Interface Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2019 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 28, NO. 3 Fall 2019

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Go, Team!

7 Pennington Corner:

The Days are Long, The Years are Short

24 Special Section:

236th ECS Meeting Atlanta, Georgia

37 Looking at Patent Law 43 Tech Highlights 45 Chemical Sensors for

Today and Tommorow

47 The International Meeting

on Chemical Sensors: Serving the Chemical Sensing Community for More Than Three Decades

49 MEMS and Microfluidic

Devices for Chemical and Biosensing

55 Photothermal Cantilever Deflection Spectroscopy

CHEMICAL

SENSORS for Today and Tomorrow

59 Electrochemical Sensors

for Air Quality Monitoring

65 Plasmonic Biosensors on a Chip for Point-of-Care Applications

71 Wearable Biomedical

Devices: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

FutuRE ECS MEEtiNgS 236th ECS Meeting atlanta, Ga october 13-17, 2019 Hilton Atlanta

2019

237th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)

Montréal, Canada May 10-15, 2020

2020

Palais des congress de Montréal

Abstract submission deadline: November 15, 2019

PRiME 2020 Honolulu, HI october 4-9, 2020

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village Call for Papers available November 2019

239th ECS Meeting CHICaGo, Il May 30- June 3, 2021 Hilton Chicago

2020

2021

www.electrochem.org/meetings

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

FROM THE EDITOR

Let’s Go, Team!

n the world of science and technology, “collaboration” is a word fraught with both positive and negative connotations. Being the sunny-dispositioned guy that I am, I’ll focus on the positive. Over the span of the last nearly 40 years, I have been involved in research, views on collaborative research have evolved a great deal. When I first started, it was basically carved into our stone-tablet textbooks that real scientists were those battling on the forefront of knowledge as solitary white knights. Collaborating with others was generally seen as an admission of inadequacy. If you needed someone else, you couldn’t really be all that special yourself, now could you? Fortunately, for the inadequate amongst us (this from a charter member of that club), scientists started to realize that the benefits of collaboration were substantial, offering the opportunity to attack extremely complicated technical questions, access to experimental and computational resources that would be otherwise unavailable, and—most importantly in my mind—the opportunity to have intellectual playdates where ideas are batted about, found to be wanting, modified, replaced, rejected again, round and round until the solution is found. It is tiring, frustrating, ego challenging, but most of all exhilarating when it finally works and you reach the goal. Even funding sources started to not only encourage collaboration but also require it at times. And we all know the Golden Rule: She or he who has the gold makes the rules. So over time, collaboration occurred more widely, first within disciplines, then between disciplines, then across multiple disciplines. Management of these larger collaborations has many characteristics of herding cats, but when they work, the results are well worth the pain. The best of my personal experiences with collaboration (I know you were desperately hoping I would talk about me) have been some of the most fulfilling parts of my career. I have learned so much once I admitted how little I knew, on topics spanning from metallurgy to data science to ab initio calculations to circuit design and fabrication. In some cases, it may be just enough to be dangerous, but in most it is enough to make me aware of possibilities and the breadth of science. Before you get the idea that collaborating is all mai tais and shuffleboard, understand that collaborations do involve interpersonal relationships. These collaborative relationships come with a lot of stuff—thinking of how others feel, being open and honest about how you feel, sometimes giving, sometimes taking, knowing when to call it quits (i.e., all the things significant others of scientists complain about—present company excluded, of course). Navigating the human side of collaboration can be a challenge for those of us with emotional IQs in the single digits, especially when combined with the inherent challenges of the science that led to the collaboration in the first place. Although the benefits of collaboration are manifest, what about the costs? I am glad I asked. For the most part, the alleged costs are silly, tied up mostly in division of credit. Nowhere is the challenge of this division of credit more apparent than in promotion and tenure (P&T) decisions at universities. Having served on countless P&T committees, due to the need to work off a lot of bad karma, I have suffered through discussions of faculty trying to dissect the exact percentage of a paper a given author contributed. I understand the issue: it is the individual candidate being assessed, not her or his band of merry people. Next to selecting dessert, these decisions are some of the hardest professional decisions to make. Surely but slowly, as we oldsters are put out to pasture, the understanding of the nature of collaborations has become more widespread, and assessment of thought leadership has been adjusted as well. Of course, the younger readers of this column have probably texted each other “smh” (“shaking my head” for those of us who write sentences), lamenting the pathetic ramblings of a man whose time has passed. All of this collaboration stuff is much more of a part of their standard operating procedures, which I think is all for the best. The problems caused by my generation have provided the next generation of scientists a tremendously broad set of extremely difficult scientific, engineering, and societal problems to solve. Don’t say we never gave you anything. Until next time, be safe and happy.

Rob Kelly Editor rgk6y@virginia.edu https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-0978 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902, Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Editor: Rob Kelly, rgk6y@virginia.edu Guest Editors: Peter J. Hesketh, Peter.Hesketh@ me.gatech.edu; Joseph Stetter, jrstetter@gmail.com; Xiangqun Zeng, zeng@oakland.edu. Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, Donald.Pile@gmail. com; Alice Suroviec, asuroviec@berry.edu Director of Publications: Beth Craanen, Beth.Craanen@electrochem.org Production Editor: Andrew Ryan; Beth Craanen, Beth.Craanen@electrochem.org Print Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Staff Contributors: Beth Craanen, Nick DeMarie, Mary Hojlo, John Lewis, Jennifer Ortiz, Shannon Reed, Andrew Ryan. Advisory Board: Brett Lucht (Battery), Dev Chidambaram (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Philippe Vereecken (Electrodeposition), Jennifer Hite (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Sean Bishop (High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes), John Weidner (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Ajit Khosla (Sensor) Publications Subcommittee Chair: Eric Wachsman Society Officers: Christina Bock, President; Stefan De Gendt, Senior Vice President; Eric Wachsman, 2nd Vice President; Turgut Gür, 3rd Vice President; James Fenton, Secretary; Gessie Brisard, Treasurer; Christopher J. Jannuzzi, Executive Director & CEO Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2019 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8,500 scientists and engineers in over 75 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. 3 All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Chemical Sensors for Today and Tommorow by Peter J. Hesketh, Joseph Stetter, and Xiangqun Zeng

The International Meeting on Chemical Sensors: Serving the Chemical Sensing Community for More Than Three Decades by Steve Semancik, Yasuhiro Shimizu, and Peter A. Lieberzeit

MEMS and Microfluidic Devices for Chemical and Biosensing by Morgan J. Anderson, Jessica E. Koehne, and Peter J. Hesketh

Photothermal Cantilever Deflection Spectroscopy by Seonghwan Kim and Thomas Thundat

Electrochemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring by Kannan Pasupathikovil Ramaiyan and Rangachary Mukundan

Plasmonic Biosensors on a Chip for Point-of-Care Applications by Simona Badilescu and Muthukumaran Packirisamy

Wearable Biomedical Devices: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives by Elnaz Mirtaheri and Chen-zhong Li

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

Vol. 28, No. 3 Fall 2019

the Editor: 3 From Let's Go, Team! Corner: 7 Pennington The Days are Long,

The Years are Short

9 Society News Section: 24 Special 236th ECS Meeting Atlanta, Georgia

28 People News 34 Special Article 37 Looking at Patent Law 43 Tech Highlights 75 Awards Program 87 New Members 92 Student News

Cover Design: Dinia Agrawala

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

PENNINGTON CORNER

The Days are Long, The Years are Short

s I write this edition of Pennington Corner, it is exactly one year ago, to the day, that I began my time with ECS. In certain respects, this year seems to have breezed by, but as I look back at all I have learned, the new coworkers, colleagues, and friends I have met, and what we, as a community, have accomplished together, I realize that quite a lot transpired in this brief time. One of my top priorities coming into this role was to ensure ECS maintained its preeminence as a publisher in the electrochemical and solid state sciences. And while I had no doubt that the content ECS produced was world class, it was time to refresh, modernize, and upgrade the platform on which our digital library resided. Given ECS’s 117-year reputation for creating outstanding content, and our long-standing commitment to ensuring the integrity and validity of the peer review our community provides, it was also crucial for us to find a publishing partner that understood our approach and aligned with our core values. Working closely with Beth Craanen, ECS’s director of publications, we began an intensive search to find a partner that could help us achieve this vital goal while simultaneously advancing the Society’s mission. I am extremely pleased to say that we found that partner in the Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). The partnership will start in 2020. Of course, having found that partner was just the first step in a long journey. Now we begin the heavy lifting of not only converting ECS’s entire publishing legacy to this new platform but transitioning to a new suite of publishing tools for

Eric Wachsman, second vice president of ECS, made use of one of the newly installed electric vehicle charging stations at the Society’s headquarters.

authors, editors, and reviewers. So, in addition to dramatically improving the presentation of our content, our new publishing system will reduce the cost and time it takes to create new content. Indeed, this is a very exciting time for ECS, and not just in our publishing realm. I recently returned from my first ECS satellite conference: the Electrochemical Conference on Energy and the Environment (ECEE 2019), held in Glasgow, Scotland. It was a fantastic event, featuring the outstanding talks, plenaries, and presentations I have come to expect from ECS meetings, but this time on a more intimate scale. It afforded me the opportunity to spend quality time with a host of volunteers, members, and other constituents of the Society and gain deeper insight into how we, the ECS staff, can better serve our community. One of the things I learned is how crucial it is for ECS to not only advance research in its field but to engage as early adopters and users of the technologies we help create. To that end, we have some exciting news to share. In July, work completed on the installation of four electric vehicle charging stations at ECS headquarters! These are the first EV charging stations in Pennington, and we have made them available for fee-based public use. Uptake on the chargers has been sporadic thus far, but as with any pioneering effort, large-scale adoption takes time. That is why it is so critical we do our part to advance electric vehicle usage now. My sincere thanks to Tim Gamberzky, ECS chief operating officer, and Jessica Wisniewski, ECS human resources and operations manager, for leading this exciting effort. As I wrap up year one, there is one last thing I need to offer, and that is my deepest gratitude. This has been the most challenging, humbling year of my career, but it was the most exciting and rewarding as well, and that is because of the ECS community of volunteers, members, and staff. ECS would not, could not, exist without you. It has been an honor to serve and work alongside all of you these past 12 months. I have no doubt it will continue to be so every long day and short year to come.

Christopher J. Jannuzzi ECS Executive Director/Chief Executive Officer Chris.Jannuzzi@electrochem.org https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7293-7404

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Partners with IOP Publishing for Journal Services The Electrochemical Society is pleased to announce that it has selected IOP Publishing (IOPP) as its journals publishing partner. Starting in 2020, IOPP will partner with ECS in the publication of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology and the hosting of ECS Transactions, ECS Meeting Abstracts, and Interface as well as the hosting of the archives for ECS’s retired publications—ECS Electrochemistry Letters, ECS Solid State Letters, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, and ECS Proceedings Volumes. IOPP’s platform, IOPscience, is specifically designed to help readers access content quickly and easily. Moreover, IOPP is known for its ability to meet the particular needs of each of its individual partners. Christopher Jannuzzi, executive director and CEO of ECS, said: “ECS has a 117+ year reputation for creating outstanding, peerreviewed periodicals, conference proceedings, and magazines. We have a long-standing commitment to ensure the technical quality of the works published, as well as the integrity and validity of the peer review our community provides. “It was therefore crucial for us to find a publishing partner that understands this approach and aligns with our core values. We are extremely pleased to have found that partner in IOP Publishing. “This partnership is an important step in our journey towards fulfilling the aim of our Free the Science initiative, which seeks to offer universal platinum open access to our journals—free to publish and free to read for all. With such a lofty goal, it is clear to see why we are so excited to begin our partnership with IOPP.” Antonia Seymour, publishing director at IOPP, said: “As a society publisher, partnering with like-minded societies is a key part of IOPP’s mission. We’re therefore delighted ECS has chosen us to publish its journals, including the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, which is the oldest and most respected peer-reviewed journal in its field. “Our partnership will respect and build on that history, while looking to the future and innovating wherever possible.” Rob Bernstein, senior publisher at IOPP, said: “We’re really excited about this partnership and the huge potential it holds, and

we’re looking forward to supporting the ECS community and working closely with ECS to achieve their publishing goals.” ECS is thrilled to be joining forces with IOPP and looks forward to pursuing the new opportunities the partnership will offer the Society’s publications.

About IOP Publishing IOP Publishing provides publications through which leadingedge scientific research is distributed worldwide. IOP Publishing is central to the Institute of Physics, a not-for-profit society. Any financial surplus earned by IOP Publishing goes to support science through the activities of the Institute. Learn more at

http://ioppublishing.org and https://iopscience.iop.org.

6 Ways to Give to ECS

1 2 3 4 5 6 In Person at an ECS meeting

Online at Electrochem.org

Mail to 65 S Main St., Bldg. D Pennington, NJ 08534

Securities/Stock

Planned Giving

Automatic Recurring Gifts

Visit www.electrochem.org and click the red DONATE button. Contact development@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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XXXIV National Congress of the Mexican Society of Electrochemistry and 12th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section

The XXXIV National Congress of the Mexican Society of Electrochemistry (SMEQ) and 12th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section was held June 2–6, 2019, in Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico. The hosts were academics from the Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica (CIDETEQ) led by Jorge Morales Hernández, president of the organizing committee. From an attendance perspective, the congress was a success because it elicited the participation of more than 350 attendees—mostly undergraduate, master’s, and doctoral students. But it was also successful in regard to the quality of the papers in the oral and poster sessions, which SMEQ organized by topic. The session topics encompassed all the major areas of electrochemistry. There were more than 300 presentations in total, as can be seen in the reports, which can be found at www.smeq. org.mx by searching for ISSN 2448-6191, volume 4, number 1. No less important is the upcoming publication of a special issue of ECS Transactions, to which attendants submitted their contributions for publication, expanding and complementing the papers they presented at the congress.

Officials presiding over the open ceremony. From left to right: Mauricio Palomino Hernandez, Ricardo Orozco Cruz, Jose Alfredo Botello Montes, Julieta Torres Gonzalez, and Jorge Morales Hernandez.

On Monday, June 2, authorities of the state government of Querétaro, José Alfredo Botello Montes, the general director of CIDETEQ, Dra. Julieta Torres González, and Ricardo Orozco-Cruz, SMEQ president (2017–2019) presided over the opening ceremony. Throughout the days of the event, there were four international speakers who gave keynote addresses: Luis Fernando Arenas (University of Southampton, UK), Digby D. MacDonald (University of California, Berkeley, USA), Jesús Jaime Ferrer (CIATEQ, Mexico), and Mario Alberto Alpuche (University of Nevada, USA). SMEQ is also a forum for new professionals in electrochemistry who have recently finished their PhDs. Based on their academic achievements, some were selected to give plenary lectures. In 2019, this honor was granted to Ruslán de Diego Almeida, Raciel Jaimes López, and Gregorio Guzmán González. 10

On Tuesday, June 4, the 3rd Meeting of the Advisory Council was held. The members of this council included all of the former presidents of SMEQ. On Wednesday, June 5, the meeting of the executive committee of SMEQ was held to discuss current affairs of the society. In addition to these meetings, a poster session was held that featured the annual contest organized by SMEQ, which awards prizes by degree (bachelor’s/master’s/doctorate). The main prize for the best doctorate poster includes the opportunity to present at a future ECS biannual meeting thanks to a sponsorship by ECS. This year, the winning work was by Luis Manuel Alvarez Cerda. It was entitled “Effect of the Polymerization Synthesis Temperature on the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance in Polyaniline Deposits (PANI) on an Anion Exchange Membrane.” Its coauthors were A. MontesRojas and L. M. TorresRodríguez. The last day of the congress, Thursday, June 6, was a busy day of academic activities. A roundtable discussion was organized by René Antaño López, vice president of Luis Manuel Alvarez Cerda received the prize for the best doctorate SMEQ, where the participants agreed on a specific topic to poster, which includes the opportunity to present at a future ECS biannual discuss and debate. The theme meeting. was SMEQ: Past, Present, and Future. To conclude the congress, the annual SMEQ assembly was held, in which Ricardo Orozco-Cruz passed on the title of president of SMEQ to René Antaño López (CIDETEQ) for the 2019–2021 term. Bernardo Frontana Uribe (UNAM) was elected as the new vice president of SMEQ for the 2019–2021 term, in accordance with the bylaws. An emotional moment was the presentation of the 2019 National Electrochemistry Award to Manuel Eduardo Palomar Pardavé. Palomar was president of SMEQ from 2009 to 2011. This award is based on his outstanding academic career, research, and teaching for more than 26 years at the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. The generation of new knowledge in different areas of electrochemistry, his high productivity in the training of new professionals, the publication of scientific articles in high-impact journals and chapters of substantive books, the high index of citations achieved, the research projects, and the recognition and international projection achieved through his hard work as a leader of projects of impact has allowed him to be recognized as a researcher, a National System of Researchers (SNI) Level III member. Now, he is a member of the advisory council of this society. Finally, the training of high-level human resources has been one of the most important issues for the quality of the people who have trained inside and outside the country. Palomar’s ever-friendly and cooperative character won him the sympathy of his colleagues, who gave him a standing ovation during the ceremony. He especially thanked his wife and family for the support he has always had. With the good taste of Palomar’s speech of gratitude, the congress closed, inviting the attendees to participate in 2020 at the next SMEQ meeting. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS and Toyota North America Announce 2019–2020 Fellowship Winners The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship, a partnership between The Electrochemical Society and Toyota Research Institute of North America, a division of Toyota Motor North America, is in its fifth year. The fellowship aims to encourage young professors and scholars to pursue innovative electrochemical research in green energy technology. Through this fellowship, ECS and Toyota hope to see further innovative and unconventional technologies born from electrochemical research. The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship Selection Committee has chosen five recipients to receive the 2019–2020 fellowship awards for projects in green energy technology. “ECS is proud to sponsor these fellowships with our colleagues at Toyota,” said ECS Executive Director and CEO Christopher Jannuzzi. “The ECS Toyota Fellowships are a shining example of how ECS, along with key industry partners, supports innovation and the future of the sciences by helping to nurture and develop future talent. On behalf of the entire ECS family, I would like to congratulate this year’s winners. It is an honor for us to support these outstanding young researchers as they embark on the next phases of their careers.” The awardees are listed below. Jennifer L. Schaefer University of Notre Dame “Use of Liquid-Free, Deformable Electrolytes in Lithium Metal Batteries with Porous Anodes” Jennifer L. Schaefer is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. Her research group studies ion transport, interfacial phenomena, and applied polymer materials in electrochemical and electroactive devices. Prior to Notre Dame, she held an NRC Postdoctoral Research Associateship at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and completed her PhD in chemical engineering at Cornell University. Neil Dasgupta University of Michigan “Multi-Modal Operando Analysis of LithiumSolid Electrolyte Interfaces” Neil Dasgupta is an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Michigan. He earned his PhD from Stanford University in 2011. Prior to joining the University of Michigan in 2014, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of California, Berkeley.

He is a recipient of the NSF CAREER Award, the AFOSR Young Investigator Award (YIP), and the DARPA Young Faculty Award (YFA). His research focuses on the intersection of nanotechnology, energy conversion, and manufacturing. Kelsey Hatzell Vanderbilt University “Tracking Ion Transport Pathways and Hybrid Solid Electrolytes” Kelsey Hatzell earned a PhD in material science and engineering from Drexel University in 2015. Prior to joining Vanderbilt, Hatzell was an ITRIRosenfeld Postdoctoral Fellow at Berkeley Lab and an NSF Graduate Research Fellow. Since joining Vanderbilt, she has won the ORAU Powe Junior Faculty Award (2017), SCIALOG Fellow in energy storage by the Research Corporation for Scientific Advancement (2017 and 2018), and an NSF CAREER Award (2019). Her research group works on transport in energy storage systems. Nemanja Danilovic Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory “Emerging Interfacial Phenomena at Pt@C/ ionomer Interface at 120C and Anhydrous Conditions” Nemanja Danilovic is a research scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory’s Energy Conversion Group. Nemanja’s research focuses on catalyst and catalyst layer understanding and development for energy conversion reaction devices such as fuel cells, electrolyzers, and regenerative fuel cells. Prior to LBNL, he was a research engineer and cells stack development engineer at Proton OnSite/NEL, and a postdoctoral fellow at Argonne National Laboratory. Zhenhua Zeng Purdue University “Towards Overcoming Scaling Rules and Durability Challenges of Low-PGM ORR Catalysts” Zhenhua Zeng is a research scientist and a computational electrochemist at Purdue University. He was a postdoc at Argonne National Laboratory and the Technical University of Denmark. He graduated from Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (PhD) and Hunan University (BS, MS). His research focuses on chemistry, materials, and interfaces in fuels cells and electrolysis. He has published ~30 research articles, including one in Science and one in Nature Energy.

Special thanks to the 2019–2020 selection committee: John Muldoon, Toyota Research Institute of North America, Chair Koji Suto, Toyota Research Institute of North America Tomoyuki Nagai, Toyota Research Institute of North America Tim Arthur, Toyota Research Institute of North America John T. Vaughey, Argonne National Laboratory, ECS Battery Division Peter Pintauro, Vanderbilt University, ECS Energy Technology Division Brian McCloskey, University of California, Berkeley, ECS Battery Division The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Update on ECS Journals ECS publishes focus issues of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) that highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise. These issues are handled by a prestigious group of technical editors and guest editors, and all submissions undergo the same rigorous peer review as papers in the regular issues. All focus issue papers are published open access at no cost to the authors. ECS waives the article processing charge for all authors of focus issue papers as part of the Society’s ongoing Free the Science initiative.

Current and Upcoming Focus Issues The following issues have recently been completed and are available to read online in the ECS Digital Library (http://ecsdl.org). • JES Focus Issue on Advanced Techniques in Corrosion Science in Memory of Hugh Isaacs. [JES 166(11) 2019] Gerald Frankel, JES technical editor; James Noël, Sanna Virtanen, and Masayuki Itagaki, guest editors. • JSS Focus Issue on Gallium Oxide Based Materials and Devices. [JSS 8(7) 2019] Fan Ren, JSS technical editor; Steve Pearton, Jihyun Kim, Alexander Polyakov, Steven Ringel, Rajendra Singh, and Renxu Jia, guest editors. The following issues are currently in production with papers published online in the ECS Digital Library (http://ecsdl.org). • JES Focus Issue on Sensor Reviews. [JES 167(3) 2020] Ajit Koshla, JES technical editor; Nick Wu, Peter Hesketh, Muthukumaram Packirisamy, Praveen Kumar Sekhar, Aicheng Chen, Shekhar Bhansali, Jessica Koehne, Larry Nagahara, Thomas Thundat, Netz Arroyo, Kumkum Ahmed, Trisha Andrew, Rangachary Mukundan, and Jeffrey Halpern, guest editors. • JSS Focus Issue on Recent Advances in Wide Bandgap IIINitride Devices and Solid State Lighting: A Tribute to Isamu Akasaki. [JSS 9(1) 2020] Kailash Mishra, JSS technical editor; Hiroshi Amano, John Collins, Jung Han, Won Bin Im, Michael Kneissl, Tae-Yeon Seong, Anant Setlur, Tadek Suski, and Eugeniusz Zych, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Mathematical Modeling of Electrochemical Systems at Multiple Scales in Honor of Richard Alkire. [JES 167(1) 2020] Venkat Subramanian, former JES technical editor and lead guest editor; John Weidner, Perla B. Balbuena, Adam Z. Weber, Venkat Srinivasan, guest editors; John Harb, JES technical editor.

The following focus issues are open for submission. Manuscripts may be submitted at www.electrochem.org/submit: • JES Focus Issue on Heterogeneous Functional Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage. [JES 167(5) 2020] Thomas Fuller, Doron Aurbach, David Cliffel, JES technical editors; Wilson Chiu, Vito Di Noto, Srikanth Gopalan, Nian Liu, and Alice Suroviec, guest editors. • JES Focus Issue on Challenges in Novel Electrolytes, Organic Materials, and Innovative Chemistries for Batteries in Honor of Michel Armand. [JES 167(7) 2020] Dominique Guyomard, lead guest editor; Vito Di Noto, Maria Forsyth, Philippe Poizot, Teofilo Rojo, Karim Zaghib, guest editors; Brett Lucht, JES associate editor and guest editor. Upcoming scheduled focus issues include: • JES Focus Issue on Battery Reliability and Safety, Design, and Mitigation. [JES 167(9) 2020] Doron Aurbach, JES technical editor; Bor Yann Liaw and Thomas Barrera, guest editors. Accepting submissions on November 14, 2019. • JSS Focus Issue on Gallium Oxide Based Materials and Devices II. [JSS 9(7) 2020] Fan Ren, JSS technical editor; Steve Pearton, Jihyun Kim, Alexander Polyakov, Holger von Wenckstern, Rajendra Singh, and Xing Lu, guest editors. Accepting submissions on December 26, 2019. • JES Focus Issue on Organic and Inorganic Molecular Electrochemistry. [JES 167(15) 2020] Janine Mauzeroll, JES technical editor; John-Paul Lumb, Song Lin, John Harb, and Matthew Graaf, guest editors. Accepting submissions on April 9, 2020.

To see the calls for papers for upcoming focus issues, for links to the published issues, or if you would like to propose a future focus issue, visit:

www.electrochem.org/focusissues. 12

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS 2018 Journals Impact With the June 2019 release of Clarivate Analytics’ 2018 Journal Citation Reports (JCR), ECS journals, Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS), continue their enduring history of long-term impact.

2018 KEY METRICS FOR ECS JOURNALS

Journal Impact Factor*

JES JSS 3.120 1.795 2018

2018

3.405 1.803 5-year impact factor

5-year impact factor

Enduring Quality*

years

in a row for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society to obtain a cited half-life of greater than 10 years.

