Interface Vol. 25, No. 4, Winter 2016 by The Electrochemical Society

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: “Use What You Need, but Need What You Use”

7 From the President: Leading the Band

8 Pennington Corner: 25 Years at the Corner Winter 2015

11 Honolulu, Hawaii

VOL. 24, NO.4 Winter 2015

PRiME Meeting Highlights

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

The Fall of the Falling Mercury

7 From the President:

Fast Forward to 2051!

9 Phoenix, Arizona

Meeting Highlights

20 Candidates

for Society Offices

36 ECS Classics–Story of

the Drop: The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets

41 Tech Highlights

32 Candidates

43 The Impact of

Light Emitting Diodes

45 Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting

51 Polymeric Materials in

Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications

for Society Offices

85 PRiME 2016, Honolulu, HI Call for Papers

56 The Chalkboard: Work Function in Electrochemistry

59 Tech Highlights 61 The Sensor Division Issue Fall 2016

Summer 2016

VOL. 25, NO.3 Fall 2016

3 From the Editor: Industry 4.0

7 From the President:

IN THIS ISSUE

More Transitions: Déjà Vu All Over Again!

3 From the Editor:

San Diego, California ECS Meeting Highlights

Electrochemistry and the Olympics

7 Pennington Corner:

29 Electric Vehicles

Digital Media to Promote the Importance of Our Research

Will Save the World

33 Tech Highlights

35 Electrons as “Agents”

31 Special Section:

PRiME 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii

and “Signals” of Change in Organic Chemistry, Biology, and Beyond

PMS motor DC/AC inverter

ctr

battery

Computational Studies on the Structure of Electrogenerated Ion Pairs

50 ECS Classics–Historical Origins of the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

63 Tech Highlights

63 Portable Breath Monitoring: A New Frontier in Personalized Health Care

65 Lithium-Ion Batteries—

41 Catalytic Reduction of

The 25th Anniversary of Commercialization

Organic Halides by Electrogenerated Nickel(I) Salen

67 Batteries and a Sustainable

47 Low-Cost Microfluidic

liThium-ion BATTeries The 25Th AnniversAry

Arrays for Protein-Based Cancer Diagnostics Using ECL Detection

53 Anodic Olefin Coupling

Reactions: A Mechanism Driven Approach to the Development of New Synthetic Tools

The 25Th AnniversAry of of CommerCiAlizATion CommerCiAlizATion

INTERFACE

VOL. 25, NO. 3

VOL. 25, NO. 2

mis

try

37 When Ions Meet:

Ele

VOL. 24, NO. 4

INESCENCE

55 Phosphors by Design

e s ig I m p a c t o f ht de Emitting Dio

Th L

25 Years

VOL. 25, NO.4 Winter 2016

Modern Society

71 The Dawn

of Lithium-Ion Batteries

75 Importance of Coulombic

Efficiency Measurements in R&D Efforts to Obtain Long-Lived Li-Ion Batteries

79 The Li-Ion Battery:

25 Years of Exciting and Enriching Experiences

85 Lithium and Lithium-Ion

Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

INTERFACE

69 Ubiquitous Wearable Electrochemical Sensors

73 Rapid Water Quality Monitoring for Microbial Contamination

79 Smartphone-Based Sensors 109 National Harbor, Maryland Call for Papers

Spring 2016

VOL. 25, NO.1 Spring 2016

Additive MAnufActuring & electrocheMistry

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Interface @ 25!

7 Pennington Corner:

Evolution … Revolution

33 Special Section:

229th ECS Meeting San Diego, California

54 ECS Classics–Making

the Phone System More Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs

59 Tech Highlights 61 Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry

63 Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms

69 The Emerging Role of

Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing

75 Additive Manufacturing:

Rethinking Battery Design

INTERFACE

VOL. 25, NO. 1

INTERFACE

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FROM THE EDITOR

“Use What You Need, but Need What You Use”

sing text from somebody else in your own work, without acknowledging it, is wrong. People who study that practice have a name for it: plagiarism. But it can be just a simple slip-up, which is just as easy to make as going over the speed limit on a downhill grade. Either way, it is a violation, whether you get caught or not. Copying text has become just as easy as breezing down the hill on a smooth road. You read interesting text somewhere on the web and, after highlighting the passage, pressing Control-C copies it and Control-V puts it where you need it. You know, the C stands for “Common” and the V for “Very own,” right? We do not always note where this was copied from and, a bit later, we may even forget that the words are from somebody else and not our very own. But is every phrase worth referencing? Some words are recognizable: “All quiet on the Western Front,” from the end of Remarque’s eponymous novel. If, bored on a road trip, I say, “The road winds on and on,” I may be uttering a statement as boring as the road itself. There can hardly be a copyright on such a phrase; people say that on their own. It just happens that I took this from Robert Pirsigʼs Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. Let’s take a look at a fairly generic statement, “Hydrogen is a potential candidate to replace fossil energy as a clean, renewable and efficient energy carrier in the future.1-3” It shows up, paraphrased a bit, often in the introductions of theses and dissertations submitted to my department. They come from the same research groups, with more or less the same advisors and the same camaraderie. The already-defended work is freely available and building on the experiments of recent graduates is encouraged. The standard first chapter of a dissertation describes the background of the past work done and it is hardly a wonder that much of the writing starts the same. Perhaps the advisor is guilty of not enticing more creativity, but what do the students know? They are simply following the established trend. The generic sentence given above, with references, is fine in dissertations. It gets problematic when the sentence is included in a manuscript submitted to a journal. Not only does the fairly generic sentence get copied; very specific references1-3 get copied as well. In my view, this sentence, with its obvious premise, does not even belong in the manuscript. It has its place in a dissertation as a general introduction to the work, but a publication in a highly rated journal does not need the assertion that we are running out of fossil fuels and need to do something about it. There can be a more subtle but also possibly more significant issue with the recopied references of the generic sentence. Once, when I looked up a referenced paper for some specific information, I found that it was only there “in kind.” There was a reference to another paper that had the data I needed, so it was really the second paper that should have been referenced, not the first one. The other issue may well be that the “requoted” paper is really not relevant.2 Somewhere back in the literature, it may have been quoted incorrectly, or the information was pertinent for another purpose and not for the new writing, but it was quoted anyway. Skipping the general introductory statement entirely also eliminates the temptation to quote one’s own work, and a lot of it.3 While self-reference does not garner much data-based credit, it can be a valuable source of credit later, particularly once the set of references gets copied and quoted in the whole by somebody else. Once in a California hotel I read a note, “Use what you need, but need what you use,” accompanied with a picture of a faucet with a blue drop coming out of it. It made me pause and think about what it meant. The message was to not waste water. Not necessarily to be frugal and self-denying, but use water with reason. And this is what we should be doing with references in our manuscripts. Did we only quote the pertinent stuff? Did we include the relevant literature already published in the journal for which the manuscript is intended? There is a fine line here that is not to be crossed, in which editors may preferentially request references to prior work from their own journal. However, many new authors submit to a given journal primarily to get a publication and do not even know much of the previous relevant work in that journal collection. This is also not right and, here, the editor should encourage adding a few references. There are a few manuscripts that have too few references but, in my opinion, most have too many. I remember that my mentor required that we have reprints for all of the papers that we quoted. He himself had several bookcases of such collections and he got me started on mine. And yes, he wanted us to read and know the reprints as well. The golden rule should still be to be familiar with and have a copy of all the references used. And use all the references that are needed, but need all the references that you used.

References

1. M. A. Rosen and S. Koohi-Fayegh, Energ. Ecol. Environ., 1, 10 (2016). 2. C. J. Hamilton and R. L. Ridgway, Vet. Med. Small. Anim. Clin., 76, 176 (1971). 3. P. Vanýsek, ECS Trans., 40(1), 13 (2012).

Petr Vanýsek, Interface Co-Editor http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5458-393X

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@wustl.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editor: Peter J. Hesketh, peter.hesketh@ me.gatech.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail.com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, annie.goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Casey Emilius, casey.emilius@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Robert Kostecki (Battery), Sanna Virtanen (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Elizabeth PodlahaMurphy (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Paul Gannon (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Yue Kuo Society Officers: Krishnan Rajeshwar, President; Johna Leddy, Senior Vice President; Yue Kuo, 2nd Vice President; Christina Bock, 3rd Vice President; James Fenton, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2016 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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61 63

The Sensor Division Issue

by Peter J. Hesketh Portable Breath Monitoring: A New Frontier in Personalized Health Care

by Gary W. Hunter, Raed A. Dweik, Darby B. Makel, Claude C. Grigsby, Ryan S. Mayes, and Cristina E. Davis

69 73 79

Vol. 25, No.4 Winter 2016

Ubiquitous Wearable Electrochemical Sensors

by Rosa Arriaga, Melvin Findlay, Peter J. Hesketh, and Joseph R. Stetter Rapid Water Quality Monitoring for Microbial Contamination

by Naga Siva Kumar Gunda and Sushanta K. Mitra Smartphone-Based Sensors

by Xuefei Gao and Nianqiang Wu

the Editor: 3 From “Use What You Need,

but Need What You Use”

the President: 7 From Leading the Band Corner: 8 Pennington 25 Years at the Corner Hawaii 11 Honolulu, PRiME Meeting Highlights

20 Society News 32 Candidates for Society Offices 55 People News 59 Tech Highlights 84 Awards Program 93 New Members Summer Fellowship 96 ECS Reports 106 Student News Harbor, Maryland 109 National Call for Papers

On the cover . . .

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FROM T HE PRESIDENT

Leading the Band

y the time you read these magazine pages, the gentle sounds of the ocean waves in Oahu, Hawaii may only be a recent, albeit wistful, memory. Undoubtedly, you have heard all the metrics related to how PRiME 2016 was the most successful meeting we have held so far. I have been incredibly fortunate to have attended every single one of these meetings dating back to 1987. Indeed, we have come a long way since the times we organized the meeting with a single partner and with all the meetingrelated activities being centered exclusively in the Hilton Hawaiian Village. We have outgrown this venue that no longer can accommodate all the technical symposia. Of course, the success of the meeting has to reflect the efforts of an incredibly energetic and enterprising group of member volunteers who organized the various symposia. The PRiME Organizing Committee oversaw and coordinated 57 symposia, such that there was minimal topical overlap and redundancy—a daunting task indeed. More than anything else, this particular PRiME meeting held a special meaning for me on both professional and personal fronts. For the first time, we had three sponsoring organizations (ECS, the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and the Korean Electrochemical Society) getting equal billing and importance. This meeting happened to be my first one as the ECS president. And my family members: wife Rohini and daughters, Reena and Rebecca, could all be there to share in the fun and festivities. (I worked while they “played,” although when I say this to my colleagues here on campus they shake their heads in disbelief. After all, the popular perception is no one goes to Hawaii to work, right?!) For the record, I will say that I only had

an opportunity to walk along the beach a couple of times (to watch the beautiful sunrise) rather than spend any significant time on it or in the blue waters. You may be wondering at the title of this piece; it is inspired by a poignant song and 1980s hit, “Leader of the Band,” by the late Dan Fogelberg. As some of you (at least of my vintage!) recall, this song was written in tribute to the singer/songwriter’s schoolteacher and bandleader dad. The lyrics: But his blood runs through my instrument and his song is in my soul My life has been a poor attempt to imitate the man I’m just a living legacy to the leader of the band —Dan Fogelberg (1981) always struck a chord with me in terms of their humility and gratitude of a generation past. As we enter a season of reflection and thanksgiving, it certainly seems appropriate to acknowledge (and appreciate) the incredible roles played by past leaders of our wonderful Society who made it what it is today. As in life but also in science, we follow the paths blazed by others by living our collective legacies. Transformative efforts can only occur by having a keen sense of history and our place in it while we chart the Society’s future. In this vein, as we prepare to face new challenges and the undeniably tough roads ahead in our attempts to “Free the Science,” let us engage new generations of students and Society members in this effort and be prepared to pass on the batons of leadership to them. After all, they will be leaders of the Society’s “band” in the future. Stay tuned.

Krishnan Rajeshwar ECS President

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

PENNINGTON CORNER

25 Years at the “Cornerˮ

ince the first issue of Interface was published in 1992, the “Pennington Corner” has been the place where I’ve shared the Executive Director’s perspective on ECS programs and initiatives, and from time-to-time on the values of the organization. It has been an effective forum to report on the important issues facing ECS, and after 25 years, the column provides a historical guide to our growth and development over that period. The “Pennington Corner” tracks everything from our first meetings in Europe, Asia, and Latin America to our transition from paper to digital publishing. It is amazing what has been accomplished in the past 25 years and I hope that our readers have enjoyed following our progress “at the ‘Corner.’” Coincidentally, my first major accomplishment as ECS Executive Director was the launch of Interface magazine in 1992, and in the first column entitled “Meet the Staff,” I proudly described the purpose of the new magazine, “Interface will help you recognize the advantages of membership and hopefully enable you to maximize your personal affiliation through contact with the Staff, Board, Divisions, and Sections.” In recognition of Interface’s 25th anniversary, we have republished two columns in this issue, which can be found on page 9. Like most of the columns, the subject is based on a relevant incident or activity in ECS, but these two were selected because they provide a unique perspective about the values on which ECS has been built. In 1993, an incident occurred that raised my attention to one of our pillars of success and which motivated me to write, “Integrity in a Professional Society – An Unsung Benefit.” In only my second year as Executive Director, we encountered

a problem with the producer of our award medals that was potentially damaging to the integrity of the essential work that we do, which is to recognize and honor achievement in our field. This scandal raised my attention to the importance of organizational integrity and the value of being part of a professional society with such high principles. I was already a 13-year veteran employee of ECS when I wrote that column— through my work and graduate school experiences I was able to recognize the Society’s rare high standards of integrity and the value that these things represented to our membership and contributors. In 2003, the Society’s long-term commitment to, and focus on, the ECS mission led to my writing a column entitled, “Get up Early, Work Hard, Find Oil.” During a coincidental encounter with a former member of the Getty Oil Company’s Board of Directors, I was enlightened about the connection between an organization’s competencies and values, and success. To emphasize this point, he shared a short quote by the company founder, J. Paul Getty, which I used as the title of the column. ECS has been successful in meetings and publications since 1902, and similar to Getty Oil, this can be attributed to a sustained focus on these distinctive competencies. This focus has enabled ECS to find our own oil by enabling us to accomplish the goals of our mission—to disseminate research to advance the science. A lot has changed at ECS and in the world around us since I wrote these columns, but their messages are timeless because integrity and focus on an exceptional mission remain the two key pillars to our organizational success. In observing the last 25 years of ECS history documented in the pages of Interface, it is clear that these two pillars combined with the third pillar, represented by the people of this great organization, form a three-pronged foundation that has supported enduring success.

Roque J. Calvo ECS Executive Director http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-8668

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

PENNINGTON CORNER REVISITED PENNINGTON CORNER from Interface, fall 1993

PENNINGTON CORNER, from Interface, fall 2003

Integrity in a Professional Society— An Unsung Benefit

“Get Up Early, Work Hard, Find Oil”

Earlier this summer, my family spent Father’s Day visiting my parents and celebrating the holiday with my father, who recently retired from Moravian College. Since retirement he spends a lot of his free time reading and watching the C-SPAN network, which broadcasts the U.S. Congressional proceedings on cable television. My father has always had a tendency to be philosophical at family gatherings, and now with two new members for his congregation (namely, my two children), he speaks regularly on the issues of respect, integrity, and family values. However, the recent barrage of negative news about these subjects in books, magazines, and on television has put a sense of despair and discouragement in his quixotic ideals. What my father has been witnessing on C-SPAN is the lack of responsibility and moral values at the highest levels of leadership in our country. He’s concerned about his future as a senior citizen, the future of his grandchildren, and the direction of his country. We deeply share his concerns, but before he performed the annual burning of the hot dogs, we reminded him that there are still a lot of honest people and good, solid organizations in this country. Members of The Electrochemical Society can be proud to belong to such an organization. It’s one that truly represents your interests and conducts its affairs with responsibility and integrity. With dishonesty and deception surfacing at the highest levels of our government and society, the responsibility and actions of your professional association have never been more important. That integrity is the unsung benefit of membership in ECS. In this issue of Interface, there is an article on a membership survey that was done to gather information on the members’ satisfaction with the Society’s activities and services. The value and quality of the member benefits are critical for the success of the Society and the results of the survey indicate that most of the satisfaction indicators measured received very favorable ratings from the respondents. It’s encouraging to see those favorable ratings; but what’s more satisfying is knowing that this has been accomplished under the leadership of individuals who have served the members with integrity and remained true to the objectives of The Electrochemical Society. The Society has a great heritage of leaders, past and present, who have effectively represented the interests of the members for close to 100 years. The list includes names like Edward G. Acheson, Thomas A. Edison, H. H. Dow, Herbert H. Uhlig, Vittorio de Nora, and Norman Hackerman, whose contributions to the Society, to science and to all of mankind are universally recognized. As a member of ECS, you belong to this great heritage and are a part of the profession these great leaders have represented so well. Society membership gives you many excellent benefits (see the Benefits of Membership sidebar) and the Society Staff, Board of Directors, Committees, and the entire network of volunteer leaders recognize the importance of providing quality services to the members. I’m sure you will find the report on the membership survey interesting reading; measuring the members’ satisfaction with ECS activities and services has been a valuable experience for the Society. And as you are reading, remember that integrity is not something you’ll find measured in that survey, but is an important part of your Society’s heritage and its future. Roque J. Calvo Executive Secretary

J. Paul Getty, the great American oil tycoon, instructed his petroleum engineers to, “Get up early, work hard, find oil.” It was a clear, direct and achievable mission statement that defined the purpose and exploited the distinctive competence of his company. As an MBA student I was introduced to the phrase “distinctive competence,” which is a business school maxim that is used to describe the unique purpose or competencies of an organization. This business maxim is intended to be a strategic consideration that guides an organization through the high and low periods of our economic cycles. Unfortunately, prior to this latest economic slump, many organizations (including numerous professional societies) got caught straying from their distinctive competencies, and some are now paying a big prices for these frequently worthy but often-precarious deviations. Essentially, the distinctive competencies are the products and services that directly satisfy the mission and core objectives of an organization. It is what an organization does uniquely well to satisfy their mission or purpose, and in Getty’s case it was to find oil. In the Society’s case, our “oil” is to continually find ways to advance solid-state and electrochemical science and technology through worldwide dissemination of knowledge in these fields. Our distinctive competencies are: (1) technical journals and books, (2) technical meetings and courses, and (3) a membership benefits package that basically enables the distribution of and participation in the first two competencies. It seems pretty simple, but in the (high) times of easy money it is tempting to (digress) expand into new and costly ventures. Board members of a nonprofit professional society could even argue that it is their responsibility to use this newly found money to support their members and their science in even greater ways. But the business maxim suggests that you should stay close to your distinctive competencies because it can be perilous to the health of the organization, and often ineffective to venture into areas that are not consistent with your core objectives. Through “thick ‘n thin” ECS has not ventured far from its distinctive competence. We have just kept looking for oil, and we have even hit a few gushers. Our focus can be attributed to many things, including a strong leadership, a directed governance structure, and a culture that is connected and committed to the mission. This commitment has prevented us from being seduced by the success in the “high times,” and kept us searching for oil. Perhaps the single most significant reason we have not strayed is because we expend so much energy on improving the programs and services that we do uniquely well. ECS has stayed true to its distinctive competence and that has served us well in these challenging times. We are the best publisher and educator (technical meetings) of electrochemical and solid-state science in the world, and despite the value of our other endeavors, everything else is subsidiary. The publications and meetings are the competencies we use to disseminate information in order to advance the science and satisfy our mission. This is not to say we have been adverse to change, quite the contrary. If you look back at the pages of this magazine, you will find a continuing story about evolutionary changes to ECS, which have been necessary to serve the professionals in our increasingly diverse scientific areas. These inevitable changes to our programs have directly supported and advanced the distinctive competence of ECS. It is important to have a mission that is worthy, relevant, and obtainable, and the ECS mission is certainly all of those things. It is also important to set objectives that satisfy the mission, and I think we are covered there too. Finally, a valuable and focused distinctive competence will lead to continued success of ECS. Find oil … we have. Find more oil … we will. Roque J. Calvo Executive Director

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Future Meetings 2017

2017

231st ECS Meeting

SOFC-XV

232nd ECS Meeting

New Orleans, LA

Hollywood, FL

National Harbor, MD

May 28-June 2, 2017

July 23-28, 2017

(greater Washington, DC area)

Hilton New Orleans Riverside

Diplomat Hotel

October 1-6, 2017 Gaylord National Resort and Conference Center

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2018 233rd ECS Meeting

AiMES 2018

Seattle, WA

Cancun, Mexico

May 13-17, 2018

September 30-October 4, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

Moon Palace Resort

www.electrochem.org/meetings

PRiME 2016 October 2 – 7, 2016

Honolulu, Hawaii Photo © Hawaii Tourism Authority (HTA) / Joe Solem

Highlights from PRiME 2016

ver 4,000 people from 65 different countries attended the PRiME 2016 meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, October 2-7. The PRiME meeting is the largest, most significant research conference of its kind in the world, and would not have been possible without the joint effort of The Electrochemical Society, the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and our newest partner, the Korean Electrochemical Society. This year marked PRiME’s seventh return to the island of Oahu and featured a record number of abstracts, with participants able to choose among 4,196 presentations and 57 symposia. (continued on next page)

From left to right are ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar, ECSJ President Hiroshi Nishihara, and KECS President Yongkeun Son at the PRiME 2016 Luau by the Lagoon.

Meeting attendees enjoyed traditional Hawaiian entertainment during Thursday night’s luau.

KECS member Ho-Sung Kim (left) and Hye Min Ryu (right), one of his students, stop for a photo-op after registering for the meeting. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Attendees enjoyed a hike up Diamond Head Crater during the meeting week as part of ECS’s Free the Science activities. 11

(continued from previous page)

Plenary Session Hiroshi Nishihara, president of the Electrochemical Society of Japan; Yongkeun Son, president of the Korean Electrochemical Society; and Krishnan Rajeshwar, president of ECS shared the stage in welcoming the over 4,000 PRiME 2016 attendees. “Photoelectrochemical Cells for the Generation of Electricity and Fuels from Sunlight” was the title of the Plenary Lecture given by Michael Graetzel, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne professor. His talk focused on developments in nanostructured systems for efficient solar light harvesting and conversion to electricity and fuels. Graetzel highlighted both theoretical and practical applications of his work, which is inspired by green plant photosynthesis.

Michael Graetzel, a pioneer in the field of energy and electronic transfer reaction, delivered the meeting’s Plenary Lecture.

Electrochemical Energy Summit The 6th International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) took place during PRiME 2016. The summit was focused around Recent Progress in Renewable Energy Generation, Distribution and Storage. Acknowledging population and industrial growth paired with economic and environmental issues, E2S was designed to foster an exchange between leading policy makers and energy experts about society’s needs and technological energy solutions. Mark Glick, administrator of the Hawaii State Energy Office, moderated the event. Speakers included Eiji Ohira, director of the New Energy and Technology Development Organization; WonYoung Lee, principal researcher at the Korea Institute of Energy Research; and Richard Rocheleau, director of the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute.

Mark Glick, Administrator of the Hawaii State Energy Office, moderated the 6th International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit.

Award Highlights

A scene from the Plenary.

The ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award was presented to Y. Shirley Meng, Associate Professor of NanoEngineering at the University of California, San Diego. Her work focuses on the direct integration of experimental techniques with first principles computation modeling for developing new intercalation compounds for electrochemical energy storage. Established in 2003, the Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award recognizes outstanding scientific and engineering work in the fundamental or applied electrochemistry or solid state science and technology by a young scientist or engineer. Meng’s award talk was entitled, “Advanced Materials Diagnosis and Characterization for Enabling High Energy Long Life Rechargeable Batteries.” The Edward Goodrich Acheson Award was presented to Barry Miller. Miller served as president of ECS (1997-1998) and as past editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (1990-1995). He has been highly involved with ECS over the years; from his position on the Board of Directors, to leadership within the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division, to co-organizing various Society symposia. Established in 1928, the Acheson Award recognizes distinguished contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes, or activities of ECS.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Dennis W. Hess was named an ECS Honorary Member. Hess is the Thomas C. DeLoach Jr. Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. Over the course of his career, Hess has focused his impactful research on thin films, surfaces, interfaces, and plasma processing. He is currently the editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Honorary membership was established in 1919 for outstanding contributions to ECS. It is an exclusive recognition only bestowed on long-standing members who have made exceptional contributions to the advancement of electrochemistry and allied disciplines. ECS Chapters of Excellence Awards went to the University of Maryland and the University of Kentucky. The Outstanding Student Chapter Award went to the University of South Carolina.

ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar (left) presented Emir Dogdibegovic (right), University of South Carolina, with the Outstanding Student Chapter Award.

There were 15 Division and Section awards: • Luminescence and Display Materials Division Centennial Outstanding Achievement Award was presented to Baldassare Di Bartolo, Boston College. • Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award was presented to Yihua Liu, Argonne National Lab. • High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award was presented to Harlan Anderson. ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar (left) congratulated Y. Shirley Meng, (right) winner of the ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award.

• Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was presented to Robert G. Kelly, University of Virginia. • Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was presented to Saman Hosseinpour, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research. • Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award was presented to Rangachary Mukundan, Los Alamos National Lab. • Electrodeposition Division Research Award was presented to Stephen Maldonado, University of Michigan. • Battery Division Technology Award was presented to Dominique Guyomard, CNRS IEMN. • Battery Division Research Award was presented to Nobuyuki Imanishi, Mie University; and Yang ShaoHorn, MIT. • Battery Division Student Research Award was presented to Billur Deniz Polat Karahan, Istanbul Teknik Universitesi. • Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award in Molten Salts and Ionic Liquid Chemistry was presented to Masayoshi Watanabe, Yokohama National University.

Barry Miller (right) received the Edward Goodrich Acheson Award from ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar (left).

• Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award was presented to Yelena Gorlin, Technische Universität München; and Liumin Suo, MIT. • Europe Section Alessandro Volta Medal was presented to Christian Amatore, École Normale Supérieure. (continued on page 15)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Yihua Liu, winner of the Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award.

Rangachary Mukundan, winner of the Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award.

Harlan Anderson, winner of the High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award.

Stephen Maldonado, winner of the Electrodeposition Division Research Award.

(From left to right) Robert Kelly, John Scully, Nick Birbilis, and Saman Hosseinpour celebrated ECS Corrosion Division accomplishments.

Past ECS Battery Division Chair, Robert Kostecki (left), presented Dominique Guyomard (right) with the Battery Division Technology Award.

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Symposium chair Pawel Kulesza (left) presented Masayoshi Watanabe (right) with the Max Bredig Award in Molten Salts and Ionic Liquid Chemistry.

The Norman Hackerman Young Author Award for the best paper published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and technology went to Trevor Braun (NIST) for his paper, “Localized Electrodeposition and Patterning Using Bipolar Electrochemistry.” The Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award for the best paper published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology for a topic in the field of solid state science went to Kohei Shima (University of Tokyo) for his paper, “Comparative Study on Cu-CVD Nucleation Using ß-diketonato and Amidinato Precursors for Sub-10-nm-Thick Continuous Film Growth.” Johna Leddy, ECS senior vice president, assisted with the introduction of the 2016 Class of Fellows. These members are recognized for contributions to the advancement of science and technology, for leadership in electrochemical and solid state science and technology, and for active participation in the affairs of ECS. Nick Birbilis: Throughout his career, Birbilis has made major contributions in the areas of aluminum and magnesium alloys (the light metals). Bryan A. Chin: Known for his work in sensor technology, Chin’s current research interests include electrochemical sensors for food safety, quality, and security; and medical applications. (continued on next page)

Liumin Suo (right) received the Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award from past division chair Robert Kostecki (left).

ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar (left) presented Trevor Braun (right) with the Norman Hackerman Young Author Award.

Christian Amatore (right), winner of the ECS Europe Section Alessandro Volta Award is congratulated by Enrico Traversa (left).

Kohei Shima (right) received the Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award from ECS President Krishnan Rajeshwar (left).

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Jeffrey W. Fergus: With a focus on materials for high temperature applications, Fergus’ work can be utilized in the development of chemical sensors for gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. Jürgen Fleig: Known for his work in solid state science, Fleig’s research efforts have focused on materials used in energy technology (fuel cells) and dielectrics or piezoelectrics. John B. Goodenough: Widely recognized for his role in the development of the Li-ion battery, Goodenough’s work in energy technology has made him an internationally prominent solid state scientist. A. Robert Hillman: With over 30 years of experience in the field of electrochemistry, Hillman has made large contributions to interfacial characterization and electroactive materials. Hiroshi Imahori: Imahori’s research has focused on artificial photosynthesis, organic photovoltaics, organic functional materials, and drug delivery systems. Ram S. Katiyar: With over 900 articles published in peerreviewed scientific journals, Katiyar has made immense contributions to the field of materials science. Bor Yann Liaw: Liaw has been in the field of electric and hybrid vehicle evaluation and advanced battery diagnostics and prognostics for the past three decades, leading to advancements in battery performance and life predictions.

Peter Mascher: Throughout his career, Mascher has focused his research on fabrication and characterization of thin films for optoelectronic applications and the development and application of silicon-based nanostructures. Eddy Simoen: Simoen’s research interests cover the field of device physics and defect engineering in general, with particular emphasis on the study of low-frequency noise and low-temperature behavior. Masahiro Watanabe: With over 100 patents, Watanabe’s work has led to such novel concepts as bimetallic alloy catalysts for fuel cell anodes and cathodes, which are now being used in commercialized co-generation systems and fuel cell vehicles. Alan West: In addition to West’s work in batteries, sensors, and electrochemical synthesis, he hopes to bridge the gap between industry and academia by collaborating extensively with industry.

Free the Science ECS dedicated its exhibit booth to Free the Science this year at PRiME. We gave out notepads, stickers, headphones, bags, pens, and luggage tags all for free. We had plenty of visitors stop by to ask important questions about our open access initiative and how they could help. To learn more go to www.freethescience.org. The Free the Science raffle gave away free a registration and a hotel stay at our next meeting in New Orleans, as well as complimentary short course registration. Congratulations to raffle winners Piotr Polczynski and Ben Britton. Be sure to stop by the booth in May to check it out!

(From left to right) ECS 2016 Class of Fellows: Nick Birbilis, Peter Mascher, Bryan A. Chin, Jürgen Fleig, John B. Goodenough, A. Robert Hillman, Eddy Simoen, Jeffrey W. Fergus, Bor Yann Liaw, and Masahiro Watanabe. Not pictured are Hiroshi Imahori, Ram S. Katiyar, and Alan West. 16

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Student Poster Contest There were 214 submissions to the Student Poster Session. The winners were: 1st Place – Electrochemical: Mallory Fuhst, University of Michigan, Poster Title: Atomic-Scale Mechanisms for Electrolyte Decomposition in Li-Ion Battery Cathodes 2nd Place – Electrochemical: Shota Matsumura, Osaka Prefecture University, Poster Title: Development of Novel Electrolyte for Rechargeable Aluminum Battery with a Wide Potential Window

3rd Place – Electrochemical: Hiyori Sakata, Shinshu University, Poster Title: Dual Electrolyte Hybrid Supercapacitor Using Liquid-Liquid Interface 1st Place – Solid State: Masahiro Kato, Nihon University, Poster Title: Synthesis and Evaluation of Heat-Resistant SilverPlatinum Alloy Nanoprisms for Application in Cancer Therapy and Imaging 2nd Place – Solid State: Futaba Yamamoto, Keio University, Poster Title: In-Situ XAFS Measurement of K:MnOx Oxygen Evolution Catalyst (continued on next page)

The Student Poster Session winners (from left to right): Hiyori Sakata, Futaba Yamamoto, Masahiro Kato, Shota Matsumura, and Mallory Fuhst.

Scenes from the student poster contest.

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Student Mixer

Monday night’s Student Mixer was a sold-out event, attended by over 300 students.

Scenes from the Student Mixer.

Exhibitors Special thanks goes to all the meeting sponsors and exhibitors who showcased the tools and equipment so critical to scientific research.

Scenes from the Technical Exhibit. 18

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

2016

2,218

1,354

Oral Presentations

Seventeen Award Talks (Society, Division, and Section)

Posters

Total Thirty-Nine Presentations

565

Keynote Talks

Student Oral Presentations

1,372

seven hundred fifteen

Total Student Presentations

Best Oral Presentation Awards

Ten

Best Poster Presentation Awards

TwentyFive

Total Best Presentation Awards

TOTAL COUNTRIES

Student Posters

ON-SITE AWARDS

Invited Talks 657

4,196

Sixty-Seven

Largest Symposia

STUDENT PRESENTATIONS

ALL PRESENTATIONS

PRiME

Five Hundred Two

Number of Countries Represented

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 16

299

Lithium-ion Batteries

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Two Hundred Fifty-One Beyond Lithium-ion Batteries 19

INTERFACE

Interface at

25 Twenty-Five The Editors of Interface— The First Twenty-Five Years by Petr Vanýsek The winter 2016 issue of Interface is the fourth in the series that interweaves regular articles with recollections and reflections of the past issues of Interface. With the winter issue culminates the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Interface. We have Mary Yess to thank for this on two levels. First, she was at the beginning of the magazine as its managing editor. And second, she remembered the birthday, well in time, to prepare for each of the 2016 issues an article, or a mention within a feature, to commemorate this anniversary. As a co-editor, I had the task to procure recollections from the past Interface editors. It started as an idea to interview each, with similar questions. The questions, worthy consideration for a Pulitzer award, if there were one for questions, I sent to the past editors. From two I got a graceful prose response in mail instead. With the third editor, Raj, I had a nice conversation over coffee, which I later transcribed. I am grateful to all three of them for the willingness to contribute and for their writing and editorial skills. After all, dialogues are a literary form I yet have to master. The three past full-time editors of Interface were Paul Kohl, Jan Talbot, and Krishnan (Raj) Rajeshwar. A few more people ought to be added to the list of editors. Karrie Hanson was responsible for the prototype issue in 1992. When Paul Kohl was elected ECS vice-

president, he had to resign as the Interface editor, and Lee Hunt (19392014) served as an interim editor of one issue in 1995. Unfortunately, he is not around to share an interesting story. For the last two and a half years, the editorial duties for Interface have been split between two people and I am beneficially sharing the tasks with Vijay Ramani.

Making of the First Interface Issue by Paul Kohl It took four years of member surveys, planning, and cost estimates to arrive at the doorstep of the first issue of Interface in winter 1992. Prior to Interface, Society news was printed at the end of each issue of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) in the C-section. They contained Division and Section news, obituaries, lists of new members, reviews, meeting announcements, and advertisements. It was the way the Society communicated with the world because each member and subscriber received a paper copy of JES. The idea of a members’ magazine started to take shape in the late 1980s, however, its cost and ultimate value were questions which bogged down the decision making process. Higher quality advertising space and higher readership were expected to attract new advertisers, but would that off-set the cost of the publication? Freeing up space in JES by removal of the C-pages was a benefit because only a limited number of pages could be bound in each JES issue. However, there was concern about whether a stand-alone member’s magazine was needed or could even be filled each quarter.

Celebrating the launch of Interface are: (seated left to right) Karrie Hanson, Paul Kohl, and Sally Kilfoyle; (standing left to right) Ed Bellemare, Tracey Prevost, Paul Cooper, Dave Orban, Mary Yess, Barry Miller, and Roque Calvo.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

A prototype issue was put together by Karrie Hanson and Barry Miller to show-off the more attractive presentation of Society news and other benefits of the publication. Once the “GO” decision was made by the Society, a design consultant was brought in to add style and professionalism to the publication. Mary Yess from O&Y Design soon appeared to help assemble the look and content of the newly named publication—Interface. A set of regularly appearing features were discussed by a small group of people, which included the Society’s Executive Secretary, Roque Calvo, Publications Chair, Lee Hunt, and the Society’s Publications Manager, Sally Kilfoyle. Paul Cooper, who just celebrated in 2016 his 25th anniversary with the Society, became the Production Coordinator. Some of the original sections, which appeared in the first issue of Interface, still appear in today’s issues. The opening editorial from the Editor was followed by an editorial from the Executive Secretary—a young, dark-haired Roque Calvo. Society news featured the creation of the Georgia Local Section, and the upcoming Society election had Dennis Hess running for Vice President. A report from the previous biannual Society meeting provided the opportunity to print numerous pictures of members, including President Wayne Worrell, Acheson Award winner Dennis Turner, and Cor Claeys, who won a roundtrip ticket anywhere in the world from Sailair. The other regular features included Division, Local Section, and student news and announcements. There was a debate over the technical content of Interface. It was recognized that Interface should have some technical content, but Interface should not produce peer-reviewed content or compete with JES. Timely, interesting and informative technical content was needed, but how would the content be selected and solicited? A critical piece of the Interface content was to highlight one of the Society’s Divisions in each issue. This would give Divisions a chance to promote their programs and was a way for Interface to generate much-needed technical content. An advisory board consisting of a member from each Division was assembled to guide the content and engage the Divisions. The Electronics Division was selected as the first featured Division, however by mid-1992 there was little time to produce technical content. In the summer of 1992 I asked several people to write a short overview on a particular electronicsrelated topic. Tadahiro Ohmi and Tadashi Shibata wrote about the manufacturing of integrated circuits in the 21st century, Noel Buckley wrote about optoelectronics, and David Williams wrote about processing equipment for 16 Mbit DRAM. Both Noel and David were from nearby Bell Laboratories, which helped. Professor Ohmi had to be contacted using “email’ and it was unclear how often he read his messages and if the piece would arrive. It’s not clear how the fourth article came to be. Elton Cairns wrote about the battery powered automotive. In 1991, GM, Ford, and Chrysler formed the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (US ABC) to stimulate the development of the electric car. In addition to giving battery metrics needed for electric cars, Elton predicted: “The US ABC/DOE/ EPRI program represents a major opportunity for electrochemists and electrochemical engineers to participate in the establishment of a major new industry: the electric vehicle battery industry.” The Featured Division has clearly been a winning recipe for providing Interface content and exposure for Divisions. One final problem presented itself in September 1992—how to select a cover picture. JES had the same cover on each issue with no cover picture. It was thought that artwork from one of the technical articles could be used or a piece of art could be obtained from the outside, however, a suitable graphic was not in-hand. At the fall ECS biannual meeting, Rudy Marcus came to the rescue. At 9:15 AM during Professor Marcus’ talk at the 182nd ECS meeting in Toronto, Canada, a phone call came into Society headquarters from the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm trying to inform him that he was the 1992 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He finished his talk at 9:45 and received the congratulatory phone call. I recall writing down the time and events in my meeting program

for the article, which appeared with a picture of Rudy Marcus on the phone receiving the news. The article has a quote from Larry Faulkner, who was standing nearby. After congratulating Dr. Marcus, I asked him one of the traditional questions for Nobel recipients— ”what do you intend to do with the money?” His response remains a “private communication” between us. It was an easy decision to put a picture of Rudy Marcus on the first cover of Interface to highlight the important and timely news we intended to publish in our new magazine. Interface has turned into a wonderful publication thanks to the creativity and hard work of so many people over the past 25 years. ECS members receive an electronic copy of JES, and Interface has taken on an even more important role of documenting events, making announcements and providing interesting technical content about the Divisions.

Reflections on 25 Years of Interface by Jan B. Talbot On one hand it is hard to believe it has been 25 years since the first publication of Interface (as it is also for me difficult to believe I have been working at UC San Diego for 30 years and that my son is 32 years old). On the other hand, I still look forward to reading the magazine and learning about the endeavors of my colleagues and research in the areas of interest with newer (and younger) ECS members. More recently, I have only attended one meeting of the ECS each year; Interface keeps me up to date on the happenings at the meetings. Interface is my “go-to” topical science and engineering magazine, if I want to get acquainted with a new topic or want my students to read an introduction to an ECS topic. I was the editor of Interface from 1995 to 1999. The magazine was initiated in 1992 and was very bare-bones when I interviewed for the editor position, but with a lofty mission statement. I re-read the Interface editorial that I wrote for the celebration of the first 5 years of Interface in spring 1998 (Vol. 7, No. 1), which explained that I came to this job without experience, and “not much more than my enthusiasm for science writing and dedication to the ECS.” I learned much about magazine publishing and am grateful that Paul Cooper and Mary Yess aided me in that journey. In fact, one of the first things I learned from other editors is that Interface needed a Managing Editor, to organize the layout, artwork, and general publication concerns, so I could devote my efforts to the content. Mary Yess was the first Managing Editor, with whom I truly enjoyed working. One of my first undertakings was to develop guidelines for authors. The main guidance was that articles submitted to Interface were to be written for a diversified scientific audience, with a broad introduction and a wide scope, and with enough depth that experts in the field would find the article interesting. This is not easy for most of us who write very terse, technical articles to a narrow audience. It was a challenge, yet enjoyable most of the time, to help authors craft their articles to meet the needs of Interface. I also remember going to meetings and concentrating on the talks for the plenary session and awards sessions, hoping the notes that I were scribbling would later translate into capturing the event for Interface. And then there were the ever-impending deadlines, including the one for my own “From the Editor” column. Somehow, I would think of something to write in time. I often received comments from ECS members who actually read my column. I still read other editor’s columns in Interface and other publications just to see what they write about. Another task was to set up a publication schedule for the magazine for the following year and find technical editors from the Divisions to organize the content and authors. My constant job was to remind these editors and authors to prepare their articles with plenty of time for re-writing and editing.

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One of the most memorable events for me as editor was the opportunity to meet and interview Gordon Moore with Bruce Deal for the publication of a special issue of Interface which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the invention of the transistor. It was not so wonderful to transcribe the barely audible tape of the interview, but luckily I had taken good notes, for the article. During those years, I thought of my position of Editor as my main hobby. I worked on articles for Interface every evening and on weekends. One of my columns was written on a back-packing trip in the Sierras. It was a most enjoyable hobby, which I had planned to continue for many years. However, I was asked to run for election for Vice-President of ECS. I candidly informed the Executive Board that if elected I could not also be Editor for Interface. So it was a win-win situation for me in that election, as I truly enjoyed my role as Editor. But I was elected and the rest is history. I am sure my visibility as Editor helped me to become elected, particularly as the second woman President of ECS in those first 100 years. I was happy that Raj Rajeshwar was willing to become the next Editor for the next 15 years. And Happy 25th Birthday Interface!

