including the Missouri Inventor of 28

the Year, International Society of Electrochemistry Tajima Prize, and the Society of Electroanalytical Chemists’ Young Investigator Award. In 2003, she cofounded Akermin, Inc. with her previous graduate student, which has focused on the commercialization of her biobattery technology and has moved on to carbon capture technology. Her research research interests are focused on electrocatalysis and bioanalytical electrochemistry. She has expertise in bioelectrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis for biosensors and biofuel cells. Sanjeev Mukerjee is a professor in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, where he has been since September 1998. He also heads the newly-created center for Renewable Energy Technology at Northeastern University and its subset the Laboratory for Electrochemical Advanced Power (LEAP). Dr. Mukerjee’s research on charge transfer dynamics at both two and three dimensional electrochemical interfaces encompasses materials development, in situ synchrotron spectroscopy and electroanalytical methods. In addition, new computational initiatives are in progress involving both molecular modeling and simulation of multiple electron scattering in the context of in situ synchrotron XANES method. The current projects of the group include materials development for new electrocatalysts, polymer electrolyte membranes, and high energy density (and capacity) cathode materials for aqueous and non-aqueous storage cells. Fundamental understanding of structure property relationships are in concert with applications. In this context two startup companies which the group helped found, Encite Corp, Burlington, MA and Protonex Corp., Westboro, MA are notable. In addition, partnerships with de Nora, and BASF, Proton Onsite and Automotive Fuel Cell Corporation (Canada) are ongoing for developing a number of fuel cell and electrolyzer technologies. Federal funding comes from the Army Research Office, Department of Energy, National Science Foundation, Air Force Office of Scientific Research and National Institute of Technology-Advanced Technology Program. Professor Mukerjee is an author of 106 peerreviewed publications with an h-factor of 45. Elizabeth Opila is an associate professor in materials science and engineering at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, where she has been since 2010. Prior to that, she was Materials Research Engineer at the NASA Glenn Research Center in Cleveland, OH for 19 years, where she worked primarily on ceramics for applications in turbine engines, rocket engines, hot structures for thermal protections systems, and other power and propulsion applications. Dr. Opila’s primary research focus includes understanding thermodynamics and kinetics of material degradation reactions in extreme environments, development of life prediction methodology based on understanding of fundamental chemical reaction mechanisms, and materials development for protection of materials from extreme environments. Additional research areas of interest include defect chemistry of functional oxides. Dr. Opila received her BS in ceramic engineering from the University of Illinois, her MS in materials science from the University of California Berkeley, and her PhD in materials science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She is currently a consultant for the NASA Engineering and Safety Center–Materials Technical Discipline Team. She is a member of ECS and past chair of the High Temperature Materials Division. She is also a member of the American Ceramic Society, TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), and the Materials Research Society. She has over 100 publications as well as six patents.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Kalpathy Sundaram is a senior professor and the graduate coordinator in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Central Florida. He received his BSc (Special) degree in physics from University of Kerala, India, in 1970. He received the BE degree in electrical and communication engineering from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, in 1973, and completed his MTech and PhD degrees in electrical engineering from Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, in 1975 and 1980 respectively. In 1981, Professor Sundaram joined McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada, as Post-Doctoral Research Fellow. He joined the Opto-Electronics Inc., Oakville, Canada, as a Research Scientist in 1984. Later in 1987, he joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Central Florida. Spanning more than two decades of continuous research, Professor Sundaram has provided the foundation of thin film technology for low dielectric constant and high-k dielectric materials. His technical contributions in non-traditional low-k materials such as silicon carbon nitride (SiCN), silicon carbon boron nitride (SiCBN), and boron carbon nitride (BCN) are cited as the original works. In addition, his research contribution in the area of non-traditional high-k materials such as SiN, SiON and CeO2 for metal-oxide-semiconductors (MOS) structures are well known and highly regarded by both academic and industrial researchers and engineers for solving fundamental problems in high-k materials. In particular, his contributions to the systematic comparison of work functions for various combinations of Pt-Ru binary alloys for replacement of the poly-Si gate in p-MOS The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

with a high-k gate dielectrics and studies on zinc oxide (ZnO) films for transparent conducting electrode applications in photovoltaics are highly considered by both the national and international scientific and engineering communities. Professor Sundaram has served in various leadership roles in the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of ECS including Award Chair, Treasurer, Secretary, Vice-Chair, and Chair. Professor Sundaram has published more than 130 papers. His efforts in education have resulted in three University for Excellence in Teaching awards given by the Board of Trustees and the IEEE Region three Outstanding Engineering Educator Award. Enrico Traversa is currently a professor of materials science and engineering at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). He received his “Laurea” (Italian Doctoral Degree) Summa cum Laude, in chemical engineering from the University of Rome La Sapienza in 1986. Professor Traversa joined the University of Rome Tor Vergata in 1988, and since 2000, is a professor of materials science and technology (now on leave of absence). During his tenure at the University, he was the Director of the PhD Course of Materials for Health, Environment and Energy from 2001-2008. From 2009 to 2012, Dr. Traversa was a principal investigator at the International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan, leading a unit on Sustainability Materials. In 20122013, he was the Director of the Department of Fuel Cell Research at the International Center for Renewable Energy, Xi’an Jiaotong University, China. Professor Traversa is an author of more than 490 scientific papers (more than 300 of them published in refereed international journals) and 16 patents, and edited 28 books and special journal issues. He is listed in the Essential Science Indicators/Web of Science as a highlycited researcher, both in the Materials Science and Engineering categories, and his h-index is 42. Elected in 2007 in the World Academy of Ceramics, Dr. Traversa was also elected to its Advisory Board (2010-2014). In 2011, he was recipient of the Ross Coffin Purdy Award of the American Ceramic Society for the best paper on ceramics published in 2010. He was recipient of a “1000 Talent” Scholarship from the Government of China in 2011. He served on several ECS committees, and was Chair of the High Temperature Materials Division (2009-2011). From 2003 to 2009, he was Member of the International Relations Committee of the Materials Research Society (MRS). He is currently Editor-inChief of Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy and an Associate Editor for the Journal of Nanoparticle Research. He is one of the Volume Organizers of MRS Bulletin for 2014. Martin Winter has been researching in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion for more than 20 years. His focus has been on the development of new materials, components, and cell designs for batteries and supercapacitors, in particular lithium-ion batteries. Professor Winter is professor of applied materials science for electrochemical energy storage and conversion at the Institute of Physical Chemistry at Münster University, Germany. The full professorship developed from an endowed professorship funded by the companies Volkswagen, Evonik Industries, and Rockwood Lithium from 2008 to 2012. Currently, Professor Winter is the scientific head of the MEET Battery Research Center at Münster University. MEET (Münster Electrochemical Energy Technology) combines outstanding equipment with an international team of about 130 scientists working on the research and development of innovative electrochemical energy storage devices. (continued on next page) 29

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Jan Robert Selman is currently the University Distinguished Research Professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT), Chicago. He has served on the faculty of IIT since 1975 and retired from teaching in 2002. He received his Ingenieur (chem.tech.) diploma in 1961 in chemical technology from Delft Technical University in the Netherlands, and completed graduate studies in chemical engineering at the University of Wisconsin at Madison (MS, 1962) and the University of California at Berkeley (PhD, 1971). After working at Argonne National Laboratory in high-temperature batteries, he joined IIT and established a graduate research program focusing on high temperature batteries and fuel cells (in particular MCFC and SOFC). Since retirement from teaching, his research is focused on fundamentals of wetting by molten carbonate and on the technology of the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC), as well as SOFC component fabrication issues. [In the experimental part of this work he is cooperating closely with Dr. John Cooper (Direct Energy, Inc.), and professors Philip Nash and Leon Shaw (IIT)]. More than 30 doctoral dissertations, 40 master’s theses, and 150 journal articles were a result of Professors Selman’s research program at IIT, and most of his former graduate students are now working in energy research, industry, or on the faculty of colleges or universities. With his group he authored or coauthored more than 150 scholarly articles (of which 45 are in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society or other ECS publications). He coedited 12 books or proceedings volumes. The most notable of his contributions to electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering have been in molten carbonate fuel cell technology and engineering, and in the thermal analysis and heat management of lithium-ion batteries. He is co-inventor on a dozen U.S. patents, among which are basic patents for thermal management of lithium-ion batteries by phase change materials. He works together with his former student and colleague Said Al-Hallaj (UIC, Chicago) on commercializing heat management and thermal run-away control of lithium-ion batteries (AllCell Technologies LLC). Prof. Selman’s contributions within ECS were recognized earlier by the Energy Technology Research Award (2002) and his international contributions by the Grove Medal 2010 in Fuel Cell Science and Technology.

Award Winners–ECS Fellows

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

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Professor Winter graduated from Münster University. After obtaining his PhD, he worked as post-doctoral research fellow at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland and later as University Assistant at the University of Technology (TU) in Graz, Austria. Martin Winter then held a full professorship at the Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials at the TU Graz. In 2008, he returned to Münster and initialized the process of founding the MEET Battery Research Center. Professor Winter has been a member of ECS since 1997, a (JES) Associate Editor, from 2004-11, and since 2011, is a technical editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Electrochemical Letters. He is also the spokesperson of the Innovation Alliance LIB 2015, which was initialized by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. He is now an associate of the National Platform E-Mobility (NPE), which consults to the German chancellor and government. Dr. Winter is also the head of the research council of the Battery Forum Germany, which advises the German Ministry of Science and Education in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Professor Winter has received the ECS Battery Technology Award and the Research Award of the International Battery Materials Association, among other honors. He has published more than 350 articles in journals, books and proceedings, filed 26 patents and 40 patent applications, and been invited to give more than 300 keynote and plenary presentations during his scientific career.

2012 Norman Hackerman Young Author Awards The Norman Hackerman Young Author Awards were established in 1928 for the two best papers published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society—one for a paper in the field of electrochemical science and technology, and the other for solid state science and technology. In the category of Electrochemical Science &Technology (EST), the winners were K. Skyes Mason and Kiersten C. Horning, for “Investigation of a Silicotungstic Acid Functionalized Carbon on Pt Activity and Durability for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction” (JES, Vol. 159, No. 12, p. F871). Kelly “Sykes” Mason, completed his bachelor’s degree in chemical and biochemical engineering at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in May of 2010. He continued into the graduate program for chemical engineering at CSM to research Pt-based fuel cell cathode catalysts, specifically with regards to catalyst support functionalization with heteropoly acid. He will be graduating in December 2013 and is currently exploring possible career paths. Kiersten Horning began attending Colorado School of Mines (CSM) in the fall of 2010, where she studied to obtain a chemical engineering degree. In her sophomore year, she started working as a research assistant for Kelly S. Mason, a graduate student in Andrew Herring’s Electrochemistry group. After being trained in microscopy, she analyzed Mason’s fuel cell catalysts. She left CSM and will begin studying nutritional science at Colorado State University this fall.

In the category of Solid State Science & Technology (SSST), the winner was Balavinayagam Ramalingam, for “Multi-Layer Pt Nanoparticle Embedded High Density Non-Volatile Memory Devices” (JES, Vol. 159, No. 4, p. H393). Balavinayagam Ramalingam (Bala) is currently pursuing a PhD in electrical and computer engineering at the University of Missouri, Columbia (UMC) under the guidance of Shubhra Gangopadhyay. His research focuses on the development of sub-2 nm platinum nanoparticles for varied applications. He has identified a unique technique in the sputtering process; where use of low metal atom density regions result in ultra-fine metal nanoparticles with homogeneous size distribution. He has also worked on probing these nanoparticles for size dependent properties in solid state devices and electronic sensors. Over four years, his work has aided in publishing nine articles in renowned journals. He also worked toward developing intelli switch for radar applications, with Justin Legarsky at UMC, and received his master’s degree in 2009. He earned his bachelor’s degree in engineering from India in 2007. Before resuming graduate school he joined the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) as a research assistant.

Battery Division Research Award Doron Aurbach is a professor in the department of chemistry, a Senate member, and the director of the Clean-Tech Center at the Bar-Ilan University Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA). He is the leader of the Israel National Research Center for Electrochemical Propulsion (INREP), which includes 14 research groups from four leading academic institutions. He leads the electrochemistry group (more than 40 people), which is the largest group of its kind at BIU and in Israel. He also serves as the chair of Israel National Labs Accreditation Authority. He was the chair of the Department of Chemistry during 2001-2005. Professor Aurbach has directed more than 20 post-doctoral fellows, and 35 PhD students, and 45 MSc students have received their degrees under his supervision, several of whom have already developed very successful academic careers. He has published more than 430 papers in leading electrochemistry, materials science, and physical chemistry journals. He is a Fellow of ECS (since 2008), ISE (since 2010), and MRS (since 2012), and serves the electrochemistry and power sources R&D community as technical or associate editor of three journals: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry. Dr. Aurbach has won several prizes, including the Kolthoff prize for excellence in chemistry (2013), the Israel Chemical Society (ICS) Prize of Excellence (2012), Landau Prize for Green Chemistry (2011), the Edwards Company Prize of the Israel Vacuum Society (IVS) for Research Excellence (2007), and the Technology Award of the ECS Battery Division (2005). The scope of Professor Aurbach’s research includes all aspects of non-aqueous electrochemistry, and many kinds of batteries: Li, Li ion, Mg, metal (Li,Al) air, Li sulfur and lead acid systems, super and pseudo capacitors, electronically conducting polymers, and water desalination by electrochemical means. The research work is systematic, includes intensive mechanistic studies and makes use of a very wide scope of electrochemical, microscopic, spectroscopic and structural techniques in order to reach full understanding of the correlation among surface chemistry, morphology, and structure of complicated electrochemical systems, related to the field of power sources.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Karim Zaghib received his MS (1987) and PhD (1990), both in electrochemistry, from the Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France under the direction of Bernadette Nguyen. In 2002, he received the HDR (Habilitation a Diriger la Recherche) in materials science from the Université de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France. From 1986 to 1990, Dr. Zaghib developed Al-Mn alloys as negative electrodes in molten salts for Li-ion batteries and Cu/Zn reaction displacement. In 1990, Dr. Zaghib published a new method to enhance the electrodeposition of metals. From 1990-1995, he was a post-doctoral fellow investigating chemical lithiation of graphite under a Saft-DGA contract. Then from 1992 to 1995, Dr. Zaghib was guest researcher for the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry (METI); and in 1995 he was instrumental in introducing Liion technology to HydroQuébec, where he is currently the Director of the Conversion and Storage of Energy Department. At Hydro-Québec, Dr. Zaghib initiated research collaborations, with Michel Armand on new materials and solid polymer electrolytes, and with Kim Kinoshita at LBNL to understand the oxidation and irreversible capacity loss of a range of particle sizes of natural graphite. During the past 18 years, Dr. Zaghib has actively collaborated with John Goodenough (University of Texas, Austin), and Christian Julien and Alain Mauger (Paris 6 University, France) to develop the olivine LiFePO4 and Li-Ti-O electrode materials for Liion batteries. His current research activities include developing new battery technologies beyond Li-ion, such as solid state ( Li-S, Li-air, Na, Mg, Ca) batteries. Dr. Zaghib has published 240 refereed papers and has 164 international patents. In addition, he has served as editor or coeditor of 17 books. He was organizer or co-organizer of 50 symposia, meetings, workshops. In June 2010, he was the General Chair of the International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB) in Montréal, Québec. Dr. Zaghib is very active in ECS, and served as the Chair of the Energy Technology Division (2007-2009). Dr. Zaghib has received the International Electric Research Exchange (IERE) Research Award (2008) in Iguaçu, Brazil, the International Battery Association (IBA) Research Award (January 2010), and was an elected ECS Fellow in 2011.

Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award Mário Ferreira received his degree in chemical engineering from Instituto Superior Técnico (Technical University of Lisbon), Portugal, and his PhD in corrosion science and engineering from UMIST–The University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, UK, in 1981. In 1993, he received his “Agregaçãoˮ (Habilitation) title in chemical engineering, from Instituto Superior Técnico. He was a professor at Instituto Superior Tecnico from 1981 to 2001, when he moved to University of Aveiro where he is currently full professor of the Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering (DEMaC). In 2011, he was nominated Director of DEMaC. From 2001 to 2009, he was also adjunct full professor of the chemical engineering department of Instituto Superior Técnico. Between 20032007, Dr. Ferreira served as Deputy Director-General for Higher Education in Portugal. Dr. Ferreira is a member of several scientific societies, including ECS, the Portuguese Order of Engineers, Portuguese Materials Society, Portuguese Society of Electrochemistry (cofounder), Institute of Corrosion (UK), International Society of Electrochemistry, National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), and Matsumae International Foundation (Japan). He is also a member of

the European Federation of Corrosion, currently serving as a member of its Board of Administrators, and of the International Corrosion Council where he is the Portuguese delegate. Dr. Ferreira’s main scientific interests are focused on the study of materials degradation, protection self-healing coatings, semiconducting properties of passive films, development of advanced materials, and ecological processes for surface treatments. He has edited four scientific books, published 10 book chapters and more than 250 articles on scientific journals (h-index = 43), and has presented more than 300 communications at conferences. He was responsible for 55 R&D projects, totally or for the Portuguese participation, cofinanced by several national entities, by the European Commission (namely Framework Programmes), and NATO. He served in different scientific and advisory committees related to teaching and science management at national and international levels.

Electrodeposition Division Research Award Daniel Lincot graduated from the French engineering School ESPCI-Paristech. He started his research in the field of photovoltaics, in 1978, with a PhD in the field of cadmium telluride solar cells at the solid state physics laboratory of CNRS. After his PhD, he joined CNRS in 1980 as permanent researcher in the laboratory of electrochemistry and analytical chemistry of Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris (Chimie-Paristech) and carried out a Doctorat es Sciences in the field of semiconductor's photelectrochemistry. At CNRS, Dr. Lincot also focused on the electrodeposition of semicondutors thin films with cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium diselenide and zinc oxide, with a focus on mechanistic studies in relation with material’s properties. He also carried out research on chemical bath deposition of sulfide semiconductors. These methods were successfully applied in the field of photovoltaics and led to the creation of the Institute of Research and Development of Photovoltaic Energy in 2005, which is now one of the most advanced research centers in the field of thin film photovoltaics. Dr. Lincot received the silver medal of CNRS in 2004. In 2011, he received the Charles Eichner Prize of the French Society of Metallurgy and Materials (SF2M) for his achievments. He has published about 250 papers in international journals, given about 200 invited conferences, and deposited numerous patents.

High Temperature Materials Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award Paul E. Gannon grew up in Montana and earned BS and PhD degrees in chemical engineering at Montana State University (MSU) in 2002 and 2007, respectively. During his degree programs, he also held undergraduate and post-graduate research fellowships at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, and worked as a research associate at Arcomac Surface Engineering, LLC in Bozeman, Montana. In 2008, he accepted a faculty position in the Chemical and Biological Engineering (ChBE) department at MSU, where he has remained since. At MSU Paul founded and directs the High-Temperature Materials Laboratory (HTML) within the ChBE department. The HTML supports both fundamental and applied research into the behavior of materials in extreme environments relevant to energy conversion systems. Projects include: high-temperature corrosion of metallic, ceramic and composite components within fuel cells, gas turbines, boilers, batteries and related systems; high-temperature corrosion protection via thin film surface coatings; and, high-temperature corrosion within ultra-purity poly-crystalline silicon production (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Battery Division Technology Award

Award Winners–Divisions

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

(continued from previous page)

environments–upstream of photovoltaic and other semiconductor device manufacturing. Since 2008, the HTML at MSU has supported a full-time research engineer, one post-doc, six graduate students, six international visiting students, and over 30 undergraduate students. The HTML has also generated over $1.2M in research funding from various federal, state and industry sources, and published over 20 research manuscripts in peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Gannon has instructed over 1,200 students at MSU since 2009. He developed and instructs a 200-level university science core course, “Energy and Sustainability”, which grew from 48 to 180 students per semester. He authored a textbook to facilitate this course, and similar courses elsewhere entitled, Introduction to Energy, Environment and Sustainability, 2nd Ed., published by Kendall Hunt in 2013. He also instructs “Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics” and “Materials Properties and Structures.” Dr. Gannon earned the MSU Excellence Award for Undergraduate Research Mentorship in 2011, a Certificate of Teaching Enhancement in 2012, and was nominated for the MSU Provost’s Awards for Excellence in Teaching and Undergraduate Research Mentoring in 2012 and 2013. He has also been a longstanding member of the ECS High Temperature Materials Division, and recently initiated an ECS student chapter at MSU.

Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award Arthur J. Nozik is a Senior Research Fellow Emeritus (as of 2012) at the U.S. DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a Research Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and a founding Fellow of the NREL/University of Colorado Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute. He served as Associate Director of a DOE LANL/NREL

Energy Frontier Research Center (Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics (2009-12). Between 2006 and 2009 he was scientific director of the Colorado Center for Revolutionary Solar Photoconversion. Dr. Nozik received a BChE from Cornell in 1959 and a PhD in Physical Chemistry from Yale in 1967. Before joining NREL in 1978, then known as the Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), he conducted basic materials chemistry research in industry. Dr. Nozik’s research interests include size quantization effects in semiconductor nanocrystals and quantum wells, including multiple exciton generation from a single photon in quantum dots and via singlet fission in molecules; next generation solar photon conversion to electricity and solar fuels; photogenerated hot carrier effects and relaxation dynamics photomaterials; photoelectrochemistry of semiconductor-molecule interfaces; photoelectrochemical energy conversion; photocatalysis; optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of solids; and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Dr. Nozik has published over 250 papers and book chapters in these fields, written or edited five books, holds eleven U.S. patents, and has delivered over 350 invited talks at universities, conferences, and symposia. He has served on numerous scientific review and advisory panels, chaired and organized many international and national conferences, workshops, and symposia. He has received several awards in solar energy research, including the 2013 Heinz Gerischer Award from the Europe Section ECS, 2011 ACS Gustavus Esselen Award at Harvard University, the 2008 Eni Award (hosted by the President of Italy), and the 2002 ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award. Dr. Nozik has been a Senior Editor of The Journal of Physical Chemistry (1993-2005) and is on the editorial advisory board of the Journal of Energy and Environmental Sciences and Nanoenergy. A Special Festschrift Issue of The Journal of Physical Chemistry honoring Dr. Nozik’s scientific career appeared in the December 21, 2006 issue. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Royal Society of Chemistry; he is also a member of ECS, the American Chemical Society, and the Materials Research Society.

Meet ECS Editors and Staff at the ECS Publications — Author Information Session Tuesday, October 29, 2013, 1700-1800h ECS Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA Yosemite B, Tower 2, Ballroom Level

Questions? ECS has answers for you…

Fall—Winter 2012

VOL. 21, NOS. 3-4 Fall–Winter 2012

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Biomimetic or Bioinspired?

9 From the President:

Weathering the Storm

…Discover the easy way to submit your abstract and navigate the new submission system. …See how to submit your meeting presentation to ECS Transactions. …Learn about ECS journals’ continuous publication model—your article, online, fast! …Determine which ECS peer-reviewed journals are best for your latest research …Hear about the latest special Focus Issues for the ECS journals. …Get an inside view on how Interface articles are selected. …Learn about (and suggest topics for) upcoming ECS monographs. …Find out more about becoming a reviewer for the ECS journals.