Downloads

“”

Total Citations* Over

Over

2.43 million downloads from the

74,500

citations for both journals Journal of The Electrochemical Society

Top Rankings* Journal of The Electrochemical Society

2nd most-cited

in Materials Science, Coatings, and Films

5th most-cited

#11 in

in Materials Science, Coatings, and Films in Electrochemistry

Electrochemistry

*Source: 2018 Journal Citation Reports, Clarivate Analytics

Editorial Board Appointments for ECS Journals John Harb has recently been appointed as a technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Harb handles manuscripts submitted to the electrochemical engineering topical interest area. He is a professor of chemical engineering and associate dean of the Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Harb has extensive experience in engineering education and has developed and conducted workshops for engineering educators. He currently directs research in electrochemical engineering, investigating a wide range of topics governed by electrochemical phenomena.

Brett Lucht has recently been reappointed as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. He handles manuscripts submitted to the batteries and energy storage topical interest area. Lucht is a professor of chemistry at the University of Rhode Island. His research focuses on the chemistry of organic materials, with an emphasis upon the development of novel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. Much of this research is geared toward improving the performance of electrolytes for electric vehicles. Lucht was first appointed as an ECS associate editor in 2017. Read more about his goals as an associate editor and his thoughts on electrochemistry in the fall 2017 issue of Interface.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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FIVE QUESTIONS

with JES Technical Editor Takayuki Homma Takayuki Homma is a professor in the department of Applied Chemistry in the School of Advance Science and Engineering at Waseda University. Homma was first appointed to the editorial board of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) in 2011 as an associate editor. He has recently been appointed as a technical editor of JES, and handles manuscripts submitted to the electrochemical/ electroless deposition topical interest area (TIA). What is the most significant challenge you face in reviewing manuscripts for publication? The electrochemical/electroless deposition TIA has been regarded traditionally as a method for surface finishing/coating and thin film formation. In recent days, its role has greatly expanded to wider areas such as micro and nano fabrication for a variety of materials and devices. Since many aspects overlap with those of other TIAs, the review process needs careful assessment. For example, if a manuscript is received by our TIA, which describes a nano-structured layer for battery electrode fabricated by electrodeposition, the novelty aspects of the fabrication process will be evaluated first. In addition, comments from specialists for the batteries and energy storage TIA would be needed for their complementary evaluation. Therefore selection of the best set of the reviewers are quite important and sometimes challenging. What can ECS do to get more people interested in ECS publications? Over the recent years, impact factor (IF) has been a big issue for academic journals with increasing IFs of journals published by commercial publishers. While we need to improve this issue for our journals, the important thing is that, as an academic society, we should provide a long-term and reliable platform for electrochemistry, which should maintain our reputation and leadership in the community with high-level researchers. For example, a number of colleagues, whose main field is electrochemistry, mentioned that when they submit their

manuscripts to other journals with higher IF, the reviewers’ comments are often not as useful (especially when the manuscripts are rejected). On the other hand, we should take pride in the rigorous character of our review, where the emphasis is placed on helping authors to improve their manuscripts. This will attract the electrochemists to ECS journals, and for this, we always appreciate our reviewers who make great contributions to maintain the quality of the journals. What are some benefits of attending an ECS meeting? To meet friends! For ECS journals, it should be important to firmly engage the world’s leading electrochemists as well as those who regard electrochemistry as critical to their research. By forming a strong core of such researchers, ECS would keep and enhance the scientific-level of its journals, and attract new people interested in this field. To this end, direct communication/interaction among researches is critically important. From the view point of the editorial board, of course, attending the meeting is an important opportunity to find potential authors and reviewers for the journals. What type of research are you currently focusing on? My research is directed towards creating nanostructured surfaces and thin films with various functions using electrochemical and electroless deposition processes with the evaluation of their microstructural and functional properties from nanoscopic scale. While these processes have high potential to achieve precise control for nano and micro fabrication, most part of their mechanism is still in the black box. I have been trying to open the box a bit, by using various theoretical and experimental approaches including molecular orbital and density functional theory calculation as well as surface enhanced Raman microscopy with plasmonic sensors. What is the importance of electrochemical/electroless deposition in today’s society? As mentioned above, the role of electrochemical/electroless deposition has been greatly expanded in recent years to wide areas of micro-, and nano-scale fabrication and surface modification. The latter include, among others, electronic devices, electrodes for batteries and capacitors, fuel cells and solar cells, and various electrolysis processes such as water splitting, fabrication of sensors and other micro/nano structures and devices, and additive manufacturing. Many of these areas overlap quite significantly with those of other TIAs, and in short, the electrochemical/electroless deposition now has become one of the key processes to materialize the functions.

Research is meant to be shared.

Visit freethescience.org 14

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Division News Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division The ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division had much to celebrate at the 235th ECS Meeting in Dallas, TX. The H.H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award was presented to Pongsarun Satjaritanun from the University of South Carolina for contributions to the mathematical modeling of electrochemical systems. The IE&EE Division Student Achievement Award was presented to Dr. Xinyou Ke for his innovative development of mathematical models.

The IE&EE Division New Electrochemical Technology award was given to the Hydrogenics Corporation for excellence in the field of large scale proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis development and commercialization. A special certificate of thanks was presented to IE&EE past chair, Douglas Riemer, for his many years of service and dedication to the division, and the Society. Congratulations to Doug and all the ECS IE&EE Division awardees.

The award was presented to Pongsarun Satjaritanun (left) by IE&EE Division Chair John Staser (center) and Elizabeth Biddinger (right), IE&EE Member-at-Large.

John Staser (far right) and IE&EE member-at-large Gerri Botte (far left) presented the award to Hydrogenics representatives, Rainey Wang, Anson Sinanan, and Nathan Joos (center, left to right).

Xinyou Ke (left) received the award presented by IE&EE Division chair John Staser (center) and Elizabeth Biddinger (right), IE&EE memberat-large.

John Staser (right) presents certificate to Douglas Riemer (left).

Erratum In the summer 2019 issue of Interface, on page 22, the Education Committee listing contained an error. The name of Education Committee student member Fen Zhang (correct spelling) was misspelled as “Feng Zen” (incorrect). ECS regrets this error.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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ECS Division Contacts High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes

Battery

Marca Doeff, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory mmdoeff@lbl.gov • 510.486.5821 (US) Y. Shirley Ming, Vice Chair Brett Lucht, Secretary Jie Xiao, Treasurer Doron Aurbach, Journals Editorial Board Representative Corrosion

Masayuki Itagaki, Chair Tokyo University of Science itagaki@rs.noda.tus.ac.jp • 471229492 (JP) James Noël, Vice Chair Dev Chidambaram, Secretary/Treasurer Gerald Frankel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Dielectric Science and Technology

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University vimalc@nmsu.edu • 575.635.1406 (US) Peter Mascher, Vice Chair Uros Cvelbar, Secretary Zhi David Chen, Treasurer Peter Mascher, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electrodeposition

Stanko Brankovic, Chair University of Houston srbrankovic@uh.edu • 713.743.4409 (US) Philippe Vereecken, Vice Chair Natasa Vasiljevic, Secretary Luca Magagnin, Treasurer Takayuki Homma, Journals Editorial Board Representative Electronics and Photonics

Junichi Murota, Chair Tohoku University murota@riec.tohoku.ac.jp • +81.222173913 (JP) Yu-Lin Wang, Vice Chair Jennifer Hite, 2nd Vice Chair Qiliang Li, Secretary Robert Lynch, Treasurer Fan Ren, Journals Editorial Board Representative Jennifer Bardwell, Journals Editorial Board Representative Energy Technology

Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Chair University of Nevada Reno ravisv@unr.edu • 775.784.4686 (US) William Mustain, Vice Chair Katherine Ayers, Secretary Minhua Shao, Treasurer Thomas Fuller, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Greg Jackson, Chair Colorado School of Mines gsjackso@mines.edu • 303.273.3609 (US) Paul Gannon, Sr. Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Jr. Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Secretary/Treasurer Raymond Gorte, Journals Editorial Board Representative

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

John Staser, Chair Ohio University staser@ohio.edu • 740.593.1443 (US) Shrisudersan Jayaraman, Vice Chair Maria Inman, Secretary/Treasurer John Harb, Journals Editorial Board Representative Luminescence and Display Materials

Mikhail Brik, Chair University of Tartu brik@fi.tartu.ee • + 372 737.4751 (EE) Jakoah Brgoch, Vice Chair Rong-Jun Xie, Secretary/Treasurer Kailash Mishra, Journals Editorial Board Representative Nanocarbons

Slava Rotkin Pennsylvania State University rotkin@psu.edu • 814.863.3087 (US) Hiroshi Imahori, Vice Chair Olga Boltalina, Secretary R. Bruce Weisman, Treasurer Francis D’Souza, Journals Editorial Board Representative Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Diane Smith, Chair San Diego State University dksmith@mail.sdsu.edu • 619.594.4839 (US) Sadagopan Krishnan, Vice Chair Song Lin, Secretary/Treasurer Janine Mauzeroll, Journals Editorial Board Representative Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Petr Vanýsek, Chair Northern Illinois University pvanysek@gmail.com • 815.753.1131 (US) Andrew Hillier, Vice Chair Stephen Paddison, Secretary Anne Co, Treasurer David Cliffel, Journals Editorial Board Representative Sensor

Ajit Khosla, Chair Yamagata University khosla@gmail.com • 080.907.44765 (JP) Jessica Koehne, Vice Chair Larry Nagahara, Secretary Praveen Sekhar, Treasurer Ajit Khosla, Journals Editorial Board Representative 16

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

2020

SPRING MEETING & EXHIBIT

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April 13 – 17 , 2020 | Phoenix, Arizona

CALL FOR PAPERS

Abstract Submission Opens September 26, 2019 Abstract Submission Deadline October 31, 2019

Spring Meeting registrations include MRS Membership July 1, 2020 – June 30, 2021 CHARACTERIZATION AND THEORY CT01 CT02 CT03 CT04

Artificial Intelligence for Material Design, Processing and Characterizations Halide Perovskites— From Lead-Free Materials to Advanced Characterization and Deposition Approaches Expanding the Frontiers of Actinide Materials Science Through Experiment and Theory Tailored Interphases for High Strength and Functional Composites— Advances in Experiments, Simulations and AI-Based Design

CT05

Defects, Order and Disorder in Structural and Functional Fluorite-Related Compounds

CT06 CT07

Local and Global Fluctuations in Plasticity Micro-Assembly Technologies and Heterogeneous Integration— Fundamentals to Applications Crystallization via Nonclassical Pathways in Synthetic, Biogenic and Geologic Environments

CT08

ELECTRONICS AND PHOTONICS EL01 EL02 EL03 EL04 EL05 EL06 EL07 EL08 EL09 EL10 EL11 EL12 EL13 EL14 EL15

Surfaces and Interfaces in Electronics and Photonics Advanced Manufacturing of Mixed Dimensional Heterostructures Novel Approaches and Material Platforms for Enhanced Light–Matter Interaction, Plasmonics and Metasurfaces Materials for Nonlinear and Nonreciprocal Photonics Scalable Photonic Material Platforms—Applications and Manufacturing Advances Photonic Materials for Information Processing and Computing Fundamental Mechanisms and Materials Discovery for Brain-Inspired Computing— Theory and Experiment Neuromorphic Materials and Devices for Bioinspired Computing and Artificial Intelligence Phase-Change Materials for Electronic and Photonic Nonvolatile Memory and Neuro-Inspired Computing Electroactive Ceramics for Information Technologies and Flexible Electronics Lead-Free Ferroelectrics and Their Emerging Applications Ferroic Materials and Heterostructures for Electronics and Data Storage Processing, Microstructure and Multifunctioning of Organic Semiconductors New Materials Design for Organic Semiconductors Through Multimodel Characterization and Computational Techniques Ultra-Wide Bandgap Materials, Devices and Systems

Meeting Chairs Qing Cao University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Miyoung Kim Seoul National University Rajesh Naik Air Force Research Laboratory

ENERGY, STORAGE AND CONVERSION EN01 EN02 EN03 EN04 EN05 EN06 EN07 EN08 EN09 EN10 EN11 EN12

Next Steps for Perovskite Photovoltaics and Beyond Caloric Materials for Sustainable Cooling Applications Solar-Energy Conversion for Sustainable Water-Energy-Environmental Nexus Dual-Ion Batteries as an Emerging Technology for Sustainable Energy Storage— Anion Storage Materials and Full Dual-Ion Battery Devices Low-Cost Aqueous Rechargeable Battery Technologies Rational Designed Hierarchical Nanostructures for Photocatalytic System Next-Generation Electrical Energy Storage—Beyond Intercalation-Type Lithium Ion Multivalent-Based Electrochemical Energy Storage Flow-Based Open Electrochemical Systems Emerging Inorganic Semiconductors for Solar-Energy Conversion Materials, Modeling and Technoeconomic Impacts for Large-Scale Hydrogen and Energy Applications Materials for Safe and Sustainable Electrochemical Energy Storage

NANOSCALE AND QUANTUM MATERIALS NM01 Nanodiamonds—Synthesis, Properties and Applications NM02 Colloidal Nanoparticles—From Synthesis to Applications NM03 Nanomanipulation of Materials NM04 Nanosafety NM05 1D Carbon Electronics—From Synthesis to Applications NM06 Theory and Characterization of 2D Materials— Bridging Atomic Structure and Device Performance NM07 Two-Dimensional Quantum Materials Out of Equilibrium NM08 2D Atomic and Molecular Sheets— Electronic and Photonic Properties and Device Applications NM09 Layered van der Waals Heterostructures— Synthesis, Physical Phenomena and Devices NM10 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of 2D MXenes NM11 Topological and Quantum Phenomena in Oxides and Oxide Heterostructures NM12 Synthesis and Control of Dirac or Topological Materials

SOFT MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS SM01 Organ-on-a-Chip—Toward Personalized Precision Medicine SM02 Progress in Open-Space Microfluidics— From Nanoscience, Manufacturing to Biomedicine SM03 Flexible, Stretchable Biointegrated Materials, Devices and Related Mechanics SM04 Fundamental Materials, Devices and Fabrication Innovations for Biointegrated and Bioinspired Electronics SM05 Engineered Functional Multicellular Circuits, Devices and Systems SM06 Soft Organic and Hybrid Materials for Biointerfacing— Materials, Processes and Applications SM07 Bioinspired Synthesis and Manufacturing of Materials SM08 Emerging Strategies and Applications in Drug Delivery SM09 Advances in 3D Printing for Medical Applications

FOLLOW THE MEETING! #S20MRS

James M. Rondinelli Northwestern University



Hong Wang Southern University of Science and Technology

Don’t Miss These Future MRS Meetings!

mrs.org/spring2020

2020 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit November 29–December 4, 2020, Boston, Massachusetts 2021 MRS Spring Meeting & Exhibit April 19–23, 2021, Seattle, Washington

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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New Division Officers Slates Upcoming ECS Sponsored Meetings In addition to the ECS biannual meetings and ECS satellite conferences, ECS, its divisions, and sections, sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a partial list of upcoming sponsored meetings. Please visit the ECS website (http://www.electrochem.org/upcomingmeetings/) for a list of all sponsored meetings.

2019 • 15th International Conference on Electrified Interfaces; Valdivia, Chile; November 3-8, 2019; https://www.deq.cl/icei2019

New division officers for the fall 2019-- spring 2021 term have been nominated for the following divisions. All election results will be reported in the winter 2019 issue of Interface.

Electrodeposition

Chair Philippe Verecken, IMEC Vice Chair Natasa Vasiljevic, University of Bristol Secretary Luka Magagnin, Politecnico di Milano Treasurer Andreas Bund, Technische Universität Ilmenau Rohan Akolkar, Case Western Reserve University Antoine Allanore, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Toshiyuki Nohira, Kyoto University High-Temperature Energy, Materials and Processes

To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

Mercury Oxide Reference Electrode Battery Development Electrochemistry in Alkaline Electrolyte All plastic construction for use where glass is attacked Stable, Reproducible Alkaline & Fluoride Media

www.koslow.com “Fine electrochemical probes since 1966”

Chair Paul Gannon, Montana State University Sr. Vice Chair Sean Bishop, Redox Power Systems Jr. Vice Chair Cortney Kreller, Los Alamos National Laboratory Secretary/Treasurer Wilson Chiu, University of Connecticut Xinbgo Liu, West Virginia University Members-at-Large Stuart Adler, University of Washington Mark Allendorf, Sandia National Laboratories Scott Barnett, Northwestern University Yilge Bildiz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Fanglin Chen, University of South Carolina Zhe Cheng, Florida International University Dong Ding, Idaho National Laboratory Koichi Eguchi, Kyoto University Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University Fernando Garzon, Uniersity of New Mexico Srikanth Gopalan, Boston University Turgut Gur, Stanford University Ellen Ivers-Tiffee, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Tatsuya Kawada, Tohoku University Kang Taek Lee, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology Olga Marina, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Torsten Markus, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Nguyen Minh, University of California, San Diego Mogens Mogensen, Denmark Technical University Jason Nicholas, Michigan State University Nicola Perry, University of Illinois Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia Jennifer Rupp, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Subhash Singhal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Hitoshi Takamura, Tohoku University Jianhua Tong, Clemson University Enrico Traversa Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Leta Woo, Emisense Xiao-Dong Zhou, University of Louisiana The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ECS BLOG HIGHLIGHTS SOCIE T Y NE WS

ECS BLOG - HOMEPAGE A source of information

Interested? Get more on this and other news on the ECS Blog!

ECS PARTNERS WITH IOP PUBLISHING FOR JOURNAL SERVICES

AI POWERED SENSORS ARE THE FUTURE

Hear directly from ECS editors and authors

Society news

Ajit Khosla, sensors technical editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES), believes AI-powered sensors the future of the field, which is why the open access paper, Artificial Intelligence Based Mobile Application for Water Quality Monitoring, piqued Khosla’s interest in particular. Lead author Sushanta Mitra discusses his research and its development in one of the most-read blogs of the year!

ECS has made some very big announcements on the ECS Blog! For example, this year, ECS shared some exciting news! The Society is partnering with IOP Publishing (IOPP) as its journals publishing partner, beginning in 2020.

Breakthroughs and news

Batteries are a hot topic, and when it comes to them, it’s all about maximizing energy storage—making this story one of the most-read stories in the ECS Blog. Last year, the Japanese automaker announced the development of a new battery chemistry called fluoride-ion with the potential to outperform current lithium-ion batteries.

The ECS Blog homepage itself came in as one of the most visited pages this year! That’s because it offers all the latest scoop—from what’s going on at ECS and around the world—including call for papers announcements, breakthroughs in the field, interviews with notable researchers, ECS biannual meeting information, grant and award deadlines and winners, and more!

HONDA’S BATTERY BREAKTHROUGH

Pick up on the latest buzz in your field, all on the ECS blog!

MOST-READ ARTICLES BY TOPICAL INTEREST AREA

What’s popular?

6 NEW ECS STUDENT CHAPTERS

Student chapter news

Sushanta Mitra

MAKE THE MOST OF FREE THE SCIENCE WEEK

The Free the Science initiative

The ECS student chapter program continues to experience tremendous growth as student chapters continue to form around the globe! There might just be one coming near you. Connect with peers. Stay informed. All on the ECS Blog. Each quarter, the Society highlights the top five most-read journal articles by topical interest area in both the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology and the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Stay up-to-date on trending research in your field on the ECS Blog!

If you need one more good reason to keep tabs on the ECS Blog, how about this one? Each year, ECS offers complete, unrestricted access to all of the research ever published in the ECS Digital Library throughout Free the Science Week. That’s pretty big!

www.electrochem.org/ecsblog

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Institutional Member spotlight This year, ECS welcomes back GE Global Research as a renewing institutional member alongside two new institutional members - Battery Sciences, LLC and Hydrogenics Corporation. Learn more about each of these organizations:

GE Global Research Patron Member

www.ge.com/research GE Research is GE’s innovation powerhouse where research meets reality. They are a world-class team of 1,000+ scientific, engineering and marketing minds (600+ PhDs), working at the intersection of physics and markets, physical and digital technologies, and across a broad set of industries to deliver world-changing innovations and differentiated products for GE’s businesses and our customers. These innovations and products span the aviation, power, transportation, healthcare sectors and beyond. GE continues to build upon a proud heritage of invention that began with the company’s founder, Thomas Edison. GE scientists and engineers have distinguished themselves over time, amassing tens of thousands of patents, two Nobel prizes in chemistry and physics, and a list of inventions that helped establish GE’s large industrial footprint. Today, GE’s products generate 1/3 of the world’s electricity, power flights that take off every two seconds, and produce 16,000 imaging scans of patients per minute in health care.

Battery Sciences Incorporated Sustaining Member

www.batterysciences.com Battery Sciences LLC provides technical services in battery technology: battery chemistry selection for applications, materials evaluation, cell and battery pack/module design, and BMS specification. Service provided for medical, light industrial, consumer

electronics, and ESS and grid support applications. Battery safety training for first responders to battery incidents. Battery Sciences personnel have experience as expert witness and in litigation support for product liability and Intellectual Property cases. Experienced in diligence and factory audits of lithium-ion manufacture.

Hydrogenics Corporation Sustaining Member www.hydrogenics.com

Hydrogenics is the worldwide leader in designing, manufacturing, building and installing industrial and commercial hydrogen generation, hydrogen fuel cells and MWscale energy storage solutions. While their leadership comes from their technology, their success is the result of one essential ingredient– human one. It’s their people, engineers, experts who are accelerating a global “power shift” to a cleaner energy future. Hydrogenics offers world leading expertise for a range of applications, including: • PEM and alkaline hydrogen generators for industrial processes and fueling stations • Hydrogen fuel cells for electric vehicles, such as urban transit buses, commercial fleets, utility vehicles and electric lift trucks • Fuel cell installations for freestanding electrical power plants, critical power and UPS systems (uninterruptible power supply) • “Power-to-Gas” the world’s most innovative way to store and transport energy ECS’s institutional membership program provides a broad array of benefits and discounts to its members. Contact Anna.Olsen@ electrochem.org to discuss how this program can meet your organizational needs.

Renewal Reminder ECS encourages institutional members to renew their membership before the end of 2019. The institutional membership program provides academic, government, and industry partners access to research and the ECS community. Program benefits also include discounts on subscriptions, along with advertising, sponsorship, and exhibit discounts for ECS biannual meetings. ECS’s institutional members have more than 300 member representatives. These representatives receive all ECS member benefits, including access to the ECS Digital Library and member pricing.

Contact Anna.Olsen@electrochem.org

to renew your institutional membership or inquire about the benefits of institutional membership for your organization. 20

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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websites of note by Alice H. Suroviec

data.matr.io • data.matr.io hosts a publicly available dataset of 124 commercial LFP/graphite lithium-ion batteries cycled to failure, which was published in a recent paper in Nature Energy [1]. This dataset could be useful for building first-principles or machine-learning models of battery failure. The data is natively provided in MATLAB format but is also accessible via Python. [1] Severson et al. Data-driven prediction of battery cycle life before capacity degradation. Nature Energy, 4, 383–391 (2019). www.doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0356-8

ProWriting Aid • This website is an add-on to a web browser. This software provides tools for grammar and style editing for academic papers. It has a free version that allows you to quickly work through your own papers or aid students in their writing. The site also has many useful blogs to help avoid typical writing errors. www.prowritingaid.com

nanohubtechtalks from nanoHUB • nanohubtalks hosts an Youtube channel containing novel research, education, outreach, and support for nanotechnology community. These videos are a combination of short-courses and tutorials covering a variety of topics. This is a great resource for those looking for a quick overview of a new topic. www.youtube.com/user/nanohubtechtalks

About the Author

Alice Suroviec is a professor of bioanalytical chemistry and chair of the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry at Berry College. She earned a BS in chemistry from Allegheny College in 2000. She received her PhD from Virginia Tech in 2005 under the direction of Mark R. Anderson. Her research focuses on enzymatically modified electrodes for use as biosensors. She is an associate editor for the physical and analytical electrochemistry, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemistry topical interest area of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. She may be reached at asuroviec@berry.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9252-2468

SAVE THE DATE

2020

237th ECS Meeting

with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)

MONTRÉAL, CANADA May 10-15, 2020

Palais des Congrès Montréal The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Staff News Sophia Jorge joined ECS in April as an accounting manager. In this role, she will support the director of finance by performing many of the accounting and finance functions of the organization. Sophia will be responsible for monthly reconciliations, preparation of financial statements and budgets, financial reporting and analysis, and will supervise the finance associate. Sophia attended Kean University where she earned an undergraduate degree in accounting and is currently working toward a master of business administration degree. Sophia previously worked as a staff accountant where she supported the finance controller for an international chemical distribution company specializing in natural derivative chemical supplies for industries such as food, pharma, and personal care. She is excited to be part of an organization with such an important purpose and is a strong proponent of the mission of Society. Tim Gamberzky, chief operating officer of ECS, said: “Sophia brings experience, talent, and enthusiasm to the ECS finance team. In just four months with the Society, Sophia has established herself as a key member of the ECS organization. Sophia has been instrumental in helping to improve accounting systems, processes, and the quality of financial data produced by the finance team. It is a pleasure to work with Sophia on a daily basis and I look forward to what I know will be a bright future with the Society.” Nicholas DeMarie joined ECS as a board relations specialist in May after completing an undergraduate degree in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. Previously, he worked as an intern for the Food Trust, a nonprofit which serves to provide food access and healthy nutrition information to the greater community. In addition, he worked as project manager for the Eastern Pennsylvania Alliance for Clean Transportation (EP-ACT), which serves to assist local municipalities and utilities with their conversion to alternatives to gasoline and diesel for their vehicles.

In the

DeMarie has studied abroad and worked in Italy on social media platforms for the American Institute for Roman Culture (AIRC), which aims to preserve Rome’s cultural legacy through education and outreach. In his free time, he enjoys travel, bodybuilding, and spirited debate on a range of topics. “I could not be happier about having Nick onboard. He brings a wealth of insight, talent, enthusiasm, and passion to the job,” said Chris Jannuzzi, ECS executive director. “He was basically air-dropped into the Dallas meeting, with little time to prepare, but he handled it like a true professional. I have no doubt Nick will be a tremendous asset to ECS.”