Krishnan Rajeshwar, Interface Editor 1999-2013 Recorded and retold by Petr Vanýsek On May 31, 2016, during the ECS meeting in San Diego, I sat down with Krishnan Rajeshwar to talk about his role in the historical evolution of Interface. Raj (as he is known to everybody) was the editor of Interface from 1999 to 2013. One of my first questions was, how did he become involved with The Electrochemical Society? It certainly was not his first professional society. The first one was NATAS (North American Thermal Analysis Society) which closely matched his early research interests. For example, his work involved the thermal characterization of materials. A technique he and his co-workers developed at Colorado State University (CSU) involved the ramping of temperature coupled with impedance measurements, which allowed characterization of material properties as a function of temperature. He recalls the first ECS meeting that he attended, in Boston, which would have to be the spring meeting in 1979. The hot topics of that meeting were on photoelectrochemistry, chemically modified electrodes and conducting polymers. Around that time he also penned, with collaborators, his own review article on photoelectrochemical energy conversion (Electrochim. Acta, 23, 1117 (1978)). Here, he would give this advice to any student: “If you want to learn about a subject, write a review article. And you also get a lot of citations, if you are the first to do that.” ECS was a logical home for Raj’s photoelectrochemistry interests. He recalled another important meeting, this time in Denver (1981), which he remembers fondly. Around that time was also formed the Energy Technology Division of ECS, which he found very welcoming to him. The Division seniors took him under their wings and it became his home division. The invitation to edit Interface came in an interesting way. Jan Talbot, the editor of Interface at that time, was elected a vicepresident of the Society and therefore had to step down from the editorship and a new editor needed to be identified. Raj was not even aware that a search for a new editor would be under way. Just about

that time he wrote a history article about the ECS Energy Technology Division, which he possibly sent to Dennis Hess, a member of the editorial search committee. Raj believes that it was something about the quality of his writing that Hess found intriguing and invited Raj for an interview. Raj was very excited about the prospect of becoming an editor for Interface and enthusiastically accepted the interview invitation. When prompted to share his interview experience with me, he admitted, perhaps too humbly, “I do not even think I brought any new ideas at the time, but I was clearly enthusiastic.” Raj recalled some good times and some not so good times as the Editor. After the attacks on September 11, 2001 he wrote an editorial, in the winter 2001 issue, “Challenges in a Non-Utopian World.” He did not mince words and had to prevail to have his message printed. Not everybody will recall Y2K, sixteen years after the scare of “year two-thousand” for which some computer software was not prepared and end of year “99” was expected to be followed by “Y 2 Chaos.” It did not happen and Raj in his editorial welcomed the new millennium. A “Crystal Ball Issue” of Interface soon followed, looking ahead at the science and technology world of the next 100 years or so. The centennial issue (Vol. 11, No. 1) featured a double page with caricatures of some well-known electrochemists, drawn by José Zagal. The readers were to guess who was who (the answers were on the next page). Raj recalled the fun they had with this feature, though, admittedly, there was one pictured scientist who was not too thrilled about his portrayal. Raj as the new editor started bringing on new initiatives. In his editorials he wrote about company mergers, economic issues, etc., which he found interesting. Here, he recalls getting friendly advice from Dennis Hess, whom he considers his mentor within the Society: “Do not try to do everything yourself, get on board other people.” Some of the new features that Raj brought to the magazine were the educational Chalkboard articles. He invited Zoltan Nagy to write Websites of Note and he introduced the concept of Contributing Editors. Under his leadership the issues, originally always dedicated to a particular division, started to alternate between a division and a topical issue. This experiment, with guest editors for each topical issue, was hugely successful. Raj also experimented with such focused features as Europe Watch or Japan Watch, discussing trends and what was happening in those world regions. The chat we had over coffee that Tuesday afternoon in the southern California breeze was not just about the magazine or not even only about electrochemistry and electrochemists. When I asked about his writing skills, he recalled his times while still in India, and his father’s influence on his education. He would go frequently to the library and read British authors. By the time he got from India to the USA he was very comfortable with the English literature. And in the USA he was very comfortable in the new environment: “What I like about the USA—nobody cares where you are from, how you speak. If you are good at what you do, people respect that.” When asked about what magazines he reads in his leisure time, Raj mentioned Businessweek. But he also mentioned Sports Illustrated and Car and Driver. He finds valuable and enjoyable publications with articles that have a sense of humor. When reflecting on the years as the Interface editor and stepping down after 14 years, Raj enthusiastically responded that the transition was for an exciting and rewarding reason—being elected a vicepresident of ECS. However, he also reflected on this being a good time to bring a new editor in. “After a while, one reaches a point where things get stale and one should be doing something different. Being an editor was quite a ride and I am thankful for the opportunity.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

About the Editors Paul Kohl received a PhD from The University of Texas, in Chemistry in 1978. After graduation, Dr. Kohl was employed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, NJ from 1978 to 1989. In 1989, he joined the faculty of the Georgia Institute of Technology in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, where he is currently a Regents’ Professor and holder of the Hercules Inc./ Thomas L. Gossage Chair. Dr. Kohl is a past Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, and Interface (1992-5). He is also past President of The Electrochemical Society. He may be reached at kohl@gatech.edu. Jan Talbot joined the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) faculty in 1986 after receiving her PhD in chemical engineering and materials science that same year from the University of Minnesota. In 2001-02, she was President of The Electrochemical Society, and previously served as editor of the society’s Interface publication. She is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. She was the Chair of the UCSD Academic Senate in 2003-04. Prof. Talbot is the Director of the Jacobs School’s Chemical Engineering Program and was Associate Dean of the Jacobs School of Engineering from 2014-2016. From 1975-81, she worked as a development engineer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (TN). Prof. Talbot’s current research areas include electrophoretic deposition of phosphors and nanosized materials, chemical mechanical polishing, and thermochemical hydrogen production. She may be reached at jtalbot@ucsd.edu. Krishnan Rajeshwar completed his masters and PhD degrees in solid-state chemistry at the Indian Institute of Technology (Kharagpur, India) and Indian Institute of Science (Bengaluru, India) respectively. After postdoctoral training in Colorado State University (Fort Collins, CO) in the area of energy R&D, he joined the faculty of the University of Texas at Arlington in 1983 where he is currently Distinguished University Professor. He is also the current president of The Electrochemical Society. His research interests span a broad spectrum in materials chemistry and design for thermal, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical energy conversion. He may be reached at rajeshwar@uta.edu.

Petr Vanýsek received his undergraduate and graduate degrees in physical chemistry in Czechoslovakia and shortly after defending his PhD Czechoslovak equivalent, he traveled to North Carolina, where as a postdoctoral associate received further instruction in electrochemistry and other worthwhile skills from Richard P. Buck at the University of North Carolina. After that he had a year-long appointment as a faculty of residence at the University of New Hampshire and in 1985 he started as an associate professor at the Chemistry (and later Chemistry and Biochemistry) department at Northern Illinois University, in DeKalb, Illinois. There he rose thought the ranks of Associate and Full Professor and now, he has the rank of Emeritus Professor, which allows his more freedom in travel and another current appointment as a researcher and professor at Central European Institute of Technology and the Brno University of Technology, both in Brno, Czech Republic. His research spans physical chemistry, electroanalytical chemistry and chemistry of energy sources. He has been involved with ECS since 1986 and early on, though introduction by R. P. Buck, he was elected into the Executive of the Sensor Division (then a Group). He held a number of significant office positions in ECS, including four years as the Society Secretary. He contributed articles to Interface, until, together with Vijay Ramani, he was selected to co-edit this magazine. He hones his writing skills by penning further articles and editorials for Interface as well as writing about fictional German shepherds. Vijay Ramani holds the Roma B. and Raymond H. Wittcoff Professorship in the Department of Energy Environmental and Chemical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, and concurrently serves as the Director of the Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage at Washington University. His research interests lie at the confluence of electrochemical engineering, materials science, and renewable energy technologies. Current research directions in his group include multi-functional electrolyte and electrocatalyst materials for electrochemical systems, analyzing the source and distribution of overpotential (losses) in electrochemical systems, mitigating component degradation in electrochemical devices, and in-situ diagnostics to probe electrochemical systems. NSF, ONR, DOE and ARPA-E have funded his research, with mechanisms including an NSF CAREER award (2009) and an ONR Young Investigator Award (ONR-YIP; 2010). He is the recipient of the 3M Non-tenured Faculty Award (2010) and the Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award from the ETD Division of ECS (2012). He is a past Chair of the IE&EE Division of ECS, and currently serves as the Chair of Area 1E of AIChE. He holds an Extraordinary Professorship at North West University, South Africa, a visiting Professorship at Tsinghua University, and has held an Adjunct Professorship in Chemical Engineering at IIT-Madras. He is the co-Editor of ECS Interface. Vijay has a PhD from the University of Connecticut, Storrs, and a BE from Annamalai University, India, both in Chemical Engineering.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

INTERFACE

Doing the Impossible:

Interface at 25 by Mary Yess

hen compared with the Society’s 114 years of activity, 25 years of Interface is a short span of time in which to rack up a lot of “markers” (articles, people, and events). In writing this article, it was impossible to list or highlight all the technical articles written for the magazine; impossible to acknowledge the many people who have graced its pages; impossible to disconnect the history of the magazine from the history of the Society itself; simply impossible to capture it all. So many of the articles considered “accepted” science now were cutting edge when published in these pages; so many of the faces captured here were then unknown but have gone on to great things (like Nobel prizes) or are just gone; so many events continue to have tendrils in our current time.

January 1992 As prototype Editor Karrie Hanson said, the new magazine would “…foster and implement ideas, achieve greater access of the members to information on matters affecting their divisional and broader interests, and to stimulate the participation of individuals in Society affairs.” Functionally, the magazine would replace the “C” (or News) pages of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES). Little did the founders know, but the magazine would soon be publishing significant articles of technical interest to the community, with contributions from authors who would soon become renowned in their fields. Winter 1992 The magazine was off to an auspicious start, with Rudy Marcus gracing the first cover. Paul Kohl, the first Editor of Interface, explained “Why Interface.” Also of note in that premier issue: Vittorio de Nora was named an ECS Fellow; and Society members were already talking about electric vehicles. Spring 1993 When viewed on a shelf with the other issues, this one stood out because it had 316 pages alone dedicated to the 1993 Hawaii Meeting Program. It wasn’t until a few meetings later that this meeting would be renamed PRiME (Pacific Rim International Meeting on Electrochemistry), and years after that when the program was no longer published in Interface because it would be available online. Summer 1993 From the Perkin Medal Address, “Think Small, One Day It May Be Worth a Billion,” by Luby Romankiw, to a recap of the Hawaii plenary lecture, “Global Warming: Past, Present, and Future,” by Fred Mackenzie, this issue ranged from the extremely small, important technical devices to policy issues on a world-wide scale.

Interface and this writer are nearly the same age—in terms of the Society’s history, that is. I began my professional relationship with ECS as a consultant on Interface, brought in to evolve the prototype issue to a fully-fledged magazine that would serve the needs of its scientists, engineers, and other readers. Four years later, I joined the staff and was lucky to have as one of my responsibilities the role of Managing Editor for the publication, and had 18 more years to help shape its growth (and a lot of fun doing it). Thus, the optics for what’s covered here are mine alone, with apologies for what’s been missed. It was simply impossible to capture it all, but not impossible, I think, for readers to sense the unique position that this publication and this Society hold.

Herbert Uhlig, Honorary Member, Past President, Fall 1993 past Editor of JES, and winner of both the Palladium and Acheson awards, received a special obituary notice. Uhlig was also the Editor of a monograph on corrosion, now named after him, and which is still a best-seller. Winter 1993

“Tech Highlights” debuted, a new column that would summarize important scientific or technological developments published in JES. The column has since expanded to include the Society’s other journal, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS). The column will soon expand again, to include coverage of the new Editors’ Choice and Perspective articles in the journals. The issue also noted that the Society held its first Student Poster Session at the fall 1993 ECS meeting.

Spring 1994 Yet another new feature for Interface premiered: “ECS Classics.” This first one was written by Norman Hackerman, long-time JES Editor. The issue was a lively one, for it also saw publication of the first “Free Radicals,” an invited guest column. Its first author was Dale Hall, who would write many columns over a wide range of topics, with both scientific and popular culture themes. There must have been something in the air that season, because the issue also noted the formation of a new Group, the Fullerenes.

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Summer 1994 James Amick’s “From the President” column covered new directions for the Society, in which he wrote about energy technology: “The rapid deployment of alternative, cleaner energy sources is desperately needed. Our Society can and should play a major role in fostering the development of these technologies.”—for over 20 years since, ECS’s meetings and publications have certainly taken up the call. Charles Tobias was one of the Fall 1994 Society’s, and electrochemistry’s, most notable and beloved figures. As Dick Alkire noted in his introduction to the story, “Tobias initiated the discipline of electrochemistry in the United States, and has played a central role in its development for the better part of 50 years.” Tobias’ family tree was presented in a colorful graphic. The issue also celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Society’s Division now known as the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division. Winter 1994 Past is prologue… the issue, which covered sensor science and technology, was guest edited by Petr Vanýsek, who currently serves as one of the Co-Editors of Interface. There was an unusual invited guest column, with Micha Tomkiewicz musing about a different organizational structure for ECS in an article called “Divisional Recycling.” Spring 1995 With Paul Kohl newly appointed to the JES Editor position, Lee Hunt took over as Interim Editor of Interface. The big story was the announcement that the Society “went online.” Going online meant the Society began using e-mail, set up a Web page, and would soon launch an online abstract submission service. The article charmingly noted there were about 30 million users of the Internet; by the time this article is published, that number will be ca. 3.5 billion. Summer 1995 Society News was a department for Interface from the beginning, and through the years, there have always been interesting tidbits to be found. This issue noted that the Society published its 300th proceedings volume. That may have prompted the Society to begin a relationship with the Chemical Heritage Foundation, which would go on to house “40 linear feet of archival material” belonging to the Society. Jan Talbot was Fall 1995 the next Editor of Interface, and as she stated in her column, her own interests were often “at the interface of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.” In a very early prelude to open access, guest columnist Jerry Woodall wrote about

how the new e-mail technology heralded a sea change. “We are now more open,” he said, and “This improved communication has led to more trust, which, in turn, has resulted in a widespread increase in effective collaborations…” Roque Calvo, ECS’s Executive Winter 1995 Director marked his 15 years of service to ECS in a wide-ranging conversation. In these first 15 years, Calvo was responsible for implementing a number of initiatives: Interface, the highly-collaborative joint meetings in Hawaii in 1987 and 1993, and improved membership services and growth.

Winter 1992

Spring 1996 The Society’s ad hoc Committee on Visibility and Prestige provided a summary report of their work for Interface. The committee recommended what must have seemed like an earth-shattering decision to “change the name of the Society to ‘ECS’.” Calling the Society “ECS” was already in common use and is still the moniker of choice in order to properly convey both the the electrochemical and solid state activities. Summer 1996 “Cracking the Seal” was the latest “ECS Classics” article to show a little Society history. Then-Historian Dennis Turner gave us a look at the Society’s corporate seals over the years and before the Society’s logo was created to become the common representation of the organization. “The Society on Wheels” covered the Society’s broad range of science and technology through all the parts of a car and was part of the ECS Education Committee’s initiatives aimed at enhancing the visibility of the Society’s education activities.

Winter 1993

The issue featured physical Fall 1996 electrochemistry science and technology, and one of the articles had an author who would go on to deliver a plenary lecture at an ECS meeting. That was Nate Lewis, who would give The ECS Lecture on “Scientific Challenges in Sustainable Energy Technology” in 2005.

Spring 1994

Winter 1996 “Currents” was a new feature for Interface, and the first in this periodic series was excerpted from a report given by the president of the Federation of Materials Societies, of which ECS was a member. The new column was created to report on ECS’s involvement with, and activities of, several organizations that assist in informing technology policy leaders, and which facilitate the exchange of technical information among societies such as ours.

Winter 1994

currents

Reflections on Chemistry and Electrochemistry

after Fifty Years of Practice Rarely does Spring 1997 by Larry R. Faulkner Interface feature a person on its cover, but 1997 was a great opportunity to show off the Society’s relationship with one of the most L recognized names in our field, and that was Gordon Moore. It was a “solid” (and solid state) issue: there was an interview with Moore, the announcement that Moore would deliver the plenary talk at the spring meeting, an article about the invention of the transistor (turning 50), and a fun sidebar showing a MEMS version of Frank Lloyd Wright’s famous Fallingwater house. Ed. Note: These comments were presented at the ceremony commemorating Honorary Membership in The Electrochemical Society for Allen J. Bard and John B. Goodenough, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, November 23, 2013. See related articles in this issue on pages 13 and 84.

et me begin simply by congratulating our two awardees today. As a former president of this university and of the Society, as one of the graduates of the University and an Honorary Member of the Society, indeed, even as a student of one of the awardees, and as a friend of both, I take a special pride in this particular recognition of their marvelous achievements, manifested over sterling careers. Science enjoys few like either of them. Congratulations, John. Congratulations, Al. And let me add a note of welcome to everyone in the audience. There are, of course, colleagues here from across the University, but others have come from outside the institution, even from elsewhere in the country. For our visitors, I will just say that this is an exciting university with marvelous assets and energy. I hope you can experience some of its qualities while you are here. Electrochemical science and technology have been among its strengths for many decades, in substantial measure because of the powerful intellects and the fostering collegiality of Allen Bard and John Goodenough. Just about exactly fifty years ago – this month, as I recall – I walked into the office of the chemistry department chairman at SMU and asked to become a chemistry major. It was among my better decisions. The fit has proven to be perfect. I have loved the science and its history. I have loved its relevance to the world at large. I have even loved the fact that chemists are workaholics. It’s notable, in fact, that when I went to see the department chairman back in 1963, it was about eight o’clock in the evening. The light was on in his office, as it was practically every night. While he didn’t warmly welcome my interruption, he still helped me – and Professor Harold Jeskey became an important mentor and a lifelong friend. Given the convergence of this anniversary with my duties of the moment, I would like to take this time to offer some reflections on the present and future of our field – on the urgencies and obligations before it. The word “chemistry” will be used as a label for the field, but I mean to include all of chemical science and technology. In these last fifty years, I have watched chemistry change tremendously – in scale and application, certainly in the catalogue of knowledge, but also in public perception. The DuPont motto back in the early 60s was “Better Living Through Chemistry,” and the public had every confidence that it rang true. The word “chemistry” was a synonym for “magic.” But there was not yet much understanding of environmental impact. That was still around the corner, awakening broadly in the very late 60s and early 70s. The 70s showed us both edges of the chemical

Spring 1995

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sword, just as we came to see two edges to quite a few other blades. We were naïve back then about many things, from the powers of science to the powers of presidents. Naïveté took a real beating from the late 1960s through the 1970s. Words and phrases that had generally evoked common pride, trust, and optimism – like “government,” “the presidency,” and “military service” – became much more neutral, or even negative, in the public perception. The words “chemical” and “scientific” were casualties of the times, too. DuPont found a different motto. But just as naïveté gave way to alarm and suspicion, they, in turn, have gradually given way over decades to something more mature. Even though our national life – or really now, our global life – is subject to ridiculous fads of favor and disfavor, responsible citizens seem mostly to have learned that anything of real power – anything that can yield great benefits – also carries serious risk. There is always a negative side requiring attention and mitigation. While the ignorance of long ago might have given us a bit of bliss, this fuller perception of our science girds us and our leaders for the challenges that lie all around. Realism about both benefits and risks provides a basis for truly responsible exercise of the power inherent in our knowledge. The public view of chemistry matters enormously, for chemistry is the science by which people manage their use and stewardship of the material world. And this issue – the use and stewardship of the material world – is the great challenge of our time. It will remain so beyond the time given to any of us here. Global population has more than doubled over the 50 years since 1963, from just over 3 billion to 7 billion, and a much larger fraction has been brought from poverty into fair prosperity. Earth is groaning under the strain of legitimate hopes of individuals in every society. Here is the big question: How can we wisely make use of the Earth’s resources to provide fulfilling, secure lives for the Earth’s people, now and indefinitely into the future? All of the words are important: “wisely make use,” “fulfilling, secure lives,” “for the Earth’s people,” “now,” “indefinitely into the future.” This is surely a challenge of policy and politics, and of economics and business, but it is without doubt a challenge of chemistry wherever the material world is actually touched. How can we intelligently and efficiently extract, transform, preserve, and reuse resources? How can we understand environmental impact comprehensively and manifest well-chosen mitigations? How can we use less of critical materials in the interest of serving more of the globe – or serving it longer? How can we find synthetic substitutes to a larger spectrum of natural resources in short supply? Embedded in these questions are chemical problems for generations of scientists and engineers. And we can be sure that relevant problems will not cease to arise. No one is going to solve the global material challenges with any single breakthrough or

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Winter 1996

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Winter 1997

Spring 1999

Summer 1997 Once again the heft of the issue was indicative of the meetings activity and growth of the Society’s technical programming. It contained the program for the fall 1997 joint international meeting in Paris, France, another new location for ECS meetings. Submissions were the largest to date (2,463) so far for any ECS meeting. President Barry Miller remarked that this meeting, and the activities of large Sections in Japan and Europe in particular, recognized “our mutual interdependence and responsibility across the globe.” In another prelude to Interface’s and Fall 1997 the Society’s future, this issue featured the Energy Technology Division. The guest editor, Krishnan Rajeshwar, would later become the magazine’s Editor and go on to serve as Society President (2016-2017). The Society’s Energy Technology Division had its genesis as a group back in the 1970s, the era of acute energy shortage. The spark was provided by Jerry Woodall (ECS President, 1990-1991), and the flames fanned by other members such as S. Srinivasan and J. McBreen. Winter 1997 Only hinted at in the summer issue, the Society formally announced the launch of Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (ESL), a new, peer-reviewed, rapid-publication, electronic journal. Given the time constraints of paper + electronic publishing, ESL was a sorely needed resource because of the pace of research and discovery.

Fall 1999

Summer 2000

Fall 2000

Spring 2002

Spring 1998 Wow, five years of Interface blew by and the magazine celebrated with a cover design featuring all the past covers as well as a brief history. Another marker observed in the magazine was the Society’s celebration of 20 years of the Vittorio de Nora Award. Recipients listed were a veritable Who’s Who, including Adam Heller, Charles Tobias, Earnest Yeager, Robert Baboian, and Walter Grot. Summer 1998 “Currents” published the plenary lecture of C. Judson King, Provost and Senior VicePresident of Academic Affairs for the University of California. It was a timely talk, addressing “The Research University of the Twenty-First Century,” covering such topics as “the onslaught of information technology” (little did we know how much an onslaught that would be!), and “financing research and judging its worth”–a clear call to start a discourse on what today is being addressed by conversations and actions around open access and the journal impact factor. “A Tradition of Voting with Your Fall 1998 Feet for Highly Effective Meetings” gave Society members a look at all the variables involved in planning successful meetings: a desire to hold all components of meetings under one roof while accommodating a technical program that was bursting at the seams; rotating locations throughout the world to provide all constituents equal access to the incredible talks and posters; providing good value in hotel accommodations and meeting registration fees; and dealing with current market conditions, in multiple currencies.

Winter 1998 The ECS Lecture at the Boston meeting was given by John Horgan, author of “The End of Science.” In addition to discussing the physical limits, Horgan further explained that the limits of science were political and economic as well. It was one of the livelier plenary sessions the meetings have seen, and the debate with Horgan continued well into the coffee break. Spring 1999 Interface said farewell to Jan Talbot, who moved on to become a Society VP, and said hello to Krishnan Rajeshwar, or “Raj” as he is known. JES announced a number of changes: the table of contents now reflected the true scope of the technical material (the content would be categorized by what would become known as the Society’s Topical Interest Areas), the page layout was updated to be more functional, and JES became available online. Summer 1999 What now seems antiquated was news then: JES would become available on CD-ROM. “IndustryWatch” became a new feature, and this one covered “green” automobiles and hybrid cars, among other topics. The new Fall 1999 “JapanWatch” noted that lithium ion battery shipments to Japan were on the upswing and called out the benefits of the battery. The issue also published a lengthy obituary of Honorary Member Harold Read, former President of ECS. He was a pioneer in electroplating, served as the first technical Editor of JES, and was the Society’s only individual Sustaining Member. Winter 1999 The issue carried the announcement that the ECS journals were now searchable on the Department of Energy’s PubScience, a free online search service, long since supplanted by a number of other DOE services. Spring 2000 As Yogi Berra said, “Prediction is very hard, especially when it’s about the future.” But try Interface did, with a far-ranging and extensive article on “Technology in the Next Century: Reflections on Electrochemistry and Solid State Science and Technology.” A companion article, on “Landmark Discoveries of the Past Century” also appeared, calling out many ECS notables. A report from an ad hoc long range planning committee, appropriate as everyone planned for the next century, closed out the issue. Summer 2000 The first Student Chapter was formed, at the University of Central Florida, under the auspices of the Georgia Section. The 1999 Annual Report was entitled, “A Year of Change” and it reported on the Society’s new headquarters. The move allowed for room for growth and enabled staff to better serve its constituents. While the Fall 2000 Society’s official name did not change, it officially adopted its acronym, ECS, and unveiled a new logo to match. The New Technology Subcommittee, begun in 1970, at its symposium featured a keynote by Adam Heller. At that same meeting, The

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ECS Lecture was given by Carl Djerassi, entitled “NO on Electrochemistry.” Djerassi remained after the plenary to sign copies of his “science-in-fiction” book entitled “NO,” which dealt with the biotech industry. Winter 2000 “The Heartbeat of Science” was an article created from excerpts of the Acheson Award Address given by Larry Faulkner at the fall 1999 meeting. Faulkner, a past ECS President, commented that electrochemistry and solid state science have certainly had a golden age, were probably still in it, and went on to say how a “new” golden age could be achieved. Spring 2001 The issue was devoted to “Global Climate Change.” The issue collected articles that focused on possible solutions coming from the ECS community. JES made the transition to a true, dynamic online journal, with article-at-a-time publishing, fulltext HTML with internal linking, and external reference linking, among other features. To get ready for the Society’s 100th anniversary celebrations, Interface began publishing “Centennial Moments,” with the first one asking, “What does the ancient Greek goddess, Pallas Athene, have to do with ECS?” Summer 2001 ECS was not the only organization celebrating 100 years, and was happy to help NIST celebrate their centennial. Formerly the National Bureau of Standards (founded in 1901), NIST has had major impact through its services, research, and measurement tools. Interface finally went “nano” with a Fall 2001 special issue on nanoscience and nanotechnology. On a larger scale, ECS held its first meeting in China, the International Semiconductor Technology Conference. The meeting was honored to have its plenary address given by Jack Kilby, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000 for his invention of the integrated circuit. Winter 2001 The issue was filled with references to September 11, from the Editor’s column to “From the President.” In the shadows of that terrible event, ECS announced its plans for a hopeful centennial celebration. “Meeting Highlights” reported on the first joint internal meeting just held in San Francisco, with the International Society of Electrochemistry. Further looking toward Europe, the ECS European Section announced the establishment of the Heinz Gerischer Award. Spring 2002 The special centennial issue took readers for a stroll through 100 years of significant history of the Society in the feature article. “Tech Highlights presented” an “All-Star” collection of the top 25 most significant articles appearing in the Society journals. A special two-page spread featured drawings of notable ECS scientists and engineers, mainly from the pen of electrochemist and artist José Zagal. The final note was a sad one, an obituary on the passing of Ernest B. Yeager, internationally known for his pioneering contributions to the fundamental understanding of electrochemical reactions.

Scenes from the centennial Summer 2002 celebration: Rudolph Marcus, 1992 Nobel laureate in Chemistry delivered two talks; and Nobel laureate Sir Harold Kroto (Chemistry, 1996) gave several talks at symposia organized by the newly-minted Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures Division. What do you call a gathering of Past Presidents? There’s a picture of 21 of them, as well as photos of representatives from sister societies from around the world. And there was some poetry too: “The Body Electric,” a poem about ECS and electrochemistry and even Walt Whitman, was written by Mollee Kruger. There was a “roast” of ECS delivered by Barry MacDougall, with his usual wit and panache. Even “Ben Franklin” stopped by to help celebrate. ECS Saving Trees! Attendees of ECS Fall 2002 meetings would begin receiving ECS Meeting Abstracts on CD-ROM only. Long-term supporters would now be recognized by the new Leadership Circle Award, given to Contributing Members that continued their support for 5 or more years. ECS launched its first significant fundraising effort with a Centennial Campaign. The purpose was to raise funds and awareness so the Society could better meet its stated objectives and the needs of its constituents.

Fall 2002

Winter 2002

Winter 2002 Nobel laureate Gerd Binning was announced to deliver The ECS Lecture at the Society’s upcoming meeting in Paris. Binning received the prize in 1986 for his invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. Spring 2003 In keeping with the European setting of the Society’s 203rd meeting, Interface collected a series of perspectives under the department head, “NanoWatch Europe.” The issue closed with a 152page Paris Meeting Program, the 203rd meeting held that spring. Summer 2003 One of the rare book reviews to appear in Interface, this one covered True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen. Bardeen was the only winner of two Nobel prizes in physics, one for the invention of the transistor (in 1956, with Walter Brattain and William Shockley), and the second in 1972 (with Leon Cooper and J. Robert Schrieffer) for his description of the fifty-year “riddle” of superconductivity. The Society took another step toward Fall 2003 an “all-electronic” state for its publications with the introduction of Peer X-Press, an online submission tool built by the American Institute of Physics for its affiliated publishers like ECS. The system would provide a tightly-integrated system for submission, editorial process tracking, and peer review management.

Summer 2003

Winter 2003

Spring 2004

The Society announced the Winter 2003 appointment of Dennis Hess as the new Editor for Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. Hess served as a Divisional Editor for JES and was President of the Society (1996-1997). Eliezer Gileadi delivered the Palladium Award Address at the fall meeting in Orlando, Florida, providing “Some Observations on Conducting Research in the Digital Era.” (continued on next page)

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Summer 2004

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Spring 2005

Summer 2005

Spring 2004 “Free Radicals” this issue was entitled “A Weekend Trip to Mars—Nuclear Fusion: Energy for the Future.” Written by Wilson Greatbatch, the column was a fascinating “off-topic” musing by the inventor of the first successful implantable pacemaker. In a “state-ofthe-union” on ECS publications, the Society was already thinking about open access: “The dynamic aspects of the Internet have become a driving force in the movement for content to be free of all barriers (fees and copyright).” SUImmer 2004 Modern Electroplating, the Society’s first monograph, was translated into Chinese. “The Chalkboard” made its debut, with an article on “The Glass pH Electrode.” This new series of tutorials would be written by experts for the non-specialist audience. One of the functions of Interface is to Fall 2004 provide news about and to members, so obituaries are a regular part of the magazine. In this issue, we noted the passing of Supramaniam Srinivasan. “Srini,” as he was known, was very active in the Society. In 1977, he and Jerry Woodall founded what would become the Energy Technology Division. Winter 2004 Possibly the first time a tractor appeared on the pages of any ECS publication, in this case the picture in question was of John Stickney, guest editor of the issue on electrodeposition. The reason for the tractor? In his “about the author,” Stickney said “he still manages to do some surface modification in his spare time.”

Fall 2005

Spring 2006

Summer 2007

Spring 2005 “Throwback Thursday”? The Student News section had an item on Vijay Ramani receiving the IE&EE Division’s H. H. Dow Memorial Student Award. Flash forward to 2014, when Ramani was named CoEditor of Interface. ECS co-sponsored a special Summer 2005 symposium at the Chemical Heritage Foundation on “Moore’s Law at 40.” Long-time member Gordon Moore himself addressed the gathering. The Society welcomed a new Student Chapter: the Cleveland Section/Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences. More changes for publications: ECS Fall 2005 announced the launch of ECS Transactions, an online database of papers from ECS meetings and ECSsponsored meetings. This new publication replaced the old proceedings volume series and added significant improvements to the availability and usability of the content from the meetings. Another sad notice was the passing of past President Paul Milner. In addition to his contributions as President (1984-1985) and Secretary (two terms, 1974-1980), he was very active on many committees, and he wrote specialized software for ECS to manage its manuscript submissions, membership, and subscriptions. Winter 2005 Nathan Lewis (California Institute of Technology) delivered The ECS Lecture at the fall meeting in Los Angeles. Lewis spoke about “Scientific Challenges in Sustainable Energy Technology.” Plenary session attendees also had a chance to applaud Roque Calvo, who was recognized for his 25 years of service.

Winter 2007

Spring 2006 Previously published stand-alone, the topic of “What Is Electrochemical and Solid State Science?” was given full treatment in Interface. The issue also featured an interview with Vladimir Bagotsky, editor of the new ECS monograph, Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. ECS was proud to announce the launch of its new Digital Library, which collected all of ECS’s online content in one place, and which provided numerous tools for users. Further online innovations brought members and other users a new ECS website. Summer 2006 The obituary for J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. noted that he was a Divisional Editor for JES, served on many committees, and was ECS President (1983-84). A Fellow, Honorary Member, and Acheson Medalist, the Society’s HTM Division named a new award for him. Education has always been important Fall 2006 to ECS, and the issue asked a primary question: does current electrochemical education adequately prepare students to pursue, and be leaders in, our field? The articles provided an interesting array of responses. Another first for ECS was its meeting in Cancun, Mexico; and it was the last time ECS would print a full program in the magazine, because the online editions were quickly providing a much more robust and timely interface. Winter 2006 The IE&EE Division organized its first, and very successful, outreach program to 65 high school and 100 undergraduate Cancun students. Four fuel cell model cars were used by the students in a competition to see who could estimate the hydrogen required to go a measured distance. Spring 2007 ECS expanded its Digital Library to include an additional 20 years of JES content, previously only available in print. The Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures Division created a new award named after Richard Smalley, a pioneer in carbon nanotubes. Summer 2007 ECS announced a major gift, a charitable gift annuity, from past President Robert Frankenthal. John Weidner was named the first Editor of ECS Transactions. Gordon Moore was named an Honorary Member, and the Society noted the passing of another silicon research giant, Bruce Deal. Deal was known throughout the world for his work on silicon oxidation and passivation, and he worked with Gordon Moore and Andy Grove at Fairchild Semiconductor. Fall 2007 Daniel Scherson was named JES Editor. Scherson would go on to become an ECS President. The issue noted the loss of former JES Editor, Norman Hackerman. Hackerman, also an ECS President (1957-58), was a highly-decorated ECS member who left his indelible mark on the journal.

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Winter 2007 ECS and ISE signed a “Cooperation Agreement” to intensify contacts and co-operation in the future. The Digital Library announced new alerting services. The Call for Papers for the joint internal meeting of ECS and The Electrochemical Society of Japan featured a new name and look: a distinctive icon for this evergrowing PRiME. The ECS bookstore underwent Spring 2008 a significant redesign, enabling users to search back to 1967 for publications. ECS announced the first collaboration with the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry: CSE would become a technical cosponsor of the next PRiME meeting. Summer 2008 In an effort to streamline the Society’s governance, the Board of Directors undertook an effort to combine the Constitution and Bylaws into one cohesive document, the “New” Bylaws. Honorary Member Jefferson Cole’s passing was noted in the issue. Long-time member and colleague of Vittorio de Nora, Cole was instrumental in establishing the Society’s de Nora Award. Member benefits have changed many Fall 2008 times since the Society was founded in 1902, and 2008 saw a comprehensive review of benefits. One of the new benefits was a 100-article download pack for the Digital Library, which gave members access to ECS Transactions online for the first time. The global electrochemical Winter 2008 community lost a unique and remarkable person with the passing of Vittorio de Nora. He was considered a brilliant academic, but also went on to become an astute businessman who led the globalization of the chlor-alkali industry following World War II. Honorary Member and Acheson Medalist, one of the Society’s top awards is named after de Nora. Spring 2009 “ECS Science at Its Best” was heralded on the cover of this issue. Inside were articles on the most-cited papers from JES (“classics”), updates from the best in the field on what’s happened since the original publication of some of those JES “classics,” and an ECS “Hall of Fame” (U.S. National Medal recipients). The San Francisco Special Meeting Section highlighted a special symposium, “Grand Challenges & Opportunities in Energy Conversion and Storage,” with presentations by 16 scientists, including 12 members of the U.S. National Academies. ECS Transactions published its 5,000th paper. Summer 2009 A new column was introduced, “Websites of Note.” Long-time ECS member Zoltan Nagy would research sites for the column; Nagy maintained several electrochemistry websites himself. Another book review was featured, this time on the new Society monograph, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, by Mark Orazem and Bernard Tribollet.

The Society ventured to Vienna, Fall 2009 Austria for the first time and the fall issue provided a look at the symposium topics and impressive list of featured speakers, including David Shoesmith, Dieter Kolb, Henry White, and Martin Stratmann. Jerry Woodall, past President, Winter 2009 challenged ECS to raise funds to significantly boost the Norman Hackerman Young Author Awards. Woodall’s gift of $50,000 matched donations from the challenge campaign. This outstanding gift was one of the largest ever made to the Society.

Spring 2008

Spring 2010 “ECS Science at Its Best” was reprised in this issue, in “JES Classics Redux.” An additional seven “classic” JES articles received contemporary commentaries by members of seven ECS Divisions. Summer 2010 The issue took a bit of a different tangent from the typical technical articles, and instead focused on articles around “Leadership and Education in Electrochemical Engineering,” guest edited by the IE&EE Division. The issue also showcased the IE&EE New Electrochemical Technology Award, one of the only ECS awards that recognizes team excellence. This was one of the first Interface Fall 2010 issues to focus on the “smart grid.” Entitled “Lighting in a Bottle,” it covered the challenges associated with storing energy for that grid. One interesting comment from the Introduction was that “…if current trends continue, solar installations on homes and businesses will become cost-effective…” Six years after this issue, and with announcements from companies like Tesla, we’re making progress in that direction.

Summer 2009

Fall 2009

Winter 2010 The Energy Technology Division announced a new award for young investigators named after Supramaniam Srinivasan, one of the cofounders of that Division. “Currents” featured an article on “Scialog: A Methodology for Accelerating Breakthroughs for Solving Complex World Issues.” In a first for Interface, the journal Chemical Sensors translated this issue into Chinese. Spring 2011 Another topic new to Interface was graphene, with an issue entitled, “Another New Kid on the Carbon Block.” Some of the words used to describe this material in the articles included “magic” and “future for semiconductors.”

Winter 2010

Summer 2011 ECS President Esther Takeuchi was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Takeuchi holds more than 140 patents and received the National Medal of Technology and Innovation in 2009. ECS received its largest-ever bequest, Fall 2011 a cash gift of $208,000 plus stocks, from Robert Dean Hancock, founder of the Micromanipulator Company. The fall meeting, in Boston, hosted the first Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S), an international summit in support of societal energy needs. The E2S panel included speakers from around the world.

Fall 2011

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Spring 2012

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Winter 2011 Too many leaders lost to the ECS community, were noted in this issue: Dieter Kolb, Richard Buck, Wilson Greatbatch, and James McBreen. On an upbeat note, a new Section was established in Chile.

Summer 2012

Summer 2013

Fall 2013

Spring 2012 After a period of study and reflection, ECS decided to create a spin-off from JES. The new journal, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) was designed to focus on just those aspects captured in its title. As an important step undertaken to prepare for the new journals, the Society created a Task Force to study the Society’s Topical Interest Areas (TIAs) and ensure that all content, in publications and meetings, represented the Society’s technical domain in its current state. The new position of Technical Editor was created, with each Technical Editor responsible for one of the TIAs in the journals. Readers met the members of the restructured Editorial Board for the journal; and the Society announced a new home for the ECS Digital Library on the Highwire Press platform. Sadly, more notable ECS members passed away: Arnie Reisman, Wayne Worrell, and Milan Paunovic. Summer 2012 “Living in an Accelerating Frame of Reference” was the theme of ECS President Fernando Garzon’s column, in which he (rapidly) detailed all the changes that the Society had implemented in just the past year (new journals, new meeting apps), while noting the increasing stresses for members (expectations of extraordinary publication rates, innovation success, fundraising, and more). Fall/Winter 2012 Notable was a “house ad” calling for papers for a special focus issue for one of the journals, representing a new initiative under the new journals structure. The PRiME 2012 meeting was the largest of its kind to date. Hawaii’s Lt. Governor Brian Schatz (now U.S. Senator Schatz) delivered the opening remarks at the Electrochemical Energy Summit.

Winter 2013

Spring 2014

Winter 2014

Spring 2013 The ECS “Hall of Fame” added two more to its list; Allen Bard and John Goodenough were both awarded the U.S. National Medal of Science. Lubomyr Romankiw was honored for 50 years of electrochemistry with IBM. Romankiw was recognized internationally for his work on magnetic recording. Summer 2013 ECS President Tetsuya Osaka noted in his column that the increase in the number of biannual meeting attendees was more than likely motivated by growing global concerns about environmental and energy issues, a core strength of ECS. Because of the highly-topical nature of the contribution, a “Currents” contribution from Adam Heller was published online first (a first for Interface). The article was entitled, “The G. S. Yuasa-Boeing 787 Li-ion Battery: Test It at a Low Temperature and Keep It Warm in Flight.”

With ECS Transactions (ECST) Fall 2013 approaching almost a decade of publication, its Advisory Board conducted a wide-ranging survey and held a discussion about its future. One of the strengths noted by the respondents, and those who attended the open discussions at the spring meeting, was the flexibility that different groups (ECS symposia and outside conferences) take in publishing content in ECST. This strength would come to play a major role in the redesign of ECST ahead in 2016. Winter 2013 This was the issue in which we said farewell to “Raj,” at least as Editor of Interface, as he completed 15 years of service to magazine and stepped into the role of ECS Vice-President. Spring 2014 With this issue, Interface began writing some new chapters in its history. The magazine welcomed not one, but two, new editors. Vijay Ramani would take on the Co-Editor responsibilities for the technical articles, and Petr Vanýsek would take on special interest articles (like “ECS Classics”) and news. The Managing Editor mantle would be taken up by Annie Goedkoop, ECS’s Director of Publications. This enabled Mary Yess, Managing Editor of the magazine from its inception, to more fully take up her role as Deputy Executive Director and Publisher, to develop content for all publications. ECS announced the launching of its first Open Access initiative, Author Choice Open Access; and Executive Director Roque Calvo wrote about the Society’s future plans to Free the Science. Summer 2014 President Paul Kohl, in his “From the President” column, announced the formation of the Committee on the Free Dissemination of Research (CFDR), to be headed by Larry Faulkner. The CFDR was charged with the goal of raising funds to make Free the Science a reality. In further support of publishing high-quality content, the Society established the Deal & Grove Young Author Award, complementing the existing award named for Norman Hackerman. In addition to its own highly successFall 2014 ful meetings, ECS also sponsors many other meetings and manages conferences as well. The International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB) 2014 iteration, held in Como, Italy, was the latest IMLB that ECS managed. Back across the globe, ECS partnered with the Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquimica to hold a joint international meeting in Cancun, Mexico. The new Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science was announced.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Winter 2014 The Society was very excited to announce the results of its first, and unique event, “Science for Solving Society’s Problems Challenge.” ECS partnered with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to leverage the brainpower of the many scientists and engineers gathered at the meeting. Over 100 researchers were guided through a brainstorming session and working group sessions on the theme of improving access to better sanitation and clean water. Researchers then had 2 days to develop proposals. Four winners shared $210,000 in seed funding for their projects. Electric vehicles, photovoltaics, Spring 2015 batteries, fuel cells, and the grid have been consistent themes throughout Interface’s history, and all of these topics were updated in this issue. While much has been written about one-way flow of power to vehicles, one of the articles touched on the aspect of V2G, or energy transfers from vehicles back to the grid.

Summer 2016 There’s Web 2.0, something or other 3.1, but how about Industry 4.0? In his column, CoEditor Petr Vanýsek wrote on Industry 4.0, which aims to alter the way the whole manufacturing process works, with the goal of high customization and flexibility of mass production. He called out the many pros and cons (new jobs/loss of jobs, big data opportunities, and data security/loss of privacy) and noted that the initiative, which started in Germany in 2011, is now spreading throughout Europe, and is even being felt in the U.S. Society News announced the winners Fall 2016 of the new ECS and Toyota North America Fellowships. The Battery Division announced the KM Abraham Travel Awards, established through a generous gift of $50,000 from Dr. Abraham. Free the Science announced the formation of an Advisory Board to offer expertise and to forge the connections so necessary for ECS to reach its fundraising goals. The issue celebrated the 25th anniversary of the commercialization of the lithium-ion battery with articles from the researchers so instrumental in that happening.

Summer 2015

Fall 2015

VOL. 24, NO.4 Winter 2015

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

The Fall of the Falling Mercury

7 From the President:

Fast Forward to 2051!

9 Phoenix, Arizona

Meeting Highlights

20 Candidates

Winter 2016 We did it! Yes, we—all the authors, editors, advertisers, printers, photographers, writers, members, students, scientists, engineers—have made Interface the highly-respected, U highly-valued INESCENCE publication that it is today. On to the nextM25!

for Society Offices

36 ECS Classics–Story of

the Drop: The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets

41 Tech Highlights 43 The Impact of

Light Emitting Diodes

45 Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting

51 Polymeric Materials in

Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications

55 Phosphors by Design

VOL. 24, NO. 4

Th L

e s ig I m p a c t o f ht de Em i tti n g Dio

85 PRiME 2016, Honolulu, HI Call for Papers

Winter 2015

25 Years

Spring 2016

Winter 2016

For only the third time in Interface Fall 2015 history, the cover was given over to a person. This time, the magazine honored Adam Heller, celebrating 54 years of innovation. Heller delivered The ECS Lecture on “Wealth, Global Warming, and Geoengineering.” Pennington Corner, this time written by ECS Publisher Mary Yess, announced the latest changes for ECS publications: streamlined offerings (four journals—two Letters-type and two “regular” journals—consolidated to two), the new Communication article type, and the new Editors’ Choice designation. The ECS satellite meeting in Glasgow, Scotland was an exciting success. More than 800 attendees from over 40 countries (and more than half first-time ECS meeting attendees) participated in three main tracks on electrochemical energy conversion & storage. Society News noted the passing of Al Salkind, eminent battery scientist.

Spring 2015

Winter 2015

Summer 2015 ECS President Dan Scherson’s column centered on “Worthy Goals,” which provided a rapid walk through open access issues such as governmental mandates, and through the report of the CFDR, which concluded it was the right time to move forward with a major campaign effort to help ECS reach its Free the Science goals. “Focus on Focus Issues” was a new column showcasing the most recent focus issues of the ECS journals. The issue announced the addition of Altmetrics to the Society’s Digital Library, providing a better way for authors to track the discussion surrounding their work.

Spring 2016 Well, here we are finally, at the year in which we celebrate Interface’s silver jubilee. Interface Co-Editor Vijay Ramani wrote about the purposes of Interface: educate and inform, provide an archive of ECS activities, and give insights into the ongoing state-of-the-art research within every branch of the Society. He noted that Interface would now be a true part of the ECS Digital Library, with full archiving and indexing. “35 Years of Advancing and Freeing the Science” was an interview with ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo. The Free the Science initiative was formally announced. Meetings reported on a new mobile-friendly website; and the new “ECS Masters Series,” a growing collection of key figures in electrochemistry and solid state science, were highlighted.

VOL. 25, NO.4 Winter 2016

VOL. 25, NO.1 Spring 2016

Additive MAnufActuring & electrocheMistry

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

the Phone System More Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs

8 Pennington Corner:

63 Additive Manufacturing for

61 Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry

Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms

69 The Emerging Role of

Winter 2015

11 Honolulu, Hawaii

VOL. 24, NO.4 Winter 2015

Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing

PRiME Meeting Highlights

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

The Fall of the Falling Mercury

7 From the President:

Fast Forward to 2051!