11 Pennington Corner: The Weston Legacy

13 Redcat: ECS Launches

Networking and Research Site for Scientists

17 Candidates for Society Office

19 PRiME, Honolulu, Hawaii: Meeting Highlights

58 Tech Highlights 61 Conducting Polymers

and Their Applications

63 Novel MEMS Devices Based on Conductive Polymers

67 Nanoparticle-doped

Electrically-conducting Polymers for Flexible Nano-Micro Systems

S pecial i SSu e

o n ...

VOL. 21, NO. 3-4

Conducting Polymers and Their Applications

71 Electrochemical Assay

of GSTP1-related DNA Sequence for Prostrate Cancer Screening

88 ECS Summer Fellowship Reports

107 San Francisco, CA: Call for Papers

Come to the Author Information Session during the ECS fall meeting in San Francisco where you’ll get the answers to these and many more questions. We’ll help you to get your work published in the best publications for electrochemistry and solid state science and technology.

Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) l ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) ECS Electrochemistry Letters (EEL) l ECS Solid State Letters (SSL) l Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (ESL) ECS Transactions (ECST) l ECS Meeting Abstracts l Interface

ECS Thanks our

Sponsors

for their Generous Support

San Francisco, CA â&#x20AC;˘ Special Meeting Section

Platinum Sponsor

Gold Sponsors

Bronze Sponsors

For more information on sponsorship opportunities with ECS, please contact Dan Fatton, Director of Development, 609.737.1902 ext. 115 or dan.fatton@electrochem.org. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

San Francisco Travel Association photo by P. Fuszard.

2013

224th ECS Meeting

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Summit: October 27-28, 2013 Hilton San Francisco

his two-day summit is designed to foster an exchange between leading policy makers and energy experts about societal needs and technological energy solutions.

Sunday, October 27 Programs and Events Afternoon Robert Glass, Senior Scientist in the Physical and Life Sciences Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, will introduce three invited speakers and coordinate corresponding Questions & Answers.

Speakers Congressman Jerry McNerney, (invited), 9th District of California, is the only renewable energy expert in Congress and sits on the U.S. House Committee on Energy & Commerce, as well as several subcommittees.

Heather Cooley, Co-Director of the Pacific Institute’s Water Program, will speak about The Water–Energy Nexus: Opportunities and Challenges.

Meredith Younghein, State Water Resources Control Board and the Energy Division of the California Public Utilities Commission, will focus on Program and Policy Innovations at the Water–Energy Nexus.

Late afternoon–Early evening Energy Research Group Showcase, Student Poster Session, and Reception with light refreshments An up-close look at the research that professional groups and students are conducting in all areas of energy efficiency. With an estimated 65% of the work of the ECS community focused on sustainability issues, our researchers and engineers play an important and relevant role in discovering solutions for current energy challenges.

www.electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Monday, October 28

The Energy–Water Nexus Symposium (A3)

The morning program will include invited speakers who will examine the role of electrochemistry in addressing the energy–water nexus, from policy considerations to scientific breakthroughs.

Moderators Eric Wachsman, Director of the University of Maryland Energy Research Center (UMD), is the William L. Crentz Centennial Chair in Energy Research with appointments in both the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering at UMD.

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Carl Hensman joined the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene team within the Global Development Program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in January 2012. Prior to joining the foundation, Dr. Hensman was an Energy Program Manager for King County, Washington (Seattle) focusing on resource recovery in the Wastewater Treatment Division.

Speakers and Presentations Water and Energy Nexus Mike Hightower, Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff, Energy Surety Engineering and Analysis Department at Sandia National Laboratories.

Effects of Climate Change on Water Availability Antonio Busaliacchi, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, and Presidential Rank Meritorious Executive Award recipient.

Technical and Economic Opportunities for Water Purification and Sensing for WHO Development Goals Amul Tevar, U.S. Department of Energy and ARPA-E Fellow.

Development of a Self-Contained, PV-Powered Domestic Toilet and Wastewater Treatment System Michael Hoffman, California Institute of Technology, and 2012 Distinguished Visiting Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Global Vision Scholar at Tsinghua University. Energy–Water Nexus Research and NSF Bruce Hamilton, Program Director, National Science Foundation (NSF), and recipient of the NSF Director's Award for Meritorious Service.

The mid-day program will include a panel discussion and complimentary lunch with the moderators and invited speakers. The early evening program will include the Plenary Session & The ECS Lecture

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

The afternoon program will include all of the scheduled A3 Technical Sessions.

America’s Energy Future: Science, Engineering, and Policy Challenges Mark S. Wrighton, 14th Chancellor of Washington University, St. Louis, and Past Provost of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Visit www.electrochem.org/e2s for complete biographies and more information.

Technical Exhibit The ECS Technical Exhibit is always the talk-of-the-meeting—technical exhibits offer a popular networking opportunity as attendees gather together with colleagues and meet new contacts. The exhibitors in San Francisco will showcase instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software, and other products and services, and many will provide demonstrations. Complimentary coffee breaks are scheduled on Wednesday and Thursday at 0930h in the Exhibit Hall. In addition, the Poster Sessions and receptions will be held in the Exhibit Hall on Tuesday and Wednesday evenings, beginning at 1800h.

Exhibit Hours Grand Ballroom, Grand Ballroom Level

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

Tuesday, October 29 Daytime...................................................................... 1300-1600h Evening, includes the General & Student Poster Sessions and Reception................................... 1800-2000h Wednesday, October 30 Daytime, includes morning Coffee Break.................. 0900-1400h Evening, includes the General Poster Session and Reception............................................................. 1800-2000h Thursday, October 31 ................................................... 0900-1200h includes morning Coffee Break

ECS welcomes our Exhibitors* ALS Co., Ltd. Booth 113 Katsunobu Yamamoto Yamamoto@bas.co.jp www.als-japan.com Applied Spectra, Inc. Booth 202 Lisa Riddel accounting@appliedspectra.com www.appliedspectra.com Beijing Mikrouna Mech. Tech. Co., Ltd. Booth 414 Sam Cai caiyuling@mikrouna.cn www.mikrouna.cn Biologic, USA Booths 110, 112, 114 David Carey David.carey@bio-logic.us www.bio-logic.us ChemTrace, a Quantum Global Technologies, LLC Booth 203 Surjany Russell Surjany.russell@ChemTrace.org www.ChemTrace.org ECS Booths 410, 412 ecs@electrochem.org www.electrochem.org EL-Cell GmbH Booth 107 Johannes Hinckeldeyn info@el-cell.com www.el-cell.com 36

ESL ElectroScience Booth 215 Drew Chambers dchambers@electroscience.com www.electroscience.com Evans Analytical Group Booth 307 Cindy Gentile cgentile@eaglabs.com www.eag.com Gamry Instruments Booths 204, 206 Wanda Dasch wdasch@gamry.com www.gamry.com Horiba Scienific Booth 201 Diane Surine diane.surine@horiba.com www.horiba.com Ivium Technologies Booth 306 Pete Peterson pete@ivium.us www.ivium.us Maccor, Inc. Booth 100, 102 Mark Hulse m.hulse@maccor.com www.maccor.com Metrohm Booths 104, 106 Karen Poe info@metrohmusa.com www.metrohmusa.com MTI Corporation Booths 213, 312 Mel Jiang mel@mtixtl.com www.mtixtl.com Onda Corporation Booth 400 Petrie Yam py@ondacorp.com www.ondacorp.com PalmSens BV Booth 207 Conrad Chapman Conrad@palmsens.com www.PalmSens.com

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

RheoSense, Inc.

Booth 212 Peter Ulrix peter.ulrix@peccorp.com www.peccorp.com

Booth 205 Seong-gi Baek sbaek@rheosense.com www.rheosense.com

Pine Research Instrumentation

Scribner Associates, Inc.

Booths 115, 214 Jenny Garry jgarry@pineinst.com www.pineinst.com/echem

Booth 200 Jason Scribner Jason@scribner.com www.scribner.com

Princeton Applied Research/Solartron Analytical

Stanford Research Systems

Booths 101, 103, 105 Ari Tampasis ari.tampasis@ametek.com www.princetonappliedresearch.com

Booth 300 Janie Du janied@thinkSRS.com www.thinkSRS.com

ProSys, Inc.

Toshima

Booth 406 Kathryn Theodore kyt@prosysmeg.com www.prosysmeg.com

Booth 301 Hidefumi Motobayashi motobayashi@material-sys.com www.material-sys.com

Redcat

*Exhibitor information available at press time

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

PEC North America, Inc.

Booths 311, 313 redcat@redcatresearch.org www.redcatresearch.org

Getting ready for the 224th ECS Meeting?

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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Symposium Topics and Organizers A — General Topics A0 — Special Lectures (M) A1 — General Student Poster Session (T) – V. Subramanian, V. Chaitanya, M. P. Foley, and K. B. Sundaram All Divisions A2 — Nanotechnology General Session (Tu-W) – O. Leonte, Z. Aguilar, F. Chen, J. Li, and W. Mustain All Divisions / New Technology Subcommittee A3 — The Energy-Water Nexus (M-Th) – E. Wachsman, J. Burgess, M. Carter, C. Hensman, B. Y. Liaw, S. Minteer, W. Mustain, P. Natishan, and B. Stoner All Divisions / New Technology Subcommittee

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

B — Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Energy Conversion B1 — Energy Technology/Battery Joint General Session (M-Th) – A. Manivannan, G. Amatucci, G. Jain, B. Y. Liaw, and S. R. Narayanan Battery Division / Energy Technology Division B2 — Battery Chemistries Beyond Lithium Ion (M-F) – C. Johnson, M. Doeff, A. Manthiram, S. Mukerjee, J. Muldoon, and K. Zaghib Battery Division / Energy Technology Division B3 — Battery Safety (W) – D. H. Doughty, G. Botte, and C. J. Orendorff Battery Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division B4 — Computational Science of Battery Materials (Tu-W) – S. Meng, D. Bedrov, L. Chen, K. Persson, M. S. Islam, and V. Subramanian Battery Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

D3 — Degradation of Carbon Structural Materials (Tu) – D. Hansen and L. Hihara Corrosion Division / New Technology Subcommittee D4 — Mass Transport Phenomena in Localized Corrosion (M) – S. Lillard and R. Kelly Corrosion Division D5 — Oxide Films: A Symposium in Honor of Dr. Clive Clayton on his 65th birthday (M-W) – S. Fujimoto, D. Baer, D. Chidambaram, G. P. Halada, M. Jaime-Vasquez, and D. F. Roeper Corrosion Division D6 — Biodegradable and Bioabsorbable Metals and Materials (Tu) – R. Bucheit, M. Bayachou, and B. A. Shaw Corrosion Division E — Dielectric and Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Processing E1 — Solid State Topics General Session (W) – K. Sundaram, X. Wang, O. Leonte, H. Iwai, R. Todi, and K. Shimamura Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electronics and Photonics Division / Energy Technology Division E2 — Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 9 (W-F) – F. Roozeboom, S. D. Gendt, A. Delabie, J. W. Elam, A. Londergan, and O. Van Der Straten Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electronics and Photonics Division E3 — GaN and SiC Power Technologies 3 (M-Th) – K. Shenai, M. Bakowski, M. Dudley, and N. Ohtani Electronics and Photonics Division / Dielectric Science and Technology Division

B5 — Electrochemical Capacitors: Fundamentals to Applications (M-Th) – T. Brousse, D. Bélanger, P. Kumta, J. Long, P. Simon, and W. Sugimoto Battery Division / Energy Technology Division

E4 — Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronics and Photonic Devices 6 (M-W) – M. Suzuki, S. Albin, M. Carter, L. J. Chou, Y. L. Chueh, S. Jin, M. H. Jo, and R. J. Martín-Palma Electronics and Photonics Division / Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Sensor Division

B6 — Electrochemical Synthesis of Fuels 2 (M-Th) – X. D. Zhou, G. Brisard, M. Mogensen, W. Mustain, J. Staser, and M. C. Williams High Temperature Materials Division / Energy Technology Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

E5 — Nonvolatile Memories (M-W) – S. Shingubara, H. Akinaga, Z. Karim, Y. B. Kim, K. Kobayashi, K. J. Lee, B. Magyari-Kope, T. Ohyanagi, A. Sebastian, Y. Suzuki, and N. Takaura Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electronics and Photonics Division

B7 — High Temperature Experimental Techniques and Measurements (Tu-W) – G. Jackson, A. Manivanan, T. Markus, E. Opila, P. Trulove, and R. Walker High Temperature Materials Division / Energy Technology Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

E6 — Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 9 (Tu) – M. Tao, C. Claeys, H. (Lili) Deligianni, J. M. Fenton, M. E. Overberg, J.G. Park, K. Rajeshwar, and M. Sunkara Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electrodeposition Division / Electronics and Photonics Division / Energy Technology Division / Industrial SC Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division

B8 — Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Batteries (Tu-F) – M. M. Doeff, S. Meng, C. Masquelier, A. Yamada, K. Zaghib, and G. G. Botte Battery Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division B9 — Interfacial Phenomena in Battery Systems (Tu-W) – R. Kostecki, Y. Xing, and N. Balke Battery Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division B10— Lithium-ion Batteries (M-F) – R. V. Bugga, M. Smart, and A. Manthiram Battery Division B11— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 13 (Su-F) – H. Gasteiger, F. N. Büchi, C. Coutanceau, M. Edmundson, J. Fenton, T. Fuller, D. Hansen, D. Jones, R. Mantz, S. Mitsushima, S. R. Narayanan, K. A. Perry, V. Ramani, T. J. Schmidt, K. Shinohara, P. Strasser, K. Swider-Lyons, H. Uchida, and A. Weber Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division / Battery Division / Corrosion Division / Energy Technology Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division B12— Stationary and Large Scale Electrical Energy Storage Systems 3 (Tu-W) – T. V. Nguyen, S. Mukerjee, V. D. Noto, and B. Y. Liaw Battery Division / Energy Technology Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division D — Corrosion, Passivation, and Anodic Films D1 — Corrosion General Poster Session (Th) – R. Buchheit Corrosion Division D2 — Atmospheric Corrosion (W-Th) – D. Hansen, R. Calhoun, R. Kelly, C. Leygraf, and A. Nishikata Corrosion Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division 38

E7 — Processing, Materials, and Integration of Damascene and 3D Interconnects 5 (M-W) – K. Kondo, R. Akolkar, D. P. Barkey, W. P. Dow, M. Hayase, M. Koyanagi, G. S. Mathad, P. Ramm, F. Roozeboom, and S. Shingubara Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electrodeposition Division / Electronics and Photonics Division / High Temperature Materials Division E8 — Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology 13 (SCST 13) (M-W) – J. Ruzyllo, T. Hattori, P. Mertens, and R. E. Novak Electronics and Photonics Division E10— Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics - 11 (M-W) – S. Kar, M. Houssa, H. Jagannathan, K. Kita, D. Landheer, D. Misra, and S. V. Elshocht Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Electronics and Photonics Division E11 — State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors (SOTAPOCS) 55 (M-Tu) – C. O’Dwyer, E. Douglas, J. H. He, and S. Jang Electronics and Photonics Division E12— ULSI Process Integration 8 (M-W) – C. Claeys, S. Deleonibus, H. Iwai, J. Murota, and M. Tao Electronics and Photonics Division F — Electrochemical / Chemical Deposition and Etching F1 — Current Trends in Electrodeposition - An Invited Symposium (W) – C. Bonhote Electrodeposition Division

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Symposium Topics and Organizers (continued) F3 — Fundamentals and Applications of Electrophoretic Deposition (M) – J. Talbot, J. Dickerson, and J. Fransaer Electrodeposition Division F4 — Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth: From UPD to Microstructures 3 (Tu-Th) – S. Brankovic, Y. Fukunaka, T. Homma, M. Innocenti, and N. Vasiljevic Electrodeposition Division F5 — Emerging Opportunities in Electrochemical Deposition for Nanofabrication (M-W) – R. Akolkar, M. Anderson, M. Buck, and T. Moffat Electrodeposition Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division G — Electrochemical Synthesis and Engineering G1 — Alkaline Electrolyzers (W) – G. Botte, K. Ayers, B. Y. Liaw, S. Mukerjee, and V. Ramani Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division / Battery Division / Energy Technology Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division G2 — Synthesis and Electrochemical Engineering General Session (W) – G. Botte and J. Staser Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H — Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures H1 — Carbon Nanostructures 4 - Fullerenes to Graphene (M-Tu) – D. Guldi, P. Atanassov, M. Carter, H. Martin, and K. Zaghib Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures Division / Dielectric Science and Technology Division / Energy Technology Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division / Sensor Division I — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I1 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division General Session (M-Tu) – P. Kulesza Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

I2 — Invitational Symposium in Honor of Adam Heller on his 80th Birthday (M-W) – S. C. Barton, P. Atanassov, E. J. Cairns, and S. Minteer Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division / Battery Division / Energy Technology Division / Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Photoelectrochemistry and Photoassisted Electrocatalysis (M-W) – I3 — T. Zawodzinski, E. McFarland, R. Subramanian, J. Turner, and H. Wang Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division I4 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry in Ionic Liquids 3 (M) – H. Delong, M. Carter, J. Fransaer, R. Mantz, and P. Trulove Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division / Battery Division / Electrodeposition Division / Sensor Division I5 — Processes 8 (Tu) – A. Hillier and J. Prakash Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division / Energy Technology Division J — Sensors and Displays: Principles, Materials, and Processing J1 — Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session (M-Tu) – M. Carter, Z. Aguilar, B. Chin, G. Hunter, and P. Sekhar Sensor Division J2 — Impedance Techniques, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications (Tu) – V. Lvovich, D. Hansen, A. Khosla, M. E. Orazem, M. Smiechowski, and P. Vanýsek Sensor Division / Corrosion Division / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division J3 — Luminescence and Display Materials: Fundamentals and Applications (M-W) – J. Collins, U. Happek, C. Hunt, K. Mishra, and A. Setlur Luminescence and Display Materials Division J4 — Microfluidic MEMS/NEMS, Sensors and Devices (M-W) – P. Vanýsek, D. Cliffel, P. Hesketh, and A. Khosla Sensor Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division / New Technology Subcommittee J6 — Sensors for Agriculture (Tu) – B. Chin, P. Hesketh, S. Minteer, and A. Simonian Sensor Division / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

F2 — Emerging Materials and Processes for Energy Conversion and Storage (WTh) – Y. Fukunaka, H. (Lili) Deligianni, C. Johnson, T. V. Nguyen, and P. Vereecken Electrodeposition Division / Battery Division

SPECIAL OFFER! Purchase a hardcover copy of ECS Transactions Volume 58, Issues 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 with your San Francisco meeting registration and receive 10% off that issue’s list price! For ECS Members, the 10% discount will be on top of your regular Member discount for these issues. Any discounted books purchased must be picked up at the San Francisco meeting. The discount does not apply to electronic editions of these issues. This discount is not valid on any other issues of ECST, Monographs, or Proceedings Volumes purchased at the meeting. ECS Transactions – Forthcoming Issues In addition to those symposia that have committed to publishing an issue of ECS Transactions (ECST), all other symposia potentially will be publishing an issue of ECST approximately 16 weeks after the San Francisco meeting. If you would like to receive information on any of these issues when they become available, please e-mail. Please include your name, e-mail address, and all issues in which you are interested.

ECS Transactions (ECST) – Symposia with issues available “at” the meeting are labeled with the following icons. Hard-cover (HC) editions will be available for purchase and pick-up at the meeting; or you may pre-order on the meeting registration form (page 9) or when registering online. CD Compact Disc (CD) editions will be available for purchase

and pick-up at the meeting; or you may pre-order your CD ECST issue on the meeting registration form (page 9) or when registering online. The CD edition of B11 (PEFC 13) will also include a 1 gigabyte USB drive containing the complete issue.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

SC Softcover (SC) editions will be available for purchase at the

meeting but will be shipped to you after the meeting ends. Please visit Meeting Registration or the ECS exhibit booth to order.

Electronic (PDF) editions will be available ONLY via the ECS Digital Library (www.ecsdl.org). Electronic editions of the San Francisco “at” meeting issues will be available for purchase beginning October 18, 2013. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information for the electronic editions. 39

Reserve Hotel Accommodations Early Hotel discounts are available through September 27, 2013 or until the block sells out!

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

he 224th ECS Meeting will be held at the meeting headquarters hotel, the Hilton San Francisco (333 O’Farrell Street, San Francisco, CA 94102). We strongly encourage you to stay at this hotel to ensure an enjoyable and convenient meeting experience. Hotel reservations at the Hilton may be made online for the special discounted meeting rate of $179. The deadline for reservations is September 27, 2013. Reservations placed after September 27 will be accepted on a space and rate availability basis only.

Registration Information Meeting Registration—The meeting registration area will be located in the Hilton San Francisco Hotel, in the East Lounge, Ballroom Level. Registration will open on Saturday evening and the technical sessions will be conducted Sunday through Friday.

Registration Hours Saturday, October 26.................................................................1600-1900h Sunday, October 27...................................................................0700-1900h Monday, October 28..................................................................0700-1900h Tuesday, October 29..................................................................0700-1730h Wednesday, October 30.............................................................0800-1600h Thursday, October 31................................................................0800-1600h Friday, November 1...................................................................0800-1200h Registration Information & Fees—All participants and attendees are required to pay the appropriate registration fee listed below. Register online at www.electrochem.org, or download the registration form from the website and fax your completed form to 1.609.737.2743. If you send a registration by fax, please do not send another copy by e-mail, as this may result in duplicate charges. Make check or money order payable to ECS. Payments must be made in U.S. funds drawn on a U.S. bank; MasterCard, Visa, American Express, or Discover are also accepted. The deadline for Early-Bird Registration is September 27, 2013. Regular registration rates are in effect online after September 27, 2013 and at the meeting. Early-Bird (through Sept. 27)

Regular Rate (after Sept. 27)

ECS Member..................................................$450............................$550 Nonmember....................................................$620............................$720 ECS Student Member....................................$160............................$260 Student Nonmember......................................$195............................$295 One Day ECS Member..................................$280............................$380 One Day Nonmember....................................$370............................$470 Nontechnical Registrant................................$ 25............................$ 30 ECS Emeritus or Honorary Member...............Gratis..........................Gratis Travel Companions/Nontechnical Registrants—Travel companions of attendees are invited to register for the 224th ECS Meeting as a “Nontechnical Registrant.” The nontechnical registrant registration Early-Bird fee of $25 (increases to $30 after September 27) includes 40

admission to non-ticketed social events; use of an exclusive Gettogether Lounge with beverage service and light refreshments, Monday through Friday, 0800-1000h; and a special “Welcome to San Francisco” orientation presented by San Francisco Travel on Monday, October 28 at 0900h in the lounge. Please note that online registration is not available for Nontechnical Registrants. Information for Students—All students must present a current, dated student ID card, or for postdocs, a letter from a professor stating that you are a full or part-time student, when you pick up your registration materials at the meeting. Financial Assistance—Financial assistance is limited and generally governed by the symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to the symposium organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting their paper to see if funding is available. Individuals requiring an official letter of invitation should write to the ECS headquarters office; such letters will not imply any financial responsibilities of ECS. ECS Meeting Abstracts—are always right at hand and as always, are FREE with registration. Registrants may easily access them through wireless Internet, which will be available at the meeting; view them on the ECS Meeting App; or download them directly from the 224th ECS Meeting website. Paper editions of meeting abstracts are no longer distributed; attendees who require paper should download the abstracts and print them in advance of the meeting.