Celebrating 10 Years with ECS Elizabeth (Beth) Schademann joined ECS in July 2009 as a journal production assistant. Prior to joining the publications department at ECS, she worked for Thomson Tax & Accounting, Research & Guidance Group NY as a supervisor. Through her tenure with the Society, she has work with various publications including ECS Meeting Abstracts, ECS Transactions, and ECS journals. From November 2010 to May 2019, Schademann served as a publications specialist assisting in the timely and accurate production of ECS journals through overseeing the production process of manuscripts from submission to the final publication. She worked with authors and reviewers on the submission of manuscripts and facilitated the file submission process. Schademann was recently promoted to journals production manager in May 2019. In this capacity, she manages the daily activities of the journals production process along with maintaining submission and production schedules. The change to her role will have her working closely with editorial board members and guest editors to execute the journals focus issues. “Beth has been committed to helping ECS produce quality publications for the last 10 years and I’m excited for her to be more involved in shaping the future of ECS journals,” says Beth Craanen, director of publications. “She brings important insight and experience to her new role and has already had a positive impact on ECS journals as we progress our transition to IOP Publishing.”

issue of

The winter 2019 issue of Interface will feature three focus research groups of the ECS Nanocarbons Division. The issue will be guest edited by division chair Slava V. Rotkin (Penn State University) and vice chair Hiroshi Imahori (Kyoto University). The articles will outline three themes, actively developed in the division: • Karl Kadish, the lead of one of the largest groups of the division (ECS biannual meeting symposium B08), together with Tomas Torres, Nathalie Solladie, Norbert Jux, and Roberto Paolesse will review the state-of-the-art research on the porphyrines and phthalocyanines. • Daniel A. Heller, the lead of group focusing on biological and medical applications of nanomaterials (ECS biannual meeting symposium B02), together with Merav Antman-Passig, Ardemis Boghossian, and Tetyana Ignatova write on carbon nanotube-based near infrared optical sensors. • Finally, Shangfeng Yang together with Guan-Wu Wang and Ning Chen will present the scope of fullerenes science, historically the first focus theme of the Nanocarbons Division (ECS biannual meeting symposium B05). 22

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

European Distribution Center Fritz-Klatte-Strasse 8 Hall 3 & 4 65933 Frankfurt Tel: +49 (0)69 3535106 500 Fax: +49 (0)69 3535106 501 e-mail: info@gelestde.com

236th ECS Meeting Atlanta

October 13-17, 2019

Hilton Atlanta

E ECS A TH

“E

Special Meeting Section

mo b il e ” i n y • 14 hours of exhibit hall time over three days • Daily morning and afternoon coffee breaks • Complimentary WiFi in meeting rooms • Special program for nontechnical registrants

• Five days of technical programming across 52 symposia • Almost 2,500 abstracts • More than 1,900 oral presentations, with over 500 invited talks from the world’s leading experts • Over 550 posters during three evenings of poster sessions

l S e ar ch

p s to re l

GE T

ome join us at this international conference as scientists, engineers, and researchers from academia, industry, and government laboratories come together to share results and discuss issues on related topics through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, panel discussions, tutorial sessions, short courses, professional development workshops, exhibits, and more! The unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology at an ECS meeting provides you with an opportunity to absorb and exchange information on the latest scientific developments across a variety of interdisciplinary areas in a forum of your peers.

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This year’s fall meeting will be in Atlanta, where fine dining, shopping, and rich history combine with inspiration-inducing attractions to create a city with Southern charm and world-class sophistication. It’s easy to see why Atlanta, Georgia, is one of the most popular destinations in the Southeast to live and to visit!

The ECS Lecture

Monday, October 14 “DARPA Advances in Electrochemistry and Solid State Science and Technology” Valerie Browning, DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office

Atlanta l

Georgia, October 13-17, 2019

Valerie Browning has served as the director of DARPA’s Defense Sciences Office (DSO) since December 2017. She has over 35 years of experience in managing and executing defense-related research and development (R&D). Prior to her current assignment, she worked as an independent consultant providing subject matter expertise and strategic planning support to the Department of Defense, the Department of Energy, and other government clients. She also served as CTO for HELM System Solutions, Inc., a woman-owned small R&D business. Browning was a program manager in the DSO from 2000 to 2007, where she initiated and managed a diverse R&D portfolio in areas that included metamaterials, bio-magnetics, unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) energy storage, portable power, thermoelectric materials, and others. She also worked as a research physicist at the Naval Research Laboratory from 1984 to 2000, where her areas of research included thermoelectrics, superconductors, magnetics, and magnetic oxide materials. This presentation will highlight past and current DSO investments in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. Exemplar applications in UUV energy storage and portable power enabled by DARPA DSO investments will be reviewed. The presentation will also provide insight regarding how DARPA programs are generated and what might be on the horizon for future areas of interest.

Award-Winning Speakers (Check the meeting app for times)

SOCIETY AWARD-WINNING SPEAKERS

Shimshon Gottesfeld, Fuel Cell Consulting LLC Olin Palladium Award John Weidner, University of South Carolina Carl Wagner Memorial Award

DIVISION AND SECTION AWARD-WINNING SPEAKERS

Yi Cui, Stanford University Battery Division Technology Award Khalil Amine, Argonne National Laboratory Battery Division Research Award Minghao Zhang, University of California, San Diego Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation Linqin Mu, Virginia Tech Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation

Read more about these award winners in this issue starting on page XX. 24

Peter Attia, Stanford University Battery Division Student Research Award Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development Leo Duchene, Empa Battery Division Student Research Award Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development Alison Davenport, University of Birmingham Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award Aria Kahyarian, Ohio University Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award Krishnan Rajeshwar, University of Texas at Arlington Electrodeposition Division Research Award Myung Jun Kim, Duke University Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Nicola Perry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award Nathan Lewis, California Institute of Technology Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Short Courses

Sunday, October 13 ECS short courses are all-day classes designed to provide students or seasoned professionals with an in-depth education on a wide range of topics. Taught by academic and industry experts, the small classes make for excellent opportunities for personalized instruction, helping both novices and experts advance their technical expertise and knowledge.

Advanced Impedance Spectroscopy Mark Orazem, Instructor

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Thermodynamic Methods James Noël, Instructor

Electrodeposition Fundamentals and Applications Stanko Brankovic and Giovanni Zangari, Instructors

(Check the meeting app for times)

Offered at every biannual Society meeting, professional development workshops help to serve our attendees’ career needs. These workshops are available to you whether you are a student looking for some help with your resume or a mid-career researcher looking for a refresher on team management.

• Running an Effective Meeting • Managing and Leading Teams • U.S. Immigration & Visa Options for International Researchers

• Essential Elements for Employment Success • Refresh and Connect: An ECS Mentoring Session • Resume Review • Strategic Tools for a Successful Career

Special Events

(Check the meeting app for times)

ECS Data Science Showcase

The ECS Data Science Showcase will feature invited speakers from the data science and open source community and past participants of the ECS Data Science programs.

For more information visit

www.electrochem.org/236 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

General and Student Poster Sessions

With hundreds of posters to explore, you won’t want to miss a single minute of these sessions. Grab a drink, wander the aisles, review the presentations, talk to the authors, share some laughs—these sessions are a great way to end the day!

Symposia Celebrating Bob Huggins, Joan Berkowitz, and the ECS Georgia Section

Join us to honor a leader in batteries and energy conversion and storage applications, the first female president of ECS, and the legacy of our Georgia members.

Division Lunches for Battery, Corrosion, Electrodeposition, H-TEMP, and Sensors

Know your division; come down to network and get involved with future activities! 25

Georgia, October 13-17, 2019

Come join us for an evening of fun, as we kick off what is sure to be a great week. This is an excellent opportunity to meet old and new friends, so make sure to stop by for some food, drinks, and great conversation!

The mixer is a must-attend event for students! Enjoy networking with your peers and early-career professionals while light desserts and refreshments are served.

Opening Reception

Student Mixer

Atlanta

The ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) brings together policy makers and researchers to educate about the critical issues of energy needs and the pivotal research in electrochemical energy that can address societal needs.

The 9th Annual Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) “Electrochemistry in Space”

Special Meeting Section

Professional Development Workshops

Symposium Topics, Organizers, and Sponsoring Divisions A — Batteries and Energy Storage A01 — Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session

J. W. Gallaway, M. Doeff, M. Manivannan, S. Narayan Battery, Energy Technology

A02 — Symposium in Honor of Bob Huggins: Fast Ionic Conductors -

Principles and Applications C. Chan, B. Liaw, J. Nanda, T. M. Gur, V. Thangadurai Battery, High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes

A03 — Fast Electrochemical Processes and Devices 3 (Electrochemical

Capacitors and Batteries) N. Wu, W. Gao, J. W. Long, V. Di Noto, O. Crosnier, W. Sugimoto, A. Balducci Battery, Energy Technology

Special Meeting Section

A04 — Advanced Manufacturing Methods for Energy Storage Devices 2

D. L. Wood, J. Li, P. M. Vereecken, A. C. West Battery, Electrodeposition

A05 — Lithium Ion Batteries

G. Yushin, B. Lucht, G. Chen, F. Lin Battery

A06 — Beyond Lithium Ion Batteries

X. Li, P. J. Kulesza, C. Xiong, J. Lu, D. Guyomard Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

A07 — Solid State Batteries

N. P. Dasgupta, J. Muldoon, J. Sakamoto, V. Di Noto, V. Thangadurai Battery, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

B — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01 — Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications

Atlanta

and Devices S. V. Rotkin, H. Imahori, O. V. Boltalina, V. Di Noto Nanocarbons, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

C — Corrosion Science and Technology C01 — Corrosion General Session

M. Itagaki, J. Noel Corrosion

C02 — Oxide Films 4

Georgia, October 13-17, 2019

D. Chidambaram, P. E. Gannon, K. Hebert, K. S. Raja, D. Shoesmith Corrosion

C03 — Localized Corrosion

J. Noel, M. P. Ryan, X. He Corrosion

C04 — Computation Approaches in Corrosion Science and Engineering

R. Buchheit, E. Tada Corrosion

D — Dielectric Science and Materials D01 — Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 17

D. Misra, K. Kita, S. Dayeh, S. H. Kilgore, K. Kakushima Dielectric Science and Technology

D02 — Plasma Nanoscience and Technology 4

U. Cvelbar, P. Mascher, D. W. Hess, M. K. Sunkara, O. Leonte, T. Lill Dielectric Science and Technology

E — Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01 — Current Trends in Electrodeposition - An Invited Symposium

E. J. Podlaha-Murphy Electrodeposition

E02 — Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Materials for Energy Application

N. Vasiljevic, N. Dimitrov, K. S. Ryder, P. M. Vereecken, V. Subramanian, H. Pan Electrodeposition, Battery, Energy Technology

E03 — Ionic Liquids as Reactive Media for Electrodeposition Processes

F — Electrochemical Engineering F01 — Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

General Session D. P. Riemer, J. A. Staser Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

F02 — Electrochemical Separations and Sustainability 3

H. Xu, C. Owen, A. H. Suroviec Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

F03 — Electrochemical Conversion of Biomass 2

L. A. Diaz, S. Calabrese Barton, J. A. Staser, J. Holladay, E. J. Biddinger Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Energy Technology

F04 — Pulse and Reverse Pulse Electrolytic Processes 2

M. Inman, E. J. Taylor, E. J. Podlaha-Murphy, S. Roy, A. Bund Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Electrodeposition

F06 — Reduction of CO2: From Laboratory to Industrial Scale

P. J. Kenis, S. Narayan, T. Petek Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Energy Technology

G — Electronic Materials and Processing G01 — 16th International Symposium on Semiconductor Cleaning Science

and Technology (SCST 16) T. Hattori, J. Ruzyllo, A. J. Muscat, K. Saga, P. W. Mertens Electronics and Photonics

G02 — Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 15

F. Roozeboom, S. De Gendt, J. Dendooven, J. W. Elam, O. van der Straten, C. Liu, A. Illiberi, G. Sundaram Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology

G03 — Semiconductor Process Integration 11

J. Murota, C. Claeys, H. Iwai, M. Tao, S. Deleonibus, A. Mai, K. Shiojima, Y. Cao Electronics and Photonics

G04 — Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 5

J. Lee, C. O’Dwyer, J. He, K. M. Razeeb, R. Chen, W. van Schalkwijk, Y. Wu Electronics and Photonics, Energy Technology

G05 — Oxide Memristors 2

S. S. Nonnenmann, J. Yang, J. L. Rupp, J. Claudio Nino, A. A. Talin High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electronics and Photonics

G06 — Materials and Processes for Semiconductor, 2.5 and 3D Chip

Packaging, and High Density Interconnection PCB 2 K. Kondo, F. Roozeboom, G. Mathad, W. Dow, M. Hayase, M. Koyanagi, R. Akolkar, Y. Takeno, L. Wei, M. Kondo, M. Motoyoshi Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Electrodeposition

H — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems H01 — State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors

(SOTAPOCS 62) T. J. Anderson, J. K. Hite, R. P. Lynch, C. O’Dwyer, E. A. Douglas Electronics and Photonics

H02 — Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 12

Y. Chueh, C. O’Dwyer, S. Jin, J. He, M. Suzuki, S. Kim, J. C. Ho, Z. Fan, Q. Li, G. W. Hunter, K. Takei, J. Wu, J. L. Blackburn Electronics and Photonics, Dielectric Science and Technology, Nanocarbons

H03 — Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 9

M. Dudley, N. Ohtani, M. Bakowski, K. Shenai, B. Raghothamachar Electronics and Photonics

A. Bund, C. Pozo-Gonzalo, M. Ueda, K. S. Ryder, E. J. Biddinger, P. J. Kulesza Electrodeposition, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

I — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01A— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

Diagnostics/Characterization Methods, MEA Design/Model F. N. Büchi, H. A. Gasteiger, A. Z. Weber, E. Kjeang Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I01B— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

Cells, Stacks, and Systems K. Swider-Lyons, K. Shinohara, C. A. Rice, B. Lakshmanan Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I01C— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

I01D— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

Catalyst Activity/Durability for Hydrogen(-Reformate) Acidic Fuel Cells H. Uchida, P. Strasser, S. Mitsushima, Y. Kim Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I01E— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

Materials for Alkaline Fuel Cells and Direct-Fuel Fuel Cells T. J. Schmidt, R. A. Mantz, W. E. Mustain Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L02 — Electrode Processes 12

A. C. Hillier, E. Pomerantseva, Q. Huang Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Battery, Electrodeposition, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

L05 — Advanced Techniques for In Situ Electrochemical Systems 2

S. Pylypenko, A. C. Co, I. V. Zenyuk Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology

L06 — Education in Electrochemistry 2

A. H. Suroviec, T. F. Fuller, J. N. Harb Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology

L07 — Sonoelectrochemistry

B. G. Pollet, J. Hihn, J. Leddy Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L09 — 28 Years of Electrochemistry within ECS Georgia Section

D. E. Cliffel, S. Lee, F. M. Alamgir, M. C. Hatzell, T. F. Fuller Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Energy Technology

M — Sensors M01— Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session

D. Kim, J. E. Koehne Sensor

M02— Nano/Bio Sensors 7

R. P. Ramasamy, A. Simonian, L. Soleymani, N. Wu, P. Chen, M. J. Sailor, Y. Lin, A. C. Hillier Sensor, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

M03— Microfluidics, Sensors, and Devices 3

M. Navaei, A. Khosla, P. J. Hesketh, P. K. Sekhar, J. E. Koehne, D. E. Cliffel Sensor, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Georgia, October 13-17, 2019

Invited Talks K. Swider-Lyons, D. Jones, H. A. Gasteiger, H. Uchida, T. J. Schmidt, F. N. Büchi, B. S. Pivovar, P. N. Pintauro, J. M. Fenton, P. Strasser, K. E. Ayers, A. Z. Weber, R. A. Mantz, H. Xu, S. Mitsushima, C. A. Rice, Y. Kim, E. Kjeang, W. E. Mustain, B. Lakshmanan, K. Shinohara Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Photoelectrochemistry General Session A. H. Suroviec, P. Vanýsek Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I01Z— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

L01 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and

Atlanta

Polymer-Electrolyte Electrolysis B. S. Pivovar, K. E. Ayers, H. Xu Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

L —Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

I01F— Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells & Electrolyzers 19 (PEFC&E-19) -

S. Krishnan, J. D. Burgess, G. T. Cheek, S. D. Minteer, S. C. Barton Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Special Meeting Section

Cation-Exchange Membrane Development, Performance, and Durability P. N. Pintauro, D. Jones Energy Technology, Battery, Corrosion, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

K — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry K01 — Advances in Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Z — General Topics Z01 — General Student Poster Session

A. H. Suroviec, V. R. Subramanian, K. B. Sundaram, V. H. Chaitanya, P. Pharkya, L. F. Greenlee All Divisions

Z02 — The Brain and Electrochemistry 2 I02 — Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 15: New Materials and Processes

T. Druffel, M. Tao, H. Hamada, J. M. Fenton, J. Park, K. Rajeshwar, Z. D. Chen, A. C. Hillier Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

I03 — Ionic and Mixed Conducting Ceramics 12

X. Zhou, E. Traversa, T. Kawada, T. M. Gur, K. B. Hatzell, M. Amin High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, Battery

I04 — Symposium on Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and

Solar Fuels 10 N. Wu, P. J. Kulesza, J. Lee, D. Ma, E. L. Miller, H. Wang, G. P. Wiederrecht, T. Tatsuma, V. Subramanian, T. Lian, M. Manivannan Energy Technology, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor

I05 — Crosscutting Materials Innovation for Transformational Chemical and

Electrochemical Energy Conversion Technologies 3 H. N. Dinh, E. L. Miller Energy Technology

L — Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing J01 — Luminescent Materials: Fundamentals and Application

J. Brgoch Luminescence and Display Materials

H. Deligianni, C. Bock, J. Leddy, L. A. Nagahara, M. Bayachou, J. Mauzeroll, N. Wu, A. Khosla, D. E. Cliffel All Divisions

Z03 — 40 Years After

A. H. Suroviec, C. Bock, J. Leddy, H. Deligianni, S. Virtanen All Divisions

Z04 — Electrochemistry in Space

G. S. Jackson, G. W. Hunter, P. Mascher, E. J. Taylor, T. P. Barrera, A. M. Herring, G. J. Nelson, J. E. Koehne High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes, Battery, Dielectric Science and Technology, Energy Technology, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Sensor, Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

Select symposia will publish their proceedings in an issue of ECS Transactions . Issues will be available for sale in CD, USB, and electronic (PDF) formats. Preordered CD or USB editions will be available for pickup at the meeting.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

John Goodenough Receives Royal Society’s Copley Medal John Bannister Goodenough, internationally recognized as one of the key minds behind the development of the first commercial lithium-ion battery, has been awarded the Royal Society’s Copley Medal, the world’s oldest scientific prize. The longtime ECS fellow and honorary member was recognized for his exceptional contributions to the materials science field—contributions still used in mobile electronics today—including laptops and smartphones around the world. The award ties him to an elite group of equally notable scientists and engineers, including the likes of Benjamin Franklin, Charles Darwin, Louis Pasteur, Albert Einstein, and Dorothy Hodgkin. “Words are not sufficient to express my appreciation for this award,” said Goodenough in a Royal Society interview. “My 10 years at Oxford were transformative for me, and I thank especially those who had the imagination to invite a U.S. nonacademic physicist to come to England to be a professor and head of the Oxford

Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory. I regret that age and a bad leg prevent my travel back to England to celebrate such a wonderful surprise.” Yet, despite the 97-year-old’s revolutionary accomplishments, he has no intentions of slowing down. Goodenough currently serves as the Virginia H. Cockrell Centennial Chair in Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where he aims to perfect his breakthrough lithium-ion technology, determined to make the batteries stronger, cheaper, and safer. He also aspires to liberate society from its dependence on fossil fuels. Although solar and wind power are capable of producing electricity, the electricity must be used immediately—there are no economic stationary batteries in which to store the power. “I want to solve the problem before I throw my chips in,” said Goodenough in an interview with Quartz. “I still have time to go.”

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28 Read more about our new PAT-Cell-Gas test cell at www.el-cell.com

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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In Memoriam memoriam Jim Auborn (1940 – 2019)

ames John Auborn passed away on April 6, 2019, at Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland, Oregon, at the age of 79. He earned his BS (1961) and MS (1962) from Oregon State University, where he studied electrical engineering, mathematics, chemistry, and physics on a Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps fellowship. From 1962 to 1969, he served as an active duty officer in the U.S. nuclear submarine fleet, initially as engineering officer of the ballistic missile nuclear submarine Nathaniel Greene of the Pacific Fleet, based in Puget Sound, Washington. In 1971, Auborn received his PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Utah after working brilliantly for merely two years with Edward M. Eyring. He continued to serve in the U.S. Naval Reserve until 1993, in part at the Office of Naval Research (ONR), and retired with the rank of captain, USN. In 1970, Adam Heller, working at GTE Laboratories, received $25,000 from the ONR for research that no other agency would even consider funding: a 4V lithium-chlorine battery operating at room temperature, with a chlorine gas-containing lithium-salt solution in phosphorus oxychloride. Auborn understood the significance of this discovery, and when Heller offered him the opportunity to pursue it, he accepted the offer on the spot. Auborn set out to quantify the amount of chlorine that could be dissolved in the phosphorous oxychloride, the amount that reacted with lithium, and the electrical charge produced. He immediately observed that the charge produced exceeded that possible for the quantity of chlorine present and deduced that the phosphorus oxychloride solvent itself reacted on the carbon counter-electrode. Thus, there was no need for toxic chlorine gas. We had in hand a lithium battery where the solvent itself was the reagent that electrochemically reacted with lithium by being electroreduced on carbon. From Heller’s earlier work, Auborn knew that there were better oxychlorides, which he explored, selecting thionyl chloride. In less than two years, he engineered a manufacturable battery that not only had a lithium anode, but also had the lightest possible counterelectrode, carbon on which the solvent, thionyl chloride, was reduced. This was one of the very first lithium batteries, and it had the highest energy density and specific energy of any other battery. It still does today. It operated over a wide temperature range and held its full charge for a very long time, which we now know is over 20 years. By 1973, with Auborn’s assistance, Tadiran Batteries, a subsidiary of GTE, built a manufacturing line resulting in a successful lithiumthionyl chloride battery business, which continues to thrive to this day. Subsequently, the battery was manufactured in the U.S., powering critical defense and intelligence systems in this country. It is still unique in having the combined advantages of highest energy density (760 Wh/kg, 1420 Wh/L), widest operating temperature range (−50°C to +70°C), longest shelf life (20+ years), and most constant operating voltage. Today, Auborn’s 1973 lithium thionyl chloride battery remains the power source employed in the most demanding defense and intelligence applications. On its 50th anniversary, the ONR listed it among the 50 most important innovations in its history.

Auborn left GTE Laboratories in 1976, following Heller—who moved to Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, in 1975, to work on rechargeable sodium, lithium, and aluminum batteries. He introduced materials that are in use today in lithium batteries, exemplified by the plasma-treated nonaqueous solvent-wetted polypropylene separator and identified as the preferred electrolyte in their widely used salt, LiPF6. In the mid-1980s, Auborn was appointed department head, then director, in the Military Systems Division of Bell Laboratories in Whippany, New Jersey, where he worked until 1999. From 1999 to 2000, he was vice president of research at Terabeam Corp. in Kirkland, Washington. Auborn served the United States Navy throughout his career, beginning as an active duty officer in the U.S. submarine fleet and ultimately serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve. Becoming a submariner in Rickover’s navy was a formidable task. The anticipation of the Rickover interview, a final hurdle, was met with trepidation. Auborn was kept waiting for hours. While waiting, he encountered a gentleman who asked him what he was doing there. Auborn complained that Rickover was making him wait excessively. Of course, it was Rickover to whom he was speaking, who clearly admired Auborn’s honesty and subsequently approved his application. In his capacity as a naval reservist, Auborn spent nearly two decades providing invaluable assistance and insight to ONR scientific officers. Rather than spend his reserve time behind a desk at the ONR, Auborn spent most of his reserve time out in the field where he was most valuable. He reviewed research proposals, participated in program reviews, and attended site visits to universities, small businesses, and large industrial contractors. Auborn was soft-spoken but always on the mark in ferreting out the most subtle scientific issues related to any research project. This proved invaluable to the navy and helped ensure that obstacles would be recognized early and overcome, and that significant progress would be made on various ONR-funded projects. Auborn’s naval experience as a submariner was often exhibited by his habit of repeating anything remotely resembling a direction, suggestion, or possible action. There was never any miscommunication with Auborn. As part of his stealth training for the navy, Auborn was fond of Volvo sports cars, which he claimed had low-radar cross sections enabling him to avoid speed traps. Auborn received the Meritorious Service Medal from the navy for his exemplary service. Auborn semi-retired to Port Orford, Oregon, in 2000, where in 2002 he was elected councilman, and then mayor in 2004. He remained the much-appreciated mayor of Port Orford for 12 years, until 2016. Auborn is survived by his wife, Karen, whom he married in 1962; his sons, John and Joseph; his grandchildren, Max, Sam, and Caroline; and his siblings, Richard, Susan, Julie, and Mary Lou. His ashes were scattered at sea. This notice was contributed by Adam Heller and Robert J. Nowak.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

In Memoriam memoriam Ken Nobe (1925 – 2019)

en Nobe passed away on July 11, 2019. Nobe was an ECS emeritus member and a devoted member of the Society for over five decades. He served the Society in a variety of capacities at both local and national levels, including as chair of the Corrosion Division (1978–1980) and founder of the Southern California/Nevada Section, which engaged local aerospace, automotive, and petrochemical industry in areas of corrosion and energy storage and conversion. Nobe led by example, encouraging his students to attend, present at, and participate in ECS meetings, and many of them went on to hold ECS leadership positions. Nobe authored over 245 publications, nearly half of which appeared in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Transactions, or ECS Proceedings Volumes. He was chair or cochair for more than 10 ECS biannual meeting symposia, including those honoring Marcel Pourbaix (1984), Norman Hackerman (1986), and Douglas Bennion (1994). Nobe was born in Berkeley, California. Both sets of his grandparents immigrated to the United States in the middle of making their families. His father, Sydney, a pharmacist who graduated from the University of Southern California, was drafted during World War I and served in the U.S. Army on Catalina Island. In April 1942, Nobe, a thirdgeneration Japanese American (Sansei), and his family reported to Tanforan Racetrack Assembly Center in San Bruno, California, from where they were sent to the Topaz War Relocation Center internment camp near Delta, Utah. Nobe was in the first group of Japanese Americans drafted during World War II into the U.S. Army. From March 1944 until July 1946, he was an infantryman in the 100th Infantry Battalion (known as the “Purple Heart Battalion” for its casualty rate) fighting in Italy, where his unit became part of the “Go for Broke” 442nd Regimental Combat Team. He was a second scout, searching with the first scout for landmines in front of the advancing troops. He had wanted to be a pilot, but was denied owing to his Japanese ancestry. Nobe credited his military experience for showing him that success and adversity are close allies, and the G.I. Bill for the education that started his academic path. Nobe earned his BS in chemical engineering in the University of California, Berkeley, College of Chemistry in 1951, continuing a family tradition—his mother graduated from Berkeley in 1922, followed by her two brothers and younger sister. Nobe’s maternal grandfather, a graduate of Hokkaido University, donated funds to build UC Memorial Stadium and was a UC football season ticket holder, who brought his first grandchild, Nobe, along with him in the 1930s. Nobe’s first engineering job was at the Air Reduction Research Laboratory (in Murray Hill, New Jersey, across the street from Bell Labs) developing new organic polymers (polyacetylene). After a year in the winter cold and summer humidity, he returned to California and became a University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA) engineering graduate student. Nobe worked under professors William Seyer and Samuel Yuster on seawater desalination and controlling auto exhaust emissions, with fellow graduate student Peter Staudhammer. After receiving his MS in engineering in 1955, Nobe began his teaching career by taking over Seyer’s classes when Seyer took sabbatical leave in 1955. Nobe received his PhD in engineering in December 1956.