9 Phoenix, Arizona

75 Additive Manufacturing:

Meeting Highlights

20 Candidates

for Society Offices

36 ECS Classics–Story of

51 Polymeric Materials in

Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications

INESCENCE

VOL. 24, NO. 4

Rethinking Battery Design

for Society Offices

55 Phosphors by Design

e s ig I m p a c t o f ht de Emitting Dio

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85 PRiME 2016, Honolulu, HI Call for Papers

INTERFACE

56 The Chalkboard: Work

VOL. 25, NO. 1

Function in Electrochemistry

59 Tech Highlights 61 The Sensor Division Issue Fall 2016

Summer 2016

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VOL. 25, NO.3 Fall 2016

3 From the Editor: Industry 4.0

7 From the President:

IN THIS ISSUE

More Transitions: Déjà Vu All Over Again!

3 From the Editor:

San Diego, California ECS Meeting Highlights

Electrochemistry and the Olympics

7 Pennington Corner:

29 Electric Vehicles

Digital Media to Promote the Importance of Our Research

Will Save the World

33 Tech Highlights

35 Electrons as “Agents”

31 Special Section:

PRiME 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii

and “Signals” of Change in Organic Chemistry, Biology, and Beyond

PMS motor DC/AC inverter

Elec

battery

Computational Studies on the Structure of Electrogenerated Ion Pairs

50 ECS Classics–Historical Origins of the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

63 Tech Highlights

63 Portable Breath Monitoring: A New Frontier in Personalized Health Care

65 Lithium-Ion Batteries—

41 Catalytic Reduction of

The 25th Anniversary of Commercialization

Organic Halides by Electrogenerated Nickel(I) Salen

67 Batteries and a Sustainable

47 Low-Cost Microfluidic

liThium-ion BATTeries The 25Th AnniversAry

Arrays for Protein-Based Cancer Diagnostics Using ECL Detection

53 Anodic Olefin Coupling

Reactions: A Mechanism Driven Approach to the Development of New Synthetic Tools

The 25Th AnniversAry of of CommerCiAlizATion CommerCiAlizATion

INTERFACE

VOL. 25, NO. 3

VOL. 25, NO. 2

troc

hem

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37 When Ions Meet:

Modern Society

71 The Dawn

of Lithium-Ion Batteries

75 Importance of Coulombic

Efficiency Measurements in R&D Efforts to Obtain Long-Lived Li-Ion Batteries

79 The Li-Ion Battery:

25 Years of Exciting and Enriching Experiences

85 Lithium and Lithium-Ion

Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

INTERFACE

69 Ubiquitous Wearable

Electrochemical Sensors

73 Rapid Water Quality

Spring 2016

Monitoring for Microbial Contamination

79 Smartphone-Based Sensors 109 National Harbor, Maryland Call for Papers

Fall 2016

Spring 2016

VOL. 25, NO. 1

Winter 2015 Planning for PRiME 2016 had been underway since the closing of the 2012 meeting, and the partners (ECS and ECSJ) were pleased to announce the addition of a third partner for 2016, the Korean Electrochemical Society.

32 Candidates

the Drop: The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets

Light Emitting Diodes Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting

229th ECS Meeting San Diego, California

59 Tech Highlights

25 Years at the Corner

41 Tech Highlights

Evolution … Revolution

7 From the President: Leading the Band

43 The Impact of

Interface @ 25!

7 Pennington Corner:

54 ECS Classics–Making

“Use what you need, but need what you use”

45 Impact of Light Emitting

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

33 Special Section:

VOL. 25, NO.1 Spring 2016

Additive MAnufActuring & electrocheMistry

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Interface @ 25!

7 Pennington Corner:

Evolution … Revolution

33 Special Section:

229th ECS Meeting San Diego, California

54 ECS Classics–Making

the Phone System More Reliable: Battery Research at Bell Labs

59 Tech Highlights 61 Additive Manufacturing and Electrochemistry

63 Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemical (Micro)Fluidic Platforms

69 The Emerging Role of

Electrodeposition in Additive Manufacturing

75 Additive Manufacturing:

Rethinking Battery Design

INTERFACE

VOL. 25, NO. 1

INTERFACE

VOL. 25, NO.3 Fall 2016

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Mary Yess is the Society’s Deputy Executive Director and Publisher. She was Interface’s Managing Editor from 1996 until 2014. Yess celebrated her own anniversary—20 years—in 2016 (see page 53). http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3909-6524 @maryyess

Electrochemistry and the Olympics

7 Pennington Corner:

Digital Media to Promote the Importance of Our Research

31 Special Section:

PRiME 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii

PMS motor DC/AC inverter battery

Origins of the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

63 Tech Highlights 65 Lithium-Ion Batteries— The 25th Anniversary of Commercialization

67 Batteries and a Sustainable

liThium-ion BATTeries The 25Th AnniversAry The 25Th AnniversAry of of CommerCiAlizATion CommerCiAlizATion VOL. 25, NO. 3

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

50 ECS Classics–Historical

Modern Society

71 The Dawn

of Lithium-Ion Batteries

75 Importance of Coulombic

Efficiency Measurements in R&D Efforts to Obtain Long-Lived Li-Ion Batteries

79 The Li-Ion Battery:

25 Years of Exciting and Enriching Experiences

85 Lithium and Lithium-Ion

Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

INTERFACE

Fall 2016

candidates for for societ society y office office candidates The following are biographical sketches and candidacy statements of the nominated candidates for the annual election of ECS officers. As the Society will discontinue the mail proxy process, electronic ballots and instructions will be sent in January 2017 to all members of the Society. The offices not affected by this election are that of the Secretary and the Treasurer.

Candidate for President

Candidates for Vice President

Johna Leddy is Associate Professor of Chemistry at the University of Iowa. After earning her BA in chemistry at Rice University and PhD at the University of Texas, she was a postdoctoral researcher in the Fuel Cell Program at Los Alamos National Labs. After five years at Queens College, City University of New York, she moved to Iowa. Her research interests are in physical manipulation of electrocatalysis as by ultrasound in a thin layer and by modifying electrodes with various materials that include magnetic microparticles and algae. Leddy models these and other electrochemical systems through transport, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Her fundamental research maps to advanced electrochemical energy technologies. Together with her group, Leddy holds 26 US patents. Leddy has served as treasurer and president of the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry. For ECS, she has served as chair of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division, Society secretary, and vice president. She is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society and featured on ECS trading card #30.

A ndrew Hoff is Professor and Graduate Coordinator of Electrical Engineering at the University of South Florida in Tampa. He received his doctorate in electrical engineering from The Pennsylvania State University in 1988 and joined the faculty at USF the same year as a founding member of the Center for Microelectronics Research. He is past director of the CMR Metrology Laboratory and co-director of the Agile, state workforce training, Initiative (19982004). He has directed or collaborated on NSF-ATE workforce development programs in Florida since 2002. Hoff’s research has focused on diverse applications of plasma processing in material and biomedical realms. These include afterglow chemical processes, Corona-Kelvin Metrology, and drug and DNA molecular delivery for cancer treatment. He received a Pioneering Award for Non-Contact Metrology (2000) and Outstanding Engineering Educator award from Florida West Coast IEEE (2013). He has authored over 100 papers and holds 12 patents. Hoff joined ECS as a student member in the late 1970s and began attending conferences in the late 1980s. His activities in the Electronics and Photonics Division membership began in 2003 and he has consistently served the society through that division in the following capacities: symposium organizer, division representative to the Publication Committee (2005-2009), Interface Advisory Board (2005-2011), secretary (2007-2009), vice chair (2009-2011), chair (2011-2013), and past chair (2013-present).

Statement of Candidacy

The nexus that is ECS links researchers, their communications, and the world beyond the lab by disseminating research through the discourse of publications and meetings. ECS is the professional home to many, where members share ideas and enthusiasms and invest energy in the advancement of science and the organization. Dissemination mechanisms change, but the enthusiastic support of the members for the research and for ECS remains unabated. With the rise of commercial publishers, forces of profit threaten to override the review integrity that is critical to vet quality science. To protect the integrity and dissemination of science, ECS has committed to eliminate all cost to publish open access, to make electrochemical and solid state research freely available to all. To support this bold and novel plan, the Free the Science

Statement of Candidacy

Nearly two decades into its second century, ECS strives to enable and advance electrochemical and solid state science and technology exploration and knowledge generation through the active participation of its members. Members, nonmembers and ECS staff accomplish this through timely dissemination of research at biannual and select inter-organization meetings and by publishing high quality content for utilization by this community.

Stefan De Gendt is a full professor of chemistry at Catholic University of Leuven and a research manager at imec. He received a Doctor of Science degree from University of Antwerp in 1995 which included a sabbatical at the University of Florida. He was subsequently recruited by imec, the worldʼs largest independent research institute in nano electronics and technology. Over his 20-year career at imec, research activities included metrology, semiconductor cleaning and passivation, high-k and metal gate unit process research, and post-CMOS nanotechnology (including nanowires, carbon nanotubes, graphene and related 2D materials). De Gendt was program manager for imec’s high-k and metal gate program from 2000, pioneering the exploration of alternative gate dielectrics and electrodes for CMOS technologies, and program manager for imec’s post CMOS nano program pioneering nanowire-based TFET’s, CNT-based interconnect applications and 2D material research. In 2003, he was appointed research professor at the Catholic University of Leuven and, since then, has mentored almost 25 PhD students and a multitude of master degree students in the various aforementioned research domains. With his respective teams, he co-authored 500+ peer-reviewed journal publications and edited 20+ proceeding volumes. De Gendt has received research project grants from the Belgian Science Foundation and European Union. He served as technical program chair of the 2016 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM) and has delivered several invited presentations for the leading scientific professional societies, ECS, MRS and AVS, among them. De Gendt’s first contact with The Electrochemical Society was in 1996. After regular conference attendance, he became an active member in 2000 and participated in the organization of several symposia. He serves as technical editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. De Gendt has served the

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Johna Leddy

Stefan De Gendt (continued from previous page)

(continued from previous page)

Campaign is launched. As ECS sails into uncharted domains, ahead of the ill winds of profit, I ask members to advocate to Free the Science. It is important. As President of ECS, I will ensure a steady flow of information and ideas about how to engage Free the Science. Information plus energy will set the research free.

Electronics & Photonics and Dielectric Science &Technology divisions as an executive committee member since 2005. He has been instrumental in promoting the Society internationally as a member of the Europe Section. De Gendt became a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society in 2012.

Andrew Hoff

Advancing science and technology is not just the mission of The Electrochemical Society, it should be the goal of every scientifically educated individual. In the past century, ECS has achieved its goals through encouraging research, dissemination of knowledge, and the education of its members. Education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) of generations to come is a crucial pillar of our societal responsibility. With a network of over 8,000 scientists and engineers, ECS is invaluable for enriching people’s scientific and professional career. Expanding this membership base on a global level, leaving ample opportunities for active participation by young, as well as established researchers, from traditional and emerging countries, should be our target. We should use our tools for dissemination of knowledge efficiently. Our vibrant conferences should

(continued from previous page)

As such, a vibrant, diverse and engaged membership is both the strength of ECS and most important, the motivation for individuals, new and existing in the community that ECS serves, to join the society. As the electronic age continues to link to a broader cross-section of the global population, ECS has positioned itself well to serve and engage with existing and emerging communities of scientific practice. If elected, my focus will be on: (i) continuation of the effort to provide open access to ECS publications; (ii) increased student participation and membership development; (iii) promotion of the Society’s growth through international outreach and interorganization cooperation; (iv) expanding symposia and activities that bridge the gap between electrochemical and solid state topics, such as bioelectric topics; and (v) work to expand and enhance the Society’s web presence and interactions with ECS allied communities.

Statement of Candidacy

In the

• The spring 2017 issue of Interface will be a special issue on the theme of Molecular Design for Next Generation Polymer Electrolytes Used in Electrochemical Devices. The issue will be guest edited by Christopher Arges from Louisiana State University. The following contributions are envisaged (list of authors and titles are tentative and subject to change): “Alignment of Ionic Domains in Microphase Separated Polymer Electrolytes,” by Paul Nealey and co-authors; “Molecular Modeling of Electrolytes for Metal-Air Batteries,” by Revati Kumar and Ryan Jorn; “PFSAs with High Ionic Conductivity at Low Relative Humidities through Novel Sulfono-imide Side Chains,” by Michael Yandrasits; and “Synthetic Routes for Stable and Functional Anion Exchange Membranes,” by Michael Hickner.

further expand globally and bring science to the people, such that the world has access to updated knowledge and international experience. It is important to maintain and strengthen our publication pillar by raising the impact factor through definition of focus areas, critical reviews and contributions by the leaders in technological domains. Pivotal in this are our publications and the pioneering role played with the Free the Science initiative toward open access. Only by opening, and democratizing research, science can more rapidly advance society at large. Sustaining further growth in ECS membership is crucial, yet it is equally important to make sure that our members feel engaged with the Society. Encouraging members to participate in conference organization, rewarding outstanding achievements and bringing together technical experts to discuss emerging and established research will maintain the Society at the forefront of electrochemical and solid state science and technology for many years to come. Strong leadership is a prerequisite to develop content and innovativeness in a changing world and if elected, I will serve ECS and its members to the fullest of my capacities. Thank you for your consideration of my candidacy.

issue of

• E. J. Taylor will write about intellectual property and patent issues in the first of a series of columns on these topics to appear in Interface. • ECS Spring 2017 Meeting in New Orleans. The spring issue will feature a special section on the upcoming ECS meeting, with information on special lectures and symposia. • Tech Highlights continues to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Moore’s Law: The Beginnings by Rob Gerth

In 1965, Moore’s law forever changed the world of technology. In that year, Gordon Moore wrote an article predicting the future of the semiconductor industry—a prophecy that shaped the modern technology industry, giving early startups the confidence to invest in electronics. The law, which states that the number of transistors on a silicon chip would double every year (later revised to every two years), has paved the way for companies to make faster, smaller, and more affordable transistors for over 50 Gordon Moore is one years—setting the pace for the modern of the few people whose digital revolution. photograph has graced the cover of Interface. The While Moore may have put his spring 1997 issue included prediction in writing in 1965, the ideas an interview with Moore surrounding the phenomenon began in which he shared his taking root before he put pen to paper. views on semiconductor In a recent interview that ECS conducted th technology on the 50 with Moore, he said his vision that the anniversary of the number of transistors per chip would invention of the transistor. double every two years was articulated in public for the very first time at an ECS meeting of the Society’s San Francisco Section in 1964. “I was thinking about those kinds of things at that time,” Moore recalled in a recent conversation with ECS. “That meeting was right around the time I was writing the article for Electronics.”

Solid State Shift In 1947, the stage was being set for a major change in the world of electronics, and the catalyst for that change was Bell Labs’ development of the transistor, which is the key technology behind modern day electronics. The development of the transistor would not only lead to a surge in solid state science, but also a major shift in ECS. By the time Moore joined ECS in 1957, the membership of the Society’s Electronics Division had swelled tremendously—making it the largest Division in the Society at that time. With guidance from Moore and other young solid state revolutionaries, ECS’s Electronics Division began moving away from technologies that blossomed with the advent of the television (i.e., phosphors for fluorescent light bulbs and cathode ray tubes) in lieu of new, vibrant technologies growing out of Bell Labs in New Jersey and the San Francisco Bay Area. “There were a large number of semiconductor companies in the Bay Area,” Moore says. “There were a variety of papers that related to the semiconductor business, so we were seeing a change.”

Evolving Technology of the Semiconductor In addition to the shift happening in the Society’s Electronics Division, a similar change was happening simultaneously in the Society’s San Francisco Section—the Section that Moore often referred to as his home court. By the mid- to late-1960s, the dramatic buildup of the semiconductor industry resulted in the Section’s shifted interests toward solid state topics. Moore presented a talk toward the end of

1964 at ECS’s San Francisco Section meeting entitled, “The Evolving Technology of the Semiconductor Integrated Circuits,” where he began to lay out the underlying foundation of Moore’s law and his vision for the future potential of semiconductor electronics.

“A Low-Key Start” This from Moore’s Law: The Life of Gordon Moore, Silicon Valley’s Quiet Revolutionary: In prior publications, (Moore) had laid out his ideas; now it was time to convey his insights to the technical community as compellingly as he could and to convince others about the future of electronics. Preaching his message would take practice, hence a low-key start on home turf, with a talk on December 2, [1964] to a local section of The Electrochemical Society on the San Francisco Peninsula. In his talk, Moore stated that, “The evolution of integrated circuit technology will be reviewed and extrapolated into the future. An attempt will be made to indicate the extent of the revolution of electronics that will be precipitated as a result of these technological advances.”

50 Years and Counting Much has changed in the computing and electronics industries over the past 50 years, but the iconic Moore’s law still guides Silicon Valley and the technology industry at large. “The fact that we’ve been able to continue [Moore’s law] this long has surprised me more than anything,” Moore says. “There always seems to be an impenetrable barrier down the road, but as we get closer to it, people come up with solutions.” While the law has proven correct for the past five decades, some researchers believe it could be hitting a plateau. As for Moore, he believes that there are certainly limitations in the horizon—nothing, however, that could trump the semiconductor industry. “To me, it’s very difficult to replace semiconductor technology,” Moore says. “It’s a result of several billion dollars of R&D investments and instead of being replaced, it’s penetrating other fields more and more all the time. I would be very reluctant to say something like quantum computing or the other ideas out there right now could come along and replace the semiconductor technology.”

Moore’s Impact Almost 60 years later, and Moore is still a member of ECS (now with an award named in his honor). Further, his theory that defined the tech industry is still driving the progress of electronics. What Moore said in the spring 1997 issue of ECS’s member magazine Interface—with him featured on the cover—still rings true today: “We have a fair ways to go just to continue to push the technology to smaller and smaller things, higher and higher performance,” Moore said. “The people who use that technology to make products will then have billions of transistors on a chip to work with, and that gives them almost open-ended possibilities.” Rob Gerth is the ECS Director of Marketing and Communications. He may be reached at rob.gerth@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Digital Media

Your source for up-to-date video and audio about electrochemistry and solid state science and technology

NOW SHOWING ECS Masters Series Interviews with the key figures in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology.

Rudolph A. Marcus

Adam Heller

Allen J. Bard

Esther S. Takeuchi

Khalil Amine

Christian Amatore

Subhash Singhal

John Turner

AJ Arvia 1981

Allen J. Bard 1983

Charles Tobias 1982

Heinz Gerischer 1984

Harry Atwater

Gema Reguera

Neus Sabaté

M. Stanley Whittingham

The ECS Podcast Connecting the dots between the sciences and our everyday lives.

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About ECS Meet our members, see what a meeting is like, and learn how to #FreetheScience. #FreetheScience

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Why join ECS?

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For more content go to

www.electrochem.org/digital-media

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Scientific publishing is a multi-billion dollar industry, yet little of that money is reinvested in the scientists actually conducting the research. Paywalls for those looking to access information and high open access publish-

ing fees impede scientific progress and favor individuals and institutions with resources. As one of the last independent, nonprofit scientific publishers completely governed by scientists, The Electrochemical Society has developed a business-model-changing initiative called Free the Science that will make our research freely available to all readers, while becoming free for authors to publish. Free the Science is ECS’s initiative to keep the money in research rather than in the publishing industry.

That means ECS is giving up its income stream – selling scientific research to individuals and institutions. To offset this the Society needs to raise a significant fund over the next six years to support the continued production and dissemination of our high quality, peerreviewed scientific research. ECS is not creating a new journal for open access, like many of the for-profit publishers, we are taking our current highly regarded, peer-reviewed journals and making them free to all. We talked to dozens of scientists and engineers about the concept of Free the Science. Here is what some of them had to say.

The New Model for Scientific Publishing i “The whole game has been turned upside down, in terms of how it’s done, what people are reading, how they are using the information, how we are disseminating the research results to the public. And so the key here is either adapt or fall by the wayside and be irrelevant.”

“ECS could take the easy road and collaborate with a commercial, for-profit publisher. However, Christina Bock there’s a clear Senior Research downside in the long Scientist at run because ECS is the National Research formed by the Council and 3rd Vice President members and its of ECS mission is to disseminate the science. If we lose the journals, we lose the content.”

It’s now or never to make this move.

Krishnan Rajeshwar University of Texas at Austin professor and ECS President

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Dennis Hess Georgia Institute of Technology professor, editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, and past ECS President

Johna Leddy University of Iowa professor and current ECS Senior Vice President

“Consider the frustration of knowing that the article you need is out there, but you don’t have access to it because you can’t afford to pay for the article. If you had that piece of information, what might you build? What might you do to change things?”

“As commercial publishers got involved, this became much more of: we need to generate a profit. And that leads you down certain paths in order to ensure that the profit can be generated for shareholders and that, in many cases, dilutes the quality that you’re willing to accept because you need to fill your pages in your journals because your subscription income depends on it.”

“The rise of commercial publishers has corrupted the process by which we vet, disseminate, and research. Commercial publishing is undermining the quality of science.”

You are either for-science or for-profit.

“If you have $3,000, will you use that money to support a student’s salary? Or buy materials? Or to publish your results? That can become a concern.” i

Lili Deligianni IBM Principal Investigator and past ECS Secretary

“The authors are going to get their information read more widely. They’re going to get cited more widely, and that should open up collaborations, and just expand and grow the field at a much more rapid rate.”

“ECS doesn’t just publish papers; ECS actually publishes good science.”

EJ Taylor Chief Technical Officer of Faraday Technology and ECS Treasurer

Shirley Meng University of California San Diego professor and Vice Chair of the ECS Battery Division

Authors need to stand up to the system.

“Commercial publishers are interested in making money, not facilitating authors’ goal of distributing their results and getting people to use, cite, and further develop their work. Gerald Frankel Ohio State These for-profit publishers, because they need TheUniversity professor and technical to make money, they have a different editor of the Journal of The approach, they get a different set of criteria Electrochemical Society for the whole process. Not with the authors’ interest in the front of their minds. And the authors, really, are kind of used in the process. They are donating their work to this company to make money from and the company should try to make sure that the quality is good. But I found that sometimes decisions are made that interferes with that, decisions based on profit-making actually.”

“Knowledge and information are power, and ECS is determined to give the power back to the people, back to the authors, back to the researchers, and back to the scientists.”

Yue Kuo Texas A&M University professor and 2nd Vice President of ECS

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“I get a lot of requests from students in developing Shirley Meng University of California San countries. Their Diego professor and Vice Chair institution may of the ECS Battery Division not have the resources to subscribe to the journals, and they send me personal emails to ask for a paper. In some way, ECS is helping developing countries build up their science program.”

“Giving access to people in developing nations and David Go University of schools that do Notre Dame professor and previous ECS not have the Toyota Young same economic Investigator Fellowship winner resources as some of the higher-tier research institutions, opens up more people to that knowledge, and they can either build upon it or utilize it.”

“(Free the Science) means that we are truly democratizing the Krishnan Rajeshwar practice of University of at Austin publishing. We’re Texas professor and ECS President making it an even playing field. It makes it easy for authors to get their results out to places where the use of those results could be maximized. Let’s face it, ultimately what are we doing all this for? We are doing this to improve the quality of life and to leave a better world for the succeeding generations than what we found.”

Free the Science will have a global impact.

ECS is uniquely qualified to Free the Science.

“ECS has a long history of excellent science, and doing excellent science vetting. The reviewers of ECS journals are there because they’re interested in science.You get good quality people who are knowledgeable in the field in which you are submitting a paper.” i

“I think it’s good that we make the information available, but we really need a way of controlling or evaluating to make sure the information is correct. ECS has high quality standards, so the Society can play a really important role in that.”

Neus Sabaté Researcher at the Microelectronic Institute in Barcelona and Science for Solving Society’s Problems Challenge grantee

“ECS is one of the oldest professional societies with a great reputation. Written in Yue Kuo Texas A&M University its history are many professor and 2 Vice famous authors and President of ECS members, from Nobel Prize laurates to industry leaders and pioneers.”

Johna Leddy University of Iowa professor and current ECS Senior Vice President

Learn more at

freethescience.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Free the Science: Make Your Work More Accessible, Make It Open Access! socie t y ne ws

Reach More Readers

Quality Publications

ECS Author Choice Open Access gives you the opportunity to make your papers freely available to any scientist (or anyone, for that matter) with an Internet connection, increasing your pool of potential readers. Papers not published as Open Access can only be read by those from a subscribing institution or those who are willing to pay a fee to access it.

Our two peer-reviewed titles are among the most highly-regarded, highly-cited, and highly-ranked in their areas. Choosing to make your paper Open Access within these journals makes no difference to the quality processes we uphold at ECS—selection criteria and peer review remain exactly the same. ECS publications have always focused on maintaining the highest standards of peer review, and we will continue to maintain these practices for all manuscript submissions.

Free the Science, Save the World

When publishing Open Access the copyright remains with the author.

The author selects one of two Creative Commons (CC) usage licenses defining how the article may be used by the general public.

CC BY license is the most liberal allowing for unrestricted reuse of content, subject only to the requirement that the source work is appropriately attributed.

CC BY-NC-ND license is more similar to the current usage rights under the transfer of copyright agreement: it limits use to noncommercial use (NC), and restricts others from creating derivative works(ND).

Keep Your Copyright ECS’s Open Access publishing agreement with authors does not require a transfer of copyright: the copyright remains with the author. Authors, however, must choose what kind of license they want to grant their readers. ECS offers a choice of two Creative Commons usage licenses that authors may attach to their work (see sidebar).

Article Credits You can publish your papers as Open Access for FREE if you have an Article Credit. ECS members receive one complimentary article credit per year. Authors coming from institutions with an ECS Plus subscription qualify for unlimited article credits. For members who have already used their article credit, we offer a discounted Article Processing Charge (APC) of $200 per article (that’s 75% off our already low rate—$800).

Electrochemistry and solid state science have never been more important to global health and sustainability. Our community is making key discoveries in renewable energy, medical technology, and more. Such important discoveries need maximum discoverability. Author Choice Open Access is a good start, but ultimately we hope to open access to our entire Digital Library without charging any publication or subscription fees. We’ve launched the Free the Science initiative to make this vision a reality.

A WORD ABOUT COPYRIGHT

Visit the publications page at www.electrochem.org to learn more! The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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How ECS Put Open in Action Every October, for one week, organizations around the world celebrate International Open Access Week, a global effort to promote open access as the norm in publishing. This year it was celebrated October 24-30. For the second year, ECS participated by opening up its entire Digital Library to give the world a preview of what open access will look like when we complete our Free the Science campaign which entails building a $40 million fund to support our annual publications costs. Here are some of the activities that ECS engaged in to promote the week:

Student Essay Contest: We hosted our first student essay contest where we asked students to share with us the reasons why open access was so important to them. Check out our winners and their stories below.

Made our Digital Library completely open for the week: We opened up our Digital Library to give people a look at what ECS publications will look like in 2024, our target year for going completely open access. In comparing the monthly average of full-text and PDF downloads in 2016, ECS saw a 77% increase in usage of our publications for October 2016.The Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, and ECS Transactions reached record high downloads with a total of 303,797 articles. And, the ECS Digital Library received 17,655 more full text downloads than last year’s Open Access Week event. This is only the beginning of what open access can mean for our journals, our community, and our society.

Conducted a survey on Open Access: At the end of the week we wanted to know why people felt that open access was important, what they thought of Free the Science, and if opening up our Digital Library was helpful to them. We hope you had the chance to participate! The results confirmed that open access is important for authors to increase the number of citations on their paper, to continue building on their research in an efficient and price effective way, and to ensure that researchers can advance their studies and reduce replication. 22% of individuals who accessed our library otherwise wouldn’t have been able to, 43% said they would like to publish open access in the future, 21% said they want to publish open access but cannot afford the article processing charges (APCs), and 37% said that open access was extremely important to their work.

Conducted a Reddit AMA on Free the Science and Open Access: Executive Director & CEO Roque Calvo and our Technical Editor for Corrosion Gerald Frankel hosted an Ask Me Anything (AMA) segment on the popular archival website, Reddit. They were able to interact and answer questions with users in real-time about open access, Free the Science, and the sciences we represent. We had over 4,000 people interact with the AMA and over 12.1 million people saw it. Did you miss it? If so, check out www.reddit.com/r/science and enter either of the last names of our hosts.

Created a video about “The New Model for Scientific Publishing”: Part of our goal for the week was to ensure that there was more education about why open access is important and what Free the Science means for the way ECS operates. You can check out the video on the ECS YouTube page.

As we move toward complete open access we will identify more opportunities to open our Digital Library along the way. We know that students especially can benefit from open access so we encourage you to share our announcements with your alma maters, colleagues, and departments so that we can continue raising the profile of the ECS Digital Library.

Open Access Week Student Essay Contest Winners On August 8, 2016, ECS kicked off its first ever Open Access Week essay contest. We asked participants to send us a brief essay responding to the question: “How is Open Access making a difference to you?” We would like to extend our gratitude to all those who participated. We received many thoughtful entries, and ultimately determined it was necessary to draw a tie. Our two winners, Manan Pathak of the University of Washington Student Chapter and Caitlin Dillard of the Drexel University Student Chapter, each received a $250 prize, as well as an additional $500 in funding for their respective ECS Student Chapters.

Open Access— Vital for Spreading Knowledge by Manan Pathak Issac Newton famously said, “If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” And I want to confirm that my academic achievements are largely due to the continued efforts of my teachers, guides, and other professionals in the field. In this essay, I wish to discuss the effects of Open Access (OA) and how it has affected me and other budding academicians. I was fortunate to get admitted to an institute like IIT, in a developing country like India, which has only about 74% literacy rate, and has the highest population of illiterates in the world. During my stay at IIT, I met students from all parts of the country. Many of 40

them came from a poor financial background, who often had to travel over 10 miles a day without any public transport, to receive their school education. Education was a luxury for many of them at such a young age, where schools would shut down during monsoon season, because of water-logging. Their hard work, passion and innate curiosity to study science and engineering inspired me to pursue research, and continue to motivate me to effect change in people’s lives. OA is a way to reach out to such people, and bring them closer to the world’s scientific community. People are no longer bounded by their means but only by their curiosity and passion. The pursuit of knowledge and its free access will ultimately lead to the pursuit of happiness. Ever since the industrial revolution, science and technology have had the biggest impact in people’s lives making it better. OA allowed access to journals that are cross-disciplinary and even beyond the common year search range. OA reduces the barrier for publication for new authors, and allows new authors to reach a wider audience. Making science free and publishing open access will make the oceans of knowledge easily accessible, and enhance the very fundamental nature of human curiosity. Access of high-quality research to remote and developing regions, a broader and more comprehensive research domain and low barrier to entry and propagation for new authors are some of the key benefits of OA that I have experienced in my life. The main challenge now remains to make this sustainable, and developing a freemium model of business around this could help in making OA possible.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

socie t y ne ws About the Author Manan Pathak is currently pursuing his PhD with Professor Venkat Subramanian at the University of Washington, Seattle, where he is a Clean Energy Institute Fellow. He is actively involved with the recently formed University of Washington ECS Student Chapter, and serves as the vice chair for education and outreach. Manan completed his undergraduate degree in Chemical Engineering at IIT Bombay in India. He is also one of the co-founders of a start-up called Battery Informatics where they are trying to commercialize their research on electrochemical and thermal physics model based Battery Management Systems (BMS). More details about the same can be found on www.batteryinformatics.com.

a rich, strong network of scientists across the globe. With OA, I can publish my work on next-generation electrochemical systems and ANYONE with an internet connection will have access to it—FREE. This is how we have breakthroughs; we can’t save the modern world without help of experts across the globe. More eyes, more readers, more communication means we can solve these large-scale issues faster. OA has also given me so much freedom. The knowledge I’ve gained because of 100% free, accessible articles is invaluable, I wouldn’t have made it this far in my PhD otherwise. I look forward to the ever growing bonds within the OA scientific community. I hope that this becomes the standard, and that all articles are free to the public. I think it’s critical to show the future generations of scientists that the goal is to solve the challenges our world faces, not to be known as the one person who solved a world-problem. Knowledge is power, but communication is key. Let’s spread the knowledge and make the breakthroughs together. #Freethescience

About the Author

Knowledge is Power, but Communication is Key by Caitlin Dillard Knowledge is power. The individual scientist, engineer, or researcher is very knowledgeable, thus has the potential to be very powerful. But what is power without communication? One of the most important lessons I’ve learned during my education is that being “intelligent” didn’t matter if you couldn’t communicate intelligently. Communication is key. Communication is as powerful as knowledge itself, but our global scientific community lacks a strong network to disseminate discoveries. The developed world has open access to vital things: water, shelter, healthcare, education. What the scientific world needs is open access to knowledge. To me, OA is the ideal model for the scientific community. OA means the right to knowledge through

Caitlin Dillard is a 5th year PhD candidate at Drexel University in the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department. She graduated with her BS in chemical engineering at Rowan University in 2012 (Cum Laude). During her undergraduate career, she was heavily involved in SWE student chapter (VP), interned with Boeing for 2 summers, and enjoyed a Research Experience for Undergraduates internship at Harvard University (School of Engineering and Applied Sciences). Her graduate research interests include materials-structure-property correlations in electrospun nanofibers for energy applications. Outside of her graduate research fellowship, she has enjoyed teaching, volunteering, and community outreach programs.

Focus on Focus Issues … ECS publishes special focus issues of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These issues are handled by a prestigious group of ECS Technical Editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo the same rigorous peer review as papers in the regular issues. Beginning with issue 1 of the 2017 volume of JES and issue 3 of the 2017 volume of JSS, all focus issue papers will be published as Open Access at no cost to the authors. ECS will waive the Article Processing Charge (APC) for all authors of future focus issue papers as part of the Society’s ongoing Free the Science initiative. (See page 36 in this issue for more information about this important initiative.) The following focus issues are now open for submissions: • JES Focus Issue on Progress in Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids • JES Focus Issue on Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems at Multiple Scales in Honor of John Newman To see the Calls for Papers for these issues and for links to all the JES and JSS focus issues, check the following page: www.electrochem.org/focus.

For more info visit:

www.electrochem.org/focus

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Editors’ Choice Articles in ECS Journals Editors’ Choice articles were introduced by Mary Yess, ECS Deputy Executive Director and Chief Content Officer, in the “Pennington Corner” column in the fall 2015 issue of Interface. As Yess explained, “Editors’ Choice articles must show a new direction, a new concept, a new way of doing something, a new interpretation, or a new field, and not merely preliminary data. The Editors’ Choice appleation is highly selective; articles must be transformative: they must represent a substantial advance or discovery, either experimental or theoretical.” Initially the Editors’ Choice designation was intended for Communication articles only, but that has since changed and now that designation can be applied to any article type in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) or the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS). All Editors’ Choice articles are published as Open Access at no cost to the authors, which is just another way that ECS is choosing to Free the Science! The following Editors’ Choice articles were recently published: • B.-H. Lee, M.-H. Kang, D.-C. Ahn, and Y. K. Choi, “Editors’ Choice—Vertically Integrated Nanowire-Based ZeroCapacitor Dynamic Random Access Memory,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 6, Q1 (2017). • J. Ueda, M. Yagi, and S. Tanabe, “Editors’ Choice—Investigation of Luminescence and Photoacoustic Properties in Ce3+-Doped Ln3Al5O12 (Ln = Lu, Y, Gd) Garnet,” ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 5, R912 (2016). • G. Assat, C. Delacourt, D. A. Dalla Corte, and J.-M. Tarascon, “Editors’ Choice—Practical Assessment of Anionic Redox in Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: A Mixed Blessing for High Energy Li-Ion Batteries,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A2965 (2016). To learn more about Editors’ Choice articles and for links to the published articles, visit the ECS Digital Library here:

ecsdl.org/site/misc/editors_choice.xhtml

Scientiﬁc research is crucial to solving our world’s most pressing problems. Today, this research is not freely available: there are huge costs to publish and to access knowledge. Through Free the Science, ECS will remove publishing barriers to ensure that the sciences of sustainability and progress are free and open to everyone.

www.freethescience.org

To help Free the Science text ECS to 41444 or visit freethescience.org.

Your article. Online. FAST! More than 125,000 articles in all areas of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology from the only nonprofit publisher in its field.

• • • • • • • • • •

Fall 2016

•

ECS journals author choice open access. Quality peer review. Continuous publication. High impact research in technical content areas published daily. Focus journal issues. More than 80 years of up-to-the minute and archival scientific content. Leading-edge, accessible content platform. Free e-mail alerts and RSS feeds. Sample articles available at no charge. ECS members receive FREE ACCESS to 100 articles each membership year. Flexible subscription options available to academic and corporate libraries and other institutions.

VOL. 25, NO.3 Fall 2016

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Electrochemistry and the Olympics

7 Pennington Corner:

Digital Media to Promote the Importance of Our Research

31 Special Section:

PRiME 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii

PMS motor DC/AC inverter battery

50 ECS Classics–Historical Origins of the Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode

63 Tech Highlights 65 Lithium-Ion Batteries— The 25th Anniversary of Commercialization

67 Batteries and a Sustainable

liThium-ion BATTeries The 25Th AnniversAry The 25Th AnniversAry of of CommerCiAlizATion CommerCiAlizATion VOL. 25, NO. 3

www.ecsdl.org

www.electrochem.org

If you haven’t visited the ECS Digital Library recently, please do so today!

Modern Society

71 The Dawn

of Lithium-Ion Batteries

75 Importance of Coulombic

Efficiency Measurements in R&D Efforts to Obtain Long-Lived Li-Ion Batteries

79 The Li-Ion Battery:

25 Years of Exciting and Enriching Experiences

85 Lithium and Lithium-Ion

Batteries: Challenges and Prospects

INTERFACE

Not an ECS member yet? Start taking advantage of member benefits right now!

Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 110 years

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Five Questions for Technical Editor David Cliffel David Cliffel is a Professor of Chemistry and the department chair at Vanderbilt University, where he leads research on the electrochemistry and analytical chemistry of nanoparticles and photosynthetic proteins. He has recently become a new technical editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, concentrating in the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry Topical Interest Area. What do you hope to accomplish as a new technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES)? I’d like to improve the connection between what’s happening – as far as vibrant science – at the meetings and have that reflected in the quality of the papers in the journal. I think my role is really to facilitate the extension of the quality of the meetings into the journals. How important is the peer review process to the integrity of scientific publications? Peer review is the heart of how science gets evaluated and how important discoveries get communicated to the rest of us. The review process is still the best method we have of being able to evaluate the quality and importance of what’s really happening in our field. The reviewers are a critical part, and in JES, the key aspect is that our reviewers are in electrochemistry and that may or may not be the case in any other journal. One of our greatest assets is the quality of our reviewers’ knowledge in electrochemistry.

What kind of impact have you seen open access have on academic publishing? Open access really has expanded the rest of the world’s ability to access high-quality journals. It’s also opened up technical papers to a larger part of the scientific audience and expanded what the audience is reading. That has been a very exciting thing. My open access papers are getting read by high school students and I’m getting emails from high school teachers about the new paper that just came out in an area they happen to be searching in. Open access drives scientific knowledge and the spread of scientific knowledge to people who never had access before. What are some of the major changes you’ve seen in scientific publishing? There seems to be a proliferation of journals. One of the things that JES has going for it is that it has a long tradition and long-standing history. These pop-up journals and pop-up publishers dilute the field, so this gives ECS a leg up in the field because of its history and its continual importance and quality throughout. What are your thoughts on Free the Science? The very heart of Free the Science is the democratization of science. If the funding agencies are going to be the ones who pay for it, it should be accessible to all those who are interested – including those at the fringe of publishing community; the college student interested in some area, or the high school student, or the high school teacher. People who don’t have resources to pay for access are suddenly now enabled to make the community bigger. That’s the dream and hope of Free the Science.

Institutional Member spotlight ECS welcomes its two newest institutional members: Targray is an international marketer and distributor of materials, chemicals and equipment for lithium-ion battery manufacturing and research. Founded in 1989 in Montreal, Canada, the company’s market-driven line of battery materials is trusted by EV battery developers, cell manufacturers and research laboratories throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. Benefitting from three decades of experience in materials science, Targray works closely with industry leaders to foster growth and innovation in the global battery marketplace. The company’s extensive product portfolio includes anode and cathode materials, Li-ion cells, binders, foils, separators, electrodes, electrolyte, lithium, packaging and manufacturing equipment for a wide range of battery applications. To learn more, please visit www.targray.com/li-ion-battery.

The KIT Energy Center with its 1250 employees is one of the largest energy research centers in Europe. It bundles the energy research activities of the KIT, the merger of the former Research Center Karlsruhe and University Karlsruhe. By this, it crosses the lines between disciplines and combines fundamental and applied research in all relevant energies for industry, household, service and mobility. About 170 researchers are working on electrochemical energy storage in Karlsruhe and its associated Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU), with a focus on fundamental electrochemistry and new materials, synthesis, in operando-, in-situ-, and ex-situ characterization, processing, and devices.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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New Division Officers New officers for the fall 2016 – fall 2018 terms have been elected for the following Divisions.

Battery Division Chair Christopher Johnson, Argonne National Laboratory Vice Chair Marca Doeff, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Secretary Y. Shirley Meng, University of California, San Diego Treasurer Brett Lucht, University of Rhode Island Members-at-Large Khalil Amine, Argonne National Laboratory Thomas Barrera, The Boeing Company Yi Cui, Stanford University Dominique Guyomard, CNRS IEMN Minoru Inaba, Doshisha University Richard Jow, US Army Research Laboratory Prashant N. Kumta, University of Pittsburgh Bor Yann Liaw, Idaho National Laboratory Bryan McCloskey, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory John Muldoon, Toyota Research Institute of North America Chao-Yang Wang, Pennsylvania State University Martin Winter, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Jie Xiao, University of Arkansas Marina Yakovleva, FMC Corporation

Corrosion Division Chair Sannakaisa Virtanen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Vice Chair Masayuki Itagaki, Tokyo University of Science Secretary/Treasurer James Noël, University of Western Ontario

Members-at-Large Nick Birbilis, Monash University Dev Chidambaram, University of Nevada, Reno Philippe Marcus, CNRS-ENSCP (UMR 7045) H. Neil McMurray, Swansea University Eiji Tada, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Sensor Division Chair Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, West Virginia University Vice Chair Ajit Khosla, Lab177 Inc. Secretary Jessica Koehne, NASA Ames Research Center Treasurer Larry Nagahara, Johns Hopkins University Members-at-Large Sheikh Akbar, Ohio State University Michael Carter, KWJ Engineering, Inc. Jay Grate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Peter Hesketh, Georgia Institute of Technology A. Robert Hillman, University of Leicester Gary Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center Tatsumi Ishihara, Kyushu University Sangmin Jeon, POSTECH Mira Josowicz, Georgia Institute of Technology Pawel Kulesza, University of Warsaw Chung-Chiun Liu, Case Western Reserve University Vadim Lvovich, NASA Glenn Research Center Sushanta Mitra, University of Alberta Milad Navaei, Georgia Tech Antonio Ricco, Stanford University Michael Sailor, University of California, San Diego Christopher Salthouse, Draper Labs Praveen Kumar Sekhar, Washington State University Yasuhiro Shimizu, Nagasaki University Aleksandr Simonian, Auburn University Thomas Thundat, University of Alberta Raluca-Ioana Stefan Van Staden, Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter Petr Vanýsek, Northern Illinois University

ECS Redcat Blog The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

www.electrochem.org/redcat-blog The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Division Contacts High Temperature Materials

Battery

Christopher Johnson, Chair Argonne National Laboratory johnsoncs@cmt.anl.gov • 630.252.4787 (U.S.) Marca Doeff, Vice Chair Shirley Meng, Secretary Brett Lucht, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Sannakaisa Virtanen, Chair Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg virtanen@ww.uni-erlangen.de • +49 09131/85-27577 (DE) Masayuki Itagaki, Vice Chair James Nöel, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Yaw Obeng, Chair National Institute of Standards and Technology yaw.obeng@nist.gov Vimal Chaitanya, Vice Chair Gangadhara Mathad, Secretary Puroshothaman Srinivasan, Treasurer Stefan De Gendt, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Turgut Gür, Chair Stanford University turgut@stanford.edu • 650.725.0107 (U.S.) Gregory Jackson, Sr. Vice Chair Paul Gannon, Jr. Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Douglas Riemer, Chair Hutchinson Technology Inc. riemerdp@hotmail.com • 952.442.9781 (U.S.) John Staser, Vice Chair Shrisudersan (Sudha) Jayaraman, Secretary/Treasurer Venkat Subramanian, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Madis Raukas, Chair Osram Sylvania madis.raukas@sylvania.com • 978.750.1506 (U.S.) Mikhail Brik, Vice Chair/Secretary/Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Electrodeposition

Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Chair Northeastern University e.podlaha-murphy@neu.edu • 617.373.3769 (U.S.) Stanko Brankovic, Vice Chair Philippe Vereecken, Secretary Natasa Vasiljevic, Treasurer Charles Hussey, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Slava Rotkin, Chair Lehigh University rotkin@lehigh.edu • 610.758.3931 (U.S.) Hiroshi Imahori, Vice Chair Olga Boltalina, Secretary R. Bruce Weisman, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Electronics and Photonics

Mark Overberg, Chair Sandia National Laboratories meoverb@sandia.gov • 505.284.8180 (U.S.) Colm O’Dwyer, Vice Chair Junichi Murota, 2nd Vice Chair Soohwan Jang, Secretary Yu-Lin Wang, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative Energy Technology

Scott Calabrese Barton, Chair Michigan State University scb@msu.edu • 517.355.0222 (U.S.) Andy Herring, Vice Chair Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Secretary William Mustain, Treasurer Thomas Fuller, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Mekki Bayachou, Chair Cleveland State University m.bayachou@csuohio.edu • 216.875.9716 (U.S.) Graham Cheek, Vice Chair Diane Smith, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Pawel Kulesza, Chair University of Warsaw pkulesza@chem.uw.edu.pl • +482.282.20211 (PL) Alice Suroviec, Vice Chair Petr Vanýsek, Secretary Robert Calhoun, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Chair West Virginia University nick.wu@mail.wvu.edu • 304.293.3326 (U.S.) Ajit Khosla, Vice Chair Jessica Koehne, Secretary Larry Nagahara, Treasurer Rangachary Mukundan, Journals Editorial Board Representative 46

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Altmetrics in the socie t y ne ws ECS Digital Library What Are Altmetrics? Altmetrics are a better way for authors to track the discussion surrounding their work. Where the Journal Impact Factor reports aggregate data for a journal, altmetrics report data for individual articles. By providing article level metrics, altmetrics allow authors to see not only how much attention their work is receiving, but where the attention is coming from, and at an earlier stage than traditional metrics.

