Interface Vol. 26, No. 3, Fall 2017 by The Electrochemical Society

amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion V O L . 2 of 6 , Nthin O . 3 films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, F a dopamine l l 2 0 1 7 , carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio IN THIS ISSUE vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films Editor: 3 From the amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine , carbon-fi Cash for Papers, , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant and â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Usefulness of r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies Useless Knowledgeâ&#x20AC;? Redux c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio 7 Pennington Corner: vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion AiME Highof thin films dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine with Global Partnerships fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization 26 Special Meeting Section: neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal232nd isolation, calibratio ECS Meeting Maryland methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, inNational vivoHarbor, monitoring neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants , barrier properties of th 36 ECS Classics: Weston, the Weston Cell, films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetr and the neuromodulation Volt neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, , in viv biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion thin Patent Law films 39 Looking atof amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine , carbon-fi 45 Tech Highlights , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant and 47 The Brainmethodologies r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration Electrochemistry c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio 49 Electrochemistry vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films of a Robust Neural Interface amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi Cyclic Voltammetric 53miniaturization , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, of neural implant Measurements of r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies Neurotransmitters c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies c voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulatio vo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films amine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fi , in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implant r properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies

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FROM THE EDITOR Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org

Cash for Papers, and “The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge” Redux

was alerted recently to an article that analyzed the system of monetary rewards offered to authors of scientific papers in China.1 The article examined over 150 published policies adopted by about 100 Chinese universities, designed to reward the first/corresponding author of a Web-of-Science-indexed paper with monetary rewards that scale with either the impact factor of the journal or the number of citations a paper receives in a defined period of time. Some of the numbers presented are quite staggering, including an estimate of up to U.S. $165,000 being awarded to authors of papers published in Science and/or Nature (the average award for such publications is about U.S. $45,000). While the awarded amounts drop substantially even for other reputed journals, they are still significant, given that the net annual monetary award could well be a significant fraction of (and in some cases multiples of) the base annual salary of a professor, the article refers to this scenario as publish or impoverish, a cunning play on the publish or perish culture that is prevalent in academia. The article describes the positive outcomes of such cash incentives, namely the impressive growth of WoS-indexed publications from China over the years, and the increasing trend towards publication in higher quality journals. It also highlights potential negative outcomes, including an increase in instances of fabrication/manipulation of data and the consequent increase in the number of retractions, attempts to game the system by maximizing least publishable units, and incentivizing acquisition and publication of flashy and rapidly citable data over more elaborate, longer-term initiatives. In examining the negative outcomes highlighted, one could argue that the most disturbing is incentivizing immediately citable research over foundational research (while many of the cash rewards are based on JIF and not citations, the end result in aggregate is likely to be the same, given the criteria for publication in many high-IF journals). While there is no doubt that there are published papers that would satisfy both descriptors, they are usually the exception to the rule. Therefore, the message conveyed by these kinds of incentives to researchers is that the utility or usefulness of their work is essentially defined by a few ill-conceived metrics. While there is increasing recognition today as to the negative consequences of disincentivizing foundational research, we would all do well to revisit the exceptional article by Abraham Flexner,2 who pioneered the reform of the medical education sector in North America and was a founder of the Institute for Advanced Study. Flexner draws from the work of Maxwell, Hertz, Faraday, Gauss, Ehrlich, and others in his compelling analysis of what constitutes usefulness and how knowledge or data deemed to be lacking utility in the current context can essentially transform society decades hence. Certainly, it should be required reading for those charged with defining criteria for incentivizing researchers. A more existential question for ECS is how best to react to such practices that by definition dis-incentivize or discourage researchers from publishing in our journals? This is an open question of course, but I do hope that we as a Society will channel our inner Flexner in ensuring that we retain the policies that make them a special forum in which to publish. In doing so, we will most decidedly not win the JIF sweepstakes, but will almost certainly ensure that the next Faraday does not slip away, unnoticed. And history will judge us kindly for this.

Vijay Ramani, Interface Co-Editor http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-8144

1. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.01162.pdf. 2. Abraham Flexner, “The Usefulness of Useless Knowledge,” Harper’s, October 1939, 544–552. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@wustl.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editor: Hariklia (Lili) Deligianni, lili@us.ibm.com Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail. com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, Annie.Goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Ashley Moran, Ashley.Moran@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Christopher Johnson (Battery), Masayuki Itagaki (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Paul Gannon (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nianqiang (Nick) Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Christina Bock Society Officers: Johna Leddy, President; Yue Kuo, Senior Vice President; Christina Bock, 2nd Vice President; Stefan De Gendt, 3rd Vice President; James Fenton, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2017 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8,500 scientists and engineers in over 75 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. 3 All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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corrosion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic etry, neurotransmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, n, in vivo biosensors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, ion of thin films, dopamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, ansmitters, dopamine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in nsors, platinum electrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin opamine signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Vol. 26, No. 3 ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, Fall 2017 ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin , Fromfilms the Editor: e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Cash for Papers, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo and biosensors, “The Usefulness of The Brain and Electrochemistry ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films , Useless Knowledge” Redux e signal isolation,by calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Hariklia (Lili) Deligianni Corner: ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo Pennington biosensors, AiME High ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin with films Global, Partnerships e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Electrochemistry News ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring , neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo Society biosensors, of a Robust Neural Interface ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films , Special Meeting Section: e signal isolation,by calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, 232nd ECS Meeting Pavel A. Takmakov ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo National biosensors, Harbor, Maryland ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, People News e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Cyclic Classics: ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo Voltammetric monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo ECS biosensors, Measurements of Weston, the, Weston Cell, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films and the Volt e signal isolation,Neurotransmitters calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo Looking biosensors, at Patent Law Justin A., barrier Johnson and ectrodes, miniaturizationby of neural implants properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, Tech Highlights Mark Wightman e signal isolation,R.calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo Awards biosensors, Program ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, New Members e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo Student biosensors, News ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, Seattle, Washington e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, Call for Papers ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion Cover of design thin films , by Dinia Agrawala. e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, e signal isolation, calibration methodologies, cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors, ectrodes, miniaturization of neural implants, barrier properties of thin films, corrosion of thin films, The Electrochemical Interface • Fall 2017methodologies, • www.electrochem.org 5 e signal isolation,Society calibration cyclic voltammetry, neurotransmitters, ine, carbon-fiber electrodes, in vivo monitoring, neurotechnology, neuromodulation, in vivo biosensors,

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that was superior to any that either could do alone. The first rom the first days of the Society’s history, it has been part joint international meeting was held in 1987 and launched the of the ECS culture to aim high in all that we do to advance series that now includes seven successful meetings, with the electrochemical and solid state science and technology. eighth scheduled for October 2020. We were founded in 1902 because the electrochemists of that era In a memorandum of understanding in 2001, this global were driven to facilitate greater advancement of their evolving partnership strategy was applied to create a periodic summit technical disciplines through meetings and publications. meeting in Latin America, when we agreed on a partnership Today we are experiencing unprecedented advancement, and with the Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica (SMEQ). We as we approach the first Americas International Meeting on have conducted two excellent joint meetings in 2006 and 2014, Electrochemical and Solid State Science (AiMES) to be held in Cancun, Mexico, and next year, we have have branded the next high expectations joint meeting as AiMES to produce the most to mirror the PRiME significant meeting in series and emphasize the our field ever held in regional partnerships. the Americas. AiMES 2018 will again A meeting with TM be held in Cancun such high expectaAMERICAS INTERNATIONAL MEETING ON and is scheduled from tions can only be acELECTROCHEMISTRY AND SOLID STATE SCIENCE September 30 through complished with partOctober 4. nerships among promWe plan to rotate inent organizations AiMES every four years and include more partners and from the Americas, and ECS has a history of developing these sponsors from the Western Hemisphere. AiMES 2018 international collaborations to engage global constituents in will include sponsorship from Sociedade Brasileira de our meetings and publications. The multidisciplinary nature Eletroquímica e Eletroanalítica and at the time of this writing and relevance of the technologies served by ECS has helped to we are in discussions with the Sociedad Iberoamericana de facilitate global collaborations, which have been an important Electroquímica. part of our strategy to advance the science. The necessity for ECS has also held joint partnership meetings in China and global collaboration was evident at the Society’s first meeting Europe, and all have experienced significant success. The where the founding members included representation from strength of the partnership and geographic proximity of the nine different countries. It was formalized in 1930 when meetings enables an inclusiveness that drives tremendous “American” was dropped from our name to recognize the participation and high quality technical programs, which could international scope of our science and engineering disciplines. not be accomplished alone. PRiME 2016 included 3,961 total Global partnerships have been the catalyst for the attendees from 41 countries including 2,059 from the Pacific development of the Pacific Rim Meeting on Electrochemistry Rim, and it attracted 1,265 student attendees with assistance and Solid State Science (PRiME), which has evolved to from a robust travel grant program. Global partnering is part become the most significant technical meeting in our field. of our heritage and our history and has been a formula for The success of PRiME has been built on partnerships with exceptional meetings in many regions of the world; and this The Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ) and the Korean successful strategy has certainly set the expectations high in Electrochemical Society (KECS), and with the sponsorship our AiMES for the future. of five other organizations from Australia, China, Korea, and Japan. The idea to collaborate on a meeting with other societies was first initiated in the early 1980s when leaders from ECS and ECSJ conceived the idea to hold a joint meeting in Hawaii. The growth and development of electrochemistry led to individual collaborations among leaders of both organizations and the realization that there were opportunities for the Roque J. Calvo societies to work together. They concluded that a joint meeting ECS Executive Director in a mutually-beneficial location (Hawaii) would leverage contributions from both organizations and create a program http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1746-8668

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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High Impact Papers and Their Authors

Lubomyr T. Romankiw and The Influence of Lithographic Patterning on Current Distribution: A Model for Microfabrication by Electrodeposition by Lili Deligianni

Ed. Note: The ECS Digital Library (http://ecsdl.org/), which hosts the collection of ECS publications, is an excellent portal of resources in addition to being a container for the publications. One can, for example, find out the most-read articles, giving a good idea of what is trending and what caught the eye of the collective reader. For June 2017, the number one article in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society was “The Development and Future of Lithium Ion Batteries,” by George E. Blomgren (J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A5019 (2017)), an excellent piece summing up the past 25 years of the system and attempting to forecast the future. The number of downloads, tracked by the website, clearly shows the overwhelming interest in the subject. But what about the significance of articles that may not be on the computer-generated list of the “Most yyy article about zzz?” We have asked our technical editors to select papers in their topical interest areas that may not necessarily have the high readership, but which were, or still are, highly influential. In the previous issue of Interface we brought the first two selections, one by Jennifer Bardwell (Electronic Materials and Processing), the second by Kailash Mishra (Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing). In this issue we have three more contributions: by Lili Deligianni (on behalf of Charles Hussey, Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition), Gerald S. Frankel (Corrosion Science and Technology), and Tom Fuller (Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion).

his paper (see next page) is truly seminal in that it enabled the implementation and the scale-up to 300 mm wafer size of electrodeposition through lithographic patterns. As stated in the text “the work developed the understanding of the various factors that cause nonuniform thickness distribution in electrodeposits.” The computational model described in the paper explains in detail the science of controlling the current and thickness distribution across the openings of a densely or sparsely defined lithographic pattern. Electrodeposition through lithographic patterns was introduced in thin film magnetic Lubomyr Romankiw head fabrication in the late 1960s by Lubomyr Romankiw and his colleagues. In order to meet the requirements of a high-density magnetic storage device, and to precisely control the magnetic properties of the Ni80Fe20 alloy, Romankiw invented the throughlithographic pattern electrodeposition. Through-lithographic electrodeposition was the only method that produced 2x2 micrometer structures with excellent control of the magnetic properties and thickness uniformity. In addition, the copper coils of the thin film head device were fabricated using this method. The mass production of an array of thin film heads enabled the miniaturization and higher density storage and the computer technology revolution as we know it today. Furthermore, the dimensionless groups identified in the work were used to scale-up the 97/3 Pb/Sn alloy electrodeposition process to thick lithographic masks (100 micrometers) and to large wafer size (300 mm diameter wafers). The electrodeposited solder bumping method was developed by Hariklia Deligianni and colleagues and introduced in production in IBM in 1995. It was adopted by the entire computer microelectronics industry for the manufacture of Controlled Collapse Chip Connections (C4’s) on semiconductor wafers. (continued on next page)

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Read it for free: J. Electrochemical Soc., 139, 78 (1992), http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/139/1/78.abstract.

Quantitative Model for Passivity of Metals by Gerald S. Frankel

he practical usage of many metal alloys, such as stainless steels, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and nickel-based corrosion resistant alloys, relies on the presence of an extremely thin (range of a few nanometers) naturallyformed metal oxide or oxy-hydroxide surface layer to provide resistance to corrosion. Such layers are called passive films and the phenomenon of passivity has been studied since the mid-1800s when none other than Michael Faraday revealed the wonders by which

passive films can act. The exact nature of passive films was a matter of debate for many years owing to their extreme thinness and the lack of tools that could probe matter on that length scale. Electrochemical measurements show that the current passed by a passive electrode held at a potential in the passive range decreases almost exponentially with time such that the oxide thickens logarithmically. Several models were proposed to predict this behavior, notably by Cabrera and Mott, and then later by Sato and Cohen, but the models either did not exactly fit the data or were non-intuitive.

Read it for free: J. Electrochemical Soc., 128, 1187 (1981), http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/128/6/1187.full.pdf. 10

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2017 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

In 1981, Digby Macdonald and two students at Ohio State University published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society (JES) a new model for passivity based on the concepts of point defects that had been developed for gaseous oxidation at high temperatures. This was a revolutionary approach to the field of aqueous passivation of metals as it applied a perspective that was counter to some generally held beliefs, such as the assumptions in the field assisted ion

migration model of Cabrera and Mott. In the end, the so-called Point Defect Model (PDM) results in an equation predicting logarithmic passive film growth kinetics. Part II by the same authors on the topic of passive film breakdown and pit initiation followed directly in the same issue. Over 35 years later, the PDM, which was subsequently further developed and improved on by Macdonald and coworkers in many JES papers, continues to be used by researchers to model and predict the passive behavior of metallic alloys.

Read it for free: J. Electrochemical Soc., 128, 1194 (1981), http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/128/6/1194.full.pdf.

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model by Tom Fuller

s a graduate student I had the opportunity to work as an intern in Shimshon Gottesfeld’s group at Los Alamos National Laboratory. It was the summer of 1990, and I shared an office with Tom Springer, Tom Zawodzinski, and Mahlon Wilson. A renaissance of sorts in PEM fuel cells was being led by the team at Los Alamos. The atmosphere was exhilarating. Of the many publications from this group, none was more influential than the 1991 paper “Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model,” which has averaged more than seventy citations per year with a total of just under 2000 citations to date (Web of Science, July 3, 2017.) An important conclusion of the work was that thinner membrane separators would not only have lower resistance, but would be less susceptible to dry-out and flooding. Fig. 4 from their manuscript shows the water content in the membrane across its thickness. This figure also illustrates the impact of current density. The developments made at Los Alamos stimulated countless advances in PEM fuel cells. If one day your car is powered by a fuel cell, you will be able to trace its development back to the work of these individuals at Los Alamos. Shimshon Gottesfeld and Tom Zawodzinski continue to be active researchers and ardent supporters of The Electrochemical Society. Both have been named fellows of the Society (Gottesfeld, 1999; Zawodzinski, 2011). n (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

(continued from previous page)

Read it for free: J. Electrochemical Soc., 138, 2334 (1991), http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/138/8/2334.full.pdf.

About the Authors Hariklia (Lili) Deligianni is a research scientist in IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, NY. Deligianni’s research interests include materials and devices for electronics, smart bioelectronics, nano-biosensors and cognitive computing. She has played a key role developing the solder bump technology that became the standard, scalable method of fabrication of solder bumps on silicon wafers in the industry. Deligianni co-invented copper electrodeposition for on-chip interconnects and received the 2006 Inventor of the Year Award in New York. For both technologies, IBM was recognized with the U.S. National Medal of Technology and Innovation. In 2012, Deligianni received the ECS Research Electrodeposition Award. Deligianni has co-authored 80 manuscripts and 183 patents and more than 30 patents pending with the USPTO. She holds a PhD degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. She is a member of the Academy of Technology, served as an officer of the Electrodeposition Division for 10 years, recently served on the Board of ECS (2012-2016) as Secretary, and is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society. She may be reached at lili@us.ibm.com.

Gerald S. Frankel is a Technical Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. He is the DNV professor of materials science and engineering and Director of the Fontana Corrosion Center at The Ohio State University in Columbus, OH. He may be reached at frankel.10@osu.edu. Thomas Fuller holds a PhD from University of California, Berkeley. He has been active in fuel cell research and development and ECS for nearly 30 years. Now a professor in chemical engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology, previously Dr. Fuller was Director of Engineering at United Technologies Corp. Fuller is presently the Technical Editor for the Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion topical interest area for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. He may be reached at tom.fuller@chbe.gatech.edu.

Your article. Online. FAST! More than 132,000 articles in all areas of electrochemistry and solid state science and technology from the only nonprofit publisher in its field. Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology for more than 115 years 12

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ECS Data Sciences Hack Day October 4, 2017, 0830-1700h National Harbor, MD Application deadline: September 15, 2017

DATA SCIENCES HACK

DAY

This ECS Data Sciences Hack Day is the Society’s first foray in building an electrochemical data science and open source community from the ground up. Dataset sharing and open source software have transformed many “big science” areas such as astronomy, particle physics, synchrotron science, protein and genomic sciences, as well as computational sciences. These fields have been supported by, and have actively developed, cloud-based computing and storage tools such as Github, Zenodo, FigShare, etc. Data science tools and approaches also have the potential to transform bench science like electrochemistry. The critical need is to build a community of electrochemical data scientists, the people who will contribute to a growing library of shared experimental and computational datasets, and who develop and adapt open source software tools.

OCTOBER 4, 2017

NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

Meet the Organizers

Schedule Kick-off and overview (1 hour) Daniel Schwartz

Daniel Swartz

Matthew Murbach

David Beck

Professors Daniel Schwartz and David Beck will lead the session, supported by Matthew Murbach. Daniel Schwartz is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and Director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington, and brings electrochemistry and modeling expertise to the team. David Beck is a Sr. Data Scientist with the eSciences Institute at the University of Washington, and leads regular hackathons; he is Associate Director of the NSF Data Intensive Research Enabling CleanTech (DIRECT) PhD training program. Matthew Murbach is president of the University of Washington ECS Student Chapter, and an advanced data sciences PhD trainee; he has been leading the student section software development sessions on the UW campus, and has practical experience coaching electrochemical scientists and engineers in software development.

Who Should Attend? All electrochemists and electrochemical engineers can benefit from this workshop, whether experimentally or theoretically focused. Learning how to create, share, use, and improve open source software tools and public datasets is one way to accelerate research progress in our field.

Travel Grants

The introduction will describe how data science tools are transforming other fields, and then will introduce some of the traditional methods for acquiring and analyzing electrochemical data. The focus of this introduction will be to demonstrate how data science tools can facilitate closer collaboration between modeling and experimental communities. Participants will engage in a discussion of how to extend these techniques to new domains, ideas for making the analysis easier to implement for experimentalists, as well as areas where software can improve the reproducibility or usefulness of electrochemical analysis.

Introduction to a few data science tools (2 hours) David Beck and Matt Murbach This segment will introduce several tools for contributing to and building open-source software for scientific data analysis. The format will be based on the Software Carpentry workshops (https:// software-carpentry.org) and will include basic techniques for working with git/GitHub. Attendees will be required to have a basic set of software (text editor, python with Anaconda, bash shell) installed on their computers prior to the event. The last 45 minutes will be a walkthrough of a basic example of using the above techniques to write a script for plotting and analyzing data discussed in the first part of the hack day.

Lunch (1 hour) Sponsored by the UW Clean Energy Institute The lunch break will provide an opportunity for attendees to interact, discuss ideas, and brainstorm projects for the afternoon hack session. The lunch session will begin with brief, 2-3 minute pitches of some ideas for the hack session. Discussions during lunch can be used to refine the ideas and form teams. Time will also be available for anyone who needs help troubleshooting the installation of their software to get help from the organizers.

Proposals are currently pending to support a limited number of participants for the hack day event. Watch for our e-mail announcing ECS hack day travel award opportunities! 14

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Hack session (4 hours) David Beck and Matt Murbach The goal of the session will be to brainstorm and add new features to existing software, create new software tools for open-source analysis of electrochemical data, and foster interactions between modelers and experimentalists. A few ideas for projects will be pre-selected (by working with those attendees who have significant experience or projects of their own) with the opportunity for selfgenerated projects being encouraged. After a short brainstorming discussion, groups will coalesce around the projects of interest where those with significant experience are distributed among the groups. Time will then be given to work on these projects with a half hour reserved at the end for 5-minute discussions of the progress made for each project. A project page, through the Center for Open Science’s Open Science Framework, will be created to record and share the results of the workshop.

Selection of Attendees The goal of this event is to increase awareness and impact of data science tools, open source software, and shared datasets in electrochemistry by bringing together people from different backgrounds to collaborate. We expect to have 36 slots for attendees, and will seek to build a cohort comprised of people with a diverse mix of experimental and theoretical electrochemical expertise, as well as a range of prior experiences creating and using open source software and python programing.

Application Process To be considered for a spot at this first-ever hack day, and to be eligible for a travel grant, those interested should complete the application form on the hack day web page. Application deadline is September 15, 2017.

www.electrochem.org/232/hack-day

The new PAT-Heater-4 Heated chamber / docking station for up to four PAT-Cell-HT or PAT-Cell-Aqu-HT test cells Dedicated to battery research on polymer / solid state electrolytes in the intermediate temperature range Controlled temperature from 10°C above room temperature up to 200°C Compatible with all of today’s potentiostats and battery testers

Discover our new docking station for the PAT series: www.el-cell.com/products/docking-stations/pat-heater-4

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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The Electrochemical Society and Toyota North America Announce 2017-2018 Fellowship Winners for Projects in Green Energy Technology The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship Selection Committee has chosen three winners who will receive $50,000 fellowship awards each for projects in green energy technology. The awardees are Ahmet Kusoglu, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Julie Renner, Case Western Reserve University; and Shuhui Sun, Institut National de la Rechersche Scientifique (INRS). The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship, a partnership between The Electrochemical Society and Toyota Research Institute of North America (TRINA), a division of Toyota Motor North America, is in its third year. A diverse applicant pool of young professors and scholars pursuing innovative electrochemical research in green energy technology responded to ECS’s request for proposals. “This fellowship gives the Society’s young investigators visibility and the freedom to explore uncharted areas,” says ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo. “Toyota’s continuing support is helping our scientists and engineers create a practical pathway to a renewable energy future.” The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship aims to encourage young professors and scholars to pursue research in green energy technology that may promote the development of next-generation vehicles capable of utilizing alternative fuels. Electrochemical research has already informed the development and improvement of innovative batteries, electrocatalysts, photovoltaics and fuel cells. Through this fellowship, ECS and Toyota hope to see further innovative and unconventional technologies borne from electrochemical research. “We are excited to add three energetic and creative scholars to the ECS-Toyota Fellowship family, including our first winners from Canada and from the west coast,” says Fellowship Chair and Senior Manager of Toyota’s North American Research Strategy Office, Paul Fanson. “This year’s topics run the gambit from ideas that may impact the current design of fuel cell membranes to materials and design strategies for next generation electrocatalysts and electrolyzers. But, what all three winners have in common is their desire to make the world a better place through outside the box thinking, which is mindset that they share with Toyota.” The selected fellows will receive restricted grants of a minimum of $50,000 to conduct the research outlined in their proposals within one year. They will also receive a one-year complimentary ECS membership as well as the opportunity to present and/or publish their research with ECS. The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship is an annual program, and the 2018-2019 request for proposals will be released in the fall of 2017.

2017-2018 ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellows Ahmet Kusoglu Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Energy Technology Division of ECS Ionomer Composites with Active Self-Reinforcement

Julie Renner Case Western Reserve University Energy Technology Division of ECS Self-assembled Templates for Ultra-high Utilization of Noble Metals in Electrolysis Membrane Electrode Assemblies Shuhui Sun Institut National de la Rechersche Scientifique (INRS) Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division of ECS Rational Design of Highly Active and Stable Pt-free Electrocatalysts for PEM Fuel Cells in Vehicles

Special thanks to the 2016-2017 selection committee: Paul Fanson, Toyota, Chair Scott Calabrese Barton, Michigan State University, ECS Energy Technology Division Yolanda Susanne Hedberg, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, ECS Corrosion Division Hongfei Jai, Toyota Rana Mohtadi, Toyota Amy Prieto, Colorado State University, ECS Electrodeposition Division Jeff Sakamoto, University of Michigan, ECS Battery Division Yang Shao-Horn, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, ECS Battery Division Kensuke Takechi, Toyota John “Jack” Vaughey, Argonne National Laboratory, ECS Battery Division

ECS Creates Collections of Interface Articles Visit the ECS Digital Library (DL) now to access recently created collections of articles from the following recurring columns in Interface: • From the Editor • From the President • Pennington Corner

• ECS Classics • Currents • The Chalkboard

• Websites of Note • Tech Highlights

More collections will be created and more articles will be added as new issues are published and more back issues are put online.

http://interface.ecsdl.org/cgi/collection 16

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Focus on Focus Issues ECS publishes focus issues of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These issues are handled by a prestigious group of ECS technical editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo the same rigorous peer review as papers in the regular issues. Beginning in 2017, all focus issue papers are open access at no cost to the authors. ECS is waiving the article processing charge (APC) for all authors of focus issue papers as part of the Society’s ongoing Free the Science initiative.

Recent Focus Issues Techniques and studies performed to understand and improve oxygen reduction and evolution electrode performance, illustrative of the JES Focus Issue on Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions for High Temperature Energy Conversion and Storage.

A depiction (not to scale) of the interface between a positively charged electrode and a pure IL electrolyte, illustrative of the JES Focus Issue on Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids.

• JES Focus Issue on Progress in Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids. [JES 164(8) 2017] David Cliffel, JES technical editor; Robert Mantz, Paul Trulove, Hugh De Long, and Luke Haverhals, guest editors. The objective of this issue is to expose the broader community to research in the area of molten salts and ionic liquids beyond that which is presented in the symposia at ECS meetings. The topics covered in this issue include a diversity of fundamental property explorations as well as unique applications of molten salts and ionic liquids. These include but aren’t limited to power and energy applications, sensors, rare earth and nuclear chemistry, electrodeposition, reactions, solute and solvent properties, and the latest in new ionic liquids and molten salts mixtures. • JES Focus Issue on Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions for High Temperature Energy Conversion and Storage. [JES 164(10) 2017] Thomas Fuller, JES technical editor; Sean Bishop, Ainara Aguadero, and Xingbo Liu, guest editors. Sluggish oxygen reduction (ORR) and evolution reactions (OER) are key barriers to solid oxide fuel cells and solid electrolysis cells performance. This issue presents some of the latest research in understanding fundamental mechanisms of ORR and OER, and highlights new materials and concepts to achieve both greater performance and long-term durability.

• JES Focus Issue on Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems at Multiple Scales in Honor of John Newman. [JES 164(11) 2017] Venkat Subramanian, JES technical editor; John Weidner, Perla Balbuena, Adam Weber, and Venkat Srinivasan, guest editors. This is the largest focus issue published by ECS to date and it includes papers by the John Newman top researchers in this field on a range of topics from fracture modeling and volume-change predictions in lithium-silicon batteries to ab-initio molecular dynamic simulations of the solid-electrolyte interface to simulating band-to-band tunneling of electrons through the energy bandgap. This issue, as well as regular symposia on multiscale modeling for electrochemical system at ECS meetings, was greatly inspired by the work of John Newman from the University of California-Berkeley. He dedicated his career to this topic, and he trained and influenced countless researchers over the years, many of whom contributed to this focus issue.