Nobe began his professional career in the UCLA College of Engineering as an assistant professor in 1957, the same year that Seyer took mandatory retirement. Nobe advanced through the academic ranks to professor in 1968. He became chair of the Department of Chemical, Nuclear, and Thermal Engineering (1978–1983), and founding chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering (1983–1984). Nobe was a world-renowned engineering scientist known for his studies of catalytic air pollution control of exhaust emissions from automotive and stationary sources, demonstrating the feasibility of the two-stage catalytic converter to remove NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons from auto exhausts, and the development of many catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NOx. He was also known for his research on electrochemical processes including the kinetics and mechanisms of electrodissolution and electrodeposition, corrosion, electrochemical energy systems, and electrodeposited nano-sized high-performance magnetics. Nobe was a passionate and dedicated educator and researcher who influenced generations of engineering students. Emphasizing a focus on fundamentals and applied principles, Nobe developed and taught courses in electrochemical engineering, fundamentals of corrosion, electrochemical kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport phenomena. In recognition of his passion and excellence in teaching, he was honored with the UCLA Distinguished Teaching Award in 1962 and the 1992 Henry B. Linford Award from ECS—the highest distinction in teaching from both institutions. Nobe’s first PhD student, Jack Blumenthal, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, says that “Ken Nobe was a great teacher, mentor, and friend for me and many other graduate students. I first met Ken as an undergraduate, and in a very positive way he changed my life. After taking his thermodynamics class, he convinced me to go to graduate school, which at the time was not on my horizon. His mentoring helped me to do something I never thought I could do and led to a 35-year career in engineering, followed by 20+ years as a high school teacher. I am forever grateful to Ken Nobe.” Tom Barrera, president of LIB-X Consulting, says that “Ken was passionate about maturing the broad field of electrochemical engineering by bridging gaps between academia and industry. In that role, he encouraged his students to assume leadership roles in local, regional, and national-level ECS activities.” Barrera also vividly remembers Nobe’s many stories about World War II and the glory days of John Wooden’s championship basketball teams. Arne Pearlstein, professor of mechanical science and engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, credits Nobe’s undergraduate advising as having been “critical to my entire professional career.” Pearlstein later had a 10-year collaboration with Nobe that “led to five journal papers (three in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society with Ken’s students Ed Lee and Weihong Li). Ken’s hallway invitation to join in that work provided my first experience building models consistent with data and the known physics and chemistry, and which could be analyzed mathematically.” Nadia Tonsi, a senior engineering manager retired from IBM and the first female PhD student of Nobe, says that “Prof. Nobe promoted team concept before it became a popular philosophy. What I learned from his team building allowed me to manage successful projects at IBM. Prof. Nobe was a true humanist who encouraged me to persevere after the challenging birth of my first son. Only through his encouragement did I complete my PhD thesis. He was one of the The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS most influential people in my life and gave me the foundation for a successful career in science and engineering and a successful life.” Frank Donahue, professor emeritus of chemical engineering at the University of Michigan, remembers that Nobe was “willing to take on a student who had done industrial research for seven years before returning to graduate school full time. Most professors avoid students like that. My thoughts of becoming an engineering professor were initiated by him and reinforced by his suggestion that I apply for a Ford Foundation Loan for Future Engineering Faculty and played a major role in my interview at the University of Michigan. Ken was one of those persons whom you respect for their knowledge, wisdom, and humility. However, my best recollections of him were as a close and valued friend.” Nosang Myung, professor from University of California, Riverside, says, “Prof. Nobe was my role model as a researcher and educator. His guidance and advice tremendously helped me throughout my career. His true dedication, passion, and hard work towards electrochemistry helped advance electrochemical science and engineering. I can’t say enough how joyful it has been to me to see Prof. Nobe at many ECS conferences even after he retired from UCLA. I will truly miss him in his Hawaiian shirt, driving his 1964 Chevy II Nova station wagon.” Ann Karagozian, distinguished professor in the UCLA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and member of the National Academy of Engineering, shares that “Ken Nobe was a very sharp, articulate, and dedicated UCLA faculty member whose research, teaching, and service to UCLA, especially as department chair, were legendary. Over the years, and especially as a young faculty member, I enjoyed chatting with Ken about science as well as school-wide issues. Ken was a true scholar and a dedicated faculty member, and he will be greatly missed.” Bruce Dunn, chair of the UCLA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, recalls that “Ken was a great colleague—always supportive and willing to help. When he would see me in the hallway, he would invariably start talking about his latest result. His knowledge of electrochemistry was absolutely encyclopedic.” Panagiotis Christofides, current chair of the UCLA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, remarks that “in addition to brilliance in research and exceptional teaching and mentoring, as

the founding chair, Ken set up a strong institutional foundation and established, through examples, high standards of academic excellence for all of our faculty. His impact is deep and will last for many years to come.” Jan Talbot, former ECS president (2001–2002) and professor emeritus in nanoengineering at the University of California, San Diego, remembers that “Ken was very supportive throughout my academic career and always willing to talk about our favorite subject of electroplating. He would give advice to my students researching electrodeposition. I remember him taking them out to dinner at ECS meetings, which was kind and generous.” As the founding chair of the UCLA Department of Chemical Engineering, Nobe noticed the rising number of female students in classrooms, beginning in the late 1970s. He was one of the strongest supporters for women in engineering, which he attributed to the influence from his mother, and consistently advocated for female students and role models for them. Nobe and his wife, Mary (a chemist), endowed a named professorship (in honor of his research advisor, William Seyer) at UCLA to recruit and retain the first female faculty in his department. “It is a tremendous honor to hold the William F. Seyer Chair,” Jane Chang says. “I am truly inspired by Ken’s passion towards electrochemistry and his dedication to the education of our students. I am committed to promote and support the current and future generation of chemical and biomolecular engineering students the same way Professor Seyer and Professor Nobe have done.” In recognition of Nobe’s outstanding leadership and exceptional contributions to the department, the UCLA Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering established a founder’s lectureship in his name, to bring to the campus distinguished researchers in chemical and biomolecular engineering and related disciplines. His legacy will live on through both his scientific contributions in electrochemistry and his cultivation of generations of engineers who carry on the torch and help promote and advance electrochemistry. Nobe is survived by his wife of 62 years, Mary, and their three sons, Steven Andrew Nobe, Keven Gibbs Nobe, and Brian Kelvin Nobe. This notice was contributed by Jane P. Chang.

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In Memoriam memoriam Jirí Vondrák (1935 – 2019)

iří Vondrák passed away at the age of 83 on June 30, 2019, in Prague, Czech Republic. Vondrák received his master’s degree in chemistry from the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague in 1958. He then joined the Czech Academy of Sciences and started doing research at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry. He was dealing primarily with the electrochemistry of hydrogen evolution and the electrochemistry of transition metal oxides and their intercalation compounds. In 1966, he completed his PhD in inorganic chemistry and continued with his research at the institute. Over the years, he shifted his focus toward the intercalation and insertion compounds, and further toward the electrochemistry of secondary battery systems such as lithium-ion, high-voltage, and lithium-sulfur batteries with emphasis on material, electrode, and cell optimization. He worked on his research during several internships in various institutions all over Europe, including the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow (Russia), the Lappeenranta University of Technology (Finland), the Universita La Sapienza in Rome (Italy), Imperial College London (UK), and the Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire du CNRS in Paris (France). In addition to these internships, he was an active participant in many international projects, meetings, and conferences. “Jiří was a scientist who, in his gentleness, showed a profound chemical preparation and sharpness and a great enthusiasm for research” says Vito Di Noto, from the University of Padova (Italy). “It was always my pleasure to meet Jiří and talk to this very kind, polite, and modest person,” remembers Boris Markovsky from the Bar-Ilan University in Tel Aviv (Israel). “Our topics included the recent achievements in lithium batteries, upcoming conferences, politics, and much more.” After attaining his second doctorate title in 1998, Vondrák started his work at the Brno University of Technology (Czech Republic), where he founded a research group dealing with modern electrochemical power sources. An important part of his professional life was also his teaching. He was leading many students in the preparation of their bachelor’s, master’s, and PhD theses. Many of his students became leaders in their own fields in academic research and in industry. In 2000, he obtained an associate professor degree, and five years later, a full professor degree.

Vondrák was the faculty advisor of the ECS Brno University of Technology Student Chapter since its creation in 2006. This chapter was one of the first ECS student chapters based outside of the U.S. He was the author or coauthor of 66 articles in ECS Transactions and 78 articles in other scientific publications. He was also a coauthor of 14 inventions registered at the Czech Patent Office. For 20 years, Vondrák was the main organizer and chairman of the ABAF (Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells) International Conference organized annually in Brno in cooperation with ECS. In 2019, this conference has its jubilee 20th edition. Despite his age, Vondrák was actively helping with its preparation. “We knew Professor Vondrák not only from his fundamental and interesting scientific publications but also from our meetings during the ABAF conferences,” says Elena Shembel, president of the Enerize Corporation (USA) and head of the Research Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources of USUCT (Ukraine). “He was their heart and energy source. I will always remember his energy, smile, humor, and great performances full of original ideas in various areas of science and technology.” Due to his high level of expertise, Vondrák was a popular reviewer of many scientific projects and papers. He devoted the majority of his lifetime to scientific work and spent his final hours writing reviews of scientific publications. Doron Aurbach, from the Bar-Ilan University, sums it up: “The electrochemistry/power sources community is losing an important colleague and friend. For many years, Jiří promoted high-level scientific discussions in an excellent and most enjoyable atmosphere in Brno. He was the voice of truth in many scientific debates related to power sources. He was always able to distinguish between the ‘signal’ and the ‘noise.’ He knew how to address important directions, educated young scientists, contributed to useful and fruitful discussions, and supported a smooth flow of information within the electrochemical and power source community. We will miss his sense of humor, his hospitality in the international meetings in Brno, and his wisdom.” Vondrák will be deeply missed by his wife, Jana, his two children, Jana and Jiří, his colleagues and students at the Brno University of Technology, and the whole scientific community. This notice was contributed by František Klein.

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Attracting and Retaining Top Scientists and Engineers at U.S. National Laboratories and Universities: Listening to the Next Generation by Trent R. Northen†, Nancy Haegel†, Daniel Sinars, Johney Green, Dawn Wellman, and Daniel T. Schwartz

ociety depends upon scientists and engineers to help address critical challenges in national security, efficient and sustainable energy systems, environmental stewardship and other complex areas of global importance. In the U.S., national laboratories and universities have traditionally served as research and development engines and sources of critical expertise in service to the nation. Traditional career models for laboratory staff and university professors are based on long-term career stability to develop deep expertise and enable scientists and engineers to devote sustained effort to solving complex problems. However, generational transitions as well as changing dynamics of federal funding may cause major shifts in this workforce paradigm, which formed several post WWII generations. In contrast to the historical long-term career model, millennials (born between 1979 and 1994) are comfortable shifting from job to job1. As part of a recent study group, our team, composed of scientists and engineers from multiple national laboratories as well as university professors, considered the opportunities and challenges posed by this transition. In what ways should universities and national laboratories adapt to provide career opportunities that will attract, retain, and develop the best possible technical staff? To gain insight into the values of young scientists and engineers and how their attitudes may shape the future workforce, two surveys were conducted through the University of Washington’s (UW’s) Clean Energy Institute, and a third through the University of Notre Dame’s Center for Sustainable Energy. The first survey targeted the 450 Department of Energy (DOE) Early Career Award (ECA) recipients from the past 10 years and received 98 responses. The second survey was of the 104 students and post-doctoral researchers primarily in STEM fields who studied at the Clean Energy Institute in 2017, and received 72 responses. The third survey was sent to about 100 students participating in the Notre Dame Energy program at the University of Notre Dame, and received 66 responses. Although the wording of the ECA and UW/ND surveys is distinct, they cover the same topics. The DOE ECA program is funded by the Office of Science and is open to researchers within 10 years of obtaining their PhD. It is a highly selective award that provides five years of significant funding. About half the awardees are at universities, with the rest at national laboratories; research topics span the full diversity of the DOE mission. The 98 responses to this survey were split nearly equally between national laboratory and academic employees, consisting mainly of practicing scientists and engineers aged 35-45 years old. In contrast, the student respondents at UW and ND were mainly in their early 20’s. In the ECA survey, when asked to rank the top attributes that attracted them to their current position (Fig. 1A), >60% of recipients cited the “freedom to set research direction” as the first or second most important factor, and about 50% cited the “ability to work on innovative research” as one of the top two factors. More than threequarters of the ECA survey respondents reported a job satisfaction level >70%. Surveys of UW/ND students that asked about attributes they sought in a future workplace (Fig. 1B) identified “work/life balance” as a top-three issue for nearly 60% of the 138 students, consistent with previous reports1. They ranked “mission-focused work” and “independence in setting one’s research direction” as the next two most important factors. Interestingly, work/life balance was one of the least important factors in attracting ECA winners to their current position (Fig. 1A). Based on the data in Fig. 1 A and 1B, it is clear all respondents highly valued careers that enabled them to †These authors contributed equally to this work. 34

unleash their individual talents and creativity within a larger mission of national and global priorities. ECA recipients, currently focused on research and development, were also asked to rank top impediments to achieving their highestpriority research goals (Fig. 1C). Interestingly, “lack of funding” was not the top issue. Instead, >75% of the respondents ranked “overcommitted/highly fragmented effort” as one of their top two impediments, almost twice the scoring for “lack of funding.” This is, one assumes, partially attributable to the generous 5-years of funding by the ECA program. So, while this high achieving group may not be struggling with a lack of resources, they apparently find themselves over-extended, perhaps through other institutional demands (e.g. committees, teaching, etc.), involvement in multiple research programs, and efforts to sustainably fund the exciting science initiated by their Early Career Awards, in addition to the demands of a 24/7 on-line work culture. The ECA survey also asked about factors that might motivate recipients to change positions (data not shown). The ability to lead a high-impact project ranked highest, consistent with responses for what attracted them to their current position (Fig. 1A). Looking ahead, about what may motivate a position change, “work/life balance” and “job security” now ranked highly with ECA recipients. One explanation for these changes in value could be demographic changes occurring in early- to mid-career, most notably those associated with having a family. More than 75% of the respondents in the ECA survey were between 35 and 45 years old. A recent study that found 82% of married researchers aged 40–49 have children in the household2, which would be consistent with the elevated importance of work/life balance in this survey group. These surveys revealed that both STEM students and ECA winners are highly attracted to positions that allow them to perform independent research. This is consistent with a previous study of more than 1700 PhD scientists and engineers that explored the role of individual motivation on scientific performance and effort3. As top performers with a reliable research funding source, supplied by their 5-year grants, it was not surprising that the ECA survey respondents focused on research independence and challenging mission-oriented work. Clearly, organizations that wish to attract and retain highperforming scientists and engineers must ensure that (i) researchers clearly understand and value the mission of the organization, and (ii) the researchers should continue to have flexibility in determining the best way to meet that mission. It is interesting that even highly successful ECA recipients felt that over-commitment and fragmentation were major impediments to their research. This suggests broader issues at play, since the ECA program provides a strong support network and more extended funding than many other programs. These scientists and engineers, however, still exist in a 24/7 environment of constant connectivity, increased competition for research funding and growing focus on shorter term outcomes. Gone are the days when a single grant will fund a career of research. And while we do not know directly if this is the case with the ECA winners, we observe that academic and national laboratory institutions often ask their best technical staff to serve on multiple committees or programs. Modeling and experimental studies looking at multitasking and performance also may explain some of these concerns. A 2012 study entitled “Juggling on a High Wire: Multitasking Effects on Performance” explored the relationship between multitasking and performance, with performance evaluated in terms of both productivity and accuracy4. Participants were asked to perform a collection of tasks; the primary task required some degree of concentration, train of thought and verification, but participants also had additional tasks of shorter duration. The results showed that some multitasking The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

improved productivity, believed to be associated with keeping will not change is the need for scientist and engineers to address these participants alert and engaged. Beyond a certain point though, what challenges. In the U.S., scientific and engineering expertise at the the authors refer to as constant “goal displacement” results in both national laboratories and a strong base of university research have decreased productivity and accuracy. As study participants reached played key roles at critical times in history. If we are willing to adapt overload conditions, the costs associated with swapping tasks and the in efforts to recruit and retain our best scientists and engineers, we need to recall information and refocus impairs productivity as well are confident that these outstanding institutions will be ready to play as accuracy. Thus, for scientists and engineers who are constantly that role in the future. balancing the need for combined productivity, creativity, accuracy and engagement, there is evidence that multitasking beyond a certain Acknowledgments level has a negative impact across the full range of measures of evaluation and impact. The authors acknowledge the support and inspiration for this Research has also shown that the productivity of a research organiwork provided by the Oppenheimer Science and Energy Leadership zation is directly related to the level of organizational commitment on Program (OSELP) of the U.S. Department of Energy, organized by the part of the scientists and engineers in the organization5. Consistent Dr. Adam Cohen, Dr. Teeb Al-Samarrai, Dr. David Catarious, and Dr. with our ECA survey results, the study found that research organiKevin Doran. We would also like to thank the other members of our zations seeking loyalty in their scientific and engineering workforce OSELP cohort— Charles Black, Michael Jaworski, Michael Knotek, need a high impact mission and implementation strategy, where successes are effectively communicated, including individual contributions to that success5. Flexible administrative policies and procedures that minimize the bureaucracy and overhead to make research employees more effective, particularly in pursuing innovative work, was another practical consideration for high performing research organizations5; this seems consistent with the concerns raised by our study of over-commitment and fragmentation, and may also address some work/life balance issues, by freeing productive time. Academic and national laboratory institutions provide outstanding opportunities to perform innovative and independent research. The DOE Office of Science Early Career Award program is a Fig 1. Survey results. (A) Early career award winner rankings of the most important factors attracting them to their current position. good example—by (B) STEM student work environment rankings. (C) Early career award winner rankings of top impediments. Early career survey offering five years of n=97, STEM student survey n=138. funding it provides researchers with an Amy Marschilok, Rob McQueeney, Lia Merminga, Timothy Meyer, opportunity to focus on ground breaking and important work. MainMike Willardson, and Howard Yuh for their support and feedback on taining that type of mission-centered, yet creative ethos for the nathe survey questions. tion’s best scientists and engineers, while acknowledging changing Human subject review and survey data collation was carried out family dynamics, increasing trends toward job mobility and the need by the University of Washington. for work/life balance in the modern work environment, will be key to Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is supported by the Office attracting and retaining this talent in national laboratory and academof Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DEic settings. For example, providing opportunities for both short and AC02-05CH11231. U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. longer-term duration projects, including exchanges between different DE-AC36-08GO28308 to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. laboratories and partner universities, may be a good workforce develSandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed opment investment. These surveys and reflections are only a starting and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of point for what must be sustained discussion and action. The nature of global and national challenges will continue to evolve, (continued on next page) as will the nature and priorities of generations of the workforce. What The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Northen et al.

(continued from previous page)

Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. The opinions expressed in this article are the authors’ and may not reflect the view of their institutions, the Department of Energy or any other funding agencies, or the United States government. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01193IF.

About the Authors Trent R. Northen is currently a senior scientist within the Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division (EGSB) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The Northen group’s research is focused on using exometabolomics to link genomes with environments to understand how webs of microbes cycle carbon and sustain biomes. Central to these efforts are the development of advanced mass spectrometry approaches and model laboratory ecosystems (EcoFABs) that are closely coupled to native ecosystems. Together these are enabling controlled studies and measurement of the spatial dynamics of complex biochemical pools within microbiomes. His group is using metabolomic approaches to advance foundational understanding of the dynamic reciprocity of microbes within soil and plant microbiomes. Northen obtained his BS in chemical engineering at the University of California Santa Barbara. He was awarded an NSF Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) fellowship at the Biodesign Institute (Arizona State University), where he received his PhD in chemistry and biochemistry under Neal Woodbury. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8404-3259 Nancy M. Haegel is the center director for Materials Science at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). She joined NREL in 2014 and leads 150 NREL staff and affiliated partners working in materials physics and theory, advanced characterization, thin film growth and processing and PV reliability. Prior to joining NREL, Nancy was a faculty member at UCLA, Fairfield University, and the Naval Postgraduate School. She was a 1988 Packard Fellow, a Fulbright Scholar at Hebrew University, an APS Fellow and a member of the inaugural Oppenheimer Science and Energy Leadership Program. She was a recipient of the APS Award for Research at an Undergraduate Institution. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7291-0500 Daniel Sinars is the director for the Pulsed Power Sciences Center, which is best known for conducting research on the world’s most powerful pulsed power machine, the 26 MA, 80-TW, 22 MJ “Z” facility. The Z facility is used for a wide range of high energy density physics science, the study of matter and radiation at extreme pressures (>1 million times atmospheric pressure). Sinars is also the Sandia Executive for the Inertial Confinement Fusion and Science programs of the National Nuclear Security Administration. The Center manages a combined annual budget of >$100M and has over 220 employees. The Center also operates several additional facilities, including the multi-kJ, 2-TW Z-Beamlet laser facility adjacent to Z, the STAR gas gun facilities, and a variety of smaller pulsed power machines. He joined Sandia in 2001 after receiving a PhD in applied physics from Cornell University, and a BS in engineering physics from the University of Oklahoma in 1996. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-3532 36

Johney Green Jr. serves as the associate laboratory director for mechanical and thermal engineering sciences at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). He oversees NREL’s transportation, buildings, wind, water, geothermal, advanced manufacturing, and concentrating solar power research programs, which encompass a portfolio of approximately $100 million and more than 300 employees. The Mechanical and Thermal Engineering Sciences Directorate conducts research and development to enable technology innovations in the areas of energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, and renewable power. Prior to assuming his current position, Green held a number of leadership roles at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), where he served as director of the Energy and Transportation Science Division and group leader for fuels, engines, and emissions research. Green holds a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Memphis and a master’s and doctorate in mechanical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-7260 Dawn Wellman is the manager of the Environmental Health and Remediation (EH&R) market sector. Wellman leads the organization in developing and delivering science-based and risk-informed solutions to enable critical cleanup decisions associated with environmental remediation, site closure and stewardship. She holds a PhD in chemistry from Washington State University. Her scientific expertise is in understanding and predicting contaminant transport pathways and kinetics, aqueous and mineral surface geochemistry, and reaction kinetics for environmental remediation. She is a leader in developing and implementing systemsbased approaches for characterizing, monitoring, and remediating contaminated groundwater and soil at sites throughout the DOE complex, as well as internationally, supporting site contractors and site owners. Daniel T. Schwartz is Boeing-Sutter Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Clean Energy Institute at the University of Washington. He joined the University of Washington in 1991, following postdoctoral training at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, and a PhD at the University of California, Davis. Dan is recipient of the 2016 White House/NSF Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring. That same year, he was selected by the U.S. Secretary of Energy’s office as an inaugural member of the Oppenheimer Science and Energy Leadership Program, a year-long deep dive into the Nation’s current and emerging energy, security, and environmental stewardship needs. Dan is a recipient of the ECS Linford Award, ECS Electrodeposition Research Award, and has ECS Fellow status. As the corresponding author, he may be reached at dts@uw.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1173-5611

References 1. K. K. Myers and K. Sadaghiani, J. Bus. Psychol., 25, 225 (2010). 2. M. L. Heggeness, K. T. W. Gunsalus, J. Pacas, G. McDowell, Nature, 541, 21 (2017). 3. H. Sauermann and W. M. Cohen, Manage. Sci., 56, 2134 (2010). 4. R. F. Adler, R. Benbunan-Fich, Int. J. Hum-Comput. St., 70, 156 (2012). 5. S. J. Perry, E. M. Hunter, and S. C. Currall, Res. Policy, 45, 1247 (2016). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Looking at Patent Law:

Patenting an Enzyme Electrode for Detection of Glucose—A Case Study by E. Jennings Taylor and Maria Inman

n this installment of the “Looking at Patent Law” articles, we present a case study of the enzyme-based glucose sensing electrode invention. We have chosen this invention to align with the sensors focus of this issue of Interface. Recall from our previous article1 that the prosecution history of a patent application is publicly available in the file wrapper on the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) system.2 With the PAIR system as the primary source of information for this case study, we illustrate the prosecution “events” encountered leading to the issuance of the seminal U.S. Patent “Enzyme Electrodes” (U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,035).3 This patent and the subsequent commercial sales transformed the home diagnostic industry regarding monitoring by diabetic patients. A key figure from the ‘035 patent is presented in Fig. 1. The figure schematically depicts an electrode (10) with a surface (12) coated with a cross-linked polymer film (14) with a redox enzyme (16) bound to the polymer film. According to Google Scholar, as of May 2019, the ‘035 patent has been cited by (i.e., forward citations) 1,026 subsequently filed patents/patent applications. In 1992, a manuscript describing the technical the discovery was published in J. Chem. Phys.4 Fig 1. aspects Figureoffrom U.S. Patent No. 5,262,035. (Note, the paper was published after the filing date of the first patent application and consequently was not prior art.) As of May 2019, the 1992 manuscript had received 1,254 citations according to Google Scholar.