How to Boost Your Altmetric Rankings • Publish open access so that more readers can view your research. • Like, tweet, and share. • Start a conversation and actively promote your work.

How Are Altmetric Scores Generated? Data comes from: • Online reference managers (Mendeley, CiteULike) • Mainstream media (newspapers and magazines) • Social media (Twitter, Facebook, blogs, etc.) Data is weighted based on: • Volume: How much attention is an article getting? • Sources: Which sources are mentioning the article? • Authors: Who is talking about the article?

Open Access and Altmetrics Are Complementary Open access and altmetrics work cooperatively to help articles reach their full impact. Altmetrics further ECS’s pledge to Free the Science by providing both transparent publication as well as transparent assessment of research.

(10) Google+ (12) news outlets (17) Facebook

137

(3) blogs (23) Twitter

www.electrochem.org • www.ecsdl.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Division News High Temperature Materials Division The High Temperature Materials (HTM) division enjoyed a productive meeting in Honolulu, sponsoring three symposia and six student travel grants. At the PRiME meeting in October, HTM division members continued to organize three long-running technical symposia including High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 12, Solid State Ionic Devices 11, and, Electrochemical Synthesis of Fuels 4, all of which boasted significant attendance and contributions.

The HTM division also celebrated its growing and diversifying membership, as well as several prestigious awards presented to select HTM members. At the HTM division business luncheon, the members gathered to celebrate and recognize the 2016 HTM Outstanding Achievement Awardee, Harlan Anderson; the leadership and contributions of its past Chair, Xiao-Dong Zhou; the selection of two HTM members Jeffrey Fergus and Jürgen Fleig for 2016 ECS Fellows; and the 2015 J. B. Wagner Jr. Young Investigator Awardee, Sean Bishop.

High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Awardee Harlan Anderson (left) receiving his award scroll from HTM Chair Turgut Gür (right) at the HTM business luncheon during the PRiME meeting in Honolulu.

High Temperature Materials Division Chair Turgut Gür (right) presenting the certificate of appreciation to the past HTM Chair Xiao-Dong Zhou (left) recognizing his services to the division at the HTM business luncheon during the PRiME meeting in Honolulu.

Upcoming ECS Sponsored Meetings In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and sections, sponsor meetings and sympoisa of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all sponsored meetings

2017 Sponsored Meetings • 68th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, August 27-September 1, 2017 — Providence, RI, USA • Sixth International Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications (EPD-2017), October 1-6, 2017 — Gyeongju, South Korea To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Development News Society Advancement An Editor Who Gives More Than Article Feedback Robert Savinell has been engineering more than just high temperature proton conducting membranes for fuel cells and new approaches to flow batteries. In 1984 Savinell served as an associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES), and about thirty years later in 2013 he was appointed as editor of JES. Since then, Dr. Savinell has not only been directing ECS’s highly-respected editorial review process but he’s also been helping ECS Free the Science by donating to our open access efforts. “The Free the Science initiative serves our Society, the electrochemical scientific field, and a broad community of researchers by opening up our literature to the world,” says Dr. Savinell. “With the growth of competing and commercial publications, the role of professional societies is very important to preserve the rigor of the peer-review process, and ECS serves this role well.”

Through his gifts Dr. Savinell has created the 2015 Leadership Collection for JES in the ECS Digital Library, just one way donors are able to help ECS to Free the Science. By supporting a specific year in the Digital Library, Dr. Savinell ensures that we maintain our high publication standards as we transition to complete open access of all our publications, hopefully by 2024. Dr. Savinell knew he wanted to be involved in ECS immediately after his first biannual meeting in 1978. “I realized that both the science and the scientists were important to me, and that ECS brought both together.” You can read more about Dr. Savinell in our donor spotlight online and you can learn more about supporting ECS by emailing development@electrochem.org.

Giving to ECS Have you received an award from ECS for your outstanding contributions and research? Have you forged valuable connections with friends, research collaborators, business partners, or individuals in your field at our meetings? Now we need your help! There are so many ways you can give back to the Society to help continue to disseminate valuable research in the field and support the next generation of leaders in our fields: • Donate online or send us a check in the mail. • Give a gift of securities. • Text ECS to 41444 to pledge a donation (U.S. numbers only). • Give through your donor advised funds. • If you’re 70½ or older you can arrange an IRA charitable rollover. And don’t forget, no matter how you donate, please check if your company has a matching gifts program—this can double the impact of your gift!

For more resources on giving visit:

Highlight: PRiME Donor Event We recently celebrated ECS donors at a special event at PRiME 2016. The crowd gathered at this exclusive event included ECS board members, donors from the past year, ECS staff, and other special guests. John Goodenough delivered a memorable speech about why donating to ECS and to Free the Science is so important: “The scientific community is an international community and I think that those of us who belong to it are proud and find meaning in its objective. Its objective, primarily, is to try to increase the learning of mankind in order that it might serve the people of mankind.” Want to hear more of what Dr. Goodenough had to say about Free the Science and giving back to ECS? Check out the ECS Youtube page to see the full speech and our favorite excerpts.

www.electrochem.org/give The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Development News Highlight: Bio-Logic Sponsors ETD Award Bio-Logic, one of ECS’s bedrock sponsors and exhibitors, has extended its generosity and support once again, this time to the Energy Technology Division (ETD). Starting next year and continuing for five award cycles, Bio-Logic will sponsor ETD’s Graduate Student Award, which recognizes and rewards promising young engineers and scientists in fields pertaining to energy sources, conversion, and storage. The award is intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in this field. In the years that the award will be conferred, it will be known as the ETD Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic. “Bio-Logic Science Instruments is pleased to provide our support for the Energy Technology Division’s Graduate Student Award,” says Bill Eggers, president. “Today’s energy research will shape the future of energy storage, use and conservation for generations to come. We are proud that Bio-Logic’s Electrochemical Instruments have played key roles in this research to date and are equally excited in our role in this research moving forward. ECS provides an excellent platform for students to further their learning experience and we are eager, as always, to be a part of that effort.”

Bio-Logic is a highly respected scientific instruments company which designs and manufactures high performance research laboratory instruments for electrochemistry, spectroscopy, and rapid-kinetics. The company is well-known among the ECS community because of their long-standing involvement at ECS biannual meetings. Over the years not only has Bio-Logic had a prominent booth at ECS meetings but the company has also sponsored receptions, symposia, meeting collateral, and student events so this award sponsorship is a natural progression in our relationship. “The Energy Technology Division is very pleased to welcome Bio-Logic as a sponsor of our Graduate Student Award,” says Scott Calabrese Barton, ETD chair. “Their support will help us to continue identifying and honoring new scientists as they begin their careers in energy-related science and technology.” ECS is grateful for Bio-Logic’s long-term partnership and for their generosity in sponsoring and recognizing promising young scientists in our field. To find out more about how your company can sponsor an award, please contact development@electrochem.org.

Free the Science at PRiME Several events focused on Free the Science and giving were organized at this year’s PRiME meeting. The first was our 5K race on Monday morning. A great group of runners gathered to run by the beachfront lagoon at the Hilton Hawaiian Village. Tim Holme and Kelsey Hatzell were the top male and female finishers. At the end of the week, a crowd of more than 90 people woke up before sunrise to hike Hawaii’s most famous State Monument—Diamond Head Crater. It was a gorgeous morning and well worth the short challenge for the amazing coastline and city views.

During the week, we also held a “Creating a Legacy” workshop where we had a free breakfast with planned giving expert, Steve Reese. Steve gave great advice to an interactive group about the intricacies of planned giving and how to ensure that your plans provide the most for you during your lifetime, your family following your lifetime, and for the charities that you care most about. If you’re interested in learning more about what Steve spoke on during our workshop, please feel free to visit: http://www.electrochem.org/ planned-giving to learn more.

The view from our hike!

The 5K runners burst into action!

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Development News Advisory Board Meeting Update The Free the Science Advisory Board gathered for a full meeting at PRiME and included the ECS Executive Committee in the discussions as so much of the direction of the organization is tied to our vision for open access. The group heard reports from three subcommittees: Finance and Forecasting, Fundraising and Advocacy, and Open Science: Discoverability and Accessibility. The Free the Science Advisory Board meets in person at ECS biannual meetings and in between on teleconferences. Each subcommittee meets several times throughout the year. The board is co-chaired by Tetsuya Osaka and E. J. Taylor. The members are Craig Arnold, Cor Claeys, Lili Deligianni, Fernando Garzon, Robert Kostecki, Matt Spitzer, Brian Stoner, Stuart Swirson, Esther Takeuchi, and Martin Winter. The ex officio members are Roque Calvo, Karla Cosgriff, Dennis Hess, Tim Gamberzky, Krishnan Rajeshwar, Robert Savinell, Dan Scherson, and Mary Yess.

Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode Battery Development Electrochemistry in Alkaline Electrolyte All plastic construction for use where glass is attacked Stable, Reproducible Alkaline & Fluoride Media

www.koslow.com “Fine electrochemical probes since 1966”

Did You Know? Did you know that Roque Calvo, ECS executive director, and Gerald Frankel, a technical editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, hosted a Reddit Ask Me Anything (AMA) on our Free the Science initiative? We reached over 12.18 million people! If you missed it, just visit reddit.com/ science and search Calvo or Frankel.

Discover ECS by visiting:

www.electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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websites of note by Alice H. Suroviec

Editor’s Note: In the fall 2016 issue of Interface (page 18) I had the honor to thank Zoltan Nagy for his steady contribution to the “websites of note” column. He was its founder and contributing editor since the summer 2009 issue of Interface. He was always bringing interesting links that might have been otherwise unknown to the ordinary reader. Eventually, after seven years of regular contributions, he decided to retire from the editorship of the column. As a guest editor I filled in a few times to keep this column appearing regularly, while I was looking for a suitable replacement. Now, I have the pleasure to introduce the new contributing editor for “websites of note.” She is Alice H. Suroviec, an electrochemist from Berry College, in northwest Georgia, USA, where she is currently the Chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. She is the vice chair of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division of ECS and she serves as a Guest Associate Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society for the topical interest area of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry. —Petr Vanýsek

Electrochemistry Overview •

For a primer on the topic of electrochemistry, not only for students new to the discipline, but also a reference for those looking for more information, this class website is an excellent place to start. (Lecture notes) G. Swain (Michigan State University) http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/courses/cem837/

BRENDA (Braunschweig Enzyme Database) •

The Comprehensive Enzyme Database System. This website is of great importance for anyone doing work with enzymes. This website provides detailed information ranging from inhibitors/activators to optimum pH as well as references to other studies performed with that particular enzyme. TU Braunschweig: Department of Bioinformatics and Biochemistry http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/

Biosensors Overview •

An excellent overview of biosensors. A series of lecture notes that provide a good starting point for those looking to learn more about biosensors. These lectures not only cover the basics, but also examine the mathematic derivations behind electrochemical reactions. It also provides an excellent series of literature references for more information. ETH Zurich: Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics https://www1.ethz.ch/lbb/Education/Biosensors

Corrosion Doctors •

An authoritative website for all topics related to corrosion including the electrochemical techniques used to study corrosion. This website covers topical applications of corrosion studies, basic corrosion electrochemistry as well as quizzes to test your knowledge. Pierre R. Roberge, PhD, P.Eng. http://corrosion-doctors.org/index.htm

About the Author

Alice Suroviec is Associate Professor of Bioanalytical Chemistry and chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Berry College. She earned a BS in Chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is currently the vice chair of the PAE Division and a guest associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. She can be reached at asuroviec@ berry.edu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Staff News ECS Deputy Director and Chief Content Officer Mary Yess celebrated 20 years with the Society this past April. Yess started with ECS in 1996 after having served as a consultant to the Society for four years. She began her career at ECS as head of the Publications Department and was charged with bringing online the Society’s Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES, then the only ECS journal). The process was done in several stages, with the end result being a highly-functional journal, with an HTML version in addition to the PDFs, and with metadata to make the articles searchable and to create reference linking—a lot of which we all take for granted today. She later oversaw the transition from the Society’s “self-publication” of its journal articles to a full-featured Digital Library hosted by the American Institute of Physics. Taking Interface magazine from its prototype version to the version it is today was Yess’s original involvement with the Society. This included developing not only the design but the editorial structure of the magazine. For 18 years, Yess served as the magazine’s managing editor and worked with a number of excellent editors and many excellent authors. (See story on the history of Interface on page 24.) As director of publications, Yess implemented the launch of Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, a spin-off of JES. She was also the architect of the transformation of the Society’s Proceedings Volume series into ECS Transactions. In 2004, Yess was named deputy executive director of ECS and in that role handled a number of operations activities including overseeing IT, managing the corporate website, and helping the executive director with the strategic progress of the Society. During this time, Yess directed the conversion to a new database to handle the Society’s membership and subscriptions, as well as the re-design of the ECS website. For the Society’s centennial (2002), Yess served as the production editor for the history book, wrote numerous articles about the centennial, and prepared the ECS history exhibit at the centennial meeting. She also planned many of the special events, including a visit by “Ben Franklin” to the Monday Evening Mixer and a friendly “roast” of the Society at the banquet. Prior to establishing her own consulting firm (before ECS), she worked for the University of Chicago Press, and specifically on The Astrophysical Journal. She received her master’s degree from Pratt Institute (New York City) and has served on the boards of a number of not-for-profit organizations. Yess continues her content development role, most recently working with divisions, committees, and the board on reviewing and revising the purpose statements of each division; and the review and revision of the Topical Interest Areas, which guide the management and development of the Society’s technical domain. Her most recent work is centered on the new partnership with the Center for Open Science, which includes the development of a new Digital Library as well as new publishing opportunities for the electrochemical and solid state community. ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo said, “Mary Yess has been an integral part of the Society’s success since she joined the organization in 1996. She was the original designer of Interface and its first managing editor. She has also served as our first deputy executive director, chief content officer, and publisher. In many ways her personal development on the staff reflects the Society’s transitions over the last 20 years during which we have experienced unimaginable change. I’m certain that the many volunteer leaders, authors, editors, members, and staff who have worked with Mary share my feelings of appreciation for all that she has done for ECS and would join me in congratulating her on reaching this milestone.”

In September 2016, ECS named Beth (Fisher) Craanen as the director of publications. Beth joined ECS in December 2014 as the associate director of development & membership services and was promoted to the director of membership services in September 2015. Beth brings over 14 years of knowledge working in higher education. Prior to joining ECS, she served as the director of student affairs and community engagement in the School of Pharmacy at Fairleigh Dickinson University. As part of the founding team for the pharmacy program, she was instrumental in helping the school achieve accreditation standards critical to building resources for student success. She holds a Bachelor of Science degree in sports/ entertainment/event management from Johnson & Wales University and a Master of Science degree in counseling in higher education from West Chester University of Pennsylvania. Roque Calvo commented, “Beth is a leader with an outstanding depth of understanding about the Society’s goals and the changes necessary to achieve them. She is a highly motivated professional but her greatest asset as our Director of Publications will be her ability to draw on the strengths of our staff working on publications and content development. Achieving our content goals to ultimately ‘free the science’ will require the maximum utilization of all of our resources and maybe a few we don’t currently have and I think Beth has the skills and determination to meet this challenge in her new position.” Delaney Hellman joined ECS in July 2016 as a development associate where her primary responsibility is to work on the Free the Science initiative and help make it a success. Delaney feels that Free the Science is more than just an ECS initiative, it’s an opportunity to influence the greater good with broad implications in the realms of environmental solutions, medical research, and consumer products; which is why she chose to work on this campaign. Delaney comes to ECS after having worked for Greenpeace US, an independent environmental activist organization in New York City, where she raised money through membership and spread awareness about ongoing environmental issues. Prior to this, Delaney was matriculating at Bloomsburg University where she earned a degree in political science and economics. There, she engaged in university fundraising as a member of the Community Government Association where she and her peers were responsible for raising $23 million of their bicentennial fundraiser. Delaney looks forward to continuing her career in fundraising for environmental causes through Free the Science and connecting to the members of ECS to help advance the critical field of electrochemistry. “I graduated with a political science degree and often my colleagues ask me how this job relates to my field. What some people don’t understand is that Free the Science could impact policy and the world in the same way that politicians do. By democratizing information, you open up the science, and when you open up the science you open up the solutions.” ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo said, “I really value Delaney’s passion for her work, she is a valuable addition to our staff.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Volume 75– H o n o l u l u , H a w a i i

from the PRiME Honolulu meeting, October 2—October 7, 2016 The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Honolulu meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased, beginning on September 23, 2016, by visiting www.electrochem.org/ online-store. Some issues are also available in CD/USB editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 75 Pits & Pores 7: Nanomaterials – Fabrication Processes, No. 1 Properties, and Applications CD/USB................... M $99.00, NM $124.00 PDF ......................... M $90.34, NM $112.93 Vol. 75 Magnetic Materials Processes and Devices 14 No. 2 CD/USB................... M $81.00, NM $101.00 PDF ......................... M $68.82, NM $86.02 Vol. 75 Membrane-based Electrochemical Separations 2 No. 3 CD/USB................... M $60.00, NM $75.00 PDF ......................... M $43.62 NM $54.53 Vol. 75 High Purity and High Mobility Semiconductors 14 No. 4 CD/USB................... M $87.00, NM $109.00 PDF ......................... M $74.84, NM $93.55 Vol. 75 Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 14 No. 5 CD/USB................... M $118.00, NM $147.00 PDF ......................... M $107.03, NM $133.79 Vol. 75 Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 12 No. 6 CD/USB................... M $107.00, NM $134.00 PDF ......................... M $97.26, NM $121.57 Vol. 75 Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene No. 7 and Electronics Packaging 8 CD/USB................... M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ......................... M $86.89, NM $108.61 Vol. 75 SiGe, Ge, and Related Materials: Materials, No. 8 Processing, and Devices 7 CD/USB................... M $163.00, NM $204.00 PDF ......................... M $148.36, NM $185.45

Vol. 75 Thin Film Transistors 13 (TFT 13) No. 10 CD/USB.................. M $130.00, NM $163.00 PDF ......................... M $118.49, NM $148.11 Vol. 75 Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 9 No. 11 CD/USB................... M $132.00, NM $164.00 PDF ......................... M $119.63, NM $149.54 Vol. 75 Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 6 No. 12 CD/USB................... M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ......................... M $86.89, NM $108.61 Vol. 75 Emerging Nanomaterials and Devices No. 13 CD/USB................... M $103.00, NM $129.00 PDF ......................... M $93.80, NM $117.25 Vol. 75 Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 16 (PEFC 16) No. 14 CD/USB................... M $250.00, NM $300.00 PDF ......................... M $250.00, NM $300.00 Vol. 75 Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 20 No. 15 CD/USB................... M $167.00, NM $209.00 PDF ......................... M $151.82, NM $189.77 Vol. 75 Chemical Sensors 12: Chemical and Biological Sensors No. 16 and Analytical Systems CD/USB................... M $160.00, NM $200.00 PDF ......................... M $145.48 NM $181.85 Vol. 75 Microfabricated and Nanofabricated Systems for No. 17 MEMS/NEMS 12 CD/USB................... M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ......................... M $86.89, NM $108.61

Vol. 75 Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science, Technology No. 9 and Applications 14 CD/USB................... M $113.00, NM $141.00 PDF ......................... M $102.44 NM $128.05

Forthcoming Issues HON A01, HON A02, HON A03, HON A04, HON A05, HON A06, HON A07, HON B01, HON C01, HON C02, HON C03, HON C05, HON C06, HON C07, HON D01, HON D02, HON D03, HON E01, HON E03, HON E04, HON F01, HON F02, HON F03, HON H01, HON I02, HON I03, HON I04, HON J01, HON J02, HON K01, HON K02, HON L01, HON L03, HON L04, HON L05, HON L06, HON M03, HON Z01, HON Z02

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Online Store, www.electrochem.org/online-store Email: customerservice@electrochem.org 6/24/16

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In Memoriam memoriam Thomas Gessner

chemistry, which had applications ranging from medical imaging to submarine detection. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (Materials) in 1996 for contributions to the solid-state chemistry of electronic components based on ceramic materials. He received the ECS Battery Division Research Award for 1958-1959. In the late 1960s he was a divisional officer of the (then) Dielectrics and Insulation Division.

(1954–2016)

Gessner, an ECS member since 1991, died unexpectedly at the age of 61 on May 25, 2016. Professor Gessner was the director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Electronic Nanosystems ENAS, and was at the same time full professor, the chair of Microtechnology of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, and director of the Center for Microtechnologies of the Technische Universität Chemnitz, Germany. He was a member of the Europe Section and the Sensor Division.

Morris Albert Steinberg

homas

Donald M. Smyth (1930–2015)

onald Smyth, an ECS member since 1957, passed away on April 25, 2015. After graduating from the University of Maine in 1951, Dr. Smyth earned a PhD in inorganic chemistry at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1954. He worked for 16 years in research and development at Sprague Electric Company in North Adams, MA, before moving to Lehigh University as director of the Materials Research Center in 1971. His specialty was defect

(1920–2016)

orris Steinberg, an ECS member since 1951, died in Los Angeles, California, on January 6, 2016. Steinberg earned a BS in Science from MIT in 1942. During World War II he served as Captain in Ordinance. He earned his PhD in Metallurgy from MIT in 1948. His first job was as Chief Metallurgist of Horizons Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1958 he started with Material Science Laboratory of the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company in Palo Alto and in 1966 he assumed a management position of Director of Technology Applications at the Lockheed headquarters in Burbank, California. He worked there until mandatory retirement age of 65 in December 1985. He had numerous patents in the field of metallurgy and his lab was responsible for the tiles on the Space Shuttle. His achievements were recognized by induction into the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 in recognition of his “contributions to the introduction of new and improved structural materials into aircraft and space vehicles.” He was an ECS Emeritus Member.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Please visit our website for more information: el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-chamber

Work Function in Electrochemistry by Jiří Janata

his Chalkboard article is a paraphrased version and an expansion of the A-page article that appeared in 1997 in Analytical Chemistry.1 It deals with work function (WF), which is not only a fundamental property of materials but which plays an important role in many electrochemical processes, such as kinetics and thermodynamics of charge transfer. A profound discussion of the role of WF in electrocatalysis can be found in Ref. 2. In this Chalkboard the focus will be namely on thermodynamics of chemical modulation of WF and its utilization in chemical sensors.3

What Is Work Function? Work function has been surrounded by misconceptions and misinterpretations, which are partly due to the fact that it is of interest to scientists in diverse disciplines. Generally agreed on is its definition: “Work that needs to be done in order to remove electron from its equilibrium state in the bulk of the material (the Fermi level, EF) and place it at the reference energy level (the vacuum reference level), which lies just outside the electrostatic field of the material.” But here the happy agreement ends. There are two components of WF which can be chemically modulated: the bulk and the interface. The first, the partial molar free energy of electron, is the chemical potential of electron, µe, while the second is the ever present surface dipole, χ. The total work ϕ per electron, is therefore

φ=

µe + eχ NA

(1)

For a chemist µe means affinity of the material for electrons, in other words, the nobility of the material. Materials with high bulk value of WF, such as gold or platinum, are more noble than the less noble copper or aluminium. For a surface physicist or a materials scientist χ tends to be more important because it determines the surface potential and the ability of the interface to interact with its environment. For electrochemists WF is involved in electron transfer kinetics, sorption, corrosion, etc. Electrical engineers4 who deal with devices prefer to talk about WF in terms of the Fermi level EF. For a chemical sensor scientist3 it opens a route to a new class of gas sensors and EF is particularly relevant, as we shall see later. A curious thing about WF is that there are always multiple experimental values listed for the same material. It is due to the fact that the experimentally determined WF depends on the method of its measurement or even context in which the material is used. Take for example silicon. If the electron is removed through the <100> facet, its WF is by 31 meV higher than if it is removed through the <111> facet. The same material but two different values! The otherwise identical field-effect transistor made of Si<111> will have different parameters than the one made of Si<100>. The proverbial “devil is in the detail,” in this case that “detail” is the interfacial dipole χ.

Let us perform a simple experiment. Connect a piece of palladium to a piece of copper as shown in Fig. 1. We will also need a galvanometer and a battery in this circuit. Listed values of WF of Pd<111> are 5.6 eV and that of Cu<111> 4.9 eV, respectively. Those values are comparable because they have been obtained by the same photoemission (vacuum) technique, yet they are individually different from other listed values for Cu and Pd! Anyway, it means that electrons are drawn from Cu to Pd and the two metals are charged accordingly: Pd is negative and Cu is positive. At their junction the contact potential Vc = 0.7 V is formed. It is the most ubiquitous of all the potentials and it is formed wherever and whenever two dissimilar electronic conductors are in contact; yet, Vc cannot be measured. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 the two metals form the plates of a capacitor whose capacitance is C = A/εd and the electric field in the gap is EF/d. If the distance d between the plates is periodically changed, alternating current is induced in the circuit. The battery can be then used to null out the electric field by applying opposite voltage −EF, until iAC = 0. This simple and elegant instrument is called a “vibrating capacitor” and is often incorrectly named the “Kelvin Probe” (KP). It can be assembled for a few dollars and can be used as highly educational undergraduate experiment! If partial pressure of hydrogen is changed, the bulk component of WF (Eq. 1) of Pd changes and a new nulling voltage −EF needs to be applied. Thus, the capacitor as shown in Fig. 1 works as a reversible sensor for H2. However, if we smear some “dirt” on the Pd surface its work function also changes. In that case we have a “hydrogen and dirt sensor.” This gedanken experiment highlights yet another complication in the KP story. The surface dipoles at both plates contribute to the electric field. This means that if the Cu plate acts as a “reference” its WF is “assumed” to be constant. Such “assumption” is necessary but it cannot be experimentally verified. It is the same problem as the measurement of a single electrode potential: “Single WF can be argued but cannot be measured.” The main obstacle to such an experiment would be the presence of the two surface dipoles, which can never be guaranteed to be the same, constant or reproducible. The field-effect transistor (FET) shown in Fig. 2 has some similarities with the Kelvin probe but also some important differences. The heart of the FET is the gate capacitor, which consists of a selective layer, e.g., Pd metal, insulator (SiO2) and silicon. While the presence of the electric field in the KP was detected by the presence of AC current, in the FET the capacitor is not “vibrated” and the charge at the SiO2|Si interface plate is detected by the drain current ID flowing in silicon between drain and source. In other words the semiconductor field-effect at the Si interface is the key operating principle. When the ambient partial pressure of H2 changes, WF of Pd plate also changes, so does the field in the gate capacitor and so does the corresponding drain current ID. In order to keep the ID

How Do We Measure WF? There are many techniques for the determination of WF. Those involving emission of electrons require vacuum, others are done at atmospheric pressure. It is no wonder that tabulated values of WF for the same material vary by hundreds of meV. In this Chalkboard we will limit ourselves to the experimental techniques closest to electrochemistry, i.e., to the techniques that do not require vacuum. 56

Fig. 1. Schematic of vibrating capacitor, aka Kelvin Probe (from Ref. 3). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Nernst equation when written in logarithmic form. The redox couple is then the primary donor dopant ND/ND+ for a p-type semiconductor and the primary acceptor dopant NA/NA− for an n-type semiconductor. Now we enter the donor/acceptor gas G which shares partial charge with the OS according to equilibrium: G = Gδ + δ e

Fig. 2. Insulated gate field-effect transistor (from Ref. 3).

constant, the gate voltage VG has to be adjusted. In that case the gate voltage VG has the same function as the nulling voltage −EF in the KP. That mode of operation of FET is called the “constant current” or the “feedback mode.” But there is an important difference between this FET and the KP; while the surface dipoles at both plates of the KP play an important role, the surface of Pd in the transistor is irrelevant. Instead, it is the dipole at the Pd/SiO2 interface, which matters. So again, we have not escaped the problem of the surface dipole, we only changed the location of the problem from the Pd surface to the Pd/SiO2 interface!

Work Function Sensors Hydrogen sensor based on Pd-FET was the first solid state chemical sensor6 based on chemical modulation of WF. Palladium is a wonderful sensing material for hydrogen. It is highly selective, stable and reversible—but unfortunately only for hydrogen and hydrogen producing species. In order to expand this sensing principle to other gases and vapors, we need electronic sensing materials in which the gas of interest can penetrate into the bulk.3,7 Because of their ability to change the WF upon absorption of donor/acceptor gases, organic semiconductors (OS) are ideal selective layers for a new class of solid state gas sensors.3,7 The principle is the same as explained on the WF modulation of the Pd-H2, only more general, because OS are porous. The details of the gas-OS interaction can be found in the original publications; here I will describe the principle only qualitatively. Like any other semiconductor an OS has a characteristic Fermi level, whose position in the bandgap is given by the Fermi-Dirac equation. For any semiconductor this relationship resembles the

(2)

where δ is the fractional electron charge shared between the gas molecule and OS. It is the secondary dopant, which contributes to the overall electron density of the polymer. Whether this secondary dopant donates to or accepts electrons from the OS depends on the relative electron affinity of the two components: on the Mulliken electronegativity of the gas and on the bulk WF of the OS. In any case, the resulting new equilibrium is the combination of the primary and the secondary doping, where PG is the partial pressure of the gas: kT K Gα kT EF = ED + ln + ln PG (3) 2δ e ( g D K D ) 2δ 2δ e It describes the chemical modulation of WF of the OS which can be incorporated in the KP or even better in the WF-FET with the OS gate. The functional relationship between the WF-FET gate voltage VG and the partial pressure of the primary gas PG and interfering gases Pi is 2.3RT VG = VG* + log( PG + ∑ K i Pi ) (4) 2 Fδ G i The response of the OS is bipolar and depends only on the relative donacity of the gas with respect to that of the OS. Equation 3 is written for a p-type OS and electron donor gas, but similar relationship can be derived also for n-type OS and an acceptor gas. The striking resemblance of Eq. 4 and the Nikolskij-Eisenman equation for ion selective electrodes3 is evident, but the origins, the mechanism of the response and the practical implementation of the measurement are fundamentally different. While the Nernstian potentiometry involves an integer value of charge, which is transferred between the bulk electrolyte and the bulk of the selective layer of the electrode, the WF potentiometry relies on partial charge transfer δ. This fact is seen in the pre-logarithmic multiplier, which for ion selective electrodes is called the “Nernst slope.” In WF sensors this multiplier allows the estimation of the amount of shared charge δ. An example of the response of WF-FET to ammonia, for three different selective layers, is shown in Fig. 3. The response time τ can be estimated from the dynamic response testing (Fig. 3a), while the selectivity coefficient Ki and shared charge δ are obtained from the concentration response plots (Fig. 3b). (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. Response of WF-FET to ammonia. The selective gate layer in that case consisted of polyaniline – camphor sulfonic acid as the primary dopant and two concentrations of ionic liquid.8 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Janata

About the Author

(continued from previous page)

Conclusions

Equilibrium potentiometry at zero current can be classified as Nernstian or work function. In the former, an integer charge is transferred between two phases and the interfacial potential is related to the activity of the principal transferring ion. This is how ion selective electrodes, including the “mother of all electrodes”— the glass electrode—work.9 In sensors, which rely on modulation of WF, a charge transfer complex is formed as a result of the donor/ acceptor interaction between the gas molecule and the electronic conductor. Although the governing equations are remarkably similar, their origin, their mechanism and the operating principles are fundamentally different. By far the most important practical difference between Nernstian potentiometry, including ion selective electrodes or ISFETs and WF-FET, lies in the fact that the latter does not require a separate, macroscopic reference electrode. The requirement of the stable reference in WF-FETs is satisfied by the constant bulk value of the WF of silicon, which does not change under normal operating conditions. The existence of our “daily silicon electronics” is the clear proof of that fact. That opens the route to miniaturization and multisensor operation with sensing arrays made of the WF-FETs. There are endless variations of stable OS and their primary dopants, including specific binding sites, opening the possibility of virtually an unlimited number of potentiometric gas sensors. In my opinion this is where the future of gas sensing lies. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01164if.

Jiří (Art) Janata is a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Science and Technology. Between 1991 and 1997 he was an Associate Director of Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, in Richland, Washington. Prior to that appointment he was Professor of Materials Science and Professor of Bioengineering at the University of Utah for seventeen years. He was born in Czechoslovakia where he received his PhD degree in analytical chemistry from the Charles University (Prague) in 1965. He has over 250 peer-reviewed publications to his credit, over 20 patents and 22 contributed book chapters. The main area of his research, chemical sensors, has been summarized in the popular graduate textbook Principles of Chemical Sensors, first published by Academic Press in 1989 and again in 2010 by Springer, as the updated second edition. His current hot topic is the synthesis of new materials for chemical sensors and catalysis, based on composites of organic semiconductors and atomic metals. He can be reached at jiri.janata@ chemistry.gatech.edu.

References 1. J. Janata and M. Josowicz, Anal. Chem., 69, 293A (1997). 2. J. O’M Bockris and A. K. N. Reddy, Modern Electrochemistry, Chapter 10, Plenum Press, New York, (1973). 3. J. Janata, Principles of Chemical Sensors, 2nd Ed., Springer, 2009, New York. 4. S. M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, Wiley, 1982, New York. 5. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 63rd Ed., 1982, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton. 6. Lundstrom, S. Shivaraman, C. Svensson, and L. Lundkvist, Appl. Phys. Lett., 26, 55 (1975). 7 . J. Janata, Coll. Czech. Chem. Commun., 74, 1623 (2009). 8. Saheb, M. Josowicz, and J. Janata, Anal. Chem. 80, 4214 (2008). 9. P. Vanýsek, ECS Interface, Summer, 19 (2004).

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t ech highligh t s A 1.8 V Aqueous Supercapacitor with a Bipolar Assembly of Ion-Exchange Membranes as the Separator Compared with organic solvent-based electrolytes, aqueous electrolytes offer higher conductivity, safer operation, and lower costs for supercapacitor applications. Yet the operational voltage in an aqueous solution is thermodynamically limited to 1.23 V, set by the electrochemical potential gap between the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the negative electrode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the positive electrode. A group of researchers from Oregon State University recently devised a novel way to build aqueous supercapacitors without this limitation. By employing ion-exchange membranes as separators, the authors were able to confine an acidic solution of H2SO4 and NaSO4 to the positive side, and a basic solution of NaOH and NaSO4 to the negative side, while maintaining the ion conducting path between the two sides with a glass fiber membrane containing only neutral NaSO4 solution. As a result, the electrochemical potentials of the HER and the OER could be shifted toward opposite directions, extending the overall cell operation voltage to approximately 1.8 V. The specific energy of the new capacitor was 12.7 Wh/kg, doubling the value of the best performing single-electrolyte counterparts. Long cycling life was also achieved as indicated by 97% capacitance retention and 99.6% coulombic efficiency after 10,000 cycles. From: X. Wang, R. S. Chandrabose, Z. Jian, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A1853 (2016).

A Nitrate Groundwater Remediation System Based on a Microbial Fuel Cell Remediation of groundwater contaminants is vitally important to the sustainment of our world’s water supplies. Nitrate contamination is a particular problem in many rural areas due to the prevalent use of nitrogen-based fertilizers for enhancement of agricultural production. Current technologies for nitrate remediation include ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, electrocatalysis, and biological denitrification. A research team from the University of Utah and Proton OnSite in Connecticut recently reported the development and testing of a potential remediation technology based on the use of a microbial fuel cell. The authors performed electrochemical studies (cyclic voltammetry, amperometry) of Geobacter sulfurreducens, a well-known sulfur-reducing bacterium, and demonstrated that the bacterium can also biocatalytically reduce nitrate. They then assembled a fuel cell system with an electrode fabricated with G. sulfurreducens as the cathode and platinum-black-coated carbon as the anode. Nitrate reduction at the cathode was performed in an electrochemical reaction that included a hydrogen gas reactant generated by a separate proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based electrolysis cell. Remediation rates (for conversion of nitrate to nitrogen and water) were approximately 6 mg nitrate/cm2/day, which is cost effective when compared with competing technologies. The authors conclude that this microbial fuel cell has potential as an efficient alternative for nitrate remediation.

Pit Propagation at the Boundary between Manganese Sulfide Inclusions and Austenitic Stainless Steel 303 and the Role of Copper MnS inclusions have long been studied as key pit nucleation sites in austenitic stainless steels. Many different mechanisms have been proposed as to the manner in which these inclusions serve as initiation sites. Here, the behavior of MnS inclusions in a free machining stainless steel was studied via a combination of surface topographical and localized electrochemical techniques. A mechanism was proposed where preferential dissolution of the inclusion occurs until a preexisting trench at the inclusion/base metal interface is reached. As dissolution continues, a critical pitting solution is formed within the occluded geometry, resulting in enhanced dissolution of the base metal and the release of Cu(II). The inclusion is then passivated and ennobled by Cu deposition, after which accelerated dissolution of the base material occurs due to the increasingly aggressive local chemistry, combined with galvanic coupling with the ennobled inclusion. While the nature of the Cu deposit was not determined, results from the literature strongly suggest the formation of a sulfide layer. Initiation of localized corrosion at a manganese sulfide inclusion is thus a race between dissolution of the inclusion to reach a critical geometry, and passivation of the inclusion due to deposition of a Cu layer on its surface.

Wearable Sensor System Powered by a Biofuel Cell for Detection of Lactate Levels in Sweat Over recent decades, technologies have been developed for tracking changes in a body’s biomarkers to be used in correlating with physical performance. Recent efforts have been aimed at improving monitoring through non-invasive means, such as through sweat, which contains lactate, a biomarker of stress and an indicator of a person’s health state. A team of industry and academic researchers developed such a wearable system that employs electrochemical devices for both sensing lactate concentrations and for powering the system. In the JSS Focus Issue on Nanocarbons in Sensing Applications, these researchers describe development and integration of all system components and the subsequent demonstration of system performance. Their amperometric biosensor was based on multiwall carbon nanotubes paper electrodes that had a loading of enzymatic ink containing lactate dehydrogenase. A biofuel cell (BFC) was comprised of a carbon felt anode modified with glucose oxidase and a graphite cathode coated with Prussian Blue paste for reducing oxygen. The authors report a sensitivity of 0.2mA•mM-1 lactate for the 5-30 mM range. The BFC achieved a maximum 16 mW and

From: R. S. Lillard, M. A. Kashfipour, and W. Niu, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, C440 (2016).

From: K. L. Knoche, J. N. Renner, W. Gellett, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, F651 (2016).

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was determined capable of powering via an energy harvester the micropotentiostat for 100 minutes. The authors suggest a multienzymatic sensor and a BFC capable of utilizing alternate fuels could be developed. From: S. O. Garcia, Y. V. Ulyanova, R. FigueroaTeran, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 5, M3075 (2016).

On the Radiation Tolerance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Electronic components in satellites in orbit are subject to a harsh radiation environment, especially from geomagnetic fields and particle irradiation. Gallium nitride-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) show promise for use in space, as they tolerate radiation damage much better than other compound semiconductor device materials. The nature of the electronic material versus the interface conditions of the active layers under bias plays a crucial role in radiation sensitivity. Researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory and the University of Maryland investigated high quality GaN layers in HEMTs compared to AlGaAs/ GaAs devices and their response to proton irradiation (2 MeV fluence). By growing devices on substrates with markedly different threading dislocation density (TDD) of a factor of 104, they found little difference in the radiation damage in GaN-based HEMTs. AlGaAs/GaAs devices however, were 10 times more sensitive to radiation damage. Based on known values of the atomic displacement energy thresholds in GaN and GaAs, the measured 36% fewer defects in GaN-based HEMTs were insufficient to account for the 1000% difference in radiation sensitivity of the devices. The researchers, in their article, which has been selected for an “Editor’s Choice” designation, proposed a mechanism whereby carrier reinjection to the 2D electron gas (2DEG) at the AlGaN/GaN piezoelectric interface channel, maintains the carrier sheet density and device response under irradiation. From: B. D. Weaver, T. J. Anderson, A. D. Koehler, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 5, Q208 (2016).

Tech Highlights was prepared by David Enos and Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, Zenghe Liu of Verily Life Science, and Donald Pile of Nexeon Limited. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

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Christofer Leygraf, Inger Odnevall Wallinder, Johan Tidblad, Thomas Graedel This book presents a comprehensive look at atmospheric corrosion, combining expertise in corrosion science and atmospheric chemistry the authors describe corrosion-induced devastating effects on structures and materials, examine the latest scientific tools available for preventing or minimizing corrosion damage, and emphasize new insights obtained through controlled experimental studies as well as computer modeling investigations. Complete with appendices discussing experimental techniques, computer models, and the degradation of specific metals, Atmospheric Corrosion, Second Edition builds on the topics covered in the first edition and has been expanded to include international exposure programs and the environmental effects of atmospheric corrosion.

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About the Authors Christofer Leygraf is Professor Emeritus at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Stockholm, Sweden. Inger Odnevall Wallinder is Professor at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Stockholm, Sweden. Johan Tidblad is Manager for the Section Corrosion Protection and Surface Technology at Swerea KIMAB, Stockholm, Sweden.

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The Sensor Division Issue by Peter J. Hesketh

t the 232rd ECS Meeting in National Harbor there are special symposia related to FEWS (Food-Energy-Water Summit) topics including a symposium entitled “Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security (Z05).” The Sensor division sponsors symposia on Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Systems, NanoBioSensors, Microfluidics Sensors and Devices, and MicroNanofabrication for MEMS/NEMS, in addition to our regular sessions such as the Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session. Point of care sensors for medical diagnostics and health monitoring based upon electrochemical methods for specific targets could fulfill the requirements for medical applications. Electrochemical sensors have low power, low cost, specific and sensitive response to target analytes. Exhaled breath contains thousands of compounds, which have great potential for health monitoring and diagnostics. The paper by Hunter et al. describes advances in sensor array technology for selected health markers and the challenges of detection at low concentration levels in the breath. Over 90% of the world population live in places where the air quality fails to meet WHO guidelines. Miniaturized electrochemical gas sensors make it possible to carry wearable sensing arrays to monitor air quality and find out how it might affect health, for sensitive individuals with asthma. Individual monitoring and tracking of symptoms could be undertaken, as described in the paper by Arriaga et al. Smart phones have considerable computational capability which can read sensors, provide analysis and built-in sensing functions making use of the high resolution digital cameras. The article by Gao and Wu highlights some aspects of smart-phone-based sensors. A number of start-up companies have entered this space as it promises to be a growing field combined with the internet of things.

The food, energy, and water nexus is a topic of significant interest given the climatic and environmental changes taking place. Water quality monitoring becomes even more critical—the paper by Gunda and Mitra highlights the needs for low cost, rapid methods for detection of microbial contamination in low resource settings. We hope this sampling of papers will provide insights into areas of relevance to the Sensor division. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F03164if.

About the Guest Editor Peter J. Hesketh received an MS (1983) and PhD (1987) in Electrical Engineering. He worked in the Microsensor Group at the Physical Electronics Laboratory of Stanford Research Institute and then Teknekron Sensor Development Corporation before joining the faculty at the University of Illinois in 1990 in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a past chair of the Sensor Division, and past chair of the Honors and Awards Committee of ECS. His research interests include micro/nanofabrication techniques, MEMS based gas sensors / gas chromatography, micro-magnetic actuators, and microfluidics for sample preconcentration. He has published over eighty journal papers and edited sixteen books on microsystems. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ASME, ECS, a member of ASEE, Sigma Xi, and IEEE. He is married to Ann Marie with two children Gabriel and Lillian Hesketh. He may be reached at peter.hesketh@me.gatech.edu.

About the ECS Sensor Division Established in 1988, the topical interest area of the Sensor Division includes, but is not limited to, all interdisciplinary aspects of the science and technology of sensors including synthesis, processing, fabrication, device operation, signal processing, and the biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering of the detection or sensing process. The Division is interested in sensors for all chemical species in both the gaseous, solid, liquid, and heterogeneous phases, sensors for measurement of physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow, optical, magnetic, field, and electric field, as well as sensors for various biological species including but not limited to proteins, nucleotides, microorganisms, whole cells, and whole organisms.