Upcoming Focus Issues • JSS Focus Issue on GaN-Based Electronics for Power, RF, and Rad-Hard Applications • JES Focus Issue on Lithium Sulfur Batteries, Materials, Mechanisms, Modeling, and Applications • JSS Focus Issue on Visible and Infrared Phosphor Research and Applications • JES Focus Issue on Processes at the Semiconductor Solution Interface • JES Focus Issue on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Durability To see the calls for papers for upcoming focus issues, for links to the published issues, or if you would like to propose a future focus issue, visit

www.electrochem.org/focusissues

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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Staff News Jessica Wisniewski joined ECS in May 2017 as the Human Resources and Operations Manager reporting to Chief Operating Officer Tim Gamberzky. In this role, Jessica is responsible for all human resource functions including employee development and relations, recruitment, ongoing staff training, payroll and time reporting, management of ECS’s benefits program, and coordination of team-building events. In addition, Jessica manages all office operations, including maintenance and management of the ECS headquarters office in Pennington, NJ, and Jessica serves as the staff liaison to the property management company which oversees rental and maintenance responsibilities for the ECS headquarters office complex. Jessica graduated from Rutgers University in 2003 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in journalism and media studies and a minor in English. While in school and upon graduation, Jessica was employed in the hospitality and event planning industry which provided considerable experience in event management and customer service. In addition, Jessica earned experience as a freelance writer before accepting an editorial position. After working in the publishing industry, Jessica started her career in human resources in 2012. “It is my pleasure to welcome Jessica to the ECS headquarters team,” says Gamberzky. “Jessica’s extensive experience in a variety of disciplines including journalism, human resources, and event management, makes her uniquely qualified for the HR and operations manager position. In just a few months at ECS, Jessica has already made significant contributions to the organization. Please join me in welcoming Jessica to the ECS team.” Jessica may be reached at Jessica.Wisniewski@electrochem.org or by calling the ECS headquarters office on 609-737-1902 extension 111. Andrew Ryan joined the ECS staff as a publications specialist in June 2017. Under the leadership of Beth Craanen, director of publications, Andrew is responsible for assisting in the production of ECS Transactions, Interface, and the ECS journals. He is also responsible for the regular procurement and analysis of publications and open access usage statistics. Prior to his full-time employment at ECS, Andrew served as an ECS membership services intern. In this role, his focus was writing promotional blog posts targeted at member acquisition, engagement, and retention. Andrew graduated from The College of New Jersey in May 2016 with a Bachelor of Arts in English and minors in creative writing and philosophy. During his undergraduate career, he published critical and creative work in multiple undergraduate literary journals and was inducted into Sigma Tau Delta, the International English Honor Society. He presented critical essays at Sigma Tau Delta’s international conventions and received awards for two of them. Andrew was also actively involved in two community service organizations on campus: Circle K International and Alpha Phi Omega. Since graduation, Andrew has been amassing editorial experience; he has worked as a copyeditor, a ghostwriter, and an online literary journal editor. Inspired by ECS since his time as an intern, Andrew is enthusiastic to learn the business of scientific publishing and to direct his talents toward acquiring, publishing, and freeing the science that will ultimately save our world. Beth Craanen said, “We are thrilled to welcome Andrew to our team in a full-time capacity. With his experience, knowledge of ECS, desire to learn about publishing, Andrew adds a number of strengths to an experienced publications team at ECS.”

Dinia Agrawala, ECS’s graphic designer and Interface production manager, celebrated 10 years with the Society in August, 2017. Dinia joined ECS in 2007, taking on all aspects of production and design for ECS’s members’ magazine, Interface, as well as developing all print collateral for ECS meetings. Prior to coming to ECS, Dinia received her MA Ed. in geography and physical education from the University of Potsdam in Germany. Upon moving to the United States in 1995, she decided to pursue her passion for design and tap into her creative side. In 1999, she obtained an AA in visual arts and computer graphics from Mercer County Community College. She then worked as a graphic designer at Simstar Internet Solutions, a design firm specializing in marketing campaigns and websites for healthcare companies; and Princeton Financial Systems, creating elements for the company’s print and online marketing communications and annual meetings. In 2007, she made the move to ECS, inspired by the Society’s mission to disseminate high quality science to bolster innovation and her ability to aid that mission through her experience in web and print design. “What ECS does directly impacts our future,” Dinia says. “It is great to go to work every day and know that promoting our science, through graphics and printed materials on my part, will shape the future of our planet.” In her 10 years with ECS, Dinia has solidified herself as an integral member of the Society’s marketing communications team and ECS at large. Her work touches every department within the Society, from publications to membership, and helps create impactful messages that demonstrate the importance of the Society and the members and researchers behind it. “Dinia has been essential to me since I came to ECS over three years ago,” says Rob Gerth, ECS’s director of marketing and communications. “She is simultaneously handling five to six projects at any one moment, all with imminent deadlines. Yet, she manages to treat all of her assignments thoughtfully, consistently creating outstanding work.” During her time with the Society, Dinia has been a first-hand witness to ECS’s evolution, from the growth of the field to changing technology to the implementation of the Free the Science initiative. “ECS is advocating and taking bold steps to Free the Science so scientists can share their research with readers around the world, allowing all scientists to cooperate, learn, and solve problems that have global impact and help shape the future of our planet and ultimately human kind,” Dinia says. “All of this has allowed me to meet a lot of interesting people and form many friendships; not just at the Society’s headquarters, but with members and constituents of ECS.”

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ECS Division Contacts High Temperature Materials

Battery

Christopher Johnson, Chair Argonne National Laboratory johnsoncs@cmt.anl.gov • 630.252.4787 (US) Marca Doeff, Vice Chair Shirley Meng, Secretary Brett Lucht, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Sannakaisa Virtanen, Chair Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg virtanen@ww.uni-erlangen.de • +49 09131/85-27577 (DE) Masayuki Itagaki, Vice Chair James Nöel, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Yaw Obeng, Chair National Institute of Standards and Technology yaw.obeng@nist.gov • 301.975.8093 (US) Vimal Chaitanya, Vice Chair Peter Mascher, Secretary Uroš Cvelbar, Treasurer Stefan De Gendt, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Turgut Gür, Chair Stanford University turgut@stanford.edu • 650.815.8553 (US) Gregory Jackson, Sr. Vice Chair Paul Gannon, Jr., Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Douglas Riemer, Chair Hutchinson Technology Inc. riemerdp@hotmail.com • 952.442.9781 (US) John Staser, Vice Chair Shrisudersan (Sudha) Jayaraman, Secretary/Treasurer Venkat Subramanian, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Madis Raukas, Chair Osram Sylvania madis.raukas@sylvania.com • 978.750.1506 (US) Mikhail Brik, Vice Chair/Secretary/Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Electrodeposition

Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Chair Northeastern University e.podlaha-murphy@neu.edu • 617.373.3769 (US) Stanko Brankovic, Vice Chair Philippe Vereecken, Secretary Natasa Vasiljevic, Treasurer Charles Hussey, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Slava Rotkin, Chair Lehigh University rotkin@lehigh.edu • 610.758.3931 (US) Hiroshi Imahori, Vice Chair Olga Boltalina, Secretary R. Bruce Weisman, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Electronics and Photonics

Colm O’Dwyer, Chair University College Cork c.odwyer@ucc.ie • +353 863.958373 (IE) Junichi Murota, Vice Chair Robert Lynch, 2nd Vice Chair Soohwan Jang, Secretary Yu-Lin Wang, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Graham Cheek, Chair United States Naval Academy cheek@usna.edu • 410.293.6625 (US) Diane Smith, Vice Chair Sadagopan Krishnan, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Energy Technology

Andy Herring, Chair Colorado School of Mines aherring@mines.edu • 303.384.2082 (US) Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Vice Chair William Mustain, Secretary Katherine Ayers, Treasurer Thomas Fuller, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Alice Suroviec Berry College asuroviec@berry.edu • 706.238.5869 (US) Petr Vanýsek, Vice Chair Andrew Hillier, Secretary Stephen Paddison, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Chair West Virginia University nick.wu@mail.wvu.edu • 304.293.3111 (US) Ajit Khosla, Vice Chair Jessica Koehne, Secretary Larry Nagahara, Treasurer Rangachary Mukundan, Journals Editorial Board Representative

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Advancement News New Annual Report

Continuing Your Legacy

The 2016 Annual Report was included in the last issue of Interface. If you missed it, you can see a digital copy online by Annual Report Providing Solutions visiting the finances section of the About Us tab on the ECS website, www.electrochem.org/finances. The annual report highlights ECS’s financial and programmatic accomplishments of 2016, and lists the names of our generous donors and sponsors. One of the biggest fundraising successes was that the number of donors from 2015 to 2016 increased almost 150%, a response to our Free the Science efforts and increased communications about ECS programming.

ECS is lucky to have dozens of members who belong to the Society for their entire careers and beyond. During this time, these members have often served ECS in a leadership capacity, organized symposia, authored articles in ECS journals, and attended numerous meetings. Such lifelong dedication is what helps make ECS the most lively and reliable resource EG in the fields of electrochemistry and solid T ACY I E state science and technology. SOC There are ways to ensure that this legacy continues well into the future by making a planned gift. Planned gifts are intentions that you can make now without effecting your lifestyle, family security, or cash flow. These gifts take many forms which you can read more about in the support section of the ECS website. Making a planned gift to ECS can make a huge impact on the Society. It allows ECS to fulfill its mission and respond to changes that will inevitably happen as the Society evolves to meet the needs of the field and its members. Anyone who makes a planned gift to ECS will be inducted into the Carl Hering Legacy Circle. Dr. Hering was like many of our dedicated members today. He was a constant at meetings, served the Society in all of its principal offices and continuously served on the Board of Directors. The bequest he left ECS continues to support the Society’s programs to this day. To learn more, please contact the ECS development department at development@electrochem.org.

Click on the red DONATE button the ECS website.

Don’t see your name in the listings and want to help support ECS programs? Make a gift by the end of the calendar year and you will be included in the 2017 Annual Report.

2016

RL HERING CA

How to Give to ECS There are many ways to give to ECS and we hope you will consider one of these ideas:

Silver/Silver Sulfate Reference Electrode Stable reference For Chloride Free Investigations Replaceable frit tip Non-toxic Always in stock Made in USA.

• Donate $115 to ECS in honor of our 115th Anniversary • Make a gift of stock to ECS by contacting development@electrochem.org • Give a gift at checkout time when you’re registering for your next ECS meeting • Donate your stipend, royalties, or speaker fees to ECS • Make a small recurring gift each month • Make a planned gift by leaving a bequest in your will, transferring life insurance, or making an IRA charitable rollover. All planned gifts are recognized through the Carl Hering Legacy Circle

Visit

www.electrochem.org

www.koslow.com “Fine electrochemical probes since 1966”

and click the red DONATE button to begin. Contact development@electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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Free the Science News Paywall Documentary Film Features ECS

Open Citations to Help Advance Free the Science

Paywall: The Business of Scholarship is a new documentary film being produced by Clarkson University Associate Professor of Communication & Media Jason Schmitt. With support from the Open Society Foundation, Schmitt is exploring how scholarship that is produced in science, and academia in general, fuels a large profit-driven industry which often puts up paywalls to information that has been publicly-funded in some capacity. This cost, Schmitt argues, limits developing nations from accessing the studies which further separates power and privilege. Paywall features numerous players in the open access movement, people from all over the world and including those from organizations like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Creative Commons, and Stanford University. ECS Director of Development Karla Cosgriff was also interviewed for her perspective on open access and to share information about Free the Science. Schmitt is still touring and interviewing other voices in the scholarly publishing industry, but has released a trailer that can be viewed at https://vimeo.com/217495703. The full documentary is slated to be released in mid-2018.

To further advance its vision to Free the Science, ECS has partnered with the Initiative for Open Citations (I4OC), a collaboration between scholarly publishers, researchers and others to promote the unrestricted availability of citation data. I4OC was born out of the need to make citations—the links that knit together scientific and cultural knowledge—accessible and machinereadable. The current scholarly communication system often sequesters citation data under unfriendly licenses and they are not machine readable. The ECS-I4OC partnership puts reference data from ECS journals in the public domain. “Opening up our citations will allow scientists and engineers easy access,” says Mary Yess, ECS’s chief content officer. “And, because the citations are in common, machine-readable formats, this will also allow them to data mine those citations. All of these open access opportunities are critical to progress in our fields and others.” Worldwide, as of June 2017, the fraction of publications with open references has grown from 1% to more than 45% out of the nearly 35 million articles with references deposited with Crossref. ECS joins over 40 other publishers of varying sizes who are committed to opening up citation data to improve knowledge creation. And, the collaboration with I4OC reinforces the Society’s commitment to opening access to scientific knowledge and democratizing research, as described by Free the Science. ECS believes the more we open scientific knowledge, the faster we can advance our important science and society at large.

Four Questions for Associate Editor Brett Lucht Brett Lucht is a professor of chemistry at the University of Rhode Island, where his research focuses on organic materials chemistry. Lucht’s research includes the development of novel electrolytes for lithiumion batteries and other efforts to improve the performance of electrolytes for electric vehicles. Lucht has recently been named associate editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, concentrating on the batteries and energy storage topical interest area. The Electrochemical Society: What do you hope to accomplish in your new role as associate editor? I hope to improve the prestige of the journal. While the Journal of The Electrochemical Society is the oldest journal of electrochemical science, competition from other journals has become fierce. The Electrochemical Society is the largest scientific organization focused on electrochemistry and ECS meetings are very well attended. Thus publishing electrochemical research in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society should be the most prestigious place to publish. Why should authors publish in ECS journals? The Journal of The Electrochemical Society has been in continuous production since 1902—115 years. While many new journals come and go, they are frequently focused on

narrow topics which fluctuate in importance. Publications in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society will last the test of time. In my area of research, lithium-ion batteries, many new journals are publishing research in this area. However, many of the fundamental research articles providing the foundation for this field were published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. How important is access to scientific knowledge? Access to knowledge is one of the founding principles of science. The development of science cannot be conducted by one individual or one research group. It requires the interaction between multiple scientists with different backgrounds and different ways of thinking. Having ready access to published science is a prerequisite for the development of good science. What role does electrochemistry have in solving some of society’s most pressing issues? One of the most pressing issues for society today is climate change. Electrochemistry is a critical component in our efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuels. In the transportation sector, electric vehicles offer a significant reduction in our carbon footprint. Large scale electrochemical energy storage is critical for the integration of more renewable energy into the grid. Brett Lucht may be reached at blucht@chm.uri.edu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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New Division Officers Slates New officers for the fall 2017–spring 2019 term have been nominated for the following Division. All election results will be reported in the winter 2017 issue of Interface.

High Temperature Materials Division Chair Greg Jackson, Colorado School of Mines Vice Chair Paul Gannon, Montana State University Bozeman Jr. Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Redox Power Systems Secretary/Treasurer Cortney Kreller, Los Alamos National Laboratory Sandrine Ricote, Colorado School of Mines Members-at-Large Stuart Adler, University of Washington Ainara Aguadero, Imperial College London Mark Allendorf, Sandia National Laboratories Fanglin Chen, University of South Carolina Zhe Cheng, Florida International University Koichi Eguchi, Kyoto University Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University Fernando Garzon, University of New Mexico

Institutional Member

spotlight Pick your Membership Benefits ECS institutional membership was designed to provide a variety of organizations with access to information, people, and research. In order to accommodate the changes within our communities, ECS is adding two additional membership levels to the institutional membership program and allowing for customizable membership packages to best meet your organization’s needs. These changes will open a number of opportunities for program members—whether you need to focus on advertising a new product or accessing the latest science— your organization’s membership with ECS places you at the forefront of innovation. Visit our new institutional membership webpage to view our benefits packages:

http://www.electrochem.org/institutional-membership If you’d like to learn more about the opportunities of our institutional membership program, you may contact Shannon Reed, director of membership services, at

Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org.

Srikanth Gopalan, Boston University Raymond Gorte, University of Pennsylvania Ellen Ivers-Tiffee, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Tatsuya Kawada, Tohoku University Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University Torsten Markus, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Nguyen Minh, University of California San Diego Mogens Mogensen, Technical University of Denmark Jason Nicholas, Michigan State University Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia Nicola Perry, Kyusha University Emily Ryan, Boston University Subhash Singhal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Enrico Traversa, University of Electronic Science and Technology Anil Virkar, University of Utah Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Werner Weppner, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Shu Yamaguchi, University of Tokyo Bilge Yildiz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

In the

issue of

• The winter 2017 issue of Interface will feature the ECS Dielectric Science and Technology Division. The issue will be guest edited by Durga Misra from the New Jersey Institute of Technology. It is scheduled to include the following technical articles (titles are tentative): “Porous Nanoscale Silicon Oxide Films: Highly Sensitive and Stable for Humidity and Moisture Detection,” by Zhi (David) Chen; “Magnetic Nanoferrites for RF CMOS: Enabling 5G and Beyond,” by Navakanta Bhat, S. A. Shivashankar, Ranajit Sai, and M. Yamaguchi; and “High Dielectrics Constant Materials for Nanoscale Devices and Beyond” by H. Iwai, A. Toriumi, and D. Misra. • Highlights from the 232nd ECS Meeting. News and photos from the conference taking place in National Harbor, MD. • Biographical sketches and candidacy statements of the nominated candidates for the annual election of officers for ECS. • The 2017 ECS Summer Fellowship Reports from the recipients of the 2017 Weston Summer Fellowship, the 2017 Richards Summer Fellowship, the 2017 Becket Summer Fellowship, and the 2017 Uhlig Summer Fellowship. (See page 69 of this issue for the names and bios of the 2017 summer fellowship winners.) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Upcoming ECS Sponsored Meetings In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and sections, sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website (http://www.electrochem.org/upcoming-meetings/) for a list of all sponsored meetings.

2017 • 68th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry; Providence, RI; August 27-September 1, 2017; http://annual68.ise-online.org/ • 18th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 18); Brno, Czech Republic; September 10-13, 2017; http://www.aba-brno.cz/ • 6th International Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications (EPD-2017); Gyeongju, South Korea; October 1-6, 2017; http://www.engconf.org/conferences/materials-science-including-nanotechnology/ electrophoretic-deposition-vi-fundamentals-and-applications/ • Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition; Long Beach, CA, USA; November 7-9, 2017; https://www.fuelcellseminar.com/ • European Fuel Cells Technology & Applications Piero Lunghi Conference (EFC17); Naples, Italy; December 12-15, 2017; www.europeanfuelcell.it

2018

• 69th Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry; Bologna, Italy; September 2-7, 2018; http://annual69.ise-online.org/; Joint Symposium: “Theory: From Understanding to Optimization and Prediction” To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Carl Hering Legacy Circle The Hering Legacy Circle recognizes individuals who have participated in any of ECS’s planned giving programs, including IRA charitable rollover gifts, bequests, life income arrangements, and other deferred gifts.

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a c y cir c L

ECS thanks the following members of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, whose generous gifts will benefit the Society in perpetuity: K. M. Abraham Masayuki Dokiya Robert P. Frankenthal George R. Gillooly Stan Hancock

Carl Hering W. Jean Horkans Keith E. Johnson Mary M. Loonam Edward G. Weston

Carl Hering was one of the founding members of ECS. President of the Society from 1906-1907, he served continuously on the Society’s Board of Directors until his death on May 10, 1926. Dr. Hering not only left a legacy of commitment to the Society, but, through a bequest to ECS, he also left a financial legacy. His planned gift continues to support the Society to this day, and for this reason we have created this planned giving circle in his honor.

To learn more about becoming a member of the Carl Hering Legacy Circle, please contact Karla Cosgriff, development director. 609.737.1902 ext. 122 | Karla.Cosgriff@electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS

websites of note by Alice H. Suroviec

Ionic Liquid Database • ILThermo is a free web-based ionic liquids database. This database contains up-to-date information on publications of experimental investigation on ionic liquids, including numerical values of chemical and physical properties, measurement methods, sample purity, uncertainty of property values, as well as many other significant measurement details. The database can be searched by means of the ions constituting the ionic liquids, the ionic liquids themselves, their properties, and references.

http://ilthermo.boulder.nist.gov

Basics of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy • This tutorial presents an introduction to Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) theory and has been kept as free from mathematics and electrical theory as possible. This tutorial covers all the topics needed to have a basic understanding of EIS.

https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/EIS/basics-of-electrochemical-impedancespectroscopy/

nanoHUB • nanoHUB hosts an open-access site containing novel research, education, outreach, and support for nanotechnology community. nanoHUB also hosts a collection of simulation tools for nanoscale phenomena. In addition to simulations, nanoHUB provides on-line presentations, nanoHUB-U short courses, animations, teaching materials, and more.

https://nanohub.org/resources/

About the Author Alice Suroviec is an associate professor of bioanalytical chemistry and chair of the department of chemistry and biochemistry at Berry College. She earned a BS in chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is currently the chair of the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division and an associate editor for the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry topical interest area in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society. She can be reached at: asuroviec@berry.edu.

PLUS

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Access to all of ECS’s top-ranking, peer-reviewed journal content and more in the ECS Digitial Library.

FREE open access publishing in ECS journals through UNLIMITED article credits for authors from subscribing institutions.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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Issues from the 231st ECS Meeting Now Available! Browse all available titles: www.electrochem.org/ecst

Forthcoming Publications:

• 15th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-XV) – Hollywood, FL (July 23-28, 2017) Enhanced Issue • 231st ECS Meeting – New Orleans, LA (May 28-June 1, 2017) Standard Issue • 232nd ECS Meeting – National Harbor, MD (October 1-5, 2017) Enhanced Issues

• Additional 2017 volumes to be announced

Email ecst@electrochem.org for more information.

October 1-5, 2017

National Harbor, MD

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

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oin us at this international conference as scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia, industry, and government laboratories come together to share results and discuss issues on related topics, through oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, tutorial sessions, short courses, professional development workshops, exhibits, and more. The unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology at an ECS Meeting provides you with an opportunity to learn and exchange information on the latest scientific developments across a variety of interdisciplinary areas in a forum of your peers. If that isn’t enough, you will be able to spend your downtime in the delightful location of National Harbor, MD, which is just a short distance from Washington, DC. Not only is the Gaylord Resort a beautiful hotel with first class meeting space, but just outside its doors are over 40 restaurants, 180+ shops, and a spectacular waterfront!

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Photo by National Harbor.

232nd ECS MEETING

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Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

Highlights • Five days of technical programming across 49 symposia • Over 2,200 abstracts • More than 1,800 oral presentations, with 500+ invited speakers • 550+ Posters during two evenings of Poster Sessions

• • • •

16 hours of Exhibit Hall time over three days Daily morning coffee breaks Complimentary Wifi in meeting rooms Special program for non-technical registrants

The ECS Lecture Monday, October 2

“The Role of Electrochemistry in our Transition to Sustainable Energy”

Steven Chu, Stanford University

Steven Chu is the William R. Kenan, Jr., Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology at Stanford University. Chu is the co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics (1997) for his contributions to laser cooling and atom trapping. He has published over 275 papers in fields that include atomic physics, polymer physics, biophysics, biology, energy, batteries and holds 11 patents. Chu was the 12th U.S. Secretary of Energy from January 2009 until April 2013. As the first scientist to hold a cabinet position, he recruited outstanding scientists and engineers into the Department of Energy. He began several initiatives including ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy), the Energy Innovation Hubs, the U.S.– China Clean Energy Research Centers (CERC), and was personally tasked by President Obama to assist BP in stopping the Deepwater Horizon oil leak. Currently, he is developing new optical nanoparticle probes and new optical, acoustic and photoacoustic imaging methods for applications in biology and biomedicine. He is also exploring new approaches to lithium-ion batteries, PM2.5 air filtration, and other applications of nanotechnology.

Award Winning Speakers (check the meeting app for times) Philippe Marcus, CNRS-ENSCP Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Carl Wagner Memorial Award of The Electrochemical Society Yang-Kook Sun, Hanyang University Battery Division Technology Award Jun Liu, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Battery Division Technology Award Ryoji Kanno, Tokyo Institute of Technology Battery Division Research Award

Haegyeom Kim, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation Kimberly See, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation Lin Ma, Dalhousie University Battery Division Student Research Award

Mohsen Esmaily, Chalmers University of Technology Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award Stanko Brankovic, University of Houston Electrodeposition Division Research Award Jiahua Zhu, University of Akron Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Cortney Kreller, Los Alamos National Laboratory High Temperature Materials Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award

Herman Terryn, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Short Courses Sunday, October 1

ECS Short Courses are all-day classes designed to provide students or seasoned professionals with an in-depth education on a wide range of topics. Taught by academic and industry experts, the small class size makes for an excellent opportunity for personalized instruction helping both novices and experts advance their technical expertise and knowledge. #1: Basic Impedance Spectroscopy Mark Orazem, Instructor #2: Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Kinetic Methods Jamie Noël, Instructor

#3: Operation and Exploitation of Electrochemical Capacitor Technology John Miller, Instructor #4: Battery and Battery Material Development Using Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Peter Ralbovsky, Instructor

Professional Development Workshops (check the meeting app for times)

Essential Elements for Employment Success Managing and Leading Teams (new!) Managing Conflict (new!) Resume Review Panel of Professionals: Career Exploration in the Electrochemical and Solid State Science and Technology Refresh and Connect: An ECS Mentoring Session

Career Expo during the daytime exhibit hours on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday The career expo serves as a premier opportunity for employers and recruiters to meet and interview job seekers, volunteers, and postdoctoral candidates. Meeting registrants will have the opportunity to interview with potential employers at no additional cost to their registration.

Open Science and Data Sciences (check the meeting app for times)

ECS OpenCon This event will focus on the socialization of open science and open access in our community by examining the intersection of advances in technology infrastructure, researcher experience, industry growth, and government mandates. (See page 32 for more information.)

ECS Data Sciences Hack Day This ECS Data Sciences Hack Day is the Society’s first foray in building an electrochemical data science and open source community from the ground up. The critical need is to create a community of electrochemical data scientists, the people who will contribute to a growing library of shared experimental and computational datasets, and who develop and adapt open source software tools. (See page 14 for more information.)

Sages for Science Do you have data that looks odd? Did you see weird phenomena in the lab? New to electrochemistry and solid state research and confused by the jargon? Not sure what to make of it? Come talk to our Sages of Science (SOS) and perhaps see things from a new perspective.

Special Events (check the meeting app for times) Opening Reception All attendees are welcome to this event that kick starts the week with tasty desserts and ample time to mingle.

General Student Poster Session A long standing ECS tradition, with cash prizes awarded for the top presentations by eligible students.

Student Mixer Interested in networking with other students and early career professionals? Then this event is a must for a student attendee!

Receptions in Honor of Hugh Isaacs, Mark Wightman and Christian Amatore, and Various Division Award Winners Join us in honor of these outstanding scientists, teachers, and friends.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

Offered at every biannual Society meeting, the professional development workshops help to serve our attendees. These workshops are available to you whether you are a student looking for some help with your resume or a mid-career researcher looking for a refresher on team management.