Adam Heller, coinventor of the ‘035 patent, received the 2007 U.S. National Medal of Technology and Innovation5 “… for fundamental contributions to electrochemistry and bioelectrochemistry and the subsequent application of those fundamentals in the development of technological products that improved the quality of life of millions across the globe, most notably in the area of human health and well-being.” Heller was recognized for his contributions to lithium batteries for healthcare devices and for glucose monitoring. The ‘035 patent is foundational for glucose monitoring in particular and “enzyme wiring” in general (refer to the ECS Masters podcast6). In addition, Heller has received numerous awards from ECS, including the David C. Grahame Award, the Vittorio de Nora Gold Medal, and the Heinz Gerischer Award of the ECS Europe Section. Heller is a fellow of ECS. As shown in Table I, the original ‘035 patent application resulted in three additional patent applications and the issuance of four U.S. patents. The events during the prosecution of the patent application leading to the ‘035 patent will be described in chronological order. (continued on next page) Table I. Patent Applications Filed and U.S. Patents Issued

Application Application Date No.

Issue Date

Patent No.

Type

August 2, 1989

07/389,226

November 16, 1993

5,262,035

Parent

May 8, 1992

07/880,760

November 23, 1993

5,264,104

C-I-P of '035

March 17, 1993

08/032,806

November 23, 1993

5,264,105

Division of '104

May 8, 1992

07/880,159

June 14, 1994

5,320,725

C-I-P of '035

Fig. 1. Figure from U.S. Patent No. 5,262,035.

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Taylor and Inman

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Utility Patent Application On August 2, 1989, a utility patent application titled “Enzyme Electrodes” was filed by attorneys representing the Board of Regents of The University of Texas System on behalf of inventors Brian A. Gregg and Adam Heller. Heller was a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, and Gregg was a postdoctoral fellow. Recall, in order to establish a filing date, a utility patent application must include: 1. Specification7 “… a written description of the invention, and the manner and process for making it … to enable any person skilled in the art … to make and use [the invention].” 2. A minimum of one claim8 “… particularly pointing out … the subject matter … as the invention.” 3. Drawings9 “… where necessary for understanding the subject matter … to be patented.” Additionally, in order to maintain the filing date, the following additional material must be submitted: 1. Filing fee in accordance with the current USPTO schedule;10 2. Inventor oath or declaration, asserting11 a. The patent application was authorized by the inventor(s); b. The inventor(s) believe he/she is the original inventor or they are the original joint inventors. The patent application included a specification with claims, drawings, and an inventor declaration. The specification included a description of the prior art, problems within the prior art, a summary of the invention describing various embodiments of the invention addressing the prior art problems, and a detailed description of the invention with examples of fabricating the enzyme electrode. In addition, although not required, the specification included a “dictionary” of key terms. As the inventors are permitted to be their own lexicographers, this dictionary clearly defined what the inventors meant when using these “key terms.”12 “An applicant is entitled to be his or her own lexicographer … [even by] setting forth a definition of the term that is different from its ordinary and customary meaning(s).” The ‘035 utility patent application contained claims directed towards three statutory patent classes, an apparatus (for biochemical sensing), composition of matter (polymer composition), and method (for manufacturing an enzyme sensing electrode).13 Three exemplary independent claims,14,15 from the patent application illustrating the three statutory classes are: Claim 1 (as filed). An electrode [apparatus] having a surface coated with a film, the film comprising: a redox enzyme covalently bonded to a three-dimensional molecular structure with multiple redox centers, said structure providing electrical contact between the electrode and enzyme. Claim 10 (as filed). A material [composition of matter] for coating electrodes, comprising: a redox enzyme; a crosslinking agent; a crosslinkable compound capable of reacting with the crosslinking agent and the redox enzyme; wherein the crosslinking agent, the crosslinkable compound, or both include at least one redox center.

Claim 23 (as filed). A process [method] electrically connecting a redox enzyme to an electrode, comprising the steps of: covalently bonding a redox enzyme to a crosslinked redox polymer; and establishing a layer of said polymer on a surface of an electrode, the polymer providing electrical contact between the redox enzyme and the electrode. The as-filed patent application included a declaration for the joint inventors, stating “… the named inventors believe they are the original, first and joint inventors of the subject matter which is claimed.” As previously discussed, the “named inventors” must be correctly represented on a U.S. patent application.16 Specifically, inclusion of a colleague as a coinventor who did not participate in the conception of the invention is known as a misjoiner and invalidates an otherwise valid patent. Similarly, exclusion of a coinventor who participated in the conception is known as a nonjoiner and also invalidates an otherwise valid patent. If an inventor is erroneously omitted or erroneously included as an inventor, the misjoiner/nonjoiner may be corrected and the patent remains valid.17 On August 17, 1989, correspondence from the USPTO assigned patent application number 07/389,226 to the utility patent application and issued a “Notice to File Missing Parts of Application” with a two-month response date. The notice was directed towards the filing fees as the patent application included all the other requirements to establish a filing date and to maintain the filing date. On September 28, 1989, the applicants responded by filing an assignment of the patent application to the Board of Regents, The University of Texas System, and a power of attorney appointing patent practitioner representation. An official of the Board of Regents filed a declaration claiming small entity status as a nonprofit university.18 Finally, the response included the appropriate small entity filing fees.

Preliminary Amendment On December 4, 1989, attorneys for the applicants entered a preliminary amendment to the patent application. The amendment corrected a typographical error in the specification and acknowledged government funding from the Office of Naval Research and potential government “march-in” rights:19 “The Government may own certain rights in this invention pursuant to Office of Naval Research Contract No. N0001488-K-0401.”

Submission of an Information Disclosure Statement and Duty of Candor In addition to the preliminary amendment submitted on December 4, 1989, attorneys for the applicants submitted an “Information Disclosure Statement” (IDS) in accordance with U.S. patent laws. The IDS is the submission of relevant background art or information to the USPTO by the applicant. The “Duty of Candor” requires that the inventor submit an IDS within a reasonable time of submission of the patent application, disclosing20 “… to the Office [USPTO] all information known to that individual to be material to patentability.” The “Duty of Candor” is specific to any existing claim and requires that the IDS be continually updated while the claim is pending. The “Duty of Candor” ceases only when the claim is allowed and the issue fee is paid. As required by the USPTO, additional IDSs were submitted during the prosecution of the patent application as additional related art was discovered.

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The “Duty of Candor” extends to any individual associated with the filing of the patent application, including 1. inventor(s), 2. patent counsel, or 3. persons who are substantially involved in the preparation or prosecution of the patent application. Substantial involvement could include technical assistants, collaborators, or colleagues. Substantial involvement would generally not extend to clerical workers. Furthermore, the inclusion of a reference in an IDS21 “… is not taken as an admission that the reference is prior art against the claims.” If a finding of a violation of the “Duty of Candor” resulting in “inequitable conduct” regarding any claim in a patent application or patent is determined, then all the claims are rendered invalid.22 Finally, in spite of the requirement of the “Duty of Candor,” the applicant is cautioned not to “bury” the examiner with a long list of nonmaterial references in hopes that the examiner will not notice the material references.

Second Preliminary Amendment On February 19, 1991, attorneys for the applicants entered a second preliminary amendment including another supplemental IDS and correcting additional typographical errors in the specification. In addition, the second preliminary amendment included a new independent claim. The applicants asserted that the new independent claim did not introduce “new” matter and was enabled by the specification. To demonstrate that the new independent claim did not introduce new matter, the applicants specifically pointed to the page and line numbers demonstrating enablement.

Election/Restriction Requirement On May 15, 1991, the USPTO issued a requirement for “Restriction/Election” for the patent application in accordance with U.S. patent laws. The “Restriction/Election” basically says that the patent application contains two or more inventions and the applicant must “elect” which invention to prosecute first:23 “If two or more independent and distinct inventions are claimed in one application … [the USPTO] may require the application to be restricted to one of the inventions.” The restriction requirement separated the claims into three distinct inventions. Specifically, Invention I: Drawn to an apparatus for biochemical sensing Invention II: Drawn to a polymer composition Invention III: Drawn to a method of manufacture The examiner noted that Inventions I and II are related as a combination and sub-combination. Invention I and Invention II were determined to be distinct inventions since24 1. The apparatus claims (Invention I) do not require the composition of matter claims (Invention II) to be patentable, and 2. The composition of matter claims (Invention II) have utility by themselves or in other combinations. The examiner noted that Inventions I, II, and III are related as a process of making a product and a product itself. Invention I, Invention II, and Invention III were determined to be distinct inventions since25 1. The process (Invention III) can be used to make other products and other compositions of matter than those described in Invention I and Invention II, respectively, and 2. The products (Invention I) and compositions of matter (Invention II) can be made by other processes than that described in Invention III. The applicants “elected” to prosecute Invention I first.

Additional supplemental IDSs were submitted on June 20, 1991, and August 15, 1991, illustrating the continual requirement of the “Duty of Candor.” Even more supplemental IDSs were submitted during the subsequent prosecution of the patent application. We will not specifically note these additional IDSs. We conclude that the inventors were researching and studying the literature and patent landscape as they became more convinced that they were pursuing a foundational patent application.

Non-Final Office Action (NFOA) On September 13, 1991, the USPTO issued a NFOA containing 1. a notice to correct the drawings to be in compliance with USPTO standards, 2. the examiner’s search strategy for the subject patent application, 3. a list of references cited by the examiner, and 4. a non-final rejection of the subject patent application. A guide to patent drawings has been published by NOLO Press.26 The NFOA indicated a three-month period for response; otherwise the application becomes abandoned:27 “… failure of the applicant to prosecute the application within six months after any [office] action … or within such shorter time, not less than thirty days … the application shall be regarded as abandoned by the parties thereto.” All of the claims associated with elected Invention I were rejected based on anticipation (lack of novelty) in view of the prior art and/ or as being obvious in view of the prior art.28,29 In addition, the patent application was objected to for failing to provide an adequate written description of the invention.30 “The specification shall contain a written description of the invention … in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains … to make and use the same.” The lack of enablement objection seemed to be due to a lack of distinction between “physically bonding” an enzyme to an electrode surface and “electrically wiring” an enzyme to an electrode surface. Subsequent applicant rebuttals with the USPTO involved applicant arguments and numerous affidavits.

Response to NFOA The applicants requested an extension of time of two months for response to the NFOA and paid the applicable fee.31 In addition, the applicants presented arguments regarding the anticipation, obviousness and enablement objections. Some of the arguments were supported by affidavits. There are generally three types of affidavits that may be submitted during the prosecution of a patent application: 1. Rule 130: To disqualify a disclosure as prior art32 “… by establishing that the disclosure was made by the inventor … [or] by establishing that the subject matter disclosed had … been publicly disclosed by the inventor.” 2. Rule 131: To disqualify a commonly owned patent or published patent application as prior art33 “… patent owner may … establish invention of the subject matter of the rejected claim prior to the effective date of the reference.” 3. Rule 132: To provide evidence to traverse a rejection34 “When any claim … is rejected … any evidence submitted to traverse the rejection … on a basis not otherwise provided for must be by way of an oath or declaration under this section.”

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Taylor and Inman

Fig 2. Notebook pages (continued from previous page) indicating “date of conception”.

for the measurement of glucose in solution. The dependence of the current density on glucose concentration for the YSI glucose analyzer generated during this comparison is seen in the attached Figure A. As can be compared with Figure 7 of the instant patent application, the current density of the YSI glucose analyzer was approximately 100 fold lower than that demonstrated in the electrode in the present invention.” Additional Rule 132 Affidavits were submitted supporting the applicant’s patentability arguments in light of the prior art. One affidavit was submitted Mary Anne Fox, Regents Chair in Chemistry at the University of Texas. Since Fox was not an inventor of the patent application, Fox qualified as a “disinterested party.” Another affidavit was submitted by Field Winslow, retiree from Bell Laboratories and editor of “a principal journal in polymer science” published by the American Chemical Society. Interestingly, Winslow’s affidavit was handwritten and is depicted, in part, in Fig. 4. However, Winslow’s affidavit was not accepted by the examiner because it did not include an acknowledgment of the penalty for willful false statements. This acknowledgment is required in affidavits submitted to the USPTO.

Fig. 2. Notebook pages indicating “date of conception.”

Inventor Adam Heller submitted a Rule 131 Affidavit stating that the invention was conceived prior to December 1, 1988. Recall, at the time of this invention, the United States patent system was governed by “first-to-invent” in contrast to the current system governed by “first-inventor-to-file.”35 By asserting a date of conception, references that were after the conception date were removed as prior art. An affidavit of this type is commonly known as “swearing behind” a reference. As noted in the statute, a Rule 131 Affidavit requires

Allowance of Patent Application

ee YSI Glucos of the rison On March 30,Fig 1993,3.theCompa USPTO issued a notice of allowance for the claims associated with Invention I. After payment of the issue patent applic fee, the 07/389,226 patent application 07/389 issued as ,226 U.S. Patent No. 5,262,035 on November 16, 1993. As shown in Table I, continuationFig. A

“The showing of facts … to establish … conception of the invention prior to the effective date of the reference coupled with … exhibits of drawings or records, or photocopies thereof.”

FIGURE A

~2.7 µA/cm2 at 10 mM glucose

The declaration referenced notebook entries from coinventor Brian Gregg, reproduced in Fig. 2.

Final Rejection On May 12, 1992, the USPTO issued an office action rejecting the patent application. While some of the prior art references the YSI Glucose electrode Fig 3. Comparison of were removed based on the “date of conception” cited in Heller’s Rule 131 Affidavit, the examiner continued to argue anticipation (lack of patent application. 07/389,226 novelty) and obviousness as well as lack of enablement. In essence, the examiner stipulated that the applicant’s arguments were “theoretical” and did not include any “hard evidence.” During an interview with the examiner on August 25, 1992, these pointsFIGURE were reiterated A and Fig. 7 the parties agreed that the applicant would submit data demonstrating the “unexpected” results associated with the instant invention. In addition, during a subsequent interview with the examiner, the examiner indicated that the applicants could be persuasive regarding the rejections by providing an affidavit from ~2.7 µA/cm2

at “… one of skill in the art and ‘disinterested’ in the application, 10 mM glucose to support the factual assertions.”

Response to Final Rejection On September 15, 1992, inventor Heller submitted a Rule 132 Affidavit comparing the glucose sensor with a commercially available glucose sensor. Specifically, referring to Fig. 3: “… At my direction, members of my laboratory utilized a 2mm diameter glucose electrode obtained from Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI) for comparison with the glucose electrode of the present invention. The YSI electrode is a standard electrode accepted by those in the field as a standard method 40

to that of the

~270 µA/cm2 at 10 mM glucose

Fig. 3. Comparison of the YSI glucose electrode to that of the 07/389,226 patent application. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Table II. Transfer of Ownership of the ‘035 Patent

Executed

Assignor(s)

Assignee

Conveyance

September 28, 1989

Brian Gregg Adam Heller

Board of Regents, The University of Texas System

Assignment Agreement

July 6, 1992

Board of Regents, The University of Texas System

E. Heller and Company

License Agreement

November 20, 2000

E. Heller and Company

TheraSense, Inc.(now) Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc.

Assignment Agreement

in-part (C-I-P) U.S. Patent Nos. 5,264,104 and 5,320,725 covering Invention II and Invention III subsequently issued. A division of U.S. Patent No. 5,264,104 issued U.S. Patent No. 5,264,105.

Patent Term Extension On May 5, 2008, a request for extension of the term of the ‘035 was filed by Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. As stated in the patent statute, the main requirements for an extension of the term of a patent include36,37 a. The term of a patent which claims a product, a method of using a product, or a method of manufacturing a product shall be extended … if 1. the term of the patent has not expired … ; 2. the term of the patent has never been extended … ; 3. an application for extension is submitted by the owner of record … ; 4. the product has been subject to a regulatory review period before its commercial marketing or use. At the time of the request for patent term extension, the term of the ‘035 had not expired and had not been previously extended. Abbott Diabetes Care had acquired 100% ownership of the ‘035 family of patents. The “chain of custody” of ownership of the ‘035 patent is presented in Table II. The table illustrates the original transfer of ownership (conveyance) of the patent application from the inventors to the Board of Regents via an assignment agreement. Subsequently, the Board of Regents transferred ownership to E. Heller and Company,

Fig 4. First page of Winslow Rule 132 Affidavit.

a company cofounded by Adam Heller and his son Ephraim Heller. Subsequently, E. Heller and Company transferred ownership to TheraSense, Inc., a company they cofounded. TheraSense was acquired by Abbott Laboratories in 2003.38 In 2005, the name of TheraSense was changed to Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. The request for patent term extension documented the Premarket Approval Applications (PMAs) filed with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. The request also documented the dates and times associated with the clinical trials of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System. Finally, the request demonstrated that the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System “reads on” at least one claim of the ‘035 patent. In other words, the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System is covered by the ‘035 patent. On November 16, 2012, an extension of the term of the ‘035 for a period of five years was granted.

Summary In this installment of our “Looking at Patent Law” series, we presented a case study of the prosecution of the seminal “Enzyme Electrodes” patent, U.S. Patent No. 5,262,035, invented by Brian A. Gregg and Adam Heller. This patent was the foundational patent for the commercially successful FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System marketed by Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. The case study begins with a brief synopsis of the background of the discovery followed by (1) filing of a utility patent application, (2) periodic submission of Information Disclosure Statements (IDSs) during the pendency of the patent application, (3) issuance and response to an election/restriction requirement, (4) traversing examiner rejection arguments via the submission of four affidavits during the prosecution of the patent application, and (5) the allowance of the “parent” patent, two continuation-in-part patents, and a divisional patent. The case illustrates the requirement to submit an IDS and the associated “Duty of Candor” in interacting with the USPTO. The case also illustrated the “Restriction/Election” requirement associated with different statutory classes of patentable subject matter. Additionally, the case illustrated the use of affidavits to (1) present “new data” supporting the claimed invention to the USPTO (Rule 132 Affidavit), (2) swear behind a prior art reference (Rule 131 Affidavit), and (3) present expert opinion from “disinterested” parties (Rule 132 Affidavit). With this case study, we hope to demystify the patent prosecution process and better prepare electrochemical and solid state scientists, engineers, and technologists to interact with their patent counsel regarding their inventions. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F02193IF.

About the Authors E. Jennings Taylor is the founder of Faraday Technology, Inc., a small business focused on developing innovative electrochemical processes and technologies based on pulse and pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Taylor leads Faraday’s patent and commercialization strategy and has negotiated numerous via field of use licenses as well as patent sales. In addition to technical publications and presentations, Taylor is an inventor on 40 patents. Taylor is admitted to practice before the United States Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) in patent cases as a patent agent (Registration No. 53,676) and is a member of the American Intellectual Property Law Association (AIPLA). Taylor has been a member of ECS for 38 years and is a fellow of ECS. He may be reached at jenningstaylor@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-0267 (continued on next page) Fig. 4. First page of Winslow Rule 132 Affidavit. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Taylor and Inman

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Maria Inman is the research director of Faraday Technology, Inc., where she serves as principal investigator on numerous project development activities and manages the company’s pulse and pulse reverse research project portfolio. In addition to technical publications and presentations, she is competent in patent drafting and patent drawing preparation and is an inventor on seven patents. Inman is a member of ASTM and has been a member of ECS for 21 years. Inman serves ECS as a member of numerous committees. She may be reached at mariainman@faradaytechnology.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2560-8410

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (4), 57 (2017). USPTO Patent Application Information Retrieval (PAIR) https:// portal.uspto.gov/pair/PublicPair B. A. Gregg and A. Heller, U.S. Patent No. 5,262,035 issued November 16, 1993. A. Heller, J. Chem. Phys., 96, 3579 (1992). https://www.nationalmedals.org/laureates/adam-heller Accessed May 20, 2019. https://www.electrochem.org/heller 35 U.S.C. §112(a) Specification/In General. 35 U.S.C. §112(b) Specification/Conclusion. 35 U.S.C. §113 Drawings. https://www.uspto.gov/learning-and-resources/fees-andpayment/uspto-fee-schedule#Patent%20Fees 35 U.S.C. §115(b)(1)(2) Inventor’s Oath or Declaration/ Required Statements. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §2111.01 Applicant May Be Own Lexicographer. 35 U.S.C. §101 Inventions Patentable. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (3), 44 (2017). 35 U.S.C. §112(c) Specification/Form.

16. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 26 (2), 45 (2017). 17. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §1481.02 Correction of Named Inventor. 18. 37 CFR §1.27 (a)(3)(ii) Definition of Small Entities. 19. 35 U.S.C. §203 March-in Rights. 20. 37 CFR §1.56(a)(c) Duty to Disclose Information Material to Patentability. 21. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 135455, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337-38 (Fed Cir. 2003). 22. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §2016 Fraud, Inequitable Conduct, or Violation of Duty of Disclosure Affects All Claims. 23. 35 U.S.C. §121 Divisional Applications. 24. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §806.05(c) Criteria of Distinctness Between Combination and Subcombination. 25. Manual of Patent Examination Procedure (MPEP) §806.05(f) Process of Making and Product Made. 26. D. Pressman and J. Lo, How to Make Patent Drawings, 7th ed., NOLO Press Berkeley, California (2015). 27. 35 U.S.C. §133 Time for Prosecuting Application. 28. 35 U.S.C. §102 Conditions for Patentability; Novelty and Loss of Right to Patent. 29. 35 U.S.C. §103 Conditions for Patentability; Non-Obviousness Subject Matter. 30. 35 U.S.C. §112(a) In General. 31. 37 CFR § 1.136(a) Extensions of Time. 32. 37 CFR § 1.130 Affidavit or Declaration of Attribution or Prior Public Disclosure under the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act. 33. 37 CFR § 1.131 Affidavit or Declaration of Prior Invention or to Disqualify Commonly Owned Patent or Published Application as Prior Art. 34. 37 CFR § 1.132 Affidavits or Declarations Traversing Rejections or Objections. 35. E. J. Taylor and M. Inman, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 27 (3), 33 (2018). 36. 35 U.S.C. §156 Extension of Patent Term. 37. 37 CFR § 1.710 Patents Subject to Extension of Patent Term. 38. Abbott Annual Report, 2003 http://truecostofhealthcare.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/Abbott_Report_2003.87110420.pdf

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T ECH HIGHLIGH T S Is Cobalt Needed in Ni-Rich Positive Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries? Recently, electric vehicle (EV) makers have sought to decrease the Co content in their batteries due to its high cost and toxicity. The state-of-the-art cathode is represented by Ni-rich transition metal oxides such as LiNi1-x-yCoxAlyO2 (NCA), where the minor components Co and Al are thought to play important roles in enhancing the electrode properties. However, the role of Co was put into doubt by a recent report by researchers from Dalhousie University and the McMaster University of Canada, and the Northeastern University of China. The authors systematically studied the roles of cation substitutes in LiNi1-nMnO2, where M = Al, Mn, Mg, or Co, and compared to LiNi0.9Co0.05Al0.05O2. It was found that the multiple phase transitions in LixNiO2, thought to cause poor capacity retention, could be suppressed by doping it with 5% Al, Mn, or Mg, but not with 5% Co. In addition, unlike Al, Mn, or Mg, no contribution to safety improvement was found from Co. First principle calculation also supported experimental results. It was concluded that Co brings little or no value to NCA-type electrodes with >90% Ni content. From: H. Li, M. Cormier, N. Zhang, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, A429 (2019).

Inhibition of Cathodic Kinetics by Zn2+ and Mg2+ on AA7050-T7451 There is a need to eliminate traditional chromate-based primer coatings due to the significant environmental concerns associated with their use. As a replacement, magnesium-rich and zinc-rich primers have shown tremendous promise. Although the sacrificial-anode cathodic mechanism by which these primers protect against corrosion of aluminum alloys is well understood, the effect of the metallic cations, Mg2+ and Zn2+ on cathodic kinetics, specifically for 7xxx aluminum alloys, is unknown. To that end, researchers at the University of Virginia have investigated the inhibitory effects of these cations for 7xxx aluminum alloys as a function of both cation concentration and immersion time using electrochemical techniques and surface characterization techniques. They demonstrated that in solutions containing Mg2+ or Zn2+ that Mg(OH)2 or NaZn4(SO4)(OH)6Cl•6H2O, respectively, were precipitated on the Cu-bearing intermetallic compounds of AA7050-T7451. These precipitates served as an oxygen diffusion barrier that lowered the cathodic current density. With increasing cation concentration, both cations had greater inhibitive effects. Lastly, it was also concluded that although Zn2+ provided

greater inhibitive effects over Mg2+ for the first 120 hours of an immersion exposure, after 120 hours, Mg2+ provided better inhibition. From: C. Liu, V. A. Yang, and R. G. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, C134 (2019).