The Sensor Division offers two awards: the Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award which was created in 1989 to recognize outstanding achievement in research and/or technical contributions to the field of sensors and to encourage work excellence in the field, and the Sensor Division Student Paper Award which was established in 2012 to recognize an outstanding research paper in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemical science and technology and/or solid state science and technology is the central consideration.

The division recently completed successful elections. Please join us in the welcoming the new division leadership: Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Chair West Virginia University

Jessica Koehne, Secretary Ames Research Center

Ajit Khosla, Vice Chair Lab 177, Inc.

Larry Nagahara, Treasurer Johns Hopkins University

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Portable Breath Monitoring: A New Frontier in Personalized Health Care by Gary W. Hunter, Raed A. Dweik, Darby B. Makel, Claude C. Grigsby, Ryan S. Mayes, and Cristina E. Davis

he advent of the Internet of Things suggests the potential for broad dissemination of information through a world of networked systems. An aspect of this paradigm is reflected in the concept of Smart Sensors Systems previously described in Interface: Complete self-contained sensor systems that include multi-parameter sensing, data logging, processing and analysis, self-contained power, and an ability to transmit or display information.1 One application of Smart Sensor Systems is in the healthcare field. The concept of smart technologies that can monitor a patient’s health, assist in remote assessment by a health care provider, and improve the patient’s quality of life with limited intrusion and decreased costs is another aspect of a more interconnected world composed of distributed intelligent systems. One area where smart sensor systems may have a significant health care impact is in the area of breath analysis.2-3 Breath analysis techniques offer a potential revolution in health care diagnostics, especially if these techniques can be brought into standard use.4 Of particular interest is the development of portable breath monitoring systems that can be used outside of a clinical setting, such as at home or during an activity. This article provides a brief overview of the motivation for breath monitoring, possible components of portable breath monitoring systems, and provides an example of this approach.

Breath-Based Biomarkers for Use in Human Health and Performance Monitoring Exhaled breath contains a vast array of molecules that hold great promise for monitoring health. This includes substances produced as part of our normal (or disease-related) metabolism. Since we are constantly inhaling air from our environment as we breathe, exhaled breath can also reflect our external environment. Our breath also contains volatile compounds produced by our “internal environment,” the bacteria in our gut and mouth. Volatile by-products generated from diet, medications, drugs, or toxins add to this mix to generate a rich matrix of species that has great potential to revolutionize and personalize medicine.4 However, a core question is which species in the breath are relevant for human health diagnostics.

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments has been core to the identification of thousands of unique substances in exhaled breath.2,4-5 Analysis of GC-MS data for differential metabolite profiling6-7 and other techniques have facilitated biomarker discovery of volatiles in exhaled breath. These substances include gases such as nitric oxide, oxygen, and carbon monoxide, as well as a multitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Several disease-specific volatile biomarkers from the exhaled breath8 have been identified for use as diagnostic aids. Other VOCs are indicative of human presence and metabolism9 and must be accounted for in evaluation of a breath signature. Table I provides a very small listing of the vast range of exhaled breath species, and their potentially associated health conditions3,5,10 including species that are both exhaled in the breath and also present in the environment, e.g., carbon monoxide. In effect, potentially anything in the blood that releases volatiles can be measured in exhaled breath.11 Recently, efforts are ongoing to link “breath-prints” in patients with different disease states to the underlying pathobiology of the disease (see, for example, Refs. 12 and 13). However, a significant technical challenge that is core to portable breath monitoring is translating measurement capabilities of more complex laboratory based instruments into a compact sensor-based systems.14

Portable Breath Monitoring Sensor System Considerations The healthcare field of portable breath monitoring is growing significantly. The systems being developed range from simpler basic units on varying platforms to units with multifunctional integrated capabilities. This article does not survey the vast number of systems in development or being introduced to the market. Rather, some basic considerations associated with development of portable breath monitoring systems are provided. Core to the system is reliable measurement of relevant species in the breath. Ideally, a portable breath monitoring system would include a miniaturized sensor system that has the capability of more (continued on next page)

Table I. Selected chemical species in human breath relevant to physiology and disease.3,10 Compound

Potential source

Implications for disease

Acetone

Acetyl-CoA metabolism

Diabetes mellitus

Acrylonitrile

Exogenous/tobacco smoke

Smoke exposure

Benzene

Exogenous/tobacco smoke/automobile exhaust

Lung and breast cancer/smoke exposure

Carbon monoxide

Lung inflammation, hemolysis, smoke exposure

Asthma, hemolytic anemia, various exposures

Ethane

Lipid peroxidation/oxidative stress

Various diseases

Ethanol

Bacterial metabolism

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), obesity

Hydrogen sulfide

Oral bacteria

Periodontal disease

Isoprene

Cholesterol synthesis

Cardiovascular disease

Methane

Bacterial metabolism

Carbohydrate malabsorption

Nitric oxide

Airway inflammation

Asthma/allergy/PH

Gastric acid reflux

GERD/peptic ulcer disease

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Hunter, et al.

(continued from previous page)

Given an appropriate multispecies microsensor or sensor array, integration into the complete portable breath monitoring system is necessary. Components associated with a potential breath monitoring system include a method of interfacing with the patient (a mouthpiece); the ability to control and monitor the flow of the exhaled breath (check valve); a manifold holding the sensor array; electronics to control the sensors and process data; and power to operate the system. The portable breath monitor may be wireless, or may display the data. A notional example of such a portable breath monitoring system is shown in Fig. 2. There may be many variations on this core approach, but the ability to measure the breath reliably, process the data into breath biomarker concentrations, and communicate the results are central to a portable breath monitoring system. An example of a very different structure, but with the same necessary functionality, is given below related to flight applications.

Fig. 1. Photograph of miniaturization efforts for a sensor intended to measure nitric oxide for asthma monitoring driving down to 3 mm by 4 mm.16

complex systems, such as a MS, integrated into a small package. Such miniaturization involves the development of sensors with the ability to selectively identify the targeted species within the breath sample, while taking into account variability in the breath and external environment. Sensor sensitivity varies with the targeted species: Carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and VOC’s in the breath may be on the order one part per million (ppm), 10 parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt) respectively, and may vary with health state or physical activity. There are multiple possible methods to handle such challenges and they may vary greatly depending on the disease being monitoring. An illustration of the challenges involved is the detection of nitric oxide (NO) associated with asthma monitoring.10 A sensing approach viable for detection NO selectively was identified15 and this sensor then required miniaturization for optimal use in a portable system.16 Figure 1 shows the progression of this miniaturization from the larger design approach to a system with ~500 ppb sensitivity (with further sensitivity still desired)16. Each generation of the design reduced the sensor size, but required design modifications in order to optimize sensitivity and selectivity. A fundamental aspect of this work is that miniaturization of sensor technology is not just making something smaller; rather, the miniaturization itself involves new engineering challenges not seen in larger systems.17 Further, a single sensor may not be sufficient to measure the necessary variables within the breath; rather, a sensor array could be needed in order to provide the measurement of not only the targeted species, but to compensate for variations in the surrounding environment.2-3

Example Use of Real-Time Breath Monitoring in Air Force Applications

A particularly challenging example of breath monitoring is that in high stress, extreme conditions such as in a piloted flight application. Noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers in breath is particularly attractive for aircrews since it can be performed with little or no interference with performance of duties. Modern high performance aircraft routinely monitor hundreds to thousands of parameters on aircraft status. However, precious few of these parameters are relevant to the human system operating the aircraft, and direct measurement of the health or status of the pilot is very limited, despite the fact that the pilot is a critical element in any flight. This lack of pilot monitoring hampers analyses of in-flight emergencies, limits the ability of semiautonomous aircraft functionality to respond to changes in the pilot’s status, and prevents a full optimization of mission performance. In particular, breath-based monitoring presents a technical challenge in the high-performance flight environment, but this monitoring is critical. Real-time, objective assessment of aircrew hypoxia (oxygen (O2) deficiency) is a primary concern. Different forms of hypoxia may be due to disruptions of the life-support system air supply, diminished oxygen consumption, and harmful toxicants in the air supply.18 Inhaled and exhaled breath gas sensors monitoring respiratory gas exchange allow for rapid detection of aircrew hypoxia and analysis of in-flight aircrew emergencies. Since aircrews are traditionally trained to detect only hypoxia, pilots are unprepared to detect and respond to other kinds of physiologic challenges in-flight. Further, breath sensors for in-flight capnography (carbon dioxide (CO2) levels) have potential application for determining aircrew metabolic activity, as well as serving as detectors for pilot hyper/hypo ventilation. An integrated system approach to in-flight respiratory monitoring that includes breath sensors offers greater diagnostic and operator decision-support capability than a single-sensor approach.19 Gas sensors may offer additional benefits over alternatives including faster response rates and lower rates of false readings.18 Additional integration of breath biomarkers, including breath VOC detection, may augment monitoring for contaminant exposure, hypoxia, and hyper/ hypocapnia,20 further improving operator decision-support. A major Fig. 2. The core components for a notional portable breath monitor, and mounting in a charging unit with a display. 64

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

pressure, oxygen, and carbon dioxide of the exhaled breath. The system contains an optional module for a 2-channel electrocardiogram (ECG), and integrates into the standard aircrew oxygen mask. This system allows continuous in-flight, real-time monitoring of pilots’ heart rate, respiratory rate, spirometry, work of breathing (WOB), and respiratory gas exchange and consumption, as well as aircraft cabin pressure, acceleration, and temperature. A sampling of data that can be provided by the AMPSS is shown in Fig. 4, and illustrates the advantage of a multiparameter measurement system to provide a more complete understanding of a person’s health state and overall status.

Future Vision This article has highlighted some of the key incentives for the use of breath analysis as a health diagnostic tool, basic components of a portable Fig. 3. Implementation of the portable Aircrew Mounted Physiologic Sensor Suite (AMPSS) in breath monitoring system, and an example in a the flight mask system of a pilot. a) Components of AMPSS; b) Exhalation Sensor Module; c) very challenging environment. Other applications Inhalation Sensor Module; d) Pilot use on flight system. can be envisioned and are already occurring, such as breath analysis as a standard screening procedure for a range of challenge for portable breath monitoring systems is designing for conditions beyond those discussed, e.g., certain forms of cancer.4,21 aerospace environments, which include wide detection ranges, large One can imagine with doctor supervision patient home monitoring shifts in barometric pressure, temperature and humidity changes, high of various conditions, as is done now with diabetes, on an on-going basis. This is expected to enhance communications between patients g-forces, vibration, and electromagnetic noise from the aircraft.19-20 Ongoing efforts19 seek to improve system ruggedness, meet and clinicians, and could allow for archiving of clinical symptoms operational requirements, and minimize system intrusiveness to the (e.g. breath biomarker changes) that allow for a historical review of aircrew, while future efforts will be designed specifically to be able the patient’s disease management program over time. Overall, this to integrate sensors for the detection of specific VOC biomarkers for approach to medical applications is expected to provide individualized hypoxia and other conditions. An example is the Aircrew Mounted patient healthcare. Breath analysis could also be critical in emergency Physiologic Sensor Suite (AMPSS) shown in Fig. 3. This is an conditions such as when a patient is unable to report their condition, airworthy, cardiorespiratory physiology monitor that records the flow early detection of lung injury or toxic exposure,22-23 or even drug rate, pressure, and oxygen of the inhaled breath, and the flow rate, intoxication.24 (continued on next page)

Fig. 4. Example output readings of the AMPSS: a) Respiratory Exchange Ratio (CO2 produced/O2 Used); b) Acceleration; c) Differential Mask Pressure; d) Inhaled/Exhaled Flow; e) Work of Breathing f) Heart Rate. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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The core to such portable systems are the elements of a smart sensor system: multiparameter sensing, power, communications, data processing and automated analysis. Breath sample handling is important for many biomarkers, and it is critical to include selective and sensitive sensor technologies with compact footprints and low energy usage. Through advances in these technologies, breath monitoring systems may become a component of the Internet of Things with significant impact on personal health care. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F04164if.

Acknowledgements Contributions and partial support include: Third Frontier Program from the Ohio Department of Development, P. Dutta of The Ohio State University, J. Xu of NASA Glenn Research Center, C. Chang of NASA Glenn Research Center/Vantage Partners, LLC., D. S. Burch of Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, USAFSAM Physiology Research Team, NAMRU-D Physiology Team, and the USAF Test Pilot School “Have Breathless” Team.

About the Authors Gary W. Hunter is Lead for Intelligent System Hardware and the Technical Lead for the Chemical Species Gas Sensors Team in the Smart Sensors and Electronics Systems Branch at NASA Glenn Research Center. He has been involved with the design, fabrication, and testing of sensors for nearly 25 years for a range of applications. This work has included the use of micro and nanotechnology as well as the integration of sensor technology into smart systems. His contributions range from research to technical management in fields ranging from high temperature wireless sensors, engine emissions, environmental monitoring, fire detection, and leak detection. He is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. He may be reached at Gary.W.Hunter@nasa.gov. Raed A. Dweik, M.D. is the Director of the Pulmonary Vascular Program and the Breath Analysis Program at Cleveland Clinic. He is board certified in internal medicine, pulmonary disease, and critical care medicine. Dr. Dweik’s clinical interests are in pulmonary hypertension and asthma. He has a joint appointment in the department of Pathobiology in the Lerner Research Institute (LRI) and is a Professor of Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University. Dr. Dweik’s research interests are in exhaled breath analysis and the role of nitric oxide in cardiopulmonary physiology and disease. He may be reached at DWEIKR@ccf.org. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-1288

Darby B. Makel is President and CEO of Makel Engineering, Inc. Dr. Makel has thirty years of experience developing chemical micro sensors systems including ten years at Aerojet for the past 20 years at Makel Engineering Inc.. Sensors developed under the direction of Dr. Makel range in application from safety critical sensors used in the life support system of the International Space Station to biomedical breath sensors, to sensors

for high temperature, harsh environments such as jet engine emissions. Dr. Makel is a former member and past Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Enloe Medical Center. He has authored over 50 technical publications and is an active member of AIAA, ECS, and ASME. He may be reached at dmakel@makelengineering.com. Claude C. Grigsby is an analytical chemist and board certified medical technologist with over 20 years of experience in mass spectrometry based proteomics, metabolomics, volatile analysis, and clinical diagnostics utilizing a variety of analytical chemistry and bioinformatics techniques. His group has been successful in authoring novel informatics techniques which allow for large, scale differential profiling experiments and subsequent identification of those molecular markers for potential use as early indicators of phenotypic change. He is currently serving as the Human Signatures Branch technical advisor at the Air Force Research Laboratory, where, for the past several years, he has applied his mass spectral expertise in support of air quality investigations of high performance aircraft conducted by the 711th Human Performance Wing and is leading numerous USAF efforts focused on cockpit environmental exposures, breath based biomarker discovery, and associated sensor development. He may be reached at claude.grigsby@us.af.mil. Ryan S. Mayes is the Senior Research Scientist for the Department of Aeromedical Research, United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, 711th Human Performance Wing. He is responsible for the strategic direction and technical quality of the Wing’s Defense Health Plan-funded portfolio of research, which spans research in enroute care, expeditionary medicine, force health protection, and human performance. Dr. Mayes’ formal training was in epidemiology, biostatistics, and judgment and decision making. His current areas of research include big data analytics, high-performance physiology, and personal sensing. He may be reached at Ryan.Mayes.2@us.af.mil. Cristina E. Davis is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at the University of California, Davis (Davis, CA), and she is also an Associate Director of the UC Davis NIH-funded NCATS center on translational medicine. She has been developing mobile chemical sensor platforms for the defense industry for 15 years. Previously, she was a Principal Member of the Technical Staff and the founding Group Leader of Bioengineering at The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. Her prior experience includes sensor development for chem-bio detection, and she also lead national research efforts to develop human odor scent biometrics applications. She is currently a Member of the Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) for the United States Air Force (2014-2018), and is a Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE). She is Member of the Editorial Board for the Journal of Breath Research. She is a CoFounder and Scientific Advisor to two UC Davis affiliated start-up companies based on her recent research. She may be reached at cedavis@ucdavis.edu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

References 1. G. W. Hunter, J. R. Stetter, P. J. Hesketh, and C. C. Liu, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 20, no. 1, Winter, 66 (2011). 2. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Xu, A. M. Biaggi-Labiosa; D. Laskowski, P. K Dutta, S. P. Mondal, B. J. Ward, D. B. Makel, C. C. Liu, C. W. Chang, and R. A. Dweik, J. Breath Res., 5, 037111 (2011). 3. G. W. Hunter and R. A.,Dweik,, J. Breath Res., 2, 037020 (2008). 4. R. A. Dweik and A. Amann, J. Breath Res., 2, 1 (2008). 5. K. M. Paschke, A. Mashir, and R. A. Dweik, F1000 Medicine Reports, 2, 56 (2010). 6. C. C. Grigsby, M. M. Rizki, L. A. Tamburino, R. L. Pitsch, P. A. Shiyanov, and D. R. Cool, Anal. Chem., 82, 4386 (2010). 7. C. C. Grigsby, M. A. Zmuda, D. W. Boone, T. C. Highlander, R. M. Kramer, and M. M. Rizki, Proc. SPIE, 2012, 8402 (2012). 8. J. Kwak and G. Pretri, Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., 12, 1067 (2011). 9. J. Kwak, B. A. Geier, M. Fan, S. A., Gogate, S. A. Rinehardt, B. S. Watts, C. C. Grigsby, and D. K. Ott, J. Sep. Sci., 38, 2463 (2015). 10. F. S. Cikach, Jr. and R. A. Dweik, Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 55, 34 (2012). 11. A. Mashir and R. Dweik, Adv. Powder Technol., 20, 420 (2009). 12. N. Patel, N. Alkhouri, K. Eng, F. Cikach, L. Mahajan, C. Yan, D. Grove, E. S., Rome, R. Lopez, and R. A. Dweik, Aliment. Pharmacol Ther., 40, 498 (2014). 13. N. Alkhouri, T. Singh, E. Alsabbagh, J. Guirguis, T. Chami, I. Hanouneh, D. Grove, R. Lopez, and R. Dweik, Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol., 6, e112 ( 2015). 14. P. X. Braun, G. F. Gmachl, and R. A. Dweik, IEEE Sens. J., 12, 3258 (2012). 15. S. P. Mondal, P. K. Dutta, G. W. Hunter, B. J. Ward, D. Laskowski, and R. A. Dweik, Sens. Actuators, B, 158, 292 (2011). 16. C. W. Chang, G. Maduraiveeran, J. C. Xu, G.W. Hunter, and P. K. Dutta, Sens. Actuators B, 204, 183 (2014). 17. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Xu, and D. B. Makel, in “BioNanoFluidic MEMS”, P. Hesketh, Editor, Springer Press, New York (2007) 18. J. B. Phillips, D. S. Horning, and R. E. Dory, “A Comparison of Pulse-Oximetry, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and Gas Sensors for In-Cockpit Hypoxia Detection” Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Technical Memorandum. DTIC Report ADA571028 (2012). 19. D. S. Burch, R,.S. Mayes, M. T. White, D. M. Pohlman, M. L. Cowgill, M. Taylor, S. A. Warner, and J. B. Phillips, in “Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 87th Annual Conference Proceedings”, Atlantic City, NJ (2016). 20. S. W. Harshman, B. A. Geier, M. Fan, S. A. Rinehardt, B. S. Watts, L. A. Drummond, G. Preti, J. B. Phillips, D. K. Ott, C. C. Grigsby, J. Breath Res., 9, 047103 (2015). 21. A. Krilaviciute, J. A. Heiss, M. Leja, J. Kupcinskas, H. Haick, and H. Brenner, Oncotargets Ther., 6, 38643 (2015). 22. J. Nath and A. Januszkiewicz, “Early Systemic Biomarkers of Acute Lung Injury: Application of Multiplex Proteomic Array Technology”, Respiratory Research Branch, Deptartment of Poly-Trauma and Resuscitation Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (2008). 23. J. Hunt and A. R. Baddour, “Instrumentation for Monitoring Breath Biomarkers for Diagnosis of Health Condition, Toxic Exposure, and Disease,” Air Force Office of Scientific Research (2007). 24. P. Colin, D. J. Eleveld, J. P. van den Berg, H. E. Vereecke, M. M. Struys, G. Schelling, C. C. Apfel, and C. Hornuss, Clin. Pharmacokinet, 55, 849 (2016).

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Ubiquitous Wearable Electrochemical Sensors by Rosa I. Arriaga, Melvin Findlay, Peter J. Hesketh, and Joseph R. Stetter

earable sensors are a topic of increasing interest, with market growth projected to be 40% or more over the next 5 years, soon reaching billions in sales. These sensors can be divided into in-body, on-body, and around-the-body sensing. Examples of in-body sensing include the temperature sensor you can swallow and the underskin glucose delivery systems with embedded sensors. On-body skin patches have been built for body temperature, blood oxygen saturation (SPO2), heart-rate monitoring and more. Wearable or personal mobile sensors you carry by incorporating them in cellphones and other mobile platforms, for example the Drayson Clean Air, are becoming more prevalent. These devices can warn you of pollutant sources or perform breath analysis for alcohol, carbon monoxide, or hydrogen, serving as diagnostics for disease or in-treatment programs. Sensors can also be divided by market application, be it health, medicine, sport, diet, safety, environment, well-being, or a myriad of other personal aids to our daily living. In this category one can find everything from smart watches to smart clothing! Ubiquitous integrated sensor arrays are becoming a reality and progress in this domain can be seen each month. The promise is that everyone and everything will be connected via wireless data collection, and services like healthcare will be brought to everyone, everywhere, anytime, for virtually any need. Currently, there are a multitude of distributed sensors, e.g., the Internet of Things (IoT), Pere, et al.1 These sense the environment and provide applications in home automation, home safety and comfort, and personal health. At a macro level they provide data for smart cities, smart agriculture, and for water conservation and energy efficiency. Other applications include supply chain management, transportation, and logistics. While regional atmospheric information is already uploaded to the web (e.g., EPA websites) and are made available for public perusal (e.g., airnow.gov), the promise is that new wearable sensors will make this information available to the individual immediately, on a local basis. This will lead to new areas of application and will undoubtedly significantly impact our health and well-being. Methods for rapid prototyping of sensors and inexpensive fabrication methods are being developed for flexible substrates.2 This makes wearable sensor technology available that requires a fraction of the power of traditional sensors. The added bonus is that these wearable sensors are cost-competitive with those achieved utilizing MEMS fabrication methods.3,4

Sensor Technology There are many technologies for sensing that are common in wearable applications including mechanical, optical, thermal, magnetic, and solid-state electronic and electrochemical-based methods. Each has its forte for certain variables useful in wearable products. Mechanical sensors like accelerometers can sense motion for exercise or sleep monitoring. People typically do not want an accelerometer but rather the sensor in a system with electronics and software to make actionable information available, e.g., a pedometer. So when we talk about sensors we are speaking about the basic enabler of the information people want and need from wearable devices. Optical sensors are currently one of the best approaches for particle monitoring. Thermal sensors are still excellent for VOCs and electrochemical sensors are excellent for atmospheric gases; many medical electroactive gases, such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, or sulfur dioxide; and lung irritants like ozone and nitrogen dioxide. A novel, ultra-low power, screen printed electrochemical (SPEC) gas sensor technology was developed at KWJ Engineering. The SPEC sensors, which are compatible with single sensor and with sensor array configurations, are shown in Fig. 1. Single sensors are targeted for specific analytes while sensor arrays can provide broad sensing capability with improved selectivity. The processes for preparing printed sensors are well-established now5 and take advantage of the revolution in printed electronics and the well-established batch processing used in semiconductor MEMS fabrication. Sensors have been developed for the priority pollutants CO, NO2 (selective), O3, and SO2, as well as NO, H2S, O2, and ethanol. Although extremely small, this new generation of “Printed” gas sensors has sensitivity and accuracy comparable to that of the existing, much larger and costlier industrial sensors. Typical carbon monoxide performance is illustrated by a recent evaluation by the South Coast Air Quality Management District6 at environmental levels and the UL approved performance at safety levels. Correlation of the 1 hr and 24 hr mean with the calibrated federal reference IR analyzer was excellent (0.87–0.9 and 0.89–0.91, respectively). Low power multimodal electrochemical gas sensors using ionic liquids have been developed for CH4, NO2, SO2 and O2 detection7 that promise to extend the range, selectivity, stability, and ruggedness in wearable applications.

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Fig. 1. Examples of printed sensors fabricated at KWJ: Portion of sheet of sensors (left), singulated sensor mounted on adaptor board (center), and KWJ Prototype 4-sensor board with Bluetooth and battery (right). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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(a)

(b)

of tattoo-based sensors,19,20 as shown in Fig. 3. Realtime noninvasive lactate sensing in human perspiration during exercise is achieved using flexible printed temporary-transfer tattoo electrochemical biosensors that conform to the wearer’s skin. (Ed. Note: See “From the Editor: Electrochemistry and the Olympics,” in the fall 2016 issue of Interface, p. 3.). The enzyme-based biosensor provides selectivity to lactate and linearity up to 20 mM, and is resilient against continuous mechanical deformation.21 Future IaT sensors are expected to include wearable, implantable and environmental sensors to monitor user health and activate remote assistance including RFID sensors with zero power consumption.22

Environmental Applications and Impact (c)

There already exist private and public ventures to harness the power of environmental sensors. A study of ambient conditions in Chicago using sensor arrays and an open platform, Waggle, has been developed by Argonne National Laboratory.23 Data from Waggle nodes are securely sent to a cloud-based server, called the “beehive.” Users can down load a Waggle application to view trends and metadata from the data base. The city of London in 2014 demonstrated that exhaust levels from taxi and buses was a concern for pedestrians. There is evidence that this kind of data generates interest beyond academic research, among citizens everywhere. There is also evidence that the general public is ready to partner with academic collaborators to access this type of data. For example, Imperial College, London received crowdfunding for the Air Patrol initiative in London to provide local data on ozone, NO2 and other ambient Fig. 2. Structural health RFID sensors developed at Georgia Tech which are fully inkjetpollutants.24 printed large-area transparent and battery-less “Zero-Power” wireless sensing. (a, b) Energy Recent studies have been undertaken with wearable or harvesting and enhanced-range (10m+) communication modules on glass, and (c) Typical phone-based environmental gas sensors for detection of S11 data collection from sensor (with permission). CO2 and pollutants.25,26 Using electrochemical sensors in the city of Cambridge, CO, NO2, and NO were tracked. Ultra-low power conductimetric sensors based upon CNT’s and Although the sources of pollution are variable, periodic variations nanoparticles and polymer composites have been developed for were observed over the course of each day and statistical analysis was 8 detection of volatile organic compounds and other gases. Structural used to evaluate trends. Key technical advantages of electrochemical Health Monitoring RFID modules have been developed that make use sensors are the combination of extremely low power requirement, high 9 of printable sensors. When integrated with wireless data transmission, sensitivity in the ppb range, small size, low cost, and linear response. this approach enables a low cost distributed sensing capability. Figure The addition of particulate monitoring sensor to such platforms allows 2 shows an example of one such sensor, a Polymer doped UHF RFID a more complete picture of the health risks.27,28 10 wireless sensor for humidity. Similarly, combining CNT arrays There is also abundant evidence that environmental sensors can with RFID tags provides wireless chemical sensing of NH3 in air.11 be easily built and deployed for individual use.29 Two compelling This is attractive because of the zero power consumption at the mobile examples are the CitiSense outdoor air quality sensor system electrochemical sensor. and inAir indoor air quality sensor systems. CitiSense30 is a mobile Nanowire sensors based upon FET principles are being developed outdoor air quality sensor system that monitors the common pollutants with very low power consumption, cost and physical size, so that nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and ozone (O3) along arrays of sensors can be integrated into wearable devices and with temperature, humidity, and barometric pressure. InAir is a system applications. For example functionalized silicon nanowires for that measures air quality in the home by monitoring Volatile Organic explosive vapors12 and tin oxide nanowire FET humidity sensors13 Compounds (VOCs) and Particulate Matter (PM). Each of these have been recently reported. These provide electronic nose and studies found that making the users aware of the air quality heightened olfaction-like sensing because they integrate sensing and a computer their motivation to change their behavior (seek a different path) or model and interpretation of the sensory signals. Such sensing has been their environment (turn on a fan) to improve air quality. 16 used with electrochemical sensors for aircraft fires. Many populations, including children with asthma, are susceptible to the effects of poor air quality and wearable sensors provide an Medical Applications Impact opportunity to bring cutting edge sensors to the medical market, thereby protecting sensitive populations. Wearable sensors can also and Opportunities lead to an understanding of how being aware of indoor air quality Wearable sensors have already yielded many benefits. Human affects an individuals’ ability to manage their environment to improve activity monitoring has been used to improve rehabilitation and the health of the asthmatic child. Demonstrating these links, and physiotherapy.17 In addition, wearable technology in this context using this information to improve environmental air quality is critical can be even more important with an aging population as it provides since the average child spends 80 – 90% of their time indoors, and unobtrusive sensing and has the potential to lead to preventative approximately 15 hours per day in their home.31 The time spent interventions.18 Wearable electrochemical sensors can provide EEGF, indoors increases the risks from exposure to indoor pollutants; and ECG, and multi-analyte detection to evaluate human heath in the form indoor airborne pollution levels may be as much as ten to hundreds of 70

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times higher than those outdoors. Also, it is recognized that outdoor air pollutants, particularly ozone and particles, can penetrate the building shell and enter the indoor environment.32

Sensor Integration, Data Processing and Energy Harvesting Large amounts of data are generated by arrays of interconnected sensors33 and real-time interpretation of these data streams needs further work to identify the best way to present information on which a change in behavior or an action can be undertaken. Energy harvesting methods are being investigated and are developing rapidly to meet the needs for wearable sensors, and a range of technologies—from vibration, low grade thermal energy, to direct harvesting from the electromagnetic spectrum—are in the mix. Thermal energy harvesting uses advanced thermoelectric materials and CNT arrays for conversion of a temperature difference to a potential gradient.34 Vibrational energy harvesting can be based upon electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic or other principles of converting mechanical motion into electrical current. Vibrational energy harvesting can also take advantage of nonlinear modes to increase the efficiency and provide more power,35 a topic covered at recent ECS meetings. Recent work in utilizing “stray” RF energy to power low power IOT devices has been demonstrated by KWJ36 and Drayson Technologies using KWJ’s ultra-low power low cost printed amperometric CO sensor.37,38

Conclusions The IOT paradigm connected to chemical, gas, physical, and biosensors is only just starting. The realization of better health and well-being for people and our planet is yet to be fully realized through these connected sensors and systems. It remains to be seen what the full impact will be and how clever engineers will create commercial applications around the world for these emerging technologies. Human response to ubiquitous distributed sensors will rapidly develop and future study will determine how to process and present the potentially vast information generated from sensor networks and how best to make effective decisions from the derived information. Wearable sensor technology is a rapidly growing field with numerous applications and rapidly growing sensor fusion. This increasing importance of wearable sensors underscores a picture where a dynamic global information network will include many start-

up companies, as well as large corporations, making hardware and software for applications in medicine, sport, consumer, industrial, safety, health, and environmental fields. Wearable sensing, computing, and information sharing capability, like the IOT, together have the potential to transform the human landscape. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05164if.

Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge various funding sources including NSF, NIH, KWJ Engineering Inc., Georgia Research Alliance, and SPEC Sensors, LLC.

About the Authors Rosa I. Arriaga is a psychologist in the School of Interactive Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology. Her emphasis is on using psychological theories and methods to address fundamental topics of human computer interaction. Her current research interest is in the area of chronic care management. Recently she has addressed some of the following questions: how software solutions can improve asthma management in children; how crowdsourcing can aid individuals with autism spectrum disorders and their caregiver; and how lab-based technologies can be scaled and deployed to broaden their impact. She is interested in how wearable ambient sensors can be harnessed to improve asthma management in children and how they can be used in an ecological sensor net to predict asthma exacerbation. She may be reached at arriaga@cc.gatech.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8642-7245

Melvin Findlay is Director of New Product Development at KWJ Engineering. Mr. Findlay has worked in both product development and R&D for more than 20 years. In his R&D work, Mr. Findlay has authored and co-authored more than 20 publications and conference presentations, and is co-inventor on several patents in the areas of chemical sensors and their applications. Mr. Findlay began his career as an environmental (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. Several representative designs of flexible and conformal body-worn sensors for physiological monitoring. Left panel: Microelectrodes on PEN for monitoring dopamine levels in cortical tissues. Center panel: Kapton-based flexible punctual-plug biosensor for glucose monitoring suitable for insertion into the lacrimal canaliculus. Right panel: 8-electrode gas sensor array printed on Gore-Tex fabric for environmental and security monitoring (from Ref. 20, Wiley-VCH 2013). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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chemist, at Argonne National Laboratory, where he was involved in the development of the first sensor-array based instrument, the “Chemical Parameter Spectrometer” (CPS-100). Mr. Findlay’s professional interests are in the development and transferring of new sensors for health, safety, and personal exposure monitoring. Mr. Findlay is currently involved in several research projects related to innovative sensor and gas detection technology in air and water. Peter Hesketh received an MS (1983) and PhD (1987) in Electrical Engineering. He worked in the Microsensor Group at the Physical Electronics Laboratory of Stanford Research Institute and then Teknekron Sensor Development Corporation before joining the faculty at the University of Illinois in 1990 in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a past chair of the Sensor Division, and past chair of the Honors and Awards Committee of ECS. His research interests include micro/nanofabrication techniques, MEMS based gas sensors / gas chromatography, micromagnetic actuators, and microfluidics for sample preconcentration. He has published over eighty journal papers and edited sixteen books on microsystems. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ASME, ECS, a member of ASEE, Sigma Xi, and IEEE. He may be reached at peter.hesketh@ me.gatech.edu. Joseph R. Stetter is the President and Chief Technology Officer at KWJ Engineering, Inc. and also at his new startup, SPEC-Sensors, LLC. Dr. Stetter is a visiting scholar at Georgia Institute of Technology, and has won awards for his work in technology development, sensor research, and product commercialization such as 2002 Entrepreneur of the Year award by TMAC for starting several successful companies over his career. Sensor and related products created by Dr. Stetter are in use today protecting human health and the environment and most recently crossing over into consumer products. He earned his PhD from the University at Buffalo in 1975. He is the author of over 300 articles, books, and conference proceedings, holds more than 45 patents, has chaired national and international meetings and served on the boards of several startup companies. He has edited journals, been a plenary speaker at conferences, given invited and endowed Lecture Series, and is active in professional societies and is a Fellow of the Electrochemical Society. He may be reached at jrstetter@gmail. com.

References 1. C. Perera, C. H. Liu, and S. Jayawardena, IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput., 3, 585 (2015). 2. K. A. Mirica, J. M. Azzarelli, J. G. Weis, J. M. Schnorr, and T. M. Swager, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110, E3265 (2013). 3. M. T. Carter, J. R. Stetter, M. W. Findlay, and V. Patel, ECS Trans., 58(34), 7 (2014). 4. J. R. Stetter, A. G. Shirke, Bennett J. Meulendyk, V. Patel, G. O’Toole, and M. T. Carter, ECS Trans., 53(18), 7 (2013). 5. M. T. Carter, J. R. Stetter, M. W. Findlay, and V. Patel, ECS Trans., 50(12), 211 (2013). 6. http://www.aqmd.gov/docs/default-source/aq-spec/field-evaluations/spec-sensors---field-evaluation249fa8efc2b66f27bf6fff00004a91a9.pdf?sfvrsn=2 7. J. Li, X. Mu, Y. Yang, and A. J. Mason, IEEE Sens. J., 14, 3391 (2014). 8. E. Llobet, Sens. Actuators B, 179, 32 (2013).

9. X. Yi , T. Wu , Y. Wang , R. T. Leon , M. M. Tentzeris, and G. Lantz, Int. J. Smart Nano Mater., 2, 22 (2011). 10. S. Manzari, C. Occhiuzzi, S. Nawale, A. Catini, C. Di Natale, and G. Marrocco, in Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on RFID, IEEE (2012). 11. C. Occhiuzzi, A. Rida, G. Marrocco, and M. Tentzeris, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 59, 2674 (2011). 12. Y. Engel, R. Elnathan, A. Pevzner, G. Davidi, E. Flaxer, and F. Patolsky, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 49, 6830 (2010). 13. Q. Kuang, C. Lao, Z. L. Wang, Z. Xie, and L. Zheng, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 6070 (2007). 14. T. C. Pearce, S. S. Schiffman, H. T. Nagle, and J. W. Gardner, “Handbook of Machine Olfaction,” Wiley-VCH, New York (2003). 15. S. Li, Michael T. Carter, Melvin W. Findlay, and Joseph. R. Stetter, Paper 236 presented at the ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2014. 16. G. W. Hunter, J. C. Lu, A. M. Biaggi-Labiosa, B. Ward, P. Dutta, and C. C. Liu, in “AIAA 40th International Conference On Environmental Systems,” Portland, OR, 2011. 17. O. D. Lara and M. A. Labrador, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tutorials, 15, 1192 (2013). 18. S. C. Mukhopadhyay, IEEE Sens., 15, 1321 (2015). 19. A. J. Bandodkar, V. W. S. Hung, W. Jia, G. Valdes-Ramırez, J. R. Windmiller, A. G. Martinez, J. Ramırez, G. Chan, K. Kerman, and J. Wang, Analyst, 138, 123 (2013). 20. J. R. Windmiller and J. Wang, Electroanalysis, 25, 29 (2013). 21. W. Jia, A. J. Bandodkar, G. Valdés-Ramírez, J. R. Windmiller, Z. Yang, J. Ramírez, G. Chan, and J. Wang, Anal. Chem., 85, 6553 (2013). 22. S. Amendola, R. Lodato, S. Manzari, C. Occhiuzzi, and G. Marrocco, IEEE IoT J., 1, 144 (2014). 23. http://wa8.gl 24. http://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/crowdsource-air-pollution-inlondon 25. A. de Nazelle, E. Seto, D. Donaire-Gonzalez, M. Mendez, J. Matamala, M. J. Nieuwenhuijsen, and M. Jerrett, Environ. Pollut., 176, 92 (2013). 26. M. I. Mead, O. A. M. Popoola, G. B. Stewart, P. Landshoff, M. Calleja, M. Hayes, J. J. Baldovi, M. W. McLeod, T.F. Hodgson, J. Dicks, A. Lewis, J. Cohen, R. Baron, J. R. Saffell, and R. L. Jones, Atmos. Environ., 70,186 (2013). 27. R. M. Harrison, C. A. Thornton, R. G. Lawrence, D. Mark, R. P. Kinnersley, and J. G. Ayers, Occup. Environ. Med., 59, 671 (2002). 28. B. A. Maher, I. A. M. Ahmed, B. Davison, V. Karloukovski, and R. Clarke, Environ. Sci. Technol., 47, 13737 (2013). 29. E. Bales, N. Nikzad, C. Ziftci, N. Quick, W. Griswold, and K. Patrick, “Personal Pollution Monitoring: Mobile Real-Time AirQuality in Daily Life,” UC San Diego, San Diego, CA, 2014. 30. E. N. N. Bales N. Quick, C. Ziftci, K. Patrick, and W. Griswold, in “6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare,” PervasiveHealth, 2012. 31. S. Brasche and W. Bischof, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 208, 247 (2005). 32. C. W. Bayer, R. J. Hendry, S. A. Crow, and J. C. Fischer, in “9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,” Monterey, CA, 2000. 33. M. Swan, J. Sens. Actuator Netw., 1, 217 (2012). 34. S. L. Kim, K. Choi, A. Tazebay, and C. Yu, ACS Nano, 8, 2377 (2014). 35. M. F. Daqaq, R. Masana, A. Erturk, and D. D. Quinn, Appl. Mech. Rev., 66, 40801-1-13 (2014). 36. M. T. Carter, J. R. Stetter, J. R. Smith, A. N. Parks, Y. Zhao, M. W. Findlay, and V. Patel, Paper 1602 Presented at the 221st Meeting of The Electrochemical Society, Seatte, WA, May 6-10 2012. 37. http://getfreevolt.com 38. https://our.clean.space

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Rapid Water Quality Monitoring for Microbial Contamination by Naga Siva Kumar Gunda and Sushanta K. Mitra

ith the increase in population and a substantial rise in the proportion of the middle class in developing nations, the demand for clean and safe drinking water is increasing rapidly. Deterioration in water quality is a major threat to public health.1 As per World Health Organization (WHO) data, almost 884 million people (1 in 8 people worldwide) do not have access to clean and safe drinking water.1-3 In most of these cases, water is consumed without any prior treatment processes, which leads to waterborne diseases. Diarrhea is one such waterborne disease, caused due to microbial contamination, which accounts for roughly 3.6% of the total global burden of illness and around 1.5 million deaths (most of them children under age 5) are reported annually owing to lack of water sanitation and hygiene.2 Almost 90% of these deaths occur in the developing world and communities with minimal resources.2,3 In India, about 21% of all contagious diseases (11.5% of all ailments) are water-borne in nature.4 Seventy-three million working person days are lost every year due to people falling ill from water-borne diseases.2,5 Similarly, in Canada, First Nation communities are facing difficulty in accessing safe water for drinking and sanitation.6 The water provided to many First Nations communities is contaminated, difficult to access, or at danger due to compromised water treatment systems.6 In Canada, almost 134 water systems have drinking water advisories alerting communities that their water is not safe to drink.6 One of the major causes for such public health concern is the lack of consistent and economical methods to provide safe and uncontaminated drinking water to communities. Water quality monitoring in developing countries and most of the developed nations presently involves transportation of the water samples to centralized laboratories where trained personnel conduct conventional laboratory-based testing to evaluate the quality of water.7-9 In laboratories, water is tested for various contaminants such as physical (sediments, organic matter), chemical (salts, metals, bleach, and pesticides), biological (bacteria, viruses, protozoan, and parasites), and radiological (uranium, plutonium, and cesium).3 However, testing for various contaminants, especially microbial testing, is time-consuming, laborious, expensive, and requires well-trained personnel and equipped laboratories, which may not be possible in minimally resourced communities.7-10 Most of the contaminants are harmless, but a select few contaminants are harmful if consumed. Use of microbially contaminated water for drinking and hygiene has an immediate effect on an individual’s health. The use of chemically contaminated water has side effects on the health of individual if the individual is exposed to the chemical contaminants for a long time.2 Widespread testing of water quality on a consistent basis at the point of supply would require simple, low-cost, fielddeployable and rapid screening tests for microbial contamination that can be performed by an untrained individual. This type of screening test can prevent outbreaks due to microbial contamination by enabling detection at the early stages.3,7 There are several microbial pathogens, and it takes a long time to test for each and every organism to evaluate the water quality in the field. Hence, the environmental protection agencies advise looking for indicator organisms like total coliform and Escherichia Coli (E. coli).1- 3 The presence of these indicator organisms suggest that the water is compromised. However, one of the key challenges for water quality monitoring is to detect such indicator organisms right at the source or at the point of consumption. Current technologies rely on collecting water samples and sending samples to microbiological laboratories, which through multiple tube fermentation, membrane

filtration, and/or plate counts, provide conclusive results, typically within 24 – 48 hrs.8-22 Such a lengthy wait period is very much disadvantageous to communities, particularly in Canada’s North and First Nation communities and limited resource communities in developing economies (i.e., India, China, Brazil), where even access to a reliable water quality monitoring laboratory is rare. Hence, researchers have developed innovative field-deployable rapid test methods to evaluate the quality of water for microbial contamination. The commonly used term “rapid test method” in water quality testing has an interpretation that varies with perspective. Technologies that produce water quality test results (for microbial contamination) faster compared to conventional methods are called “rapid test methods.” Also, the test procedures that take less time from sampling of water to obtaining test results (sampling to results) are called “rapid test methods.” There are several steps between sampling of water samples and obtaining water quality results, such as transporting, testing, and incubating. Moreover, these rapid test methods should detect indicator organism as low as 1 CFU/100 mL in less time ( in hours) while being inexpensive. As stated by WHO and other environmental protection agencies, the target concentration of indicator organism, i.e., E. coli should be zero CFU/100 mL for potable water and 126 CFU/100 mL for recreational water.1-3 In this article, we review the recently developed rapid test methods available for water testing for microbial contamination. We will not discuss traditional methods and the other emerging techniques that are not categorized as rapid test methods. Interested readers can find the details of these (excluded) methods elsewhere.8-22

Overview of Water Quality Test Methods There are three categories of test methods for microbial water testing.10 They are qualitative, quantitative, and identification tests. Qualitative test methods offer presence/absence results that specify microbial contamination in a water sample. Quantitative test methods provide a numerical result that represents the total number of bacteria existing in the water sample. Identification test techniques give the specific strain details of microbes present in the water sample. There are several test methods available for microbial testing, and they tend to depend on various principles and/or platforms. Currently, the test methods available for detecting indicator organisms like total coliform and E. coli depend on culture, biochemical, immunological, genetic, and microscopic observations. Most of these methods often involve an initial step of increasing the indicator organism population or a signal representing the indicator organism. In culture-based test methods,9-14 the indicator organism is isolated from the samples using selective and differential media and then identified using biochemical, immunological, or genetic techniques. Membrane filtration is one such culture-based method where the indicator organism is transferred onto filter paper from water samples by vacuum filtration, and the filter paper is then placed on the agar plate to grow the indicator organism trapped on the filter surface. Typically, these agar plates with filter paper are incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours to obtain the results. The testing procedure may be rapid, but the incubating process is time-consuming. Another culture-based method is the H2S strip/powder method where bacteria-containing water is kept in a bottle with a strip/powder and allow to react with the strip/powder to produce hydrogen sulfide gas, which can be detected by the appearance of black color in the bottle.