Technical Symposia

Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

A— Batteries and Energy Storage A01—Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session Marca Doeff, Wei Wang, A. Manivannan, S. R. Narayan Battery, Energy Technology A02—Battery Characterization: Symposium in Honor of Frank McLarnon Robert Kostecki, Dominique Guyomard, Kristina Edström, Martin Winter, Yasuhiro Fukunaka, Minoru Inaba Battery A03—Battery Student Slam 2 John Muldoon, Brett Lucht, Christopher Johnson Battery A04—Li-ion Batteries Ying Meng, Jie Xiao, Neeraj Sharma, Yi-Chun Lu Battery A05—Battery Materials: Beyond Li-Ion John Vaughey, Yangchuan Xing, Kyle Smith, Christopher Rhodes Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry A06—Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Energy Storage Devices David Wood, Gregory Krumdick, S. R. Narayan Battery, Energy Technology A07—Fast Electrochemical Processes and Devices Jeffrey Long, Christopher Johnson, Roseanne Warren, Thierry Brousse, Daniel Bélanger, Wataru Sugimoto, Pawel Kulesza, Andrea Balducci Battery, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

E02—Current Trends in Electrodeposition - An Invited Symposium Giovanni Zangari Electrodeposition E03—Electrochemical Science and Engineering on the Path from Discovery to Product D. Schwartz, Richard Alkire, L. Romankiw Electrodeposition, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering E04—Electrochemical Processing from Non-aqueous Solvents Jan Fransaer, Philip Bartlett, Andrew Abbott, Yasuhiro Fukunaka Electrodeposition E05—Mechanics and Metallurgy of Electrodeposited Thin Films Stanko Brankovic, Giovanni Zangari, Elizabeth Podlaha Electrodeposition

B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01—Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices Slava V. Rotkin, Hiroshi Imahori, Olga Boltalina, David Cliffel Nanocarbons, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

G—Electronic Materials and Processing G01—15th International Symposium on Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology (SCST 15) Takeshi Hattori, Jerzy Ruzyllo, Paul Mertens, Anthony Muscat, Richard Novak, Koichiro Saga Electronics and Photonics G02—Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 13 Fred Roozeboom, Stefan De Gendt, Jolien Dendooven, Jeffrey Elam, O. van der Straten, Chanyuan Liu Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology G03—Semiconductor Process Integration 10 Junichi Murota, Cor Claeys, Hiroshi Iwai, Meng Tao, Simon Deleonibus, Andreas Mai, Kenji Shiojima, Patrick Chin Electronics and Photonics G04—Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 3 Colm O’Dwyer, Jr-Hau He, Kafil Razeeb, Renkun Chen, Jaeho Lee, Scott Calabrese Barton Electronics and Photonics, Energy Technology, High Temperature Materials G05—Oxide Memristors Jennifer Rupp, Jason Nicholas, J. Joshua Yang, Stephen Nonnenmann High Temperature Materials, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics

C—Corrosion Science and Technology C01—Corrosion General Session Sannakaisa Virtanen, Masayuki Itagaki Corrosion C02—Light Alloys 5 Rudolph Buchheit, Geraint Williams, Nick Birbilis, Sannakaisa Virtanen Corrosion C03—State-of-the-Art Surface Analytical Techniques in Corrosion 3: In Honor of Hugh Isaacs Dev Chidambaram, Philippe Marcus, Paul Natishan, Jamie Noel, Donald Roeper Corrosion, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry C04—Coatings and Inhibitors Hamilton McMurray, Michael Rohwerder, Rudolph Buchheit, Ingrid Milosev Corrosion C05—Corrosion in Concrete Structures Masayuki Itagaki, Hideki Katayama, Mark Orazem Corrosion D—Dielectric Science and Materials D01—Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 15: In Memory of Samares Kar Durgamadhab Misra, Stefan De Gendt, Michel Houssa, K. Kita, D. Landheer Dielectric Science and Technology D02—Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 13 Thad Druffel, Meng Tao, James Fenton, Z. Chen, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Jea-Gun Park, Hiroki Hamada Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering E—Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01—Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth from UPD to Microstructures 4 Natasa Vasiljevic, Stanko Brankovic, Gery Stafford, P. Allongue, Nikolay Dimitrov, Massimo Innocenti Electrodeposition 28

F—Electrochemical Engineering F01—Electrochemical Engineering General Session John Staser, Hui Xu, Douglas Riemer Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering F02—Electrochemical Separations Hui Xu, Peter Pintauro, Jay Whitacre, Meagan Mauter, Yoram Oren Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering F03—Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass Luis Diaz, Elizabeth Biddinger, John Staser, Ramaraja Ramasamy, Plamen Atanassov, Mekki Bayachou Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Energy Technology, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

H—Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01—State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 60 (SOTAPOCS 60) Jennifer Hite, Travis Anderson, Robert Lynch, Colm O’Dwyer, Steve Kilgore, Erica Douglas Electronics and Photonics H02—Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 10 Yu-Lun Chueh, Colm O’Dwyer, Jr-Hau He, Motofumi Suzuki, Johnny Ho, Zhiyong Fan, Qiliang Li, Sang-Woo Kim Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology H03—Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 7 Michael Dudley, Mietek Bakowski, N. Ohtani, Balaji Raghothamachar, Krishna Shenai Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

J—Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing J01—Luminescence and Display Materials: Fundamentals and Applications Madis Raukas, Kailash Mishra, Anant Setlur, Marco Bettinelli, Alok Srivastava, Mikhail Brik Luminescence and Display Materials K L—Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and 01 Photoelectrochemistry L01—Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry General Session Alice Suroviec, Andrew Hillier Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry L02—Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells and Solar Fuels 8 Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Deryn Chu, Pawel Kulesza, Jae-Joon Lee, Eric Miller, Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Tetsu Tatsuma, Heli Wang Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor L03—Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry of Ionic Liquids 6 Paul Trulove, Robert Mantz, Luke Haverhals, Vito Di Noto, Mekki Bayachou Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

L05—Bioelectroanalysis Shelley Minteer, Scott Calabrese Barton, Jessica Koehne, Mekki Bayachou Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Sensor L06—Fundamental Aspects of Electrochemical Conversion of Carbon Dioxide Pawel Kulesza, David Cliffel, Krishnan Rajeshwar, Andrew Bocarsly, Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Graham Cheek Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Sensor L07—Computational Electrochemistry Stephen Paddison, Iryna Zenyuk Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering L08—Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems Svitlana Pylypenko, Sanjeev Mukerjee, Graham Cheek Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Sensor L09—Multi-electron Redox Systems for Next Generation Batteries Daniel Buttry, Robert Mantz, Gang Wu Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Battery, Energy Technology M—Sensors M01—Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems General Session Dong-Joo Kim, Nick Wu, Jessica Koehne, Leyla Soleymani, M. Sailor, Sushanta Mitra, Peter Hesketh, Shekhar Bhansali, Praveen Sekhar, Milad Navaei Sensor M02—Practical Implementation and Commercialization of Sensors 2 Mike Carter, Larry Nagahara, Rangachary Mukundan, Petr Vanýsek, Jin-Woo Choi Sensor, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Z—General Z01—General Student Poster Session Venkat Subramanian, Kalpathy Sundaram, V. Chaitanya, P. Pharkya, Alice Suroviec All Divisions Z02—Nanotechnology General Session O. Leonte, Christina Bock, Jessica Koehne, Z. Chen All Divisions, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee 7th International Electrochemical Energy Summit: Human Sustainability – Energy, Water, Food, and Health Z03—Energy-Water Nexus Eric Wachsman, Andrew Herring, Ramaraja Ramasamy, Gerardine Botte All Divisions, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee Z04—The Brain and Electrochemistry Hariklia Deligianni, Pavel Takmakov, Christina Bock, Johna Leddy, Larry Nagahara, Shelley Minteer, Mekki Bayachou, Diane Smith, Janine Mauzeroll All Divisions, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee Z05—Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security Bryan Chin, Aleksandr Simonian, Jin-Woo Choi, Ramaraja Ramasamy, Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Alice Suroviec, Mekki Bayachou, Peter Hesketh Sensor, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

I—Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01A—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Diagnostics/ Characterization Methods, MEA Design/Model Felix Büchi, Hubert Gasteiger, Adam Weber, A. Shirvanian Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01B—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Fuel Cell Systems, Stack/BOP Design, Gas Processing Karen Swider-Lyons, James Fenton, Thomas Fuller, Kazuhiko Shinohara Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01C—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Cation-Exchange Membrane Performance and Durability Peter Pintauro, Kelly Perry Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01D—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Catalyst Activity/ Durability for Hydrogen(-Reformate) Acidic Fuel Cells Hiroyuki Uchida, Peter Strasser, Christophe Coutanceau, Shigenori Mitsushima Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01E—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Materials for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Direct-Fuel Fuel Cells Thomas Schmidt, Robert Mantz, S. R. Narayan, Vijay Ramani Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01F—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - PolymerElectrolyte Electrolysis Bryan Pivovar, Katherine Ayers Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I01Z—Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 17 (PEFC 17) - Invited Talks Deborah Jones, Thomas Fuller, Kazuhiko Shinohara, Peter Pintauro, Felix Büchi, Adam Weber, Hubert Gasteiger, A. Shirvanian, Karen Swider-Lyons, Kelly Perry, Hiroyuki Uchida, Peter Strasser, Christophe Coutanceau, Shigenori Mitsushima, Thomas Schmidt, Robert Mantz, S. R. Narayan, Vijay Ramani, Bryan Pivovar, Katherine Ayers, Yong-Tae Kim, Hui Xu Energy Technology, Battery, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry I02—Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 11 (IMCC 11) Xiao-Dong Zhou, Mogens Mogensen, Turgut Gur, Tatsuya Kawada, E. Traversa High Temperature Materials

The 7th International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit Monday, October 2 – Thursday, October 5

National Harbor, MD

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center Photo by National Harbor

Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

2017 ECS’s Electrochemical Energy Summit brings together policymakers and researchers from around the globe to discuss the ways in which science impacts the planet’s key sustainability issues. In National Harbor, the 7th International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit: Human Sustainability – Energy, Water, Food, and Health is set to include three distinct symposia: Energy-Water Nexus; The Brain and Electrochemistry; and Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security.

Z03 – Energy-Water Nexus Energy-Water Nexus will focus on the connection between energy and water and emerging technologies that could improve access to clean, safe, and affordable resources across the globe. In addition to technical sessions ranging from membranes for water purification to fuel cells, the symposium will feature talks from members of federal agencies to discuss funding opportunities.

Key Participants (check the meeting app for times) “What would Thomas Malthus tell us in the 21st Century?: Experiences in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus from an International Development Perspective” F. Miralles-Wilhelm, Earth Systems Science Interdisciplinary Center “Innovations at the Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water Systems (INFEWS) and Beyond” J. W. Jones, National Science Foundation

“Overview of NSF-EPRI Collaboratively Funded Advanced Dry Cooling Program” J. Shi, Electric Power Research Institute

“DOE’s Approach to the Energy Water Nexus: New Opportunities and Solutions” R. Ivester, U.S. Department of Energy

“Technology’s Role in Sustainable Energy” E. D. Williams, University of Maryland

Z04 – The Brain and Electrochemistry The Brain and Electrochemistry will focus on research and developments in the brain, central nervous system, and the peripheral nervous system and aims to open the doors to this exciting field for electrochemical and solid state scientists, highlighting interdisciplinary approaches to emerging technologies and potential funding streams from government and other large agencies.

Key Participants (check the meeting app for times) “Brain Initiative & Biomaterials Research Support at the National Science Foundation” A. Simonian, National Science Foundation

“The NIH BRAIN Initiative – the Road Thus Far and into the Future” N. B. Langhals, National Institutes of Health

“The Biotic/Abiotic Interface between Neuromodulation Electrodes and the Peripheral Nervous System” M. B. Wolfson, National Institutes of Health/ National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering

“A FDA Staff Perspective on Navigating the Regulatory Landscape and Moving Medical Devices to the Marketplace” K. Wachrathit, US FDA, CDRH, Office of Device Evaluation Photo by National Harbor

“Reanimating Paralyzed Limbs and the Future of Bioelectronic Medicine” C. Bouton, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research

“Sensors in Agriculture: Opportunites for Small Businesses” R. Melnick, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture

“Spectral Imaging and Instrumentation for Food Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Products” M. S. Kim, USDA-ARS

“Sensors in Agriculture, Food and Research; a Biological Perspective for Engineering Food Protection” M. L. Kotewicz, FDA CFSAN

Z05 – Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security Z05 - Sensors for Food Safety, Quality, and Security will feature five overview talks from government, industry, and association representatives, which will focus on broad trends in the field and “research roadmaps,” the planning and implementation of government funding in the areas of food safety, quality, and security. In addition the symposium will hold a one day, posterfocused session.

“New and Innovative Sensor Technologies for Aquacultural System in China” D. Li, C. Wang, and X. Zhang, China Agricultural University, Research Center for Internet of Things in Agriculture

Key Participants (check the meeting app for times) “An Expanding Role for Sensor Research in Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Food Systems” T. A. Bewick and S. J. Thomson, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture “The INFEWS Program at the National Science Foundation” T. Torgersen, National Science Foundation

2017 Organizing Group Chair

Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland

Organizers

Bryan Chin, Auburn University Lili Deligianni, IBM, T. J. Watson Research Center Christina Bock, National Research Council of Canada

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

“Invasive Cortical Microelectrode Array Longitudinal Performance: Temporal Dynamics of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Multiunit Activity” C. Welle, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus; M. G. Street, US FDA; K. Ruda, Duke University; E. Civillico, National Institutes of Health; and P. A. Takmakov, US FDA

“Exploring Ideas for Next Generation Researchˮ Sunday, October 1, 2017, 1400-1800h Gaylord National Convention Center

National Harbor, MD Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

Program Overview ECS’s OpenCon is a satellite event of the main OpenCon, an international event hosted by the Right to Research Coalition, a student sponsored organization of SPARC, the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. The main OpenCon is hosted once a year; the launch took place in 2016 in Washington, DC and in 2017 it will be in Berlin. To date, over 40 satellite events have taken place in 25 countries with more than 2,000 attendees. OpenCon satellites are an excellent way to start the discussion about open access and open science in a group or community. Educating scientists about the benefits of open science is an important step in changing how research is conducted and shared. ECS OpenCon will introduce meeting attendees to an array of open concepts in research (open data, open access, open science, open education, etc.) and will facilitate the understanding needed to Free the Science, ECS’s long-term vision to lead the physical sciences in a paradigm shift in research communications. OpenCon will be ECS’s first, large community event aimed at creating a culture of change in how research is designed, shared, discussed, and disseminated, with the ultimate goal of making scientific progress faster. Featuring the vocal advocates in the open movement listed below, ECS’s OpenCon will examine the intersection of advances in research infrastructure, the researcher experience, funder mandates and policies, as well as the global shift that is happening in traditional scholarly communications. The ECS OpenCon is free and open to the ECS meeting attendees and the general public. Registration is required. Register at www.electrochem.org/232/opencon. The event will also be broadcast live via the ECS YouTube channel. Join the event at www.youtube.com/ECS1902

Agenda 1400h �� Welcome: Johna Leddy, president, ECS 1410h �� Keynote: “The Importance of Open Science in a Changing Scholarly Communications Paradigm” Speaker: Ashley Farley, open access program associate, The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 1440h �� Free the Science Overview and Update: EJ Taylor, co-chair ECS Free the Science Advisory Board and treasurer, ECS 1455h �� Open Science Speaker: Brian Nosek, co-founder, Center for Open Science 1515h �� Open Access Speaker: Nick Shockey, director of programs and engagement, SPARC 1535h �� Open Data Speaker: Meredith Morovati, executive director, Dryad

1610h �� TOPICAL SESSIONS Open and Government Speaker: Dina Paltoo, director, Division of Scientific Data Sharing Policy, Office of Science Policy, National Institutes of Health Open and Academia Speaker: Dan Schwartz, director, Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington 1650h �� Panel Discussion: “Changing Culture: How are the Different Constituencies Represented at this OpenCon Going to Move the Needle on How Science is Communicated?” All speakers invited to sit on the facilitated panel discussion. 1735h �� Closing Remarks, Johna Leddy, president, ECS 1800h �� 232nd ECS Meeting Opening Reception

1555h �� BREAK 32

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Speakers Ashley Farley

Associate Officer, Open Access Team, Knowledge and Research Services, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Meredith Movorati

Executive Director, Dryad Dryad is a general-purpose curated data repository that makes the data underlying scientific publications openly available, integrated with the scholarly literature, and routinely re-used to enhance knowledge. Meredith has over eight years of nonprofit leadership experience including community outreach, business development, organizational change, and public speaking both at Dryad and as the vice president of membership for the American Society of Echocardiography. Her previous experience includes scholarly publishing at Oxford University Press and Blackwell Publishers, where she worked on international journals’ marketing efforts and new acquisition pitches.

Brian Nosek

Co-founder and Executive Director, Center for Open Science COS, which operates the Open Science Framework, is enabling open and reproducible research practices worldwide. Brian is also a professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of Virginia. He received his PhD from Yale University in 2002. He cofounded Project Implicit, a multi-university collaboration for research and education investigating implicit cognition—thoughts and feelings that occur outside of awareness or control. Brian investigates the gap between values and practices, such as when behavior is influenced by factors other than one’s intentions and goals. Nosek applies this interest to improve the alignment between personal and organizational values and practices. In 2015, he was named one of Nature’s 10 and to the Chronicle for Higher Education Influence list.

Director, Division of Scientific Data Sharing, Office of Science Policy, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health Dina received her PhD from Howard University in physiology and biophysics. After completing a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, she returned to Howard University in a research position and was on faculty at Morgan State University. She then focused her research in molecular epidemiology as a Cancer Prevention Fellow at the National Cancer Institute, earned an MPH from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and served as a program director at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, where she initiated and managed research programs in genomics and pharmacogenomics. Until 2016, Dina was the director of the Genetics, Health, and Society Program in the Office of Science Policy at the National Institutes of Health, where she managed many activities including NIH’s genomic data sharing policy, implementation, and oversight. In her current position she is responsible for biomedical research policy development pertaining to data sharing in the areas of genomics and health, and scientific data management: https://osp.od.nih.gov/scientific-data-sharing/.

Daniel Schwartz

Director, Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington In addition to being the director of the Clean Energy Institute, Dan is the Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering at UW, an ECS Fellow, and recipient of national and campus awards recognizing excellence in education, research, and leadership. Recipient of the University’s Distinguished Graduate Mentoring Award, Dan has been a participant and leader of graduate educational innovations that seek to keep UW students at the cutting edge of their field, including NSF interdisciplinary training programs in bioenergy, big data (hosted by the eSciences Institute), and Data Intensive Research to Enable CleanTech (DIRECT, hosted by the Clean Energy Institute).

Nick Shockey

Director of Programs and Engagement, SPARC; Founding Director, Right to Research Coalition At SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition), Nick is responsible for growing engagement with members and the wider community, managing SPARC’s digital platforms, and developing initiatives across SPARC’s program areas. In 2009 Nick led the launch of the Right to Research Coalition, an international alliance of student organizations that promotes open access to the results of research through advocacy and education. The alliance now includes more than 90 student organizations, collectively representing nearly 7 million students in more than 100 countries. In 2014, Nick led the launch of OpenCon. Nick’s other efforts to raise awareness of open access beyond the research community include the production of “Open Access Explained!”, a popular video made in partnership with PhD Comics.

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Special Meeting Section l NATIONAL HARBOR, MD

Over the past decade Ashley has worked in both academic and public libraries, focusing on digital inclusion and providing access to scholarly content. She is completing her masters in library and information sciences through the University of Washington’s Information School. At the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Ashely serves on the core open access team, focusing on the implementation of the Foundation’s open access policy. This includes the development of Chronos, a newly created service for its grantees and staff, as well as leading the implementation of Gates Open Research, a revolutionary publishing platform hosted by F1000. This work has sparked a passion for promoting open access, believing that freely accessible knowledge has the power to improve and save lives.

Dina Paltoo

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

In Memoriam memoriam Geraldine Cogin Schwartz (1923 – 2016)

Cogin (Jerry) Schwartz passed away in Millbrook, New York, at the age of 93. She received a PhD in 1943 in physical chemistry from Columbia University, was a post-doctoral fellow at Memorial Sloan Kettering in New York City, and had a research career at IBM in the area of thin films for semiconductor interconnections. She joined ECS in 1966 and was an emeritus member and a member of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division. She was the first female fellow of ECS and a member of the inaugural class of fellows in 1990. eraldine

Paul Michael Skarstad

New & Notab!e Yi Cui (ECS member 2007, Battery Division, San Francisco Section) of Stanford University, was one of the three 2017 Laureates of the Blavatnik National Awards for Young Scientists. The award is intended to celebrate the past accomplishments and future potential of young faculty members working in three disciplines of science and engineering. As per The Blavatnik Family Foundation and the New York Academy of Sciences, “Dr. Cui is being honored for his technological innovations in the use of nanomaterials for environmental protection and the development of sustainable energy sources.” Read more about Dr. Cui and the award in this recent Redcat blog: www.electrochem.org/blavatnik-laureate.

(1942 – 2017)

Michael Skarstad died peacefully at his home of more than 40 years in Plymouth, Minnesota, at age 74. He joined ECS in 1977 and was an emeritus member and a member of the Battery Division. Born in Grafton, North Dakota, he spent his childhood exploring nature in and around Fargo and Mandan, North Dakota. After graduating from Moorhead High School in 1961, he attended the University of Minnesota, graduating with a bachelor’s degree in chemistry in 1965. He received his PhD in chemistry from Cornell University in 1972 and did post-doctoral work at the University of Colorado at Boulder, and worked at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland, for one year. In 1976, he joined Medtronic in Fridley, Minnesota, from which he retired in 2006 as a senior director of energy systems. While there he set the highest standards for excellence in scientific discovery, innovation, and mentoring. At Medtronic he helped shrink the size of pacemakers and other medical devices by designing smaller, more powerful batteries that lasted much longer than their predecessors. As a result of Skarstad’s groundbreaking research, the devices are now more reliable and comfortable to wear, and people can go as long as 15 years before needing a new one—a big improvement over the 1970s, when Skarstad joined what is now the world’s largest medical device company. Skarstad and his research team collected 19 patents for their work. aul

Connect Share Discover ecsblog.org TheElectrochemicalSociety @ECSorg Find out what’s trending in the field and interact with a like-minded community through the ECS social media pages.

Ed. Note: Thanks to Curtis. F. Holmes for contributing to this notice.

ECS Redcat Blog

In Memoriam memoriam Sidney Barnartt (1919-2017), member since 1946, Corrosion Division. Walter R. Runyan (1925-2017), member since 1972, Electronics and Photonics Division.

The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

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Discover Your Community

Your ECS membership defines you as a leader in your field – as someone who believes in: • Disseminating scientific research in the most accessible ways • Advancing the science by bridging the gaps between academia, industry, and government

• Mentoring young people through networking and providing quality training and education • Honoring our heroes of the past, recognizing colleagues changing our lives now, and seeking those who are designing the future of our field

“I just like to disseminate my results. To share what I’ve done with others and help grow the field. That’s why I’m a member.” – Researcher and 12-year ECS member

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The ECS Member Article Pack—$3,500 VALUE—100 free downloads from all ECS journals giving you access to full-text articles in the ECS Digital Library, including the top publications in solid state and electrochemical science and technology: w Journal of The Electrochemical Society w ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology w ECS Electrochemistry Letters w ECS Solid State Letters w ECS Transactions w Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Classics Weston, the Weston Cell, and the Volt by Petr Vanýsek

he measurement of electromotive force, potential, or voltage difference has been central to measurements ever since the concept of potential in electricity was first understood. The definition of the volt changed a few times throughout the course of history and at one point it was even based on electrochemistry, on the so-called Clark cell. The international volt was defined in 1893 as 1/1.434 electromotive force of the Clark cell. This definition lasted until 1908. The Clark cells used zinc or zinc amalgam for the anode and mercury in a saturated aqueous solution of zinc sulfate for a cathode, with a paste of mercurous sulfate as a depolarizer. The cell design had a drawback in a rather significant temperature coefficient and also suffered corrosion problems, which were caused by platinum wires that were alloying with the zinc amalgam in the glass envelope. In 1908 the definition based on the Clark cell was supplanted by a definition based on the international ohm and international ampere (through Ohm’s law). Neither definition was of much practical use in helping to calibrate the precise Poggendorff compensation potentiometer. The standard for the use in the Poggendorff apparatus became a cell known as the Weston cell, named after its inventor Edward Weston, who came up with its design in 1893. This cell was adopted as the International Standard for EMF used from 1911 until 1990.

Weston—The Man Edward G. Weston (1850-1936) was born May 9th in the town of Oswestry, Shropshire (England) and was brought up in Wales. He studied medicine and later developed an interest in chemistry while also serving an apprenticeship to a local physician. After receiving the medical diploma in 1870 he set off for New York City, where he found a job not in medicine but in the electroplating industry. The first company where he worked went out of business and for a while he had a short career as a photographer. (It Edward G. Weston is perhaps worth noting here that Edward Weston of the Weston cell fame should not be confused with Edward (Henry) Weston (1886-1958) a prominent American photographer.) In 1872, E. G. Weston and George G. Harris formed the Harris & Weston Electroplating company and there he patented a nickel-plating anode in 1875 and developed his first dynamo for electroplating based on his understanding of the need for reliable power sources for electroplating. From New York City and the electroplating enterprise he moved on to Newark, New Jersey, where he founded The Weston Dynamo Electric Machine Company and in 1876 he patented a design for a DC generator.