Solid Electrolyte Interphase Growth on Carbon Black The evolution of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the surface of electrode materials is one of the primary causes of capacity fading issues for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. SEI formation has a significant influence on electrochemical performance; however, the fundamental mechanisms, which result in the growth of the SEI layer, are still not fully understood. A deep understanding of SEI growth is required in order to optimize Li-ion battery operation. In this vein, researchers from Stanford University have recently presented an electroanalytical method to measure the dependence of SEI growth on potential, current magnitude, and current direction during galvanostatic cycling of carbon black/Li half cells. The authors determined that SEI growth rate increases with C rate with a roughly linear dependence and consequently SEI formation is a major degradation mode during fast charging. Furthermore, it was shown that SEI growth rates on carbon black were significantly faster during lithiation than delithiation. This report, presenting an electroanalytical method to measure the dependence of SEI growth, complements previous reports on the physical characterization of the SEI and advances our fundamental understanding of the elusive nature of SEI growth. From: P. M. Attia, S. Das, S. J. Harris, et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, E97 (2019).

Pressure Sensor Based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanofibers Directly Written upon Silicon Substrate With improved manufacturing processes and decreasing device dimensions, there is an increased demand for sensing in both industrial and consumer applications. Using the information from these sensors, devices and machines can monitor their performance and provide information on output, efficiency and even calculate when the machine will require replacement parts. To ensure that high-quality sensors are available at low costs, the large-scale manufacture of devices is required. A Xiamen University-based group has developed a pressure sensor based on Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) which is deposited onto a silicon substrate using a high-throughput near field electrospinning (NFES) process. Using the NFES process, a pressure sensor with a sensitivity of 2214.4 mV/MPa and a linearity of 2.8% was obtained. The group

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used a simulation to model the behavior of the silicon substrate and the piezoelectric properties of the PVDF layers. The highquality results of the manufactured pressure sensor demonstrate the capability of using a NFES process for the scalable deposition of PVDF nanofibers. This facile method of deposition for PVDF nanofibers could be used for building sensors that can measure more varieties of inputs, such as vibration and acceleration. From: S. Lin, X. Huang, Z. Bu, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 8, N93, 2019.

Investigation on Material Removal Uniformity in Electrochemical Mechanical Polishing by Polishing Pad with Holes Electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) has advantages over chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), including the use of lower polishing pressure and attaining higher removal rate, in planarizing a thin copper substrate. However, ECMP relies on holes punched in the pad to permit current to pass, and which pattern influences the resulting polish. Researchers in China investigated the trajectory of the patterned holes of given dimension as the pad is rotated and in relation to the concurrent substrate rotation. The authors employed kinematic analysis and Faraday’s law to explain the differences in polishing results for two pads of different patterns—concentric circular arrangement and phyllotactic arrangement— but having the same number of holes. Track points were modeled and simulated to map out their distribution. The concentric circular pattern resulted in an annular corrugation and an increase in surface roughness. In contrast, the phyllotactic pattern yielded a more uniform material removal and an improvement in the surface roughness. Experimental runs verified the predicted outcomes of simulations. The authors plan to investigate the effect of different electric field strength in each hole on the uniformity of material removal. From: Z. Liu, Z. Jin, et al., ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 8, P3047 (2019).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Colm Glynn of Analog Devices International, Mara Schindelholz of Sandia National Laboratories, David McNulty of Paul Scherrer Institute, Zenghe Liu of Verity Life Science, and Donald Pile of Rolled-Ribbon Battery Company. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article.

237th ECS Meeting

with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)

MONTRÉAL, CANADA

SYMPOSIUM TOPICS AND DEADLINES

May 10-15, 2020

Palais des Congrès de Montréal A— Batteries and Energy Storage A01— Battery and Energy Technology Joint General Session A02— Lithium Ion Batteries and Beyond A03— Large Scale Energy Storage 11 A04— Student Battery Slam 4 A05— Lead Acid Batteries B— Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01— Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage B02— Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology B03— Carbon Nanotubes - From Fundamentals to Devices B04— NANO in La Francophonie B05— Fullerenes - Endohedral Fullerenes and Molecular Carbon B06— 2D Layered Materials from Fundamental Science to Applications B07— Light Energy Conversion with Metal Halide Perovskites, Semiconductor Nanostructures, and Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Materials B08— Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies B09— Nano for Industry C— Corrosion Science and Technology C01— Corrosion General Session D— Dielectric Science and Materials D01— Dielectrics for Nanosystems 8: Materials Science, Processing, Reliability, and Manufacturing D02— Nanoscale Luminescent Materials 6 D03— Surface Characterization and Manipulation for Electronic Applications 2 D04— Plasma Electrochemistry and Catalysis E— Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition E01— Surfactant and Additive Effects on Thin Film Deposition, Dissolution, and Particle Growth 2

L— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry L01— Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session L02— Electrocatalysis 10 L03— Biological Fuel Cells 9 L04— Nanoporous Materials 2 L05— Composite Electrodes L06— Electronic Structure Theory and Simulations for Energy and Electronics L07— Invited Perspectives and Tutorials on Electrolysis Z— General Z01— General Student Poster Session IMCS— 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020) IMCS 01—Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Chemometrics, and Sensor Arrays IMCS 02—Chemical and Biosensors, Medical/Health, and Wearables 2020 IMCS 03—Electrochemical and Metal Oxide Sensors IMCS 04—Sensors for Agricultural and Environmental Applications IMCS 05—Recent Advances and Future Directions in Chemical and Bio Sensor Technology IMCS 06—Internet of Things, Infrastructure, and Signal Processing for Sensors IMCS 07—MEMS/NEMS, FET Sensors, and Resonators IMCS 08—Microfluidic Devices and Sensors IMCS 09—Optical Sensors, Plasmonics, Chemiluminescent, and Electrochemiluminescent Sensors IMCS 10—Sensors for Breath Analysis, Biomimetic Taste, and Olfaction Sensing IMCS 11—Chemical and Biosensing Materials and Sensing Interface Design

E02— Nucleation and Growth Processes Enabling Energy Conversion and Storage E03— Electrodeposition of Alloys, Intermetallic Compounds, and Eutectics F— Electrochemical Engineering F01— Advances in Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering G— Electronic Materials and Processing G01— Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies for Advanced Integrated Circuits, Emerging Materials, and Devices for Post CMOS Applications 10 H— Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

IMPORTANT DATES AND DEADLINES Meeting abstract submission opens.............................................July 2019 Meeting abstracts submission deadline...................November 15, 2019 Notification to presenting authors of abstract acceptance or rejection................................. January 20, 2020

H01— Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 21

Technical program published online................................ January 27, 2020

H02— Advanced CMOS-Compatible Semiconductor Devices 19

Meeting registration opens.................................................. February 2020

H03— Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 7

ECS Transactions manuscript submission site opens...................................................... January 27, 2020

I— Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01— Electrosynthesis of Fuels 6: In Honor of Mogens Mogensen I02— Hydrogen or Oxygen Evolution Catalysis for Water Electrolysis 6 I03— Materials for Low Temperature Electrochemical Systems 6 I04— Renewable Fuels via Artificial Photosynthesis or Heterocatalysis 5 I05— Mechano-Electro-Chemical Coupling in Energy Related Materials and Devices 4 I06— Energy Conversion Systems Based on Nitrogen 3 K— Organic and Bioelectrochemistry K01— 14th Manuel M. Baizer Memorial Symposium on Organic Electrochemistry

Travel grant application deadline................................... February 10, 2020 ECS Transactions submission deadline..........................February 21, 2020 Meeting sponsor and exhibitor deadline (for inclusion in printed materials).................................February 28, 2020 Travel grant approval notification...................................... March 16, 2020 Hotel and early registration deadlines................................ April 6, 2020 Anticipated release date for ECS Transactions issues..............May 1, 2020 237th ECS Meeting with 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020).................................... May 10-15, 2020

K02— Electron-transfer Reactions in the Characterization of Biological Systems 44

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Chemical Sensors for Today and Tommorow by Peter J. Hesketh, Joseph Stetter, and Xiangqun Zeng

his issue of Interface highlights the upcoming International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS) meeting to be held in Montreal, May 10–14, 2020, co-located with the 237th ECS Meeting. This will be the eighteenth in the series of IMCS meetings, which began in Fukuoka in 1983. A history of the IMCS and how it has served the chemical sensing community for more than three decades is provided by Steve Semancik, Yasuhiro Shimizu, and Peter Lieberzeit as this issue’s lead article to give some perspective for this important meeting. The topic of sensors, and—in particular—chemical sensors, is on everyone’s mind these days in the context of the lively debate over environmental changes generated through climate change. These changes can be quantified through sensing networks, and an example is the Array of Things in Chicago, where a network of over 100 sensor nodes records important characteristics of what is happening in the environment—for example, along Michigan Avenue. A significant segment of the population has respiratory sensitivity (e.g., asthma), so some advanced warning of bad air quality in the city is helpful for planning trips outdoors. The article by Kannan Pasupathikovil Ramaiyan and Rangachary Mukundan describes electrochemical sensors for air quality monitoring. With climate change, temperature extremes are becoming more apparent; this summer, Europe saw record-breaking temperatures. Today, household temperatures can be monitored from one’s phone, as certain thermostats are part of the Internet of Things (IoT) network! IoT sensors open up the possibility of crowdsourced data about our lifestyle from distributed sensor networks. This topic will be further explored in a full-day symposium at IMCS 2020. MEMS technology is now in everyone’s phone, sensing acceleration, rotation, and magnetic field for location and navigation. If you turn on the compass app on your phone, for instance, about half a dozen sensors become activated. More sensing of environmental gases and health monitoring will be included in phone platforms in the near future. MEMS and microfluidic devices are currently applied to chemical and biosensing, as described in the article by Morgan Anderson, Jessica Koehne, and Peter Hesketh. Cantileverbased chemical sensing has been pioneered by Seonghwan Kim and Thomas Thundat, and their article on photothermal cantilever deflection spectroscopy shows new, highly sensitive techniques for chemical vapor analysis. Healthcare is undergoing a revolution with portable, flexible, and wearable sensors, for both fitness and monitoring as well as the rehabilitation of patients. New applications using MEMS technology and flexible electronics are explored in the article “Wearable Biomedical Devices: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives” by Elnaz Mirtaheri and Chen-zhong Li. The development of low-cost technologies for poor resource environments around the world can benefit from devices built with novel materials and sensing modalities, which often interface to mobile platforms like smartphones, as discussed in “Plasmonic Biosensors on a Chip for Point-of-Care Applications” by Simona Badilescu and Muthukumaran Packirisamy. IMCS 2020 will be a very exciting meeting, with four plenary speakers, 11 symposium topics covering all aspects of chemical sensing, and more than 30 invited speakers who are leaders in these

fields. The meeting is an opportunity for academic, industry, and government scientists, engineers, and students to interact in formal and informal settings designed for networking, learning, discussion, and presentation—from basic research to product exhibition. IMCS 2020 will directly address some of the most important challenges that face the planet today with sensing technology.

IMCS 2020 Plenary Speakers • Elizabeth (Lisa) Hall, “From Gene to Device: The Route to Diagnostics in Low Resource Countries,” Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, UK • Jong-Heun Lee, “Design Strategies for High-Performance Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors,” Department of Materials Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea • Mark Meyerhoff, “Electrochemical/Optical Sensors in Medicine—Meeting Needs for the 21st Century,” Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. • Joseph Wang, “Wearable Electrochemical Sensors,” Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA. The venue for IMCS 2020 is the beautiful Palais des Congrès de Montréal, a modern facility with novel colorful glass designed by architect Mario Sala, which is conveniently located in close proximity to Montreal’s historic district. Quebec Province has excellent cultural offerings in this Canadian city known for its hospitality. On behalf of the organizing committee, we invite you to attend the IMCS 2020 meeting and learn more about chemical and biosensors and their ever-increasing, ubiquitous role in science and society. So please join us for this exciting conference as a presenter, exhibitor, sponsor, or conferee! Special features will include a banquet, industry roundtable discussions, short courses, posters, lectures, exhibits, and professional development seminars. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F04193IF.

About the Guest Editors Peter J. Hesketh is a professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and director of the MicroNanoengineering Research Area Group. He received a PhD (1987) in electrical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and was a Thouron Fellow. He is a past chair of the ECS Sensor Division, and a past chair of the ECS Honors & Awards Committee. His research interests include micro/nanofabrication techniques, MEMS-based chemical gas sensors and gas chromatography systems, micro-magnetic actuators, and microfluidics for sample preconcentration of microbial contamination. He may be reached at Peter.Hesketh@me.gatech.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4647-7635

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Joseph Stetter, an ECS fellow, is currently president and CTO of KWJ Engineering and SPEC Sensors. Stetter received his PhD in physical chemistry from the University at Buffalo (SUNY) in 1975. For more than 40 years, he has been at the forefront of chemical sensor and associated technology as a leading researcher, entrepreneur, author, and educator. Stetter developed solid state, electrochemical, and optical sensors, the first sensor-array instrument (electronic nose, 1982), and toxic gas dosimeters. His products’ personal protection and environmental monitoring saved lives, improved worker health, and advanced personal well-being. In addition to founding several successful companies, Stetter has received numerous awards and published hundreds of scientific papers. With over 50 patents, his work is the foundation of many sensor products in use today. He not only continues to innovate and develop products for the social good, but also mentors a new generation of engineers and scientists. He may be reached at jrstetter@gmail.com.

Xiangqun Zeng is currently a distinguished professor in the Department of Chemistry at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan. She received her PhD in electrochemistry and surface chemistry from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1997. Zeng has been working in the areas of electrochemistry and interface chemistry on solid electrodes, the development of new analytical techniques, chemical and biosensors, ionic liquids, and conductive polymers for over 20 years. She holds eight patents and her lab has published over 100 peer-reviewed papers. She is an editorial board member of the Journal of Electrochemistry and a reviewer for a broad range of U.S. federal funding agencies. Zeng was featured in a book entitled Women Who Changed the World: The Journey and the Joy” (Sunbury Press, Inc., 2015). She may be reached at zeng@oakland.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3867-226X

2018 2018

ANNUAL ANNUAL REPORT REPORT

Now available online! Visit www.electrochem.org/finances

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

The International Meeting on Chemical Sensors: Serving the Chemical Sensing Community for More Than Three Decades by Steve Semancik, Yasuhiro Shimizu, and Peter A. Lieberzeit A Glance Back

IMCS Background and Organization

he first International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS) was held in September 1983 in Fukuoka, Japan. (Figure 1 shows the front page of the program booklet, which already included the IMCS logo that has basically remained unchanged.) It was organized by Tetsuro Seiyama (Kyushu University, Japan), who is pictured at the meeting’s opening ceremony in Fig. 2. Its first meeting announcement began with the following statement: “Chemical sensors are gaining increasing importance as vital components of monitoring or automatic control systems in … safety, medical engineering, as well as industrial processes.” This proclamation has not lost its relevance; on the contrary, developments such as the Internet of Things, Industry 4.0, point-of-care diagnostics, etc., require increasing efforts for developing much-needed chemical sensors. At the first meeting, the organizers mainly emphasized two principal areas of sensor research, namely oxide-based and electrochemical gas sensing and electrochemical sensors in solution. The latter mainly focused on enzymatic and potentiometric sensing of biologically relevant species. The conference was hugely successful, with more than 400 participants. This success led to IMCS 1986 in Bordeaux, France, followed by IMCS 1990 in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. From then on, IMCS became a series of biennial conferences. Following the geographical order of the first three events, the IMCS meeting location has since alternated among three regions, namely Asia and Oceania, Europe and Africa, and the Americas, respectively. The locations for the 17 conferences that occurred through 2018 are listed below:

Until now, the IMCS organization was based on a steering committee structure rather than being directly associated with any society. Steering committee organizational representatives are active within each region, and they all come together during a global planning meeting at each conference to ensure that IMCS conferences keep broad scopes, both in terms of technical topics covered and in terms of geography. For details, please refer to www.imcs-conferences.org. The conference is now the world’s largest interdisciplinary forum for all aspects of chemical sensors, with a diverse program covering a wide range of sensing principles, applications, and associated supporting science and technology. It has reached this point from the fairly focused scope mentioned before. While gas sensors and oxidebased chemresistors are still important components, this conference on chemical sensors is much broader today, and the five articles that follow in this issue of Interface illustrate examples of some technical topic areas that are at home at the IMCS. Growth and evolution of the IMCS occurred as awareness of the many needs for nonphysical sensors exploded (this chemical conference does not cover physical sensing). It also related to the developing awareness of just how interdisciplinary the chemical sensing field is. At first, one needed to understand gas properties, testing

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IMCS 2018 - Vienna, Austria IMCS 2016 - Jeju Island, Korea IMCS 2014 - Buenos Aires, Argentina IMCS 2012 - Nuremberg, Germany IMCS 2010 - Perth, Australia IMCS 2008 - Columbus, OH, USA IMCS 2006 - Brescia, Italy IMCS 2004 - Tsukuba, Japan IMCS 2002 - Boston, MA, USA IMCS 2000 - Basel, Switzerland IMCS 1998 - Beijing, China IMCS 1996 - Gaithersburg, MD, USA IMCS 1994 - Rome, Italy IMCS 1992 - Tokyo, Japan IMCS 1990 - Cleveland, OH, USA IMCS 1986 - Bordeaux, France IMCS 1983 - Fukuoka, Japan The meeting series may also have played a role in coining and popularizing the term “chemical sensor” as it is used today; according to Scopus research, it first appeared in a paper in 1955 with fewer than 10 mentions per year until the beginning of the 1970s. It then started to gain momentum, reaching 80 papers in 1983. This number jumped to 189 in 1984 and has constantly increased ever since. For reference, 2018 saw more than 9,000 papers on chemosensors.

Fig. 1. Program booklet front page of the first International Meeting on Chemical Sensors in 1983.

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consistently select plenary speakers for each conference who cover the big picture: their perspective is at a high level and drawn from considerable experience, and these presentations often include case studies on commercialization, too, since that is the ultimate goal of research and development in chemical and biochemical sensing. Those of us who have watched it evolve know the IMCS is something special. Thus it gives us great pleasure to extend the following invitation: Join us for IMCS 2020 in Montreal, May 10–14, 2020! © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05193IF.

About the Authors

Fig. 2. Tetsuro Seiyama gave the opening remarks at the first IMCS meeting (1983) in Fukuoka, Japan. equipment, solid state materials, and some electrical engineering, and these topics certainly dominated the early conferences. But then came new technology associated with MEMS and microfluidics, and the tremendous general interest in nanomaterials synthesis (which was much broader than just in the sensor area). The conference grew from these technical injections, but it also strongly supported the increased recognized value of these enabling methods. Another area of expansion was connected to mathematical approaches for sensor signal processing. More recent developments have led to increasing growth in many new areas, including aspects of biosensing, with the realization by many that these more complex biochemical targets and materials were in fact tractable, and that monitoring them could also benefit from technological developments in MEMS/NEMS, nanomaterials, etc. already in place at the IMCS. The lock-and-key concept of binding affinity in biosensing was different than the partial selectivity of many gas sensor principles, but this area still needs wellconstructed, functional platforms and support circuitry, and could also benefit from using nanostructured and nanoparticle materials (all topics which had been core subjects for gas sensing for many years). Chemical and biochemical sensors could also find common ground in the realm of multielement array platforms. The number (and program fraction) of biosensing research contributions at the IMCS has grown steadily over the last two decades. From very early on, IMCS conferences have been closely connected to the journal Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical to disseminate selected results: the journal published the first special issue for IMCS 1996. This relationship is visible from the fact that many members of the international steering committee of IMCS also serve on the editorial board of Sensors and Actuators B. So the IMCS is not just gas sensors, not just biosensors, not just MEMS, not just microfluidics, not just signal processing—and it is certainly not like what one finds at any of those specialty conferences individually. The IMCS offers a uniquely broad forum, includes an interacting collection of all those interdisciplinary topics, and—more importantly—brings together individuals from many disciplines in science, engineering, and business. It is therefore populated by electrical engineers, chemical engineers, materials scientists, chemists, physicists, biologists, mathematicians, mechanical engineers, biomedical engineers, etc. An ongoing effort is made to

Steve Semancik received his ScM and PhD degrees in physics from Brown University. His professional career began as a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, a measurement science institution where he now leads the Chemical and Biochemical Microsensor Program. Efforts by his research team involving surface science and advanced sensing concepts have produced 180 publications and six patents, and he has given more than 230 presentations describing results on these topics. He is an elected fellow of both the American Physical Society and the American Vacuum Society, has served as an editorial board member of three sensor journals, and currently is the North and South America Regional Chair of the IMCS Steering Committee. He may be reached at stephen.semancik@nist.gov. Yasuhiro Shimizu obtained his doctor of engineering degree from Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, in 1987. He was a research associate at the Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University under the direction of Prof. Tetsuro Seiyama at the time of the first International Meeting on Chemical Sensors held in 1983. Since 2005, he has been a full professor, first in the Faculty of Engineering, and since 2011 in the Graduate School of Engineering at Nagasaki University. Currently, he has 168 full papers, 60 review papers, and 174 conference contributions, mainly in the field of ceramic gas sensors and electroceramics. He serves as coeditor-inchief of Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical and is the Regional Chair Asia/Pacific of the IMCS Steering Committee. He may be reached at shimizu@nagasaki-u.ac.jp. Peter Lieberzeit obtained his PhD with distinction from the University of Vienna, Austria, in 1999, and his postdoctoral lecture qualification (habilitation) in 2007. Since 2011, he has been a full professor of the Faculty of Chemistry, first in the Department of Analytical Chemistry, and since 2016 in the Department of Physical Chemistry. Currently, he has more than 125 full papers and more than 175 conference contributions, mainly in the field of biomimetic artificial receptors. He serves on the editorial board of Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical and currently is the chairman of the IMCS Steering Committee. He may be reached at Peter.Lieberzeit@univie.ac.at. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-0584

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

MEMS and Microfluidic Devices for Chemical and Biosensing by Morgan J. Anderson, Jessica E. Koehne, and Peter J. Hesketh What are MEMS and Microfluidics?

EMS stands for micro-electro-mechanical systems. These systems are a class of microscopic devices that use integrated circuit fabrication technology but do not end up having solely electrical functionality, such as conventional transistors or integrated circuits. As electromechanical devices, MEMS are devices that convert mechanical energy into analog or digital electrical signals, or vice versa. Microfluidics are systems-on-a-chip where liquid is routed to achieve a chemical and biochemical function. They are often miniature designs of a larger scale system, like an immunoassay, cell culture, or flow injection analysis system. A good example is the MEMS microphone used in most of today’s smartphones, which converts sound pressure into an electrical signal. In a broader view, MEMS are integrated microdevices that combine components and functionality from different physical domains, such as electrical, mechanical, thermal, fluidic, and optical. Often, MEMSbased systems merge computation with sensing and actuation to interface between the digital world and our physical world. Sensors and actuators are the two main categories of MEMS.

Microlithography and Soft Lithography Processes

Soft lithography using elastomeric materials is often employed when creating microfluidics and devices for biomedical and cell biology applications.1 Soft elastomers are cured around rigid master structures and result in soft inverse structures via a replication process. Often these soft material structures are subsequently bound to flat surfaces to create microchannels or microwells or are used to create soft stamps to lithographically define the placement of surface molecules or materials. This overall approach is used to create microfluidic channels, valves, pumps, and detection zones.2 Examples of MEMS devices created by soft lithography include cell sorting technologies and lab-on-a-chip devices. For these applications, soft materials are advantageous because of their adaptable surface chemistry, oxygen permeability, tunable Young’s modulus, and low cost.

Biomedical and Cell Biology Applications of Microfluidics MEMS are commonly combined with microfluidics and used in biomedical and cell biology applications. These devices commonly mimic larger scale instruments and methodologies and shrink those operations to the microscale, facilitating the manipulation and analysis of small or localized samples. MEMS in biological applications result in a reduction of manufacturing and operational costs, as they do not rely on multiple pieces of laboratory equipment or require large amounts of reagents or samples. This section will explore three examples of MEMS and microfluidics used in biomedical and cell biology applications. Digital microfluidics (DMF) is a rapidly developing field where individual droplets are spatially manipulated to perform sequenced tasks.3 The droplet sizes can range from nanoliters to milliliters. This movement is accomplished by fabricating a gridded array of individually addressable electrodes and sequentially moving the

Photolithography is the fundamental process used to pattern thin films and create molds for microfluidic devices and systems. An ultraviolet (UV) light-sensitive photoresist layer is deposited (see Fig. 1), usually by spin-coating, exposed to UV light though a mask, or using a direct writing laser exposure tool, and is subsequently developed in a chemical bath. The mask plate is typically a borosilicate glass or quartz plate that is coated on one side with chromium and is patterned so that light passes through the clear regions of the glass. In the case of SU-8 negative photoresist, the exposed areas cross-link (continued on next page) and remain during the development process, while the unexposed areas are removed. Finally, the pattern in the photoresist layer is transferred into the underlying thin film using an etching process (not shown in the figure). Thin films of conducting, semiconducting, and insulating materials are deposited either by chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) uses a gas phase precursor delivered to the heated substrate, typically in a hotwall reaction chamber, such as a tube furnace under laminar flow conditions. The precursor is adsorbed onto the substrate, a chemical reaction occurs at the surface, and the byproducts are desorbed. Examples of MEMS films grown with this method include polycrystalline silicon, silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, tungsten, and silicon carbide. Thereby, gas composition can control film composition and thus film properties: in the case of silicon nitride deposition using dichlorosilane, the control of film stoichiometry can improve film Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of photo-lithography process for molding with PDMS microfluidic devices. properties. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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Fig. 2. A digital microfluidic platform. Each droplet acts as a microvessel in which parallel reactions can take place with no cross contamination.4

droplets from one part of the array to another, as shown in Fig. 2.4 Methods that are commonly used to move each droplet include applying surface acoustic waves, magnetic forces, and dielectrophoretic forces. DMF allows for movement, joining, and splitting individual droplets. These functionalities have enabled complex sample manipulation for synthesis of biological macromolecules as well as complex sample preparation for downstream analysis by mass spectrometry. In addition to mass spectrometry, DMF can be easily coupled to other common detection methods such as spectrophotometry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry based on field-effect transistors. These advantages have allowed several biological assays to be performed using DMFs, including immunoassays, enzymatic assays, and DNA detection assays. Several commercial, benchtop instruments are currently available, and portable systems for point-of-care diagnostics have been demonstrated in the literature.5 So far, DMF has proven to be a promising, automated method for a wide array of biological assays. The manipulation and sorting of single cells and particles has been incredibly useful in modern cell biology techniques. This ability is especially important for individual cell sequencing. Several microfluidic cell sequencing techniques, such Drop-seq,6 have been developed and commercialized. As illustrated in Fig. 3, Drop-seq begins with microbeads which have been molecularly barcoded with multiple, unique strands of DNA. Each microbead is covered with DNA probes which contain single stranded nucleotide sequences which serve as barcodes unique to individual microbeads and also unique sequences to capture complimentary mRNA for downstream sequencing. Single cells and microbeads are co-encapsulated inside discrete aqueous droplets containing a cell lysing buffer in a flowing hydrophobic oil. The buffer causes cell lysis releasing of mRNA from inside the cell. The resulting free mRNA then conjugates with DNA tags attached to the microbeads, which are then collected downstream and isolated from unbound mRNA. The conjugated mRNA-DNA

double strands are sequenced using the ubiquitous polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By coupling these data to advanced computational algorithms, the sequencing results using this method can be used to identify the specific mRNA sequences originating from specific cells. This cell barcoding method allows cells to be sequenced in a massively parallel way. The cost of reagents for barcoding is estimated to be approximately $0.07 per cell. Since the concept was introduced in 1990, micro total analytical systems (µTAS) including lab-on-a-chip technologies continue to be a significant area of development for MEMS and microfluidics as they relate to biomedical applications. µTAS attempts to miniaturize, integrate, and automate sample preparation, sample separation, and processing and detection all on a miniaturized device. Within the context of biomedical applications, great developments have been made to miniaturize everything from DNA amplification to single cell interrogation and analysis. However, recent focus has shifted to device structures that more accurately represent the in vivo environment and thus allow researchers to more accurately probe diseases. Progress in three-dimensional cell culture and organ-on-achip technologies are currently underway. Microfluidic integration into three-dimensional cell culture has illuminated the importance of the microenvironment to cell development.7,8 Lii et al. developed a microfluidic system that uses pneumatically actuated valves to deliver reagents through a three-dimensional extracellular matrix to interrogate growth and cellular communication of cells within threedimensional microenvironments, shown as Fig. 4.8 The entire device is fabricated from PDMS using soft lithography. Inside the flow layer is where the extracellular matrix is applied. The control layer is on top of the flow layer and is pressurized to actuate valves and allow the introduction of reagents and media. Each of the 16 microchambers can be addressed independently to allow the simultaneous interrogation of 16 different microenvironments.