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Immunological methods11-18 target specific antigens of bacteria using specific antibodies. The indicator bacteria releases an antigen which can be detected using antigen-antibody interaction. These methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),23 enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay,23 and so forth. Researchers have implemented the immunological method to detect the bacteria using different platforms such as a cantilever,10 surface plasmon resonance,10 impedance,10,24,25 electrochemical,26,27 quantum dots,28 microfluidics,29 magnetic beads,30-32 and microwells.33 Genetic methods (also known as molecular methods) target specific nucleic acid sequences of bacteria such as DNA or RNA. These methods include polymerase chain reaction (PCR),19-22,34-36 nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA),19-22 quantitative PCR (Q-PCR)19-22, 34-36 reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR),19-22 DNA microarrays, and hybridization.37-40 These genetic methods provide results in less time with excellent specificity. However, these genetic methods require high-end instruments which are expensive. Also, these methods require much time in sample preparation before testing. Biochemical methods target the specific enzymes of bacteria using chromogenic and fluorogenic compounds. Most of the commercial methods use the enzymatic substrate-based technique. They are Colilert (IDEX Corporation, Lake Forest, IL, USA), Enterolert (IDEX Corporation, Lake Forest, IL, USA), Rapid HiColiform test kit (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) HiSelective E. coli test kit (HiMedia, Mumbai, India), and PA Coliform kit (HiMedia, Mumbai, India). The main challenges in these methods are sensitivity (lowest detection limit), cost per sample to test, time consumption for each test (from 16 to 48 hours), and requirement of incubator or other instruments (in some cases).

Rapid Water Quality Test Methods Rapid water quality test methods can be used to test the water quality at the point of source to provide early warning about water quality status to public health officials and water treatment operators. Several sensors for water quality monitoring have been designed and developed for rapid detection of bacteria (total coliform and E. coli) in water samples. They are a paper-based microfluidic method,41

Fig. 1. Mobile Water Kit. (Reproduced from Ref. 45 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.) 74

handheld fluorometer,42-44 Mobile Water Kit,45-47 hydrogel-based plunger-tube assembly,48-50 and glucometer based detection.51 We provide the details of each method briefly. The paper-based microfluidic method41 detects the presence/ absence of pathogenic bacteria with the help of chromogenic substrates. Antibody-coated immunomagnetic beads are used to concentrate the bacteria from 100 mL water samples, thereby reducing the time for analysis. 5-20 CFU/mL can be detected within 30 min using a paper-based system. The feasibility of detecting E. coli in water using 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucoronide, trihydrate (MUG) substrate and quantifying the fluorescence produced due to the reaction between MUG and β-D-glucuronidase enzyme using hand-held fluorescence detector has been demonstrated as a rapid approach.42 With this handheld fluorescence detector, the E. coli concentrations of 7 CFU/mL are detected within 30-60 min after testing. Similarly, Hesari, et al.,43 developed custom designed fluorescence biosensor to detect E. coli. This method also uses the enzymatic activity of the MUG substrate with the β-D-glucuronidase enzyme. The biosensor can detect E. coli as low as 10 CFU/mL in 120 min. Recently, the ColiSense detection system has been developed to detect E. coli concentrations as low as 250 CFU/100 mL within 75 min.44 This method uses the enzymatic activity of the β-D-glucuronidase enzyme with the 6-Chloro-4-MethylUmbelliferyl-β-D-Glucuronide (6-CMUG) enzymatic substrate. Mobile Water Kit (MWK) is a simple colorimetric field test method for rapid detection of E. coli in drinking water.45-47. Figure 1 shows the Mobile Water Kit. The main components of MWK are a syringe, syringe filter unit, and four custom chemical reagents. The method involves draining 100 mL of water sample through a filter using a syringe, thereby concentrating the bacteria on the filter surface. The custom chemicals [Lauryl Tryptose Broth (LTB) with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide, dehydrate (MUG), bacteria protein extracting reagent (B-PER), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and 6-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-galactopyranoside (Red-Gal)] are then added onto the filter surface in a sequential manner. The appearance of pinkish red color on the filter surface indicates the presence of total coliform and E. coli. The development of color on the filter surface is very rapid, and the results can be obtained within a maximum of 60 minutes. This approach can detect bacteria as low as 2 CFU/100mL in one hour. The MWK is integrated with a mobile phone APP, which allows color change to be captured using a smartphone camera and further transmitted to a central data processing server for further broadcasting and data analysis. All the components of the MWK can

Fig. 2. Result is showing the capability of detection of E. coli in contaminated water using the hydrogel based plunger-tube assembly. The control result (no color change) is for deionized (DI) water. (Reproduced from Ref. 50 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

use, affordable, and fast. However, one drawback is that this test kit is not specific to E. coli or total coliform. It also detects another kind of non-coliform bacteria. Also, the accuracy of the test kit is questionable, since the test strips take a small amount of water sample, and it may not be able to detect low concentrations of bacteria. This test strip also does not follow the EPA standard of testing the water with 100 mL volume samples. B2P Testing has developed two test kits for the detection and quantification of coliforms and E. coli.54 They are Coliquick and Watercheck. These kits Fig. 3. Schematic of the interaction of E. coli with the chemical composition (Red-Gal, MUG, B-PER and FeCl3). use enzymatic substrate technology and produce be disposed post use. The MWK technology is a simple and rapid results in 12 hours after testing. A pink color represents the presence of approach for the simultaneous detection of total coliform and E. coli coliforms, white indicates E. coli, and a blue/purple color denotes no in contaminated water samples that does not require any plating, coliforms. These methods are rapid compared to traditional methods, prolonged incubation, culturing steps or sophisticated equipment in but still needs a waiting period of 12 hrs. Hygiena (Camarillo, CA, USA) has developed the MicroSnap contrast to the conventional methods. The hydrogel-based plunger-tube assembly comprises a plunger E. coli and MicroSnap coliform platforms, which are swab test with inbuilt filter (0.45 µm pore size) and a tube with hydrogel kits for rapid detection of indicator organisms.55 This method uses encapsulating the specifically developed chemical composition (i.e., an innovative bioluminogenic response that produces light when LTB, B-PER, and Red-Gal) for E. coli.48-50 Contaminated water is enzymes unique to E. coli react with specified enzymatic substrates. added to the tube and then the plunger is pushed through the tube An EnSURE luminometer is used to quantify the generated light to trap the bacteria in the headspace between the tube and plunger. signal. The MicroSnap E. coli can detect 10 CFU/mL E. coli within 8 The trapped bacteria reacts with chemicals within the hydrogel and hours or less. There are different variants available from Hygiena for produces a pinkish red color. Figure 2 shows the results obtained with total coliform and E. coli detection. plunger-tube assembly. The test allows the user to identify E. coli by visualizing the change in color within minutes of testing contaminated Simultaneous Detection of Total water. With this method, E. coli concentrations of 400 CFU/mL can Coliform and E. coli be detected within one hour. The sample volume used in this system is 5 mL. This plunger-tube assembly can do sample concentration and In this section, we will discuss how one can detect the total coliform detection concurrently. This approach enables the testing method to be and E. coli simultaneously in one test using defined enzymatic readily deployed in the field without a trained operator. This method is simple, handheld, and low-cost for rapid detection of E. coli in potable substrate technology. The most commonly used marker enzymes water samples. The plunger-tube assembly is a radical breakthrough for total coliform and E. coli are β-D-galactosidase (GAL) and β-Dand has the potential to become a household commodity in the future. glucuronidase (GUD), respectively. There are several substrates of these enzymes, and This plunger-tube assembly can also be easily integrated into the available in the literature for the detection 8-22,45,50,56-58 We have selected water distribution system to provide real-time data regarding water interested readers can refer elsewhere. 45 a combination (similar to the one used in MWK ) of Red-Gal and contamination. Personal Glucose Meters (PGMs) have been adapted to detect MUG as substrates for the enzymes β-D-galactosidase and β-DE. coli in water samples.51 In this method, a known concentration of glucuronidase, thereby enabling simultaneous detection of total glucose is added to contaminated water and the levels of glucose are coliform and E. coli. Red-Gal was used as the substrate to target β-Dmonitored at different intervals. If there is any change in glucose level, galactosidase produced by total coliform to yield 4-chloro-indoxyl, it indicates the presence of E. coli. This method is straightforward which upon dimerization produces a red colored indigo derivative. and rapid in that it detects the E. coli concentrations as low as MUG was used as the substrate to target β-D-glucuronidase produced 2 CFU/100 µL in eight hours. However, this approach is not specific by E. coli resulting in fluorescence with the formation of 4-MU. Also, we have used lysing detergents to extract the enzymes associated to E. coli. Rochelet, et al.,52 developed a rapid amperometric method to with the bacteria, and oxidizing agents such as FeCl3 to induce the detect E. coli by measuring the β-D-glucuronidase activity with the dimerization of 4-chloro-indoxyl. The lysing method employed here electrochemical enzymatic substrate p-aminophenyl-β-D-glucuronide can remove the enzymes from bacteria within seconds and at the same (PAPG) using disposable carbon sensors. The p-aminophenol (PAP) time enhance the interaction between the enzymes and the chemicals is released during the enzymatic hydrolysis of PAPG with β-D- to release the colored or fluorescent chemicals immediately for glucuronidase enzyme and PAP is monitored by cyclic voltammetry visualization and quantification. Figure 3 shows the schematic of the with disposable carbon screen-printed sensors. This method can detect interaction of chemical reagents (Red-Gal, MUG, B-PER and FeCl3) on bacteria. 3000 CFU/mL within 3 hours. Figure 4(a) illustrates the appearance of red color in the Watersafe has developed an antigen-antibody based rapid test kit microcentrifuge tubes for different known concentrations of E. coli, 53 that detects E. coli bacteria in water samples within 15 minutes. This test kit contains paper strips that can be dipped in water for which were incubated at 37 °C for 1 hr after the addition of the reagents evaluation of water quality. The appearance of two color bands on (Red-Gal, MUG, B-PER and FeCl3). Note that the intensity of color the strip indicate the presence of bacteria. This test kit is easy to (continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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change depends on the incubation time as well as the concentration of E. coli. The simultaneous detection of both total coliform and E. coli was achieved within 1 min of incubation at 37 °C for higher concentrations of E. coli in the range of 4 × 107 CFU/mL, whereas for concentrations in the range of 4.0 CFU/mL – 40 CFU/mL, the detection time was around 60 min. The red color intensity produced by the cleavage of the Red-Gal substrate depends on the number of E. coli cells in the tested samples. To determine the relationship between color intensity and the E. coli concentration, the former is quantified by color absorbance measurements with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 525 nm wavelength after one hour of incubation. Figure 4(b) illustrates that the color intensity due to the cleavage of Red-Gal increased linearly with the increase in E. coli concentration. Further, the linear correlation between the color intensity and E. coli concentration was confirmed using the purified β-D-galactosidase enzyme assay (data not shown here). The color intensity was proportional to the amount of β-D-galactosidase added to the mixture of pure deionized water samples with LTB, Red-Gal, MUG, B-PER and FeCl3. The samples were excited at around 350 to 360 nm with ultra-violet (UV) light using a spectrofluorometer. To confirm the specific presence of E. coli, the tested samples need to be visualized under UV light to observe the development of blue fluorescence. The β-D-glucuronidase enzyme produced by

(a)

E. coli cleaves the MUG substrate and produces the fluorogenic compound 4-MU, which will fluoresce at around 460 nm. The increase in fluorescence intensity with increasing concentrations of E. coli observed under UV light after one hour of incubation at 37 °C can be seen in Fig. 5(a). The samples were incubated for one hour before taking the measurements. The samples were excited at 350 nm and fluorescence intensity emitted at 460 nm wavelength was measured. The 4-MU compound is quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of tested samples with a spectrofluorometer. Figure 5(b) shows the variation of fluorescence intensity of 4-MU compound on E. coli concentration. A linear correlation was observed between fluorescence emitted by the cleavage of MUG and the E. coli concentration.

Conclusion In this review, we discuss recently developed water quality monitoring methods for rapid E. coli detection. The rapid test methods discussed in this article are very useful for field testing since they are simple, easy and affordable. The main drawback of these rapid test methods is getting approvals for their use in the field. Currently, the water quality monitoring market is flooded with laboratory-based USEPA-approved testing methods, which is primarily based on enzymatic substrates similar to the ones used in most of the rapid test methods discussed above. The reliability of traditional water quality testing methods (even though time-consuming and costly) has created a significant road block towards adopting new innovative rapid test methods for water quality monitoring. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI 10.1149/2.F06164if.

Acknowledgements The authors thank Selvaraj Naicker and Ravi Chavali (previous researchers in Micro & Nano-scale Transport Laboratory) for their help and support in microcentrifuge experiments. Funds from the Lassonde School of Engineering as a start-up grant and the award of the Kaneff Professorship to SKM are acknowledged.

About the Authors (b)

Naga Siva Kumar Gunda is currently a Research Associate in Mechanical Engineering at York University and prior to this he was a Postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Alberta. Dr. Gunda received his PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Alberta in 2014. Prior to that Dr. Gunda received his M.Tech degree with Gold Medal in Reliability Engineering in 2008 from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India and his B.Tech degree with Gold Medal in Mechanical Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, India in 2006. For more than 8 years, Dr. Gunda has developed several rapid detection systems in the area of healthcare and environmental sectors. He is also the co-founder of Glacierclean Technologies Inc. He may be reached at nagasiva@yorku.ca. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5443-8716

Fig. 4. (a) Development of color in samples with increasing concentrations of E. coli (CFU/ml) with optimized chemical reagents, after one hour incubation at 37 °C. (b) Variation of color intensity due to the enzymatic reaction of β-Dgalactosidase with Red-Gal for different concentrations of E. coli, after one hour of incubation at 37 °C. 76

Sushanta Mitra is the Associate Vice-President Research and Kaneff Professor in Micro & Nanotechnology for Social Innovation at York University. His research interests are in the fundamental understanding of fluid transport in micro and nano-scale confinements with applications in energy, water, and bio-systems. Among many other responsibilities, he is currently the President of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering and is a member of the Committee on International Scientific Affairs, American Physical Society. For his contributions in engineering and sciences, he has been The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

elected as the Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME), the Engineering Institute of Canada (EIC), the Canadian Academy for Engineering (CAE), the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC, UK), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He is also a Fellow of the National Institute for Nanotechnology (NINT) and the recipient of 2015 Engineering Excellence Medal from the Ontario Society of Professional Engineers. He is also the cofounder of Glacierclean Technologies Inc., a spin-off from York University, related to innovation in water quality monitoring and treatment. He may be reached at mitras@yorku.ca.

(a)

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0792-8314

References 1. Estimated with data from WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation, Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water (2012). 2. http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en 3. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th ed., WHO Chron., 38, 104 (2011). 4. M. N. Murty and S. Kumar, Water Pollution in India an Economic Appraisal, India Infrastructure Report (2011). 5. I. Khurana and R. Sen, Drinking water quality in rural India: Issues and approaches, WaterAid India (2008). 6. Make it Safe: Canada’s Obligation to End the First Nations Water Crisis, Human Rights Watch Report, June 7 (2016). 7. J. Wright, S. Gundry, and R. Conroy, Trop. Med. Int. Health, 9, 106 (2004). 8. J. Olstadt, J. Schauer, J. Standridge, and S. Kluender, J. Water Health, 5, 267 (2007). 9. S. J. Forsythe, “The Microbiology of Safe Food,” John Wiley & Sons, New York (2011). 10. M. Zourob, S. Elwary, and A. P. Turner, Principles of Bacterial Detection: Biosensors, Recognition Receptors and Microsystems, Springer Science & Business Media, New York (2008). 11. A. Rompré, P. Servais, J. Baudart, M. R. de-Roubin, and P. Laurent, J. Microbiol. Methods, 49, 31 (2002). 12. R. T. Noble and S. B. Weisberg, J. Water Health, 3, 381 (2005). 13. J. F. Griffith and S. B. Weisberg, Westminster, CA: Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, (2006). 14. R. Lopez-Roldan, P. Tusell, J. L. Cortina, and S. Courtois, Trends Anal. Chem., 44, 46 (2013). 15. O. Lazcka, F. J. Del Campo, and F. X. Munoz, Biosensors Bioelectron., 22, 1205 (2007) 16. W. Köster, T. Egli, N. Ashbolt, K. Botzenhart, N. Burlion, T. Endo, P. Grimont, E. Guillot, C. Mabilat, L. Newport, and M. Niemi, Assessing Microbial Safety of Drinking Water, p. 237 (2003). 17. A. V. Jung, P. Le Cann, B. Roig, O. Thomas, E. Baurès, and M. F. Thomas, 2014. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11, 4292 (2014). 18. J. W. F. Law, N. S. Ab Mutalib, K. G. Chan, and L. H. Lee, Front. Microbiol., 5, 770 (2015). 19. V. Tanchou, Review of Methods for the Rapid Identification of Pathogens in Water Samples—ERNCIP Thematic Area Chemical & Biological Risks in the Water Sector Task 7, Publications Office of the European Union (2014). 20. J. T. Keer and L. Birch, J. Microbiol. Methods, 53, 175 (2003). 21. D. M. Silva and L. Domingues, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 113, 400 (2015). 22. R. Girones, M. A. Ferrus, J. L. Alonso, J. Rodriguez-Manzano, B. Calgua, A. de Abreu Correˆa, A. Hundesa, A. Carratala, and S. Bofill-Mas, Water Res., 44, 4325 (2010). 23. V. Jasson, L. Jacxsens, P. Luning, A. Rajkovic, and M. Uyttendaele, Food Microbiol., 27, 710 (2010) 24. M. Varshney, Y. Li, B. Srinivasan, and S. Tung, Sens. Actuators, B, 128, 99 (2007).

(b)

Fig. 5. (a) Development of fluorescence intensity in samples with increasing concentrations of E. coli (CFU/ml) with optimized chemical reagents, incubated at 37 °C for one hour. (b) Variation of fluorescence intensity due to enzymatic reaction of β-D-glucuronidase with MUG with increasing concentrations of E. coli, after one hour of incubation at 37 °C.

25. K. Jiang, H. Etayash, S. Azmi, S. Naicker, M. Hassanpourfard, P. M. Shaibani, G. Thakur, K. Kaur, and T. Thundat, Anal. Methods, 7, 9744 (2015). 26. Y. Guo, Y. Wang, S. Liu, J. Yu, H. Wang, Y. Wang, and J. Huang, Biosens. Bioelectron., 75, 315 (2016). 27. P. M. Shaibani, K. Jiang, G. Haghighat, M. Hassanpourfard, H. Etayash, S. Naicker, and T. Thundat, Sens. Actuators B, 226, 176(2016). 28. H. Zhu, U. Sikora, and A. Ozcan, Analyst, 137, 2541 (2012) 29. M.-S. Chang, J. H. Yoo, D. H. Woo, and M.-S. Chun, Analyst, 140, 7997 (2015). 30. H. Yu and J. G. Bruno, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 587 (1996). 31. G. P. Herzig, M. Aydin, S. Dunigan, P. Shah, K. C. Jeong, S. H. Park, S. C. Ricke, and S. Ahn, J. Food Saf., (2016). 32. M. Störmer, K. Kleesiek, and J. Dreier, Clin. Chem., 53, 104 (2007). 33. N. S. K. Gunda, S. Naicker, M. S. Ghoraishi, S. Bhattacharjee, T. G. Thundat, and S. K. Mitra, Paper presented at the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels (2013). 34. R. Kong, S. Lee, T. Law, S. Law, and R. Wu, Water Res., 36, 2802 (2002). 35. N. Wéry, C. Lhoutellier, F. Ducray, J.-P. Delgenès, and J.-J. Godon, Water Res., 42, 53 (2008). (continued on next page)

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36. L. Heijnen and G. Medema, Water Res., 43, 3124 (2009). 37. J. E. Afset, G. Bruant, R. Brousseau, J. Harel, E. Anderssen, L. Bevanger, and K. Bergh, J. Clin. Microbiol., 44, 3703 (2006). 38. S. Bekal, R. Brousseau, L. Masson, G. Prefontaine, J. Fairbrother, and J. Harel, J. Clin. Microbiol., 41, 2113 (2003). 39. G. Bruant, C. Maynard, S. Bekal, I. Gaucher, L. Masson, R. Brousseau, and J. Harel, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 3780 (2006). 40. S. Chen, S. Zhao, P. F. McDermott, C. M. Schroeder, D. G. White, and J. Meng, Mol. Cell. Probes, 19, 195 (2005). 41. S. Z. Hossain, C. Ozimok, C. Sicard, S. D. Aguirre, M. M. Ali, Y. Li, and J. D. Brennan, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 403, 1567 (2012). 42. D. Wildeboer, L. Amirat, R. G. Price, and R. A. Abuknesha, Water Res., 44, 2621(2010). 43. N. Hesari, A. Alum, M. Elzein, and M. Abbaszadegan, Enzyme Microb. Technol., 83, 22 (2016). 44. B. Heery, C. Briciu-Burghina, D. Zhang, G. Duffy, D. Brabazon, N. O’Connor, and F. Regan, Talanta, 148, 75 (2016). 45. N. S. K. Gunda, S. Naicker, S. Shinde, S. Kimbahune, S. Shrivastava, and S. K. Mitra, Anal. Methods, 6, 6236 (2014). 46. S. K. Mitra, N. S. K. Gunda, S. Naicker, and P. Banerji, U.S. Patent. Appl. 62007133, 2014.

47. http://www.edmontonsun.com/2013/09/23/university-ofalbertaresearchers-in-edmonton-create-a-device-that-can-detecte-coli-in-minutes. 48. S. K. Mitra, N. S. K. Gunda, and R. Chavali, Indian Pat. Appl. 3096/MUM/2015, 2015. 49. S. K. Mitra, N. S. K. Gunda, and R. Chavali, “Method and Apparatus for Detecting Total Coliform and E. coli in Potable Water,” U.S. Prov. Pat. Appl. 62233734, 2015. 50. N. S. K. Gunda, R. Chavali, and S. K. Mitra, Analyst, 141, 2920 (2016). 51. R. Chavali, N. S. K. Gunda, S. Naicker, and S. K. Mitra, Anal. Methods, 6, 6223 (2014). 52. M. Rochelet, S. Solanas, L. Betelli, B. Chantemesse, F. Vienney, and A. Hartmann, Anal. Chim. Acta, 892, 160 (2015). 53. http://www.aol.com/article/2010/08/09/whats-living-in-yourwater-park/19563236/ 54. Rapid test methods for E. coli and enterococci, B2P Testing, YRIRP Report, EPA Victoria, September (2011). 55. P. Meighan, J. AOAC Int., 97, 453 (2014). 56. M. Manafi, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 60, 205 (2000). 57. M. Manafi, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 31, 45 (1996). 58. M. Manafi, V. Kneifel, and S. Bascomb, Microbiol. Rev., 55, 335 (1991).

Announcing the Carl Hering Legacy Circle The Hering Legacy Circle recognizes individuals who have participated in any of ECS’s planned giving programs, including IRA charitable rollover gifts, bequests, life income arrangements, and other deferred gifts.

RL HERING A C

A C Y CIR C L

ECS thanks the following members of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, whose generous gifts will benefit the Society in perpetuity: K. M. Abraham George R. Gillooly W. Jean Horkans Mary M. Loonam Carl Hering

Robert P. Frankenthal Stan Hancock Keith E. Johnson Edward G. Weston

Carl Hering was one of the founding members of ECS. President of the Society from 1906-1907, he served continuously on the Society’s Board of Directors until his death on May 10, 1926. Dr. Hering not only left a legacy of commitment to the Society, but, through a bequest to ECS, he also left a financial legacy. His planned gift continues to support the Society to this day, and for this reason we have created this planned giving circle in his honor.

To learn more about becoming a member of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, please contact Karla Cosgriff, Development Director 609.737.1902 ext. 122 | karla.cosgriff@electrochem.org 78

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Smartphone-Based Sensors by Xuefei Gao and Nianqiang Wu

critical and challenging future direction for sensor development is enabling sensors to be operated in-field or in point-of-care (POC) settings. Worldwide smartphone shipments reached about 1.43 billion in 2015 and it is estimated that about 34% of the world’s population will have a smartphone by 2017.1 Rapidly increasing use of smartphones has opened an avenue to develop portable smartphone-based sensor (SPS) systems for field-deployable or POC applications.2,3 In fact, smartphones have provided ubiquitous platforms for sensor development as follows: •

Smartphones have a lot of built-in electronic, acoustic and optical components that can be used as stand-alone sensors or parts of sensors.

•

Smartphones are accessible for modification, which is convenient for integration with external electronic, acoustic and optical components.

•

Smartphones are portable miniaturized computers. Applications (apps), that is, software, can be developed on the commercial smartphones to operate the sensors, process the sensing signals and facilitate interaction with customers.

•

Smartphones are generally equipped with a global positioning system (GPS), which allows positioning of users or mapping of the analyte distribution in geographical regions.

•

Smartphones have wireless communication functions, which can be used to construct a wireless sensor network.

•

Smartphones provide userfriendly interfaces for customers. Their operation is simple and does not require the operator to undergo any professional training.

rate monitor in the Samsung Galaxy S5. In addition, by integrating the ICMe Cuffless finger blood pressure monitor with a smartphone, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure can be directly detected and displayed on the smartphone screen. Such built-in SPSs are generally used to improve the quality of smartphone operation, to monitor the ambient environment, or to monitor the daily activity of users, especially in healthcare monitoring such as human movements/ exercises, body temperature and blood pressure. For the add-on SPSs, commercial smartphones are further modified and integrated with relatively sophisticated external sensors, in which smartphones can be used for detection, sensor operation control, sensing signal processing or interaction with users. The external sensors in the add-on SPSs can be classified by different transducers including colorimetric, electrochemical and fluorescent sensors (Fig. 1). Addition of external sensors into smartphones is aimed at broadening the range of accessible analytes, and to improving the reliability, sensitivity, and selectivity with the state-of-the-art technologies such as nanotechnology, microfluidics, three-dimension (3D) printing etc. This article is focused on the add-on SPSs. (continued on next page)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Since the first report of the prototype cell phone-based communication technology in 2001,4 a lot of SPSs have been developed. It is anticipated that SPSs will find wide applications in personal healthcare, environment monitoring, food safety, and homeland security.5,6 For example, a smartphone accessible blood glucose meter was recently launched by iHealth Lab Inc. This meter is just slightly larger than a quarter. SPSs can be classified into two categories: (i) built-in sensors, and (ii) addon sensors. The built-in SPSs include the cameras, speedometers, accelerometers, pedometers, thermometers, barometers, air humidity probes, light detectors, magnetometers, proximity sensors, and fingerprint sensors, which commonly Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of a) colorimetric SPS (reprinted with permission from Ref. 10, copyright 2014 exist in commercial iPhones and Android American Chemical Society); b) electrochemical SPS (reprinted with permission from Ref. 21, copyright handsets. For example, there is a heart 2011 American Chemical Society); c) fluorescent SPS (reprinted with permission from Ref. 3, copyright 2013 American Chemical Society).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Gao and Wu

(continued from previous page)

Colorimetric SPSs When colorimetric sensors are integrated with smartphones, the built-in camera can be employed as the sensing signal reader.7 Userfriendly customized applications (software) can be developed for sensor operation and sensing signal processing. As a result, no external colorimetric reader or additional computer are needed. For example, the colorful images can be analyzed via the RGB (red, green and blue) intensities either by the built-in detector (e.g., complementary metaloxide semiconductor (CMOS) arrays) or using image processing apps of smartphones. However, it is difficult to maintain the detection stability and accuracy during imaging, because the ambient light and surrounding environment significantly affect the quality of image. In this case, the external shelter and support are required to eliminate the light and environment interferences. Alternatively, this problem can be solved by introducing new approaches to quantify the image color.8 For example, Papautsky’s group has reported that variable light conditions can be compensated using the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 color space as the quantifying method.9 Lopez-Ruiz, et al.,10 have developed a colorimetric SPS for nitrate and pH detection (Fig. 1a). In this device, a built-in flash and a built-in camera in the smartphone were (respectively) employed to illuminate and image the color at the detection zone. An Android-based app based on the customized algorithm was developed to multiplexed read out the hue and saturation coordinates of the color space from the collected image instead of RGB intensity, which reduced the interference from ambient light and the positioning of the camera. In addition, an open source computer vision library was integrated with the Android-based application to process the images. It is worth noting that smartphones are connected to a satellitebased wireless communication system, which provides a platform for development of a wireless sensor network. The GPS is typically built in smartphones, which can be used to map the distribution of analytes over a large geographical area. For example, Ozcan’s group has developed an opto-mechanical attachment with weight of <40 g attached to a smartphone. This device has wireless data connectivity and has been used to spatially map the distribution of mercury (II) ions in the Los Angeles coastal area.11 A detection of limit (LOD) of ~3.5 ppb for Hg2+ was obtained by this SPS. Currently, the colorimetric SPSs have been involved in many applications, including pH sensing, and detection of small molecules, alcohols, proteins and heavy metals. New nanotechnology, three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques and new light sources, such as LED light arrays have been incorporated into SPSs to improve their performance in terms of stability, highthroughput and large-scale test abilities.12 To avoid expensive optical features and improve the portability of colorimetric SPSs, Tang, et al., have developed a plasmonic SPS to measure the transmitted light intensity of nanomaterials under ambient light illumination.13 This device has achieved a LOD of 6.1 pg.mL−1 within a range of 16~512 pg.mL−1 towards a cancer marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Furthermore, label-free detections and biomolecular binding monitoring events can also be realized by integrating plasmonic substrates with SPS.14

Electrochemical SPSs Electrochemical SPSs require the modification of a smartphone with an electronic sensing module. This module can be integrated via the USB/charging port or the microphone socket of the smartphone.15 A microfluidic chip can be integrated and controlled by a smartphone for electrochemical sensing. Such a microfluidic chip can enable high throughput and miniaturization of SPSs.16 Ho’s group has designed a circuit-inserted SPS for biomolecule detection, accompanied with a microfluidic chip and a customized Android operation app.17 Commands and communications between the smartphone and the microfluidic chip were established by the app through a microcontroller on the microfluidic chip and a USB connection to the smartphone. As a result, the sample handling, pumping and sensing on 80

the microfluidic chip could be controlled directly by the smartphone. Moreover, a graphical step-by-step instruction was displayed on the screen of smartphone to assist operation. The test results were analyzed by the app and displayed on the smartphone screen. This device was successfully used to measure plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) in a human serum sample at a LOD of 16 ng. mL–1. To meet the demand of popularity and portability, Whitesides’s group has developed a pocket-sized universal mobile electrochemical detector (uMED), which is compatible with most commercial cell phones or cellular networks.18 In addition, this device is capable of supporting a wide range of electrode formats and accessible with different commercially available electrodes, which meets the need of diagnostics in resource-limited regions. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) has also been utilized in SPSs. ECL provides SPSs with the following advantages: (i) high signalto noise ratio as well as high sensitivity due to independence from ambient light and to in situ emission on the electrode surface from the labelled molecules; and (ii) precise control of electrochemical reaction kinetics and localization.19,20 For instance, Shen, et al., have demonstrated a simple and inexpensive paper-based microfluidic ECL sensor utilizing a smartphone for signal readout (Fig. 1b).21 A screen-printed electrode (SPE), integrated into a paper microfluidic strip, was utilized as the sensing substrate. Chronoamperometry was employed to generate the ECL signal. The low voltage required could be readily obtained from a mobile phone battery. A built-in camera of the Samsung I8910 HD icon mobile phone with longer exposure time was utilized to image the ECL emission signal. The Python program was installed onto the mobile phone to analyze the red pixel intensity of the recorded pictures. As a result, 0.25 mM of 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol can be detected using this SPS, and a dynamic range from 0.5 mM to 10 mM was obtained.

Fluorescent SPSs In fluorescent SPSs, the accessories, which generally consist of a source light, a thin-film interference filter and an objective lens, need to be integrated with the smartphone. To meet the demand of portability and POC testing, efforts have been made to miniaturize the size of the fluorescence accessories. Breslauer, et al.,22 have reported a smartphone-mounted light microscope, and introduced an app for imaging the fluorescence from the test sample. This fluorescent SPS was capable of imaging P. falciparum-infected and sickle red blood cells in bright-field and M. tuberculosis-infected sputum samples. Their work has inspired customization of sophisticated large-scale instruments into portable devices. In fluorescent SPSs, laser-diodes are widely employed as the light sources. They endow the sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity, and make it possible to obtain 2D/3D images since fluorescence responses are collected from all directions. Ozcan’s group has developed a smartphone-based fluorescence device by miniaturizing a fluorescence microscope to an opto-mechanical attachment to the camera module of a mobile phone.23 This highly miniaturized fluorescence microscopy attachment with a weight of only ~186 g was capable of imaging of a single nanoparticle and virus using the built-in camera in the smartphone (Fig. 1c). This device can achieve direct visualization of single DNA molecules with the smartphone camera over a large field of view of ~2 mm2.24 Flexibility for imaging the fluorescent samples can be introduced by using an optical fiber as the detection probe.25 Paper-based test strips have great promise in POC applications due to their simplicity, low cost, and short assay time.26-28 The simplicity and portability of paper-based test strips can be further improved by integrating them with smartphones. For example, Rajendran, et al., have combined a paper test strip with a smartphone to realize the fluorescence sensing of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157.29 A customized fluorimeter with a weight of 40 g including a LED light source was attached to the smartphone; and a fluorescence filter set and a lens were added onto the built-in smartphone camera to collect the fluorescence emitted from the test strip. The smartphone was used to analyze the fluorescence signal. This fluorescent SPS was able to detect pathogens at a LOD of 105 cfu•mL−1. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Perspectives

Reference

SPSs can be incorporated with a large variety of sensors/transducers and are capable of customization. Advanced technologies, such as microfluidics and 3D paper printing techniques can be implemented to improve the performances of SPSs. In addition, by taking the advantage of the wireless network of smartphones, the collected data and information can be readily transferred to a central station, allowing real-time response. SPSs have a great promise in POC settings. In particular, SPSs will find increasing applications in remote and rural settings.

1. Statista, http://www.statista.com/, accessed on 08/06/2016. 2. X. Liu, T.-Y. Lin, and P. B. Lillehoj, Ann. Biomed. Eng., 42, 2205 (2014). 3. A. Roda, E. Michelini, M. Zangheri, M. Di Fusco, D. Calabria, and P. Simoni, TRAC-Trend Anal. Chem., 79, 317 (2016). 4. B. Woodward, R. Istepanian, and C. Richards, IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., 5, 13 (2001). 5. W. Z. Khan, Y. Xiang, M. Y. Aalsalem, and Q. Arshad, IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., 15, 402 (2013). 6. P. Preechaburana, A. Suska, and D. Filippini, Trends Biotechnol., 32, 351 (2014). 7. A. W. Martinez, S. T. Phillips, E. Carrilho, S. W. Thomas III, H. Sindi, and G. M. Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 80, 3699 (2008). 8. K. Su, Q. Zou, J. Zhou, L. Zou, H. Li, T. Wang, N. Hu, and P. Wang, Sensor Actual. B-Chem., 216, 134 (2015). 9. L. Shen, J. A. Hagen, and I. Papautsky, Lab Chip, 12, 4240 (2012). 10. N. Lopez-Ruiz, V. F. Curto, M. M. Erenas, F. Benito-Lopez, D. Diamond, A. J. Palma ,and L. F. Capitan-Vallvey, Anal. Chem., 86, 9554 (2014). 11. Q. Wei, R. Nagi, K. Sadeghi, S. Feng, E. Yan, S. J. Ki, R. Caire, D. Tseng, and A. Ozcan, ACS Nano, 8, 1121 (2014). 12. B. Berg, B. Cortazar, D. Tseng, H. Ozkan, S. Feng, Q. Wei, R. Y.L. Chan, J. Burbano, Q. Farooqui ,and M. Lewinski, ACS Nano, 9, 7857 (2015). 13. Q. Fu, Z. Wu, F. Xu, X. Li, C. Yao, M. Xu, L. Sheng, S. Yu, and Y. Tang, Lab Chip, 16, 1927 (2016). 14. A. E. Cetin, A. F. Coskun, B. C. Galarreta, M. Huang, D. Herman, A. Ozcan, and H. Altug, Light Sci. Appl., 3, e122 (2014). 15. A. Sun, T. Wambach, A. Venkatesh, and D. A. Hall, IEEE Biomed. Circuits. Syst. Conf., 312, (2014). 16. J. L. Delaney, E. H. Doeven, A. J. Harsant, and C. F. Hogan, Anal. Chim. Acta., 790, 56 (2013). 17. P. B. Lillehoj, M.-C. Huang, N. Truong, and C.-M. Ho, Lab Chip, 13, 2950 (2013). 18. A. Nemiroski, D. C. Christodouleas, J. W. Hennek, A. A. Kumar, E. J. Maxwell, M. T. Fernández-Abedul, and G. M. Whitesides, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 11984 (2014). 19. E. H. Doeven, G. J. Barbante, A. J. Harsant, P. S. Donnelly, T. U. Connell, C. F. Hogan, and P. S. Francis, Sensor Actual. B-Chem., 216, 608 (2015). 20. L. Qi, Y. Xia, W. Qi, W. Gao, F. Wu, and G. Xu, Anal. Chem., 88, 1123 (2015). 21. J. L. Delaney, C. F. Hogan, J. Tian, and W. Shen, Anal. Chem., 83, 1300 (2011). 22. D. N. Breslauer, R. N. Maamari, N. A. Switz, W. A. Lam, and D. A. Fletcher, PloS One, 4, e6320 (2009). 23. Q. Wei, H. Qi, W. Luo, D. Tseng, S. J. Ki, Z. Wan, Z. n. Göröcs, L. A. Bentolila, T.-T. Wu, and R. Sun, ACS Nano, 7, 9147 (2013). 24. Q. Wei, W. Luo, S. Chiang, T. Kappel, C. Mejia, D. Tseng, R. Y. L. Chan, E. Yan, H. Qi, and F. Shabbir, ACS Nano, 8, 12725 (2014). 25. D. Shin, M. C. Pierce, A. M. Gillenwater, M. D. Williams, and R. R. Richards-Kortum, PLoS One, 5, e11218 (2010). 26. X. Gao, H. Xu, M. Baloda, A. S. Gurung, L.-P. Xu, T. Wang, X. Zhang, and G. Liu, Biosens. Bioelectron., 54, 578 (2014). 27. X. Gao, L.-P. Xu, T. Wu, Y. Wen, X. Ma, and X. Zhang, Talanta, 146, 648 (2016). 28. H. Xu, X. Mao, Q. Zeng, S. Wang, A.-N. Kawde, and G. Liu, Anal. Chem., 81, 669 (2008). 29. V. K. Rajendran, P. Bakthavathsalam, and B. M. J. Ali, Microchim. Acta, 181, 1815 (2014).

Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by NSF grant (CBET-1336205).

About the Authors Xuefei Gao is a graduate student at West Virginia University, who is supervised by Nick Wu. Her research interests involve combining nanomaterials with microfluidic techniques to develop chemical and biosensors for healthcare and environment monitoring. She may be reached at xegao@mix.wvu.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0641-2244

Nianqiang (Nick) Wu is currently Professor of Material Science in Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virginia University in the U.S. He received his PhD degree in Materials Science and Engineering from Zhejiang University, China in 1997. He was Postdoctoral Research Fellow at University of Pittsburgh from 1999 to 2001. Afterwards he directed Keck Surface Science Center at Northwestern University in the U.S. He then joined West Virginia University in 2005. He is currently Chair of the Sensor Division of The Electrochemical Society and serves on the advisory board of Interface. His current research interests lie in chemical sensors and biosensors, photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical cells, solar cells and electrochemical devices. He has published 1 book and 3 book chapters as well as 150 journal articles. He can be reached at nick.wu@mail.wvu.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8888-2444

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Past Inductee Highlights Stephanie Kwolek 1995, Kevlar®

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Jim West and Gerhard Sessler 1999, Electret Microphone

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Steve Wozniak 2000, Personal Computer

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AWARDS NE W MEMBERS Program

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid-state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offer competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org for further information.

ECS Society Awards

ECS Division Awards

Fellow of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1989 as the Society’s highest honor in recognition of advanced individual technological contributions in the field of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology, and active ECS membership. The award consists of an appropriately worded scroll and lapel pin. Materials are due by February 1, 2017.

The Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry was established in 1984 to recognize excellence in the field and to stimulate publication of high quality research papers in this area in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,500 prize. As the award presentation coincides with the International Symposium on Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids, the recipient is required to attend the corresponding Society meeting and present a lecture at the symposium. Materials are due by March 1, 2017.

The Vittorio de Nora Award was established in 1971 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The award consists of a gold medal and a plaque that contains a bronze replica thereof, the sum of $7,500, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and Society Life Membership. Materials are due by April 15, 2017. The Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching was established in 1981 for excellence in teaching in subject areas of interest to the Society. The award consists of a silver medal and a plaque that contains a bronze replica, the sum of $2,500, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and Society Life Membership. Materials are due by April 15, 2017

The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize excellence in battery and fuel cell research, and encourage publication in ECS outlets. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to the science of primary and secondary cells, batteries and fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2017. The Battery Division Technology Award was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology, and to recognize significant achievements in this area. The award is given to those individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the technology of primary and secondary cells, batteries, and/or fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2017.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS The Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award, sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation, was established in 2016 to encourage excellence among postdoctoral researchers in battery and fuel cell research. The award consists of a framed scroll, a $2,000 prize and complimentary meeting registration at the designated meeting. Two awards will be granted each year. Materials are due by March 15, 2017. The Electrodeposition Division Research Award recognizes outstanding research contributions to the field of electrodeposition and encourages the publication of high quality papers in this field in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award shall be based on recent outstanding achievement in, or contribution to, the field of electrodeposition and will be given to an author or co-author of a paper that must have appeared in the Journal or another ECS publication. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2017.

The Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in the field of electrochemical deposition science and technology. Early recognition of highly qualified scientists is intended to enhance the scientist stature and encourage especially promising researchers to remain active in the field. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2017.

ECS Division Student Awards The Battery Division Student Research Award recognizes promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. The award is intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in the field. Eligible candidates must be enrolled in a college or university at the time of the nomination deadline. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2017.

ECS FELLOWS 2017 Call for Nominations Deadline: February 1, 2017

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W MEMBERS Program

ECS Society Awards Winners Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award

Honorary Member

Y. Shirley Meng is the Associate Professor of NanoEngineering at the University of California, San Diego. Her cutting-edge work focuses on the direct integration of experimental techniques with first principles computation modeling for developing new intercalation compounds for electrochemical energy storage. Meng received her PhD in Advanced Materials for Micro & Nano Systems from the Singapore-MIT Alliance in 2005. Since then, she has founded the Sustainable Power and Energy Center, which consists of faculty members from interdisciplinary fields that focus on making breakthroughs in energy generation, storage, and the accompanying integration-management systems. She is also the principle investigator of the research group called Laboratory for Energy Storage and Conversion (LESC). The more recent programs include the design, synthesis, processing, and operando characterization of electrode materials in advanced rechargeable batteries; novel intercalation materials for sodium ion batteries; and advanced flow batteries for grids large scale storage. Meng is the author and co-author of more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles, one book chapter, and two patents.

Dennis W. Hess is the Thomas C. DeLoach Jr., Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. Over the course of his career, Hess has focused his impactful research on thin films, surfaces, interfaces, and plasma processing. Previously, Hess was Supervisor of Process Development at Fairchild Semiconductor (1973-1977) where he worked with Bruce Deal. He then joined the University of California, Berkeley in 1977, eventually becoming the Assistant Dean of the College of Chemistry and Vice Chair of the ChE Department. Hess then served as the Chair of the Chemical Engineering Department at Lehigh University before obtaining his current position in 1996. Hess has served on various editorial boards, including the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (2012-present), Electrochemical and Solid State Letters (2004-2012), and Chemistry Materials (1988-1996). He was President of ECS from 1996-1997. Hess has been presented with many awards throughout his career, including the ECS Edward Goodrich Acheson and Henry B. Linford Distinguished Teaching Awards and AlChE’s Charles M.A. Stine Award. He holds Fellow status in the following professional societies: ACS, AAAS, AlChE, and ECS.