Sharing much of the same enthusiasm as Acheson (ECS Classics, Interface, 26(1) 36-39), Edison, or Swann (ECS Classics, Interface, 23(4) 38-40), Weston was also interested in lighting equipment. His company, among others, won the contract to illuminate the new Brooklyn Bridge. His carbon based light bulb filament made from Tamidine (reduced nitrocellulose) was used until tungsten was introduced. Weston was, since his first introduction to electrochemistry in electroplating, well aware of the need to reliably measure electrical parameters. Because of this interest, in 1887 he established a laboratory making devices for measuring electrical parameters. In the process he developed two important alloys, constantan and manganin, with virtually zero temperature coefficients, making them suitable for calibration resistors. In 1888 he developed a portable instrument to accurately measure current, the basis for a voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter. Then, in 1893, he developed the practical “Weston Standard Cell,” that was used for almost a century to calibrate electrical measuring instruments. His company, Weston Instruments, produced world famous voltmeters, ammeters, wattmeters, highfrequency meters, electric meters (watt-hour meters), and current/ potential transformers and transducers. In 1928-29 Weston and his son Edward Faraday Weston (1878-1971) were experimenting with light film exposure meters for photography based on a photoelectric cell also produced by the Weston company. Eventually, these seleniumbased meters became very useful and highly appreciated tools in film photography (Fig. 1). While the quality of the Weston light meter was undisputed, one has to wonder how much visibility the meters gained thanks to the market of photography books by Edward (Henry) Weston and vice versa, as both the meters and the books were advertised in 1960s side by side in Modern Photography magazine Weston1 did not make his mark on electrochemistry just by his standard cell. He was also a charter member of ECS. In 1928 he invested $25,000 in a trust of ECS to support and advance education in electrochemistry. In eight decades this fund supported over three hundred summer Fig. 1. The Master III photography exposure meter (circa 1956-1959) fellowship recipients. produced by the Weston Company (photo Weston died in Montclair, author). New Jersey on August 20, 1936.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

The Standard Weston Cell Edward Weston invented the cell in 1893. As shown in Fig. 2, the negative electrode is a 12.5 percent amalgam of cadmium with mercury and the positive electrode is pure liquid mercury. These are placed into the arms of the H-shaped glass cell to make contact with platinum contact wires that are sealed in the glass at the bottom of each leg. The diameter of the tubes of the original design was about 25 mm. Over the pure mercury of the positive electrode is placed a paste of mercurous sulfate and cadmium sulfate Fig. 2. Schematics from an unpublished manuscript by the author. mixed with mercury. The electrolyte is an aqueous solution of cadmium sulfate. In the original design the solution was saturated and, to maintain saturation, crystals of cadmium sulfate were placed above the cadmium amalgam and the mercurous sulfate paste in each arm. Some air remained in the vessel and both arms were flame sealed on the top. While the cells could provide some electricity, they were never used to supply much current. They were used as standards connected to high impedance and intermittently to sensitive galvanometers through a Poggendorff compensation potentiometer. The electrochemical reactions of the cell were oxidation of cadmium on the anode and reduction of Hg22+ on the cathode. Anode reaction (negative electrode): Cd(Hg)(l) → Cd2+(aq) + 2 e− Cathode reaction (positive electrode): Hg2SO4(s) + 2 e− → 2 Hg(l) + SO42−(aq) A photograph illustrating an actual H-cell of a commercial Weston cell (Metra Blansko, Czechoslovakia) is shown in Fig. 3. The nominal potential of the cell was 1.018 636 V. Achieving the nominal potential was not a simple task. The commercial mercury was cleaned in dilute nitric acid and distilled water and twice distilled in vacuo, a method adopted and practiced later by many polarographic labs. The amalgam was in the standard descriptions chosen as 12.5 per cent, i.e., one part cadmium to seven parts of mercury. It turns out that as long as the liquid phase in the amalgam remains, the appropriate potential is maintained, thus amalgam containing 6 to 14% of cadmium is sufficient.2 Cadmium sulfate for use in the cell was prepared by recrystallization from water by evaporation at a somewhat elevated temperature. It should be noted that at laboratory temperatures cadmium sulfate crystallizes as a hydrate of formula CdSO4 · 8/3 H2O, an octatritohydrate. Above 74 °C the hydrate becomes CdSO4 · H2O. Thus, the solid crystals placed in the saturated version of the cell above the solid/liquid mercury phases are sometimes properly labeled as CdSO4 · 8/3 H2O. The assembled cell had very stable potential, which varied only slightly with temperature. Even this variation was determined and codified between temperatures t 0 °C and 40 °C by an empirical formula: Et = E20 − 0.0000406 (t − 20) − 0.00000095 (t − 20)2 + 0.00000001 (t − 20)3 Later, unsaturated cells were also used, which showed even lower temperature dependencies. However, their potential would gradually drift and they had to be periodically recalibrated. The potential of the standard cell was originally given (E20, thus at 20 °C) as 1.0183 volts, but this was in the international volt unit. On January 1, 1948 the international volt was replaced by the absolute volt,3 which in the USA required multiplication by 1.0003300; thus,

the value became, at least numerically, 1.0186360 V. An astute student should note the excessive number of significant figures. It has been subtly clarified that the original value was valid to the seventh decimal (hence 1.0183000) and hence the conversion, as given, is valid.4 In practice, Weston cells can be made without an extreme amount of care, once the pure chemicals are available, so that they agree to 0.01 mV, thus to the fifth decimal. Thus, the practical reference value is more reasonably 1.01864 V.

The Volt A volt in the System International is a derived unit, defined as the difference in electric potential between two points of a conduction wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points. While this is a rigorous definition, it does not lend itself to a very practical calibration setup. That is the reason why the Weston cell, once perfected, remained a conventional standard until 1990. Many of these cells still exist on the shelves of research labs, though they are likely not used much anymore. In 1990 the conventional volt was implemented using the Josephson effect. The Josephson voltage standard uses a superconductive integrated circuit operating at 4 K, driven by microwave excitation (70-96 GHz). This device generates voltage which is only dependent on the excitation frequency (and frequency/time measurement can be controlled/measured to the highest number of significant figures) and fundamental constants (the Planck constant and the charge of an electron). The stability of such a well-maintained device is one part per billion or better. As secondary standards properly designed semiconductor devices are used, such as Zener diodes or a bandgap voltage reference, which is a circuit which maintains very constant voltage at 1.2 to 1.3 V, arising from the 1.22 eV bandgap of silicon at 0 K. With such properly designed circuits implemented in modern laboratory instruments their calibration is no longer needed or even possible. When critical or desired, certification may be required instead. (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. H-cell from the Metra Blansko commercial cell (photo V. Novak).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Vanýsek

(continued from previous page)

The Weston cell was an elegant design bringing electrochemistry (albeit often in a black box, with two terminals on top and the workings not visible) to laboratories that depended on exact voltage measurement. A few such cells are shown in the accompanying pictures (Fig. 4-6), not from laboratories but provided for photographing courtesy of the Brno Technical Museum in Czech Republic (Ing. J. Pipota). The Czechoslovak instrument company Metra Blansko produced not only reliable voltmeters and multimeters, but also standard cells, for which we were able to obtain even a picture as disassembled. While the cell could be placed intermittently on its side, it had to be stored and operated in an upright position. While we may be sorry to see that this ambassador of electrochemical thermodynamics has disappeared, we cannot dismiss the practicality of internally calibrated multi-digit meters. And realistically, if the Weston cells were not replaced when they were, their mercury contents would phase them out a few years later anyway.5 © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01173if.

Fig. 4. Cell manufactured by Weston Electrical Instrument Company—the unsaturated version (circa 1950s) (photo author).

Acknowledgement This research was carried out under the project CEITEC 2020 (LQ1601) with financial support from the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic under the National Sustainability Programme II.

About the Author Petr Vanýsek grew up in Czechoslovakia, in the part of the country now known as the Czech Republic, where he received a doctorate in physical electrochemistry. His scientific career developed in the USA, where he went through the ranks of tenure track and tenured faculty at the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Northern Illinois University. Now an Emeritus at NIU, he is currently working at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication of the Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. The Czech connection enabled him to photograph the collection of the Technical Museum in Brno. Vanýsek has long involvement with ECS on a number of committees including four years as the society secretary. Presently, he is a co-editor of Interface, chair of the Europe Section, and vice-chair of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division. He can be reached at pvanysek@gmail.com. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5458-393X

References 1. R. J. Calvo, “Pennington Corner: The Weston Legacy,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 21(3-4), 11 (2012). 2. F. E. Smith, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 208, 413 (1908). 3. W. J. Hamer, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 76A(3) (1972). 4. W. J. Hamer, Standard Cells: Their Construction, Maintenance, and Characteristics, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, 1965. 5. P. Vanýsek, “From the Editor: The Fall of the Falling Mercury,” Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 24(4), 3 (2015).

Fig. 5. The standard “International Weston normal cell with saturated solution” manufactured by Metra, Czechoslovakia (1958) (photo author).

Fig. 6. Assorted standard cells. In the middle are two cells in one container for comparison (photo author).

ECS Redcat Blog The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

www.electrochem.org/redcat-blog 38

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Looking at Patent Law: Patentable Inventions, Conditions for Receiving a Patent, and Claims by E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman

n this column we address the classes of patentable inventions and introduce the novelty and non-obviousness requirements for obtaining a patent. In addition, we describe the parts of a claim. According to U.S. law,1 a patentable invention is one of five statutory classes:

“any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof …ˮ (emphasis added)

From an electrochemical perspective, these five statutory classes could consist of: 1) a process or method for an electrodeposition, electrochemical surface finishing or electrosynthesis process; 2) a machine or apparatus such as an electrolytic cell; 3) a manufacture or product such as a microfluidic device fabricated using an electrochemical through-mask etching process in an electrochemical cell; 4) a composition of matter or chemical compound or alloy such as a battery electrode material; or 5) an improvement of said process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter. Please note, these examples are not all inclusive but are meant to provide an electrochemical context. The term “new” in the patent statute is generally understood to be irrelevant from the perspective of patentable subject matter as “new” (or novel) is one of the requirements for obtaining a patent discussed herein. Attempts to remove the word new from the patentable subject matter statute are currently being evaluated and discussed in a position paper by the Intellectual Property Owners Association.2 However, the term “useful” in the patent statute is key and is consistent with the rationale put forth by the Founders in the Constitution of the United States:3 “to promote the progress of science and the useful arts …” (emphasis added). Although generally rare, the United States Patent and Trademark Office has rejected patent applications based on lack of usefulness. A particularly interesting example is a patent application for a “Warp Drive”.4 The examiner rejected the patent application for lack of utility and in the office action stated that the applicant would have to provide a working model of the invention in order to overcome the rejection. The applicant has not yet replied!

In a previous column, we briefly discussed the requirements for obtaining a patent.5 In addition to fulfilling the requirements of usefulness and falling into one of the five patentable statutory classes, an invention must be novel (or new) and not anticipated by the prior art.6 This is where the term “new” is critical. Specifically, an applicant may receive a patent:7 “unless the claimed invention was patented, described in a printed publication, or in public use, on sale, or otherwise available to the public before the effective filing date of the claimed invention.” (emphasis added). In other words, the invention must be new to the public! Novelty rejections are generally based on one prior art reference, more specifically:8 “A claim is anticipated only if each and every element as set forth in the claim is found, either expressly or inherently described, in a single prior art reference.” In some instances, multiple prior art references can be used to provide support for the primary reference for a novelty rejection.9 In any event, novelty rejections are difficult to overcome and the patent applicant generally abandons the patent application or adds limiting elements to the claim to overcome the novelty rejection. An important exception is that prior art disclosures made by the inventor or joint inventor one year or less before the filing date of the patent application may not be used as novelty rejections.10 In other words, if the inventor discloses the invention for example in

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(continued on next page) 39

Taylor and Inman

(continued from previous page)

an Electrochemical Society presentation or in an ECS Transactions publication, the inventor has one year in which to file a U.S. patent application. However, the ability to file foreign patent applications is prohibited by the public disclosure. Consequently, from a U.S. patent perspective, the U.S. could be considered a “first to publish” jurisdiction, provided the public disclosure is followed by a patent application within one year of the date of public disclosure. In contrast, the rest of the world functions under a “first to file” protocol. Specifically, the first inventor to file the patent application has priority to the invention. Another exception is for prior art disclosures by another applicant who is part of a joint research agreement, specifically:11 “[The claimed] invention was made as a result of activities undertaken within the scope of the joint research agreement.” This modification to the patent statute, the Cooperative Research and Technology Enhancement (CREATE) Act of 2004, was enacted to promote joint research activities between researchers at different universities and between researchers in industry and universities. For these collaborative arrangements, prior art of one of the collaborators may not be used subsequently to reject the patent application of other collaborators provided the prior art was part of the cooperative research activity. In addition to fulfilling the requirements of usefulness, falling into one of the patentable statutory classes and not being anticipated by the prior art, an invention must be non-obvious in light of the prior art, specifically:12 “A patent for a claimed invention may not be obtained, … if the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art are such that the claimed invention as a whole would have been obvious before the effective filing date of the claimed invention to a person having ordinary skill in the art.” The non-obviousness requirement was part of the common law understanding for obtaining a patent and was formally added to the patent statute in 1952. However, the statute did not provide explicit guidance on making an obviousness determination. Additionally, we and other inventors to whom we speak often feel their inventions are “obvious”; a notion often attributed to hindsight bias. Consequently, guidance regarding obviousness determination came from common law including an important Supreme Court case decided in 1966.13 Obviousness rejections are generally based on multiple prior art references and is generally the most common reason for rejections of patent applications. Obviousness hinges on several important determinations:14 1. Determining the scope of the prior art; 2. Ascertaining the differences between the claimed invention and the prior art; 3. Resolving the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art. A particularly challenging component of an obviousness determination is defining the “person having ordinary skill in the art” (PHOSITA). The PHOSITA is a hypothetical person who is assumed to be familiar with the relevant prior art at the time of the invention and have the capability of understanding the relevant scientific and engineering principles. The level of ordinary skill in the art is determined by:15 1. Type of problems encountered in the art; 2. Prior art solutions to those problems; 3. Rapidity with which innovations are made; 4. Sophistication of the technology; 5. Educational level of active workers in the field. In addition, the PHOSITA is a person of ordinary creativity and is not an automaton.16 In other words, the PHOSITA is assumed to be inventive. 40

As noted above, obviousness considerations are the most common basis for patent application rejections and are generally the most challenging to overcome. Case law has provided guidance on ways in which the patent applicant may successfully overcome an obviousness rejection, including:13 1. Demonstration of commercial success; 2. Solution to a long felt but unresolved need; 3. Lack of success or failure of others; 4. Results which would be unexpected to one of ordinary skill in the art; 5. Demonstration of copying by others; 6. Success in licensing the invention; 7. Skepticism of experts. During prosecution of the patent application, these factors are argued or supported by affidavits submitted by the inventor or others to rebut the examiner obviousness rejection. The use of affidavits will be included in a future patent column. An extensive legal review of decisions from the Patent and Trial Appeals Board, the administrative adjudicatory board of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, provides a detailed guide of successful arguments for rebutting obviousness rejections.17,18 Finally, the inventor should realize that “obviousness” in terms of patentability is a legal definition, not a “technical” definition. While an inventor may believe that their invention is technically obvious or nonobvious, this may not be true from a legal perspective. The patent statute requires that the patent application contains a written description of the invention:19 “The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, … to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same.” (emphasis added). Furthermore, the specification must conclude with:20 “one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter …” As noted by former Judge Giles S. Rich of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (i.e., the patent court):21 “The name of the game is the claim.” As stated, the claims define the “metes and bounds” of the intellectual property space covered by the invention.5 While the claims appear last in the patent, they are clearly the most important part of the patent and the previous sections of the patent “enable” or provide support for the claims. Depending on the statutory class of invention, the claims consist of process steps, structural components, functional attributes, or ingredients. The claim further describes the relationship between the various elements in order to practice the useful invention.22 The claim consists of three parts 1. Preamble; 2. Transition phrase; 3. Body. The preamble presents the statutory class of the invention and may only include one statutory class. The transition phrase connects the preamble to the body of the claim. The body of the claim presents the elements of the invention and their interrelationship. The transitional phrase is of particular importance and may be “open-ended” or “closed.” Transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by” are open-ended or inclusive. This means that the claim does not exclude additional claim elements that are not cited in the claim.23 The transitional phrase “consisting of” is closed or exclusive. This means that the claim excludes additional

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

claim elements that are not cited in the claim.24 Other transitional phrases such as “having” may be interpreted as open-ended or closed in view of the intention as described in the specification.25 Finally, claims are generally written in independent or dependent form. As the terminology implies, the independent claim “speaks for itself.” The dependent claims is a sort of shorthand manner in adding claims that include additional elements to the independent claim or qualifications of elements in the independent claim to which the dependent claim refers. Independent claims are broader, by definition, then their dependent claims. By adding dependent claims to the patent application, the patent attorney is providing added likelihood that if the broader independent claim is blocked by novelty or obviousness rejections, the less broad dependent claim may prevail. The same holds true for the issued patent, if the broader independent claim is not able to withstand an infringement proceeding hopefully the less broad dependent claim will prevail. Independent claim 1 and dependent claim 3 from the “Vertical Paddle Plating Cell” patent26 shown in Fig. 1 are presented below. The class of the invention is highlighted in blue italics. The transitional phrase is highlighted in bold italics. The elements of the invention are highlighted in green italics. The body of the claim describes the manner in which the claim elements are interrelated. 1. A cell for use in electroplating a flat article, comprising: a. a floor and a parallel ceiling spaced therefrom; b. a front wall and a parallel back wall spaced therefrom, and being fixedly joined to said floor and ceiling in a quadrilateral configuration having opposite first and second open ends; c. a rack for supporting said article being removably positioned vertically to close said first open end, and including a thief a for laterally surrounding said article and being coplanar therewith to define a cathode; d. an anode being positioned vertically to close said second open end; e. said floor, ceiling, front wall, back wall, rack, and anode defining a substantially closed, six-sided inner chamber for receiving an electrolyte therein for electroplating said article upon establishing current flow between said cathodic article and said anode; f. said thief, for surrounding said article being coextensively aligned with said anode; g. said floor, ceiling, front wall, and back wall being effective for guiding electrical current flux between said cathode and anode. 3. A cell according to claim 1, in combination with: a. a paddle disposed vertically inside said inner chamber adjacent to said rack; b. means for reciprocating said paddle between said front and back walls for agitating said electrolyte inside said inner chamber. From the preamble, the statutory class “cell” is a “machine” or apparatus. The transitional phrase “comprising” is open ended and therefore the claim is inclusive of additional elements. The elements represent the various structural components of the invention. Note the dependent claim 3 includes an additional structural element (paddle) and cites the relationship between the new element and those cited in the independent claim. Also, dependent claim 3 includes a “means for reciprocating” the paddle for agitating the electrolyte within the cell. This phrase is defined as a “means plus function” phrase in the patent statute:27 “An element in a claim for a combination may be expressed as a means or step for performing a specified function without the recital of structure, material, or acts in support thereof …”

Fig. 1. “Paddle Cell” Patent 5,516,412.

After learning of the “means plus function” phrase, many inventors assume that this approach can be used to claim any means for accomplishing the function, in this case agitating the electrolyte by reciprocating. However, to continue:27 “such claim shall be construed to cover the corresponding structure, material, or acts described in the specification and equivalents thereof.” In other words, the means must be disclosed in the specification in order to be part of the claimed subject matter. Independent claim 1 and dependent claim 2 from a “Non-aqueous Lithium Battery” patent28 shown in Fig. 2 are presented below. The class, transitional phrase and elements of the invention are highlighted as noted above. 1. A method of making an anode-cathode assembly for a solid cathode non-aqueous liquid electrolyte alkali metal cell for delivering high current pulses, comprising the steps of: a. providing a cathode mix comprising cathode active material; b. providing a cathode conductor comprising a body portion and a lead portion; c. pressing said cathode mix on said conductor body portion to form a pellet; d. encapsulating said pellet with separator material; e. providing a plurality of cathode elements according to the foregoing steps; (continued on next page)

A thief in this context is an electrode that acts as a current thief (collector).

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Taylor and Inman

(continued from previous page)

f. providing an elongated alkali metal anode comprising an elongated ribbon-like anode conductor, a pair of elongated ribbon-like alkali metal elements pressed together against opposite sides of said conductor to form an anode structure and separator material encapsulating said anode structure; g. folding said anode along the length thereof to form a serpentine structure; h. placing said plurality of cathode elements between corresponding ones of the folds of said serpentine anode structure. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said step of providing a cathode mix is: a. followed by drop-wise addition of a quantity of said electrolyte to said mix prior to said step of pressing.

1. A cathode in a rechargeable electrochemical cell, said cell also comprising an anode and an electrolyte, the cathode comprising: a. An ordered olivine compound having the formula LiMPO4 where M is a first-row transition-metal cation selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni, and Ti. 2. The cathode of claim 1, where: a. M is Fe. From the preamble, the statutory class “cathode” is a “composition of matter” or material. The transitional phrase “comprising” is open ended and the claim is inclusive of additional elements. The elements represent the various ingredients of the composition of matter disclosed in the invention. In the independent claim, note the phrase: “where M is … selected from the group consisting of …”

From the preamble, the statutory class “method” is a “process.” The transitional phrase “comprising” is open ended and the claim is inclusive of additional elements. The elements represent the various steps used in the invention. Note the dependent claim 2 includes an additional step and qualifies the manner in which the electrolyte is added to the cathode mix. Independent claim 1 and dependent claim 2 from a “Cathode Materials for Secondary (Rechargeable) Lithium Batteries” patent29 shown in Fig. 3 are presented below. The class, transitional phrase and elements of the invention are highlighted as noted above.

This phrase is known as a “Markush claim” and in this case identifies a group of alternatively useable ingredients (in this case Fe, Mn, or Ti) in the LiMPO4 compound.30 The Markush claim is named after Eugene A. Markush, the first inventor to successfully use this claim structure.31 Markush groups are usually used to describe ingredients of chemical compounds. Markush groups must be written in closed form using the phrase “consisting of” and are limited to the ingredients listed. The dependent claim 2 further restricts the ingredients for “M” listed in claim 1 (Fe, Mn, Ni, Ti) to just Fe. This is generally recognized as good claim drafting practice because at the time of the patent application, Fe was the preferred embodiment and if the other ingredients listed in claim were found non-workable, the whole claim could be disallowed for lack of usefulness.

Fig. 2. “Battery” Patent 4,964,877.

Fig. 3. “Battery Material” Patent 5,910,382.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

At Faraday Technology, Inc., as well as most companies, universities, and federal facilities, the process of documenting a potential invention begins with an invention disclosure (ID). The ID generally includes both the business rationale to provide justification for incurring the cost of filing/prosecuting/maintaining a patent application/patent and the technical description of the invention. To facilitate the process of translating the ID into a patent application, we employ a “problem-solution statement” upfront in our ID, specifically:32 “The problem(s) of … is(are) solved by …” By forcing inventors to reduce their invention to this one albeit long statement, the problem the invention addresses and the elements of the invention are succinctly and broadly stated. Consequently, the problem-solution statement becomes the basis of the claims and interaction with patent counsel. In this column we address the classes of inventions patentable and introduce the novelty and non-obviousness requirements for obtaining a patent. In addition, we describe the parts of a claim including the preamble, transition phase and body. We further describe the relationship between independent and dependent claims. Our intent is that the inventor will be better prepared to effectively and efficiently interact with their patent attorney in preparing the patent application for their invention. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F02173if.

References 1. 2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

About the Authors

13. 14.

E. Jennings Taylor is the founder of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Jennings leads Faraday’s patent and commercialization strategy and has negotiated numerous via field of use licenses as well as patent sales. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Jennings is an inventor on forty patents. Jennings is admitted to practice before the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent cases as a patent agent (Registration No. 53,676) and is a member of the American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA). Jennings has been a member of the ECS for thirty-eight years and is a fellow of the ECS and currently serves as treasurer. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com.

15.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267

Maria Inman is the research director of Faraday Technology, Inc. where she serves as principal investigator on numerous project development activities and manages the companies pulse and pulse reverse research project portfolio. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Maria is competent in patent drafting and patent drawing preparation and is an inventor on seven patents. Maria is a member of ASTM and has been a member of the ECS for twenty-one years. Maria serves the ECS as a member of numerous committees. She may be reached at mariainman@faradaytechnology.com.

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

27. 28.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410

29.

30. 31. 32.

35 U.S.C. §101 Inventions Patentable. Position Paper, “Proposed Amendments to the Patent Eligible Subject Matter Under 35 U.S.C. §101,” Intellectual Property Owners Association, February 7, 2017 (available https:// cdn.patentlyo.com/media/2017/02/20170207_IPO-101-TFProposed-Amendments-and-Report.pdf, accessed June 15, 2017). United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 8. A. P. Worsley and P. J. Twist, “Technical and Theoretical Specifications for Warp Drive Technology,” U.S. Patent Application No. 10/182,373 filed June 19, 2003. E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman, “ Looking at Patent Law: Why are Patents Often Referred to as Intellectual Property?” Interface 26(1): 41-43 Spring (2017). 35 U.S.C. §102 Conditions for Patentability; Novelty 35 U.S.C. §102 (a)(1) Novelty; Prior Art Verdegaal Bros. v. Union Oil Co. of California, 814 F.2d 628, 631, 2 USPQ2d 1051, 1053 (Fed. Cir. 1987). Manual of Patent Examination and Prosecution 2131.01 Multiple Reference 35 U.S.C. 102 Rejections. 35 U.S.C. §102 (b)(1) Exceptions 35 U.S.C. §102 (c)(2) Common Ownership Under Joint Research Agreement 35 U.S.C. 103 Conditions for Patentability; Non-Obvious Subject Matter. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1, 148 USPQ 459 (1966). Manual of Patent Examination Procedure 2141(II) Examination Guidelines for Determining Obviousness Under 35 U.S.C. 103 Environmental Designs, Ltd. V. Union Oil Co., 713 F.2d 693, 696, 218 USPQ 865, 868 (Fed. Cir. 1983). KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 421, 82 USPQ2d 1385, 1397 (2007). T. Brody, “Rebutting Obviousness Rejections Based on Impermissible Hindsight,” J. Patent & Trademark Office Society, Vol 96(4) 427 (2017). T. Brody, “Rebutting Obviousness Rejections by Way of AntiObviousness Case Law,” J. Patent & Trademark Office Society, Vol 99(2) 113 (2017). 35 U.S.C. §112(a) In General. 35 U.S.C. §112(b) Conclusion. G. S. Rich, “The Extent of the Protection and Interpretation of Claims-American Perspectives,” International Review of Industrial Property and Copyright Law 21, 497, 499, 501 (1990). H. B. Rockman, Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ (2004). Mars Inc. v. H.J. Heinz Co., 377 F.3d 1369, 1376, 71 USPQ2d 1837, 1843 (Fed. Cir. 2004). In re Gray, 53 F.2d 520, 11 USPQ 255 (CCPA 1931). Lampi Corp. v. American Power Products Inc., 228 F.3d 1365, 1376, 56 USPQ2d 1445, 1453 (Fed. Cir. 2000) P. C. Andricacos, K. G. Berridge, J. O. Dukovic, M. Flotta, J. Ordonez, H. R. Poweleit, J. S. Richter, L. T. Romankiw, O. P. Schick, F. Spera, K.-H. Wong “Vertical Paddle Plating Cell” U.S. Patent No. 5,516,412 issued May 14, 1996. 35 U.S.C. §112(f) Element in Claim for a Combination. P. P. Keister, R. T. Mead, B. C. Muffoletto, E. S. Takeuchi, S. J. Ebel, M. A. Zelinsky, J. M. Greenwood, “Non-Aqueous Lithium Battery,” U.S. Patent No. 4,964,877 issued October 23, 1990. J. B. Goodenough, A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, C. Masquelier, “Cathode Materials for Secondary (Rechargeable) Lithium Batteries,” U.S. Patent No. 5,910,382 issued June 8, 1999; reexamination certificate issued April 15, 2008. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure 2173.05(h) Alternative Limitations. E. Markush, “Pyrazolone Dye and Process of Making the Same,” U.S. Patent No. 1,506,316 issued August 26, 1924. R. D. Slusky, Invention Analysis and Claiming: A Patent Lawyer’s Guide, American Bar Association Publishing Chicago, IL (2007).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

T ECH HIGHLIGH T S The Effect of the Fluoroethylene Carbonate Additive in Full Lithium-Ion Cells In recent years, high voltage cathode materials have attracted a great deal of attention due to the high energy densities that they offer. However, side reactions with conventional electrolytes resulting in electrolyte decomposition need to be overcome to make the use of these materials viable for commercial cells. Consequently, various electrolyte additives have been the subject of much research. A team led by researchers from Uppsala University has investigated the effect of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) as an electrolyte additive in full Li-ion cells consisting of a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode and a Li4Ti5O12 anode. Three different amounts of FEC (0, 1 and 5 wt% FEC) were used in a standard LP40 electrolyte. Previous reports investigating the influence of FEC in half cell tests have suggested that the additive resulted in increased capacity retention; however, the results show, contrary to several observations in the literature, that the addition of FEC is not beneficial for highvoltage cathodes in a full cell arrangement. This evaluation of an electrolyte additive in a full Li-ion cell offers valuable insight for the development of future commercial cells and highlights the importance of full Li-ion cell testing. From: B. Aktekin, R. Younesi, W. Zipprich et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, A942 (2017).