General Meeting Information Key Locations in the Hilton San Francisco Hotel Meeting Registration................................... East Lounge, Ballroom Level Information/Message Center...................... East Lounge, Ballroom Level ECS Headquarters Office..................... California Room, Ballroom Level AV Tech Table...........................Located outside select symposium rooms Technical Exhibit............................................................... Grand Ballroom ADA Accessibility—Special accommodations for disabled attendees will be handled on an individual basis provided that adequate notice is given to the ECS Headquarters Office.

Photography and Recording is not permitted—By attending the ECS meeting, you agree that you will not record any meeting-related activity, without the express, written consent from REC ECS. Recording means any audio, visual, or photographic methods. Meetingrelated activity means any presentation (oral or poster) or social event directly related to the meeting. You may photograph your own personal, non-meeting related activity, but you must obtain permission from all involved parties before photographs can be taken of other people or displays at the meeting or exhibit. Press representatives must receive media credentials and recording permission from the ECS Headquarters Office. If you violate this policy, you will be removed from the meeting. Your registration will be revoked and you will lose all access to the meeting. In this case, you will not receive a refund of the registration fees. ECS also reserves the right to deny your attendance at future ECS or ECS sponsored meetings.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

225th ECS Meeting ORLANDO, FL Hilton Orlando Bonnet Creek

General Topics Abstract Deadline: November 15, 2013*

• • • • • • • •

Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Energy Conservation Chemical and Biological Sensors Corrosion Science and Technology Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition Electrochemical Engineering Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion Organic and Bioelectrochemistry Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

• • • • • •

Carbon Nanostructures and Devices Dielectric Science and Materials Electronic Materials Processing Electronic and Phototonic Devices and Systems Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing Physical Sensors

*Please carefully check the symposium listings; some abstracts may have alternate submission deadlines.

Don’t miss the deadlines . . . Now Open . . . Discounted hotel rates start at $205 and are now available at the meeting headquarters hotel, the Orlando Bonnet Creek Hotel. The early-bird reservation deadline is April 11, 2014, or as soon as the block sells out!

November 2013 Abstracts are due NO LATER than November 15, 2013. Please carefully check each symposium for any alternate abstract submission deadlines.

January 2014 Early-bird registration opens – Deadline is April 11, 2014. Travel grants are available for student attendees, and for young faculty and early career attendees. Applications are due January 1, 2014.

April 2014 Early-bird registration and hotel discounts are available until April 11, or until the block sells out! Reserve early!

More . . . • Short Courses are tentatively planned for the meeting: Basic Impedance Spectroscopy, •

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry, Grid Scale Energy Storage, Solar Energy Conversion, Battery Safety, Chemical/Biological Sensors, and Survey of Materials Characterization Techniques. Please check the ECS website for the final list of offerings. Full papers presented at ECS meetings will be published in ECS Transactions. Visit the ECS website for more details.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Please visit the Orlando Meeting page for more information:

www.electrochem.org/meetings/biannual/225/

San Francisco, CA • Special Meeting Section

May 11-16, 2014

socie PEOPLE t y ne ws

On the Occasion of Adam Heller’s 80th Birthday

A Adam Heller

special symposium honoring Adam Heller on his 80th birthday will be held at the 224th ECS Meeting in San Francisco, October 27-November 1, 2013. A member of the U. S. National Academy of Engineering and recipient of numerous awards including the ECS Vittorio de Nora Award, Dr. Heller’s work spans a range of technologies, from the lithium thionyl chloride battery to nanoliter glucose assays for diabetes care. A series of 29 invited talks over three days will celebrate Dr. Heller’s contributions. Notable speakers include Arthur Nozik, recipient of the 2013 ECS Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award, and Kazuhito Hashimoto of the University of Tokyo. A celebratory dinner is planned for the evening of Monday, Oct. 28. For details on the symposium, visit https://ecs. confex.com/ecs/224/webprogram/symposium2271.html.

David Lockwood Receives Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Physics

David Lockwood (left) received the 2013 CAP Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Physics from Gabor Kunstatter, President of the Canadian Association of Physicists.

avid J. Lockwood of the National Research Council Canada, a member of the ECS Luminescence and Display Division and an ECS Fellow, received the 2013 Medal for Lifetime Achievement in Physics of the Canadian Association of Physicists (CAP) in May. This CAP Medal is the highest honor that a Canadian physicist can receive and is awarded on the basis of distinguished service to physics over an extended period of time and/or recent outstanding achievement, and has been awarded annually since 1956. He was presented with the award at the CAP Congress in Montreal by the CAP President, Gabor Kunstatter. Dr. Lockwood was cited “for his distinguished and sustained contributions to the elucidation of the optical properties of solids, low-dimensional semiconductor systems, and in particular light-emission from silicon, as well as his contributions to the advancement of physics in Canada and worldwide.” While many of his contributions in these fields were invaluable, the work on optical properties of silicon made a significant global impact. In landmark papers published in Nature in 1995 and in Physical Review Letters in 1996, Lockwood et al. convincingly demonstrated for the first time quantum confinement-induced visible light emission in a silicon nanostructure, an ultrathin Si/SiO2 superlattice, grown at the National Research Council. His work has been recognized internationally and made significant impact on the field of silicon photonics for information and communication technology. In accepting the award, Dr. Lockwood dedicated it with grateful thanks to his talented colleagues at the National Research Council, without whom none of the research work cited above would have been possible. In 2013 he was also awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal. Created in 2012 to mark the 60th anniversary of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II’s accession to the Throne, this commemorative medal honors significant contributions and achievements by Canadians.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

socie PEOPLE t y ne ws

In Memoriam memoriam John O’M. Bockris (1923-2013)

Photo credit: S. B. Krivit

ernhardt Patrick John O’Mara Bockris died July 7, 2013. He was born in Johannesburg, South Africa on January 5, 1923. He began his undergraduate studies at Brighton Technical College (later converted to Brighton University) in 1940. His original aim was to study physics; however, due to the war efforts many instructors were not available, so he opted for a degree in pure and applied math, chemistry, and physics. He started as a graduate student in electrochemistry in 1943 at Imperial College John O'Mara Bockris of Science, London University. His advisor was Harold J. T. Ellingham. He was awarded his PhD degree in September 1945. That same year he was appointed the faculty of Imperial College, a position he held until 1953. In the period 1953 to 1972 he held the position of Professor of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and between years 1971 to 1979 he was Professor of Physical Science at The Flinders University of

South Australia. In 1979 he assumed the position of Professor (and later, a Distinguished Professor) of Chemistry at the Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas, until his retirement in 1997 at the age of 74. Dr. Bockris’ scientific interests were many and reached beyond conventional electrochemistry. His early interest was in electrode kinetics and in chemistry at very high temperatures. He contributed to investigation of glasses and slags, which led to physical chemistry models involving silicate ions. He applied ellipsometry and scanning tunneling microscopy to certain work in electrochemistry. He was interested in electrode reactions, in particular oxygen reduction (fuel cells) and iron-electrolyte interactions (corrosion, materials science). Hydrogen embrittlement was yet another materials science topic, in which he was interested, together with all aspects of hydrogen economy. On the other side of chemistry spectrum, he spent great deal of interest on aspects of bio-electrochemistry. Professor Bockris authored or co-authored 24 books. Of those he highlights in his recent vitae the 1970 book with Reddy (Modern Electrochemistry, Plenum Press), a book on electrochemistry presented in terms of kinetics. He is an author and co-author of more than 700 papers. About 250 people collaborated with him during his academic career and 85 students obtained PhD under his supervision. This notice was prepared by Petr Vanýsek, ECS Fellow and former Secretary of the Society.

ECS Future Meetings 2014 225th Spring Meeting Orlando, FL

May 11-16, 2014 Hilton Bonnet Creek

226th Fall Meeting

Cancun, Mexico October 5-10, 2014 Moon Palace Resort

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

2015 227th Spring Meeting Chicago, IL

May 24-28, 2015 Hilton Chicago

228th Fall Meeting Phoenix, AZ

October 11-16, 2015 Hyatt Regency Phoenix & Phoenix Convention Center

2016 229th Spring Meeting San Diego, CA

May 29-June 3, 2016 Hilton San Diego Bayfront & San Diego Convention Center

PRiME 2016

Honolulu, HI

October 9-14, 2016 Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

2 014

17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries Como, Italy w June 10-14, 2014 IMLB 2014 (www.imlb.org) is the premier international conference on the state of lithium battery science and technology, as well as current and future applications in transportation, commercial, aerospace, biomedical, and other promising sectors. Convening in the heart of downtown Como/Cernobbio at Villa Erba, the conference is expected to draw 1,200 experts, researchers, and company representatives involved in the lithium battery field. This international meeting will provide an exciting forum to discuss recent progress in advanced lithium batteries for energy storage and conversion. The meeting will focus on both basic and applied research findings that have led to improved Li battery materials, and to the understanding of the fundamental processes that determine and control electrochemical performance. A major (but not exclusive) theme of the meeting will address recent advances beyond lithium-ion batteries. All areas of lithium battery related science and technology will be covered, such as, but not limited to: • general and national projects • anodes and cathodes • nanostructured materials for lithium batteries • liquid electrolytes and ionic liquids • polymer, gel, and solid electrolytes • issues related to sources and availability of materials for Li batteries

• Li battery recycling • electrode/electrolyte interface phenomena • safety, reliability, cell design and engineering • primary and rechargeable Li cells • industrial production and development for HEVs, PHEVs, and EVs • latest developments in Li battery technology

International Organizing Committee Chairs (in alphabetical order) • Doron Aurbach, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel • Peter Bruce, University of St.Andrews, Scotland • Rosa Palacin, ICMAB-CSIC Campus, Bellaterra, Spain • Bruno Scrosati, Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Germany

• Jean-Marie Tarascon, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, France • Josh Thomas, Uppsala University, Sweden • Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg, ZSW, Ulm, Germany

International Scientific Committee (in alphabetical order) • KM Abraham, E-KEM Science, USA • Khalil Amine, Argonne National Lab, USA • Yi Cui, Stanford University, USA • Juergen Garche, FCBAT, Ulm, Germany • Li Hong, China • Youn-Jun Kim, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Korea • Marina Mastragostino, University of Bologna, Italy • Aleksandar Matic, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

• Linda Nazar, Waterloo University, Canada • Zempachi Ogumi, University of Kyoto, Japan • Tetsuya Osaka, Waseda University, Tokyo Japan • Stefano Passerini, Muenster University, Germany • Yang Shao-Horn, MIT, USA • Yang-Kook Sun, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea • Osamu Yamamoto, Mie University, Japan • Yang Yong, Xiamen University, China

The Meeting Venue IMLB 2014 will be held in Como, Italy, in the same location where two successful previous meetings convened. The site of the meeting is the Villa Erba (www.villaerba.it) convention center, which is set magnificently on the lake shore on the edge of the 15th century villa. IMLB 2014 is being managed by ECS with logistical support provided by Centro Volta (www.centrovolta.it). General sessions, breaks and lunches, and the technical exhibit will be held at the spacious Padiglione Centrale at Villa Erba, and posters will be on display for the entire five days of the event. The Villa Erba is centrally located at the heart of one of Europe’s premier destinations, and offers six centuries of charm, atmosphere, and beauty. An astounding park, with vast lawns, magnificent trees, and an historical garden surrounds the exhibition centre and the Villa—a green heaven where one can relax in between sessions and meeting.

Visit www.imlb.org for deadlines, submission information, and more. 44

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2013 IMLB 2014 is sponsored and managed by ECS (www.electrochem.org).

2 014 w IMLB Call for Papers w To ensure that the highest levels of scientific discovery are presented at IMLB 2014, the meeting will be limited to 1,200 delegates. Presentations will be carefully reviewed and selected by a special scientific committee.Oral presentations will be selected by the scientific committee of IMLB 2014. The number of posters will be limited to between 400 and 500. All posters will be on view and available for discussion during the entire five-days of the meeting. IMLB 2014 will include presentations related to: • Li battery anodes • Li battery cathodes • Li battery electrolyte systems (solutions, polymeric, solid-state)

• Li-sulphur systems • Li-oxygen systems • magnesium batteries • sodium batteries

• interfaces • diagnostic challenges • safety matters • redox and flow nonaqueous battery systems

Publication Opportunities All authors who are invited to submit an abstract to IMLB also will have the opportunity to submit a full paper to ECS Transactions (ECST). We are also pleased to announce that selected presentations will be invited for publication in a Focus Issue of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES). Unlike ECST, JES follows a rapid, continuous publication model with individual articles published online every day having full final citation details. All papers will undergo the journal’s high standards of quality peer review.

Symposium Topics Topic 5: Li-Oxygen Systems

Topic 1: Electrode Materials Presentations that reflect: 1. cycle life, 2. cycling efficiency approaching 100%, 3. impressive rate capability, and, 4. proven excellent wide temperature performance of these electrodes. Presentations that will not be accepted: Many hundreds of thousands of papers have already been published on topics such as graphite; soft/hard carbons; LixTiOy and conversion reactions as negative electrodes; LiFePO4, LiMO2,(M = transition metal); and Lix[MnNiCo]Oy , LixVOy, Li[MnNi]2O4 spinel cathodes for Li ion batteries. These presentations will not be considered.

Topic 2: Electrolytes Presentations that reflect the development of new electrolyte solutions possessing very wide electrochemical windows (with an emphasis on high anodic stability, > 5 V vs. Li) and good performance in a wide temperature range. These may include reports on new solvents, salts, and additives. It is recommended that such studies include a good understanding of the limiting (surface) reactions of the new electrolyte systems.

Topic 3: New Electrodes

Presentations that discuss the true stability of oxygen cathodes and possibly relevant electrolyte solutions. Work on electrocatalysis for these systems is also interesting, provided that the effect of the catalysts presented on possible side reactions is discussed as well.

Topic 6: Li-Sulphur Systems Presentations must reflect prolonged cycle life and practically high loading of sulfur (per cm2). Systems that are too exotic and that may reflect good performance by very low specific content of sulfur may not be considered for presentation. Special attention should be given to the practical reversibility of negative electrodes for these systems.

Topic 7: Application of New and Novel Analytical Tools Reports on the application of new and novel analytical tools in the above fields are encouraged.

Topic 8: Computational Work Related to Experimental Reality

Presentations on new electrodes (both positive and negative) for rechargeable magnesium and sodium batteries, provided that they include appropriate, concluding structural studies.

Reports on proven computational work connected to experimental reality are encouraged.

Topic 4: Novel Magnesium Electrolyte Solutions

Although there is a clear interest in these types of battery systems (including flow/redox systems), only those that have a wide enough common denominator to the above systems (e.g., nonaqueous electrolyte solutions, metal ion insertion electrodes) will be positively considered. While the main criteria are purely novelty and high level of science, some preference will be given to young presenters (students, post-doctoral fellows).

Presentations on novel electrolyte solutions for rechargeable Mg batteries, provided that they reflect new concepts and are suitable for both reversible Mg anodes an Mg insertion cathodes. Presentations on new Mg insertion electrodes (with proven reversibility approaching 100%) will be positively considered as well.

Topic 9: Systems for Load-Leveling Applications

Important Deadlines • September 2013 – Abstract submission site opens • January 10, 2014 – Abstracts due • February 1, 2014 – Sponsorship deadline The Electrochemical Visit Society www.imlb.org Interface • Summer 2013 for

• June 23, 2014 – ECS Transactions website opens • September 30, 2014 – Journal of The Electrochemical Society manuscript submissions deadline

deadlines, submission information, and more.

45 2 014

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910-695-8884 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2013

t ech highligh t s The Ferrocyanide/Stabilized Carbon System, a New Class of High Rate, Long Cycle Life, Aqueous Electrolyte Batteries

Along with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources into the energy distribution grid comes the urgent need for methods and systems to store such energies. Unlike conventional portable batteries, the storage devices for such purpose are required to have superior performances in terms of their power, cost, calendar and cycle lives, and safety. Professor Huggins of Stanford University recently described his group’s work on a new class of aqueous electrolyte batteries for such purpose. The cathode of the batteries is based on a new family of hexacyanoferrate materials. Because of the open framework crystal structure of these materials, monovalent cations such as Li+, Na+, K+, or NH4+ from aqueous electrolytes can be reversibly intercalated at high rates with very little crystallographic distortion. The anode side utilizes a new class of composite materials that combines electroactive polypyrrole with capacitive activated carbon. This combination offers this hybrid electrode the high rate capability of a capacitor, as well as the well-defined electrochemical potential of a battery electrode. Reduction of the polypyrrole with NaBH4 can also lower the potential of the anode. Overall, the full cells possess very attractive kinetics and long cycle life, and can operate at aqueous electrolyte limited voltage. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A3020 (2013). Alkanethiols as Inhibitors for the Atmospheric Corrosion of Copper Induced by Formic Acid: Effect of Chain Length

The atmospheric corrosion of copper has been studied for many years, due to its extensive use in a wide variety of industrial applications. Carboxylic acids, such as acetic and formic acids, are particularly aggressive towards copper, and are frequently present in indoor environments. In this work, selfassembled monolayers (SAMs) of organic materials were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for copper when exposed to such accelerants. More specifically, the impact of the chain length of self-assembled n-alkanethiols on copper exposed to a humid, formic acid-containing environment was explored. While there exists a large body of research evaluating the performance of SAMs as corrosion inhibitors for copper and other metals, the majority of these studies have been performed under aqueous rather than atmospheric conditions. In this work, vibration sum frequency spectroscopy, a non-linear vibrational laser spectroscopic technique, was used to interrogate the interfacial reactions occurring between the SAM-protected copper substrate and the atmospheric environment. A detailed description of the corrosion process was developed based upon the GILDES model (a multi-regime model including the gaseous phase (G), the gas/liquid interface (I), the The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

liquid phase (L), the deposition layer (D), the electrodic region near the surface (E), and the solid phase (S)). Performance increased with increasing chain length, with the SAMs hindering the ability of water, oxygen, and formic acid to reach the underlying copper substrate. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, C270 (2013). p-InP Films for Light-Induced Hydrogen Evolution

Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) are under study in many laboratories because of their potential to efficiently produce hydrogen gas using renewable energy (solar) as well as a resource (water) that is abundant in many regions of the world. A PEC uses a semiconducting working electrode where excitation of the electron-hole pairs and subsequent charge transfer processes can decompose water, thereby providing a source of hydrogen fuel. Researchers at the Helmholtz-Centre Berlin for Materials and Energy and the California Institute of Technology have reported that the energy conversion efficiency of thin film p-InP electrodes can be significantly enhanced by photoelectrochemical conditioning. Homoepitaxial (100) InP thin films were grown by metallorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE), and were subsequently conditioned into a device structure by a threestep process: etching in bromine/methanol, potentiodynamic cycling under illumination in 0.1 M HCl, and photoelectrochemical deposition of a thin layer of Rh from RhCl3/ NaCl/isopropanol. Photocurrent-voltage measurements showed a record light-tohydrogen conversion efficiency of 14.5%. The authors performed extensive microscopic and spectroscopic characterization of the photoelectrodes, and attribute the excellent conversion efficiency to local In2O3-like structural regions that introduce energy levels near the conduction band edge which impart conductivity, as well as to an interfacial dipole attributed to chloride adsorption on segregated indium in the photoelectrode structure. From: ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 2, Q51 (2013). Cs-Corrected STEM Observation and Atomic Modeling of Grain Boundary Impurities of a Very Narrow Cu Interconnect

Impurity segregation near grain boundaries is well known to influence grain growth in Cu and related materials, and plays a crucial role in determining material properties for large scale integration (LSI) interconnects. If impurities from electroplating steps, and their tendency to segregate at grain boundaries, can be identified during annealing steps with very high accuracy, the understanding of their influence on grain growth processes during annealing can be significantly improved. Researchers at Ibaraki University in Japan used high resolution Cs (spherical aberration)corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to analyze impurities

in grain boundaries of very narrow Cu interconnects. One significant finding is that Cl introduced from a high purity plating bath specifically segregates in high concentrations. Analytical microscopy confirmed impurities were localized at grain boundaries in a Cu interconnect. The authors further confirmed this finding through ab initio simulations based on segregation energies of Cl at a Cu grain boundary. These findings are the first high resolution aberration-corrected STEM data on Cl segregation in Cu grain boundaries and may aid in the realization of very low resistivity and high electro-migration resistant Cu interconnects for future high speed and low power consumption device integration. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 2, H23 (2013). High Capacity of SnO2 Nanoparticles-Decorated Graphene as an Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Many recent efforts to improve the energy density of lithium ion batteries are devoted to investigating novel anode materials with higher specific capacity. Tin oxide is one of these anodes and has twice the lithium storage capacity as that of graphite anodes. Graphene/ tin oxide (SnO2) composites are emerging as one of the lithium ion battery materials for anodes due to high specific capacity of tin oxide coupled with the high electrical conductivity of graphene. A new approach to synthesize tin oxide-decorated graphene composite anode material is demonstrated in the present investigation by researchers at Tianjin University. The novel wet chemical synthesis method produces thin layers of graphene platelets separated from each other by the SnO2 nanoparticles. The transmission electron microscopy observations show that the SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the homogeneous graphene layers. High resolution TEM images confirm that the diameter of these nanoparticles is 4-6 nm. Raman spectra show the decrease in the average size of the sp2 domain as a result of the reduction of graphene oxide to graphene. Galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling shows the first discharge capacity at 2751.4 mAh×g-1. The authors demonstrate excellent lithium storage capacity of the SnO2/graphene nanocomposite compared to the graphite anodes. From: ECS Solid State Lett., 2, M41 (2013).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Vishal Mahajan of Dow Kokam LLC, Zenghe Liu of Google Inc., David Enos and Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, and Donald Pile. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article. 47

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JSS Focus Issue:

Semiconductor Surface Cleaning and Conditioning Among operations performed on semiconductor wafers in the course of electronic/photonic device manufacturing—regardless of whether a device is a simple diode or multibillion transistor cutting edge microprocessor chip—surface cleaning is by far the most frequently performed processing step. Surface cleaning may include contaminants removal through cleaning operations or surface conditioning aimed at establishing desired chemical composition and/or physical properties of the surface. Prospective authors are invited to submit original contributions reporting the most current research results or reviewing key emerging trends in semiconductor cleaning and conditioning for consideration for publication in this Focus Issue. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to: • Cleaning/drying and surface conditioning of Si(SOI), SiC, Ge, SiGe, III-V, II-VI semiconductors • Cleaning/drying and surface conditioning of non-semiconductors (e.g. sapphire, glass, ITO, plastic) surfaces • Cleaning media, including non-aqueous cleaning methods and tools; FEOL and BEOL cleaning operations and pattern collapse prevention • Integrated cleaning; cleaning of 3D transistor structures in FEOL and 3D integration in BEOL stacked ICs with TSVs • Cleaning/drying of MEMS • DUV and EUV mask cleaning • Cleaning/drying and surface conditioning of high-k and porous low-k dielectrics • Post-CMP cleaning • Wafer bevel cleaning/polishing

• Photoresist and residue removal • Characterization, metrology, and monitoring of cleaning and surface conditioning; correlation with device performance • Cleaning of equipment and storage/handling hardware • Specific issues of 450 mm wafer cleaning and drying; equipment, chemicals, methods, cleaning related issues specifically in the case of 450 mm wafers • Surface cleaning and conditioning topics involved in large-area electronics and photonics, both non-organic and organic TFT technology, flexible substrates • Cleaning/surface processing challenges in nano-confined material systems (nanowire, nanotubes, and nanodots cleaning • Surface conditioning related aspects of “self-assembly-monolayer” processing

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Submit manuscripts at http://ecsjournals.msubmit.net

Deadline for submission of manuscripts: October 13, 2013 Guest Editors Takeshi Hattori, Hattori Consulting International, Japan (hattori@alumni.stanford.edu) Paul Mertens, IMEC, Belgium (mertensp@imec.be) Jerzy Ruzyllo, Penn State University, USA (jruzyllo@psu.edu) Your Article. Online. FAST! Quality peer review. Continuous publication. No page charges.