Edward Goodrich Acheson Award

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award

Barry Miller served as President of ECS (1997-1998) and as Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (1990-1995). He is a graduate of Princeton University (AB, 1955) and MIT (PhD, 1959). Throughout his career, Miller has held positions at Harvard University (1959-1962), AT&T Bell Laboratories (1962-1993), and Case Western University (1993-2000) – where he has held the title of Emeritus Professor since his

retirement in 2000. Miller has been highly involved with ECS over the years: from his position on the Board of Directors, to leadership within the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division, to co-organizing various Society symposia. Outside of ECS, Miller has served as President of the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry, Chair of the Gordon Conference on Electrochemistry, Associate Member of the IUPAC Commission of Electrochemistry, and as National Secretary of the International Society of Electrochemistry. Additionally, he has been a member of U.S. Government Panels including the Panel on the U.S. Advanced Battery Consortium of the National Research Council and the Cold Fusion Panel of the Department of Energy. He has been awarded the David C. Grahame Award from the ECS PAED Division (1991), Fellow of the Electrochemical Society (1992), Charles N. Reilley Award from the Society of Electroanalytical Chemistry (1994), Honorary Member of the ECS (1999), and the Ernest B. Yeager Award of the Cleveland Section of the ECS (2004).

Trevor M. Braun received his PhD in chemical engineering in 2016 from the University of Washington, performing research in the Electrochemical Materials & Interfaces Laboratory under the supervision of Daniel T. Schwartz. Braun’s research efforts include both computational and experimental design for local bipolar electrochemistry on conductive substrates without direct electrical connections. While at the University of Washington, he was awarded a GAANN fellowship from the Department of Education and received a departmental Outstanding Teaching Assistant award voted on by undergraduate students. Prior to graduate school, Trevor received his BS in chemical engineering at the Colorado School of Mines in 2011, where he was a four-year NCAA DII collegiate soccer athlete. Trevor was awarded a National Research Council Research Associateship Program Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2016 to continue research in the field of electrodeposition under the supervision of Tom Moffat at the National Institute for Standards and Technology, where he currently works. His broader research interests include bipolar electrochemistry for indirect deposition of materials, scanning probe electrochemical methods, characterization of electrodeposited thin films, and electrochemical additive manufacturing.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award

2016 Class of Fellow of The Electrochemical Society

Kohei Shima was born in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. His academic career began at the University of Tokyo, where he received his BS and MS degrees in materials engineering in 2011 and 2013, respectively. During that time, his research focused on developing and characterizing new CVD/ ALD-based Cu(Mn)/Co(W) interconnect systems for next-generation tiny Cu interconnects. Currently, Shima is working toward a PhD in materials engineering at the University of Tokyo. His current research interests include process design and development to fabricate SiC/SiC ceramics matrix composites using chemical vapor infiltration (CVI). He has been conducting research to reveal the SiC-CVI surface reaction mechanism by utilizing trench-patterned structures. For this purpose, he has developed a new type of CVD test structure with ultra-high aspect-ratio microtrenches. Shima is a member of the Japan Society of Applied Physics (JSAP) and the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan (SCEJ).

Nick Birbilis is currently the Woodside Innovation Chair at Monash University, where he is also the head of the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. His research focuses on understanding and control of corrosion of metals involved in applied projects spanning aerospace, biomedical, infrastructure, automotive, and defense. Throughout his research, Birbilis has made major contributions in the areas of aluminum and magnesium alloys (the light metals). More recently he has made several key contributions in elucidating the electrochemistry of magnesium, which is of important relevance in the context of light weighting, electrodes and energy applications. Birbilis has authored over 200 publications and is currently an Associate Editor for the journal Electrochimica Acta and Editor-inChief of Materials Degradation. He is also a Fellow of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE).

Outstanding Student Chapter Award The University of South Carolina Student Chapter has proven itself to be an incredible asset to ECS. Since the formation of the chapter, the members’ electrochemical research has been vibrant and rewarding. The research, currently led by 14 professors and over 30 graduate and undergraduate students, covers a wide range of areas including fuel cells, batteries, dielectrics, corrosion, and photoelectrochemical cells. In the past few years, the chapter grew substantially, largely thanks to frequent student chapter activities and many influential guest speakers. These prestigious speakers were some of the most renowned of their respected fields. They included Dr. Mei Cai, Dr. Thomas Fuller, Dr. Kevin Huang, Dr. Ralph E. White, Dr. Anil Virkar, Dr. Shi-Gang Sun, and Dr. Subhash C. Singhal. The chapter was able to expand its outreach through electrochemistry and science projects in local high schools during “engineering weeks,” recruiting activities at USC College of Engineering, and volunteering at ECS meetings. Even more impressively, in just the past few years, the chapter was decorated with over 25 student presentations and journal publications reflecting profound passions for electrochemistry.

Bryan A. Chin began his scientific career at Westinghouse Hanford Company where he worked on the development of sensors and instrumentation for monitoring nuclear reactor cores. He then took that expertise to Auburn University, where he is in his 36th year of service and currently serves as The Breeden Professor of Engineering and Chairman of Materials of Engineering. Additionally, Chin is the Founder and Director of the Auburn University Detection and Food Safety Center. Chin’s current research interests include electrochemical sensors for food safety, quality, and security; agricultural production and processing; environmental monitoring and the detection of pesticide residuals; and medical applications. He has served as Secretary, Vice Chair, and Chair of the ECS Sensor Division and has organized and led many of the division’s symposia. Chin has authored or co-authored more than 280 publications and has been recognized for his work by organizations such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Engineering Science. Jeffrey W. Fergus is a professor of material engineering and Associate Dean for Program Assessment and Graduate Studies in the Samuel Ginn College of Engineering at Auburn University. His current research interests are in materials for high temperature and electrochemical applications. Fergus’ work has applications in the development of chemical sensors for gases, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor; and constituents in molten metals, as in dissolved gasses and alloying elements. Additionally, Fergus has worked on materials for energy conversion and storage applications, including batteries, fuel cells, thermoelectric generators, and gas turbine engines. He is particularly interested in understanding and mitigating performance degradation, such as chromium poisoning in SOFCs and capacity fading in Li-ion batteries. (continued on next page)

Emir Dogdibegovic (right), Ph.D. candidate and current ECS University of South Carolina Student Chapter President, with Krishan Rajeshwar (left) at PRiME. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

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Fergus has been involved in ECS through organizing symposia and serving on various committees. This includes leadership roles within the High Temperature Materials Division, the Education Committee and the Georgia Section, as well as in establishing the Auburn University Student Chapter. He currently serves as the Editor of ECS Transactions. Jürgen Fleig is currently a professor at Technische Universität Wien. Prior to joining the university, Fleig was a scientist at Max Planck Institute of Solid State Research. His research efforts have focused on defects, ion motion and electrochemical reactions in solids, with emphasis on materials used in energy technology (fuel cells) and dielectrics or piezoelectrics. His work has led to the development of novel experimental tools for investigating ionic solids and fundamental contributions to the basic interpretation of impedance spectra in solid state systems and in understanding the kinetics of electrochemical reactions at gas/solid interfaces. Fleig has been recognized by the American Ceramic Society, International Society of Electrochemistry, and the Aventis Foundation. He has served on the editorial boards of several scientific journals and co-organized a number of symposia and conferences in the field of solid state ionics and solid state electrochemistry. John Goodenough was born in 1922, served in WWII, and obtained his PhD in physics from the University of Chicago (1952). Throughout his career, Goodenough established himself as an internationally prominent solid state scientist, widely recognized for his role in the development of the rechargeable Li-ion battery. Currently, he holds the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where he studies orbital ordering and crossover from localized to itinerant d electrons in solids and continues with development of components for electrochemical technologies. Goodenough is a member of the U.S. National Academies of Science and Engineering, as well as a foreign member of the Royal Society, England, and the National Societies of France, Spain, and India. Among other awards, he has received the Japan Prize (2001), the Presidential Enrico Fermi Award (2009), the National Medal of Science (2012), and the Stark Draper Prize of the National Academy of Engineering (2014). A. Robert Hillman has over 30 years of experience in the fields of electrochemistry and interfacial science. Within these fields, his research interests can be divided into the areas of interfacial characterisation, electroactive materials, thin films and the development of non-electrochemical techniques for surface analysis. Hillman is currently a professor at the University of Leicester. His research interests are in the field of interfacial electrochemistry, with particular focus on new materials and their use in surface modification. This involves development and application of in situ characterization techniques, including spectroscopies (from the X-ray to the infra-red region), optical and neutron reflectivity, and acoustic wave methods. The underlying goal is elucidation of molecular explanations – composition, structure and dynamics – for observed macroscopic interfacial behavior. 88

Throughout his career, Hillman has been involved with many scientific societies. He has served the International Society of Electrochemistry in a number of roles, from UK National Secretary (1994-1998), Secretary General (1999-2005), Chair of the Scientific Meetings Committee (2006-07) to President (2009-2010). Hiroshi Imahori is a professor at Kyoto University and a principal investigator at the university’s Institute for Integrated CellMaterial Sciences. His current research interests include artificial photosynthesis, organic photovoltaics, organic functional materials, and drug delivery systems. For his work, he has received the Japanese Photochemistry Association Prize (2004), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Prize (2006), the Chemical Society of Japan Award for Creative Work (2006), the Tokyo Techno Forum 21 Gold Medal Prize (2007), the Osaka Science Prize (2007), and Japan National Institute of Science and Technology Policy Research Award (2007). To date, Imahori has written more than 280 original papers and 30 review articles. He has been actively involved in ECS affairs since 1996 and is currently Vice Chair of the Nanocarbons Division. He was a member of Advisory Board of ChemSusChem (2007-2015) and The Journal of Physical Chemistry (2009–2011). He is a Deputy Editorin-Chief of the Journal of Materials Chemistry A and a member of the Advisory Board of Materials Horizon and Applied Materials Today. Ram S. Katiyar is currently a Professor of Physics at the University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, where he has single-handedly established an Advanced Materials Research Laboratory – also known as SPECLAB -- for synthesizing nano-structured materials/films utilizing sol-gel, pulse laser deposition, and RF sputtering techniques; and characterizing them using Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, dielectric studies, and other nonspectroscopic techniques (electrical, magnetic, calorimetry, and surface microscopy). Among his most notable research, Katiyar has successfully designed a few novel room temperature multiferroics with magnetoelectric switching at small magnetic fields (< 1 Tesla) and having large magnetoelectric coefficients that may have commercial potential in nonvolatile memories and sensor applications. His immense contributions in the field are represented by his excellent publication record (over 900 articles) in reviewed scientific journals. He was awarded American Physical Society Fellow (2009) and Materials Research Society Fellow (2013), as recognition for his contributions in the area of applied materials science, especially in growth and characterization of ferroelectric thin films. Bor Yann Liaw is the Manager of the Energy Storage and Advanced Vehicles Department at Idaho National Laboratory (INL). There, he oversees an R&D program on batteries and advanced vehicle evaluations. Prior to INL, Liaw held a position at the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, where he focused on advanced power source systems for vehicle and energy storage applications. Liaw has been in the field of electric and hybrid vehicle evaluation and advanced battery diagnostics and prognostics for the past three decades. His major research activities comprise laboratory and real-life battery and vehicle testing, data collection and analysis, battery modeling and simulation, battery performance and life prediction, battery rapid charging technology development, and battery diagnoses and prognoses. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Over the past two decades, Liaw has been involved in many professional organizations, including: ECS, International Society of Solid State Ionics, and the International Battery Association. He has co-authored more than 150 technical papers, seven book chapters, and eight patents and patent applications. He is currently the Associate Editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Peter Mascher is the William Sinclair Chair of Optoelectronics and Associate Vice President, International Affairs at McMaster University. He leads active research groups involved in the fabrication and characterization of thin films for optoelectronic applications, the development and application of silicon-based nanostructures, and the characterization of defects in solids by positron annihilation

spectroscopy. Mascher’s work has been continuously funded for more than 26 years by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Foundation of Innovation, several federal and provincial Centres of Excellence, and industry. Mascher has supervised more than 60 PhD and Master’s students, has authored or co-authored close to 250 publications in refereed journals and conference proceedings, and has presented many invited lectures at international conferences and workshops. He is a member of the governing body of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division of ECS, and currently serves as the Vice Chair of Nano Ontario. Eddy Simoen is a senior researcher at imec, where he is currently involved in the study of defect and strain engineering in high-mobility and exitaxial substrates and defect studies in germanium and III-V compounds. His research interests cover the field of device physics and defect engineering in general, with particular emphasis on the study of low-frequency noise, lowtemperature behavior and of radiation defects in semiconductor components and materials. In 2013, he was nominated part-time professor at the Ghent University in the study on the impact of defects on semiconductor devices. Since 2013 he also holds a visiting professor position at the Institute of Microelectronics in Beijing. In these fields, he has either authored or co-authored over 1,500 journal and conference papers, and 12 book chapters. Additionally, Simoen has organized many workshops and symposia. He is the lead organizer of the biannual High Purity Silicon Symposium at ECS meetings.

Masahiro Watanabe started his research and teaching careers at Yamanashi University in 1968, where he constructed the Clean Energy Research Center and the Fuel Cell Nanomaterials Center. Throughout his career, his work has focused on the most important and essential subjects for DMFC, PEFC, PAFC, SOFC and H2 production/purification from the viewpoints of the basic science and the applications. He has published his findings in over 350 journal articles and has obtained over 100 patents, proposing several novel concepts in bimetallic alloy catalysts such for fuel cell anodes and cathodes, which are now being used in commercialized co-generation systems and fuel cell vehicles. Among his honors, Watanabe has been awarded the Achievement Prize from Electrochemical Society of Japan, the Catalysis Society of Japan Award, Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) Award, the International Partnership for the Hydrogen Economy Technical Achievement Award, and more. Alan West joined the staff at Columbia University in 1992, where he is currently the chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Samuel Ruben-Peter G. Biele Professor of Electrochemistry. His research interests include electrodeposition, electrochemical sensors, batteries, and electrochemical synthesis. In addition to his academic studies, West has consulted and collaborated extensively within the industry. Previously, West studied under John Newman at the University of California, Berkeley, where he focused on the numerical simulation and theory of current distributions. He completed his postdoctoral studies at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, where his research focused on the electrochemical etching and polishing of metals. He has received the ECS Norman Hackerman Young Author Award, as well as the Society’s Electrodeposition Division Research Award. He is an author of a self-published text titled Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering: An Introduction which is intended for engineering students at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level.

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ECS Division Awards Winners Battery Division Technology Award Dominique Guyomard is director of research at France’s Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the head of the Electrochemical Energy Storage and Transformation Team (EEST) at the Institut des Materiaux Jean Rouxel at Nantes. This team of approximately 50 scientists and 20 staff researchers gathers activities on batteries, moderate and high temperature fuels cells and electrolysers, and advanced spectroscopies and simulations. Guyomard’s expertise deals with basic and applied solid state electrochemistry and material and surface science, applied to the fields of Li-ion, Na-ion, Li-metal polymer, and Li-S batteries. He serves as expert on energy storage in several national and international academic committees. He belongs to the advisory board of several international symposia, and is co-organizer of several national and international conferences. He is now president of the International Battery Association (IBA). He is recipient of the 2007 IBA Research Award, the 2008 French Academy of Science Award for Science Transfer to Industry, and the 2010 ECS Battery Division Research Award. He is co-author of more than 220 journal papers and 30 patents.

Battery Division Research Award (two winners) Yang Shao-Horn is currently the W.M. Keck Professor of Energy and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Throughout her career, Shao-Horn has focused her research on the chemical physics of surfaces with emphasis on metal oxides, including oxide-solve interface in Li-batteries, descriptors of catalytic activity, wetting properties and ion transport, and design materials and devices for solar fuel including water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, and metaloxygen redox chemistry. Shao-Horn’s research includes experimental components comprising synthesis of well-defined surfaces and nanostructured materials, and investigation of processes at the surfaces/interfaces using (electro) chemical methods coupled with ex situ and in situ X-ray-based and electron-based spectroscopy. Among her many honors, Shao-Horn has been awarded the ECS Charles Tobias Young Investigator Award, ISE’s Tajima Prize, Gail E. Kendall Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and AAAS Fellow. She has been ranked as a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, with just over 200 journal papers published. Shao-Horn has advised over 70 MS and PhD students. Nobuyuki Imanishi is a professor in the Department of Chemistry at Mie University in Japan. His career in industrial electrochemistry began in 1982 as an undergraduate student at Kyoto University, followed by a PhD from his alma mater in 1993. Imanishi joined Mie University in 1990, where he focuses on functional materials and electrochemistry, especially energy 90

conversion and storage materials such as electrode materials for Li batteries and fuel cells, and solid-state electrolytes for those batteries. His recent research interests include the following two main topics: Li-air batteries and solid polymer Li-ion batteries. Throughout his career, Imanishi has published more than 300 papers and several book chapters. His research has been recognized by The Electrochemical Society of Japan through the Sano Award and the Award for Young Battery Researchers.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation (two winners) Yelena Gorlin holds a BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (with a double major in Chemical Engineering and Biology) and a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. Her PhD thesis focused on the development of manganese oxide based catalysts for oxygen electrocatalysis. Dr. Gorlin is a postdoctoral associate in Prof. Hubert Gasteiger’s laboratory at Technische Universität München. During her postdoctoral appointment, she led projects in two separate research areas: lithium-sulfur batteries and polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, with a goal of improving the fundamental understanding of electrochemical processes in these two technologies. Her research employed electrochemistry and synchrotron based X-ray absorption spectroscopy characterization and led to the development of a novel spectro-electrochemical cell for characterization of batteries, identification of the charging mechanism of lithium-sulfur batteries, and identification of a fuel cell anode catalyst’s structure during the hydrogen oxidation reaction. Dr. Gorlin has co-authored 19 peer reviewed publications and has been the recipient of multiple awards, including Outstanding Poster at Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory User Meeting, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, and the ECS Colin Garfield Fink Summer Postdoctoral Fellowship. Liumin Suo is a postdoctoral research associate within the Ju Li Group at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research interests include, but is not limited to, a focus on rechargeable lithium-ion batteries including aqueous and non-aqueous Li-ion electrolytes and the interface between electrode and electrolyte. Dr. Suo earned a BS degree in material physics at China’s Inner Mongolia University of Technology. He proceeded to a MS in material physics and a PhD in condensed matter physics from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. After receiving his PhD, he was a postdoctoral research associate at the University of Maryland, College Park. He is the co-author of more than 25 peer-reviewed journal articles and co-inventor of 8 patents. Recent original contributions include the invention of a novel class of aqueous electrolyte, “Water-in-Salt,” for high voltage rechargeable aqueous Li-ion batteries and the proposal of a new class of “Solvent-in-Salt” electrolytes for next-generation high-energy rechargeable metallic lithium batteries. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Dr. Suo’s work on aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes was recognized with the 2015 University of Maryland Invention of the Year Award and Best Poster Award in the 19th International conference on solid state Ionics a State in 2013.

Battery Division Student Research Award Billur Deniz Polat Karahan’s academic career has revolved around the research of thin films. Upon obtaining her BA from Istanbul Technical University, Polat Karahan started her PhD at her alma mater in the university’s Advance Technology Program. During her PhD, she studied for six months at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) where she produced thin films by electron beam evaporation and magnetron sputtering methods. Under the supervision of ANL’s Khalil Amine, she was able to characterize morphological, structural, and electrochemical performances of these films when used as negative electrodes. Currently, she is working to produce and characterize structured Si based thin film electrodes for LIBs. Aside from thin films, Polat Karahan has experience in electrochemical coatings, zinc alloy casting, and electrochemical testing methods. She has published 52 papers, 14 magazine articles, and co-authored two international books.

Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award Robert G. Kelly is the AT&T Professor of Engineering and Co-Director of the Center for Electrochemical Science and Engineering at the University of Virginia. His work currently focuses on atmospheric localized corrosion, localized corrosion in marine Al alloys and multi-scale modeling of corrosion processes. With his research, he has rendered technical assistance to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and US Department of Energy concerning the Yucca Mountain Project, the USAF Aging Aircraft Program, NASA Safety and Engineering Center, and the 9/11 Pentagon Memorial design team. Kelly has co-authored over 100 papers and supervised 20 PhD students as well as 18 MS students. He was selected as a recipient of the 1997 A.B. Campbell Award. He is a Fellow of ECS and NACE International. Kelly has won several teaching awards at the University of Virginia including the All University Teaching Award in 2004.

Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award Saman Hosseinpour was born in Iran where he finished his BA and MA degrees in material science and engineering with the focus on surface science. In 2006, he became a faculty member of the Department of Material Science at Azad University. He has previously worked on the first Iranian telecommunication satellite and in 2008 he received the International Khawrizmi’s Award (the most prestigious scientific award in the Middle East) and Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) prize for the research and development in the aircraft industry for a project entitled “Honeycomb seals for jet engines.”

In 2009 he moved to Christofer Leygraf’s labs in the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden to work on atmospheric corrosion of copper as a PhD student. After finishing his PhD in 2013 he moved to the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Germany as a postdoc researcher to work with Mischa Bonn and Ellen Backus on molecular aspects of water splitting on TiO2 using pump-probe vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy. Hosseinpour has presented his research in more than 20 journal papers and scientific conferences and authored three books in the fields of material science, surface engineering, and corrosion.

Electrodeposition Division Research Award Stephen Maldonado received his BS in chemistry from the University of Iowa in 2001 and a PhD in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin in 2006. After two years as a postdoctoral fellow at The California Institute of Technology, Maldonado joined the faculty at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is a board member of the Society of Electroanalytical Chemistry and received a National Science Foundation CAREER award in 2010. He was named a Sloan Research Fellow and received a Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar Award in 2013. Maldonado’s work on electrodeposition was recognized with a State of Michigan Governor’s Award in Green Chemistry in 2014. His group’s general research interests focus on electrochemical processes relevant to the fields of electronics and energy conversion/storage.

Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Yihua Liu has been working in the interdisciplinary research areas of electrochemistry and materials science since his undergraduate and graduate studies at State University of New York in Binghamton. Joining a team of researchers at Nikolay Dimitrov’s laboratory, he investigated ways of mitigating incorporation of organic additives in copper electrodeposits after demonstrating that their presence could cause void formation at copper-solder joints. His passion about electrodeposition took him to National Institute of Standards and Technology, where working with Thomas Moffat, they discovered that a century-old electrodeposition method, with a new twist, could be implemented to grow high-quality, ultrathin Pt and Ir films, adding a versatile tool to catalyst design and engineering. Currently, he continues his research in electrodeposition and catalysis at Argonne National Lab. His works on Pt and Ir electrodeposition have resulted in the filing of two U.S patents. He has published approximately 20 peer-review articles.

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AWARDS NE W MEMBERS Program (continued from previous page)

High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award Harlan U. Anderson’s research in insulating and conducting oxides has led to his recognition among the scientific community as one of the world’s leading authorities on electronic ceramics, solid oxide fuel cells, and oxygen separation. In his nearly 40-year teaching career, he has advised more than 70 MS and PhD students. His outstanding work in academia gained him the Curators’ Professor honor in 1988, which is the highest research honor at Missouri University. Anderson joined the American Ceramic Society in 1978, where he later was named Fellow in 1992, and became Senior Editor of their journal in 1999. The National Institute of Ceramic Engineers selected him to present the Arthur L. Friedberg Memorial Lecture in 2008. He received the John Jeppson Award from ACS in 2014. Prior to joining the staff at Missouri University in 1970, he held positions at the Sprague Electric Company and the Oregon Graduate Center. Anderson is currently retired and has expanded his lifetime interests in outdoor related activities.

Luminescence & Display Materials Division Centennial Outstanding Achievement Award Baldassare Di Bartolo is a Professor of Physics at Boston College, Chestnut Hill. His current research interests include solid state spectroscopy, flash photolysis and molecular spectroscopy, photoacoustics, femtospectroscopy, and nano-spectroscopy. After extensive education in industrial engineering, Di Bartolo began his career at the Microlambda Company in 1953, where he began his work in the field of microwave components, while simultaneously teaching courses on information theory at the Istituto Universitario Navale. Di Bartolo accepted positions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (where he originally served as a Fulbright scholar and a visiting Fellow in the Department of Physics) and the Université Claude Bernard. Since September 1973, Di Bartolo has been Director of the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the “Ettore Majorana” International Centre for Scientific Culture; in this capacity he has directed thirty “Summer Schools.”

Physical & Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry

Masayoshi Watanabe is currently a professor in Yokohama National University’s Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology. His work mainly concerns ionics and nanostructured materials. His leadership in these fields has led to the realization of key materials for the advancement of electrochemical devices which help support a sustainable society. Watanabe’s recent research activity has been expanded to nano-structured materials, including block 92

copolymer assembly in ionic liquids. He has published 340 research papers and 190 books and reviews on these topics. Among his many honors, Watanabe has received The Electrochemical Society of Japan’s (ECSJ) Award for Creative Work and its Takei Award, and Yokohama National University’s Distinguished Research Award. He served as President of the Ionic Liquid Research Association in Japan (2006-2010), Vice President of ESCJ (2012-2014), and Vice President of Japan’s Society of Polymer Science (2014-2016).

Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award Rangachary Mukundan is a member of the technical staff of the Sensors and Electrochemical Devices Group at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). His research interests include electrochemical gas sensors, fuel cells, and energy storage devices. Currently, he is leading several projects related to sensors and fuel cells funded by the Department of Energy. He was part of a LANL team that was awarded an R&D 100 award in 1999 for the development of sulfur resistant oxygen sensors. Mukundan’s work on sulfur tolerant anodes for fuel cells was recognized as Scientific American’s Top 50 Science and Technology Achievements for 2003. His work was also recognized by the J.B Wagner Award of the High Temperature Materials Division of ECS in 2005. He is the co-inventor on 6 U.S. patents and has authored over 125 papers including over 50 in peer-reviewed journals that have been cited over 4000 times. Mukundan is currently the technical editor in the area of Sensors and Measurement Sciences for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society.

ECS Section Awards Winners Europe Section Allessandro Volta Medal Christian Amatore gave molecular electrochemistry new direction, utilizing new concepts and tools to allow the discipline to overflow its traditional fields to face major problems in organic and inorganic chemistry, organometallic, and even biology. Amatore has had a pioneering role in the development of ultramicroelectrodes worldwide. His research involves the development of advanced electrochemical methods for investigating extremely complex mechanisms of organic and organometallic chemistry under the very conditions used by synthetic chemists as well as for the study of important biological mechanisms at the single cell level. Amatore’s activity in molecular kinetics is best illustrated by the rationalization of electron transfer catalysis, electron transfer activation of molecules, and more recently, by a thorough series of works relative to the elucidation of the most important mechanistic aspects of catalysis by homogeneous palladium complexes, an extremely active area in today’s catalysis for carbon-carbon bond making in fine chemical industry. Amatore has received many honors and awards in the scientific community, including France’s CNRS Silver Medal, The Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry’s Reilley Award, and Britain’s RSC Bourke Medal. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for July, August and September 2016.

Active Members

Daniel Abbott, Villigen, AG, Switzerland Tomohiro Akiyama, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan Saher Al Shakhshir, Aalborg, Denmark Hirokuni Asamizu, Kyoto, Japan Carlos Augusto, San Jose, CA, USA Jake Barralet, Montreal, QC, Canada Mark Barteau, Wilmington DE, USA Eugene Beh, Cambridge, MA, USA Juliette Billaud, Villigen PSI, AG, Switzerland Laura Borgese, Brescia, Italy Florian Bouville, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland Dorothea Buechel-Rimmel, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Catherine Bunel, Caen, Calvados, France Naizhen Cao, Montreal, QC, Canada Soryong Chae, Cincinnati, OH, USA Shih-Pang Chang, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Papo Chen, San Jose, CA, USA Shih-Hsun Chen, Taipei City, Taiwan, Taiwan Andrey Chernov, Novosibirsk, Siberia, Russia Roland Cusick, Urbana, IL, USA Alexander DeAngelis, Honolulu, HI, USA Jolien Dendooven, Gent Oost-Vlaanderen, Belgium Bridget Deveney, Brooklyn Heights, OH, USA Thi-Mai-Dung Do, Nagaoka, Niigata, Japan Bruce Doris, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA Bin Du, Clifton Park, NY, USA Peter Enoksson, Gothenburg, Sweden Marco Favaro, Berkeley, CA, USA Daouda Fofana, Calgary, AB, Canada Lynn Forester, San Jose, CA, USA Hitoshi Fukui, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan Kristen Fulfer, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Katsumi Furuhashi, Tokyo, Japan Zachary Gagnon, Baltimore, MD, USA Mathieu Gibilaro, Toulouse, Midi Pyrenees, France Amy Gong, Hyattsville, MD, USA Lauren Greenlee, Fayetteville, AR, USA Burcu Gurkan, Cleveland, OH, USA Heine Hansen, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Claude Heller, Jouy-en-Josas, Ile de France, France Martin Heller, Ithaca, NY, USA Takeshi Hirai, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan Aaron Holder, Golden, CO, USA Arve Holt, Kjeller, Norway Arthur Homa, Langley, WA, USA Kimberly Horsley, Honolulu, HI, USA Lewis Hsu, San Diego, CA, USA Yun Hu, Houghton, MI, USA Tobias Huber, Wien, W Austria Woonbong Hwang, Pohang, Gyungbuk, South Korea

Himanshu Jain, Bethlehem, PA, USA Kaushik Jayasayee, Trondheim, Norway John-Paul Jones, Pasadena, CA, USA Denys Kapush, Davis, CA, USA Kristina Maria Kareh, London, Gtr. London, UK Masaaki Kato, Okayama-shi, Okayama, Japan Jordan Katz, Granville, OH, USA Gayathri Kher, Washington, DC, USA In Soo Kim, Lemont, IL, USA Kristian Knudsen, Roskilde, Denmark Jan Kollender, Linz, Austria Juraj Kosek, Prague 6, Czech Republic Masatoshi Koyama, Osaka, Osaka, Japan Chaiyaput Kruehong, Mong Khon, Kaen, Thailand Stefanie Kuehl, Berlin, BE, Germany Yoshihiko Kyo, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Jim Lam, Fremont, CA, USA Timothy Lambert, Albuquerque, NM, USA Alan Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Kenneth Lau, Philadelphia, PA, USA Hyun-Wook Lee, Ulsan, South Korea Junghoon Lee, Palisades Park, NJ, USA Min-Ho Lee, Seongnam Si, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea Marina Leite, N Bethesda, MD, USA Kendra Letchworth-Weaver, Lemont, IL, USA Chaoyang Li, Kami City, Kochi, Japan Shuang Li, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Heng Liu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Junling Lu, Hefei, Anhui, China Leilei Lu, Xi’an, China Ming-Yen Lu, Hsinchu, Taiwan Yao Lu, Concord, NC, USA Yulin Ma, Harbin, PR China Ian MacMoy, Cypress, TX, USA Sho Makino, Ueda, Nagano, Japan Tetsuya Makino, Bade City, Taiwan, Taiwan Vladimir Matolin, Praha 8, Czech Republic Taktoshi Matsumoto, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Carlos Mazure, Bernin, France Sanjay Mehta, Niskayuna, NY, USA Almagul Mentbayeva, Astana, Kazakhstan Pierre Millet, Orsay, France Alex Mirabal, East Lansing, MI, USA Anara Molkenova, Astana, Kazakhstan Jeremy Munday, North Bethesda, MD, USA Wing Ng, London, UK Fumitaka Nishihori, Odawara, Kanagawa, Japan Takehito Nishikawa, Soka, Saitama, Japan Hidenori Noguchi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Luke Nyakiti, Galveston, TX, USA Alfredo Ortiz Sainz De Aja, Santander, CTB, Spain Vijay Parameshwaran, Adelphi, MD, USA Yogita Pareek, Santa Clara, CA, USA Gia Parish, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia Shufu Peng, Wilmington, DE, USA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

Dimiter Petsev, Albuquerque, NM, USA Giuseppe Portale, Groningen, Netherlands Rudra Pratap, Bangalore, KA, India Eddie Red, Atlanta, GA, USA Hubert Reger, Tubingen, BW, Germany Julie Renner, Lyndhurst, OH, USA Julia Rinck, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, BW, Germany Jae-Sang Ro, Seoul, South Korea Angel Rodriguez, San Jose, CA, USA Jeffrey Roeder, Bethel, CT, USA Hanson Ruan, Burnaby, BC, Canada Fumihiro Sagane, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan Mark Saly, Milpitas, CA, USA Jean Sanabria-Chinchilla, San Jose, Costa Rica Yoshinori Satou, Oobu-shi, Aichi, Japan Raluca Scarlat, Madison, WI, USA Kipp Schoenwald, Smyrna, GA, USA Mari Shibata, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan Kohei Shima, Tokyo, Japan Kristin Stafford, Chicago, IL, USA Anthony Stewart, Columbia, SC, USA Tomoyuki Suwa, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Andre Taylor, New Haven, CT, USA Daniel Taylor, Mountain View, CA, USA Sebastien Touzain, La Rochelle, France Taro Uematsu, Suita, Osaka, Japan Joel Varley, Livermore, CA, USA Bo Wang, Harbin, Heliongiang, China Qing Hua Wang, Tempe, AZ, USA Xiaoxin Wang, Hanover, NH, USA Guanghua Wei, Shanghai, China Ching-Chen Wu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Jie Xiao, Fayetteville, AR, USA Jia Xie, Wuhan, Hubei, China Takayuki Yamamoto, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan Yang Yang, Orlando, FL, USA Li-Hsien Yeh, Douliou, Taiwan, Taiwan Hung-Ju Yen, Los Alamos, NM, USA Xingyue Yong, Beijing, China Bing Yu, Beijing, China Yi Yu, Berkeley, CA, USA Gleb Yushin, Atlanta, GA, USA Junliang Zhang, Shanghai, China Yun Zhang, Chengdu, Sichuan, China Rui Zhu, Beijing, China

Student Members

Monsur Abass, Manhattan, KS, USA Dustin Abele, Arlington, VA, USA Mojtaba Abolhassani, Fayetteville, AR, USA Alessandra Accogli, Milano, Italy Ryan Adams, West Lafayette, IN, USA Prakrthi Alankaru Narayana, Mangalore, KA, India Christopher Anderson, Riverside, CA, USA Paul Arcidiacono, Montpellier, France Riccardo Argurio, London, Gtr. London, UK (continued on next page) 93

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Deisy Arrington, Chicago, IL, USA Can Ataca, Quincy, MA, USA Gabrielle Bachand, Reno, NV, USA Seungyeon Baek, Daejeon, South Korea Pedro Baiao, Warwick, Warwickshire, UK Linda Baklouti, Montpellier, France John Barton, Cambridge, MA, USA Max Bedouet, London, London, UK Arvind Bhakta, Namur, Belgium Moumita Bhattacharya, Salt Lake, City, UT, USA Ran Bi, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Brandon Boyd, Bessemer, AL, USA Kelly Carpenter, Seattle, WA, USA Ashley Cass, Murray, UT, USA Tybur Casuse, Albuquerque, NM, USA Chaoji Chen, Hyattsville, MD, USA Dustin Chen, Saratoga, CA, USA Jiuting Chen, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Xizi Chen, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Yechuan Chen, Albuquerque, NM, USA Yen-Ming Chen, Tainan City, Taiwan, Taiwan Yen-Wen Chen, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Wei-Jen Cheng, Taipei City, Taiwan, Taiwan Xun Cheng, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Ashley Chonko, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Liana Christiani, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, Japan Ezra Clark, Kensington, CA, USA Martin Cox, Huntsville, AL, USA Bence Csomos, Szentgotthard, Hungary Xiaodan Cui, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Luke Danko, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Neal Dawson Elli, Seattle, WA, USA Benjamin Delattre, Cambridge, MA, USA Brayden Densmore, Saint Charles, MO, USA Sahm Deravi, Montgomery, AL, USA Mariana Diaz, Santander, CTB, Spain Xiaoli Dong, Shanghai, China Tyra Douglas, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Chenlong Duan, Wuhan, Hubei, China Arthur Dysart, West Lafayette, IN, USA Michael Dzara, Golden, CO, USA Sam Eggermont, Leuven, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium Thomas Esterle, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Willie Evans IV, Fayetteville, AR, USA Nicholas Faenza, Hillsborough, NJ, USA Monique Farrell, Norfolk, VA, USA Jeremy Feaster, Stanford, CA, USA Zakary Ford Fayetteville AR USA Susith Rajitha Galle, Kankanamge, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Xiangwen Gao, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Pralay Gayen, Chicago, IL, USA Nan Ge, Toronto, ON, Canada Bruno Gelinas, Montreal, QC, Canada Ronny Genieser, Coventry, West Midlands, UK Hanieh Ghadimi, Akron, OH, USA Niloofar Ghanbari, Ulm, BW, Germany Samy Ghobrial, Mississauga ON, Canada Tanushree Ghosh, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Austin Goodson, Georgetown, IN, USA Priyamvada Goyal, Oxford, UK Niccolo Guerrini, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Sarah Guillot, Madison, WI, USA Ashim Gurung, Brookings, SD, USA Karel Haesevoets, Leuven, VlaamsBrabant, Belgium Arindam Haldar, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Arnab Halder, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark Tanner Hamann, College Park, MD, USA Rong Hao, Oxford Oxfordshire, UK Toru Hatsukade, Stanford, CA, USA Caleb Heath, Fayetteville, AR, USA Nofar Hemed, Tel-Aviv, ISRAEL Conrad Holc, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Norah Hornsveld, Eindhoven, NoordBrabant, Netherlands Tianhong Hou, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Mohamed Seif Eddine Houache, Ottawa, ON, Canada Robert House, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Leiming Hu, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Yu Jie Huang, Taiwan, Taiwan Brett Huhman, Waldorf, MD, USA Kevin Hurlbutt, San Francisco, CA, USA Chimaobi Ibeh, Newark, NJ, USA Christine Jackson, Columbus, OH, USA Bryan James, Norwalk, CT, USA Buddhinie Jayathilake, Los Angeles, CA, USA Bei Jiang, Shanghai, China Ming-Xun Jiang, Jhongli, Taoyuan County, Taiwan Yin Jing, Chicago, IL, USA Ali Jokar, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Vrushali Joshi, Corvallis, OR, USA Nelly Kaneza, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Muhammet Kartal, Sakarya, Turkey Joseph Kessler, Fullerton, CA, USA Yashwant Kharwar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Doyoub Kim, Pohang, South Korea Jung-Hwan Kim, Ulju, Ulsan, South Korea Namhoon Kim, Urbana, IL, USA Suryanarayana Kolluri, Seattle, WA, USA Madushani Kosswattaarachchi, Amherst, NY, USA Hyunju Lee, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea Jessica Lee, Chicago, IL, USA Jet-Sing Lee, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK Jungwoo Lee, La Jolla, CA, USA Junrui Li, Providence, RI, USA Yu-Hung Liao, Taipei City, Taiwan Meng-Hsuan Lin, Chicago, IL, USA Hang Liu, Toronto, ON, Canada Lichao Liu, Cleveland, OH, USA Xinyu Liu, Cleveland, OH, USA Yuan Liu, Houston, TX, USA Caesar Lockhart de la Rosa, Leuven, Vlaams Brabant, Belgium Binyu Lu, Cleveland, OH, USA Dylan Lynch, Chicago, IL, USA Xiang Lyu, Athens, OH, USA Bo Ma, Fayetteville, AR, USA Meghann Ma, San Diego, CA, USA Yanxiao Ma, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Ian MacDonald, Corpus Christi, TX, USA

Nina Jasmine, Malapit, Chicago, IL, USA Sonali Mali, Avon, IN, USA Alfredo Mameli, Eindhoven, Netherlands Sudip Mandal, Chennai, TN, India Alexander Martin, Lenexa, KS, USA Bryan Materi, Cookeville, TN, USA Lorcan McKeon, Dublin, Ireland Lyle Menk, Albuquerque, NM, USA Debanjan Mitra, Los Angeles, CA, USA Murul Atikah Mohd Mokhtar Shah, Alam, Malaysia Heena Mutha, Cambridge, MA, USA Ryu Nagai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan Bo Nan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Sasmita Nayak, Chicago, IL, USA Shraddha Nehate, Orlando, FL, USA Eleftheria Ntagia, Gent, Oost Vlaanderen, Belgium Laura Nunez Toledo, Pitalito Huila, Colombia Naohisa Okita, Koganei, Tokyo, Japan Amanda Oldacre, Amherst, NY, USA Alberto Oliveira, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Simona Ovtar, Roskilde, Denmark Fardin Padash, Provo, UT, USA Vikram Pande, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Gabriele Panzeri, Milano, Italy Seongjin Park, Seoul, Seongdong-gu, South Korea Vasudevarao Pasala, Chennai, TN, India Glenn Pastel, College Park, MD, USA Chintan Pathak, Seattle, WA, USA Rajwardhan Pawar, Islampur, MH, India Aaditya Pendse, Chicago, IL, USA Sergio Ivan Perez Bakovic, Fayetteville, AR, USA Andrey Pilnik, Novosibirsk, Russia Justyna Piwowar, Warsaw, Poland Samuel Plunkett, Chicago, IL, USA Aneil Pokharel, Savoy, IL, USA Jing Qi, Honolulu, HI, USA Abhishek Raj, Carrollton, TX, USA Barzin Rajabloo, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada Dhevathi Rajan Rajagopalan Kannan, Tallahassee, FL, USA Anirudh Ramanujapuram, Atlanta, GA, USA Saurin Hiren Rawal, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Jorn Reniers, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Stephanie Richins, Las Cruces, NM, USA Nataly Rosales Espitia, Jurupa Valley, CA, USA Kyle Rose, Huntsville, AL, USA John Ryter, Hamilton, MT, USA Michael Sabatini, Toronto, ON, Canada Kan Sakakibara, Kariya-shi, Aichi, Japan Diana Salgado, Akron, OH, USA Ravi Sankannavar, Mumbai, MH, India Joel Schmierer, Livermore, CA, USA John Schwalbe, Palo Alto, CA, USA Saba Seyedmahmoudbaraghani, Moreno Valley, CA, USA Han Shao, Cork, Ireland Payman Sharifi Abdar, Athens, OH, USA Anjaiah Sheelam, Chennai, TN, India Yang Shi, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS Yuki Shimura, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Sheldon Shinn, Fayetteville, AR, USA Paymon Shirazi, Corona, CA, USA Samuel Shirley, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA William Sides, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Turibius Simon, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, Taiwan Vickram Singh, Reno, NV, USA Luke Soule, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jason Spataro, Mt Prospect, IL, USA Andre Spears, Albuquerque, NM, USA Lyndi Strange, Jackson, TN, USA Yi-Han Su, Tainan City, Taiwan Valentin Sulzer, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Hao-Lun Tang, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Jialiang Tang, West Lafayette, IN, USA Chixia Tian, Berkeley, CA, USA Jiri Tichy, Brno Jihomoravsky Kraj, Czech Republic Simon Timbillah, Butte, MT, USA

Kwing Tong, Monterey Park, CA, USA Andrew Tormanen, Auburn, AL, USA Dylan Tozier, Pasadena, CA, USA Jyothir Ganeshwar Reddy Ummadi, Corvallis, OR, USA Rutvik Vaidya, Tempe, AZ, USA Ken Verguts, Leuven, Belgium Alvin Virya, Toronto, Canada John Vogel, Provo, UT, USA Tongshuai Wang, Chicago, IL, USA Yukun Wang, Halifax, NS, Canada Nick Ware, Woodland Hills, CA, USA Hsu Wei-Lin, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Yu Wen, Chicago, IL, USA Jonathan Witt, Seattle, WA, USA Kevin Wood, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Pin-I Wu, Tainan City, Taiwan, Taiwan Zhiqiang Xie, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Ming Xiong, Edmonton, AB, Canada Wangwang Xu, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

Jeetika Yadav, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Nitish Yadav, New Delhi, Delhi, India Takahiro Yamamoto, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan Jiwei Yao, Cleveland, OH, USA Yiyi Yao, Los Angeles, CA, USA Sicen Yu, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Sooyoun Yu, Riverside, CA, USA Xin Yu, Chicago, IL, USA Ziad Zarm, Cottbus, BB, Germany Stefanie Zekoll, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Daquan Zhang, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Dehui Zhang, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Fen Zhang, Columbus, OH, USA Kunyi Zhang, College Park, MD, USA Le Zhang, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Zhehao Zhang, Cleveland, OH, USA Zipeng Zhao, Los Angeles, CA, USA Shangqian Zhu, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

2016 ECS Summer Fellowship Reports 2016 Summer Fellowship Committee

Summer Fellowships Each year ECS gives up to five Summer Fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the five Summer Fellowship recipients for 2016. The Society thanks the Summer Fellowship Committee for their work in reviewing the applications and selecting five excellent recipients.