Integrated Microfluidic SELEX Using Free Solution Electrokinetics SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) is a process involving the progressive isolation of highly selective oligonucleotides from a combinatorial library through repeated rounds of binding, partitioning and amplification. The resulting single-stranded DNA/RNA molecules, called aptamers, can be functionally used as antagonists, agonists, or targeting ligands in a wide range of applications from drug delivery to biosensing. One of the major efforts over the past 20 years to advance this technology is to improve its lengthy and labor-intensive process which typically takes weeks to months. In a recent JES Focus Issue on Biosensors and Micro-Nano Fabricated Electromechanical Systems, researchers from Columbia University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences reported an integrated microfluidic approach to isolate aptamers against protein targets. On a single microchip, the authors fabricated both the affinity selection and the PCR amplification chambers and coupled them through a long serpentine shaped microfluidic channel. The enriched oligonucleotides after amplification were transported back to the selection chamber by free solution electrokinetic migration without the need for offline reagents and liquid handling. A proofof-concept run was demonstrated by the

isolation of an aptamer pool against IgA with significantly higher binding affinity than the starting library in approximately 4 hours of processing time. From: T. Olsen, C. Tapia-Alveal, K. Yang et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, B3122 (2017).

Correlating Microstructure and Corrosion Properties of Martensitic Stainless Steel Martensitic stainless steels (MSS’s) are widely used as structural engineering materials, including as tool steels in manufacturing processes such as plastic molding. For these applications, the material must have high hardness, good wear resistance, and sufficient corrosion resistance. The mechanical and microstructural properties of MSS’s have, of course, been extensively studied; however, correlation of these to corrosion behavior has not been studied to the extent where a strong correlative understanding exists between microstructural constituents and the thermodynamics and kinetics of local electrochemical phenomena. Researchers at the Royal Institute of Technology and at Uddeholms AB in Sweden recently reported the results of such a correlative study. The authors used optical, electron, atomic force, and scanning Kelvin probe force microscopies, in combination with x-ray diffraction measurements and ThermoCalc simulations, to investigate phase transformations in MSS’s that include carbide and austenite microstructures. Open circuit potential, potentiodynamic polarization, and in-situ AFM measurements revealed higher electrochemical nobility for the carbides (compared to the martensitic matrix) and metastable local corrosion events that could develop into stable pitting. Repassivation of these metastable corrosion sites was observed. However, the authors report only a weak tendency for repassivation upon stable pitting, which would result in a risk for localized corrosion of the steel in chloride-containing media. From: K. H. Anantha, C. Ornek, S. Ejnermark et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, C85 (2017).

Efficiency of a CMP Pad at Removing Protective Material from Copper During CMP Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is a surface finishing methodology of critical importance in the fabrication of multilevel metallized interconnects. CMP relies on a combination of mechanical material removal from asperities on the wafer surface, while low regions are protected by components of the slurry. Corrosion inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) are added to the polishing slurry, forming a protective layer over the surface. The protective layer is removed from asperities protruding from the wafer, while remaining intact on other regions. In this manuscript, the removal process of the protective layer formed in a model polishing slurry containing BTA and glycine, using a commercial pad to planarize

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

a bulk copper surface, has been studied. The effectiveness through which the protective layer was removed was explored over a range of operating conditions using a combination of DC polarization and chronoamperometry. An analytical framework was then assembled to describe the planarization process, and compared to the experimental results. The protective layer removal efficiency was found to be a function of the topology of the CMP pad surface and the slurry composition. A methodology has been defined to quantitatively assess the removal efficiency of a CMP system as a function of its configuration (slurry, load, polishing speed, etc.). From: S. Choi, F.M. Doyle, D.A. Dornfeld, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 6, P187 (2017).

Filtration of Light Emitted from Solid State Incandescent Light Emitting Devices State-of-the-art on-chip optical interconnects can address signal delay issues in modern high density electronic integrated circuit (IC) devices. A dependable light source with a narrow bandwidth is required for achieving a high contrast ratio between on/ off states in the optical interconnect which is not always possible with standard light emitting devices (LEDs). Optical filters applied on top of a solid-state incandescent LED (SSI-LED) can improve the bandwidth of the emitted light. To improve bandwidth, researchers from Texas A&M University used IC-compatible processes and materials to deposit layered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and silicon nitride (SiN) thin film optical filters on top of an SSILED. Greater control of the emitted light peak can be achieved through adjusting the N2 gas flow during deposition. In this work, the authors have shown through initial experiments that the wavelength range and bandwidth of the SSI-LED light can be reliably adjusted. They are now using their initial findings and modeling from this communication to produce optical filters that can absorb broadband light and narrow it to a sharp peak at 850 nm through the use of a multilayer thin film stack, the results of which will be published at a later date. From: S. Zhang and Y.Kuo, ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 6 Q39 (2017).

Tech Highlights was prepared by David Enos and Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm Glynn and David McNulty of University College Cork, Ireland, Zenghe Liu of Verily Life Science, and Donald Pile of Rolled-Ribbon Battery Company. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article. 45

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The Brain and Electrochemistry by Hariklia (Lili) Deligianni

ome of the most devastating diseases involve the brain, the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), neurological disorders along with mental health and substance abuse disorders present some of the greatest threats to public health. There are several gaps in the understanding of common neurological disorders, such as dementia, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, chronic pain associated with neurological disorders, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. Similarly, for mental health disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse disorders, there are several gaps in fundamental understanding of the disease that if tackled, can ultimately lead to effective treatments. As a result, ECS has decided to launch a new symposium called “The Brain and Electrochemistry.” The inaugural symposium will be held at the 232nd ECS Meeting that will take place at National Harbor, MD in October 2017. The symposium will start with a Summit on Neural Health that will describe various government funded research programs on the central and peripheral nervous system. The most prominent such research initiative is the BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) a collaborative, publicprivate research initiative with the goal of supporting the development and application of innovative neural technologies that can help cure neurodegenerative conditions and can assist in the understanding of dynamic brain functions. The BRAIN Initiative was kicked off with $100 million in initial commitments from the National Science Foundation, the U.S. National Institutes of Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and a few private research institutes. Given these developments, we believe it is an opportune time for a special issue of Interface on this very theme of the brain and electrochemistry. The nervous system works via the passage of ionic electrochemical currents and this is a very exciting time to be involved in neural research. Pavel Takmakov, a researcher with the Food and Drug Administration, has written an article for this issue titled, “Electrochemistry of a Robust Neural Interface.” Dr. Takmakov makes the case that the electrochemical and solid state community has the perfect skill set to lead the creation of advanced neural electronics interfaces and to impact therapeutic applications for prosthetics, brain injuries, and psychiatric disorders. Solid state scientists and engineers have worked for more than five decades to miniaturize and to scale down electronics in accordance with Moore’s law, while the electrochemists have learned how to deal with electrochemical liquid-solid interfaces in batteries and other electrochemical devices.

Mark Wightman is a giant in the area of electrochemical monitoring of neurotansmitters, chemicals released during neural communication. A full-day symposium honoring Prof. Wightman has been scheduled. For more than four decades, Prof. Wightman has demonstrated that electrodes of micrometer dimensions enable exploration of temporal and spatial measurements of neurotransmitters. Prof. Wightman and his student, Justin Johnson, have coauthored a paper for this issue entitled “Cyclic Voltammetric Measurements of Neurotransmitters.” The paper reviews the advances made in neurotranmission measurements with the development of the fast scan cyclic voltammetry. The development of this method has enabled selective measurements of dopamine in-vivo in animal studies. The Wightman research group has shown complex electrochemical signals in the brain of awake, freely behaving animals and has provided new insights into the dynamics of dopamine release in the brain reward system. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F04173if.

About the Guest Editor Hariklia (Lili) Deligianni is a research scientist in IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. Her recent research interests include materials and devices for power electronics, bioelectronics, smart biosensors, and cognitive computing. She has played a key role developing the solder bump technology that became the standard method for joining of silicon chips to packages. She coinvented copper electrodeposition for on-chip interconnects and received the New York Intellectual Property Law Association 2006 Inventor of the Year Award. For both technologies, IBM was recognized with the U.S. National Medal of Technology and Innovation. In 2012, she received the ECS Research Electrodeposition Award. She has co-authored 80 manuscripts and 185 patents and more than 30 patents pending with the USPTO. She holds a PhD degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. She is a member of the Academy of Technology, served as an officer of the Electrodeposition Division for 10 years, recently served on the board of ECS (2012-2016) as secretary and is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society. She may be reached at lili@us.ibm.com.

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Electrochemistry of a Robust Neural Interface by Pavel A. Takmakov

ntegration of a human body with electronic devices has evolved It is easy to get lightheaded from a grandiose future projected by from a science fiction to the next frontier of technological a cadre of seasoned and fresh neural engineers. This dizziness might progress.1 The passion of neural interface pioneers was a be reflective of a belief that neurotechnology is going through a primary force behind this evolution.2 Miniaturization, a surge hype stage. The most recent version of “Hype Cycle for Emerging in computational power, and a decrease in cost of electronics Technologies” released by Gartner Inc.7 places BCI on an ascending were other contributing factors. A democratization of science with slope towards the peak of inflated expectations, which precedes a an abundance of inexpensive hardware and open access to scientific trough of disillusionment before it gets to a plateau of productivity. and engineering knowledge gave rise to biohacking communities If neurotechnology follows this path, what can be done to take that allowed anybody to build some neurological devices without advantage of the increased attention by fueling resources into the traditional barriers and oversight.3 Technology companies have development of solid milestones that make the journey to the plateau dived into neurotechnology, fueled by a culture of disruption and of productivity smoother and more straightforward? One enormous substantial capital for R&D. The medical device world is preparing engineering challenge is the development of a robust neural interface for miniaturized neural implants that will be integrated in real time for miniaturized implantable neurological devices that will function with diverse flows of data to provide better therapies for a large group over the course of a human lifetime. This neural interface should be of patients. capable of maintaining a high-bandwidth link between a nervous Bioelectronic medicine refers to a new generation of system that communicates by ionic currents and via neurotransmitters, neuromodulation devices designed to alter the function of end organs and an artificial device that transmit and process information via via targeted stimulation of peripheral nerves. Unlike traditional electronic currents. Electrochemistry has the means and expertise to neuromodulation treatments, bioelectronic medicine samples activity address this challenge. of end organs for closed-loop feedback to precisely tune activity of the organs by adjusting intensity of neural stimulation or blockage.4 Miniaturization of Neural Implants This approach represents an alternative to drugs and provides a cure for a number of conditions related to “miscommunication” within Neurostimulators have functioned well in patients starting the body, such as diabetes, autoimmune diseases, and even cancer. from the first implantable spinal cord stimulator in 1967.8 The first Eventually, the feedback algorithms will use a variety of information, cochlear implant was introduced in 19789 and worked well over many including data from consumer electronic devices, to design the most decades. Since then, cochlear implants have grown into the most efficient stimulation therapy in real mature neural implant technology time and provide patient-specific that employs bilateral implantation treatment with fewer side effects. The in pediatric patients with more than high expectations from bioelectronic One enormous engineering challenge 300,000 people benefiting from these medicine is highlighted by funding devices. Cumulatively, cochlear is the development of a robust neural interface from the government with DARPA implants, spinal cord, deep brain, for miniaturized implantable neurological ElectRx (Electrical Prescriptions) and peripheral nerve stimulators and NIH SPARC (Stimulating devices that will function have millions of patient-years of Peripheral Activity to Relieve reliable performance.10 This success over the course of a human lifetime. Conditions) programs and funding makes a promising case for the from the private sector with examples future of neural implants. However, including the Feinstein Institute and novel neural implants are orders of Galvani Bioelectronic, a joint venture magnitude smaller than traditional between GlaxoSmithKline and Verily Life Sciences. neurological devices. Miniaturization imposes new constraints for The brain-computer interface (BCI) enables direct reading of material performance that can undermine the reliability of the neural neural signals to transmit information from the brain to a computer, interface. bypassing the use of muscles. BCI is employed in neuroprosthesis Future miniaturization of neural implants is driven by several to guide robotic arms and restore motor functions for patients requirements. First, establishing a high-bandwidth communication with paralysis or limb amputation. High-bandwidth BCI that link with a nervous system requires recording signals from single enables efficient integration between human brain and machines is neurons instead of their averaged populations.11 Neuronal cell bodies being explored for cognitive enhancement. Development of highare 20-30 micrometers in diameter and are densely packed. To achieve bandwidth BCI is funded by the DARPA Neural Engineering System a single neuron resolution, the electrodes need to be smaller than 100 5 Design (NESD) program that just announced its winning proposals. micrometers. In peripheral nerves with a diameter of myelinated Recently, a number of high profile players from the tech industry axons of 1 – 10 micrometers, the dimensions of a recording electrode 6 entered a race for a host of BCI applications. Facebook is looking aiming for a single axon resolution should be even smaller. Another into a development of non-invasive BCI to increase typing speed; call for miniaturization is a déjà vu from the integrated circuit world, Kernel is working on a BCI-based prosthesis; Neuralink is focused since a million-channel neural interface will require crowding of many on building high-bandwidth BCI to link human minds together; electrodes in a small area. The progress towards this goal is tracked 6 Openwater is developing optical-based BCI. The impact of creating by a number of simultaneously recorded neurons by Stevenson’s safe, reliable, high-bandwidth BCI to augment human intelligence Law,12 a BCI analog of Moore’s law. Acute single-unit recordings might be difficult to immediately comprehend, but for a therapeutic with one electrode have been developed in the first half of the last application, BCI can address not only motor disease but also brain century.13 The current challenge is to move into chronic recordings injuries and psychiatric disorders by replacing malfunctioning neural with millions of separate channels, similar to moving from a vacuum circuits with external computational algorithms. (continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Takmakov

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Electrodes: Corrosion of Thin Films

The shrinking size of neural implants brings a new constraint tube triode to a smartphone. Also, implantation of a large device leads for the stability of electrochemical sensing and neurostimulation to substantial damage to neural tissue and brings risks associated with electrodes. The electrode material has to be inert within the desired surgical injury. The maximum distance at which an electric signal operational potential window, with negligible amounts of corrosion. from a neuron can be detected is The impact of corrosion can be approximately 150 micrometers. For ignored for carbon or platinum an implantable device with larger electrodes of large size. It can also be dimensions, damage to target neural Another call for miniaturization ignored for microelectrodes, but only tissue makes chronic recordings of if they are used for a short period of single units very difficult. is a déjà vu from the integrated circuit world, time. Can experience from clinical since a million-channel neural interface will Carbon-fiber microelectrodes have neuromodulation devices be require crowding of many electrodes been used for in vivo electrochemical translated to the development of detection of neurotransmitters in miniature neural interfaces? If there in a small area. mammalian brains.18 Traditionally, is a magical shrinking machine that in vivo voltammetry has can reduce an existing neural implant employed disposable carbon-fiber in size, will it yield a functional microelectrodes with a single electrode being used for a short period microscopic device? Unfortunately, this is the point where benefits of time (hours). A new modification of this method employs chronic of miniaturization strike back. The decrease in thickness of insulation carbon-fiber microelectrodes19 where the same carbon-fiber is used and electrodes might facilitate failure of the chronically implanted for a long period time. In this case, the oxidative etching of carbon devices in the body. that occurs during continuous voltammetric ramps20 needs to be taken into consideration. An etching rate of just 14.4 nm per minute applied Insulation: to a microelectrode with diameter of 7 micrometers results in its Barrier Properties of Thin Films complete dissolution within weeks of moderate use, which limits the prospects of thin layer carbon for a chronic neurochemical sensing Insulation and encasing of miniaturized neural implants rely on application. fabrication methods that are mostly adapted from the microelectronic Platinum electrodes corrode during neuromodulation both in industry. These methods are different from manufacturing processes vitro21-23 and in vivo.24 The impact of platinum corrosion has been used for traditional neurological devices. Microelectronic devices considered negligible in vivo, but recent post-mortem studies of tissue are designed to perform in dry and inert conditions and do not and electrodes from patients with cochlear implants suggest that it necessarily function well in a biological environment. Electronic is not completely absent.14,25 The components in traditional neural consequences of platinum corrosion implants are encased in ceramic or become critical when electrode metal cans; however, miniaturized dimensions shrink. For example, neural implants are mostly zerothe rate of platinum dissolution Unlike traditional neurological devices, volume devices. Unlike traditional measured by Robblee et al. in vitro23 miniaturized neural implants employ thin film neurological devices, miniaturized is 0.073 nm per hour for cathodicneural implants employ thin film insulation and unlike microchips, first stimulation at frequency of insulation and unlike microchips, 50 Hz and charge density of 300 µC/ they are a microscopic in at least they are a microscopic in at least two cm2. If this rate is constant over two dimensions, which requires reliable adhesion dimensions, which requires reliable time, a continuously stimulated oneadhesion of insulation on an uneven of insulation on an uneven surface. millimeter thick platinum electrode surface. Since barrier properties of would last for 1561 years, while insulation diminish with a decrease in a one-micrometer thick platinum thickness, thin film insulation is more electrode would disappear in just prone to diffusion of water inward 1.56 years. These numbers represent and diffusion of non-biocompatible compounds (metal ions) outward. a “guesstimate” that relies on many approximations and cannot be Additionally, degradation from exposure to biological media would used as a reliable numerical metric of life expectancy for platinum have a large impact on thin layer insulation. A recent examination electrodes in vivo. However, if dissolution follows a linear pattern, of explanted cochlear devices14 that spent decades in human body decreases in electrode thickness will lead to shorter electrode lifetime provides evidence of degradation of silicon insulation over time, due to corrosion, and this aspect needs to be taken into consideration likely from reactive oxygen species released by immune cells during when at least one electrode dimension shrinks by several orders of the foreign body response. The assumption that this degradation magnitude. proceeds at the same rate as micrometer-thick insulation, suggests that a miniaturized neural implant might fail over the same period of Future Vision time. Neural implant designers are very aware of issues with thin film insulation and many clever and novel efforts have been implemented Non-electric and non-invasive neurostimulation and neural to address it.15 R&D progress in this direction is expedited by the recording using light, magnetic fields, or ultrasound offer new means use of rodent animal models16 to establish device failure modes, to establish a contact-less neural interface. In the aforementioned an advantage over traditional neural implants that, due to device DARPA ElectRx and NESD programs, roughly half of the funded dimensions, are limited to experiments using large animals.17 efforts are focused on non-electric methods of connecting to a nervous system. These techniques have great potential, but they require an additional transducing step to translate from neuronal communication, with ionic currents and neurotransmitter flows, to electric currents in implantable devices.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Clinical neural implants that rely on electrical communication have a history of successful use. Electrochemists have expertise in designing robust electrochemical interfaces in electrolytic capacitors and sensors where an ionic-electronic interface withstands many cycles with no or little decline in performance. Can electrochemical ingenuity be recruited to build a robust miniaturized neural interface and where would this expertise have the greatest impact? Development of quantitative methods for rapid assessment of insulation degradation and moisture penetration would help establish quantitative metrics to drive the neural implants development process. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, used currently, does not provide quantitative information on a degree of insulation loss. It cannot reliably differentiate between insulation loss and moisture penetration. Additionally, it is not capable of identifying spatial location of cracks in the insulation. Electron microscopy can assess insulation integrity, but it is very laborious and the results are hard to quantify, at least at the present state of automation. The helium leakage test is used to assess the integrity of packaging for traditional neural implants, but this test cannot be easily adapted to miniaturized neural implants since they have essentially zero internal volume. Animal studies in rodents are lengthy, expensive and inconsistent due to experimental complexity and variability in surgical techniques. A better understanding of the factors contributing to device degradation would help design an in vitro model that closely mimics the in vivo environment to accelerate testing of new materials and new fabrication methods. In vitro models that re-create stress elements from the biological environment are useful tools for rapid screening of promising candidates26. Fine tuning of conditions for the accelerated in vitro testing system can be guided by data from preclinical and clinical14 studies to precisely establish the chemical agents responsible for a failure of insulation and electrodes. Additionally, the use of cell cultures has not yet been fully tapped27 for the simulation of in vivo conditions for the in vitro neural implant development process. Seamless integration between a human body and solid state intelligence is a very hot topic. Electrochemists have potential to harness this momentum and focus its energy on solving the enormous engineering challenge of building a robust neural interface that can last a lifetime. Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this paper have not been formally disseminated by the Food and Drug Administration and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy. The mention of commercial products, their sources, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorsement of such products by Department of Health and Human Services. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05173if.

About the Author Pavel (Pasha) Takmakov is a staff fellow at Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials Science of the Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories at Center for Devices and Radiological Health, US FDA. Dr. Takmakov’s research interest is the interface of the nervous system with medical devices. He has 15 years of experience in different areas of applied electrochemistry including biosensing with nanopores, voltammetric detection of neurotransmitters in vivo, electrical neuromodulaton, and reliability of neural implants. He may be reached at pavel.takmakov@fda.hhs.gov. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6591-0257

References 1. M. Nicolelis, Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains with Machines—and How It Will Change Our Lives, Macmillan, London, UK (2011). 2. M. Gay, The Brain Electric: The Dramatic High-Tech Race to Merge Minds and Machines, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, NY (2015). 3. A. Wexler, Front. Hum. Neurosci., 11, (2017). 4. E. Waltz, Nat. Biotechnol., 34, 904 (2016). 5. E. Strickland, “DARPA Wants Brain Implants That Record From 1 Million Neurons.” Available at: http://spectrum.ieee.org/ the-human-os/biomedical/devices/darpa-wants-brain-implantsthat-record-from-1-million-neurons. (Accessed: 11th July 2017) 6. E. Strickland, IEEE Spectrum, 54, 8 (2017). 7. M. J. Walker, B. Burton, and M. Cantara, Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, p. 70 Gartner Inc., Arlington, VA (2016). 8. P. L. Gildenberg, Pain Med., 7, S7 (2006). 9. G. M. Clark, J. C. M. Clark, and J. B. Furness, JAMA, 310, 1225 (2013). 10. V. Pikov, “Global Market for Implanted Neuroprostheses”, in Implantable Neuroprostheses for Restoring Function, K. Kilgore, Editor, p. 383–394, Woodhead Publishing, Sawston, UK (2015). 11. G. Buzsáki, C. A. Anastassiou, and C. Koch, Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 13, 407 (2012). 12. I. H. Stevenson and K. P. Kording, Nat. Neurosci., 14, 139 (2011). 13. Methods for Neural Ensemble Recordings, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2008). 14. J. T. O’Malley, B. J. Burgess, D. Galler, and J. B. Nadol, Otol. Neurotol., 38, 970 (2017). 15. M. Jorfi, J. L. Skousen, C. Weder, and J. R. Capadona, J. Neural Eng., 12, 011001 (2015). 16. S. Vasudevan, K. Patel, and C. Welle, J. Neural Eng., 14, 016008 (2017). 17. D. Kumsa, G. Steinke, G. F. Molnar, E. M. Hudak, F. W. Montague, S. C. Kelley, D. F. Untereker, A. Shi, B. P. Hahn, C. Condit, H. Lee, D. Bardot, J. Centeno, V. Krauthamer, and P. A. Takmakov, Neuromodulation, (2017) (in press, DOI: 10.1111/ ner.12641). 18. E. S. Bucher and R. M. Wightman, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 8, 239 (2015). 19. J. J. Clark, S. G. Sandberg, M. J. Wanat, J. O. Gan, E. A. Horne, A. S. Hart, C. A. Akers, J. G. Parker, I. Willuhn, V. Martinez, S. B. Evans, N. Stella, and P. E. M. Phillips, Nat. Methods, 7, 126 (2010). 20. P. Takmakov, M. K. Zachek, R. B. Keithley, P. L. Walsh, C. Donley, G. S. McCarty, and R. M. Wightman, Anal. Chem., 82, 2020 (2010). 21. S. B. Brummer, J. McHardy, and M. J. Turner, Brain Behav. Evol., 14, 10 (1977). 22. D. Kumsa, E. M. Hudak, F. W. Montague, S. C. Kelley, D. F. Untereker, B. P. Hahn, C. Condit, M. Cholette, H. Lee, D. Bardot, and P. Takmakov, J. Neural Eng., 13, 054001 (2016). 23. L. S. Robblee, J. McHardy, J. M. Marston, and S. B. Brummer, Biomaterials, 1, 135 (1980). 24. L. S. Robblee, J. McHardy, W. F. Agnew, and L. A. Bullara, J. Neurosci. Methods, 9, 301 (1983). 25. K. Spiers, T. Cardamone, J. B. Furness, J. C. M. Clark, J. F. Patrick, and G. M. Clark, Cochlear Implants Int., 17, 129 (2016). 26. P. Takmakov, K. Ruda, K. S. Phillips, I. S. Isayeva, V. Krauthamer, C. G. Welle, J. Neural Eng., 12, 026003 (2015). 27. A. Guan, P. Hamilton, Y. Wang, M. Gorbet, Z. Li, and K. S. Phillips, Nat. Biomed. Eng., 1, 0045 (2017).

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Cyclic Voltammetric Measurements of Neurotransmitters by Justin A. Johnson and R. Mark Wightman

eurotransmission is a multifaceted phenomenon, relying on both electrical and chemical impulses for information propagation and processing throughout the nervous system. Neurons act as the central units of this transmission. Control of their transmembrane voltage gradients allow these specialized cells to transform extracellular chemical information into electrical signals called action potentials. These action potentials are conducted through axons to synapses, where the action potential causes controlled chemical release to influence downstream cells. A complete picture of neurotransmission thus requires tools to probe multiple aspects on the cellular level and to understand the interplay between them. The study of neuronal electrical activity has a well-established history in the field of electrophysiology, beginning in the 1950s with the pioneering experiments of Hodgkin and Huxley.1-3 However, the real-time in vivo chemical analysis of neurotransmission, and more specifically neurotransmitters, is a formidable analytical challenge. The heterogeneous and complex nature of the neuronal environment demands that chemical measurements have high sensitivity, spatiotemporal resolution, and chemical selectivity to provide insight into the neurobiology. Consequently, electrochemistry, which can provide sub-second measurements stemming from redox reactions of electroactive compounds, has found considerable success in this endeavor.4 Appropriate choice of instrumentation, experimental design, and electrode materials (e.g., carbon-fiber microelectrodes) can provide the nano-molar limits of detection needed for neurotransmitter tracking in micron-sized environments. However, the selectivity of in vivo electrochemical measurements has provided a greater impediment.5 Indeed, in the first attempts by Ralph Adams and colleagues in 1973, cyclic voltammetric measurements within the extracellular environment did not reveal dopamine, a catecholamine neurotransmitter, but rather the signal was dominated by the antioxidant ascorbic acid that is present in orders of magnitude larger concentrations.6 Many electrochemical techniques have been evaluated for in vivo electrochemistry. For example, controlled-potential amperometry has exquisite time resolution and sensitivity, but its selectivity is poor, hindering its widespread adoption. All redox-active species that can undergo electron transfer at the electrode contribute to the measurements taken at each time point, and separation of their contributions is not possible. In contrast, cyclic voltammetry generates different analyte responses along the potential axis that depend on their electrochemical properties, introducing another degree of selectivity into the measurements. However, traditional approaches to cyclic voltammetry do not directly provide the selectivity or sensitivity desired to measure neurotransmitters. Modification of cyclic voltammetry for in vivo neurotransmitter analysis has been extensive and now permits selective dopamine measurements. Additionally, sophisticated methods of analysis of in vivo voltammetric data have been adopted, as will be reviewed here.