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New Frontiers in Nanocarbons by R. Bruce Weisman

arbon is an extraordinary element. Its ability to covalently bond with different orbital hybridizations leads to a uniquely rich array of molecular structures that form the vast subject of organic chemistry. Approximately 20 million organic compounds containing carbon and other elements have been characterized, and it is estimated that than more than 90% of all recognized chemical compounds include carbon. By contrast, for millennia only two known substances were composed exclusively of carbon atoms: the elemental allotropes graphite and diamond. This situation changed dramatically in 1985 with the discovery of a new molecular allotrope, the soccer-ball shaped cage molecule C60, also known as Buckminsterfullerene. The discovery of C60 marked the dawn of carbon nanostructure research. In this field the focus is on all-carbon materials whose properties are determined by their specific covalent bonding geometries and the resulting well defined nanoscale structures. Activity in nanocarbon research grew explosively after the 1991 report of a method for making bulk quantities of fullerenes, and two years later a Fullerenes Group was formed within The Electrochemical Society to serve this new research community. With dimensions of approximately 1 nm, C60 and related larger fullerenes such as C70, C76, C84, etc. are studied using the experimental methods and concepts of chemistry. The scientific literature currently contains approximately 28,000 papers dealing with fullerenes. A second category of carbon nanostructure emerged in the early 1990s: nanotubes. Like fullerenes, these ordered cage structures are composed entirely of 5- and 6-membered covalently bonded carbon rings, but nanotubes are highly elongated and contain 5-membered rings only at their caps. Carbon nanotubes also exist in far more structural varieties than fullerenes. With their large aspect ratios and crystalline order along the tube axis, nanotubes must be studied from an interdisciplinary viewpoint that combines concepts from chemistry and condensed matter physics. Carbon nanotubes display remarkable properties that have attracted great interest among basic and applied researchers working in chemistry, physics, materials science, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, and biomedicine. More than 85,000 papers have been published to date on carbon nanotubes. In 2004, a technique was demonstrated for removing and studying single atomic layers of carbon from graphite. These graphene sheets represent a third category of carbon nanostructures, with particularly unusual electrical properties arising from the semi-metallic pielectron band structure. As is true for nanotubes, the network of covalent carbon–carbon bonds linking the entire structure also gives graphene very high strength and suggests novel mechanical

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

applications. Graphene may be prepared as single-layer, double-layer, or multi-layer sheets through graphite exfoliation or through epitaxial growth on a variety of substrates, and narrow strips called graphene nanoribbons are of additional interest. The scientific literature already lists 27,000 papers on graphene. As chemically-related nanocarbon research has expanded over the past 20 years to include structures that are essentially zerodimensional (fullerenes), one-dimensional (nanotubes), and twodimensional (graphene), the focus and size of the Fullerenes Group has grown accordingly. In 2000, the Group became a full Division of the ECS, and its name was expanded to Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures (abbreviated FNCN). It will soon be simplified to the “Nanocarbons Division.” Members of the FNCN Division conduct much of the world’s leading basic and applied nanocarbon research. The three articles in this issue highlight a small sampling of this activity. One article summarizes several novel projects involving fullerenes, the first carbon nanostructure. It describes chemical synthesis of chiral fullerenes, supramolecular structures suitable as fullerene hosts, the use of fullerenes for studying molecular wires, and fullerene derivatives designed for biomedical applications. A second contribution focuses on possible electronic device applications of different nanocarbons and discusses the relation of their special physical properties to opportunities in this high value area. The third article focuses on a nanocarbon different from those mentioned above: carbon “onions,” which can be viewed as multi-shell fullerene structures. Carbon onions display very unusual electrochemical properties that suggest a promising application as electrodes in micro-supercapacitors. The wide range of exciting topics described in these articles reflects the scope, quality, and vitality of current nanocarbon research.

About the Guest Editor R. Bruce Weisman is a Professor of Chemistry at Rice University, with appointments in the Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, the Rice Quantum Institute, and the Institute of Biosciences and Bioengineering. He is also the founder and president of Applied NanoFluorescence, LLC. Weisman’s current research focuses on basic and applied studies of carbon nanotubes. Weisman has held an Alfred P. Sloan research fellowship and is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society and Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. He is a former Co-Editor of the journal Applied Physics A and currently serves as Chair of the ECS Fullerenes, Nanotubes & Carbon Nanostructures Division.

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VOL. 21, NOS. 3-4 Fall–Winter 2012

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Biomimetic or Bioinspired?

9 From the President:

Weathering the Storm

11 Pennington Corner: The Weston Legacy

13 Redcat: ECS Launches

Networking and Research Site for Scientists

17 Candidates for Society Office

19 PRiME, Honolulu, Hawaii: Meeting Highlights

58 Tech Highlights 61 Conducting Polymers

and Their Applications

63 Novel MEMS Devices Based on Conductive Polymers

67 Nanoparticle-doped

Electrically-conducting Polymers for Flexible Nano-Micro Systems

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Conducting Polymers and Their Applications

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The Revival of Fullerenes? by Nazario Martín

ullerenes—and in particular the C60 molecule, the first and most abundant carbon molecular allotrope with a soccer-ball shape—were first reported in a seminal paper by H. W. Kroto, R. F. Curl, and the late R. E. Smalley in 1985,1 thus differentiating its properties from the well-known reticular allotropes graphite and diamond. Soon afterwards, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the hollow cylindrical multiple and single wall carbon nanotubes, were discovered (in 1991) by S. Iijima;2 and most recently, A. Geim and K. Novoselov reported the isolation of the first graphene, the one atom-thick flat sheets of carbon.3 Since then, a large number of studies have been dedicated to these new and intriguing nanoforms of carbon (Fig. 1). The variety of carbon nanoforms is significantly larger than the aforementioned species and other carbon nanoforms such as nanohorns, nano-onions, peepods, nanotorus, nanobuds, nanocups, etc. are only some of the less-known possible presentations of carbon whose properties and chemical reactivity are nowadays scarcely known.4 The main interest in the new nanoforms of carbon stems from the excitement in realizing and testing their unique mechanical, optical, and electronic properties in a wide variety of applications. In particular, the most recent single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), as well as pristine graphene (G) or its oxidized form (GO), have received

great attention in the scientific community due to the expectations of these materials for practical purposes. The interest and excitement of 1D SWCNTs, and 2D G and GO for a variety of applications must not obscure the fact that there still is considerable interest on fullerenes from both fundamental and practical viewpoints. Actually, the chemical reactivity of fullerenes has been used as a benchmark for the study of the reactivity in CNTs, G, and GO. Despite the large number of scientific papers devoted to fullerenes, there are many important chemical aspects that still have not properly been addressed by the scientific community. Furthermore, there are important new possibilities where fullerenes can play a fundamental role either for a better understanding of basic scientific aspects or/ and in the search for practical purposes. In this article, some representative examples studied in our group at the Complutense University and IMDEA-Nanoscience Institute in Madrid will illustrate the current unabated interest of fullerenes to address important questions in different scientific areas, thus renewing the expectations for these hitherto not well-exploited carbon allotropes. Our recent results in a variety of topics not previously addressed or scarcely studied will be shown, namely: the facile synthesis of chiral fullerenes through efficient asymmetric catalysis, the search

for supramolecular highly efficient concave receptors for hosting convex fullerenes, the use of fullerenes as new alligators for the study of molecular wires at the nanoscale, and some recent advances in the use of fullerenes for biomedical applications. Whereas the first two aspects fall under basic covalent and supramolecular research, respectively, the remaining two topics refer to studies in materials science and biomedical applications. Needless to say that the following results were carried out in an interdisciplinary way and, therefore, they have required the participation of different scientific groups with diverse expertise.

Chiral Fullerenes by Asymmetric Synthesis The large number of papers, reviews, and books written in the last two decades on fullerenes as molecular carbon allotropes give an idea of the unabated interest on these spherical molecules. Although nowadays there is a deep understanding of the chemical reactivity of fullerenes, the fine control of some fundamental aspects such as stereoselectivity and chirality are issues of paramount importance which, however, still remain to be properly addressed.5 Chirality is a fundamental concept in chemistry and life which is among the most important scientific and technological (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. Chemical structures of [60]fullerene, single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and graphene. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Martín

The suitable combination of metal salts and chiral ligands has allowed the diasteroselective cycloaddition of N-metalated azomethine ylides (AMY) toward the trans or cis 2-alkoxycarbonyl 5-aryl pyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerenes. Furthermore, the (R)-Fesulphos chiral ligand along with Cu(AcO)2 directed the enantioselectivity to the (2S,5S)-cis adduct, whereas the (−) -1,2-bis((2R, 5R)2,5-diphenylphospholano)ethane silver acetate complex (Ag(I)/(−)BPE) switched the cycloaddition toward the opposite (2R,5R)-cis enantiomer. More recently an enantiodivergent synthesis for the trans diastereoisomer with excellent ee values has also been achieved.7 Moreover, due to the growing interest of higher fullerenes, this methodology has also been successfully extended to higher fullerenes, namely C70,8 as well as to metallofullerenes, namely La@C72(C6H3Cl2).9 The high degree of stereocontrol achieved demonstrates that this methodology is able to face different levels of selectivity and stereocontrol, affording either the cis or trans adducts at will with excellent enantiomeric excesses (Fig. 2). The aforementioned results pave the way to the synthesis of very useful fulleropyrrolidines, probably the

(continued from previous page)

aspects in modern industry with important economic impact in, for example, pharmaceutical companies. In this regard, how chirality modifies the electronic properties of the carbon nanoforms is still an open question with important fundamental and technological interest. A chiral molecule has a non-superimposable mirror image. Therefore, a chiral molecule has two enantiomers or optical isomers that are mirror images. The interest of the enantiomers is based in the fact that they can exhibit different chemical reactivity and biological properties. However, despite this being a fundamental scientific issue, the preparation of chiral fullerenes has not been properly addressed so far. A major breakthrough occurred, however, with the introduction of asymmetric metal catalysis to induce chirality onto the noncoordinating molecule of [60]fullerene. Thus, the first asymmetric catalysis on fullerenes was carried out on the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of metal catalyzed azomethyne ylides to [60]fullerene in the presence of chiral ligands, giving rise to chiral pyrrolidino[3,4:1,2][60]fullerenes with complete control of the stereochemical outcome.6

O O O O

PR2

Ph2P S

PR2

most common and versatile fullerene derivatives, with complete control of their stereochemistry, thus broadening the scope of the use of chiral fullerenes for biomedical and materials science applications.

Supramolecular Highly Efficient Concave Receptors for Hosting Convex Fullerenes The construction of versatile carbonbased nanosized supramolecular electron donor–acceptor systems is among the major objectives in our research group, and to this aim we have studied the combination of TTFs and π-extended TTFs (exTTFs) with different carbon nanostructures, such as fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and graphene. Tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) is a well-known electron donor molecule that has been exploited to construct a variety of molecular devices, including photo and electroactive donor–acceptor dyads and triads, organic field-effect transistors, cation sensors, and bistable molecular shuttles and catenanes.10 Its π-extended analogues—in which the 1,3-dithiole rings are covalently connected to a π-conjugated core—have mainly been exploited as electron donor fragments in covalently linked donor–

R = 2,5-tBu-3-MeO-Ph

Cu(OAc)2

Cu(OTf )2

(2R,5S)-trans e.e. = 90-96%

N +

trans isomers

O O O O

(2S,5S)-cis e.e. = 90-93%

CO2Me

cis isomers

PR2

R = 2,5-tBu-3-MeO-Ph

Cu(OTf )2

(2S,5R)-trans e.e. = 90-97%

Ph P Ph

AgOAc

(2R,5R)-cis e.e. = 82-89%

Fig. 2. Asymmetric synthesis of fulleropyrrolidines with complete control of the stereoselectivity. 52

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

acceptor conjugates.11 In contrast, while the supramolecular chemistry of TTF is nowadays a well-trodden path, that of its π-extended analogues has remained virtually unexplored. Some years ago, we reported that the shape complementarity between the concave aromatic face of 2-[9-(1,3-dithiol2-ylidene)-anthracen-10(9H)-ylidene]-1,3dithiole (exTTF) and the convex surface of fullerenes leads to large and positive non-covalent interactions. Indeed, DFT calculations predict positive binding energies of up to 7.0 kcal mol-1 between a single unit of exTTF and C60. However, we have not observed conclusive experimental evidence of association in either UV-vis or NMR titrations. In the light of these results, we decided to follow different strategies to improve the complexing ability of our exTTF-based receptors, namely: (1) increasing the number of dithiole (i.e., the electron rich character) and the number of benzene rings (i.e., the surface available for van der Waals interactions) in the same molecule,12 (2) increasing the number of exTTF units,13 (3) use of the efficient macrocyclic effect14 and (4) combination with other supramolecular interactions15 (Fig. 3). By using the aforementioned approaches, binding constants as high as 106-107 M-1 in aromatic solvents have been achieved, thus forming a new family of purely organic receptors for fullerenes with a relatively low degree of preorganization, ease synthetic preparation, and endowed with electroactive properties.16 From a supramolecular

(a)

chemistry point of view, very weak, nondirectional dispersion interactions, namely van der Waals and π,π-interactions, account for the binding energy in these formed host-guest complexes. Since these forces depend directly on surface area, the shape complementarity between host and guest becomes critical. In this sense, distorted from planarity concave recognition motifs, as is the case of the exTTF molecules, seem ideally suited for the association of the convex fullerene surfaces. A distinctive advantage of the simplicity of the tweezer-like design is that it can easily be adapted to construct more elaborate supramolecular assemblies at relatively low synthetic cost. For instance, in our group, based on the exTTF tweezers, linear17 and hyperbranched18 supramolecular polymers, covalent dendrimers capable of associating several units of C6019 and extended the design to associate and solubilize carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution20 have been accomplished. In this very brief account only a few general considerations regarding the design principles for the construction of this new family of hosts for fullerenes, has been provided.

Fullerenes for the Study of Molecular Nanowires In the last decade, a wide variety of fullerenes covalently connected to an electron donor moiety through different bridges have been prepared in our group.21

(b)

(d)

Donor-Bridge-Acceptor (DBA) systems in which the bridge mediates the transport of charge between the donor and the acceptor, provide good models to study the electron transfer processes at the molecular level, thus mimicking the photosynthetic process. In these systems, the rate of charge transfer (CT) is a combination of a strongly distance-dependent tunneling mechanism (or superexchange) and a weakly distance-dependent incoherent transport (or hopping).22 A new and challenging procedure for determining the transport of charge through a bridge or molecule is connecting it to two metal electrodes and using the STM technique. The highly attractive concept of integrating individual molecules into electronic devices is drawn from ideas that molecules can behave as functional components in everyday devices. However, most of the methods that have been developed to measure single molecule conductance at room temperature cannot directly determine the number of molecules contained in individual molecular junctions. In this regard, it is accepted that these methods can result in an uncontrolled number of molecules bridging the two electrodes,23 which is both inefficient and undesirable. The most effective solution is the in situ molecular break junction (BJ) technique, skillfully demonstrated by N. J. Tao and collaborators, in which the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is driven in and out of contact with a substrate immersed in a solution of molecules.24 As (continued on next page)

(c)

(e)

Fig. 3. Representative examples of supramolecular exTTF/C60 complexes formed considering different strategies, namely: (a) increasing the number of aromatic and donor units; (b) using a two-exTTF molecular tweezers; (c) using three units of exTTF; (d) using the macrocyclic effect; and (e) using a combination of supramolecular interactions. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Martín

(continued from previous page)

a result of the variability in the number of molecules and their mode of anchoring, analyzing junction conductance alone cannot reveal the presence of just one molecule. This severely limits the potential for performing reliable direct electrical experiments on single molecule junctions. At IMDEA-Nanoscience, we have addressed the issue of wiring just one molecule under ambient conditions by designing an experiment which allows visualization of discrete molecules using a room temperature STM operated in air. Visualization allows us to target precisely one molecule before wiring the molecule and measuring electron transport. The images we take directly before measurements give us the explicit information necessary to prove that only one molecule can be wired in the junction.25 To achieve this level of control we have utilized a C60 capped bifluorene molecular wire (described as a fullerenedumbbell). The C60 groups provide the clear visual signature for the molecule while also serving as effective anchoring groups (Fig. 4). We incorporated a fluorene spacer due to their excellent wire properties, while the central C-9 carbon atom possesses the potential to have functional groups added at a later date. We draw attention to the fact that, other than fluorene, many chemical groups can be incorporated between the C60 termini giving a wide scope for this method. Employing C60 as an anchoring group for molecular wires has recently been suggested with preliminary studies carried out using the standard break junction technique.26 The ease in substituting the chemical group at the center of the dumbbell is also highly advantageous. Combined with the experimental single molecule precision, the versatility of the C60-dumbbell system will provide a straightforward approach to explore the role of chemical structure in relation to electron transport in onemolecule electrical junctions. Furthermore, we describe a new and straightforward protocol for unambiguously isolating a single organic molecule on a metal surface and wiring it inside a nanojunction under ambient conditions.

(a)

Our strategy employs C60 terminal groups that act as molecular beacons allowing molecules to be visualized and individually targeted on a gold surface using an STM. After isolating one molecule, we then use the C60 groups as alligator clips to wire it between the tip and surface. Once wired, we can monitor how the conductance of a purely one molecule junction evolves with time, stretch the molecule in the junction, observing characteristic current plateaus upon elongation, and also perform direct I-V spectroscopy. By characterizing and controlling the junction, we can draw stronger conclusions about the observed variation in molecular conductance than was previously possible.

Fullerenes for Biomedical Applications Soon after the discovery of fullerenes, biochemical and biomedical applications of these carbon allotropes and, particularly C60, attracted a lot of attention in the scientific community. Biological properties of fullerenes have been tested in different areas such as DNA photocleavage, neuroprotection, antibacterial and antiviral activity, antioxidation, and drug delivery, to name a few examples.27 Focusing on a particular case, carbohydrate derivatives of fullerenes, the so-called glycofullerenes, had been previously studied due to the combination of interesting biological properties.28 However, most of these derivatives showed an amphiphilic character with the fullerene being the lipophilic part of the structures. Recently, in a collaborative work, we have shown that this amphiphilic character of sugar-fullerene conjugates can be avoided by synthesizing hexakis-adducts of [60]fullerene in which the C60 sphere is completely surrounded by sugar moieties in a T-symmetrical octahedral addition pattern.29 In fact, some of the advantages of fullerenes in comparison to other carbon nanostructures are related to its 3D structure and the possibility to functionalize different positions of the C60 cage in a controlled fashion.30 In this sense, fullerenes can

(b)

(c)

be considered very attractive spherical scaffolds for a multivalent presentation of ligands in a globular shape. In this regard, it is well-known that carbohydrate–protein interactions govern many biological processes including inflammation, embryogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis, pathogen infection, and so on.31 These interactions are characterized by a high selectivity, metal ion dependence, and a low affinity compensated in nature by multivalency. We have recently obtained glycofullerenes with 12 to 36 sugar moieties on the periphery of C60 by using a Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) methodology to click sugar residues to alkyne substituted Bingel-Hirsch hexakisadducts.32 These compounds are water soluble and interact with Concanavalin A in a multivalent manner, thus demonstrating the accessibility of these sugars on the fullerene surface to be recognized by a lectin. Moreover, these compounds show a good stability and low toxicity, which confirm the appropriate features to be used in cellular assays. In a very recent study, we have proved that dendritic molecules decorated with carbohydrates (mannoses or fucoses) can be considered as good ligands to interact with and block the receptor DCSIGN which is a C-type lectin able to interact with glycoconjugates present on the surface of several pathogens, including viruses like HIV or Ebola (Fig. 5).33 Due to the importance of this lectin in infection processes, the discovery of new compounds with an appropriate affinity for this receptor is of great interest. In this work, we have shown for the first time the potential application of glycodendrofullerenes as antiviral agents. The antiviral activity of these compounds in an Ebola pseudotyped infection model were in the low micromolar range for fullerenes with 12 mannoses. Interestingly, the increase of valency in glycofullerenes induced a loss of antiviral effect. This could be probably related to steric congestion of sugars at the surface of the fullerene. One important factor to achieve high affinity in binding processes is not only the spatial

(d)

Fig. 4. (a) 4 x 4 nm STM image of a single molecule of C60-Fl2-C60 taken at Ubias = 1.0 V and Iset = 0.5 nA before disabling the feedback loop and recording the conductance. A sketch of the molecule has been overlayed. (b) Schematic view of the molecule attaching to the tip and the surface. (c) STM image recorded after 60 seconds of recording the conductance with the tip above the molecule with identical conditions as in (a) and from the same starting coordinates. 54

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Fig. 5. Glycofullerenes interact efficiently and block the receptor DCSIGN on the surface of the cell.

presentation of the ligand but also the adequate accessibility of these ligands to interact with the corresponding receptor. Using a glycodendrofullerene showing the same valency but including a longer spacer, we have increased remarkably the inhibitory activity of these compounds with IC50 in the nanomolar range, probably due to a more efficient interaction with DC-SIGN. This result highlights the importance of combining an adequate scaffold to achieve the multivalency (the spherical fullerene) with the right ligand accessibility and flexibility. Based on these results, we can consider fullerenes as very attractive scaffold for a globular multivalent presentation of sugars. These promising results pave the way to new glycodendrofullerenes endowed with other biologically active molecules in the search for new applications.

Conclusions and Perspectives The aforementioned results obtained in fundamental and basic research involving 3D fullerenes as well as applications in materials science and biomedical applications reveal the unabated interest that fullerenes exhibit for the scientific community. In this regard, the expectations raised by fullerenes since they were first prepared in multigram amounts in 1991 have not been satisfied so far. Although other more recent carbon nanoforms have been discovered, such as carbon nanotubes (single and multi-wall) and graphene, the The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

spherical geometry of fullerenes as well as the fact they are discrete molecules formed by a precise number of carbon atoms gives a singularity to this allotrope of carbon showing singular properties. It is a better control on the chemistry of fullerenes that will lead to new properties and unprecedented applications. Another important matter not discussed in this paper is related to those fullerenes that do not obey the “isolated pentagon rule” (IPR). It was Kroto who posited that the local strain in empty fullerenes increases with the number of bonds shared by two pentagons (pentalene unit), thus affording less-stable molecules (non-IPR fullerenes). Therefore, in fullerenes all pentagons must be surrounded by hexagons, thus forming the corannulene moiety. The resonance destabilization that results from the adjacent pentagons (8π electrons which do not satisfy the Hückel rule) and reduction of the π-orbital overlapping because of cage curvature, explains the lower stability of non-IPR fullerenes. In order to achieve nonIPR fullerenes, two different strategies have currently been developed to increase their stability, namely endohedral and exohedral derivatization.34 In both approaches, the key issue to stabilize non-IPR fullerenes focus on how to release or decrease the strains of fused pentagons. To sum up, there is currently a great interest in the search for the huge number of expected non-IPR fullerenes whose chemical reactivity and properties should

be different from those known for IPR fullerenes and which represent a synthetic challenge for all those chemists involved in fullerene science.