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University Bryan Chin Auburn University Peter Mascher McMaster University

Brian McCloskey Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Kalpathy B. Sundaram University of Central Florida

The 2016 Edward G. Weston Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report First-Principles Investigation of Spinel LixM2O4 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2, M = Mn/Ni/Co) Structures

ext-generation battery chemistries beyond conventional lithium-ion systems that can be more efficient, cost-effective, and clean have received significant attention recently. The manganesebased spinel oxide, LiMn2O4 has been extensively studied to be used in emerging applications (e.g., electric vehicles) because of the low cost, non-toxicity, and abundance of manganese.1-3 LiMn2O4 delivers a practical capacity of ~130 mAh/g, where a threedimensional diffusion channel in the spinel structure allows fast Li+ de-/insertion. There are several drawbacks of LiMn2O4 including a severe capacity fade during cycling, due to Jahn-Teller distortion and Mn2+ dissolution.1 A complete understanding of the surface structure of LiMn2O4 is therefore essential, as the dissolution is triggered at the particle surfaces.2,3 Density functional theory (DFT) has enabled accurate prediction of properties of battery materials, such as the voltage profile, phase diagram, electronic structure, and ionic diffusivity. Using DFT, we have recently constructed the grand-canonical surface phase diagram of LiMn2O4 to reveal how thermodynamic stability of different surfaces can vary as a function of Li and O chemical potentials.2 We have suggested that Li-excess environments should be avoided to yield particles with a lower proportion of the (001) facet (i.e., the surface more vulnerable to Mn dissolution),2 as presented in Fig. 1a. We have further proposed a novel strategy to reduce Mn dissolution with a single-sheet graphene, which suppresses the disproportionation of Mn3+ into Mn2+/Mn4+ and the subsequent release of Mn2+(aq.) into the electrolyte3 (Fig. 1b). We find that the (001) surface Mn3+ ions interact with graphene and adopt a 4+ oxidation state (i.e., less prone to dissolution). In addition, graphene can act as a physical barrier to Mn diffusion.3

by Soo Kim While the spinel oxides such as LiMn2O4 and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 have been investigated as a single-phase cathode material, incorporating a spinel component into the layered-layered (LL) composite cathode (e.g., 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.5Co0.2 Mn0.3O2) is believed to be advantageous to i) achieve faster Li+ diffusion, ii) operate

at a higher potential, and iii) mitigate the voltage fade.4-7 Depending on the ratio and chemical composition of the spinel LixM2O4 in the layered-layered-spinel (LLS) system, electrochemical and structural stability of the composite electrodes can be controlled upon cycling, as demonstrated in our recent work.6

Fig. 1. (a) (001) to (111) LiMn2O4 DFT surface energy ratio as a function of lithium chemical potential at T = 800 K (reproduced from Ref. [2]). Chemical structure of: (b) LiMn2O4 (001) surface passivated by a single-sheet graphene, (c) LiMn2O4 spinel structure, where 8a tetrahedral sites are occupied by lithium and 16d octahedral sites are occupied by manganese (Mn3+/Mn4+), and (d) cubic Li2Co2O4 overlithiated spinel structure, where 16c octahedral sites are occupied by lithium and 16d octahedral sites are occupied by cobalt.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

References

Fig. 2. The calculated ground state (T = 0 K) quaternary phase diagrams of the: (a) Li-Co-Ni-O and (b) Li-Co-Mn-O chemical spaces. The phase diagram shows stable compounds (green dots), two-phase mixture (tie lines), three-phase equilibria (triangles), and four-phase equilibria (red tetrahedrons). These phase diagrams are generated within the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD).9,10 Table I. Lattice parameters of spinel LixM2O4 (x = 1 or 2, M = Co, Mn, or Ni) structures. We find that relaxation of all atomic positions with symmetry-broken DFT calculations (T = 0 K) fully captures the local variations of M-O polyhedral clusters, and easily accesses the Jahn-Teller distortion along the z-direction in the Li-Ni-O and Li-Mn-O spinel and over-lithiated spinel oxides. Experimentally, LiMn2O4 has a cubic structure at room temperature, and a cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition occurs at low temperatures. Compounds

a [Å]

b [Å]

c [Å]

α [°]

β [°]

γ [°]

LiCo2O4

8.06

8.07

89.8

90.0

LiMn2O4

8.25

8.28

8.77

90.0

89.8

LiNi2O4

7.93

7.95

8.37

90.0

89.8

Li2Co2O4

8.07

90.0

Li2Mn2O4

8.15

9.35

90.0

Li2Ni2O4

8.00

8.57

90.0

We have examined the structural and thermodynamic properties of LiM2O4 spinel oxides (M = Mn/Ni/Co) and their over-lithiated forms, Li2M2O4 (Fig. 1c– d, respectively), using DFT. In Table I, our calculations show that in the spinel structure, both LiCo2O4 and Li2Co2O4 retain the cubic form (i.e., do not distort), making them potentially structurally-compatible with layered structures (e.g., R-3m LiCoO2).7 On-going work is focused on the investigation of cobalt-based quaternary spinel oxides, LixCoyM’2-yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 2, M’ = Mn/Ni),8 within the quaternary LiCo-M’-O phase diagrams provided in Fig. 2a–b. We plan to further investigate the metal mixing tendency, voltage profile, and structural stability upon charging process of LixCoyM’2-yO4 systems. The ultimate goal of this part of the project is to discover materials of spinel structure in Li-Mn-NiCo-O chemical space that can be embedded locally in the LLS system to enhance the electrochemical properties of composite electrodes. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F08164if.

Acknowledgments

1. M. M. Thackeray, W. I. F. David, P. G. Bruce, and J. B. Goodenough, Mater. Res. Bull., 18, 461 (1983). 2. S. Kim, M. Aykol, and C. Wolverton, Phys. Rev. B, 92, 115411 (2015). 3. L. Jaber-Ansari, K. P. Puntambekar, S. Kim, M. Aykol, L. Luo, J. Wu, B. D. Myers, H. Iddir, J. T. Russell, S. J. Saldaña, R. Kumar, M. M. Thackeray, L. A. Curtiss, V. P. Dravid, C. Wolverton, and M. C. Hersam, Adv. Energy Mater., 5, 1500646 (2015). 4. M. M. Thackeray, S. -H. Kang, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, R. Benedek, and S. A. Hackney, J. Mater. Chem., 17, 3112 (2007). 5. B. R. Long, J. R. Croy, J. S. Park, J. Wen, D. J. Miller, and M. M Thackeray, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, A2160 (2014). 6. S. Kim, J. -K. Noh, M. Aykol, Z. Lu, H. Kim, W. Choi, C. Kim, K. Y. Chung, C. Wolverton, and B.-W. Cho, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 363 (2016). 7. E. Lee, J. Blauwkamp, F. C. Castro, J. Wu, V. P. Dravid, P. Yan, C. Wang, S. Kim, C. Wolverton, R. Benedek, F. Dogan, J. S. Park, J. R. Croy, and M. M. Thackeray, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 27720 (2016). 8. S. Kim, et al., in preparation. 9. J. E. Saal, S. Kirklin, M. Aykol, B. Meredig, and C. Wolverton, JOM, 65, 1501 (2013). 10. S. Kirklin, J. E. Saal, B. Meredig, A. Thompson, J. W. Doak, M. Aykol, S. Rühl and C. Wolverton, npj Computational Materials, 1, 15010 (2015).

S. K. gratefully acknowledges 2016 ECS Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship and Prof. Chris Wolverton for his guidance in conducting this research. S. K. is also grateful for fruitful discussions with Vinay I. Hegde, Zhenpeng Yao, Zhi Lu, Dr. Shiqiang Hao, Prof. Mark C. Hersam (Northwestern University), Dr. Muratahan Aykol (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), Dr. Eungje Lee, Dr. Jason R. Croy, and Dr. Michael M. Thackeray (Argonne National Laboratory).

About the Author Soo Kim is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Northwestern University, under the supervision of Chris Wolverton. His research focuses on designing new cathode materials using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. He may be reached at sookim@u.northwestern.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-6784

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

The 2016 Colin G. Fink Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Advancing Mechanistic Understanding of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Operation by Yelena Gorlin

ithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are based on an abundant raw material (sulfur, S8) with a high specific energy density and represent a promising “beyond lithium-ion” technology.1 The basis for the electrochemical operation of the technology is a 16 e− interconversion between two solid species, S8 and Li2S (S8 + 16 e− + 16 Li+[ 8 Li2S), through a series of solution phase polysulfide intermediates (Li2Sn). Although there is much research activity in the area of Li-S batteries,2 development of prototypes that can be incorporated into electric vehicles has been slow, in part due to poor mechanistic understanding of the electrochemical and chemical processes occurring inside the battery during operation.3,4 To advance the mechanistic understanding of the Li-S battery operation, this work characterizes the electrochemical processes using cyclic voltammetry in a rotating disc electrode (RDE) set-up.

RDE characterization has been previously applied to Li-S chemistry by Lu, et al.5 In their work, the authors demonstrated that when using glassy carbon electrodes, it was only possible to extract 4-5 e−/S8 in RDE experiments with different electrolytes, while, in a battery, it was possible to extract the theoretical number of 16 e−/S8.5 The observed difference was attributed to the presence of chemical disproportionation reactions. In this study, we introduce a high surface area Vulcan carbon support with and without addition of a possible catalyst, silver (Ag),6 to investigate whether the number of extracted electrons can be increased either in a porous electrode structure or in the presence of a catalyst. A similar method has been previously applied to the oxygen reduction reaction by Bonakdapour et al. using Fe-N-C catalysts of different thicknesses.7 Figure 1 shows the results obtained on a polished glassy carbon electrode

(a,d) as well as glassy carbon electrode coated with either 100 µg/cm2 of Vulcan carbon (b,e) or 25 µg/cm2 of Ag (c,f) using 20 wt.% Ag on Vulcan carbon catalyst (Ag/C). All experiments were performed using bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide lithium salt (LiTFSI) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) to give 1 M LiTFSI in DMAc as the supporting electrolyte. Initial cyclic voltammograms (CVs) were done using only the supporting electrolyte, while subsequent CVs were performed in 1 mM S8 solution. Panels a-c demonstrate that while with supporting electrolyte there are no significant features in the electrochemical window of interest, with S8 there are two reduction peaks (−1.0 VAg/Ag+, −1.7 V VAg/Ag+ or 2.67 VLi/ Li+ and 1.97 VLi/Li+) and 3 oxidation peaks (−1.6 VAg/Ag+, −1.2 VAg/Ag+, −0.8 VAg/Ag+). Addition of Ag/C results in an increased reduction current at −1.7 VAg/Ag+ and a new oxidation feature between −1.5 VAg/Ag+

Fig. 1. Cyclic voltammetry characterization in a RDE set-up using 1 M LiTFSI in DMAc as supporting electrolyte and 1 mM S8 as active material. Characterization was performed at a scan rate of 50 mV/s and either without rotation inside the glovebox (a-c) or with rotation (100-1600 rpm) under continuous argon flow, outside the glovebox (d-f). The counter and reference electrodes were platinum and silver wires, respectively, while the working electrode consisted of either a polished glassy carbon disc with a 5 mM diameter (a,d) or the same glassy carbon disc coated with 100 µg/cm2 of Vulcan carbon (b,e) or with 25 µg/cm2 of Ag supported on Vulcan carbon (c,f). The potential of the silver wire (VAg/Ag+) vs. Li/Li+ was measured to be 3.67 V. 98

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Fig. 2. Cyclic voltammetry characterization in a RDE set-up using 1 M LiTFSI in DMAc as supporting electrolyte and either 2 mM Li2S4 or 1 mM S8 as active material. Characterization was performed at a scan rate of 50 mV/s and either without rotation inside the glovebox (a) or with rotation (100-1600 rpm) under continuous argon flow, outside the glovebox (b). The counter and reference electrodes were platinum and silver wires, respectively, while the working electrode consisted of a polished glassy carbon disc with a 5 mM diameter. Both anodic and cathodic cyclic voltammograms are shown in (a) for 2 mM Li2S4 and the direction of the scan is indicated by arrows. The potential of the silver wire (VAg/Ag+) vs. Li/Li+ was measured to be 3.67 V.

and −1.3 VAg/Ag+. The effect of Ag/C is not catalytic, however, and, with continuous characterization, both of the additional peaks disappear (panel c). Characterization using RDE demonstrates that no additional electrons can be extracted from S8 with the use of either a high surface area carbon or Ag/C coating (panels d-f). To better understand the type of reduced species that form at −1.7 VAg/Ag+, additional characterization was performed using 2 mM Li2S4 in the same supporting electrolyte. Figure 2 shows that Li2S4 can be both reduced and oxidized (panel a), and that the number of electrons involved in the oxidation and reduction reactions is approximately the same (panel b). Additionally, the fact that the oxidation of Li2S4 is only possible at potentials more anodic of −1.0 VAg/Ag+ suggests that the two electrochemical features at −1.2 VAg/Ag+ and −1.6 VAg/Ag+ correspond to oxidation of species more reduced than Li2S4. Application of the same characterization procedure to other supporting electrolytes is anticipated to clarify both the discharge and charge mechanisms of LiS batteries. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F09164if.

Acknowledgments Y. G. thanks The Electrochemical Society for the Colin Garfield Fink Postdoctoral Summer Fellowship and acknowledges Prof. Hubert Gasteiger, Anna Freiberg, and Anne Berger for helpful discussions.

About the Author Yelena Gorlin is currently with the Research and Technology Center of Robert Bosch LLC, Palo Alto, CA. At the time of the fellowship she was a postdoctoral associate in Prof. Gasteiger Technical Electrochemistry group of the Technical University of Munich. Her research interests include spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization of batteries. She may be reached at yelena.gorlin@ gmail.com.

References 1. P. G. Bruce, S. A. Freunberger, L. J. Hardwick, and J.-M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater., 11, 19 (2012). 2. M. Hagen, D. Hanselmann, K. Ahlbrecht, R. Maça, D. Gerber, and J. Tübke, Adv. Energ. Mat., 5, 1401986 (2015). 3. D. Eroglu, K. R. Zavadil, and K. G. Gallagher, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A982 (2015). 4. M. Wild, L. O'Neill, T. Zhang, R. Purkayastha, G. Minton, M. Marinescu, and G. J. Offer, Energ. Environ. Sci., 8, 3477 (2015). 5. Y.-C. Lu, Q. He, and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Phys. Chem. C, 118, 5733 (2014). 6. R. D. Rauh, K. M. Abraham, G. F. Pearson, J. K. Surprenant, and S. B. Brummer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 126, 523 (1979). 7. A. Bonakdarpour, M. Lefevre, R. Z. Yang, F. Jaouen, T. Dahn, J. P. Dodelet, and J. R. Dahn, Electrochem. SolidState Lett., 11, B105 (2008).

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The 2016 Joseph W. Richards Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Single Drop Electroanalysis for Low Cost Quality Control Testing of Oxidative Pharmaceuticals by Charuksha Walgama

uality control analysis of biochemically relevant pharmaceuticals is an important process in the drug industry. The therapeutic value of a drug mainly depends on the purity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Various chromatographic, spectroscopic, titrimetric, and electrochemical methods have been used in pharmaceutical industry for the estimation of APIs in drugs.1 Electroanalytical methods can be tailored to provide unique advantages such as high sensitivity, low cost, portability, fast assay time, and automation features. These are

attractive for industrial-scale analytical applications.2 Moreover, measurements in micro-volume droplets of pharmaceutically important compounds allow miniaturized design, ease of operation, opportunities for throughput analysis, and less sample consumption.3 In this study, we measured oxidative pharmaceuticals as single 50 µL drops on screen printed electrodes (SPEs) modified with carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTCOOH). Acetaminophen (a pain-killer), ascorbic acid (a dietary supplement), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced

(A)

form (NADH) (a dietary supplement), and Nicotine (the active agent of antismoking pharmaceuticals) were analyzed. The relationship between polar/nonpolar interactions of analytes and surface carbon nanostructures in influencing sensitivity and limit of detection was understood. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of various concentrations of the four analytes prepared in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer were obtained on SPEs, [110 CNT, carbon counter electrode and silver pseudo-reference electrode, Dropsens Ltd.,Llanera (Asturias) Spain] upon which 50 µL drops were added (Fig.

(C)

(B) (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 1. (A) Schematic representation of single drop analysis using a MWCNT-COOH modified SPE (WE) with a carbon counter electrode (CE) and a silver pseudo-reference electrode (RE). (B) CVs (i) at lower concentration range and (ii) at higher concentration range. (C) Oxidation peak currents versus concentration of 50 µL droplets of varying concentrations of analytes placed on SPEs at 25 °C, scan rate 25 mV s-1: (a) acetaminophen, (b) nicotine (inset shows the enlarged view of voltammograms), (c) ascorbic acid, and (d) NADH. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 4. Copyright 2016, Wiley). 100

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LOD (μM)

Acetaminophen

327 ± 7

0.13

Nicotine

1006 ± 4

Analyte

Ascorbic acid NADH

Sensitivity (nA μM-1)

Real sample analysis Label amount (mg)

Determined (mg)

Recovery (%)

500

489 ± 10

97.8

4.8

3.69 ± 0.13

92.2

38 ± 3

0.83

1000

985 ± 20

98.5

247 ± 27

1.7

4.97 ± 0.19

99.4

1A). Figure 1B shows the CVs for various concentrations of analytes where (i) is for lower concentration range and (ii) is for higher concentration range. The increase in oxidation peak currents with increasing concentration of each analyte was given in Fig. 1C. All four compounds displayed diffusion controlled electrochemical processes on SPEs (linearity of peak current vs. square root of scan rate). Acetaminophen exhibited a quasi-reversible process, whereas nicotine, ascorbic acid and NADH displayed irreversible voltammetric characteristics (Fig. 1B). The data shown in Table I reflects that higher sensitivity is not always correlated with lower limits of detection (LOD). We determined that chemical structure, molecular size, and polar/nonpolar properties contribute significantly to the interaction of a single drop analyte with the modified carbon nanotube electrode surface to facilitate interfacial charge transport, and thus the oxidation current signals.4 A similar analysis was carried out for commercially available acetaminophen, ascorbic acid, and NADH tablets and for nicotine gum with percentage recovery in the range of 92-99% (Table I). These successful findings suggest the applicability of single drop electroanalysis as a cost-effective and instant analytical tool for quality assurance (QA) processes in the pharmaceutical industry, especially to determine the purity of an active chemical form of a drug. Additionally, our current research focuses on understanding the electrocatalytic properties of human liver microsomes on various electrodes for high throughput drug metabolism and inhibition assays.5,6

Acknowledgments

References

The author gratefully acknowledges ECS for the Joseph W. Richards Summer Fellowship and his advisor, Dr. Sadagopan Krishnan for his guidance and support. Research reported in this publication was supported, in part, by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (Award Number R15DK103386), and, in part, by the Oklahoma State University.

1. N. Satheeshkumar, S. Shantikumar, and R. Srinivas, J. Pharm. Anal., 4, 295 (2014). 2. B. Uslu and S. A. Ozkan, Anal. Lett., 44, 2644 (2011). 3. Y. Zhu and Q. Fang, Anal. Chim. Acta, 787, 24 (2013). 4. C. Walgama, M. Gallman, and S. Krishnan, Electroanalysis, 28, 2791 (2016). 5. C. Walgama, R. Nerimetla, N. F. Materer, D. Schildkraut, J. F. Elman, and S. Krishnan, Anal. Chem., 87, 4712 (2015). 6. R. Nerimetla and S. Krishnan, Chem. Commun., 51, 11681 (2015).

About the Author Charuksha Walgama currently is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Chemistry at Oklahoma State University. His research focuses on nano-interfaced electrochemical and optical methodologies that are useful as biosensing and electrocatalytic platforms. He may be reached at charuksha.walgama@okstate.edu http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-0436

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The 2016 F. M. Becket Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Quinone-Containing Hydrogels as High Performance Pseudocapacitive Electrodes by Muhammad Boota

upercapacitors and metal-ion batteries (e.g., Li, Na, Mg) are electrochemical energy storage systems that offer high power and energy density, respectively. Based on their charge storage mechanisms, supercapacitors are divided into two categories: (1) electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), and (2) pseudocapacitors, where the former relies on the electro-sorption of the ions and the latter is based on surface redox reactions at the interface. A variety of moderate to high surface area 0-3 dimensional carbons (e.g., onion-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, activated carbons, etc.) have been used for EDLCs.1 Carbon-based EDLCs demonstrate fast charge/discharge (in seconds), high power density, and long cycle life (millions of cycles), resulting

in their application in optoelectronics, transportation, load leveling, energy regeneration, and the aerospace industry. Although these supercapacitors offer high power density, their energy density is lower than that of batteries, thus limiting their range of applications.2 Pseudocapacitors store charge through both non-faradic and faradic processes, thereby offering the combined characteristics of EDLCs and batteries. Common pseudocapacitive materials are metal oxides (MnO2, RuO2, Nb2O5, TiO2, etc.)3,4 and redox-active organic materials, (conducting polymers, carbonyls, viologens, sulfur-containing polymers, etc.).5,6 The later class of materials are a metal-free, sustainable, flexible, safe and relatively inexpensive choice for

pseudocapacitor applications.7,8 Although, they show promising pseudocapacitive performance, their low conductivity and structural degradation upon cycling limits their applicability in commercial devices. Among the variety of organic materials studied, quinones are attractive due to their fast multi-electron redox transfer in aqueous electrolytes, high pseudocapacitance, and strong adhesion to carbon nanostructures via non-covalent interactions.9 If their poor conductivity and low cycle life can be resolved, they could become an emergent choice for pseudocapacitive energy storage. In an ongoing effort, we report a part of our results on a multi-electron redox organic material named 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4benzoquinone (DHBQ) for supercapacitors. Our approach to enhance the conductivity

Fig. 1. Electrochemical characterization of DHBQ@rGO hybrid electrodes in 1 M H2SO4: a) CVs, of DHBQ@rGO electrodes at different scan rates. b) Rate performance of tested composition. (c) GCD curves of a DHBQ@rGO electrodes at 10 A/g. (f) Cycle life performance showing an improved capacitance retention at 100 mV/s. Identical CVs before and after long cycling, confirming the high electrochemical stability of the DHBQ@rGO electrodes.

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and deter solubility issues of DHBQ and other quinones (not reported here) is to noncovalently attach them on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets via a single step hydrothermal method to yield hydrogels. As-produced hydrogels can be rolled into binder-free electrodes to assess their charge storage performance. Briefly, we mixed DHBQ with graphene oxide (GO, modified Hummers method),10 prepared a suspension (2 mg/ml) in a 1:2 weight ratio, and subjected the suspension to hydrothermal reduction (180 °C, 12 h), which also led to integration of DHBQ within the (r)GO. Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) obtained using the DHBQ@rGO electrodes (thickness = 20 µm) in 1 M H2SO4 at different scan rates (Fig. 1a) exhibited broad redox peaks centered at 0.3 and 0.55 V, which corresponds to proton-coupled redox reactions of the carbonyl moiety of the DHBQ. Moreover, the flat ends of the CVs showed a double layer contribution in the tested electrodes. The high reversibility and stable CVs at high scan rates (50 and 100 mV/s) further suggested that DHBQ was strongly integrated onto the rGO sheets. At the lowest scan rate of 2 mV/s, DHBQ@rGO electrodes exhibited almost two times higher capacitance (344 F/g) when compared with the pristine rGO sheets (173 F/g) due to the redox contribution of DHBQ (Fig. 1b). Galvanostatic charge/ discharge (GCD) curves (Fig. 1c) at a

high current density of 10 A/g showed combined EDLC (0.8 to 0.4 V) and faradic contributions (0.4 to −0.15 V), confirming again the presence and pseudocapacitance of DHBQ on rGO. The cycle life of the DHBQ was tested by cycling the electrodes at 100 mV/s; stable performance was obtained for 3000 charge/discharge cycles (Fig. 1d). These preliminary results appear promising and we believe that further optimization of the hybrid electrodes can result in a material that outperforms several reported organic pseudocapacitive electrodes.

on redox-active hybrid materials for pseudocapacitive energy storage. He may be reached at boota@drexel.edu.

References 1. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1094 (2013). 2. P. Simon and Y. Gogotsi, Nat. Mater., 7, 845 (2008). 3. V. Augustyn, P. Simon, and B. Dunn, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1597 (2014). 4. A. Byeon, et al., Electrochem. Commun., 60, 199 (2015). 5. M. Boota, et al., Adv. Mater., 28, 1517 (2015). 6. Y. Shi, L. Peng, Y. Ding, Y. Zhao, and G. Yu, Chem. Soc. Rev., 44, 6684 (2015). 7. M. Boota, et al., ChemSusChem, 8, 3576 (2015). 8. S. E. Burkhardt, et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 7176 (2012). 9. M. Boota, K. B. Hatzell, E. C. Kumbur, and Y. Gogotsi, ChemSusChem, 8, 835 (2015). 10. J. William, S. Hummers, and R. E. Offeman, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 80, 1339 (1958).

Acknowledgments The author acknowledges the ECS Summer Fellowship and the guidance of his PhD advisor, Prof. Yury Gogotsi.

About the Author Muhammad Boota is a PhD candidate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering of the Drexel University, under the supervision of Prof. Yury Gogotsi. His research focuses

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The 2016 H. H. Uhlig Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Role of Conducting Salt on Anodic Stability of Conductive Carbon and Ethylene Carbonate in High-Voltage Li-Ion Cells

o increase the energy density of lithium-ion batteries and to allow for longer driving ranges of battery electric vehicles, many research activities have been devoted to the development of near 5 V cathode materials, e.g., the LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 spinel.1 However, the oxidative decomposition of conventional carbonate electrolytes as well as the instability of conductive carbon blacks in the cathode of the lithium-ion battery are severe obstacles for the commercialization of these high-voltage materials. Not only can this material degradation lead to the accumulation of unwanted decomposition products and an increased internal resistance for Li+-ion and electron transport,2,3 it also generates substantial amounts of gas in the cell, primarily CO and CO2, which compromise a safe operation.4

by Michael Metzger This work aims at understanding how the type of conducting salt influences the anodic stability of carbon and electrolyte. We use on-line electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS)5 to accurately quantify the amount of CO and CO2 detected for various lithium salts in ethylene carbonate (1.5 M LiPF6, LiClO4, LiTFSI, or LiBF4 in EC) upon a linear potential sweep to 5.5 V vs. Li/Li+. An important subtlety of these measurements is to utilize 13C isotope labeled conductive carbon to deconvolute the contributions of electrolyte oxidation and carbon oxidation to the detected gases (see Fig. 1 for a schematic depiction). The oxidation of the regular 12C3 EC yields 12CO and 12CO2 at m/z = 28 and 44, respectively, while the oxidation of the labeled conductive carbon (99 atom% 13C) yields 13CO and 13CO2 at m/z = 29 and 45.

Using this approach, it can be demonstrated that carbon and electrolyte oxidation scale strongly with temperature, and that much more gas was generated by the oxidation of EC compared to that of conductive carbon when using LiPF6 (see Fig. 2). On the contrary, it was shown for LiClO4 that equal amounts of gas were produced from carbon and EC oxidation.4 Pronounced differences can also be observed for LiTFSI and LiBF4. The former leads to low amounts of CO/CO2 from both carbon and EC indicating a high anodic stability of the salt, which however also prevents passivation of the aluminum current collector on the cathode side.6 The latter leads to moderate rates of carbon and electrolyte oxidation even at temperatures as high as 50 °C and could therefore be a candidate to replace LiPF6 for high-voltage applications.7

Fig. 1. On-line Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (OEMS) with a fully isotope labeled 13C carbon electrode to differentiate between electrolyte oxidation (12CO/12CO2) and conductive carbon oxidation (13CO/13CO2).

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The strong dependence of the gas generation at high voltage on the type of lithium salt could be employed as a means to deduce design principles for the synthesis of novel electrolyte salts. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.12164if.

Acknowledgements The author thanks The Electrochemical Society for the Herbert H. Uhlig Summer Fellowship and Prof. Hubert A. Gasteiger for his invaluable guidance over the past years.

About the Author Michael Metzger is a PhD candidate in the group of Prof. Hubert A. Gasteiger at the Technical University of Munich where he is evaluating materials degradation mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries using On-line Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (OEMS) and other electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. Michael did parts of the abovepresented work as a visiting PhD student in Prof. Doron Aurbach’s group at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel during his Summer Fellowship time. He may be reached at michael.metzger@tum.de.

Fig. 2. Linear potential sweep from 3.0 – 5.5 V vs. Li/Li+ (a) of a 13C carbon working electrode vs. a metallic lithium counter-electrode in 1.5 M LiPF6 in 12C3 EC yielding 12CO/12CO2 from electrolyte oxidation (b) and 13CO/13CO2 from carbon oxidation (c).

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5512-8541

References 1. O. Gröger, H. A. Gasteiger, and J.-P. Suchsland, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A2605 (2015). 2. J. C. Burns, A. Kassam, N. N. Sinha, L. E. Downie, L. Solnickova, B. M. Way, and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A1451 (2013). 3. D. W. Abarbanel, K. J. Nelson, and J. R. Dahn, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A522 (2016). 4. M. Metzger, C. Marino, J. Sicklinger, D. Haering, and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A1123 (2015). 5. N. Tsiouvaras, S. Meini, I. Buchberger, and H. A. Gasteiger, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A471 (2013). 6. S .S. Zhang, T. R. Jow, J. Power Sources, 109, 458 (2002). 7. D. R. Gallus, R. Schmitz, R. Wagner, B. Hoffmann, S. Nowak, I. CekicLaskovic, R. W. Schmitz, and M. Winter, Electrochimica Acta, 134, 393 (2014).

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t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Calgary Student Chapter The ECS Calgary Student Chapter has continued to have a series of very productive years, promoting several ECS activities in Calgary. Since the spring of 2016, the Calgary student chapter has recruited more than 20 student members and the numbers keep increasing. We also recently launched our own website (www.ecscalgary.ca) to help us reach out to the Calgary community and to help our members gather information about our previous and upcoming events. In the fall of 2016, we organized two very successful events and we have plans to organize at least two more before the end of the spring term in 2017. In September of 2016, the chapter organized a site visit of Fuel Cell Energy in Calgary, Alberta. At Fuel Cell Energy, the members were able to learn about the company’s R&D and their current state-ofthe art research in the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell area. The members had a very interesting presentation and Q&A session, followed by a tour of the manufacturing facility. In November of 2016, the chapter organized an Analytical Techniques Workshop at the University of Calgary. The focus of this event was on techniques available at the University of Calgary, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), superconducting quantum interference device development (SQUID), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The background session was in the morning with each speaker giving a 15-20 minute overview, introducing the technique fundamentals, followed by hands-on experiments in the afternoon. In the morning session, operating principles were introduced and in the afternoon session, the students were broken up into smaller groups to attend the practical component of the workshop, where students were shown how to operate the instruments in the laboratory. The event had a successful turnout, with over 70 attendees from the Chemistry Department and the Schulich School of Engineering from the University of Calgary. Based on the great success of this workshop, the ECS Calgary Student Chapter committee is considering establishing this type of workshop as an annual event.

ECS Student Chapter members and Fuel Cell Energy representatives at their R&D facility in Calgary.

Current committee members at the end of the Analytical Techniques Workshop on Nov. 10, 2016. From left to right, Behzad Fuladpanjeh Hojaghan (Treasurer), Lucie Nurdin (Vice President), Beatriz Molero Sanchez (President), Yalda Zamani Keteklahijani (Member at Large), and Farbod Sharif (Secretary).

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tech STUDENT highlights NE WS University of Maryland Student Chapter On May 5th, Patrick Stanley and Tom Hays of the ECS University of Maryland Student Chapter met with Gilbert Mears, Legislative Fellow for Rep. Donald S. Beyer (VA). The meeting was a rescheduled part of Congressional Visits Day and included discussions on the country’s scientific challenges, future energy needs, and what challenged researchers. The UMD student chapter has a long history of attending Congressional Visits and meeting with the member’s various members of Congress. The activity helps promote research funding and raises awareness to Congress of various STEM topics.

At a regular meeting on Sept 7th, the chapter decided to use funds to create a reoccurring travel grant to help members attend ECS meetings in the spring and fall. The chapter felt that supporting its members who were presenting research was an important function and could be served through the establishment of a travel grant. Tom Hays, Chanyuan Liu, and Alex Pearse received the inaugural travel grant and were assisted with costs in traveling to the 2016 PRiME meeting in Honolulu, HI.

UMD Student Chapter members Tom Hays (left) and Patrick Stanley (middle) meet with Gilbert Mears (right) from Rep. Beyer’s office to discuss science and research as part of Congressional Visits Day.

UMD Student Chapter Members Tom Hays (left), Alex Pearse (right), and Dennis McOwen (center) take a break from the 2016 PRiME meeting to enjoy the local scenery of Hawaii by scuba diving.

Start

a Student Chapter! ECS currently has 63 student chapters around the world, which provide students an opportunity to gain a greater understanding of electrochemical and solid-state science, to have a venue for meeting fellow students, and to receive recognition for their organized scholarly activities. Students interested in starting a student chapter may contact membership@electrochem.org for details.

Advertisers Index Ametek........................................................................... 4 Gamry ........................................................................... 2 El-Cell.......................................................................... 55 Biologic...................................................................... 1, 6 Pine......................................................inside front cover Zahner................................................. inside back cover Koslow.......................................................................... 51 Wiley............................................................................ 60

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t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts

ECS STUDENT PROGRAMS

Awarded Student Membership Summer Fellowships

ECS Divisions offer Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoc students are not eligible. Memberships include generous meeting discounts, an article pack with access to the ECS Digital Library, a subscription to Interface, and much more. uApply www.electrochem.org/student-center uQuestions customerservice@electrochem.org uDeadline Renewable yearly

The ECS Summer Fellowships were established in 1928 to assist students during the summer months.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s divisions and sections offer Travel Grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. Please be sure to review travel grant requirements for each division and sections. In order to apply for a travel grant, formal abstract submission is required for the respective meeting you wish to attend.

Please visit the ECS website for complete rules and nomination requirements.

uApply www.electrochem.org/fellowships uQuestions awards@electrochem.org uDeadline January 15

uApply www.electrochem.org/travel-grants uQuestions travelgrant@electrochem.org

uNote Applicants must reapply each year

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232nd ECS MEETING October 1-6, 2017

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

Photo by National Harbor

National Harbor, MD

Call for Papers Photo by National Harbor

Abstract Submission Deadline: April 7, 2017

Photo by National Harbor.

232nd ECS MEETING National Harbor, MD

October 1-6, 2017

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

Meeting Information General Information The 232nd ECS Meeting will be held in National Harbor, Maryland, USA from October 1-6, 2017 at the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center. This international conference will bring together scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia, industry, and government laboratories to share results and discuss issues on related topics through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, tutorial sessions, short courses, and exhibits. The unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology at an ECS Meeting provides an opportunity and forum to learn and exchange information on the latest scientific and technical developments in a variety of interdisciplinary areas. Abstract Submission To give an oral or poster presentation at the 232nd ECS Meeting, you must submit an original meeting abstract for consideration via the ECS website, no later than April 7, 2017. Faxed, e-mailed, and/or late abstracts will not be accepted. Meeting abstracts should explicitly state objectives, new results, and conclusions or significance of the work. Once the submission deadline has passed, the symposium organizers will evaluate all abstracts for content and relevance to the symposium topic, and will schedule all acceptable submissions as either oral or poster presentations. In May 2017, Letters of Acceptance/Invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding author of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Regardless of whether you requested a poster or an oral presentation, it is the symposium organizers’ discretion to decide how and when it is scheduled. Paper Presentation Oral presentations must be in English; LCD projectors and laptops will be provided for all oral presentations. Presenting authors MUST bring their presentation on a USB flash drive to be used with the dedicated laptop that will be in each technical session room. Speakers requiring additional equipment must make written request to meetings@electrochem.org at least one month prior to the meeting so that appropriate arrangements may be worked out, subject to availability, and at the expense of the author. Poster presentations must be displayed in English, on a board approximately 3 feet 10 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide (1.17 meters high by 1.17 meters wide), corresponding to their abstract number and day of presentation in the final program. Meeting Publications ECS Meeting Abstracts—All meeting abstracts will be published in the ECS Digital Library (www.ecsdl.org), copyrighted by ECS, and all abstracts become the property of ECS upon presentation. ECS Transactions—All full papers and posters presented at ECS meetings are eligible for submission to the online proceedings publication, ECS Transactions (ECST). The degree of review to be given each paper is at the discretion of the symposium organizers. Some symposia will publish an “enhanced” issue of ECST, which will be available for sale at the meeting, through the ECS Digital Library, and through the ECS Online Store. Please see each individual symposium listing in this Call for Papers to determine if there will be an “enhanced” ECST issue. In the case of symposia publishing “enhanced” issues, submission of a full-text manuscript to ECST is mandatory and is required in advance of the meeting. Some symposia will publish a “standard” issue of ECST, for which all authors are encouraged to submit their full-text papers. Please see each individual symposium listing in this Call for Papers to determine if there will be a “standard” ECST issue. Upon completion of the review process, papers from the “standard” issues will be published shortly after their acceptance. Once published, papers will be available for sale through the ECS Digital Library and through the ECS Online Store. Please visit the ECST website (www.ecsdl.org/ECST) for additional information, including overall guidelines, deadlines for author submissions and editor reviews, author and editor instructions, a downloadable manuscript template, and more. ECS Journals–Authors presenting papers at ECS meetings, and submitting to ECST, are also encouraged to submit to the Society’s technical journals: the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Although there is no hard deadline for the submission of these papers, it is considered that six months from the date of the symposium is sufficient time to revise a paper to meet the stricter criteria of the journals. “Instructions to Authors” are available from the ECS website. If publication is desired elsewhere after presentation, written permission from ECS is required.

Short Courses Four short courses will be offered on Sunday, October 1st, 2017 from 0900-1630h. Short courses require advance registration and may be cancelled if enrollment is under 10 registrants in the respective course. The following short courses are scheduled: 1) Basic Impedance Spectroscopy, 2) Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Kinetic Methods, 3) Operation and Exploitation of Electrochemical Capacitor Technology, and 4) Battery and Battery Material Development Using Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. Registration opens June 2017. Technical Exhibit The 232nd ECS Meeting will include a Technical Exhibit, featuring presentations and displays by over 40 manufacturers of instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software of interest to meeting attendees. Coffee breaks are scheduled in the exhibit hall along with evening poster sessions. Interested in exhibiting at the meeting with your company? Exhibitor opportunities include unparalleled benefits and provide an extraordinary chance to present your scientific products and services to key constituents from around the world. Exhibit opportunities can be combined with sponsorship items and are customized to suit your needs. Please contact Casey Emilius at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 126 for further details. Sponsorship Opportunities ECS biannual meetings offer a wonderful opportunity to market your organization through sponsorship. Sponsorship allows exposure to key industry decision makers, the development of collaborative partnerships, and potential business leads. ECS welcomes support in the form of general sponsorship at various levels. Sponsors will be recognized by level in Interface, the Meeting Program, meeting signage, and on the ECS website. In addition, sponsorships are available for the plenary, meeting keepsakes and other special events. These opportunities include additional recognition, and may be customized to create personalized packages. Advertising opportunities for the Meeting Program as well as in Interface magazine are also available. Please contact Casey Emilius at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 126 for further details. For Symposium Sponsorship opportunities, contact John Lewis at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 120. Sponsorship packages are listed on page 6. Meeting Registration All participants—including authors and invited speakers—are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Hotel and meeting registration information will be posted on the ECS website as it becomes available. The deadline for discounted early-bird registration is August 25, 2017. Hotel Reservations The 232nd ECS Meeting will be held at the Gaylord National Resort and Conference Center. Please refer to the meeting website for the most up-to date information on hotel availability and information about the blocks of rooms where special rates have been reserved for participants attending the meeting. The hotel block will be open until August 25, 2017 or until it sells out. Letter of Invitation In May 2017, Letters of Invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding author of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Anyone else requiring an official letter of invitation should email abstracts@electrochem.org; such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS. Financial Assistance ECS divisions and sections offer travel grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals to attend ECS biannual meetings. Applications are available online at www.electrochem.org/travel-grants and must be received no later than the submission deadline of Monday, June 19, 2017. Additional financial assistance is very limited and generally governed by symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting to see if funding is available. For general travel grant questions, please contact travelgrant@electrochem.org. Contact Information If you have any questions or require additional information, contact ECS.

The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ, 08534-2839, USA tel: 1.609.737.1902, fax: 1.609.737.2743, email: meetings@electrochem.org, web: www.electrochem.org

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232nd ECS MEETING National Harbor, MD

October 1-6, 2017

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

Photo by National Harbor.

Symposium Topics and Deadlines A— Batteries and Energy Storage

K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

A01— Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session

K01— Bioelectrochemistry for Green Processes

A02— Battery Characterization: Symposium in Honor of Frank McLarnon

K L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, 01 and Photoelectrochemistry

A03— Battery Student Slam 2 A04— Li-ion Batteries A05— Battery Materials: Beyond Li-Ion A06— Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Energy Storage Devices A07— Fast Electrochemical Processes and Devices B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

B01— Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices C— Corrosion Science and Technology

L01— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry General Session L02— Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells and Solar Fuels 8 L03— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry of Ionic Liquids 6 L04— Spectroelectrochemistry 4 L05— Bioelectroanalysis L06— Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide L07— Computational Electrochemistry

C01— Corrosion General Session

L08— Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems

C02— Light Alloys 5

L09— Multi-electron Redox Systems for Next Generation Batteries

C03— State-of-the-Art Surface Analytical Techniques in Corrosion 3

L10— Education in Electrochemistry

C04— Coatings and Inhibitors C04— Corrosion in Concrete Structures D— Dielectric Science and Materials D01— Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 15 D02— Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 13 E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01— Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth from UPD to Microstructures 4 E02— Current Trends in Electrodeposition - An Invited Symposium E03— Electrochemical Science and Engineering on the Path from Discovery to Product

M— Sensors M01— Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems General Session M02— Practical Implementation and Commercialization of Sensors 2 Z— General Z01— General Student Poster Session Z02— Nanotechnology General Session 7th International Electrochemical Energy Summit: Human Sustainability – Energy, Water, Food, and Health Z03— Energy-Water Nexus Z04— The Brain and Electrochemistry Z05— Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security

E04— Electrochemical Processing from Non-aqueous Solvents E05— Mechanics and Metallurgy of Electrodeposited Thin Films F— Electrochemical Engineering F01— Electrochemical Engineering General Session F02— Electrochemical Separations F03— Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass F04— Alkaline Electrolyzers G— Electronic Materials and Processing G01— 15th International Symposium on Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology (SCST 15) G02— Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 13 G03— Semiconductor Process Integration 10 G04— Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 3 G05— Oxide Memristors H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01— State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors (SOTAPOCS 60) H02— Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 10 H03— Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 7 I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) I02— Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 11 (IMCC 11)

Important Dates and Deadlines* Meeting abstract submission opens........................................................January, 2017 Meeting abstract submission deadline......................................................April 7, 2017 Notification to Corresponding Authors of abstract acceptance or rejection.........................................................May 29, 2017 Technical Program published online.................................................................June 2017 Meeting registration opens......................................................................................June 2017 ECS Transactions submission site opens for “enhanced” and “standard” issues...................................June 16, 2017 Travel Grant application deadline...............................................................June 19, 2017 Meeting Sponsor and Exhibitor deadline (for inclusion in printed materials)........................................................... June 30, 2017 ECS Transactions submission deadline for “enhanced” issues............................................................................................July 14, 2017 Travel Grant approval notification......................................................... August 4, 2017 Hotel and Early-Bird meeting registration deadlines...........August 25, 2017 232nd ECS Meeting – National Harbor, MD................................October 1-6, 2017 ECS Transactions submission deadline for “standard” issues...................................................................................October 22, 2017 *a full schedule of dates and deadlines may be found at http://www.electrochem.org/ symposium-organizer-info#232

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easy steps.

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In your active membership, click Enroll Now and follow steps for setup.

Select My Memberships from the My Account Links menu.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2016 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of our institutional members. Institutional members help ECS support scientific education, sustainability and innovation. Through ongoing partnership, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

Visionary

AMETEK – Scientific Instruments (35) USA

Benefactor Asahi Kasei Corporation (8) Japan Bio-Logic USA (8) USA Duracell (59) USA Gamry Instruments (9) USA Gelest Inc. (7) USA Hydro-Québec (9) Canada

Industrie De Nora S.p.A. (33) Italy Pine Research Instrumentation (10) USA Saft Batteries, Specialty Battery Group (34) USA Scribner Associates Inc. (20) USA Zahner-elektrik (1) Germany

Patron El-Cell (2) Germany Energizer (71) USA Faraday Technology, Inc. (10) USA IBM Corporation (59) USA

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (12) USA Panasonic Corporation (22) Japan Toyota Research Institute of North America (8) USA

Sponsoring Axiall Corporation (21) USA BASi (1) USA Central Electrochemical Research Institute (23) India Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (20) USA Ford Motor Company (2) USA GS-Yuasa International Ltd. (36) Japan Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (9) Japan IMERYS Graphite & Carbon (29) Switzerland Medtronic, Inc. (36) USA Molecular Rebar Design (1) USA

Next Energy EWE – Forschungzentrum (8) Germany Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (9) Japan Permascand AB (13) Sweden TDK Corporation, Device Development Center (23) Japan Technic, Inc. (20) USA Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (17) USA Tianjin Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd (2) China Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (36) Japan Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (18) USA ZSW (12) Germany

Sustaining 3M Company (27) USA General Motors Research Laboratories (64) USA Giner, Inc./GES (30) USA International Lead Zinc Research Organization (37) USA Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., (4) Japan Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (1) Germany Leclanche SA (31) Switzerland

Los Alamos National Laboratory (8) USA Occidental Chemical Corporation (74) USA Quallion, LLC (16) USA Sandia National Labs (40) USA SanDisk (2) Japan Targray (1) Canada Western Digital (1) USA

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. To join or discuss institutional membership options please contact Shannon Reed, Director of Membership Services at 609.737.1902 ext. 107 or shannon.reed@electrochem.org. (Number in parentheses indicates years of membership)

08/12/2016