Sensors Built with MEMS in Every Cell Phone and DMD Display Projector Gas sensors built with MEMS technology include the microhotplate from CMOS sensors, microcantilever for chemical sensors, and other types of resonators. Other types of thermal gas sensors include pelistors, which use a catalyst to measure presence of combustible gases from the heat of reaction, and thermal conductivity sensors, which measure the physical properties of the gas. The CMOS metal oxide-coated sensor is able to measure volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ethanol, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, and pollutants such as NO2. The advantage of the micromachining process is that it provides a suspended membrane, thermally isolated from the circuit on which the chemically selective film can be deposited, in

Fig. 3. (A) Schematic of single-cell mRNA-seq library preparation with Drop-seq. A custom-designed microfluidic device joins two aqueous flows before their compartmentalization into discrete droplets. One flow contains cells, and the other flow contains barcoded primer beads suspended in a lysis buffer. (B) Microfluidic device used in Drop-seq. Beads (brown in image), suspended in a lysis agent, enter the device from the central channel; cells enter from the top and bottom. Laminar flow prevents mixing of the two aqueous inputs prior to droplet formation. Modified with permission from Macosko et al., Cell, 161, 1202 (2015).6 50

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embedded in the silicon dioxide layers and a heat spreader to improve uniformity which is better than 25°C over the sensing film.11 This recent work has demonstrated integration of MOSFET circuit and tungsten temperature sensing with SOI processing. These devices use just 12 mW of power to reach a sensor temperature of 600°C and have a rise time of 2 mS, making them suitable for batteryoperated handheld devices. A wide range of different metal oxides have been studied for gas sensors; however, the majority are n-type, although p-type are also of interest, and have been recently reviewed by Kim and Lee.12 In addition, a recent review of CMOS-based gas sensors is provided by Liu et al.13 Thermal gas sensors can be combined with micro-gas chromatography to improve selectivity. A micro-GC system has four component parts: a detector/sensor, a separation column, a sample preconcentrator/ injector, and the carrier gas with control valve, as shown in Fig. 5C. The separation Fig. 4. Microfluidic setup for 3D cell culture. (A) Schematic of setup including pneumatically actuated column is microfabricated in silicon with valves for reagent delivery. (B) Design of microfluidic chip. (C) Design and bright field image of single an integrated platinum heater to provide 8 cell growth chamber. (D) Bright field image of 16 microchambers. control of temperature of the column during the analysis.15 The inside of the column is coated with a stationary phase polymer, which has a certain affinity this case a metal oxide. A CMOS-integrated micro-hotplate sensor for the volatile organic compounds injected into the column, such array was developed by Semancik, Cavicchi, and coworkers in the that the elution time for these compounds is a function of their 1990s.9,10 Figure 5A shows a picture of a gas sensor which includes molecular weight. When the temperature of the column is ramped as a polysilicon heater and interdigitated electrodes for the chemical a function of time, the most volatile compounds elute first, followed sensing film of tin oxide or titanium dioxide. Figure 5B shows the by the less volatile compounds. The detector is then presented with hot plate design from CMOS sensors, including a tungsten heater (continued on next page)

(continued on next page)

Fig. 5. (A) SEM micrograph of a suspended micro-hotplate structure with post-processed probe electrodes for gas sensing.9 The suspended structure thermally isolates the heated sensor from the electronic components on the substrate wafer. (B) Schematic cross-sectional diagram of the design for a tungsten SOI chip gas sensor with integrated CMOS circuitry.11 (C) Schematic diagram of a MEMS-GC system, indicating the component parts for sample injection, separation, and detection using a microthermal conductivity detector which measures physical property of the gas. (D) Schematic diagram of DMD device.14 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Anderson et al.

(continued from previous page)

a series of compounds in the carrier gas flow, typically helium, producing a chromatogram. The miniaturization of these component parts, using MEMS technology, provides a compact, lower thermal mass separation column, to greatly reduce the power consumption to enable a portable system. The preconcentrator can also be microfabricated,16 providing a small, efficient method for collection via passive diffusion, or with a miniature air pump. After a period of time, the direction of flow is reversed and the preconcentrator heated, producing a sharp injection pulse of desorbed species into the column. An excellent review of recent work on MEMS-GC system components has been published recently.17 Gas chromatography is one of the most widely used chemical analysis systems today because it provides the ability to detect compounds in a complex background more effectively than stand-alone sensors, albeit with some added complexity in the measurement system. The final MEMS device highlighted in this section is a Texas Instruments digital micromirror device (DMD) for image projection. The image is formed by light reflected from a large array of small mirrors that are illuminated by a light source. Each mirror creates the information of one pixel in the image. The DMD chip consists of a large array of microfabricated light switches (see Fig. 5D) in the form of metallic torsional micromirrors. Using electrostatic actuation, the torsional micromirrors can be tilted by either +10–12° or −10–12° until the mirror hits a landing site. One position corresponds to the “on” position, and the light reflected from the mirror enters the projection lens and appears as a bright pixel on the screen. If the mirror is rotated into the second, “off” position, the light is reflected into a light trap and the pixel on the screen remains dark. Gray scales are generated by switching the mirrors very fast, thereby controlling the on/off duty cycles, and multiple light sources are multiplexed to form color images. The micromirror array is fabricated using surface micromachining techniques on top of the CMOS memory cells used to address the individual pixels in the array. The fabrication requires the deposition and patterning of several metal layers and sacrificial layers on top of the planarized CMOS substrate to create the electrodes, hinge structure, and finally the mirror surface. Over the years, the pixel sizes have been considerably scaled, and currently, the smallest available pixel pitch is 5.4 µm; at this pitch, a 1920 x 1080 pixel array, corresponding to 1080p resolution, has a diagonal of only 0.47 inches.

Future Directions for MEMS and Microfluidics Great success is evident in the commercialization of resonators for timekeeping and oscillators to replace quartz crystals with more compact and accurate silicon resonator devices manufactured by SiTime.18 In the area of MEMS and microfluidics for biomedical applications, researchers continue to further exploit three-dimensional architectures to develop organ-on-a-chip systems. These devices are comprised of microfluidics and engineered microstructures that mimic the tissue arrangements of organs. Such systems allow researchers to study biological processes not possible with traditional cell culture. In both examples, microfabrication provides a geometry to reconstitute cell growth that mimics the in vivo environment, and microfluidics provides a method to recapitulate chemical and mechanical microenvironments. These technologies have the potential for studying disease and disease treatments with greater translational capacity than traditional two-dimensional cell culture and without the use of animal models.19 While still early in their development, these technologies have the potential to become adopted by the pharmaceutical industry and thus will greatly reinvigorate the MEMS and microfluidics field. Portable MEMS-GC has the potential for widespread application, from environmental air quality monitoring to heath checking through breath analysis, and also in agriculture, food safety, and food quality inspection. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06193IF. 52

About the Authors Morgan J. Anderson is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Jun Li Research Group at Kansas State University and a collaborating scientist in the Nanobio Sensors Lab under Jessica Koehne at the NASA Ames Research Center. He recently received his PhD in analytical chemistry from the University of Texas at Austin, where he studied under Richard M. Crooks. His research focuses on biosensing, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. He may be reached at morgan.j.anderson@nasa.gov. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9893-4933 Jessica E. Koehne leads the Nanobio Sensors Lab and is a member of the Biological Microfluidics Group within the NASA Ames Center for Nanotechnology. She has been involved in electrochemical sensor design, fabrication, and testing for the last 18 years. Her work includes the use of nano and microtechnology to generate nano and microelectrode arrays. She was the recipient of the 2011 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) and the 2018 Women in Aerospace Outstanding Achievement Award. She currently serves as vice chair of the ECS Sensor Division. She may be reached at jessica.e.koehne@nasa.gov. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0992-0519 Peter J. Hesketh is a professor in the School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and director of the MicroNanoengineering Research Area Group. He received a PhD (1987) in electrical engineering from the University of Pennsylvania and was a Thouron Fellow. He is a past chair of the ECS Sensor Division, and a past chair of the ECS Honors & Awards Committee. His research interests include micro/nanofabrication techniques, MEMS-based chemical gas sensors and gas chromatography systems, micro-magnetic actuators, and microfluidics for sample preconcentration of microbial contamination. He may be reached at Peter.Hesketh@me.gatech.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4647-7635

References 1. J. C. McDonald, D. C. Duffy, J. R. Anderson, D. T. Chiu, H. Wu, O. J. A. Schueller, and G. M. Whitesides, Electrophoresis, 21, 27 (2000). 2. S. R. Quake and A. Scherer, Science, 290, 1536 (2000). 3. A. E. Kirby, and A. R. Wheeler, Anal. Chem., 85, 6178 (2013). 4. M. J. Jebrail, A. H. C. Ng, V. Rai, R. Hili, A. K. Yudin, and A. R. Wheeler, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., 49, 8625 (2010). 5. V. Gubala, L. F. Harris, A. J. Ricco, M. X. Tan, and D. E. Williams, Anal. Chem., 84, 487 (2012). 6. E. Z. Macosko, A. Basu, R. Satija, J. Nemesh, K. Shekhar, M. Goldman, I. Tirosh, A. R. Bialas, N. Kamitaki, E. M. Martersteck, J. J. Trombetta, D. A. Weitz, J. R. Sanes, A. K. Shalek, A. Regev, and S. A. McCarroll, Cell, 161, 1202 (2015). 7. M. P. Lutolf and H. M. Blau, Adv. Mater., 21, 3255 (2009). 8. J. Lii, W. J. Hsu, H. Parsa, A. Das, R. Rouse, and S. K. Sia, Anal. Chem., 80, 3640 (2008). 9. S. Semancik and R. E. Cavicchi, Acc. Chem. Res., 31, 279 (1998). 10. J. Suehle, R. E. Cavicchi, M. Gaitan, and S. Semancik, IEEE Electron Dev. Lett., 14, 118 (1993).

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11. S. Z. Ali, F. Udrea, W. I. Milne, and J. W. Gardner, J. Microelectromech. Syst., 17, 1408 (2008). 12. H.-J. Kim and J.-H. Lee, Sens. Actuators, B, 192, 607 (2014). 13. H. Liu, L. Zhang, K. H. H. Li, and O. K. Tan, Micromachines, 9, 557 (2018). 14. L. J. Hornbeck, Texas Instruments Technical Journal, 15, 7 (1998). 15. M. Navaei, A. Mahdavifar, J.-M. Dimandja, G. McMurray, and P. J. Hesketh, Micromachines, 6, 865 (2015). 16. T. Sukaew, H. Chang, G. Serrano, and E. T. Zellers, Analyst, 136, 1664 (2011).

17. B. P. Regmi and M. Agah, Anal. Chem., 90, 13133 (2018). 18. E. Ng, Y. Yang, V.A. Hong, C. H. Ahn, D. B. Heinz, I. Flader, Y. Chen, C. L. M. Everhart, B. Kim, R. Melamud, R. N. Candler, M. A. Hopcroft, J. C. Salvia, S. Yoneoka, A. B. Graham, M. Agarwal, M. W. Messana, K. L. Chen, H. K. Lee, S. Wang, G. Bahl, V. Qu, C. F. Chiang, T. W. Kenny, A. Partridge, M. Lutz, G. Yama, and G. J. O’Brien, Abstract 978-1-4799-7955-4/15, Estoril, Portugal, 18-22 January, 2015. 19. D. Huh, Y. S. Torisawa, G. A. Hamilton, H. J. Kim, and D. E. Ingber, Lab Chip, 12, 2156 (2012).

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Photothermal Cantilever Deflection Spectroscopy by Seonghwan Kim and Thomas Thundat Overview of Cantilever-Based Sensors

olecular adsorption on surfaces is driven by free energy reduction. Since surface energy per unit area is the surface stress, molecular adsorption—when confined to one of the two sides of a microcantilever— can generate differential stress, which bends the cantilever.1,2 Often one side of the cantilever is coated with receptors to obtain a differential adsorption between the surfaces of the cantilever. It is also possible to passivate the other surface to reduce molecular adsorption on that surface to maximize the differential stress. Adsorption-induced surface stress and the deflection of the cantilever, Δz, can be calculated using Stoney’s formula as: (1) where L and t are the length and the thickness of the cantilever, respectively, ν is the Poisson’s ratio of the cantilever, and δσ is the differential surface stress (N/m or J/m2) between the functionalized and the passivated surfaces. Therefore, the deflection of the cantilever is directly proportional to the adsorption-induced surface stress. In general, chemical selectivity is obtained by immobilizing chemically selective interfaces or receptors on one of the two sides of the cantilever. However, this method offers only very limited selectivity since reversible chemical interactions are not specific.3,4 It is very challenging to immobilize chemoselective layers on a cantilever for very high reproducibility. Also, many chemoselective layers degrade with time, increasing the reproducibility challenge. Although these problems are also common with many other sensor platforms, these can be detrimental for microcantilevers because of their very small surface area. Poor selectivity and poor reproducibility are the main challenges facing the commercialization of microsensors at present. As a result, despite all the advances in microfabrication, current microsensors remain sensors for measuring physical parameters. Therefore, solving the selectivity and reproducibility challenges remains the most important research area in microsensor design.

Working Principle of Photothermal Cantilever Deflection Spectroscopy Solving the chemical selectivity and reproducibility challenges that are facing microcantilever sensors will require exploiting the unique properties of a microcantilever in order to develop a novel approach. The extreme high-temperature sensitivity of a bi-material microcantilever offers a unique solution to solve selectivity and reproducibility challenges.5-11 The high thermal sensitivity of a microcantilever can be exploited to develop a nanomechanical calorimetry-based infrared (IR) spectroscopy technique. Target molecules are allowed to be physisorbed on a thermally sensitive bi-material cantilever surface. These adsorbed molecules, when resonantly excited into higher vibrational modes under illumination using IR light, can generate heat during a nonradiative decay process. This change in heat energy due to the molecular de-excitation process results in cantilever deflection that can be monitored very easily using various readout techniques. The amplitude of the cantilever deflection at a given illumination wavelength is proportional to the IR absorption by the adsorbed molecules at that wavelength.

As a result, these deflection signals match very well with the IR absorption spectra of the adsorbed molecules. This photothermal cantilever deflection spectroscopy (PCDS) combines the extremely high thermomechanical sensitivity of a bi-material cantilever with the selectivity of mid-IR spectroscopy. By observing the energy location of multiple peaks in the cantilever deflection, it is possible to identify different molecules with very high selectivity. A microfabricated cantilever can be made bi-material by depositing a thin layer of metal on one of its sides. A bi-material cantilever is capable of detecting extremely small temperature changes at room temperature. The deflection of the cantilever tip due to the bi-material effect can be found using the following equation:12 (2) where z is the cantilever deflection at the tip, α1 and α2 are the coefficients of thermal expansion for the two layers, l is the length of the cantilever, t1 and t2 are the layer thicknesses, λ1 and λ2 are the thermal conductivities, w is the width of the cantilever, and P is the total power absorbed by the cantilever. Subscripts 1 and 2 represent the metal and cantilever substrates, respectively. The parameter K stands for the expression: (3) In the PCDS technique, the cantilever with adsorbed chemical species is illuminated by monochromatic IR radiation. Scanning the wavelength results in bending whenever the adsorbed molecules absorb the IR radiation. The cantilever deflection as a function of IR wavelength resembles the IR absorption spectrum of the adsorbed molecules. The limit of detection in PCDS depends on the power of the IR source and the thermomechanical sensitivity of the cantilever. As seen from Eq. (2), the thermomechanical sensitivity can be optimized by properly choosing the materials and their thicknesses. Recent research studies have demonstrated enhanced thermomechanical sensitivity via the tuning of the Young’s modulus and thermal conductivity of the microcantilever by making nanoporous structures on it.13-15 The working principle of PCDS and the experimental setup are shown in Fig. 1. First, the bi-material microcantilever without any molecules on it is illuminated with pulsed IR light from either a monochromator with a glow bar and a filter wheel or a widely tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL) to generate a baseline deflection spectrum. The pulsing rate selected depends on the thermal time constant of a bi-material microcantilever. After taking the baseline deflection spectrum, vapor phase target molecules are then allowed to adsorb on the bi-material cantilever surface. The cantilever is then illuminated again with pulsed IR light. When IR photons of specific wavelengths are resonantly absorbed by the adsorbates on the bi-material cantilever, the resulting heat generation causes higher cantilever deflection than baseline deflection. A plot of differential cantilever deflection as a function of IR wavelength shows nanomechanical IR absorption spectrum of the adsorbate molecules. The measured cantilever deflection amplitudes are proportional to the amount of the adsorbed molecules, the power of IR radiation, the absorption mode, and the thermomechanical sensitivity of the bi-material cantilever. The PCDS signals are based on nonradiative

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(continued on next page) 55

Kim and Thundat

is approximately 0.12 µm). The peaks at 6.06, 6.38, and 6.49 µm are due to the asymmetric stretching of the NO2 (nitro) group bonds, while the peaks at 7.27, 7.46, and 7.82 µm are from the symmetric stretching of the same group bonds. Comparing these peaks with those of individual TNT, RDX, and PETN spectra, it is apparent that the peaks at 6.49 and 7.46 µm are from TNT, the peaks at 6.38 and 7.27 µm are from RDX, and the peaks at 6.06 and 7.82 µm are from PETN molecules. It is interesting to note that the prominent RDX peak at 7.57 µm is not clear in the PCDS spectrum of the explosive mixture and the prominent PETN peak at 7.82 µm is missing in the FTIR spectrum of the mixture. Other than these two differences, all of the characteristic peaks are separate and distinct, matching closely with each other. This demonstrates the capability of PCDS to distinguish between these closely related explosive molecular species. Since the peaks and shoulders are highly distinguishable, we can conclude that PCDS can detect differences between such closely related molecular species and anticipate that PCDS can distinguish between other interfering compounds and target molecules while Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the experimental setup. Orthogonal signals (nanomechanical IR sensing in “real-world” environments. In addition, the spectra and mass variations) are measured by optical beam deflection method using a red laser relative intensities of the PCDS peaks were different and a position sensitive detector (PSD). These nonradiative decay processes result in heating up than those observed with conventional IR spectrum the bi-material cantilever, generating the deflection of the cantilever. Reproduced from Springer or FTIR methods. Some peaks which are not very (Ref. 11), licensed under CC BY 4.0. prominent in conventional IR spectra appear to have higher intensity in the PCDS spectra. This may be directly related to the efficiency of nonradiative decay of these decay and do not depend on Beer-Lambert’s principle as in the case of excited states. No appreciable shift in the position of the PCDS peaks Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) or conventional IR spectroscopy. was observed. Since the energy resolution of the PCDS depends on One of the advantages of the PCDS is that the signal-to-noise ratio the energy resolution of the light source, any small shift induced of the PCDS increases with the power of the illumination source. by the presence of the substrate is below the resolution limit of the Therefore, by increasing the power of the IR light source, it is current device. possible to increase the sensitivity of the technique.9 It is also possible to monitor the resonance frequency of the cantilever before and after molecular adsorption. The shift in the resonance frequency is proportional to the adsorbed mass assuming uniform distribution of molecules on the surface. Within a certain dynamic range, the peak amplitudes of the nanomechanical IR spectra can be normalized by adsorbed mass, and these can serve as the basis for quantitative nanomechanical IR spectral analysis to determine the adsorbed mass of each target molecule in a mixture since the IR spectrum of a mixture is a linear superposition of individual spectra. (continued from previous page)

An Example of Photothermal Cantilever Deflection Spectroscopy Figure 2 shows the normalized nanomechanical IR absorption spectra of trinitrotoluene (TNT) (black), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) (green), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) (red), 1:1:1 mixture of these three explosives (blue), a weighted linear superposition of individual explosive spectra (sky blue), and the FTIR spectrum of the ternary mixture (orange).9 These spectra were acquired with a low-power monochromatic IR source (Foxboro Miran 1A-CVF) and normalized by the adsorbed mass of explosive molecules for calibration purposes. The adsorbed mass of TNT, RDX, PETN, and the ternary mixture on the cantilever was 6.78 ng, 6.44 ng, 6.99 ng, and 9.8 ng, respectively. The relative mass ratio of the ternary mixture (TNT:RDX:PETN) adsorbed on the cantilever surface was estimated to be 0.36:0.1:0.54 from the mathematical fitting of PCDS spectrum of the ternary mixture with normalized PCDS spectra of individual explosive molecules. Therefore, the actual mass of TNT, RDX, and PETN on the cantilever surface was determined to be 3.53 ng, 0.98 ng, and 5.29 ng, respectively. Several distinct peaks and shoulders appeared in the ternary mixture spectrum since the mixture spectrum is a linear superposition of individual spectra (note that spectral resolution of the IR monochromator in this range

Fig. 2. Normalized PCDS spectra of TNT (black), RDX (green), PETN (red), and a 1:1:1 mixture (blue) by volume of each standard sample solution of TNT, RDX, and PETN on the cantilever, a mathematically fitted IR spectrum of the mixture (sky blue) and FTIR spectrum of the ternary mixture (orange) on the cantilever chip. The peaks at 6.49 and 7.46 µm are from TNT (black arrows), and the peaks at 6.38 and 7.27 µm are from RDX (green arrows), while the peaks at 6.06 and 7.82 µm come from PETN (red arrows). Both PCDS and FTIR spectrum of the ternary mixture clearly show several characteristic peaks at the position indicated by the arrows. Reproduced from Springer (Ref. 9), licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0.

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Summary

References

Real-time chemical sensing based on PCDS has many advantages. It does not use any chemical receptors or interfaces for molecular recognition. The cantilever used in this technique has no surface functional groups. The target molecules are physisorbed from vapor phase onto the surface with no chemical interaction with the substrate. This approach overcomes the reproducibility problems encountered with immobilized receptor-based approaches. Samples can be deposited on the cantilever by placing a drop of solution and drying it in the ambient temperature. Since signal generation is based on the resonance excitation of various molecular bonds in the target molecule, the method is extremely selective. In a complex mixture, the resultant signal is a linear combination of molecular vibrations from various constituents and can be discerned using simple pattern recognition techniques. The PCDS combines the extreme high-thermal sensitivity of a bi-material microcantilever beam with the selectivity of mid-IR molecular spectroscopy. Our earlier results have shown mass sensitivity of 10 pg on the cantilever under ambient condition (corresponding to a few monolayers of analyte).14 The magnitude of the IR absorption-induced cantilever bending is proportional to the amount of analyte on the cantilever. This can be further quantified by measuring the resonance frequency of the cantilever (mass loading). PCDS is a simple technique that can offer high chemical selectivity. The demonstrated sensitivity and selectivity of this approach offers new possibilities for receptor-free sensing of a wide range of materials beyond what is currently possible using conventional techniques. These devices have the obvious advantages of requiring only sub-nanogram samples, quick detection times, and the potential to be inexpensive. It is possible to increase the sensitivity of photothermal cantilever deflection spectroscopy by optimizing the bi-material cantilever parameters as well as increasing the power of the illuminating IR source © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F07193IF.