About the Author Nazario Martín is a professor at the University Complutense of Madrid and Vice-Director of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience of Madrid (IMDEANanoscience). He has published over 430 papers and co-edited six books and special journal issues related to carbon nanostructures. He has served as a member of the editorial boards of several wellknown international journals. He is a fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry. In 2006-2012 he was President of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry. He received the Dupont Prize of Science in 2007, and the Gold Medal and Research Award in 2012, the highest distinction given by the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry. He received the Spanish national Jaime I Award for Basic Research 2012, and is the recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Award and ECS Richard E. Smalley Research Award in 2013. He is the last chemist distinguished with the EuCheMS Lecture Award in 2012. He may be reached at nazmar@quim.ucm.es. (continued on next page)

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References 1. H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C. O’Brien, R. F. Curl, and R. E. Smalley, Nature, 318, 162 (1985). 2. S. Iijima, Nature, 354, 56 (1991). 3. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, Science, 306, 666 (2004). 4. J. L. Delgado, M. A. Herranz, and N. Martín, J. Mater. Chem., 18, 1417 (2008). 5. N. Martín, Chem. Commun. 2093 (2006); C. Thilgen and F. Diederich, Chem. Rev., 106, 5049 (2006). 6. S. Filippone, E. E. Maroto, A. MartínDomenech, M. Suarez, and N. Martín, Nat. Chem., 1, 578 (2009). 7. E. E. Maroto, S. Filippone, A. MartínDomenech, M. Suarez, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 12936 (2012). 8. E. E. Maroto, A. de Cózar, S. Filippone, Martín-Domenech, M. Suárez, F. P. Cossío, and N. Martín, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 6060 (2011). 9. K. Sawai, Y. Takano, M. Izquierdo, S. Filippone, N. Martín, Z. Slanina, N. Mizorogi, M. Waelchli, T. Tsuchiya, T. Akasaka, and S. Nagase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 17746 (2011). 10. J. L. Segura and N. Martin, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 40, 1372 (2001). 11. F. G. Brunetti, J. L. López, C. Atienza, and N. Martín, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 4188 (2012). 12. E. M. Pérez, M. Sierra, L. Sánchez, M. R. Torres, R. Viruela, P. M. Viruela, E. Ortí, and N. Martín, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 46, 1847(2007).

reseach

13. E. M. Pérez, L. Sánchez, G. Fernández, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128, 7172 (2006); E. Huerta, H. Isla, E. M. Pérez, C. Bo, N. Martín, and J. de Mendoza, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 5351 (2010). 14. H. Isla, M. Gallego, E. M. Pérez, R. Viruela, E. Ortí, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 1772 (2010); D. Canevet, M. Gallego, H. Isla, A. de Juan, E. M. Pérez, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 3184 (2011). 15. B. Grimm, J. Santos, B. M. Illescas, A. Muñoz, D. M. Guldi, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 17387 (2010). 16. For a review, see: D. Canevet, E. M. Pérez, N. Martín, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 9248 (2011). 17. G. Fernández, E. M. Pérez, L. Sánchez, and N. Martín, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 47, 1094 (2008). 18. G. Fernández, E. M. Pérez, L. Sánchez, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 2410 (2008). 19. G. Fernández, L. Sánchez, E. M. Pérez, N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 10674 (2008). 20. C. Romero-Nieto, R. García, M. A. Herranz, C. Ehli, M. Ruppert, A. Hirsch, D. M. Guldi, and N. Martín, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 9183 (2012). 21. N. Martín, L. Sánchez, M. A. Herranz, B. Illescas, and D. M. Guldi, Acc. Chem. Res., 40, 1015 (2007). 22. D. M. Guldi, B. M. Illescas, C. Atienza, M. Wielopolski, and N. Martín, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 1587 (2009). 23. C. Li, I. Pobelov, T. Wandlowski, A. Bagrets, A. Arnold, and F. J. Evers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 318 (2008). 24. B. Q. Xu and N. J. J. Tao, Science, 301, 1221 (2003).

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25. E. Leary, M. T. González, C. van der Pol, M. R. Bryce, S. Filippone, N. Martín, G. Rubio-Bollinger, and N. Agraït, Nano Lett., 11, 2236 (2011). 26. C. A. Martin, D. Ding, J. K. Sorensen, T. Bjornholm, J. M. van Ruitenbeek, and H. S. J. van der Zant, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 13198 (2008). 27. D. Pantarotto, N. Tagmatarchis, A. Bianco, and M. Prato, Mini-Rev. Med. Chem., 1, 339 (2001); A. Bianco and T. Da Ros, in Fullerenes: Principles and Applications, 2nd ed.; F. L. De La Puente and J.-F. Nierengarten, Eds., Royal Society of Chemistry (London), pp 507−545 (2011). 28. H. Kato, A. Yashiro, A. Mizuno, Y. Nishida, K. Kobayashi, and K. Shinohara, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 11, 2935 (2001). 29. J. F. Nierengarten, J. Iehl, V. Oerthel, M. Holler, B. M. Illescas, A. Muñoz, N. Martín, J. Rojo, M. SanchezNavarro, S. Cecioni, S. Vidal, K. Buffet, M. Durka, and S. P. Vincent, Chem. Commun., 46, 3860 (2010). 30. A. Hirsch and O. Vostrowsky, Eur. J. Org. Chem., 829 (2011). 31. A. Varki, Glycobiology, 3, 97 (1993). 32. M. Sánchez-Navarro, A. Munoz, B. M. Illescas, J. Rojo, and N. Martín, Chem. Eur. J., 17, 766 (2011). 33. J. Luczkowiak, A. Muñoz, M. SánchezNavarro, R. Ribeiro-Viana, A. Ginieis, B. M. Illescas, N. Martín, R. Delgado, and J. Rojo, Biomacromolecules, 14, 431 (2013). 34. T.-Z. Tan, J. Li, F. Zhu, X. Han, W.S. Jiang, R.-B. Huang, Z. Zheng, Z.Z. Qian, R.-T. Chen, Z.-J. Liao, S.-Y. Xie, X. Lu, and L.-S. Zheng, Nat. Chem., 2, 269 (2010), and references therein; N. Martín, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 50, 5431 (2011).

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Discovering Properties of Nanocarbon Materials as a Pivot for Device Applications by Tetyana Ignatova and Slava V. Rotkin

t is rare in the history of modern science that a single area will be so productive for both fundamental research and its applications as in the field of nanocarbon materials. During last few decades several breakthrough discoveries in synthesis and fabrication of these materials have happened. Enabling materials technology has inspired thousands of scientists and engineers around the world working in physics, materials science, nanotechnology, chemistry, and other fields: 140,000 papers were published since 1991 (Fig. 1). Successes in these fields were celebrated by three major prizes,1 the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (R. F. Curl, H. Kroto, R. E. Smalley), the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics (A. Geim, K. Novoselov), and the 2012 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience (M. S. Dresselhaus). Multiple applications of nanocarbon materials are anticipated to follow from their unique properties. The latter range from high mechanical stability and stiffness to unusual interfacial thermal conductance and optical performance. At the most basic levels all of these properties are related to the special type of carbon–carbon chemical bonding, so called sp2 hybridization, present in all nanocarbons.2 These bonds are natural in the flat, two-dimensional (2D) network, connecting carbon atoms and making a honeycomb-shape atomic lattice. The resulting material appears in the form of infinitesimally thin (just one atomic layer thick) although extremely strong film. Scrolls3 of such a film could have a spheroidal shape (fullerenes), cylindrical shape (nanotubes), may form flat or conical flakes (graphene and nanocones) or a combination of those shapes. Furthermore, these clusters may be placed in each other, making “matryoshka” (nesting doll) fullerenes and multi-wall nanotubes, “peapods” (fullerenes inside nanotubes), nested cones, fishbone whiskers, and multi-layer graphene flakes. Physical peculiarities of hexagonal lattice, and an intrinsically small size of the objects, give rise to all the advantages but also to the challenges of nanocarbon materials to be briefly outlined below. Significant mechanical strength and very high 2D electric conductance—two major physical properties of sp2-carbons—are due to the high chemical stability of sp2-bonds of a carbon atom and the delocalization of the last non-hybridized valence π-electron of the atom. These π-electrons are mobile within the whole lattice and their dynamics in a particular configuration determines electronic, optical, and interfacial thermal conductance properties of the material. Such The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

2D “electronic layers” are germane not only to nanocarbons: several other semi-metal materials, including new class of topological insulators4a and MAX-phases4b, share a common physics. The honeycomb lattice with two equivalent carbon atoms in the unit cell generates a semi-metal (or zero-gap semiconductor) band structure in the flat graphene monolayer. Electronic states form valence and conduction bands which touch each other in the Dirac point in the momentum space. By symmetry, two equivalent Dirac cones exist in nanocarbons.5 The energy dispersion is linear near these points, like for an electronpositron pair in vacuum, except for the characteristic (Fermi) velocity of charge carriers in nanocarbons is approximately 300 times smaller than the speed of light, the fundamental constant for Dirac electrons in space. This rich physics and beautiful symmetry makes the nanocarbon materials so attractive for fundamental studies. From the practical point of view, production of a large quantity of nanoscale materials, well characterized and easy to

handle, is challenging. Several methods proved to be efficient in nanocarbon synthesis, including chemical vapor deposition (CVD), laser ablation and arc discharge, as well as their modifications.6 As produced nanocarbon materials may include contaminants from the synthesis (such as catalytic particles and side products) but more importantly, even for the best tuning of the parameters of the synthesis, they include multiple varieties of nanocarbon shapes. The shape controls all important physical properties: by scrolling flat graphene in a tube the valence electrons are confined on the circumference of the cylinder. This so called “space quantization” creates discrete electron states. Indeed, a free quantum particle placed in the box of length 2πR must have wavelength compatible with the box size. Thus the nanotube electrons should have a discrete quantum number associated with the orbital motion, while for the fullerenes both components of 2D momentum are quantized.5 Discretization of orbital states of an electron in nanocarbons, (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. Publication rates for papers containing keywords: “nanotube” (blue), “graphene” (brown), “fullerene” (green), “nanocarbon” (yellow), and all of the above (red). Note log-scale of the vertical axis. (data from Web of Knowledge, 2013). 57

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inferred from a “particle-in-a-box” analogy, leads to energy gaps between such states, like in semiconductors. This has two major experimental manifestations: similar to atoms, fullerenes and nanotubes show distinct optical properties, dominated by sharp optical transitions. Secondly, since the size of the band gap depends on the quantization length, which in turn depends on the inverse scrolling curvature of nanocarbons, by varying their shape one can obtain a class of semiconductor materials with variable band gap,7 potentially tunable for particular optical or electronic applications. This specific band structure of nanocarbons leads to both the major advantages of these materials and the main challenges of their technology. For example, large versatility of electronic properties of different forms of fullerenes and nanotubes, that can be considered as different chemical species, naturally mixed during the synthetic stage, is detrimental for some applications: an easy and inexpensive way of separating the nanocarbon species is required. A little difference in density and chemical properties of nanocarbons made this as formidable as the separation of isotopes and organic macromolecules in the past. Fortunately, several solution-based methods were successfully borrowed from these fields to achieve a high purity fullerene and, most recently, nanotube species. Before that could happen, it was important to achieve water solubility of nanocarbon materials. The lattice of a good quality raw nanocarbon is almost defect free. Their surface is mostly chemically inert, similar to graphite, making them hydrophobic, except for edges of nanotubes or graphene flakes. On the other hand, van der Waals (vdW) interactions between two graphite-like clusters are strong and result in bundling them together, precluding good solubilization and affecting materials properties. For example, first quantitative measurements of the nanotube photoluminescence became possible only after successful use of surfactants such as SDS and SDBS.8 Later studies showed that many polymers9 and several other surfactants can efficiently break the nanotube bundles and suspend them in water solutions as well as in other solvents.10 Then, standard chromatography methods were applied11 and tuned to extract the species of interest, such as nanotubes sorted by their diameter and length. So far we have discussed the electronic structure of nanocarbons in terms of the size quantization, where the size was related to the scrolling curvature or length. There are two more important aspects of physics of these materials that need to be accounted for. One reflects a natural high surfaceto-volume ratio of nanoscale systems, which reaches the ultimate limit of S/ V=1, for single atomic shells. This leads to 58

extreme sensitivity of nanocarbons to their environment to be discussed later. Secondly, going beyond the simplest approximation of the space-quantized/scrolled graphene, the electronic structure shows dependence on the particular symmetry of the nanocarbon cluster, such as the existence and exact placement of non-hexagonal rings and/ or carbon bonds other than of sp2-type, the chirality (screw symmetry) of nanotubes, and the commensurability between the graphene layers in multi-shell matryoshka structures. Each of these perturbations influences all materials properties, including mechanical strength and chemical stability but most importantly for device applications it greatly expands our control on their electronic properties. One can potentially change the type of nanocarbon material without adding any other chemical element, a rare case in nature. The best known examples are the symmetry of chiral (or finite length) nanotubes (or graphene ribbons): increasing diameter (or length of a short nanotube, or width of a narrow graphene ribbon) by one atomic layer one may abruptly change its electronic properties. It switches from metal to semiconductor, and then to semiconductor and to metal again (Fig. 2): 1/3 of possible nanotube scrolling symmetries lead to a metal-like band structure, though adding or subtracting just one winding string of carbon atoms changes such a nanotube into a semiconductor. Sorting metallic from semiconductor nanotubes was one of the major requirements for using them as fieldeffect transistor channels.12 Nowadays it is achieved either with the density gradient ultracentrifugation method13 (earlier used for separating DNA species) or multi-stage chromatography (analogous to isotope

separation technique). In 2013 two-phase liquid extraction14 (applied for protein separation in the past) was proposed. An interesting aspect of strong interaction between organic macromolecules and nanocarbons—chirality specific wrapping of nanotubes by a single-strand DNA—was implemented to enhance the selectivity of the chromatographic separation.15 What are the forces16 responsible for such “recognition”? To what extent the electronic properties of the hybrid17 resemble those of the pristine material? The nature of the DNA-nanotube interaction is still to be understood as well as for other nanoscale complexes in solution. It is the development of advanced sorting methods that makes such a study possible in the near future. For example, analytical ultracentrifugation in isotopically different solvents18 was proposed recently and allowed to measure the size of the solvation shell for a number of surfactants. Since the mechanical properties of nanotube and graphene materials rely mostly on the crystal lattice perfection and absence of defects and not on the details of its symmetry or electronic structure, several device applications emerge that are not sensitive to coexistence of similar nanocarbon species and surface interactions. Durable nanocarbon electrodes and contacts should mostly require materials of good metallic conductance and strength, which has been already achieved.13,14,15,19 Such electrodes can be applied in photovoltaic cells (PVC),20 liquid crystal devices,21 batteries and supercapacitors,22 electron field emitters, and electronics. The physics explored in these devices is rather simple: small nanotube diameter and graphene thickness result in very large surface density

Fig. 2. Density of states (DOS) for a sequence of nanotubes (n,0), for n = 6–14. The family splitting of DOS is clearly seen: 1/3 of the nanotubes have large DOS at E = 0, which corresponds to metals (M); 2/3 of the nanotubes are semiconductors (S1 or S2). Top inset shows a “periodic table” of nanotubes: band gaps are shown by color code and bar length; upper row corresponds to (n,0) tubes. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

of the nanocarbon material and thus to the large electric conductance or capacitance. High conductance, light weight, and great strength make it superior to other existing materials. Additional advantages may follow from electromagnetic response of nanoscale objects: high aspect ratio of nanotubes leads to large enhancement of the electric field in their local vicinity. In devices based on the charge carrier extraction under electric bias, such as a field emission source23 or fullerene/ nanotube PVC,24 one may achieve higher performance at the same applied voltage due to the field concentration. Same effect combined with intrinsic plasmonic response of a nanotube or graphene may lead to modification of the photoluminescence of a dye, making a complex with nanocarbon,25 or may change its thermal contact conductance properties.26 Large electric fields at the nanotube tip, their flexibility and high mechanical strength allow nanoelectromechanical memory applications.27 Although the vdW interactions, typical for nanocarbon devices, must be properly accounted for.28 Given the proper separation of the nanocarbon species of interest can be achieved, what are the other technological challenges for device fabrication? First of all one needs a capability for controllable placement (and orientation) of nanoscale objects in desired locations or within the macroscopic nanocarbon material. Also such nanofabrication methods should not alter the properties of individual clusters, bearing in mind extreme sensitivity of “allon-surface” electrons to their environment. DC/AC dielectrophoresis,29 oriented CVD growth,30 and meniscus-drag alignment31 have been successfully applied so far. Many device properties of nanocarbon materials are solely due to their geometric size. Electronics and optical applications,

on the other hand, rely on specific quantum behavior of charge carriers in graphene and its scrolled derivatives, specific symmetry of honeycomb lattice, chiral breaking of this symmetry due to curvature and space quantization. Great strength of the optical transitions in fullerenes and nanotubes is due to confinement of charge carriers in a small volume. In addition to the physical confinement provided by a small lateral size of the clusters, the Coulomb interaction between the charges is very important. It is well known that attraction of the electron, being promoted into conduction band from the valence band, to the electronic hole which it leaves behind, results in an appreciable modification of the optical response of 3D semiconductors. All these effects are greatly enhanced in low dimensions. The physics is transparent: the electric field transmitting such an interaction is not limited to the volume of the cluster, it propagates in the space around it and cannot be easily screened. Thus the Coulomb interaction in low dimensional systems often becomes dominant and cannot be neglected. This explains a number of phenomena in nanocarbons: excitons, plasmons, Luttinger liquid, Oosawa-Manning condensation, quantum capacitance, and Auger recombination, to name just a few. The fundamental physics underlying these effects is important for some applications. For example, excitonic narrowing of the near infrared optical transitions in nanotubes and extreme spatial confinement of the exciton provide unique opportunities for using nanotubes as inorganic dyes, with no photobleaching and being compatible with the biological environment due to the chemical inertness of graphene-like surfaces.32 Strong plasmon-polariton coupling (Fig. 3) enhances the contact thermal conductance in nanocarbons33 and makes them attractive for heat removal.34

High symmetry of the graphene lattice leads to interesting rules for scattering of charge carriers: external perturbations that are not atomically sharp cannot break certain quantum symmetry of charge carries, and so called long range scattering in nanocarbons is severely restricted. For the perfect material one may expect extremely high electron mobility, as it was experimentally demonstrated for both nanotubes and graphene. Furthermore, breaking such a symmetry in a controllable way, for example with electric or magnetic fields,35 may result in novel device operation principles.36 Here the largest challenge remains in fabrication. Often the beautiful physics of nanocarbon material is masked by non-intrinsic effects: the issue of making electrical contacts,37 the lowering of performance by strong interaction with the environment. This is natural consequence of the same principles—in the absence of self-screening in nanocarbons, the Coulomb interactions with the surrounding material becomes critical.38,39 Nanocarbons placed on a surface of the polar dielectric or a metal interact with the electromagnetic modes of the surface so strongly that it drastically changes charge and heat conductance properties.40 While degradation of the former is not desirable, the increase of the interfacial heat conductance and, even more, appearance of new thermal effects, such as remote Joule losses,41 opens new ways of using nanocarbons for cooling technologies.42 In conclusion, nanocarbons represent a broad class of materials with unique properties enabling an appreciable number of applications, while many of them are still awaiting their discovery.

Acknowledgment The authors acknowledge support of NSF (ECCS-1202398) and AFOSR (FA9550-111-0185).

About the Authors Tetyana Ignatova is a PhD candidate in the Physics Department at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, PA). She is the recipient of the Sherman-Fairchild Fellowship for Solid State Physics. She has published 18 papers and proceedings. Her research focuses on photophysics of nanocomplexes based on rare earth ions and single-wall nanotubes. She may be reached at tetyanaignatova@ gmail.com.

Fig. 3. Calculated spectral density of the interface thermal conductance for a nanotube forest on the quartz substrate for values of the gap at the interface. (Reprinted with permission from ACS Nano, 6, 4298 2012). © 2012 ACS.) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Slava V. Rotkin is the Frank J. Feigl Junior Faculty Scholar and Associate Professor of Physics at Lehigh University (Bethlehem, PA). He serves as the Secretary of ECS FNCN Division. Dr. Rotkin is a recipient of scientific awards, including: Hillman Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Student Advising (2012), Libsch Early Career Research Award (2007), Feigl Scholarship (continued on next page) 59

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(2004), Beckman Fellowship (2000), Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Fellowship (1995), and President’s Grant for Young Scientists of Russia (1994). Dr. Rotkin has published three books and 130 papers and proceedings. He may be reached at rotkin@ lehigh.edu.

References 1. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996; http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_ prizes/physics/laureates/2010; http:// www.kavlifoundation.org/2012nanoscience-citation. 2. Except for nanodiamond materials that show both sp2 and sp3 bonds. 3. S. V. Rotkin and Y. Gogotsi, Materials Research Innovations, 5, 191 (2002). 4. (a) M. Z. Hasan and C. L. Kane, Rev. Mod. Phys., 82, 3045 (2010); (b) O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V. N. Mochalin, Y. Dall’Agnese, M. Heon, M. W. Barsoum, and Y. Gogotsi, Nature Commun., 4, 1716 (2013). 5. Several textbooks and reviews are available on nanocarbons, for example: M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. C. Eklund, Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes, Academic Press, (1996); S. Reich, C. Thomsen, and J. Maultzsch, Carbon Nanotubes: Basic Concepts and Physical Properties, Wiley-VCH, (2004); Applied Physics of Nanotubes, S. V. Rotkin and S. Subramoney, Eds., Springer Verlag (2005); A. Jorio, M. S. Dresselhaus, and G. Dresselhaus, Carbon Nanotubes: Advanced Topics in Synthesis, Properties, and Applications, Springer, (2008); Handbook on Carbon Nano Materials, vol.1-6; F. DiSouza and K. Kadish, Eds., World Scientific Publishing, (2011-2013). 6. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and P. Avouris, Eds., Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis,Structure, Properties and Applications, Springer (2001). 7. R. B. Weisman and S. M. Bachilo, Nano Lett.. 3, 1235 (2003). 8. S. M. Bachilo, M. S. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, and R. B. Weisman, Science, 298, 2361 (2002). 9. M. J. O’Connell, P. Boul, L. M. Ericson, C. Huffman, Y. Wang, E. Haroz, C. Kuper, J. Tour, K. D. Ausman, and R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett., 342, 265 (2001). 10. Y. Maeda, S.-I. Kimura, M. Kanda, Y. Hirashima, T. Hasegawa, T. Wakahara, Y. Lian, T. Nakahodo, T. Tsuchiya, T. Akasaka, J. Lu, X. Zhang, Y. Yu, S. Nagase, S. Kazaoui, N. Minami, T. Shimizu, H. Tokumoto, and R. Saito, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 127, 10287 (2005).