Experimental Approaches to Dopamine Signal Isolation In vivo electrochemical measurements need to be converted into information about neurotransmitter temporal dynamics and their concentrations. To accomplish this, several criteria must be met. First, the contributors to the electrochemical signal need to be understood. Second, the portion of the signal that carries information

about the neurotransmitter of interest must be isolated. Finally, the information about the neurotransmitter should be transformed into concentration estimates. The first two criteria can be partially met through experimental means (e.g., the deployment of appropriate electrochemical methodologies), while the second and third criteria require robust calibration methodologies. Early in its development, the field realized that the traditional voltammetric procedures were insufficient due to the interferences provided by neurotransmitter metabolites and other ambient species. These interferences are typically found in orders of magnitude higher concentrations than dopamine in extracellular fluid.7 The first step towards interpreting the electrochemical data was to identify the subset of electroactive species present in the extracellular environment capable of generating signals. For this, experiments targeting dopamine in the striatum were carried out with electrochemistry and perfusion methods coupled to liquid chromatography. Homovanillic acid, uric acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and ascorbic acid (AA) were identified as the primary electroactive components.8,9 DOPAC is a dopamine metabolite formed by monoamine oxidase, whereas ascorbic acid is a neuroprotective antioxidant. Both have similar voltammetric peak positions as dopamine on unmodified carbon electrodes. The first steps towards improving selectivity employed modifications of the carbon surface. Gonon and colleagues reported that brief application of a high-frequency triangular wave (0 to ~3 V vs. Ag/AgCl) to a carbon-fiber surface resulted in differential pulse voltammograms that had separate peaks for the catechols (DA and DOPAC) and ascorbate.10,11 Apparently, surface-oxide groups formed during electrical pretreatment catalyzed the redox reactions, resulting in negative shifts in their peak potentials. Further, cyclic voltammetric characterization of these compounds at these modified electrodes also exhibited this catalysis (Fig. 1), and the peaked behavior for the voltammograms of DOPAC and DA indicated that adsorptive preconcentration occurred, promoting sensitivity.9 However, in brain tissue, these fibers exhibit a decrease in sensitivity with time, leading to high detection limits unsuitable for robust analysis of small dopamine changes. As such, later approaches focused on continued excursions to more moderate anodic potential limits (~1.4 V) during the measurement, which maintained sensitivity but at the expense of selectivity.12-14 A second modification to increase selectivity was the use of a perfluorinated ion-exchange membrane (i.e., Nafion) on the electrode surface.15,16 The negatively charged polymer membrane acts to filter out anions (e.g., ascorbic acid and DOPAC at physiological pH), preventing their access to the electrode surface. This allows for the relative isolation of the dopamine signal, coupled to a modest increase in sensitivity.17 The second breakthrough for selective electrochemical measurements was the introduction of fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), in which the scan rate of the voltammetric sweep is hundreds of volts per second. This approach was introduced by Millar and colleagues for detection of dopamine introduced into the brain.18 However, it was soon realized that it was ideal for measurement of endogenous dopamine released from neurons. When dopamine neurons were activated by electrical stimulation, a dopamine signal was detected that was identical to that for exogenously introduced dopamine.19 Subsequent characterization of the voltammograms showed that the selectivity derives from the differing electron transfer rates of the detected species. At high scan rates, the slow kinetics of

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ascorbic acid and DOPAC oxidation push their voltammetric peaks to potentials more positive than that of dopamine (Fig. 1B), allowing resolution of the dopamine signal.17 Further, the shortening of the measurement window allows for the reduction wave, generated from the oxidized dopamine (i.e., dopamine-o-quinone), to be observed in + also cause increased the resulting voltammogram.19,20 Rapid scan rates voltammetric signal intensities, improving sensitivity.21 Furthermore, the brief measurement window provides access to a sub-second view of the neurotransmitter. However, there are drawbacks to these approaches. Modified electrodes distort the temporal response of the sensor beyond that attributable to diffusion from the release site to the electrode.9,22 This stems from the adsorptive characteristics of the electrode and, in the case of Nafion films, the time needed to diffuse through the film to the electrode surface.20,23 Subsequent data treatment, typically deconvolution, can provide a less distorted view of the dopamine response.24-26 The most prominent interference with FSCV is the large background current. At carbon electrodes, the background consists of non-faradaic and faradaic components. Because neurotransmitter concentrations that are active in vivo are in the nano-molar range, this background dwarfs the analytical signal by orders of magnitude, necessitating digital background subtraction for its removal.27 The measurements then become dependent on the background stability that depends on changes at the electrode related to surface fouling and surface oxidation driven by the applied waveform.28-30 This limits measurements to the time windows over which the background signal remains stable, restricting the information to that concerning transient dopamine release. Additionally, FSCV measurements may

be interfered by chemical species that can modulate the background current. These can be non-faradaic species, such as ions that affect charging of the electrical double layer.28,31 For moderately oxidized carbon fibers, a voltammetric wave attributable to the two-electron, two-proton redox reaction of a surface quinone-like species appears in the background current.28,32-35 This is a pH-dependent process. Because dopamine terminal activity is accompanied by metabolic activity, this results in pH contributions to the FSCV measurements.36 These, however, have voltammetric waves that differ from dopamine and can be dealt with through appropriate data analysis methods (as discussed below). No method for increasing specificity is fool-proof. For instance, dopamine cannot be differentiated from norepinephrine, another catecholamine.14,37 Therefore, non-electrochemical criteria for their distinction have been developed and used to successfully differentiate the two catecholamines.5,38 First, in vitro characterization of the voltammetric behavior of the species of interest at the specific type of electrode used in a media containing all expected extracellular fluid components is needed to verify that the in vivo signal exhibits similar behavior. Second, the use of independent methods of analysis (e.g., dialysis techniques coupled to offline analytical techniques or post-mortem liquid chromatography) is recommended to corroborate the general electrochemical findings.37,39-42 Third, the electrochemical measurements should match up with the known chemical composition and physiology of the neural structure studied. This also requires confirmation of the positioning of the electrode, which is most often done through electrolytic lesioning of the carbon fiber electrode post-experiment and subsequent histological analysis.43 Finally, pharmacological manipulation with well-characterized agents should modulate the signal in a manner matching the known effect on the underlying neurotransmitter.

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Fig. 1. Comparison of voltammetric measurements of ascorbic acid (AA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and dopamine (DA) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. (A) Slow-scan voltammograms (100 mV/s) for AA, DOPAC, and DA (left to right) taken at unmodified (a) and electrochemically pretreated (b) carbon-fiber microelectrodes. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 9 (J. Neurosci. Meth., 10, 215 (1984); Copyright 1984 Elsevier). (B) Fast-scan voltammograms (200 V/s) for AA, DOPAC, and DA (left to right) taken at bare carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Cyclic voltammograms are background subtracted. (Adapted with permission from Ref. 17(Anal. Chem., 60, 1268 (1988); Copyright 1988 American Chemical Society). 54

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Calibration Methodologies The use of robust calibration methodologies is needed to extract signals for multiple analytes from the data. Originally, the current at the dopamine oxidation potential was used to calculate its concentration. To reduce the subjective nature of this identification, a template method was introduced, where the correlation of an in vivo signal was determined against a series of in vitro signals of expected components.44-47 Alternatively, the in vivo signal was compared to another in vivo signal evoked by a known method of eliciting the specific neurotransmitter response (e.g., electrical stimulation).48 There are, however, two problems with this approach. First, selection of a correlation threshold for selecting measurements with sufficiently pure dopamine signals was an arbitrary, user-defined value rather than a statistically robust parameter. Second, this introduces an inherent bias into the pool of analyzed data.45 Despite this, this approach was a hint of things to come, as it utilized the power of the voltammogram, namely that there are multiple current measurements that relate to the dopamine concentration that can be used for identification. Indeed, in an extension of this approach, a bivariate analysis method was used, where current measurements at potentials dominated by known interferents were used to predict and subtract their contributions at the dopamine oxidation potential.36,49 However, full utilization of the voltammogram was not realized until chemometric multivariate analysis methods were adopted, which use the entire set of current measurements in the voltammogram. Heien and colleagues first reported the use of a technique called principal component analysis-inverse least squares regression (PCAILS), also referred to as principal component regression (PCR) for short, for the analysis of FSCV data.50 This approach consists of two steps. First, principal component analysis, a dimensionality reduction factor analysis technique, is used to produce noise-free estimates of the pure spectra of all expected components. The user provides the model with a set of voltammograms (i.e., a training set) measured at the electrode. The signal shapes of the training set are reduced into principal components that define the majority of the variance of the training data. These principal components are used to construct noise-free spectra, which are used to analyze the data using inverse least-squares regression. This method determines the best-fit linear combination of spectra that describes the experimental data. From this, the oxidative peak current of the fitted spectra is then converted into an estimate of concentration using either average calibration factors for similar electrodes or ex vivo calibration. This PCA-ILS approach proved superior to the prior approaches for in vivo data analysis. For example, shortly after its introduction, its use was shown to provide higher signal resolution and provide higher rate of detection to dopamine release events during cocaine administration in freely moving rats (Fig. 2). As such, this approach has become the standard approach to data analysis in the field. Since its introduction, the technique has been further refined to provide tools to help in model construction and validation. Techniques such as PCA-ILS can realize what is referred to in the chemometrics literature as the first-order advantage.51,52 Univariate methods (i.e., zero-order methods) have no means of detecting the presence of interferents contributing to the single measurement used for calibration. However, first-order methods like PCA-ILS can detect their presence through a validation technique called residual analysis.53-55 This procedure relies on the current remaining after spectral fitting, which has the advantage of having well-defined statistical properties that can be used for detection of interferents. A large residual current indicates that the model is poorly suited for analysis of the data and that the model predictions likely have error. Adaptation and rigorous implementation of a residual analysis procedure for FSCV was introduced by Keithley and colleagues.54 Further, tools for the evaluation of model quality (i.e., Cookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distance plots for the detection of outliers and k vectors for visual inspection of estimated analyte spectra) have been introduced and implemented into a user-friendly analysis program, permitting the facile construction and evaluation of PCA-ILS models.56,57 These developments have helped establish PCA-ILS as the standard for FSCV data analysis, due to its success for removal of interferents

such as pH and background drift.29,58 However, the implementation of PCA-ILS has not been without controversy. The main point of contention has been the proper construction of training sets, which adds experimental complexity due to the need for additional data collection.59,60 Other analysis methods have been explored. First, a method called partial least squares regression (PLS) has been reported for FSCV analysis.61 The method is similar to PCA-ILS, differing solely in how the pure spectra are determined from the training set prior to regression.62 For this step, PCA focuses solely on the major variance present in the voltammograms, while PLS considers both the voltammograms and corresponding concentration values to attempt to define factors that best explain the variance in both. The advantage of this approach typically relies on the independence of errors in the concentration values and the obtained spectra, which, if not accounted for, can reduce the effectiveness of noise removal.62 However, the concentration values are typically estimated from the peak oxidative current of the training set voltammograms, as a method for independent verification of the corresponding concentrations has not been established, so it is unclear how much of an advantage this approach provides. The main reasons for the use of factor analysis techniques like PLS and PCA prior to regression are to avoid: 1. ill-defined regression equations; and 2. issues that arise when a number of the predictive variables (e.g., the individual current measurements in (continued on next page)

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. Use of PCA-ILS for monitoring dopamine release following cocaine administration in a freely-moving rat. (A) Background-subtracted color plot showing endogenous dopamine transients collected 90 second after cocaine infusion. (B) Concentration traces obtained for dopamine (black) and pH (blue) obtained using PCA-ILS analysis of the data shown in (A). Modified from Ref. 58 (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 102, 10023 (2005); Copyright 2005 National Academy of Sciences).

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Johnson and Wightman

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the voltammograms) are highly correlated.62,63 This latter condition is called multicollinearity and is certainly present in the current measurements in a single voltammogram. Failure to consider these parameters during model building can result in non-unique solutions that are biased towards the use of a subset of the current measurements for concentration measurement. Penalized linear regression techniques address this by modifying the regression equations themselves with additional terms that ‘penalize’ solutions that bias towards unreasonably large weightings of a subset of measurements and provide boundaries to define the regression equation such that it provides unique solutions.64 In the report by Kishida et al. this approach was used for analysis of the derivatives of the non-background-subtracted FSCV voltammograms, and it was claimed that the technique performed more reliably than PCA-ILS on the data analyzed and could be used to monitor tonic dopamine concentrations.65 However, a thorough characterization of this technique is needed to validate the results, as well as the development of tools like residual analysis for verification of the model results.

Conclusion The search for selectivity has been one of the primary driving forces behind the evolution of the field of in vivo electrochemistry. The advances in this area made in the past four decades have facilitated the maturation of the field to the point where it can be used to robustly track neurotransmitters in awake, freely moving animals and produced profound insights into the roles of release of these neurotransmitters in encoding information. Looking forward, many exciting new technologies have begun successful translation for in vivo use, including new electrode materials (e.g., carbonnanotube coated electrodes),66-68 experimental configurations (e.g., microelectrode arrays and coupling of FSCV to iontophoresis and electrophysiology),69-71 and novel electrode coatings (e.g., PEDOT).72 Certainly, the issue of selectivity will continue to be a central concern for researchers as they explore the possibilities afforded by these breakthroughs and expand the uses of FSCV to the study of new neural phenomena and systems. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06173if.

Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (DA010900 and DA032530).

About the Authors Justin A. Johnson has a BS in chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin and a PhD from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His PhD research was under the direction of R. Mark Wightman. This research focused on the development of new methods for improving signal isolation from fast-scan cyclic voltammetric data. He may be reached at justinja@email.unc.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3834-6942 R. Mark Wightman joined the department of chemistry at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill in 1989. He is also a faculty member in the Neurobiology Curriculum and the Neuroscience Center. He was an undergraduate at Erskine College, graduating in 1968. In graduate school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill he studied under Royce Murray, receiving a PhD degree in 1974 in analytical chemistry. From 1974 to 1976 he was 56

a postdoctoral associate in the department of chemistry, University of Kansas with R. N. Adams. Prior to 1989, he was a professor of chemistry at Indiana University. He has used the analytical chemistry approach to probe new areas in electrochemistry and neurochemistry, research that is described in more than 400 publications. Awards recognizing his accomplishments include the Faraday Medal, Electrochemistry Group, Royal Society of Chemistry (2005), R. N. Adams Award in Bioanalytical Chemistry, Pittsburgh Conference (2006), and the ACS Analytical Chemistry Award (2008). He may be reached at rmw@unc.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2198-139X

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T ECH SEC TION HIGHLIGH NE WS TS

The Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science Award recipients are recognized for exceptional contributions to the field of fundamental electrochemical science and exceptionally creative experimental and theoretical studies that have opened new directions in electroanalytical chemistry and electrocatalysis. This award is named in honor of Allen J. BArd, the Norman Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin, and the Director of the Center for Electrochemistry.

Allen J. BArd

Among Dr. Bard’s many awards are The Electrochemical Society’s Carl Wagner Memorial Award (1981), Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (1986), and Olin Palladium Award (1987); Priestley Medal (2002), the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2008), and the National Medal of Science (2013), one of the highest honors bestowed by the U.S. government upon scientists, engineers, and inventors.

Special thanks to our generous donors: Adam Heller Alex R. Nisbet Andrew C. Hillier Biao Liu Bruce Arthur Kowert Calvin D. Jaeger Carlos R. Cabrera Cynthia A. Rice David E. Cliffel David T. Pierce

David Wipf Francesco Di Quarto Francisco A. Uribe Fu-Ren F. Fan Harlan J. Byker Harvey B. Herman Jerzy Chlistunoff John F. Elter Johna Leddy Kalathur S.V. Santhanam

Larry R. Faulkner Mahadevaiyer Krishnan Martin Reid Johnson Michael V. Mirkin Patrick R. Unwin Paul A. Kohl Paul Sharp Pushpito K. Ghosh Rebecca Y. Lai Richard D. Goodin

Robert Lee Calhoun Ryan Jeffrey White Shanlin Pan Shigeru Amemiya Stephen W. Feldberg Thomas Polk Moffat Wujian Miao Xiao Li Yaw S. Obeng Zhifeng Ding

CH Instruments ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

Our goal is to fully fund the award, so we may bestow it in perpetuity and also create a symposium in Dr. Bard’s honor. To make a gift in Dr. Bard’s honor, please email development@electrochem.org or donate online:

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AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offer competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org for further information.

Society Awards The Edward Goodrich Acheson Award was established in 1928 for distinguished contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes, or activities of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of gold medal, wall plaque, a $10,000 prize, life membership, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by October 1, 2017.

The Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award was established in 2003 to recognize outstanding scientific and/or engineering work in fundamental or applied electrochemistry or solid state science and technology by a young scientist or engineer. The award consists of a scroll, a $5,000 prize, life membership, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance to the designated meeting. Materials are due by October 1, 2017.

Division Awards The Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award was established in 1981 to encourage excellence in physical electrochemistry research and to stimulate publication of high quality research papers in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,500 prize. Materials are due by October 1, 2017.

The High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 1984 to recognize excellence in high temperature materials research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of high temperature materials science. The award consists of a scroll, a $1,000 prize and possible travel assistance. Materials are due by January 1, 2018.

The Corrosion Division Herbert H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science and technology. The award consists of a scroll, a $1,500 prize and possible travel assistance. Materials are due by December 15, 2017.

The Luminescence and Display Materials Divisions Centennial Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 2002 to encourage excellence in luminescence and display materials research and outstanding contributions to the field of luminescence and display materials science. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,000 prize. Materials are due by January 1, 2018.

Student Awards The Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was established in 1991 to recognize and reward outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a certificate and a $1,000 prize. The award, for outstanding Masters

or PhD work, is open to graduate students who have successfully completed all the requirements for their degrees as testified to by the student’s advisor, within a period of two years prior to the nomination submission deadline. Materials are due by December 15, 2017.

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AWARDS NE W MEMBERS PROGRAM

Awards Winners Join us in celebrating your peers as we extend congratulations to all! The following awards are part of ECS Honors & Awards Program, one that has recognized professional and volunteer achievement within our multi-disciplinary sciences for decades.

Society Awards Olin Palladium Award of The Electrochemical Society

Fellow of The Electrochemical Society – 2017 Class

Philippe Marcus is the director of research at National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and head of the research group of physical chemistry of surfaces at the Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, at Chimie ParisTech, France. Marcus received his PhD (1979) in physical sciences from University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France. His field of research is surface electrochemistry and corrosion science, with emphasis on understanding the relationship between structure and properties of metal surfaces and oxide films at the atomic or nanometric scale. Marcus has received the Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award (2005) from The Electrochemical Society, Whitney Award (2008) from NACE International, Cavallaro Medal (2008) of the European Federation of Corrosion, U.R. Evans Award (2010) of the UK Institute of Corrosion, and the Lee Hsun Award of the Institute of Metals Research (2012) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is a fellow of The Electrochemical Society (2005) and of the International Society of Electrochemistry (2009). He is currently chairman of the EFC Working Party on Surface Science and Mechanisms of Corrosion and Protection, chairman of the International Steering Committee for the European Conferences on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis, and vice president of CEFRACOR (French Corrosion Center).

Christian Amatore is a member of the French Académie des Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academia Europae, and of the Third World Academy of Sciences. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Chinese Chemical Society, International Society of Electrochemistry, and the Israeli Chemical Society. He has published more than 480 primary research publications culminating in more than 21,200 citations with an h-index of 73 and an average yearly citation rate of ca. 1,200 over the past five years. His research interests are extremely wide, from chemistry and catalysis to biology, all rooted in electrochemistry and based quantitative measurements supported by original theoretical models. With Mark Wightman, Amatore was one of the main pioneers of microand ultra-microelectrodes in electrochemistry. His research impact is best illustrated by the rationalization of electron transfer catalysis, the mechanisms of electron transfer activation of molecules; and more recently by a thorough elucidation of the most important mechanistic aspects of homogeneous catalysis by palladium complexes, and by investigations of single living cells with ultramicro- and nanoelectrodes aimed to increase our current understanding of vesicular exocytosis by endocrine cells and neurons or oxidative stress.

Carl Wagner Memorial Award of the Electrochemical Society Eric D. Wachsman is the director of the Maryland Energy Innovation Institute and Crentz Centennial Chair in Energy Research, with appointments in both the Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Maryland. Wachsman is a fellow of both The Electrochemical Society and the American Ceramic Society and serves on the ECS Board of Directors. In addition, he is the editor of Ionics; on the editorial board of Scientific Reports, Energy Systems, and Energy Technology; and a member of the American Chemical Society, the International Society for Solid State Ionics, and the Materials Research Society. His research is focused on solid ion-conducting materials and electrocatalysts, and includes the development of solid oxide fuel cells, solid state batteries, ion-transport membrane reactors, and solid state gas sensors. He has more than 250 publications and 17 patents on ionic and electronic transport in materials, their catalytic properties, and device performance.

Khalil Amine is an Argonne Distinguished Fellow and the manager of the Advanced Battery Technology team at Argonne National Laboratory, where he is responsible for directing the research and development of advanced materials and battery systems for HEV, PHEV, EV, satellite, military, and medical applications. He is also deputy director of U.S.-China Clean Energy Research Center and serves as a committee member of the U.S. National Research Consul and U.S. Academy of Sciences. Amine is an adjunct professor at Stanford University, Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, and Peking University. Among his many awards, Amine is a recipient of Scientific American’s Top Worldwide 50 Researcher Award (2003), University of Chicago Distinguished Performance Award (2008), U.S. Federal Laboratory Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer (2009), DOE Vehicle Technologies Office Award (2013), and is the five-time recipient of the R&D 100 Award. Amine holds over 176 patents and patent applications and was the most cited scientist in the world in the field of battery technology. He serves as the president of the International Meeting on Lithium Batteries.

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AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Plamen Atanassov received his MS from the University of Sofia in chemical physics and PhD from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in physical chemistry. His career started as a member of the technical staff at the central laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources in metal-air batteries, and a visiting scientist at the Frumkin’s Institute of Electrochemistry, specializing in bio-electrochemistry. Atanassov moved to the U.S. in 1992 and joined the research faculty at the University of New Mexico (UNM). During the 1990s he was involved in the development of electrochemical biosensors for biomedical, environmental, food, and defense applications. In 1999, Atanassov joined Superior MicroPowders, where he was a project leader in fuel cell electrocatalysts development, and introduced spray pyrolysis for catalyst synthesis on an industrial scale. He returned to UNM in 2000 as tenure-track faculty member. In 2007, he founded the UNM Center for Emerging Energy Technologies. Currently, he is Distinguished Professor of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Chemistry & Biology. Since 2015, he has been the director of the UNM Center for Micro-Engineered Materials. Scott A. Barnett is a professor in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at Northwestern University. After receiving his PhD in metallurgy from the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign in 1982, he held postdoctoral appointments at the University of Illinois and Linkøping University (Sweden). He took his present position at Northwestern University in 1986. He has worked on ion-assisted deposition of semiconductor and ceramic thin films and coatings and developed ultra-hard nitride nano-layered coatings. Barnett’s research utilizes physical vapor and colloidal deposition methods for producing ceramic materials with energy applications, including lithium-ion battery electrodes, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), and reversible solid oxide cells (ReSOCs). He was among the first to propose and then demonstrate SOFCs with thin supported electrolytes. Barnett is currently developing pressurized intermediate-temperature ReSOCs for achieving electricity storage with high round-trip efficiency, and is using accelerated testing to characterize SOFC degradation processes. He has published more than 250 refereed papers and has an h-index of 72 (Google Scholar). Christina Bock is a senior research scientist at the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa, Canada, where she led the research group on electrocatalysis and electrochemical processes. More recently, her role has shifted to leading the R&D efforts in manufacturing, materials improvement, and accelerated testing for NRC’s Energy Storage Program for the renewal of the electrical grid. She joined NRC after graduating from the University of Calgary in May 1997. Her research originally focused on electrocatalysis for waste water treatment, fuel cells, electrochemical water splitting reactions, and as of recently, focuses on cathode materials for batteries. Bock has authored numerous original research articles in well regarded journals, five book chapters, and has numerous technical reports sponsored by industrial partners. She joined ECS in 1993 during her graduate studies in Canada. Since becoming a member, she has been actively involved with ECS at many levels, including serving as treasurer and currently as vice president. In 2010, she and her colleague Johna Leddy initiated the first ECS International Electrochemical Energy Summit, which is now an annual symposium.

Marca M. Doeff is a staff scientist in the Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and principle investigator working in battery programs funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. Her primary research interests concern materials for energy storage applications, particularly Liion batteries, Na-ion batteries, and electrolytes for solid state devices. She has co-authored more than 200 papers, patents, abstracts, and book chapters on these topics, including many in ECS journals. She received her BA in chemistry from Swarthmore College in 1978 and her PhD in inorganic chemistry at Brown University in 1983. After a postdoctoral appointment at UC Santa Barbara, working for Ralph Pearson, she started a position at the Naval Ocean Systems Center in San Diego, California researching anti-fouling coatings, and then joined LBNL in 1990. She currently serves as vice chair of the ECS Battery Division and has co-organized many symposia for the Society. Mario Ferreira has been active in the field of corrosion for 40 years, making contributions in a number of areas. He is a full professor and head of the Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering at University of Aveiro. Ferreira’s work appears in top journals, earning him an h-index of 62, which is an extremely high number for the corrosion area and reflects the impact of his work. In his career, he has trained a considerable number of MS and PhD students and postdocs, many of whom are now making major contributions on their own. He has been extremely active in scientific societies, representing Portugal in the International Corrosion Council, participating in different working parties of the European Federation of Corrosion, and as a two-year member of its board of administrators. He is also member of the Steel Advisory Group of the Research Steel and Coal Fund of the European Union. Clare Grey is the Geoffrey MoorhouseGibson Professor of Chemistry at Cambridge University and a fellow of Pembroke College Cambridge. She received a BA and PhD (1991) in chemistry from the University of Oxford. After post-doctoral fellowships in the Netherlands and at DuPont CR&D in Wilmington, DE, she joined the faculty at Stony Brook University (SBU) as an assistant professor (1994), associate professor (1997) and then full professor (2001-2015). She moved to Cambridge in 2009, maintaining an adjunct position at SBU. She was the director (20092010) and associate director (2011-2014) of the Northeastern Chemical Energy Storage Center, a DOE Energy Frontier Research Center. Recent honors and awards include the 2011 Royal Society Kavli Lecture and Medal for work relating to the environment and energy, honorary degrees from the Universities of Orleans (2012) and Lancaster (2013), the Gunther Laukien Award from the Experimental NMR Conference (2013), the Research Award from the International Battery Association (2013), the Royal Society Davy Award (2014), and the Arfvedson-Schlenk-Preis from the German Chemical Society (2015). Her current research interests include the use of solid state NMR and diffraction-based methods to determine structurefunction relationships in materials for energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors), conversion (fuel cells), and carbon capture.

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Robert Huggins obtained a BA in physics from Amherst College, and an MS and ScD in metallurgy from MIT. He has been on the Stanford University faculty since 1954, becoming full professor in 1962. He initiated the Department of Materials Science in 1959 and founded Stanford’s Center for Materials Research in 1961, where he served as director until 1977. He held an NSF Senior Postdoctoral Fellowship in 1965-66 with Carl Wagner in Göttingen, Germany. Huggins is the author or co-author of over 400 publications and 13 patents. He was editor of the 23 volume book series Annual Review of Materials Science, two books on solid state ionics topics, and two journals, Solid State Ionics, and Materials Research Bulletin. Huggins was one of the founders of the Materials Research Society. From 1991 to 1995 he was chief scientist of the Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research in Ulm, Germany. He was named Honorary Professor at both the University of Ulm (1994) and the University of Kiel (2000) in Germany. He returned to Stanford in 2005. Chris Johnson is currently a senior chemist and group leader at Argonne National Laboratory, specializing in the research and development of battery materials and battery systems with 25 years of experience. He is known worldwide for his development of state-of-art lithium-ion battery cathode materials. He holds a BS in chemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and a PhD in chemistry from Northwestern University. He has published over 110 papers and has 24 U.S. patents in the battery field. He has received the research award from the International Battery Association in 2006, and an R&D 100 award for the commercialization of lithium battery materials in 2009. Presently, he is chair of the ECS Battery Division and has been a member of the Society since 1993. Joachim Maier is director at the Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Solid State Research and heads the Department of Physical Chemistry of Solids. Maier studied chemistry in Saarbrücken and earned his MA and PhD in physical chemistry there. He received his professorial degree at the University of Tübingen. From 1982 to 1988, he was a postdoc and staff member at the MPI for Solid State Research. From 1988 to 1991, he led the activities on functional ceramics at the MPI for Metals Research in Stuttgart. From 1988 to 1996, he taught solid state electrochemistry at the MIT as an external faculty member. In 1991 he was appointed director at MPI for Solid State Research and Honorary Professor at the University of Stuttgart. He is the recipient of various prizes of national and international societies (including the ECS Norman Hackerman Young Author Award in 1987) and a member of various national and international academies. Maier is editor of Solid State Ionics and past president of the International Society for Solid State Ionics. He has published more than 750 papers in refereed journals in the field of solid state electrochemistry and has been included in the list of the World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds (Thomson Reuters).