11. M. Zheng, A. Jagota, M. S. Strano, A. P. Santos, P. Barone, S. G. Chou, B. A. Diner, M. S. Dresselhaus, R. S. Mclean, G. B. Onoa, G. G. Samsonidze, E. D. Semke, M. Usrey, and D. J. Walls, Science, 302, 1545 (2003). 12. P. Avouris, Physics World, 20, 40 (2007). 13. M. S. Arnold, A. A. Green, J. F. Hulvat, S. I. Stupp, and M. C. Hersam, Nature Nano, 1, 60 (2006). 14. C. Y. Khripin, J. A. Fagan, and M. Zheng, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 135, 6822 (2013). 15. X. Tu, S. Manohar, A. Jagota, and M. Zheng, Nature, 460, 250 (2009). 16. G. Lu, P. Maragakis, and E. Kaxiras, Nano Lett., 5, 897 (2005); S. E. Snyder and S. V. Rotkin, JETP Lett., 84, 348 (2006); D. Roxbury, J. Mittal, and A. Jagota, Nano Lett., 12, 1464 (2012). 17. M. E. Hughes, E. Brandin, and J. A. Golovchenko, Nano Lett., 7, 1191 (2007); V. I. Puller and S. V. Rotkin, Europhys. Lett., 77, 27006 (2007). 18. J. A. Fagan, M. Zheng, V. Rastogi, J. R. Simpson, C. Y. Khripin, C. A. Silvera Batista, and A. R. Hight Walker, ACS Nano, 7, 3373 (2013). 19. R. Krupke, F. Hennrich, H. von Lohneysen, and M. M. Kappes, Science, 301, 344 (2003). 20. Z. Wu, Z. Chen, X. Du, J. M. Logan, J. Sippel, M. Nikolou, K. Kamaras, J. R. Reynolds, D. B. Tanner, A. F. Hebard, and A. G. Rinzler, Science, 305, 1273 (2004); H. Park, S. Chang, M. Smith, S. Gradecak, and J. Kong, Adv. Mater., 21, 3210 (2009). 21. P. Blake, P. D. Brimicombe, R. R. Nair, T. J. Booth, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, L. A. Ponomarenko, S. V. Morozov, H. F. Gleeson, E. W. Hill, A. K. Geim, and K. S. Novoselov, Nano Lett., 8, 1704 (2008). 22. M. Kaempgen, C. K. Chan, J. Ma, Y. Cui, G. Gruner, Nano Lett., 9, 1872 (2009); M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, and R. S. Ruoff, Nano Lett., 8, 3498 (2008). 23. W.B. Choi, D. S. Chung, J. H. Kang, H. Y. Kim, Y. W. Jin, I. T. Han, Y. H. Lee, J. E. Jung, N. S. Lee, G. S. Park, and J. M. Kim, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75, 3129 (1999). 24. J. M. Holt, A. J. Ferguson, N. Kopidakis, B. A. Larsen, J. Bult, G. Rumbles, and J. L. Blackburn, Nano Lett., 10, 4627 (2010). 25. T. Ignatova, H. Najafov, A. Ryasnyanskiy, I. Biaggio, M. Zheng, and S. V. Rotkin, ACS Nano, 5, 6052 (2011). 26. T. Ignatova, A. M. Nemilentsau, and S. V. Rotkin, in Handbook on Carbon Nano Materials, Vol. 4, F DiSouza and K Kadish, Eds., World Scientific Publishing, Inc., pp 287-319 (2012).

27. J. E. Jang, S. N. Cha, Y. J. Choi, D. J. Kang, T. P. Butler, D. G. Hasko, J. E. Jung, J. M. Kim, and A. J. Amaratunga, Nature Nano, 3, 26 (2008). 28. M. Dequesnes, S. V. Rotkin, and N. R. Aluru, Nanotechnology, 13, 120 (2002). 29. A. Vijayaraghavan, C. Calogero, S. Dehm, A. Lombardo, A. Bonetti, A. Ferrari, and R. Krupke , ACS Nano, 3, 1729 (2009); S. Blatt, F. Hennrich, H. v. Löhneysen, M. M. Kappes, A. Vijayaraghavan, and R. Krupke, Nano Letters, 7, 1960 (2007); S. W. Lee, A. Kornblit, D. Lopez, S. V. Rotkin, A. Sirenko, and H. Grebel, Nano Lett., 9, 1369 (2009). 30. C. Kocabas, S. Dunham, Q. Cao, K. Cimino, X. Ho, H.-S. Kim, D. Dawson, J. Payne, M. Stuenkel, H. Zhang, T. Banks, M. Feng, S. V. Rotkin, and J. A. Rogers, Nano Lett., 9, 1937 (2009); E. Joselevich and C. M. Lieber, Nano Lett., 2, 1137 (2002); L. Ding, D. N. Yuan, J. Liu, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 130, 5428 (2008). 31. J. D. Wood and J.W. Lyding, in Proc. 9th IEEE-Nano Conf., 475-476 (2009). 32. A. L. Antaris, J. T. Robinson, O. K. Yaghi, G. Hong, S. Diao, R. Luong, and H. Dai, ACS Nano, 7, 3644 (2013). 33. S. V. Rotkin, V. Perebeinos, A. G. Petrov, and P. Avouris, Nano Lett., 9, 1850 (2009); A. M. Nemilentsau and S. V. Rotkin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 101, 063115 (2012); Z.-Y. Ong, M. V. Fischetti, A. Y. Serov, and E. Pop, Phys. Rev. B, 87, 195404 (2013). 34. E. Pop, D. Mann, Q. Wang, K. Goodson, and H. Dai, Nano Lett., 6, 96 (2006). 35. H. Ajiki and T. Ando, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 62, 1255 (1993); Y. Li, S. V. Rotkin, and U. Ravaioli, Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 4178 (2004). 36. S. V. Rotkin and K. Hess, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 3139 (2004). 37. J. Tersoff, Appl. Phys. Lett., 74, 2122 (1999); A. W. Cummings and F. Léonard, ACS Nano, 6, 4494 (2012); Y. Sui, T. Low, M. Lundstrom, and J. Appenzeller, Nano. Lett., 11, 1319 (2011). 38. A. G. Petrov and S. V. Rotkin, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 035408 (2004). 39. S. Fratini and F. Guinea, Phys. Rev. B, 77, 195415 (2008). 40. A .G. Petrov and S. V. Rotkin, JETP Lett., 84, 156 (2006); V. Perebeinos, S. V. Rotkin, A. G. Petrov, and P. Avouris, Nano Lett., 9, 312 (2009); B. N. J. Persson and H. Ueba, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 22, 462201 (2010). 41. K. H. Baloch, N. Voskanian, M. Bronsgeest, and J. Cumings, Nature Nano, 7, 316 (2012). 42. E. Pop, Nano Research, 3, 147 (2010).

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Carbon Onions: Synthesis and Electrochemical Applications by John K. McDonough and Yury Gogotsi

eginning with fullerenes, moving to carbon nanotubes, and most recently to graphene, carbon nanomaterials are widely studied and used in a range of applications including electronics, tribology, and energy storage. However, two kinds of carbon nanoparticles, nanodiamond1 and carbon onions,2 which were discovered before fullerenes and nanotubes, stayed for a long time in the shadow of more popular and better investigated nanocarbons. However, both have become increasingly studied in recent years. Carbon onions consist of spherical closed carbon shells and owe their name to the concentric layered structure resembling that of an onion. Carbon onions are sometimes called carbon nano-onions (CNOs) or onion-like carbon (OLC). Those names cover all kinds of concentric shells, from nested fullerenes to small (<100 nm) polyhedral nanostructures. This review is dedicated to those materials. We first discuss the structure of carbon onions and provide an overview of their synthesis methods. Also, electrochemical applications of carbon onions are reviewed with an emphasis on supercapacitor electrodes. Sumio Iijima discovered OLC in 1980 while looking at a sample of carbon black in a transmission electron microscope. OLC was not produced in bulk, but rather was observed as a byproduct of carbon black synthesis.3 About a decade later in 1992, Daniel Ugarte put forth a formation mechanism for the spherical graphitic

structure. By focusing an electron beam on a sample of amorphous carbon, he was able to observe the formation of OLC in situ. Under an electron beam, the amorphous carbon graphitizes and begins to curl, and after sufficient time, the graphitic carbon closes on itself, forming an onion. The curving and closure occurs in order to minimize the surface energy of the newly formed edge planes of graphite, which is about 30x that of the basal plane.4

Synthesis of Carbon Onions Although OLC has been synthesized by many different methods in the last 30 years, large scale production (gram quantities) of OLC was first realized in 1994 by Vladimir Kuznetsov and coworkers, who used vacuum annealing of a nanodiamond precursor.5,6 Similar to vacuum annealing, other groups have also utilized annealing in inert gases to transform nanodiamond, which is currently produced in ton quantities,1 to OLC.7 This is one of the methods that has a potential for industrial applications, as the onion yield is close to 100% and the manufacturing volume is only limited by the size of the furnace, and can be scaled accordingly. This material rarely has ideal spherical carbon onions, but can be produced in large quantities and finds practical applications. The transition of nanodiamond to a carbon onion can be seen in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation

Fig 1. Molecular dynamics simulation of (a) pristine nanodiamond, (b) nanodiamond annealed at 1400 °C, (c) nanodiamond annealed at 2000 °C,8 and carbon onions synthesized via (d) annealing of nanodiamond at 2000 °C,18 (e) arc discharge between two carbon electrodes in water,9 and (f) electron beam irradiation.11 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

(Fig. 1a-c). A 2-nm particle of nanodiamond (Fig. 1a) was annealed at 1400 °C (Fig. 1b) causing the outer layers of the nanodiamond to convert to graphitic carbon; however the annealing was not at high enough temperature to convert the entire particle. At higher temperatures (Fig. 1c), the entire particle is converted to an OLC particle.8 At the highest annealing temperatures, the OLC particle begins to polygonize (Fig. 1d) as the structure becomes more ordered. The particle size of OLC produced via nanodiamond annealing is dependent on the nanodiamond precursor, which is generally about 5 nm in diameter,1 producing onions in the 5-10 nm size range. Arc discharge between two graphite electrodes in water represents another synthesis technique, generating OLC of slightly different structure than from annealing of nanodiamond. A dc current of 30 A and 17 V was applied between two graphite electrodes in water causing the carbon to evaporate at the location of the arc due to the extreme heat generated. The carbon vapor rapidly condenses into highly spherical OLC particles (Fig. 1e) and will float on the water surface, waiting to be collected for analysis. Consumption of the anode was about 100 mg/min, with the carbon products being produced at 20 mg/min. Synthesis by arc discharge can be performed at ambient pressure and temperature, avoiding the use of expensive equipment or catalysts, however the yield is low and samples contain nanotubes and amorphous carbon formed along with carbon onions.9,10 Hollow carbon onions have been produced with the aid of metal nanoparticles. First, the metal and carbon were evaporated by an arc discharge method, similar to the one described earlier. The resulting product is a metal particle encapsulated by layers of graphitic carbon. When the system is exposed to the beam of a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the metal particle migrates a few atoms at a time through the carbon layers, which can be seen in situ, and leaves a hollow OLC particle (Fig 1f).11 Laser excitation of ethylene causes the gas to decompose and produces solid carbon at high temperatures. The process, used by Gao, et al., is performed in air and uses a high-energy laser to convert the hydrocarbon to a solid carbon onion. This has potential to be used for large-scale production, as it can be scaled up, with authors showing a synthesis rate of 2.1 g/hour. This, along with annealing of detonation nanodiamond, is another feasible synthesis method for industry.12 (continued on next page) 61

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There are several other processes that were reported to produce carbon onions. Synthesis of carbon onions via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) utilized an iron catalyst supported on sodium chloride to decompose acetylene gas at temperatures ~400 °C. For less than 5 wt% iron, the carbon onions had an Fe3C core. In contrast to other methods of carbon onion synthesis, this CVD process yields much larger diameter particles, ~50 nm.13 Carbon ion implantation is another method to produce carbon onions, first used in 1998 by Cabioc’h, et al., which allowed the particle diameter to be tuned from 3 nm up to 30 nm by varying synthesis conditions such as temperature or implantation dose density.14 Thermolysis is when a compound is decomposed by heat and has been shown to be a method for carbon onion synthesis. Using sodium azide (NaN3) and hexachlorobenzene (C6Cl6) as the reagents, a redox reaction causes an abrupt increase in temperature and pressure, producing large diameter carbon

onions (30 - 100 nm) and other impurities, such as sodium chloride and amorphous carbon, which can be removed through a purification step.15 Solid state carbonization of a phenolic resin precursor is a way to produce larger diameter carbon onions, ~40 nm. The precursor material was a phenol-formaldehyde resin and required the aid of a ferric nitrate catalyst at temperatures ~1000 °C.16 High temperature evaporation of nanodiamond resulted in carbon condensing on a silicon substrate, with the carbon having the form of onions. The resulting particles had a diameter ~5 nm. This paper does not show any information regarding mass or yield, and it seems like a low yield process.17

Structure of Carbon Onions The onions consist of graphene shells with pentagonal and other defects required to have closed-shell structures. Structural properties of OLC vary significantly depending on the synthesis conditions. Focusing on OLC derived from the annealing of nanodiamond between 1300 and 1800 °C, the BET specific

surface area (SSA) from N2 gas adsorption varies between 400 and 600 m2/g (Fig. 2a). There is no accessible internal porosity for OLC, so the SSA is dependent on the density of the material and the surface of the particles. At lower annealing temperatures, there is residual diamond in the sample causing a lower SSA due to a higher density of nanodiamond compared to graphitic carbon forming onion shells. A maximum at 1500 °C is found after all diamond is transformed to OLC and the particle has a rough (defective) surface, and the subsequent decrease in SSA is due to sintering and formation of larger polygonized particles as annealing temperature in increased. The pore size distribution of OLC is broad in the mesoporous range, as any “pore” is actually formed by the space between multiple onions, and does not vary significantly between synthesis conditions.18 Conversion from nanodiamond to fully graphitized onions was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) (Fig. 2b). The nanodiamond precursor shows pronounced diamond peaks, as expected, in addition to a small peak for (002) graphite. Upon

Fig. 2. (a) BET specific surface area of raw diamond soot and annealed nanodiamond (carbon onions),18 (b) XRD patterns of annealed nanodiamond,19 and (c) Raman spectra of annealed nanodiamond.22 62

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Fig. 3. (a) Capacitance normalized to specific surface area as a function of particle or pore size for mesoporous carbon, microporous carbon, zerodimensional carbon onions, and one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, with the solid black line at 10 μF cm-2 representing a parallel plate capacitor (graphite). (b) Capacitance normalized to specific surface area as a function of carbon onion particle diameter. Inset is an image displaying how cations adsorb on the surface of a charged carbon onion particle, forming a double layer.35

annealing for 30 minutes at 1400 °C, three peaks appear for graphite that are relatively broad and weak in intensity, probably because the graphitic carbon is still defective and incomplete shells are formed. The graphitic carbon peaks grow for the sample annealed at 1700 °C, with some residual diamond peaks. Finally, after annealing at 2000 °C for 30 minutes, no diamond peaks are present, with very pronounced peaks for graphite.19,20 Raman spectroscopy was used by Portet, et al. to study the surface structure of carbon onions as they are annealed from nanodiamond at temperatures between 1200 and 2000 °C (Fig. 2c). The nanodiamond precursor (UD50 grade1) used was a detonation nanodiamond soot, that is comprised of disordered carbon, carbon onions, and diamond nanoparticles, with ~25 wt% of sp3 carbon and ~75 wt% of sp2 carbon.21 The Raman spectra for all samples contain two peaks at 1350 and 1600 cm-1, corresponding to the D-band for disordered carbon and the G-band for graphitic carbon, respectively, in addition to second order peaks for the 2D band at ~2700 cm-1 and for the G+D band at ~2850 cm-1. The spectrum for UD50 shows two very broad D and G peaks, and the 2D and D+G peaks are unresolvable, implying a highly disordered graphitic carbon present in the detonation soot. Annealing the nanodiamond at 1200 °C causes a narrowing of all peaks, and appearance of the resonant peaks. As the samples are annealed at higher temperatures, up to 2000 °C, the peaks continue to narrow as the sp3 carbon and disordered carbon is further graphitized. The ratio of the D

to G band (ID/IG, not shown) decreases significantly upon annealing due to the increase in ordering of the carbon particles.22

Electrochemical Applications of Carbon Onions Electric double layer capacitors (EDLC), also known by their commercial names as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are nonfaradaic electrical energy storage devices that store charge on the surface of a high surface area carbon electrode, often made of porous activated carbon.23,24 Materials for supercapacitors range from microporous and mesoporous carbons, to one-dimensional carbon nanotubes, to two-dimensional graphene. The theoretical capacitance per surface area of these materials as a function of pore size and particle size is shown in Fig. 3a. Below a pore size or particle size of ~5 nm, the normalized capacitance deviates from planar graphite, with mesoporous materials decreasing in capacitance and materials with a positive curvature, i.e., carbon onions, increasing significantly. This figure shows that the smallest 0-D carbon onions can potentially outperform other materials in terms of capacitance per area. Carbon onions debuted as a material for EDLCs in 2006-2007 in both aqueous25,26 and organic22 electrolytes. Since then, there has been an immense amount of attention given to OLC for both batteries27-29 and supercapacitors,18,22,30-34 as both active materials and easily dispersible conductive additives (ultimate carbon black). The high

power capabilities of carbon onions, with excellent capacitance retention at current densities as high as 200 mA/cm2 (15 A/g) have been highlighted in the very first paper.22 The theoretical values from Fig. 3a compared to published data in Fig. 3b show a very good agreement and an increase in capacitance as onion size decreases.35 A few years later, in 2010, the carbon onion microsupercapacitor was fabricated and tested in comparison to other systems at the same length scale.30 The micro-supercapacitor using interdigital OLC electrodes was able to operate efficiently at rates as high as 100 V/s (Fig. 4), much faster than conventional EDLCs operating at rates well below 1 V/s. A plot of the discharge current vs. scan rate derived from cyclic voltammetry should be linear for a capacitive system and will deviate at high enough rates due to diffusion limitations of the ions in electrolyte. From Fig. 4a, the OLC micro-supercapacitor has a linear relationship up to about 100 V/s. Tetraethylammonium ions at the surface of a carbon onion particle are shown in Fig. 4b. The performance of other systems in comparison with the OLC microsupercapacitor is shown in a Ragone plot (Fig. 4c). Carbon onions have roughly 10x the power of activated carbon, however a lower energy density because of the lower surface area. Electrolytic capacitors have a comparable or higher power density, yet carbon onions have more than 10x the energy density.30 Recently, OLC and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to store energy from -50 to 100 °C—a wider temperature range than (continued on next page)

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any porous activated carbons can deliver with organic or aqueous electrolytes. The exohedral carbons were combined with a eutectic mixture of ionic liquids, which remains liquid at temperatures down to -80 °C. The arrangement of ions around the respective electrode materials can be seen in Fig. 5a and 5b. Both, carbon onions and nanotubes were found to operate efficiently at temperatures as low as -50 °C and as high as +100 °C. Conventional EDLC electrolytes utilize propylene carbonate (PC) as the solvent and begin to see a decrease in performance below 0 °C (Fig. 5c). Activated carbon was used in the same eutectic mixture of ionic liquids and failed at temperatures of -20 °C, even at slow chargedischarge rates.36 This shows that adsorption

of ions on the exohedral surfaces of onions (Fig. 5a) minimizes ion transport limitations allowing either very fast charge-discharge rates (Fig. 4a) or use of electrolytes with low mobility (Fig. 5c).

battery and supercapacitor electrodes, or as active material for supercapacitor electrodes for high-power applications and for low temperature devices using ionic liquid electrolytes.

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Carbon onions represent one of the least studied carbon nanomaterials, and are seeing a large increase in attention for energy storage applications. Because of their unique 0-D structure, small (<10 nm) diameter, high electrical conductivity, and relatively easy dispersion, compared to 1-D nanotubes and 2-D graphene, OLC has been shown to be ideal as a conductive additive to

This work was supported as part of the Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST) Center, an Energy Frontiers Research Center funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The authors are thankful to Dr. Vadym Mochalin (Drexel University) for Fig. 4b.

Fig. 4. (a) discharge current vs. scan rate for carbon onions in TEA-BF4 in acetonitrile, (b) schematic image of a carbon onion surrounded by TEA+ ions, and (c) Ragone plot of several micro-devices, highlighting the outstanding performance of a carbon onion microsupercapacitor.30

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Fig. 5. Schematic of ions surrounding (a) carbon onions deposited on a current collector and (b) carbon nanotubes grown directly on a current collector, and (c) electrochemical performance of carbon nanotubes and carbon onions with their capacitance normalized to capacitance at 20 °C.36

About the Authors John K. McDonough received his BS in Physics in 2009 from Lycoming College. Presently, he is a PhD candidate at Drexel University, Philadelphia, in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, studying under the guidance of Yury Gogotsi. His research focuses on carbon nanomaterials for electrical energy storage, specifically on onion-like carbon for electrochemical capacitors. McDonough serves as the President of the MRS Chapter at Drexel and is also highly involved in the ECS and ASM Chapters. He may be reached at jkm54@drexel.edu. Yury Gogotsi is a Distinguished University Professor and Trustee Chair of Materials Science and Engineering at Drexel University in Philadelphia. He also serves as Director of the A. J. Drexel Nanotechnology Institute. His PhD is in Physical Chemistry from Kiev Polytechnic and he holds a DSc in Materials Engineering from the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. His research group works on nanostructured carbons, two-dimensional carbides, and their The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

electrochemical applications. He has coauthored more than 300 journal papers. He is a Fellow of ECS, AAAS, MRS, ACerS, and a member of the World Academy of Ceramics. He may be reached at Gogotsi@ drexel.edu.

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15. M. Bystrzejewski, M. H. Rummeli, T. Gemming, H. Lange, and A. Huczko, New Carbon Mater., 25, 1 (2010). 16. M. Zhao, H. Song, X. Chen, and W. Lian, Acta Mater., 55, 6144 (2007). 17. S. Krishnamurthy, Y. V. Butenko, V. R. Dhanak, M. R. C. Hunt, and L. Šiller, Carbon, 52, 145 (2013). 18. J. K. McDonough, A. I. Frolov, V. Presser, J. Niu, C. H. Miller, T. Ubieto, M. V. Fedorov, and Y. Gogotsi, Carbon, 50, 3298 (2012). 19. S. Tomita, A. Burian, J. C. Dore, D. LeBolloch, M. Fujii, and S. Hayashi, Carbon, 40, 1469 (2002). 20. S. Tomita, T. Sakurai, H. Ohta, M. Fujii, and S. Hayashi, J. Chem. Phys., 114, 7477 (2001). 21. S. Osswald, G. Yushin, V. Mochalin, S. O. Kucheyev, and Y. Gogotsi, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 128, 11635 (2006). 22. C. Portet, G. Yushin, and Y. Gogotsi, Carbon, 45, 2511 (2007).

23. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Philos. Trans. Royal Society A: Math., Phys. and Engin. Sci., 368, 3457 (2010). 24. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nature Materials, 7, 845 (2008). 25. E. G. Bushueva, P. S. Galkin, A. V. Okotrub, L. G. Bulusheva, N. N. Gavrilov, V. L. Kuznetsov, and S. I. Moiseekov, Phys. Status Solidi B, 245, 2296 (2008). 26. E. G. Bushueva, A. V. Okotrub, P. S. Galkin, V. L. Kuznetsov, and S. I. Moseenkov, in Nanocarbon & Nanodiamond, p. 11, St. Petersburg, Russia (2006). 27. F.-D. Han, B. Yao, and Y.-J. Bai, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 8923 (2011). 28. H. J. Zhang, H. H. Song, J. S. Zhou, H. K. Zhang, and X. H. Chen, Acta PhysChim. Sin., 26, 1259 (2010). 29. W. Gu, N. Peters, and G. Yushin, Carbon, 53, 292 (2013). 30. D. Pech, M. Brunet, H. Durou, P. H. Huang, V. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, P. L. Taberna, and P. Simon, Nature Nanotechnol., 5, 651 (2010).

31. C. Portet, J. Chmiola, Y. Gogotsi, S. Park, and K. Lian, Electrochim. Acta, 53, 7675 (2008). 32. G. Feng, D.-E. Jiang, and P. T. Cummings, J. Chem. Theory and Computation, 8, 1058 (2012). 33. M. M. Hantel, V. Presser, J. K. McDonough, G. Feng, P. T. Cummings, Y. Gogotsi, and R. Kötz, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, A1897 (2012). 34. P. F. Fulvio, R. T. Mayes, X. Wang, S. M. Mahurin, J. C. Bauer, V. Presser, J. McDonough, Y. Gogotsi, and S. Dai, Adv. Funct. Mater., 21, 2208 (2011). 35. J. S. Huang, B. G. Sumpter, V. Meunier, G. Yushin, C. Portet, and Y. Gogotsi, J. Mater. Res., 25, 1525 (2010). 36. R. Lin, P.-L. Taberna, S. B. Fantini, V. Presser, C. R. Pérez, F. O. Malbosc, N. L. Rupesinghe, K. B. K. Teo, Y. Gogotsi, and P. Simon, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2, 2396 (2011).

Fall—W inter 2012 12

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www.electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts Highlights of the 6th ECS Mexico Section Meeting and the XXVIII SMEQ Meeting

n the city of Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico, on May 31, 2013, the XXVIII Meeting of the Mexican Electrochemical Society (SMEQ), and the 6th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section took place. Both meetings were organized by the SMEQ board, led by the President of the SMEQ, Norberto Casillas (UdeG), in collaboration with Facundo Almeraya-Calderon (CIIAUANL, Vice-President), Bernardo FrontanaUribe (UNAM, Secretary), Juan Manuel Peralta-Hernandez (CIATEC, Treasurer), and Marina E. Rincon, (IIE, Officer) who invited all national electrochemistry leaders in Mexico to attend. The aim of these meetings was to discuss new trends in electrochemistry in Mexico and to update policies and bylaws for SMEQ. Several relevant agreements for SMEQ were achieved, including the appointment of a new Advisory Council constituted by former SMEQ Presidents and the approval of the Technical Divisions for SMEQ. SMEQ President Casillas delivered his final-period speech, listing 27 actions performed in his two-year period, underlying advances in

administration, legal aspects, finance, and academic events organized by SMEQ. He also presented a new SMEQ website: http: // www.smeq.org.mx/. Further activities included a brief updating of the upcoming events to be celebrated in Mexico, such as the 64th Meeting of the International Electrochemistry Society (ISE) in Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico, September 8-13, 2013. This brief was delivered by Ignacio Gonzalez (UAM-I) and Yunny Meas Vong (CIDETEQ), chairs of the local organizing committee. An overview of the advances in the organization of the ECS-sponsored meeting “New Processes and Materials Based on Electrochemical Concepts at the Microscopic Level” (MicroEchem2013), to be celebrated in Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico, September 16-19, 2013 (https:// sites.google.com/site/microechem2013/) was presented by Margarita MirandaHernandez (IEE), Carlos Frontana-Vazquez (CIDETEQ), and Linda Victoria GonzalezGutierrez (CIDETEQ), who are members of the organizing committee.

The XXVIII Meeting of the Mexican Electrochemical Society (SMEQ), and the 6th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section also framed the renewal of the SMEQ National Board and the election of a new VicePresident for the 2013-2015 period. The new President of SMEQ is now Facundo Almeraya-Calderon, from the Faculty of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering (FIME) at the Center for Research and Innovation in Aeronautical Engineering (CIIIA), Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL); and his co-officers are Ricardo Orozco-Cruz (UV, Secretary) and Linda Victoria Gonzalez-Gutierrez (CIDETEQ, Treasurer). Other officers include Citlalli Gaona-Tiburcio (CIIIA-UANL), Alberto Martinez-Villafañe (CIMAV), Homero Castañeda Lopez (University of Akron), and Joan Genesca Llongueras (Punta-UNAM). Another academic activity at the meetings was a plenary lecture delivered by Sixto Malato-Rodriguez, Director of the Solar Platform of Almeria in Spain, which was greatly enjoyed by the audience. (continued on next page)

Participants of the XXVIII Meeting of the Mexican Electrochemical Society (SMEQ) and the 6th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section in Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts (continued from previous page)

In his inaugural speech, the new SMEQ President, Facundo Almeraya-Calderon, encouraged Mexican colleges to keep working hard and to increase and strengthen the number of electrochemistry research groups all over Mexico. The newly elected Vice-President for the 2013-2015 period (who will become the new SMEQ President for the 2015-2017 period) is now Francisco Javier Rodriguez-Gomez (UNAM). Dr. Almeraya-Calderon acknowledged the previous SMEQ Board for all its dedicated work, achievements, and outstanding contributions in service to SMEQ. In addition, he thanked them for the organization of both meetings in Santiago de Queretaro. Finally, he encouraged all participants to attend the joint meeting of ECS, SMEQ, and the ECS Mexico Section (the 226th ECS Meeting, the XXIX Congress of SMEQ, and the 7th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section), to be celebrated the first week of October 2014 in Cancun, Mexico. The Chair for these events from the Mexico side is Norberto Casillas (UdeG), who spoke about the relevance of the active participation of Mexican colleagues in the technical symposia.

Norberto Casillas (UdeG), SMEQ President, delivered his final speech to the participants of the XXVIII SMEQ Meeting and the 6th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section.

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Former members of the SMEQ Board received certificates of appreciation. From left to right are: President Facundo Almeraya-Calderón (CIIA UANL), Past President Norberto Casillas (UdeG), Former Secretary Bernardo Frontana-Uribe (UNAM), Former Treasurer Juan Manuel PeraltaHernandez (CIANTEC), and Former Officer Marina E. Rincon (IIE).

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS

Call for Nominations For details on each award, including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable nomination form, please go to the ECS website (www.electrochem. org) and click on the “Awards” link. This will take you to a general page that will then lead to the individual awards. The awards are grouped in one of four categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Click on one of these sublinks to find the individual award. Please see each for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or you may contact the ECS headquarters office by using the contact information on the awards Web page. For student awards, please see the Student News Section in this issue.

Visit www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link. ECS Awards The Edward Goodrich Acheson Award was established in 1928 for distinguished contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes or activities of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a gold medal, wall plaque and a prize of $10,000. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Acheson Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 1, 2014. The Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology was originally established in 1971 (as the Solid State Science and Technology Award) for distinguished contributions to the field of solid state science. The award consists of a silver medal, a wall plaque, and prize of $7,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015.

Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Moore Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by May 1, 2014. The award of ECS Fellows was established in 1989 for individual contribution and leadership in the achievement of science and technology in the area of electrochemistry and solid-state sciences and current active participation of the affairs of ECS, and consists of a scroll, lapel pin, and announcement in a Society publication. The next Fellows will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Fellows Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2014. The Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award was established in 2003 to recognize outstanding scientific and/or engineering work in fundamental or applied electrochemistry or solidstate science and technology by a young scientist or engineer. The award consists of a certificate, a prize (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS (continued from previous page)

of $5,000, ECS Life Membership, and travel assistance to the meeting of the award presentation (up to $1,000). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Tobias Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2014.

Division Awards The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize outstanding contributions to the science and technology of primary and secondary cells and batteries and fuel cells. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of a $2,000, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division for as long as the winner is an ECS member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Research Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2014. The Technology Award of the Battery Division was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology. The award consists of a scroll, prize of $2,000, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division for as long as the winner is a Society member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Technology Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2014. The Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science. The award consists of a scroll, prize of $1,500 and travel assistance to meeting of award presentation (if required). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Uhlig Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by December 15, 2013. The High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 1984 to recognize excellence in high temperature materials research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of high temperature materials science. The award shall consist of

a scroll, prize of a $1,000, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance to meeting of award presentation (up to $1,000). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to HTM Outstanding Achievement Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 1, 2014. The Centennial Outstanding Achievement Award of the Luminescence and Display Materials Division was established in 2002 to encourage excellence in luminescence and display materials research and outstanding contributions to the field of luminescence and display materials science. It consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,000. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to LDM Outstanding Achievement Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 11, 2014. The Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Chemistry of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division sponsored by ARCO Metals Company and the Aluminum Company of America, was established in1984 in order to recognize excellence in molten salt and ionic liquid chemistry research and to stimulate publication of high quality research papers in this area in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to PAED Bredig Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2014. The Outstanding Achievement Award of the Sensor Division was established in 1989 to recognize outstanding achievement in the science and or technology of sensors and to encourage excellence of work in the field. It consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,000. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Sensor Outstanding Achievement Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 1, 2014.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS

Section Awards The Allesandro Volta Medal of the Europe Section was established in 1998 to recognize excellence in electrochemistry and solid-state science and technology research, and consists of a silver medal and a check for $500. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Europe Section Volta Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2014.

Travel Grants The Early Career Faculty Travel Grants of the Battery Division was established to recognize promising faculty members at colleges and universities who are in the first five years of their appointments and engaged in research in the science and engineering of electrochemical energy storage and conversion. The grants shall be given for a single meeting. The grant award consists of a check in an amount not exceeding $1,000 payable to the recipient at the time of the meeting and a waiver of registration for that meeting as well as one-year membership in the Society. The next grant will be presented for the ECS spring meeting in Orlando, Florida, May 11-16, 2014.

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Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Early Career Travel Grant, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: travelgrant@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. (See www. electrochem.org/sponsorship/travel_grants.htm.) Materials are due by January 1, 2014. The Early Career Faculty Travel Grants of the High Temperature Materials Division was established to assist postdoctoral associates, junior faculty, or other young investigators below the age of 35, who are both members of the High Temperature Materials (HTM) Division and are presenting papers at symposia sponsored or co-sponsored by the HTM Division at ECS meetings. The grant award consists of a check in an amount not exceeding $1,000 payable to the recipient at the time of the meeting. The next grant will be presented for the ECS spring meeting in Orlando, Florida, May 11-16, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to HTM Early Career Travel Grant, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: travelgrant@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. (See www. electrochem.org/sponsorship/travel_grants.htm.) Materials are due by January 1, 2014. For more information about student awards, see page 79.

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Visit our website - www.el-cell.com - info@el-cell.com The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for April, May, and June 2013.

Active Members Rigoberto Advincula, Cleveland, OH, USA Ofer Alves, Kirkland, WA, USA Jessica Anna, Toronto, ON, Canada Sean Ashton, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK Kathleen Beckingham, Houston, TX, USA Marc Bockrath, Riverside, CA, USA Paul Bohn, Notre Dame, IN, USA Muriel Bouttemy, Versailles, France Chang Chen, Albany, NY, USA Gugang Chen, Columbus, OH, USA Yuan Chen, Singapore, Singapore Min Young Cheong, Daejeon, Yuseong-gu, South Korea Satish Chikkannanavar, Dearborn Heights, MI, USA Woosuk Cho, Seongnam City, South Korea Gyeongrin Choi, Daejeon, South Korea Jin-Woo Choi, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Kent Cooper, Austin, TX, USA Athanassios Coutsolelos, Crete - Heraklion, Greece Samuel Delp, Silver Spring, MD, USA Hanane El Belghiti, Versailles, France Baizeng Fang, Vancouver, Canada Armando Farhate, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Keisuke Fugane, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Hidemitsu Furukawa, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Lloyd George, Plainsboro, NJ, USA Noel Giebink, University Park, PA, USA Henrique Gomes, Faro, Portugal Sukumaran Gopukumar, TamilNadu, India Oleg Grebenyuk, Sherborn, MA, USA Jacob Griego, New York, NY, USA Kyunghee Han, Wonju, South Korea Min-Koo Han, Seoul, South Korea Kris Harris, Hamilton, ON, Canada Andreas Hegedus, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Daniel Heller, New York, NY, USA Matt Hicks, Hopewell Junction, NY, USA Adrian Hightower, Claremont, CA, USA Tsunehiko Higuchi, Nagoya, Japan Yoshinao Hoshi, Noda, Chiba, Japan Jiaxing Huang, Evanston, IL, USA Shih-Yung Huang, Dacun, Changhua R.O.C., Taiwan Muhammad Huda, Arlington, TX, USA Jaewoong Hur, Yongin Gyeonggi, South Korea Gi Suk Hwang, Albany, CA, USA Gyeong Hwang, Austin, TX, USA Hiroshi Inokawa, Hamamatsu, Japan Svetlozar Ivanov, Ilmenau, Germany Naoko Iwata, Toyota, Aichi, Japan Masud Jahangir, Lawrence, KS, USA Hyuk-Jae Jang, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Rashmi Jha, Toledo, OH, USA Li Jiang, Bejing, P. R. China Bo Jin, Mianyan, Sichuan, P. R. China

Yoon-Sok Kang, Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Irina Kargina, Gatineau, QC, Canada Olga Kargina, Burnaby, BC, Canada Samuel Kassegne, San Diego, CA, USA Masaaki Kawai, Novi, MI, USA Jung-Hyun Kim, Troy, MI, USA Sang Ouk Kim, Daejeon, South Korea SEOK KIM, Geumjung-gu Busan, South Korea Yoshihiro Kobori, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Ji Hyun Kong, Giheung-gu, South Korea Hirokazu Konishi, Suita, Osaka, Japan Yukinari Kotani, Susono Shizuoka, Japan Jakub Koza, Rolla, MO, USA Sergey Krachkovskiy, Hamilton, ON, Canada Guillaume Lamblin, Leignon, Belgium Greg Lance, Minneapolis, MN, USA Ho-Nyun LEE, Incheon, South Korea Sang-Min Lee, Changwon-si Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea Daniel Lemordant, Tours, France Ying Li, Milwaukee, WI, USA Yongdan Li, Tianjin, P. R. China Zhi Li, Edmonton, AB, Canada Barry Linder, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA Hao Liu, Shuangliu, Chengdu, P. R. China Anne Lynch, Needham, MA, USA Anil Mahapatro, Wichita, KS, USA Xiangbo Meng, Argonne, IL, USA Masayoshi Mikami, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Prit Moller, Tartu, Estonia David Mosley, Spring House, PA, USA Takafumi Motooka, Tokai Naka, Ibaraki, Japan Marcelo Mulato, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil Davood Nematollahi, Hamedan, Iran Zhijun Ning, Toronto, ON, Canada Matsuhiko Nishizawa, Sendai, Japan Brendan O’Connor, Raleigh, NC, USA Uzodinma Okoroanyanwu, Northampton, MA, USA Marilyn Olmstead, Davis, CA, USA Joseph Osborne, Tacoma, WA, USA Jianyong Ouyang, Singapore Yohan Park, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Shashi Paul, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom Yiwen Pei, Auckland, New Zealand Rufang Peng, Mianyang, Sichuan, P. R. China Sofia Perez-Villar, Vitoria-Gasteiz, EUS, Spain Monica Pica, Perugia, Italy Mohammad Rahman, Oshawa, ON, Canada Jan Reimers, Aurora, ON, Canada Julie Renner, Wallingford, CT, USA Jens Riege, Ojai, CA, USA Nuha Salem, Ottawa, ON, Canada Erik Sapper, Seattle, WA, USA

Anne Sauer, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Mark Schell, Dallas, TX, USA Iori Shimada, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Shahab Siddiqui, Somers, NY, USA Matt Silvestro, Oakville, ON, Canada Steven Sinsabaugh, Uniontown, OH, USA Seshasai Srinivasan, Brampton, ON, Canada Alan Stottlemyer, Midland, MI, USA Dong Sun, Arcadia, CA, USA Sethu Sundar Pethaiah, Singapore, Singapore Naoto Suzuki, Shin-nanyo, Japan Shankar Swaminathan, Tualatin, OR, USA Peyman Taheri, Surrey, BC, Canada Onoe Takashi, Goleta, CA, USA Ying Trickett, Albany, NY, USA Bhavna Trivedi, Vadodara, Gujarat, India Mark Tuominen, Amherst, MA, USA Ayse Turak, Hamilton, Canada Koki Urita, Nagasaki, Japan Ashwin Usgaocar, Vancover, BC, Canada Jacobus (Koos) Van Staden, Bucharest, Romania Vijay Varadan, Fayetteville, AR, USA Christophe Voisin, Paris, France Carl Wamser, Portland, OR, USA Chun-Ru Wang, Beijing, P. R. China Walyambillah Waudo, Nairobi, Kenya Mike Wilhelm, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Vanessa Wood, Zurich, Switzerland Qiangfeng Xiao, Warren, MI, USA Rositsa Yakimova, Linkoping, Ostergotland, Sweden Daisaku Yano, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan Andrew Yeshnik, Columbia, MD, USA Alexandre Yokochi, Corvallis, OR, USA Alex Yoon, Fremont, CA, USA Nobuko Yoshimoto, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan Lei Yu, Glassboro, NJ, USA Serguei Zavorine, Niagara Falls, ON, Canada Wu-xing Zhang, Wuhan, P. R. China Zhenli Zhang, Glendale, WI, USA Diane Zhong, Woodside, NY, USA

Member Representatives Yasuhiko Bito, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan Hiroyuki Fujimoto, Kobe City, Japan Tadashi Ise, Itano-gun, Tokushima, Japan Copeland Kell, Cockeysville, MD, USA Yoshinori Kida, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Yasutaka Kogetsu, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan So Kuranaka, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan Aymeric Pellissier, Claix, France Keiji Saisho, Nishi-ku, Kobe City, Hyogo, Japan Therese Souza, Cranston, RI, USA Taizou Sunano, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan Takashi Takeuchi, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Christian Valencia, Sylmar, CA, USA Hiromasa Yagi, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan Takashi Yasuo, Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

NE W MEMBERS Student Members Rema Abdulaziz, London, Gtr London, UK Prospero Acevedo, Mexico City, D F, Mexico Zulkarnain Bin Ahmad Noorden, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan Bilal Ahmed, Daejeon, South Korea Kevin Albrecht, Golden, CO, USA Erik Anderson, Tartu, Estonia Faraz Arbabi, Toronto, ON, Canada Adiitya Arif, Bandung, Indonesia Mustafa Ata, Hamilton, ON, Canada Youngjoon Bae, Seoul, South Korea Sun Hwi Bang, Claremont, CA, USA Mehran Behazin, London, ON, Canada Seth Berbano, University Park, PA, USA MD Bhuyian, Newark, NJ, USA Tiyash Bose, Strongsville, OH, USA Andrea Bourke, Limerick, Ireland William Bowman, Tempe, AZ, USA Matthew Brodt, Nashville, TN, USA Michael Bromley, Lancaster, United Kingdom Lucienne Buannic, Grenoble Cedex9, France Andrew Burch, Knoxville, TN, USA Nicolo Campagnol, Heverlee Leuven, Belgium Stephanie Candelaria, Seattle, WA, USA Zachary Cano, Grimsby, ON, Canada Sarah Caprio, Morgantown, WV, USA Mercedes Carrillo Solano, Darmstadt, Germany Elaine Carroll, Charleville, Co. Cork, Ireland Helme Castro, Tempe, AZ, USA Yim Chan, Pulau Dinang, Malaysia Geng Wei Chang, Taichung City, Taiwan Shilei Chen, Hamilton, ON, Canada Yi-Kai Chih, Tainan City 701, Taiwan Kuan-Cheng Chiu, Taipei, Taiwan Kangwoo Cho, Pasadena, CA, USA Sheryl Chocron, Silver Spring, MD, USA Melissa Chow, Waterloo, ON, Canada Candace Churinsky, Dorchester, MA, USA Jeffrey Clark, Knoxville, TN, USA Jason Clement, Knoxville, TN, USA Ionela Comnea, Bucharest, Romania Ionut Constantin, Pantelimon, Ilfov County, Romania Say Young Cook, Claremont, CA, USA Josephine Cunningham, Austin, TX, USA Mohsen Danaie, Hamilton, ON, Canada Mahdi Dargahi, Montreal, QC, Canada Vincenzo Della Marca, Aix-en-Provence, France Dervis Demirocak, Columbus, OH, USA Tao Deng, Beijing, , P. R. China Wesley Dose, Callaghan NSW, Australia Andrew Doyle, Stanford, CA, USA Matthew Drewery, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia Martin Dufficy, Raleigh, NC, USA Mark Dunham, Hamilton, ON, Canada Patrick Edge, Oshawa, ON, Canada Feryar Einkhah, Tehran, Iran Chuhyon Eom, Claremont, CA, USA Chi Wah Fok, Vancouver, BC, Canada Victoria Forde-Tuckett, Huntsville, AL, USA Marina Freire-Gormaly, Toronto, Canada Jochen Friedl, Singapore, Singapore The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

Olga Fromm, Muenster, NW, Germany Yeqing Fu, Cambridge, MA, USA Philippe Gagnon, Chambly, QC, Canada Pengcheng GAO, Montpellier, France Jacek Gasiorowski, Linz, Austria Daw Gen Lim, West Lafayette, IN, USA Simon Gervais, Montreal, QC, Canada Mohammadreza Ghavidel, Oshawa, ON, Canada Mahmoudreza Ghaznavi, Waterloo, Canada Ermias Girma Leggesse, Taipei City, Taiwan Forrest Gittleson, New Haven, CT, USA Colm Glynn, Cork, Ireland Ian Godwin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland Vincent Goellner, Montpellier Herault, France Maxime Gougis, Varennes, QC, Canada David Graham, Edmonds, WA, USA Vitali Grozovski, Tartu, Estonia Livia Gugoasa, Bucharest, Romania Andrey Gunawan, Tempe, AZ, USA Somya Gupta, Leuven, Belgium Sajjad Habibzadeh, Montreal, Canada Derek Hall, State College, PA, USA Jennifer Halliwell, Menai Bridge Anglesesy, UK Zhixu Han, Waterloo, ON, Canada Atetegeb Meazah Haregewoin, Taipei, Taiwan Maryam Hariri, Toronto, ON, Canada Sven Hartwig, Braunschweig, NI, Germany Kamrul Hasan, Lund, Sweden Mohammad Hasani, Tempe, AZ, USA Jennifer Heine, Munster, NW, Germany Antoine Hervier, Versailles, France Mahdi Hesari, London, ON, Canada Kenneth Higa, Berkeley, CA, USA Daniel Hilbich, Langley, BC, Canada Anna Hiszpanski, Princeton, NJ, USA Kentaro Hiura, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Chan-hwa Hong, Daejeon, Chunggnam, South Korea Sukhyun Hong, Daejeon, South Korea Lena Hoober-Burkhardt, Los Angeles, CA, USA Saman Hosseinpour, Stockholm, Sweden Mengjia Hu, Fayetteville, AR, USA Chiao-Ti Huang, Plainsboro, NJ, USA Hao Huang, Uppsala, SWE, Sweden Stephen Hughes, Wirral, Merseyside, UK Vinci Hung, Scarborough, ON, Canada Yeon Hwang, Suwon, South Korea Alexey Ivanov, Furtwangen, BW, Germany Aneta Januszewska, Warsaw, Poland David Jennings, Tempe, AZ, USA Jiseon Jeong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea Rhodri Jervis, London, London, UK Sadia Kabir, Albuquerque, NM, USA Sujith Kalluri, Sivaraopeta Bhimavaram Andhra Pradesh, India Kensaku Kanomata, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Christoffer Karlsson, Uppsala, Sweden Mohammad Khan, Raleigh, NC, USA Hee su Kim, Seoul, South Korea Hyonwoong Kim, Yongin Gyeonggi, South Korea Hyun-Jin Kim, Daejeon, South Korea