Rangachary Mukundan is a technical staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices group. He received his PhD in materials science and engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1997. His current research interests include fuel cells, electrochemical gas sensors, and energy storage devices. Mukundan is the coinventor on six U.S. patents and has authored over 100 peer-reviewed journal and transaction papers, cited over 5,000 times. His work has also been recognized through numerous awards, including an R&D 100 award in 1999, Scientific American’s Top 50 Science and Technology Achievements in 2003, the ECS High Temperature Materials Division J.B. Wagner Award in 2005, and the ECS Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award in 2016. He served on the ECS Board of Directors from 2006-2008 as the ECS Sensor Division chair and is currently serving as technical editor in the area of sensors and measurement sciences for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Tae-Yeon Seong received his degree in materials science from the University of Oxford in March 1992. After two years as a postdoctoral fellow, he joined the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology in 1994, where he served as department chair and director for the Brain Korea 21 Centre for Advanced Materials. In 2005, he moved to the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Korea University, where he served as department chair and Director for Brain Korea 21 Centre for Advanced Device Materials (2011-2016). He also served as Associate Dean of Research, College of Engineering at Korea University (2014-2015). Seong was president of the Korea Society of Optoelectronics in 2014. He was also advisory committee member of Ministry of Education of Korea (2005-2008). His current research philosophy is focused on innovations in developing efficient device processing technologies and transparent electrodes for replacing ITO that bring new functionality to optoelectronic devices, such as LEDs and OLEDs, and characterizing semiconductor and electronic materials. Seong has authored and co-authored about 420 papers and holds 230 patents issued or pending. He is currently a life member of ECS and served as editorial advisory committee member for the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Yang Shao-Horn is currently the W.M. Keck Professor of Energy and Professor of Mechanical Engineering, at MIT’s Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Throughout her career, ShaoHorn has focused her research on the chemical physics of surfaces with emphasis on metal oxides, including oxide-solve interface in Li-batteries, descriptors of catalytic activity, wetting properties and ion transport, and design materials and devices for solar fuel including water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, and metal-oxygen redox chemistry. Shao-Horn’s research includes experimental components comprising synthesis of well-defined surfaces and nanostructured materials, and investigation of processes at the surfaces/interfaces using (electro) chemical methods coupled with ex situ and in situ X-ray-based and electron-based spectroscopy. Among her many honors, Shao-Horn has been awarded the ECS Charles Tobias Young Investigator Award, ISE’s Tajima Prize, Gail E. Kendall Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and AAAS Fellow. She has been ranked as The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, with just over 200 journal papers published. Shao-Horn has advised over 70 MS and PhD students. Nianqiang (Nick) Wu is currently a professor of materials science at West Virginia University (WVU). He received his PhD in materials science and engineering from Zhejiang University, China. He was a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Pittsburgh from 1999 to 2001, and managed Keck Surface Science Center at Northwestern University from 2001-2005. He joined WVU as an assistant professor in

2005. Wu is recognized for the fundamental understanding of charge transfer and energy transfer processes in sensors, photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical cells, and electrochemical devices. His work has advanced the science and technology of biosensors for detection of environmental pollutants and human biomarkers. He is widely recognized for his role in development of theory, materials, and devices for plasmonic solar energy conversion. He has authored or co-authored one book, three book chapters and about 160 refereed journal articles. Wu is actively involved in ECS, having served as treasurer, secretary, vice chair, and currently as chair of the ECS Sensor Division. He also serves on the advisory board of ECS’s member magazine, Interface.

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award Awarded to Mark Burgess and Kenneth Hernández-Burgos for “Scanning Electrochemical Miscroscopy and Hydrodynamic Voltammetry Investigation of Charge Transfer Mechanisms on Redox Active Polymers,” (JES, Vol. 163, No. 4, p. H3006). Mark Burgess completed his undergraduate studies at the University of Utah, where he received a BS in chemistry, with an emphasis in chemical physics in May 2013. While at the University of Utah, he performed undergraduate research under the direction of Henry S. White concerning finite element modeling of nano-electrochemical cells. Burgess continued his studies in electroanalytical chemistry by pursuing a PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, working under the guidance of Joaquín Rodríguez-López. While at Illinois, Burgess’ research has centered on characterizing the electrochemical dynamics of soluble redox active polymers in conjunction with research efforts sponsored by the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research. Burgess has broad research interests, but he has specialized in advanced electroanalytical analysis using scanning electrochemical microscopy to study soluble redox active macromolecular systems. Burgess has been recognized with many professional honors including a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship and a Department of Energy Graduate Student Research Award. Kenneth Hernández-Burgos earned a BA in chemistry from the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras (UPR-RP) in 2010. During his time at UPR-RP, he was a Minority Access for Research Careers Fellow and investigated the electrochemical and spectrochemical properties of ferrocene derivatives under the supervision of Ana R. Guadalupe. He earned his PhD at Cornell University, where he was

advised by Héctor D. Abruña. During that time, he mastered the design and characterization of organic electrode materials for electrical energy storage applications. Currently Hernández-Burgos is a Beckman Fellow at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he is conducting his research, to the design and characterization of redox-active polymers (RAPs) for redox flow batteries, in the Joaquín Rodríguez-López lab.

Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award Awarded to Peng Sun for “Toward Practical Non-Contact Optical Strain Sensing Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,” (JSS, Vol. 5, No. 8, p. M3012). Peng (Patrick) Sun is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His research focus is on the creation of smart sensing technologies using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and nanotechnology, as well as the application of smart sensing systems and algorithms in structural health monitoring and damage identification. He is particularly interested in combining knowledge in civil engineering and other disciplines to convert traditional structures into more intelligent systems through the integration of sensing. Sun obtained his PhD from Rice University in May 2017. His PhD study was focused on developing a novel, noncontact, full-field, strain sensing technology. He received his MS (2012) and BS (2009) in earthquake engineering and civil engineering, respectively, both from Southeast University in China, where he carried out investigations on system identification and signal processing using structural vibration.

Division Awards Battery Division Technology Award Jun Liu is currently a Battelle Fellow at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the director for the Innovation Center for Battery 500 Consortium, a multiinstitute program to develop next generation lithium batteries supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. In the past, he has served as the division director of the Energy Processes and Materials Division and fellow at PNNL, the science lead for the Joint Center for Energy Storage, thrust lead for the Integrated Center for Nanotechnologies, senior scientist at Lucent Bell Laboratories, Sandia National Laboratories, and PNNL. Liu is an elected member of Washington Academy of Science, a Materials Research Society fellow, and an American Association for the Advancement of Science fellow. Liu is recognized in both fundamental research and technology development. He has more than 350 peer-reviewed publications, an h-factor of 90 (Web of Science), and his research received over 40,000 citations over the years. Liu is among the top one percent highest cited researchers by Thomson Reuters in chemistry, materials science, and engineering. He has been named PNNL Inventor of the Year, and Battelle Distinguished Inventor.

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Battery Division Technology Award Yang Kook Sun is presently Professor of Energy Engineering at the Hanyang University in Seoul, South Korea. He received his PhD in chemical engineering at the Seoul National University in 1992. He was group leader at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and contributed to the commercialization of the lithium polymer battery. His major research interests are design, synthesis, and structural analysis of advanced energy storage, and conversion materials for application in electrochemical devices, lithium-ion, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air, and sodium-ion batteries. One of his major achievements is the discovery of a new concept of layered concentration gradient NCM cathode materials for lithiumion batteries. Sun has several international collaborations around the world. He is the author of more than 474 publications in peerreviewed scientific journals and 341 registered and applied patents.

Battery Division Research Award Ryoji Kanno is a professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology’s School of Materials and Chemical Technology. He received his PhD in science from Osaka University in 1985. Since 1980, Kanno has been investigating materials for electrochemical energy conversion devices, particularly lithium battery and solid oxide fuel cells. His research focuses on the development of new materials and finding superionic conducting materials for lithium battery electrodes, electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries, and solid oxide fuel cells. He has developed new outstanding materials such as LGPS, which exceeds the conductivity values of liquid electrolytes. He showed that the all-solid-state battery is a promising category of electrochemical energy storage devices for the next generation. Kanno has received various honors from the Chemical Society of Japan, The Electrochemical Society of Japan, Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy, The American Ceramic Society, and Kato Foundation for Promotion of Science. He is presently Associate Dean of the School of Materials and Chemical Technology at the Tokyo Institute of Technology.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation Haegyeom Kim received his BS degree (2009) from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering in Hanyang University, his MS degree (2011) on graphene-based hybrid electrodes for lithium rechargeable batteries at graduate school of EEWS from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, and his PhD degree (2015) on graphite derivatives for Li and Na rechargeable batteries at Seoul National University.

Currently, he is a postdoctoral researcher at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. His current research interest lies in the development of novel electrode materials for Li, Na, and K ion batteries as well as the investigation of the underlying energy storage mechanism. His accomplishments have been recognized by the ECS Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award sponsored by Bio-Logic, ECS Korea Section Student Award, Best Graduate Thesis Award of Seoul National University, and Global PhD Fellowship from the Korean Government.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation Kimberly A. See is an assistant professor of chemistry in the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division at California Institute of Technology. She received her BS in chemistry from the Colorado School of Mines in 2009, where she worked with John Turner and Todd Deutsch at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory on photoelectrochemical water splitting. Following a year at the University of Colorado working with Gordana Dukovic on zinc oxide nanoparticle synthesis and a year in industry at NuSil Technology working on high refractive index silicones, See went to the University of California, Santa Barbara for her PhD. She worked with Ram Seshadri and Galen Stucky on next-generation batteries and received her PhD in 2014. See was then awarded the St. Elmo Brady Future Faculty Postdoctoral Fellowship at the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign and worked with Andrew Gewirth in the Department of Chemistry until the fall of 2017. Her postdoctoral work focused on the solvation structure of active cations in electrolyte solutions in Li-S and Mg batteries. See is interested in understanding and manipulating the fundamental processes that control the electrochemical performance of energy storage materials.

Battery Division Student Research Award Lin Ma’s academic career has revolved around the research of lithium-ion batteries. He began his scientific career under the supervision of Dr. Yong Yang at Xiamen University in China, where he obtained his BA (2012) in chemistry. During this time, he had accumulated relevant experience on synthesizing and characterizing typical cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Ma obtained his MSc (2014) at Dalhousie University in Canada. During that time, he focused on characterizing the reactions between charged electrodes and different electrolytes at elevated temperatures using accelerating rate calorimetry. His PhD work is currently focusing on increasing energy density and lowering cost for lithium-ion batteries by developing novel electrolyte systems. This work is supervised by Jeff Dahn at Dalhousie University and exclusively sponsored by Tesla Motors/Energy. He has published 26 peer-reviewed papers and co-authored a U.S. patent.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS NE W AWA MEMBERS PROGRAM RDS Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award Herman Terryn is a full professor at Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Belgium and a part time professor at TU-Delft in the Netherlands. He is head of the Department of Chemistry and Materials at VUB. He is chairman of the board of research council faculty of engineering at VUB and president of a research group focused on materials and surface science. Throughout his career, Terryn has published over 400 papers and has an h-index of 38. His research interests include surface treatments, surface analysis, interfaces, local electrochemistry, corrosion, and protection. Among his honors and awards, Terryn has received the Eu-Award Europeans Federation of Corrosion (2014), Belgian Chair Francqui UAntwerpen: Durability of Materials (2016), and Honorary Professor University of Science and Technology (2017).

Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award Mohsen Esmaily is currently a postdoctoral research fellow at Chalmers University of Technology’s Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in Sweden. He earned a BS degree in materials science in 2009 and an MS degree in advanced engineering materials from the University of Manchester in 2011. He received his PhD degree in materials science and engineering from Chalmers University of Technology in 2016. Esmaily has been working on the corrosion of light alloys including magnesium, aluminum alloys and some selected composites, with a particular interest in corrosion control of cast magnesium alloys through controlling of the solidification process. Esmaily’s achievements in the field of atmospheric corrosion have been recognized and rewarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences, and the Wallenberg Foundation. In 2017, Mohsen co-authored a comprehensive review that summarized decades of Mg corrosion research. He is an active member of The Electrochemical Society, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, and Materials Research Society.

Electrodeposition Division Research Award Stanko R. Brankovic obtained a BE in chemical and biochemical engineering in 1994 from University of Belgrade and a PhD in science and engineering of materials in 1999 from Arizona State University (Tempe). Before joining the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at University of Houston in 2005, he spent two years as postdoctoral research associate at Brookhaven National Laboratory (19992001) and four years as a research staff member at Seagate Research Center in Pittsburgh (2001-2005).

Brankovic currently serves as a board member of the Electrocatalysis journal and he is the vice chair of the ECS Electrodeposition Division. His research interests span in different areas of material and surface science including thin films, corrosion, electrocatalysis, electrodeposition, magnetic materials, nanofabrication, and sensors. His work has been acknowledged by the University of Houston Research and Excellence Award (2010) and National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career Development Award (2010).

Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Jiahua Zhu is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Akron. Zhu received his PhD in chemical engineering from Lamar University in 2013 and received a MS in the same topic from Nanjing University of Technology (2009). Zhu’s current research interest covers the fundamental study of multifunctional polymer- and carbon-based nanocomposites and explores their applications in emerging fields such as heat transport, energy storage, catalysis, and environmental remediation. Zhu has co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and three book chapters. His work has been cited more than 4,000 times with h-index of 37. Zhu has actively served on The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) and AIChE as symposium organizer and session chair since 2011 and as a reviewer for more than 40 scientific journals. He was awarded the Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-Financed Students Abroad, Young Leader Development Award from the Functional Material Division of TMS and Early Career Award from the Polymer Processing Society.

High Temperature Materials Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award Cortney Kreller is a staff scientist in the Materials Physics and Applications Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. She earned a BS in chemical engineering from the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, and MS and PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Washington. Under the guidance of Stuart Adler, her graduate research focused on the measurement and modeling of nonlinear rate processes governing the performance of solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. Following her PhD, she did postdoc work at Imperial College London and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Kreller’s research interests include electrochemical sensors, electrosynthesis of fuels, intermediate temperature fuel cells, and the interplay of crystalline disorder and ionic transport. She has coorganized several symposia at ECS conferences and is a member-atlarge of the ECS High Temperature Materials Division.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for April, May, and June 2017.

Members

Walter Adams, Houston, TX, USA Shiva Adireddy, Metairie, LA, USA Deji Akinwande, Austin, TX, USA Jennifer Andrew, Gainesville, FL, USA Mustafa Aras, Ankara, Turkey Marcelle Austin, Pennington, NJ, USA Kunio Awaga, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Soumik Banerjee, Pullman, WA, USA Carole Barus, Toulouse, France Corsin Battaglia, Dübendorf, Switzerland Johannes Berndt, Saint Denis en Val, France Robert Black, Oneonta, NY, USA Ivan Bobrikov, Dubna, Russia Steven Brems, Heverlee, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium Qinghai Cai, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China Umberto Celano, Heverlee, Belgium Jingguang Chen, New York, NY, USA Dancheng Chen Legrand, Toulouse, France Wei-Hung Chiang, Taipei, Taiwan Wonbong Choi, Coppell, TX, USA Amitava Choudhury, Rolla, MO, USA Malgorzata Ciszkowska, Brooklyn, NY, USA Stephen Cohen, Palo Alto, CA, USA Tzahi Cohen-Karni, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Neil Dasgupta, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Virginia Davis, Auburn University, AL, USA Catherine Debiemme-Chouvy, Paris, France Ulrike Diebold, Vienna, Austria Yasuhiro Domi, Tottori, Tottori, Japan Xiaohong Duan, Canton, MI, USA Paul Dunk, Tallahassee, FL, USA Jason Dwyer, Kingston, RI, USA Donglei Fan, Austin, TX, USA Samira Farahani, Toledo, OH, USA Xuning Feng, Beijing, China Mark Ferraro, Albuquerque, NM, USA Peter Frischmann, Berkeley, CA, USA Til lFrömling, Darmstadt, Germany Weilu Gao, Houston, TX, USA Felipe González Bravo, México, Distrito Federal, Mexico Linda Gonzalez-Gutierrez, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico Thomas Greber, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland Nestor Guijarro Carratala, Lausanne, Switzerland Dan Gunter, Berkeley, CA, USA Wolfgang Hansal, Hirtenberg, N, Austria Stephen Harris, Walnut Creek, CA, USA Jin He, Miami, FL, USA Peter Hendriksen, Roskilde, Denmark Emily Hersh, Mclean, VA, USA Brandon Hirsch, Leuven, Belgium William Hollerman, Lafayette, LA, USA Jong-Eun Hong, Daejeon, South Korea Zhongjun Hou, Fenggang, Dongguan, China Cassidy Houchins, Arlington, VA, USA Zhuangqun Huang, Santa Barbara, CA, USA

Koichiro Ishimori, Sapporo, Japan Sai Jayaraman, Wilmington, DE, USA Alexej Jerschow, New York, NY, USA David Ji, Corvallis, OR, USA Zarko Jovanov, Berlin, BE, Germany Gergely Juhasz, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ShinYoung Kang, Livermore, CA, USA Tatsuya Kikuchi, Sapporo, Japan In Kim, Cambridge, MA, USA Matthew Kirley, Carrboro, NC, USA Kazuaki Kisu, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Daniel Konopka, Highlands Ranch, CO, USA Edgar Kosgey, Joplin, MO, USA Eva Kovacevic, Saint Denis en Val, France Ewa Kowalska, Sapporo, Sapporo, Japan Matthias Kremer, Dublin, Ireland Ruben-Simon Kuehnel, Duebendorf, Switzerland Daniel Kuroda, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Kwok Ho Lam, Kowloon, Hong Kong Florian Le Formal, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Shawn Lee, San Francisco, CA, USA Qibo Li, Lakewood, CO, USA Yinshi Li, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China Min Liu, Toronto, ON, Canada Xiaojun Liu, Amherst, NY, USA Baoyang Lu, Cambridge, MA, USA Wei Lu, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Liqiang Mai, Wuhan, China Michele Manca, Arnesano, Lecce, Italy Lorenzo Mangolini, Riverside, CA, USA Yuanbing Mao, Edinburg, TX, USA Aaron Marshall, Christchurch, New Zealand Noriyoshi Matsumi, Nomi, Ishikawa, Japan Sandipkumar Maurya, Los Alamos, NM, USA Jonnathan Medina Ramos, Oak Park, IL, USA Steve Miller, Fort Worth, TX, USA Joseph Montoya, Berkeley, CA, USA Manashi Nath, Rolla, MO, USA Anna Ostroverkh, Praha 4, Czech Republic Raj Pala, Redmond, WA, USA Min Hyuk Park, Dresden, SN, Germany Tereza Paronyan, Louisville, KY, USA Cameron Peebles, Oak Park, IL, USA Alain Penicaud, Pessac, France Maria Perez-Page, Manchester, UK Anh Tuan Pham, Livermore, CA, USA Josep Poblet, Tarragona, CAT, Spain Travis Pollard, North Bethesda, MD, USA David Prendergast, Berkeley, CA, USA Andreas Putz, Burnaby, BC, Canada Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan, State College, PA, USA Brad Reed, Wrightwood, CA, USA Elmer Reno, Gardendale, AL, USA Matthias Richter, Pasadena, CA, USA Brian Robert, Saint Clair Shores, MI, USA Alvaro Rodriguez, Albany, OR, USA Rose Ruther, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Montree Sawangphruk, Rayong, Thailand Mauricio Schieda, Geesthacht, Germany

David Schmidtke, Richardson, TX, USA Kathleen Schwarz, Gaithersburg, MD, USA ShiroS eki, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Chandra Sharma, Hyderabad, TG, India Joon Shin, San Diego, CA, USA Hiroshi Shinokubo, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Carolin Siimenson, Tartu, Estonia Scott Smith, Edmonton, AB, Canada Edward Song, Durham, NH, USA Min Kyu Song, Pullman, WA, USA Yujiang Song, Dalian, China Fernando Soto, College Station, TX, USA Michael Stichter, Penns Park, PA, USA Zhipeng Sun, Urumqi, China Yasuo Takahashi, Sapporo, Sapporo, Japan Stan Tsai, Clifton Park, NY, USA Francois Usseglio-Viretta, Lakewood, CO, USA Rakesh Vaid, Jammu, JK, India Peter von Czarnecki, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Eric Wiedner, Richland, WA, USA Benjamin Wiley, Durham, NC, USA Rong Xiang, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan Yan Xiang, Beijing, Beijing, China Jianbo Xu, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Cheng Hui Yang, Hsinchu, East Dist,, Taiwan Yiqun Yang, New Orleans, LA, USA Jianbo Zhang, Beijing, PR, China Zijian Zheng, Kowloon, Hong Kong Denys Zhuo, San Jose, CA, USA

Student Members

Ebenezer Adelowo, Miami, FL, USA Baris Akduman, Ankara, Ajankaya, Turkey James Akrasi, Tallahassee, FL, USA Pankaj Alaboina, Greensboro, NC, USA Fahmida Alam, Miami, FL, USA Hasan Alesary, Leicester, Leicestershire, UK Sridevi Alety, Potsdam, NY, USA Mohanad Al-Shroofy, Lexington, KY, USA Christian Alvarez Pugliese, Caco, Valle del Cauca, Colombia Mohammed Al-yasiri, Rolla, MO, USA Marco Amores, Glasgow, UK Amanda Amori, Rochester, NY, USA Rakan Ashour, Rochester, NY, USA Nuwan Attanayake, Lexington, KY, USA Peter Attia, Stanford, CA, USA Onagie Ayemoba, Aberdeen City, UK Abishek Balsamy Kamaraj, Cincinnati, OH, USA Anna Banasiak, Dublin, Ireland Borja Barbero, College Station, TX, USA Nicoholas Bashian, Los Angeles, CA, USA Pradip Bastola, Hattiesburg, MS, USA William Bennett, Bryan, TX, USA Bharat Bhushan, Kanpur, Kalyanpur, UP, India Judith Biedermann, Graz, ST, Austria Maxime Boniface, Grenoble, France Mathew Boyer, Austin, TX, USA Andrea Bruck, Stony Brook, NY, USA Tobias Brueckner, St. John’s, NL, Canada Darragh Buckley, Ballincollig, Ireland

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

NE W MEMBERS Nhi Bui, Athens, GA, USA Mark Burgess, Urbana, IL, USA Latarence Butts, Riviera Beach, FL, USA Sonia Calero Barney, Louisville, KY, USA Juan Alfonso Campos Gomez, West Lafayette, IN, USA Wenxin Cao, Lexington, KY, USA Azhar Carim, Pasadena, CA, USA Thomas Carney, Cambridge, MA, USA Mauricio Carvajal Diaz, College Station, TX, USA Ruth Carvajal Ortiz, Northwich, Cheshire, UK David Chadderdon, Ames, IA, USA Xiaotong Chadderdon, Ames, IA, USA Chaoqun Cheng, Borre, Horten, Norway Chin-Hua Cheng, College Station, TX, USA Keith Christopher, Palmer, AR, USA Andrés Cifuentes, Bogotá, Colombia Ian Coleman, Brunswick, OH, USA Alice Coles-Aldridge, St Andrews, Fife, UK James Cosby, Knoxville, TN, USA Ryan Cruse, Boston, MA, USA Yenny Paola Cubides Gonzalez, College Station, TX, USA Roshan Daljeet, London, ON, Canada Dingying Dang, Lexington, KY, USA Elena Davydova, Technion City, Haifa, Israel Michel De Keersmaecker, Atlanta, GA, USA Charles Demarest, Charlottesville, VA, USA Muslum Demir, Richmond, VA, USA Dilek Dervishogullari, Nashville, TN, USA Virginia Diaz, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Shuoran Du, College Station, TX, USA Josie Duncan, Clemson, SC, USA Marco Dunwell, Newark, DE, USA Nicolas Eidson, Alexandria, VA, USA Ayman El-Zoka, Toronto, ON, Canada Zhiyuan Feng, Columbus, OH, USA Ralston Fernandes, College Station, TX, USA Fraser Filice, Sarnia, ON, Canada Hunter Ford, Mishawaka, IN, USA Martin Frankenberger, Bayerbach, BY, Germany Thomas Fuerst, Golden, CO, USA Brenda Galicia Amaro, College Station, TX, USA Markus Ganser, Stuttgart, BW, Germany Shang Gao, Beijing, China Stephen Giles, Fultondale, AL, USA Griffin Godbey, Berwyn Heights, MD, USA Romeo Gonzalez Rodriguez, Manchester, Greater Manchester, UK Agnivo Gosai, Ames, IA, USA Lindsay Grandy, London, ON, Canada Ilena Grimmer, Graz, ST, Austria Wei Guan, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Emily Gullette, Greer, SC, USA Mengnan Guo, London, ON, Canada Behrouz Haghgouyan, College Station, TX, USA Yohannes Hailu, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan

Meredith Hammer, Clemson, SC, USA Natalie Hanson, Clemson, SC, USA Gregory Hartmann, Austin, TX, USA Qi He, Garching, BY, Germany Patrick Heasman, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK Maximilian Heres, Knoxville, TN, USA Kenneth Hernandez-Burgos, Urbana, IL, USA Mary Heustess, Clemson, SC, USA Lucas Hof, Montreal, QC, Canada Jessica Hoffman, Lakewood, CO, USA Md Imran Hossain, Ruston, LA, USA Singyuk Hou, College Park, MD, USA Pauline Howell, Athens, GA, USA Yang Hu, Auburn, AL, USA Yi Hu, Denton, TX, USA Qianwen Huang, Cleveland, OH, USA Jang Yoen Hwang, Seoul, South Korea Ryusuke Ishikawa, Sapporo, Japan Kazuki Iwasaki, Nara, Nara, Japan Manoj Jangid, Mumbai, MH, India Jobin Joy, College Station, TX, USA Jin Jung, Athens, GA, USA Sungyup Jung, New York, NY, USA Sunhyung Jurng, Kingston, RI, USA Ramachandra K, Louisville, KY, USA Yara Kadria-Vili, Houston, TX, USA Narayan Vishnu Kanhere, Tempe, AZ, USA Alexandros Karaiskakis, Astoria, NY, USA Zouina Karkar, Varennes, QC, Canada Sujan Phani Kumar Kasani, Morgantown, WV, USA Keiko Kato, Houston, TX, USA Emre Kayali, Auburn, AL, USA Eric Kazyak, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Benjamin Kee, Arvada, CO, USA Paul Kempler, Pasadena, CA, USA Sinhye Kim, Gwangju, South Korea Un Hyuck Kim, Seoul, South Korea Thomas Kinsey, Knoxville, TN, USA Emily Kluttz, Fort Mill, SC, USA Aniruddha Kulkarni, Gainesville, FL, USA Sudesh Kumari, Louisville, KY, USA Won-Jin Kwak, Seoul, South Korea Michael Lammer, Graz, ST, Austria Cheng-Yen Lao, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Barbara Laurent, Mérindol, France Darren Law, College Station, TX, USA Dickens Law, College Station, TX, USA Myoungkyou LEE, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Tsung Hung Lee, Hsinchu City, Taiwan McLain Leonard, Cambridge, MA, USA Alla Letfullina, Greensboro, NC, USA Natasha Levy, Haifa, Israel Mi Li, London, ON, Canada Michelle Li, Brampton, ON, Canada Tianyi Li, Indianapolis, IN, USA Xiaona Li, Hefei, Anhui, China Jierui Liang, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Yanliang Liang, Houston, TX, USA Michael Lichterman, Oceanside, CA, USA Jeonghoon Lim, DAEJEON, South Korea Qiyuan Lin, Charlottesville, VA, USA Christianna Lininger, New York, NY, USA Cong Liu, Bryan, TX, USA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Mengying Liu, College Station, TX, USA Tianyu Liu, Santa Cruz, CA, USA Pelin Livan, Ankara, Turkey Hsin-Ju Lo, Taipei, Taiwan Kyle Logan, Novato, CA, USA Dimitrios Loufakis, College Station, TX, USA Gregory Lui, Kitchener, ON, Canada Sijun Luo, New Orleans, LA, USA Katie Lutton, Charlottesville, VA, USA Rose Ma, Newark, DE, USA Samantha Malmberg, Bolton, MA, USA Jaione Martinez de Ilarduya, Minano Alva, Spain Taylor Martino, London, ON, Canada Lorenzo Mastronardi, Southampton, Hampshire, UK Laura Matchett, Calgary, AB, Canada Brian May, Chicago, IL, USA Christopher McEleney, Donegal, Ireland Ian McPherson, Oxford, UK Michael Minkler, Auburn, AL, USA Faith Mitchell, Clemson, SC, USA Glendimar Molero, College Station, TX, USA Ryan Montes, Gainesville, FL, USA Moein Moradi, Lawrence, KS, USA Ryan Morco, London, ON, Canada Sixbert Muhoza, Winston Salem, NC, USA Jesse Murillo, El Paso, TX, USA Satoshi Muto, Sapporo, Japan Mahtab Naderinasrabadi, Athens, OH, USA Fredy Nandjou, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Jared Nash, Newark, DE, USA Khanh Ngo, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Tochukwu Ofoegbuna, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Sally O’Hanlon, Cork, Ireland Gretchen Ohlhausen, Golden, CO, USA Michael Orella, Cambridge, MA, USA Eugene Ostrovskiy, Berwyn Heights, MD, USA Emma Palin, Lutterworth, Leicestershire, UK Hanumanth Reddy Palle, College Station, TX, USA Ke Pan, Columbus, OH, USA Elena Pandres, Seattle, WA, USA Anish Patel, College Station, TX, USA Neil Patki, Golden, CO, USA Ryan Penhallurick, Washington, DC, USA Benjamin Peterson, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Tammy Pham, San Diego, CA, USA Birgit Pichler, Graz, ST, Austria Catalina Pino, London, London, UK Lisa Player, North Ryde, NSW, Australia Pit Podleschny, Gelsenkirchen, NW, Germany Aditya Prajapati, Chicago, IL, USA Ajinkya Puntambekar, Troy, NY, USA Zhaoxiang Qi, Charlottesville, VA, USA Guoqing Quan, Chongqing, China Michaella Raglione, Coralville, IA, USA Khashayar Ramezani Bajgiran, Baton Rouge, LA, USA David Ramirez, Salt Lake City, UT, USA (continued on next page) 67

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Vindel Ramsundar, Toronto, ON, Canada Michael Regula, University Park, PA, USA Ananya Renuka Balakrishna, Cambridge, MA, USA Christopher Reusch, Roxbury Crossing, MA, USA Evan Reznicek, Golden, CO, USA Dylan Rodene, Richmond, VA, USA Ana Rodriguez, College Station, TX, USA Suseendiran S R, Chennai, TN, India Jose F Salomon, Austin, TX, USA David Sapiro, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Kasturi Sarang, College Station, TX, USA Susmita Sarkar, Rolla, MO, USA Michael Schimpe, Munchen, BY, Germany Sebastian Schwaminger, Munchen, BY, Germany Natalie Seitzman, Golden, CO, USA Varvara Sharova, Ulm, Germany Sheng Shen, Athens, GA, USA Mehdi Shirzadeh, College Station, TX, USA Peter Sisk, Athens, GA, USA Jeffrey Smith, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Kassiopeia Smith, Boise, ID, USA Masahiro Soeno, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Botao Song, Houston, TX, USA

Gaurav Soni, Boston, MA, USA Thalia Standish, London, Canada Patrick Steiner, Sterling, VA, USA Caleb Stetson, Golden, CO, USA Johannes Sturm, Munich, BY, Germany Tim Sudmeier, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Chong Sun, Edmonton, AB, Canada Peng Sun, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Chao Tan, Ruston, LA, USA Michael Tan, Quezon City, Philippines Hemanth Kumar Tanneru, Chennai, TN, India Deepti Tewari, College Station, TX, USA Channing Thompson, Lincoln, NE, USA Shimpei Tokuda, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Christa Torrence, College Station, TX, USA Adam Travis, Nashville, TN, USA Joseph Turnbull, London, ON, Canada Matthew Turnbull, London, ON, Canada Ahmet Ucar, Edinburgh, UK Md-Jamal Uddin, Greensboro, NC, USA Yuya Uemura, Suita, Osaka, Japan Peter van der Linde, Enschede, Overijssel, Netherlands Don Vu, San Martin, CA, USA Austin Walker, Ada, OK, USA Chenxu Wang, College Station, TX, USA Ming Wang, Lexington, KY, USA

Yikai Wang, Lexington, KY, USA Venroy Watson, Tallahassee, FL, USA Jere’ Williams, Houma, LA, USA Nicholas Winner, Las Vegas, NV, USA Reed Wittman, Knoxville, TN, USA Bin Wu, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Yao Wu, Munich, BY, Germany Jianguo Xi, Auburn, AL, USA Fangqing Xia, College Station, TX, USA Meng Xu, Rochester Hills, MI, USA Chang-Feng Yang, Taipei, Taiwan Jhih-Siang Yang, Taipei, Taiwan Haocheng Yin, Ruston, LA, USA Chen You, Gainesville, FL, USA Chen YuanQuan, Beijing, China Hanguang Zhang, Buffalo, NY, USA Lei Zhang, Atlanta, GA, USA Xiahui Zhang, Pullman, WA, USA Xiaoyue Zhang, Athens, GA, USA Xuyang Zhang, Coral Gables, FL, USA Ye Zhang, Houston, TX, USA Yujia Zhang, Newton, MA, USA Yepin Zhao, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Wenjian Zheng, Lincoln, NE, USA Yu Zheng, Houston, TX, USA Tianyang Zhou, College Station, TX, USA Yiliang Zhou, Sunderland, MA, USA

Benefits of ECS Student Membership Annual Student Membership Dues Are Only $30

w Open Access Article Credit Publish a paper in an ECS journal as open access and avoid the article processing charge w Student Grants and Awards Student awards and support for travel available from ECS Divisions w Student Poster Sessions Present papers and participate in student poster sessions at ECS meetings w ECS Member Article Pack 100 full-text downloads from the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES), ECS Electrochemistry Letters (EEL), ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS), ECS Solid State Letters (SSL), Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (ESL), and ECS Transactions (ECST) w Interface Receive the quarterly members' magazine with topical issues, news, and events w Discounts on ECS Meetings Valuable discounts to attend ECS spring and fall meetings w Discounts on ECS Transactions, Monographs, and Proceedings Volumes ECS publications are a valuable resource for students

www.electrochem.org/student-center The Electrochemical Society 68

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ECS 2017 Summer Fellowship Winners Each year, ECS awards summer fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate and postdoctoral work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the following four summer fellowship recipients in 2017. The reports of the 2017 fellowship recipients will appear in the winter issue of Interface. Debasmita Dwibedi is the recipient of the 2017 ECS H. H. Uhlig Summer Fellowship. She is a fourth year PhD student at Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore, India. Dwibedi was born in Odisha, India and obtained her undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, both in physics from Ravenshaw University, Cuttack and Pondicherry University, Puducherry in 2010 and 2007, respectively. She has authored/co-authored six international journal articles. Her research interests include the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemistry of high voltage cathode materials for rechargeable sodium battery application.

Zakaria Y. Al Balushi is the recipient of the 2017 ECS Joseph W. Richards Fellowship. He received his BSc with honors in 2011 and MS in 2012 both from the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at The Pennsylvania State University and is currently a PhD candidate in Materials Science and Engineering in Prof. Joan M. Redwing and Prof. Joshua A. Robinson groups working on metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of group-III nitride semiconductors, and the synthesis of epitaxial graphene (and related 2D materials). He is currently an Alfred P. Sloan Scholar and a 3M Graduate Fellow.

Lushan Zhou is the recipient of the 2017 ECS Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship. She is a PhD candidate of Chemistry Department at Indiana University Bloomington. She received her BS in chemistry from Peking University in China. Her thesis research focuses on studying ion transport properties at nanometer scales with novel electrochemical scanning probe microscopy techniques. In the past five years, she has been working on advancing scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) instrumentation by combining SICM nanoscale topography imaging with electrochemical measurements (e.g., electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiometric measurements), which introduce chemical specificity into the imaging. The applications in ion transport studies of various samples including nanomaterials, biological membranes and live cells with these techniques have been reported in the 10 peer-reviewed publications she has been co-authored on. Zhou has also served as vice president of Indiana University ECS student chapter, which won the Outstanding Student Chapter Award in 2015, and has been involved in various activities in promoting electrochemistry among the general community at Indiana University. For her summer fellowship, she has proposed to construct customized SICM platform that can be more adaptive to be combined with more conventional electrochemical methods for selective sensing to improve the scope and sensitivity of local ion transport studies.

Siddesh Umapathi is a recipient of the 2017 ECS F.M. Becket Summer Fellowship. He received his BS and MS degrees in Chemistry from Bangalore University, India. He is currently a second year PhD candidate in the department of Chemistry at Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, Missouri, working under the supervision of Dr. Manashi Nath. His research interests lie in the interdisciplinary area of energy conversion specifically in photo/ electrocatalytic water splitting. The focus of his research project is on developing new and improved nanostructured hybrid catalyst systems based on transition metal selenides and nanostructured carbon including graphene sheets and nano-onions. Such nanostructured composites are being studied for their applications in oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and oxygen reduction reaction. In this quest for chalcogenide based water splitting catalyst, recently he has synthesized a highly efficient, stable, nonprecious metal based ternary selenide hybrid nanostructured catalyst composite that can split water at a very low applied potential producing high current density and copious amounts of oxygen and hydrogen at low overpotential. Interestingly these catalysts show the same activity for extended period of time with no degradation. Umapathi has authored three peer-reviewed journal articles so far with several more manuscripts having been submitted. Furthermore, he has been awarded multiple prestigious fellowships and prizes during his academic career.

2017 Summer Fellowship Committee

Look Out !

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University

We want to hear from you!

Kalpathy B. Sundaram University of Central Florida

Students are an important part of the ECS family and the future of the electrochemistry and solid state science community . . .

Peter Mascher McMaster University

Send your news and a few good pictures to Shannon Reed, director of membership services, at Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org.

David S. Hall Dalhousie University

We’ll spread the word around the Society. Plus, your student chapter may also be featured in an upcoming issue of Interface!

www.electrochem.org/student-center The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS

Student Chapter News Northwest Student Chapter On June 8, 2017 the ECS Northwest Student Chapter organized a student-led conference held at the Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, UK. The conference saw over 40 students and academics from the universities of Liverpool, Manchester, and Lancaster come together to share knowledge and ideas about all things electrochemistry. Guest speaker Charles Monroe from the University of Oxford gave a talk entitled, “Modelling Lithium/Oxygen Cells to Rationalize Experimental Performance,” which gave an insight into how both theoretical and practical efforts are used to elucidate design factors that control the rate capability and capacity of Li/O2 batteries. The talk was very informative and the chapter hopes to welcome back Prof. Monroe in the future to give more talks on his research field. The conference also included the following presentations given by student members: • “Enhanced Raman Technique Using Isolated Shell Nanoparticles,” by Tom Galloway, University of Liverpool • “Mixed Metal Layered Transition Metal Oxides,” Jose Antonio Coca Clemente, University of Liverpool • “Cobalt Complexes for Non-aqueous Redox-Flow Batteries,” Craig Armstrong, University of Lancaster • “Metal Deposition at a Liquid/Liquid Interface,” Samuel Booth, University of Manchester • “Conjugated Microporous Polymers”, Charlotte Smith, University of Liverpool • “DFT Studies at Electrode Electrolyte Interfaces,” Manesh Mistry All of our student talks were very interesting and gave us the opportunity to experience and appreciate each other’s research and helped strengthen the research ties among our northwestern institutes. The event also included a poster session and was concluded with an award ceremony where sponsors Alvatek and Blue Scientific presented awards for best talk and best poster. This year’s prize winners were Craig Armstrong from University of Lancaster and Gaia Neri from University of Liverpool.

Advertisers Index Ametek........................................................................... 1 Bio-logic......................................................... back cover El-Cell.......................................................................... 15

Students in discussions during the poster session.

Conference participants with Prof. Laurence Hardwick (fourth from left), faculty advisor of the ECS Northwest Student Chapter.

ECS Career Expo

Gamry............................................................................ 2 Koslow.......................................................................... 20 Metrohm......................................................................... 8 Pine............................................................................... 44 Scribner.......................................................................... 4 Stanford Research Systems.......................................... 6 Wiley Monographs...................................................... 48 Zahner-elektrik GmbH & Co KG.............................. 13 70

C areer E xpo

Coming Fall 2017 232nd ECS Meeting National Harbor, MD October 2017

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS

ECS STUDENT PROGRAMS

Awarded Student Membership Summer Fellowships

ECS Divisions offer Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral researchers are not eligible. Memberships include generous meeting discounts, an article pack with access to the ECS Digital Library, a subscription to Interface, and much more.

uApply www.electrochem.org/student-center

The ECS Summer Fellowships were established in 1928 to assist students during the summer months.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s divisions and sections offer Travel Grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. Please be sure to review travel grant requirements for each division and sections. In order to apply for a travel grant, formal abstract submission is required for the respective meeting you wish to attend.

uQuestions customerservice@electrochem.org

uApply www.electrochem.org/travel-grants

uDeadline Renewable yearly

uQuestions travelgrant@electrochem.org

Please visit the ECS website for complete rules and nomination requirements.

uApply www.electrochem.org/fellowships uQuestions awards@electrochem.org uDeadline January 15

uNote Applicants must reapply each year The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 2017 • www.electrochem.org

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easy steps.

Here!

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In your active membership, click Enroll Now and follow steps for setup.

Select My Memberships from the My Account Links menu.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

233rd ECS Meeting May 13-17, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

SEATTLE â&#x20AC;¢ WA

CALL FOR PAPERS

Abstract Submission Deadline: November 17, 2017

233rd ECS Meeting

SEATTL E, WA

May 13-17, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

Meeting Information General Information The 233rd ECS Meeting will be held in Seattle, Washington, USA, May 13-17, 2018 at the Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center. This international conference will bring together scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia, industry, and government laboratories to share results and discuss issues on related topics through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, tutorial sessions, short courses, professional development workshops, a career fair, and exhibits. The unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology at an ECS Meeting provides an opportunity and forum to learn and exchange information on the latest scientific and technical developments in a variety of interdisciplinary areas.

Although there is no hard deadline for the submission of these papers, it is considered that six months from the date of the symposium is sufficient time to revise a paper to meet the stricter criteria of the journals. Author instructions are available from the ECS website.

Abstract Submission To give an oral or poster presentation at the 233rd ECS Meeting, you must submit an original meeting abstract for consideration via the ECS website, https://ecs.confex. com/ecs/233/cfp.cgi no later than November 17, 2017. Faxed, e-mailed, and/or late abstracts will not be accepted. Meeting abstracts should explicitly state objectives, new results, and conclusions or significance of the work. Once the submission deadline has passed, the symposium organizers will evaluate all abstracts for content and relevance to the symposium topic, and will schedule all acceptable submissions as either oral or poster presentations. In January 2018, letters of acceptance/invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding author of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Regardless of whether you requested a poster or an oral presentation, it is the symposium organizers’ discretion to decide how and when it is scheduled.

Technical Exhibit The 233rd ECS Meeting will include a Technical Exhibit, featuring presentations and displays by dozens of manufacturers of instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software of interest to meeting attendees. Coffee breaks are scheduled in the exhibit hall along with evening poster sessions. Interested in exhibiting at the meeting with your company? Exhibitor opportunities include unparalleled benefits and provide an extraordinary chance to present your scientific products and services to key constituents from around the world. Exhibit opportunities can be combined with sponsorship items and are customized to suit your needs. Please contact Ashley Moran at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 121 for further details.

Paper Presentation Oral presentations must be in English; LCD projectors and laptops will be provided for all oral presentations. Presenting authors MUST bring their presentation on a USB flash drive to be used with the dedicated laptop that will be in each technical session room. Speakers requiring additional equipment must make written request to meetings@electrochem.org at least one month prior to the meeting so that appropriate arrangements may be worked out, subject to availability, and at the expense of the author. Poster presentations must be displayed in English, on a board approximately 3 feet 10 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide (1.17 meters high by 1.17 meters wide), corresponding to their abstract number and day of presentation in the final program. Meeting Publications ECS Meeting Abstracts—All meeting abstracts will be published in the ECS Digital Library (www.ecsdl.org), copyrighted by ECS, and all abstracts become the property of ECS upon presentation. ECS Transactions—All full papers and posters presented at ECS meetings are eligible for submission to the online proceedings publication, ECS Transactions (ECST). The degree of review to be given each paper is at the discretion of the symposium organizers. Some symposia will publish an enhanced issue of ECST, which will be available for sale at the meeting, through the ECS Digital Library, and through the ECS Online Store. Please see each individual symposium listing in this Call for Papers to determine if there will be an enhanced ECST issue. In the case of symposia publishing enhanced issues, submission of a full-text manuscript to ECST is mandatory and is required in advance of the meeting. Some symposia will publish a standard issue of ECST, for which all authors are encouraged to submit their full-text papers. Please see each individual symposium listing in this Call for Papers to determine if there will be a standard ECST issue. Upon completion of the review process, papers from the standard issues will be published shortly after their acceptance. Once published, papers will be available for sale through the ECS Digital Library and through the ECS Online Store. Please visit the ECST website (www.ecsdl.org/ECST) for additional information, including overall guidelines, deadlines for author submissions and editor reviews, author and editor instructions, a downloadable manuscript template, and more. ECS Journals–Authors presenting papers at ECS meetings, and submitting to ECST, are also encouraged to submit to the Society’s technical journals: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology.

Short Courses Three short courses will be offered on Sunday, May 13, 2018 from 0900-1630h. Short courses require advanced registration and may be cancelled if enrollment is under 10 registrants in the respective course. The following short courses are scheduled: 1) Advanced Impedance Spectroscopy, 2) Electrodeposition Fundamentals and Applications 3) Lithium Ion Battery Technology. Registration opens January 2018.

Meeting Registration All participants—including authors and invited speakers—are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Hotel and meeting registration information will be posted on the ECS website as it becomes available. The deadline for discounted early-bird registration is April 16, 2018. Hotel Reservations The 233rd ECS Meeting will be held at the Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center. Please refer to the meeting website for the most up-to-date information on hotel availability and information about the blocks of rooms where special rates have been reserved for participants attending the meeting. The hotel block will be open until April 16, 2018 or until it sells out. Letter of Invitation In January 2018, letters of invitation will be sent via email to the corresponding author of all accepted abstracts, notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Anyone else requiring an official letter of invitation should email abstracts@electrochem.org; such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS. Financial Assistance ECS divisions and sections offer travel grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals to attend ECS biannual meetings. Applications are available online at www.electrochem.org/travel-grants and must be received no later than the submission deadline of Friday, February 2, 2018. Additional financial assistance is very limited and generally governed by symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting to see if funding is available. For general travel grant questions, please contact travelgrant@electrochem.org. Sponsorship Opportunities ECS biannual meetings offer a wonderful opportunity to market your organization through sponsorship. Sponsorship allows exposure to key industry decision makers, the development of collaborative partnerships, and potential business leads. ECS welcomes support in the form of general sponsorship at various levels. Sponsors will be recognized by level in Interface, the Meeting Program, meeting signage, and on the ECS website. In addition, sponsorships are available for the plenary, meeting keepsakes and other special events. These opportunities include additional recognition, and may be customized to create personalized packages. Advertising opportunities for the Meeting Program as well as in Interface magazine are also available. Please contact Ashley Moran at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 121 for further details about this and also symposium sponsorship.

The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ, 08534-2839, USA tel: 1.609.737.1902, fax: 1.609.737.2743, email: meetings@electrochem.org, web: www.electrochem.org 74

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

233rd ECS Meeting

SEATTL E, WA

May 13-17, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

Symposium Topics and Deadlines A— Batteries and Energy Storage

A01— Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session A02— Large-Scale Energy Storage 9 A03— Li-ion Batteries and Beyond A04— Materials Recycling for Energy Conversion and Storage B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

B01— Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage B02— Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology B03— Carbon Nanotubes - From Fundamentals to Devices B04— International Symposium on Nanocarbons: Focus-Korea B05— Fullerenes - Endohedral Fullerenes and Molecular Carbon

I05— Renewable Fuels via Artificial Photosynthesis or Heterocatalysis 3 I06— Mechano-Electro-Chemical Coupling in Energy Related Materials and Devices 3 I07— Energy Conversion Systems Based on Nitrogen K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry K01— 13th Manual M. Baizer Memorial Symposium on Organic Electrochemistry K02— Nature-Inspired Electrochemical Systems 3 K03— Oxidation and Reduction: Exploring Electron Transfer Reactions in Chemistry and Biology L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

B06— 2D Layered Materials from Fundamental Science to Applications

L01— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session

B07— Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids for Energy Conversion

L02— Electrocatalysis 9: Symposium in Honor of Radoslav Adzic

B08— Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies

L03— Biological Fuel Cells 8

B09— Engineering Carbon Hybrids - Carbon Electronics 3

L04— Charge Transfer: Electrons, Protons, and Other Ions 3

C— Corrosion Science and Technology

C01— Corrosion General Session C02— High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 13 D— Dielectric Science and Materials

D01— Nanoscale Luminescent Materials 5 D02— Plasma and Thermal Processes for Materials Modification, Synthesis, and Processing 2 E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

E01— Electrodeposition of Micro and Nano Materials for Batteries and Sensors E02— Surfactant and Additive Effects on Thin Film Deposition, Dissolution, and Particle Growth F— Electrochemical Engineering

L05— Oxygen Reduction Reactions L06— Nanoporous Materials L07— Electrochemistry and Consumer Products L08— Electrochemically Assisted Fluorescence M— Sensors M01— Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session M02— Microfluidics, Sensors, and Devices 2 Z— General Z01— General Student Poster Session Z02— Nanotechnology General Session Z03— Solid State Topics General Session

F01— Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session F02— Multiscale Modeling, Simulation and Design – From Conventional Methods to the Latest in Data Science F03— High Rate Metal Dissolution Processes 3 F04— Electrochemical Engineering: Integration of Distributed Energy Systems G— Electronic Materials and Processing

G01— Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies for Advanced Integrated Circuits and Emerging Applications 8 H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

H01— Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 19 H02— Advanced CMOS-Compatible Semiconductor Devices 18 H03— Solid-state Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 5 H04— Wearable and Flexible Electronic and Photonic Technologies I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01— State of the Art Tutorial in Low Temperature Fuel Cell Electrocatalysis: The Challenge of High Current Density Performance at Low Platinum Loading I02— Electrosynthesis of Fuels 5 I03— Oxygen or Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis for Water Electrolysis 4 I04— Materials for Low Temperature Electrochemical Systems 4

Important Dates and Deadlines Meeting Abstract submission opens...................................................................July 2017 Meeting Abstracts submission deadline.................................................Nov. 17, 2017 Notification to Corresponding Authors of abstract acceptance or rejection............................................................Jan.17, 2018 Technical Program published online...................................................................Jan. 2018 Meeting registration opens........................................................................................Jan. 2018 ECS Transactions submission site opens for enhanced and/or standard issues...................................................... Jan. 19, 2018 Travel Grant application deadline.................................................................. Feb. 2, 2018 ECS Transactions submission deadline for enhanced issues................................................................................................Feb. 16, 2018 Meeting Sponsor and Exhibitor deadline (for inclusion in printed materials)...........................................................March 9, 2018 Travel Grant approval notification........................................................March 30, 2018 Hotel and Early Bird meeting registration deadlines...................April 16, 2018 233rd ECS Meeting – Seattle, WA.......................................................May 13-17, 2018 ECST Manuscript submission deadline for enhanced and/or standard issues.....................................................May 27, 2018

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

Future ECS Meetings Seattle, WA

Cancun, Mexico

USA 2018 233rd ECS Meeting

AiMES 2018

May 13-17, 2018

September 30-October 4, 2018

Seattle Sheraton and Washington State Convention Center

Moon Palace Resort

Dallas, TX

USA 2019

Atlanta, GA

USA 2019

235th ECS Meeting

236th ECS Meeting

Sheraton Dallas

Hilton Atlanta

May 26-May 31, 2019

October 13-17, 2019

www.electrochem.org/meetings

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2017 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of our institutional members. Institutional members help ECS support scientific education, sustainability, and innovation. Through ongoing partnership, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology. (Number in parentheses indicates years of membership)

Benefits of Membership Discounts on: • • • •

Advertising in print and online Meeting registrations Exhibits and sponsorships Access to ECS Digital Library

Benefactor Industrie De Nora S.p.A. (34) Pine Research Instrumentation (11) Saft Batteries, Specialty Batteries Group (35) Scribner Associates, Inc. (21) Zahner-elektrik GmbH & Co KG (1)

AMETEK-Scientific Instruments (36) Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS (9) Duracell (60) Gamry Instruments (10) Gelest, Inc. (8) Hydro-Québec (10)

Patron EL-CELL GmbH (3) Energizer (72) Faraday Technology, Inc. (11) IBM Corporation (60)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (13) Panasonic Corporation, AIS Company (23) Toyota Research Institute of North America (9)

Sponsoring Axiall Corporation (22) BASi (2) Central Electrochemical Research Institute (24) DLR-Institut für Vernetzte Energiesysteme e.V. Ford Motor Company (3) GS-Yuasa International Ltd. (37) Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (10) IMERYS Graphite & Carbon (30) Medtronic Inc. (37)

Molecular Rebar Design (1) Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (10) Permascand AB (14) Technic Inc. (21) Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (18) The Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (21) Tianjin Lishen Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd. (3) Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (37) ZSW (13)

Sustaining General Motors Corporation (65) Giner, Inc./GES (31) International Lead Association (38) Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. (5) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (1) Leclanche SA (32)

Los Alamos National Laboratory (9) MTI Corporation (1) Occidental Chemical Corp. (75) Sandia National Laboratories (41) SanDisk (3) Targray (1)

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. To join or discuss institutional membership options please contact Shannon Reed, director of membership services at 609.737.1902 ext. 107 or Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org.

08/16/2017

mp Up Your System!

VMP3 SP-150 VSP

Perfect for Pack/Stack Energy Applications!

• • • • •

FlexP

Max current ± 200 A Voltage Range 1-60 V Accurate EIS to 10 kHz Stackable ± 400 A For VMP3 Family

VMP-300 SP-200/300 • • • • •

VSP-300

BioLogic Science Instruments

HCV 3048

Max current ± 30 A Voltage Range 0-48 V Accurate EIS to 500 kHz Stackable ± 120 A For VMP-300 Family

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