Iolanda Klein, Tempe, AZ, USA Jonathan Ko, Morganville, NJ, USA Sara Koepke, Salt lake City, UT, USA Aishuak Konarov, Waterloo, ON, Canada Ashok Kumar Ranawat, Tempe, AZ, USA Gregory Laskey, Oshawa, Canada Hyewon Lee, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, South Korea Cheng Li, Charlotte, NC, USA Man Li, Tempe, AZ, USA Yan Li, Westmont, IL, USA Yan Li, East Lansing, MI, USA Yunchao Li, Knoxville, TN, USA Chunsheng Liang, Shenzhen, P. R. China Jin-Yun Liao, Waterloo, ON, Canada Hee-Dae Lim, Seoul, South Korea Po-Yuan Lin, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA Chun-Ting Liu, Hsinchu, Taiwan Hung-hsiao Liu, Hsinchu, Taiwan Tiffany Liu, San Marino, CA, USA Yangshuai Liu, Hamilton, ON, Canada Yulong Liu, Waterloo, ON, Canada Song Luo, Miami, FL, USA Xiangyi Luo, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Maria Manuela Machado, Guarulhos-SP, Brazil Anindya Maiti, Wichita, KS, USA Noramalina Mansor, London, London, UK Andrea Mardegan, Venezia, Italy Stephanie Mavilla, Scar, ON, Canada Ryan McGee, Edmonton, AB, Canada Paul Meister, Munster, NW, Germany Dalvin Mendez-Hernandez, Tempe, AZ, USA Angel Miranda Canales, HsinChu, Taiwan Dikshant Mishra, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Iuliana Moldoveanu, Bucharest, Romania Katsuaki Momiyama, Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan Markus Motzko, Darmstadt, Germany Derek Moy, San Francisco, CA, USA Shingo Mukahara, Naka-ku Sakai-shi, Osaka, Japan Ahmed Musa, London, ON, Canada Davood Nakhaie, Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, Iran Naresh Nalajala, Mumbai Maharastra, India Kyoung-Mo Nam, Daejeon Chungnam, South Korea Napan Narischat, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan Emily Nelson, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Douglas Nevers, Provo, UT, USA Tung Ngo, Gwangju, South Korea Tu Nguyen, Louisville, KY, USA Amirhasan Nourbakhsh, Leuven, Belgium Oluwamayowa Obeisun, London, London, UK Henrik Olsson, Uppsala, Sweden Azusa Ooi, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Jayan Ozhikandathil, Montreal, QC, Canada Dhruba Panthi, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Raheleh Partovi Nia, London, ON, Canada Mauro Pasta, Palo Alto, CA, USA Samir Paul, Auburn, AL, USA Nareerat Plylahan, Marseille, France Madhab Pokhrel, San Antonio, TX, USA Piotr Polczynski, Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Poland Long Qie, Wuhan, USA (continued on next page) 73

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Zhisheng Qin, Hamilton, ON, Canada Rahul Raghavan, Tempe, AZ, USA Mohammad Rahman, Chungju ChungCheongbuk-Do, South Korea Khalil Rajoua, Montpellier, France Vishwanathan Ramar, Singapore, Singapore Rajeev Ranjan, Phoenix, AZ, USA Mayuri Razdan, London, ON, Canada Zoe Reeve, Hamilton, ON, Canada Bailey Risteen, Glastonbury, CT, USA Sean Romanuik, Burnaby, BC, Canada Sergej Rothermel, Munster, NRW, Germany Sameh Saad, Hamilton, ON, Canada Shrihari Sankarasubramanian, Chicago, IL, USA Feriha Sarac, Istanbul, Turkey Santanu Sarkar, Riverside, CA, USA Robert Schmitz, Tempe, AZ, USA Ethan Self, Nashville, TN, USA Paula Serras, Bilbao, EUS, Spain Shilpa Shilpa, Kanpur UP, Indonesia Won-kyung Shin, Mapo-Gu, Seoul, South Korea Alex Shrier, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Galyna Shul, Montreal, QC, Canada Ramesh Singh, Mumbai, India Vini Singh, Stillwater, OK, USA Steven Sitler, Moscow, ID, USA Visweshwar Sivasankaran, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Danielle Smiley, Hamilton, ON, Canada Michael Snowden, Montreal, QC, Canada Kazunari Soeda, Suita, Osaka, Japan Samira Sokhanvaran, Toronto, Canada Yisong Su, Hamilton, ON, Canada Karthik Subramaniam Pushpavanam, Tempe, AZ, USA Afriyanti Sumboja, Singapore, Singapore Xiangcheng Sun, Waterloo, Canada

Jørgen Svendby, Trondheim Sor-Trondelag, Norway Amin Taheri Najafabadi, Vancover, Canada Daisuke Takimoto, Ueda, Japan Jinwang Tan, Boston, MA, USA Yong Teck Tan, Singapore, Singapore Nathalie Tang, Montreal, QC, Canada Liang Tao, Amiens, Picardie, France Omid Tavassoly, Saskatoon, SK, Canada Sven Tengeler, Darmstadt, HE, Germany Christopher Thayalaraj, Punducherry, India Thien Thien, Daejeon Chungnam, South Korea Yu-Chien Ting, East Dist, Hsinchu City, Taiwan Aliya Toleuova, London, London, UK Zhou Tong, Auburn, AL, USA Reka Toth, Paris, France Po Hao Tseng, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Magdalena Tylka, Willow Springs, IL, USA Christian Uhlmann, Karlsruhe, BW, Germany Belal Usmani, Jodhpur Rajasthan, India Erdal Uzunlar, Atlanta, GA, USA Zuh Youn Vahc, Seoul, South Korea Ricardo Venegas, Santiago, Region Metropolitana, Chile Charuksha Walgama, Stillwater, OK, USA Chen Wang, University, MS, USA Guanxiong Wang, Chicago, IL, USA Lianqin Wang, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Miao Wang, Lansing, MI, USA Qiang Wang, Waterloo, ON, Canada Zhongqi Wang, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Tylan Watkins, Tempe, AZ, USA Thomas Weissbach, Burnaby, BC, Canada Tesfalem Welearegay, Tarragona, Spain Guo-Ming Weng, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Thomas Winkler, College Park, MD, USA Katherine WongCarter, Tempe, AZ, USA Rebecca Woodhouse, Ulverston, UK

David Wragg, Swansea, UK Jing Xu, La Jolla, CA, USA Rui Xu, Westmont, IL, USA Yasutaka Yamada, sakai, Osaka, Japan Xiao-Guang Yang, Shanghai, P. R. China Weifang Yao, Waterloo, ON, Canada Maryam Yazdanpour, Burnaby, BC, Canada Kimia Yeganeh, West Vancouver, BC, Canada Insun Yoon, Providence, RI, USA Chengjiao Yu, Evanston, IL, USA Haoran Yu, Storrs, CT, USA Yan Yu, Waterloo, ON, Canada Sukhwan Yun, Chicago, IL, USA Hongzhang Zhang, Dalian City Liaoning Province, P. R. China Qinglin Zhang, Lexington, KY, USA Yuanyuan Zhang, Auburn, AL, USA Lianfeng Zhao, Beijing, P. R. China Ran Zhao, Mesa, AZ, USA Wenwen Zhao, Saga City, Japan Yan Zhao, Waterloo, ON, Canada Jia Zhe, East Lansing, MI, USA Yeling Zhu, Hamilton, ON, Canada Christopher Zimny, Bozeman, MT, USA Jocelyn Zuliani, Toronto, ON, Canada

Member Anniversaries It is with great pleasure that we recognize the following ECS member, who recently reached the 40 year anniversary mark with the Society. Congratulations!

40-Year Member Turgut M. Gur

ELECTROCHEMIST A leading edge Research Laboratory located near Akron, Ohio is looking for an electrochemist with relevant experience (min. 4-5 years) in corrosion research to join our small, but talented team. Candidates should have a Doctorate degree in electrochemistry. Corrosion research will be focused on steel/zinc systems. The successful candidate will direct the research with guidance from one of the world’s foremost corrosion scientists. He/she will design experiments, specify equipment needed, perform data analysis and should have an understanding of data acquisition and programming. Annual compensation for this contract position will be in the $85,000 plus range, commensurate with qualifications and experience.

Please contact Randy Peek at 905-709-9727 or 416-453-6905 or submit your resume and covering letter directly to: randy@capfinalcoat.com

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ECS 2013 Summer Fellowship Winners Each year ECS awards Summer Fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the following five Summer Fellowship recipients in 2013. The reports of the 2013 Summer Fellows will appear in the winter issue of Interface. Philippe Dauphin Ducharme is the recipient of the 2013 ECS Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship. He received his BSc from the University of Montreal, Canada, in 2011. He is currently a PhD candidate in chemistry at McGill University, in Montreal, Canada, under the supervision of Janine Mauzeroll. In his research, Ducharme monitors Mg alloys corrosion using scanning electrochemical microscopy while concomitantly developing a numerical method to predict Mg corrosion. Ducharme is also actively involved in two collaborative projects related to DNA charge conduction and synthesis of non-phospholipidic vesicles. Ducharme is a co-author in two peer-reviewed publications in Analytical Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry. He has been awarded several prestigious graduate fellowships including the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada–Alexander Graham Bell scholarship and the provincial Fond de Recherche Nature et Technologie du Québec fellowship. As an undergraduate, he was the recipient of eight prizes, including the Lucien Piché foundation provincial scholarship, and institutional fellowships rewarding his academic excellence, leadership, and communication skills. Finally, he was also selected for an international research internship at the University of Paris VI. Following graduation, Ducharme intends to pursue a postdoctoral fellowship abroad to further develop his research interests involving supramolecular and biological electrochemically active materials in the perspective of pursuing an academic career. Gabriel G. Rodríguez-Calero is the recipient of the 2013 ECS Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship. He is a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology at Cornell University. His work in Héctor D. Abruña’s research group focuses on the investigation of novel materials for electrochemical energy generation and storage. Specifically his work involves the investigation of the electrochemical, electronic, and chemical properties of organic materials and their behavior during their electrochemical reactions using spectroscopy and electro-analytical techniques. Prior to joining Cornell University, he pursued his undergraduate studies at the University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, graduating magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Science with a major in chemistry. During his studies at UPR-RP he worked under Carlos R. Cabrera’s guidance researching materials and electrosynthesis techniques for electrochemical biosensors and fuel cell applications. Yongjin Lee is the recipient of the 2013 ECS Joseph W. Richards Summer Fellowship. He received his bachelor’s degree and master’s degrees from Seoul National University in Korea, both majoring in chemical and biological engineering. Currently, he is a fourth-year graduate student studying under the supervision of Gyeong S. Hwang in the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. His research interests lie in the area of renewable energy sources including thermoelectric waste heat recovery. He has The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

focused his thesis research particularly on developing a predictive computational tool and using it to investigate the fundamental mechanisms underlying thermal transport in various nanostructures and alloys for thermoelectric applications. Mr. Lee has co-authored 15 peer-reviewed journal publications, and was awarded a 2013 Donald D. Harrington Dissertation Fellowship, which is the highest award that can be made to a continuing graduate student at the University of Texas at Austin. Carlo Santoro is the recipient of the 2013 ECS F.M. Becket Summer Fellowship. He received his BS (2006) and MS (2008) in environmental engineering from Politecnico di Milano (Italy). In 2005, he joined MRT Fuel Cell Lab (Politecnico di Milano) where he investigated mass transport through the MEA in direct methanol fuel cells under the supervision of Andrea Casalegno. In 2009, he joined Baikun Li’s BioEnergy group and is currently pursuing his PhD at the University of Connecticut. His research focuses on the characterization and development of platinum-free cathodes in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for long-term operation. Since 2010 he has been collaborating with several groups/institutions, in particular RSE SpA (Italy) with Pierangela Cristiani on biological cathodes; and with TU-Graz (Austria), TU-Braunschweig (Germany), and ITAE-CNR (Italy) on activated carbon nanofibers as cathode materials. He is also working in partnership with Politecnico di Milano on the surface characterization and mass transport in MFC cathodes under operating conditions. At present, he is collaborating with Ioannis Ieropoulos (Bristol Robotics Laboratory, UK) on his pioneering work with urine and exploring the potential for nutrient recovery. Finally, he is investigating the potential of enzymatic cathodes in MFCs, in collaboration with Plamen Atanassov (University of New Mexico). Junsi Gu is the recipient of the 2013 ECS H. H. Uhlig Summer Fellowship. He received his BS in materials chemistry at Fudan University (Shanghai, China) in 2009. He is now pursuing a PhD in chemistry at the University of Michigan under the supervision of Stephen Maldonado. His current research interests include exploring new electrodeposition strategies for low temperature preparation of crystalline Group IV semiconductor materials, as well as studying semiconductor surface chemistry by in situ spectroscopic methods.

2013 Summer Fellowship Committee Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University

Jeffrey W. Fergus Auburn University

Christopher A. Apblett Sandia National Laboratories

Randolph A. Leising

Bryan Chin Auburn University

Kalpathy B. Sundaram University of Central Florida

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Student Award Winners Student Research Award of the Battery Division

Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award of the Corrosion Division

Mohamed Ati has been named the Battery Division’s 2013 Student Research Award recipient. This award was established in 1962 and is given annually to recognize young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. Mohamed Ati was born and raised in Tunisia, but upon finishing his bachelor’s degree in chemistry, he moved to France to participate in the Erasmus Mundus’ master’s program on Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion. He then began a PhD program under the guidance of Jean-Marie Tarascon at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (Amiens, France). The focus of his thesis work has been the synthesis and characterization of new fluorosulfates compounds LiMSO4F (M = 3d metal) as positive electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. His work has been motivated by the need for simple yet inexpensive synthesis methods such as solvothermal, solid-state, and mechanical alloying to explore new and sustainable electrode materials. Among them, tavorite LiFeSO4F appears to be a promising new material, hence most of his efforts have been focused on its optimization. Such investigations led to the discovery of the triplite polymorph of LiFeSO4F, which shows the highest redox potential for Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple (3.9V vs. Li) in any inorganic compound known thus far. In order to understand the observed difference between the polymorphs, he pursued thermodynamic studies of these materials, and also synthesis to show phase transition from one polymorph to the other. Based on his previous experience, he also successfully prepared and characterized new lamellar hydroxysulfates phases LiMSO4OH (M = 3d metal). Mr. Ati has authored18 publications, has five patents, and was recently awarded the Elsevier Scopus Young Researcher Award 2013, which is given to the most cited young scientist in materials chemistry.

Quentin Van Overmeere has been named the Corrosion Division’s 2013 Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award recipient. This award was established in 1991 and is given annually to recognize outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science or engineering. Quentin Van Overmeere obtained his chemical engineering degree from the Université catholique de Louvain in 2006 and subsequently obtained a PhD in materials engineering in 2011, under the supervision of Joris Proost. During his doctoral studies, Dr. van Overmeere developed a high-resolution curvature measurement technique to monitor the internal stresses in situ during the growth of anodic oxide films. The technique was used to investigate growth instabilities such as breakdown and pore initiation during zirconium and aluminum anodizing, which are important for corrosion control. In 2011, Dr. Van Overmeere was awarded a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and subsequently joined the group of Shriram Ramanathan at Harvard University where he developed multifunctional oxide electrodes for advanced, low temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Dr. Van Overmeere’s research interests are the formation mechanisms of thin oxide films on metals for improved corrosion control, and developing advanced electrochemical power sources by leveraging the ionic and electronic transport properties of thin oxide films. He has received several awards, including the Oronzio and Niccolò de Nora Foundation Young Author Prize in 2012, and the Japan Trust for collaborative research activities in Japan in 2013. He may be reached at q.vanovermeere@uclouvain.be.

Students on the

Look Out! We want to hear from you! Students are an important part of the ECS family and the future of the electrochemistry and solid state science community . . .

• What’s going on in your Student Chapter? • What’s the chatter among your colleagues?

• What’s the word on research projects and papers? • Who’s due congratulations for winning an award?

Send your news and a few good pictures to interface@electrochem.org. We’ll spread the word around the Society. Plus, your Student Chapter may also be featured in an upcoming issue of Interface!

www.electrochem.org

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Student Chapter News Cochin University of Science and Technology The ECS CUSAT Student Chapter, in collaboration with the SPIE CUSAT Student Chapter of the Department of Physics at Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) organized an International Conference on Optoelectronic Materials and Thin Films for Advanced Technology (OMTAT 2013) January 3-5, 2013. The second in the series of OMTAT was held at Rivera suites, Kochi. SFI Stokes Professor of Solar Energy, K. Ravindranathan Thampi, University College Dublin, Ireland, inaugurated the conference on January3. Renowned scientists and researchers from all around the world participated in the conference and over 100 research papers in the fields of nanomaterials, dye sensitized solar cells, dielectrics and

ferroelectrics, magnetic materials, and materials for energy storage etc., were presented. The conference provided a platform for the young researchers to interact with the experts in the field. ECS and SPIE CUSAT awarded to four students cash prizes and merit certificates for the best poster and best presentation. First and second prizes for an oral presentation were awarded to Ciaran Lyons, University College Dublin, Ireland and Shemeena Basheer, Department of Physics, Catholicate College, Kerala. Ms. Sajimol Augustine, Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi and Mr. Raneesh, Department of Physics, MG University, Kerala were awarded first and second prize in poster presentation.

The ECS CUSAT Student Chapter organized a conference called OMTAT 2013 (see related story). Shown here (from left to right) are Joaquin Puigdollers Gonzalez (Chair), K. P. Vijayakumar (Head-in-Charge), and M. K. Jayaraj (Convener) during the discussion session.

The organizing committee and ECS CUSAT Student Chapter members gathered during OMTAT 2013. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2013

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Montana State University A new ECS Student Chapter has been established at Montana State University (MSU), in Bozeman, MT. Jude Eziashi, an undergraduate student in chemical engineering at MSU, initiated the Chapter following his experience of presenting a poster at PRiME 2012 in Honolulu. Mr. Eziashi has generated over a dozen student members and will begin meetings and activities in the fall of 2013, when he returns from an internship at IM Flash. MSU faculty Paul Gannon, an ECS member within the High Temperature Materials Division, will serve as the faculty advisor. The new ECS MSU Student Chapter intends to grow and maintain a membership of over two dozen students, while promoting electrochemical science, technology, and education through various student activities and communityengaging events.

Paul Gannon (left), faculty advisor of the new ECS student chapter at Montana State University, observes as Jude Eziashi removes a hightemperature corrosion specimen from a furnace system.

University of Maryland Members of the University of Maryland ECS Student Chapter participated in the Adventures in Science program at the National Institute of Standards in Technology (NIST). Adventures in Science is an ongoing program that provides an outlet for those with a passion for science to lead middle school aged students through enlightening demonstrations. Chapter President Colin Gore, along with members Amy Marquardt, Chris Pellegrinelli, and William Gibbons, gave a presentation on the electrochemistry of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural fruit pigments, entitled â&#x20AC;&#x153;Getting Juice from Juice.â&#x20AC;? During the presentation the students discussed the fundamentals that govern the generation of electricity from light, such as how sunlight is composed of a spectrum of wavelengths with different energies and how photons interact with semiconductors. They also discussed how anthocyanin, a pigment molecule found in blackberries and other fruits, in combination with TiO2 nanoparticles and an iodide based electrolyte, can be used to generate electricity through photoelectrochemistry. The presentation was followed by a hands-on demonstration in which the students fabricated their own dye-sensitized solar cells, using the materials mentioned in the presentation, and sandwiched between conductive FTO glass slides. Students were then given a lesson in determining power curves for a solar cell and determining cell efficiency, and tested their cells in incandescent and fluorescent bulbs and natural sunlight. A friendly competition was held to determine which team of students made the most efficient cell. The demo was the most popular of the entire day at NIST, drawing a larger crowd than all other demos combined. Clearly electrochemistry is not only useful, but a fascinating topic. Amy Marquardt (center), Academic Outreach Coordinator for the UMD Student Chapter, leads students in testing their completed DSSCs.

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Awards

For details on each award— including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable application form—please go to the ECS website (www. electrochem.org) and click on the “Awards” link. Awards are grouped in the following sub-categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Please see the individual award call for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or contact ECS headquarters.

Call for Nominations Visit

www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link.

The ECS Summer Fellowships were established in 1928 to assist students during the summer months in pursuit of work in the field of interest to ECS. The next fellowships will be presented in 2013. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Vimal Chaitanya, New Mexico State University, Office of the VP for Research, MSC 3RES - Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88033-8001, U.S., e-mail: vimalc@nmsu.edu. Materials are due by January 1, 2013. The Student Research Award of the Battery Division was established in 1962 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources and consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, waiver for the meeting registration, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division as long as a Society member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2014. The Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award of the Corrosion Division was established in 1991 to recognize outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance to the meeting where the award will be presented (up to $1,000). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Cohen Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534, U.S.; tel: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred.. Materials are due by December 15, 2013 . The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

Student Travel Grants Several of the Society’s Divisions offer travel assistance to students and young faculty members presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for the 223rd ECS meeting in Orlando, Florida, USA, please see the Orlando, Florida, Call for Papers; or visit the ECS website: www. electrochem.org/student/travelgrants.htm. Please be sure to click on the link for the appropriate Division as each Division requires different materials for travel grant approval. Complete the online application (preferred) or download the PDF application and send to travelgrant@electrochem.org, indicating to which Division a travel grant is being requested. The deadline for submission for the spring 2013 travel grants is January 1, 2014.

Awarded Student Memberships Available ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library, and a subscription to Interface. To apply for an Awarded Student Membership, use the application form below or refer to the ECS website at: www.electrochem.org/awards/student/ student_awards.htm#a.

tech ST UDENT highlights NE WSApplication Awarded Student Membership

ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or be enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library and a subscription to Interface.

Divisions (please select only one):

Personal Information

 Battery Name:

________________________________________________________ Date of Birth:__________________

 Corrosion  Dielectric Science & Technology

Home Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Electrodeposition  Electronics and Photonics

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Phone:____________________________________ Fax:________________________________________

Email:__________________________________________________________________________________

 Energy Technology  Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures  High Temperature Materials  Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering  Luminescence & Display Materials  Organic & Biological Electrochemistry

School Information

 Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

School:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

(please include Division and Department)

Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Undergraduate Year (U) or Graduate Year (G) - circle one:

Major Subject:

__________________________ Grade Point Average: _______________ out of possible:

Have you ever won this award before?

YES

 Sensor

If yes, how many times?______

Signatures

Student Signature: _____________________________________________________________________________

Date:

Faculty member attesting to eligibility of full time student:

Faculty Member: ___________________________________________________________ Dept.: ______________________________________________________

E-mail Address:

_____________________________________________________________________________

Date: _________________________________

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2013

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