1. T. Thundat, R. J. Warmack, G. Y. Chen, and D. P. Allison, Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 2894 (1994). 2. G. Y. Chen, T. Thundat, E. A. Wachter, and R. J. Warmack, J. Appl. Phys., 77, 3618 (1995). 3. C. Jin, P. Kurzawski, A. Hierlemann, and E. T. Zellers, Anal. Chem., 80, 227 (2008). 4. C. Jin and E. T. Zellers, Anal. Chem., 80, 7283 (2008). 5. J. R. Barnes, R. J. Stephenson, M. E. Welland, Ch. Gerber, and J. K. Gimzewski, Nature, 372, 79 (1994). 6. G. Li, L. W. Burggraf, and W. P. Baker, Appl. Phys. Lett., 76, 1122 (2000). 7. E. T. Arakawa, N. V. Lavrik, S. Rajic, and P. G. Datskos, Ultramicroscopy, 97, 459 (2003). 8. A. R. Krause, C. Van Neste, L. R. Senesac, T. Thundat, and E. Finot, J. App. Phys., 103, 094906 (2008). 9. S. Kim, D. Lee, X. Liu, C. Van Neste, S. Jeon, and T. Thundat, Sci. Rep., 3, 1111 (2013). 10. M. Bagheri, I. Chae, D. Lee, S. Kim, and T. Thundat, Sens. Actuators B, 191, 765 (2014). 11. S. Kim, D. Lee, and T. Thundat, EPJ Tech. Instrum., 1, 7 (2014). 12. J. Lai, T. Perazzo, Z. Shi, and A. Majumdar, Sens. Actuators A, 58, 113 (1997). 13. D. Lee, S. Kim, I. Chae, S. Jeon, and T. Thundat, Appl. Phys. Lett., 104, 141903 (2014). 14. D. Lee, S. Kim, S. Jeon, and T. Thundat, Anal. Chem., 86, 5077 (2014). 15. D. Lee, O. Zandieh, S. Kim, S. Jeon, and T. Thundat, Sens. Actuators B, 206, 84 (2015).

Acknowledgments Seonghwan Kim is very grateful for the support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant Program as well as the Canada Research Chair Program. Thomas Thundat acknowledges funding support from the University at Buffalo, the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and the RENEW Institute.

About the Authors Seonghwan Kim is an associate professor and Canada Research Chair in the Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering at the University of Calgary. He received his BSc and MSc in aerospace engineering from Seoul National University in 1998 and 2000, respectively, and received his PhD in mechanical engineering from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in 2008. He may be reached at sskim@ucalgary.ca. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7735-3582 Thomas Thundat is an Empire Innovation Professor at the University at Buffalo, the State University of New York. He received his PhD in physics from the State University of New York at Albany in 1987. He may be reached at tgthunda@ buffalo.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1721-1181

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Electrochemical Sensors for Air Quality Monitoring by Kannan Pasupathikovil Ramaiyan and Rangachary Mukundan

he continuous growth of modern industries has left the world with poor air quality, especially in urban areas and workplace environments, posing a major challenge to quality of life. The total loss of life due to air pollution is estimated to be seven million every year while 91% of the population lives in conditions that exceed World Health Organization (WHO) limits.1 Examining the source of urban air pollution and its impact on human health is essential for any city government or planner. The most common air pollutants in urban areas are nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter arising from the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. H2S is formed in nature, commonly around decaying organic matter or in sewer systems, and can be adsorbed by the lungs rapidly to affect human health. Ammonia is a recent addition to this list, due to its widespread use in the agricultural industry and as a catalyst in the selective catalytic reduction process to reduce NOx emissions in automobiles.2 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are another class of chemicals that are harmful to human health where the main compounds of interest are aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX). A 2005 report by Yamazoe claims that commercial gas sensors available at that time were incapable of tracking benzene levels below 100 ppb that is just an order of magnitude lower than the allowed exposure limit.3,4 The first step in controlling environmental air pollution is to monitor pollutants at multiple locations in order to understand the cause of their release and devise strategies to control them. While there are high-precision analytical devices available to track these gases, such as mass spectroscopy and infrared spectra-based analysis, they are too expensive to be deployed in sufficient numbers in rapidly growing cities, as indicated by EPA’s air quality monitoring roadmap report.5 Hence, developing cheap and reliable sensors for wide-scale use is an essential requirement for successful, impactful air quality monitoring. Fortunately, a wide variety of electrochemical sensors have been developed and are emerging to meet these requirements. Among them, amperometric sensors that produce a faradaic current upon exposure to analyte gases are the front-runners in the commercial marketplace due to their linear response of the current to increasing concentration of the analyte gases. Amperometric sensors normally detect toxic gases in the range of 1–10,000 ppm, although improvements have been made in terms of the electrode configuration to lower their detection range to the ppb level.6 Recently, many of the amperometric sensors have been tested for real-time monitoring in Europe and in the United States, and the details of these studies can be found in recent reviews on low-cost sensors.6-11 Chemiresistive sensors function via significant variation in their resistance upon exposure to analyte gases and can detect toxic gases at very low concentrations. In general, the response obtained in a chemiresistive sensor is as follows: (1) where R% is the reported sensor response, Ro is the resistance in dry clean air (background condition), and Rg is the new resistance observed under analyte gas. In this Interface article, we will discuss recent developments in electrochemical sensors such as chemiresistive sensors and mixed potential electrochemical sensors (MPES) for the detection of NOx, SOx, H2S, NH3, and BTEX (excluding amperometric sensors) and indicate future directions.

Electrochemical Sensors for NOx, SOx, and H2S The EPA’s standard for acceptable exposure to NO2 is 100 ppb for one hour and 53 ppb averaged over a year, while the European Commission’s suggested value is 21 ppb over a year, indicating the need for NOx sensors with ppb level detection thresholds.12,13 Among various electrochemical sensors, chemiresistive sensors based on graphene and its derivatives have demonstrated the ability to measure NOx concentrations at the levels required for environmental monitoring (see Fig. 1a and 1b). For example, epitaxial singlelayer graphene fabricated on SiC has been reported to have a linear response to NO2 in the concentration range of 10–150 ppb with a response of 20% for 10 ppb of NO2.13 Depositing metal or metal oxide nanoparticles further helps increase the sensitivity, as Pd and SnO2 nanoparticles attached on reduced graphene oxide have been reported to detect 50 ppb of NO2 with a resistance change of 25% and a linear response in the range of 50–2000 ppb.14 Similarly, the sensitivity of an In2O3-based NOx sensor is increased sevenfold by incorporating it within reduced graphene oxide (rGO).15 Nevertheless, the impact of metal or metal oxide nanoparticles on single layer graphene has not been reported, but could have a more pronounced effect on NOx sensing at much lower concentrations. The acceptable EPA standard for SO2 is 75 ppb over a one-hour period.12 A layer-by-layer assembly of TiO2 and rGO has been shown to successfully sense SO2 from 1 ppb to 5 ppm where a drop in resistivity is associated with the adsorption of SO2. TiO2 in the TiO2/ rGO hybrid having negatively charged oxygen moieties interacts with SO2 gas to form SO3 which increases the electron concentration and reduces the resistance.16 The main challenge at higher SO2 concentrations has been an increasing recovery time. On the other hand, Ru on alumina (Ru/Al2O3) deposited on ZnO detects SO2 by breaking SO2 into easily detectable SO• followed by adsorption and change in resistivity.17 The decrease in resistance is attributed to the donation of electrons to the ZnO substrate following the reaction between SO• with negatively charged adsorbed O2(− ad ) (see Eq. 2–4). (2) (3) (4) Due to this mechanism, Ru/Al2O3/ZnO sensors show remarkable selectivity towards SO2 (see Fig. 1c) among a variety of common interferents, although NO2 and NH3 were not included in the study. Nevertheless, the reported linear range of this sensor is only from 5 ppm to 115 ppm. The role of other support substrates such as graphene, known for improving metal oxide detection range,4 have not been explored, but could improve the detection limit of this sensor to the ppb range required for environmental monitoring. Dodecahedral SnO2 nanocrystals with high surface energy facets (i.e., 221) have also demonstrated sensitivity to SO2 concentrations of 200 ppb, indicating the role of high surface area materials in enhancing detection limit.18 Mixed potential electrochemical sensors (MPES) are an alternative technology for air quality monitoring, but normally operate in the ppm concentration range with very few reports of detection at the ppb (continued on next page)

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range. This limitation is possibly due to the small potential window dictated by the thermodynamics of redox processes involved.19 Mixed potentials arise when two dissimilar electrodes with different reaction kinetics towards the analyte gases are exposed to them. Pt is mostly used as the reference electrode with higher electrode kinetics.20 The mixed potential can be calculated from Eq. 5: (5) where is the mixed potential, is a constant, and Cg is the concentration of analyte gas.21,22 The utility of this type of sensor for detecting NOx and NH3 has been successfully demonstrated.23,24 Recently, a NASICON electrolyte-based MPES using LaxSm1-xFeO3 as the sensing electrode with an Au mesh as reference electrode has been reported to display a linear relationship to SO2 in the concentration range of 5 ppb to 5 ppm, although with two different slopes of –8 and –86 mV/decade separated at 0.2 ppm.25 Similarly, an MPES with MnNb2O6 as sensing electrode and a YSZ electrolyte has been shown to sense SO2 in the range of 50 ppb to 5 ppm at 700°C (see Fig. 1d). The higher operating temperature results in a fast response time of 37s, and the overall sensitivity was reported to be –13 mV/decade of SO2 concentration.26 A ZnTiO3 sensing electrode with a YSZ electrolyte produced an even higher response of –23mV/decade at 600°C, although the linear concentration range under these conditions was limited from 100 ppb to 2 ppm.27 Further, ZnTiO3 showed negligible cross-sensitivity to a wide variety of gases including NO2 and NH3, indicating the selectivity of this sensing electrode towards SO2. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)recommended exposure level for H2S is 1 ppm on an eight-hour time weighted average, while the Scientific Advisory Board on Toxic Air Pollutants, USA, set a range of 20–100 ppb as acceptable exposure limits.28 The high affinity of silver towards sulfur has been successfully exploited by Ovsianytskyi et al. to produce a H2S sensor by decorating graphene with Ag nanoparticles.29 The room-

temperature device detected H2S from 100 ppb up to 50 ppm with a linear response. Nevertheless, a small addition of Fe is required for achieving higher sensitivity, although its role is not clearly understood. An α-Fe2O3 thin film device with Au as promotor has shown H2S sensitivity in the concentration range of 50 ppb to 10 ppm at 300°C where the stable α-Fe2O3 phase provides a reproducible and durable sensor response for 15 days.30 Many nanostructured ZnObased chemiresistive sensors have been reported to sense H2S up to 50 ppb, although the resolution at low concentrations was very limited.31,32 The role of high surface area in enhancing the sensor response and detection limit in ZnO nanowires is well documented and was demonstrated by fabricating ZnO nanowires of two different diameters, 20 nm and 50 nm.33,34 While the 20 nm ZnO nanowires could detect H2S concentrations as low as 5 ppb, 50 nm nanowires detected only down to 50 ppb. The 20 nm branched ZnO nanowires (see Fig. 2a) showed ~5 times higher sensor response (R% = 14.2%) than that of 50 nm branched nanowires (R% = 3.0%) for 50 ppb of H2S along with significantly improved selectivity (see Fig. 2b).

Ammonia and VOCs

Ammonia and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emerging as new threats for environmental air quality due to their excessive use in industrial processes. For example, ammonia’s utility in fertilizers and as a catalyst (urea) in selective catalyst reduction (SCR) in the automobile industry has increased its concentration in the atmosphere and also in water bodies. Ammonia was found to be the major contributor to smog formation in Salt Lake City.2 Acceptable levels of ammonia exposure are set at 25 ppm for time-weighted average and 35 ppm for short-term exposure (about 15 minutes) in workplace environments.35 A chemiresistive sensor of Ag/ZnO composite prepared from their precursor nitrate solutions in an autoclave at 150°C has shown very good selectivity to ammonia with detection range of 10 ppm to 100 ppm.36 A MoS2/ZnO-based sensing electrode showed an even higher detection range of 250 ppb to 100 ppm surprisingly at room temperature operation with a response/recovery time of 10–11s.37 The sensor further demonstrated ~5 times higher sensitivity than the next best sensitivity reported towards 5 ppm of CO while sensitivity towards CO2, H2, and C3H8 are significantly lower along with durable performance for 30 days of operation where no significant change in response is noticed. Conducting polymers doped with metal oxides are another interesting choice for gas sensing applications. An NH3 sensing electrode fabricated with a nanocomposite of polyaniline (PANI) and CeO2 detects ammonia from 16 ppb to 50 ppm at room temperature.38 The addition of CeO2 to PANI helped increase the protonation capacity of PANI that favors NH3 molecule adsorption, thereby increasing the sensitivity of PANI-CeO2 composite (see Fig. 3a). PANI can be easily doped by external agents to increase or decrease its conductivity, an essential property for chemiresistive gas sensors. To this effect, a PANICNT composite with different acid doping reagents such as sulfuric acid, camphorsulfonic acid Fig. 1. (a) Epitaxial graphene chip featuring 25 sensor devices with a Pt heater attached.13 (b) Sensitivity of the (HCSA), and HCSA + m-cresol graphene sensor towards NO2, CO, SO2, and H2O at different temperatures.13 (Reprinted with permission from were evaluated for ammonia Ref. 13. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.) (c) Ru/Al2O3/ZnO sensor response to eight different gases. (Reprinted from Ref. 17 with permission from Elsevier.) (d) Response transients for MnNb2O6 sensing electrode at sensing applications.39 Doping of 700°C towards various SO2 concentrations. (Reprinted from Ref. 26 with permission from Elsevier.) HCHA was determined to be more

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Fig. 2. (a) Branched ZnO nanostructures with 20 nm diameter branches (±5 nm). (b) 20 nm branched ZnO nanowires response towards 12 different gases demonstrating selectivity towards H2S. (Reprinted from Ref. 34 with permission from Elsevier.)

effective than the other two dopants, and a low detection limit of 4 ppm was reported for this device. Chemiresistive sensors with a specific chemical relation between the sensing material and analyte gas seem to produce higher selectivity as evidenced by Wang et al., who reported an 8% silica-modified CeO2 sensing film for ammonia detection in the range of 0.5 ppm to 80 ppm.40 The authors claim that a reaction between NH3 and adsorbed H2O produces NH4+ and OH- ions that are conducted across the silica-CeO2 surface that is responsible for the sensor’s high selectivity (see Fig. 3b), although no evidence for the proposed mechanism is available. Nevertheless, two major challenges with chemiresistive sensors are the high response/ recovery time that ranges from 10s to several minutes and a potential drift in the baseline resistivity over time. MPES show promise in overcoming the baseline drift and response time issues associated with chemiresistive sensors. The MPES is a potentiometric sensor with a stable 0 mV baseline output in the absence of oxidizable/reducible gases. Moreover, the high operating temperature ensures fast kinetics and excellent response times (< 1s). The selectivity of MPES can be tuned by the appropriate selection of various sensing electrodes and operating conditions and can be enhanced via signal processing.41,42 Specifically, an AuPd sensing electrode-based mixed potential sensor with YSZ electrolyte operating at 525°C was reported with a response time of less than 1s and an ammonia detection range of 10 ppm to 1000 ppm.43 The sensor remained selective towards ammonia under a wide variety of interfering gases (see Fig. 3c). Monitoring VOCs is a major challenge, and by 2001, only gas chromatographs, ion mobility spectrometers, and portable mass spectrometers could achieve VOC detection in the ppb range.44 However, the above methodologies are normally expensive and many metal oxide-based chemiresistive sensors and other electrochemical sensors have reached the commercial market in the last few years, although with detection ranges at the ppm level.10,45 MPES with an La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 sensing electrode has demonstrated BTEX detection down to 0.5 ppm, better than sensing electrodes utilizing ITO or Au electrodes.46 Another major challenge that remains unsolved in VOC detection is sensor selectivity within the BTEX constituents as the toxic level associated with them varies significantly. For example, the OSHA-allowed exposure limit for benzene is 1 ppm while for toluene it is 200 ppm averaged over an eight-hour work time.

Conclusions Many commercial electrochemical sensors are being continuously evaluated for air quality monitoring by private industries with collaboration from universities and government bodies. For example, the University of Cambridge uses ALPHASENSE amperometric sensors for detection of NO2, CO, while ENVEA’s Cairpol instruments collaborates with the EPA for air quality monitoring (AQM).6,8 While commercial market space sensors are dominated by amperometric electrochemical sensors, many chemiresistive and MPES sensors have also attracted attention in recent years due to their sensitivity to ppb concentration and faster response time, respectively. Nevertheless, attaining absolute selectivity remains

a challenge. Recently, electrochemical sensor arrays have been reported to address this problem. For example, a three-electrode array consisting of a Pt, AuPd, and La0.8Sr0.2CrO3 (LSCO) detected the composition of a gas mixture containing NO, NO2, and NH3 with a peak error of only 5%.47 Similarly, an array of four MPES sensors predicted the gas concentrations in two-analyte gas mixtures with an average error of just 1.8%.41 Sensors play an important role in providing a safe working space in potentially harmful environments by monitoring environmental toxic gas concentrations and alerting us toward necessary preventive measures to avoid future calamities. Chemiresistive sensors with higher surface area and carefully selected doping elements have adequately demonstrated selective and sensitive responses towards toxic gases for environmental monitoring. The sensor industry has come a long way from the development of simple heat-based temperature sensors by Wilhelm von Siemens, dating back to the 1860s, and today’s sensors can detect parts per billion level concentration of toxic gases in the atmosphere. The sensor industry’s market value is expected to grow to an estimated $21 billion by 2021 with emphasis mainly focused on biosensors and smart chemical sensors for applications in automotive, environmental, industrial, and Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart homes.48 This is a considerable growth in comparison to the market reports indicating a net worth of $5.4 billion in 2012.49 © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F08193IF.

About the Authors Kannan Pasupathikovil Ramaiyan is an Entrepreneurial Postdoctoral Fellow in the Materials Physics & Applications Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. His research focus is the development of electrochemical sensors for harmful gases and electrochemical synthesis of ammonia. Ramaiyan earned a BS in chemistry from Rajah Serfoji Government College, an MS in chemistry from Bharathidasan University, and a PhD in chemistry from the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India. He was given the Best Research Scholar Award in 2011 for his PhD work on composite electrolytes and is a recipient of the prestigious Marie Skłodowska-Curie Fellowship. He has more than 25 peer-reviewed publications and two international patents. He may be reached at kramaiyan@lanl.gov. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0204-7550 Rangachary Mukundan (Mukund) is a technical staff member at the Materials Synthesis and Integrated Devices Group (MPA-11). He received his PhD in materials science and engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in February 1997. His current research interests include fuel cells, electrochemical gas sensors, energy storage devices, and hydrogen and oxygen permeation membranes. He is the

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coinventor on six U.S. patents and has authored over 150 peerreviewed journal and proceedings papers. His work has also been recognized through numerous awards, including two R&D 100 Awards (1999, 2017), the ECS High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award (2005), and the ECS Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award (2016). He is a fellow of ECS, was chair of the ECS Sensor Division from 2006 to 2008, and served as a technical editor in the area of sensors and measurement sciences for the ECS journals from 2011 to 2018. He may be reached at mukundan@lanl.gov. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5679-3930

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(c)

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic illustration of the interaction between PANI chains and CeO2 nanoparticles. (Reprinted from Ref. 38 with permission from Elsevier.) (b) Response/recovery curves for 8% silica-CeO2 sensor towards different gases. (Reprinted from Ref. 40 with permission from Elsevier.) (c) AuPd|YSZ|Pt sensor response to different gas exposures measured at 525°C. (Reprinted from Ref. 43 with permission from The Electrochemical Society.)

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8. R. M. Duvall, R. W. Long, M. R. Beaver, K. G. Kronmiller, M. L. Wheeler, and J. J. Szykman, Sensors (Basel), 16 (10), E1698 (2016). 9. M. I. Mead, O. A. M. Popoola, G. B. Stewart, P. Landshoff, M. Calleja, M. Hayes, J. J. Baldovi, M. W. McLeod, T. F. Hodgson, J. Dicks, A. Lewis, J. Cohen, R. Baron, J. R. Saffell, and R. L. Jones, Atmos. Environ., 70, 186 (2013). 10. L. Spinelle, M. Gerboles, G. Kok, S. Persijn, and T. Sauerwald, Sensors (Basel), 17 (7), E1520 (2017). 11. L. Spinelle, M. Gerboles, M. G. Villani, M. Aleixandre, and F. Bonavitacola, Sens. Actuators B, 215, 249 (2015). 12. EPA-air-quality-table. https://www.epa.gov/criteria-airpollutants/naaqs-table. 13. C. Melios, V. Panchal, K. Edmonds, A. Lartsev, R. Yakimova, and O. Kazakova, ACS Sens., 3 (9), 1666 (2018). 14. Z. Wang, T. Zhang, C. Zhao, T. Han, T. Fei, S. Liu, and G. Lu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 514, 599 (2018). 15. J. Liu, S. Li, B. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Gao, X. Liang, Y. Wang, G. Lu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 504, 206 (2017). 16. D. Zhang, J. Liu, C. Jiang, P. Li, and Y. E. Sun, Sens. Actuators B, 245, 560 (2017). 17. Y. Liu, X. Xu, Y. Chen, Y. Zhang, X. Gao, P. Xu, X. Li, J. Fang, and W. Wen, Sens. Actuators B, 262, 26 (2018). 18. X. Ma, Q. Qin, N. Zhang, C. Chen, X. Liu, Y. Chen, C. Li, and S. Ruan, J. Alloys Compd., 723, 595 (2017). 19. U. Guth, W. Vonau, and J. Zosel, Meas. Sci. Technol., 20 (4), 042002 (2009). 20. N. Miura, T. Sato, S. A. Anggraini, H. Ikeda, and S. Zhuiykov, Ionics, 20 (7), 901 (2014). 21. N. Miura, T. Raisen, G. Lu, and N. Yamazoe, Sens. Actuators B, 47 (1), 84 (1998). 22. F. H. Garzon, R. Mukundan, and E. L. Brosha, Solid State Ionics, 136-137, 633 (2000). 23. P. K. Sekhar, E. L. Brosha, R. Mukundan, W. Li, M. A. Nelson, P. Palanisamy, and F. H. Garzon, Sens. Actuators, 144 (1), 112 (2010). 24. N. Miura, S. Zhuiykov, T. Ono, M. Hasei, and N. Yamazoe, Sens. Actuators B, 83 (1), 222 (2002). 25. C. Ma, X. Hao, X. Yang, X. Liang, F. Liu, T. Liu, C. Yang, H. Zhu, and G. Lu, Sens. Actuators B, 256, 648 (2018). 26. F. Liu, Y. Wang, B. Wang, X. Yang, Q. Wang, X. Liang, P. Sun, X. Chuai, Y. Wang, and G. Lu, Sens. Actuators B, 238, 1024 (2017). 27. J. Wang, A. Liu, C. Wang, R. You, F. Liu, S. Li, Z. Yang, J. He, X. Yan, P. Sun, and G. Lu, Sens. Actuators B, 296, 126644 (2019). 28. A. Mirzaei, S. S. Kim, and H. W. Kim, J. Hazard. Mater., 357, 314 (2018).

29. O. Ovsianytskyi, Y.-S. Nam, O. Tsymbalenko, P.-T. Lan, M.-W. Moon, and K.-B. Lee, Sens. Actuators B, 257, 278 (2018). 30. Z. Li, Y. Huang, S. Zhang, W. Chen, Z. Kuang, D. Ao, W. Liu, and Y. Fu, J. Hazard. Mater., 300, 167 (2015). 31. F. Huber, S. Riegert, M. Madel, and K. Thonke, Sens. Actuators B, 239, 358 (2017). 32. K. Diao, M. Zhou, J. Zhang, Y. Tang, S. Wang, and X. Cui, Sens. Actuators B, 219, 30 (2015). 33. Q. Wan, Q. H. Li, Y. J. Chen, T. H. Wang, X. L. He, J. P. Li, and C. L. Lin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 84 (18), 3654 (2004). 34. Y. Chen, P. Xu, T. Xu, D. Zheng, and X. Li, Sens. Actuators B, 240, 264 (2007). 35. J. Gebicki, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem., 77, 1 (2016). 36. R. S. Ganesh, M. Navaneethan, V. L. Patil, S. Ponnusamy, C. Muthamizhchelvan, S. Kawasaki, P. S. Patil, and Y. Hayakawa, Sens. Actuators B, 255, 672 (2018). 37. D. Zhang, C. Jiang, and Y. E. Sun, J. Alloys Compd., 698, 476 (2017). 38. C. Liu, H. Tai, P. Zhang, Z. Yuan, X. Du, G. Xie, and Y. Jiang, Sens. Actuators B, 261, 587 (2018). 39. M. Eising, C. E. Cava, R. V. Salvatierra, A. J. G. Zarbin, and L. S. Roman, Sens. Actuators B, 245, 25 (2017). 40. J. Wang, Z. Li, S. Zhang, S. Yan, B. Cao, Z. Wang, and Y. Fu, Sens. Actuators B, 255, 862 (2018). 41. U. Javed, K. P. Ramaiyan, C. R. Kreller, E. L. Brosha, R. Mukundan, and A. V. Morozov, Sens. Actuators B, 264, 110 (2018). 42. J. Tsitron, C. R. Kreller, P. K. Sekhar, R. Mukundan, F. H. Garzon, E. L. Brosha, and A. V. Morozov, Sens. Actuators B, 192, 283 (2014). 43. K. P. Ramaiyan, J. A. Pihl, C. R. Kreller, V. Y. Prikhodko, S. Curran, J. E. Parks, R. Mukundan, and E. L. Brosha, J. Electrochem. Soc., 164, B448 (2017). 44. C. K. Ho, M. T. Itamura, M. J. Kelley, and R. C. Hughes, “Review of Chemical Sensors for In-Situ Monitoring of Volatile Contaminants,” U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC (2001), DOI: 10.2172/780299. 45. B. Szulczyński and J. Gębicki, Environments, 4 (1), 21 (2017). 46. P. K. Sekhar and K. Subramaniyam, ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, B1 (2014). 47. L.-K. Tsui, A. Benavidez, P. Palanisamy, L. Evans, and F. Garzon, Electrochim. Acta, 283, 141 (2018). 48. Technavio-Report. Global Gas Detector Market 2017-2021. https://www.technavio.com/report/global-gas-and-carbonmonoxide-detector-market (2017). 49. P. K. Sekhar, E. L. Brosha, R. Mukundan, and F. Garzon, Electrochem. Soc. Interface, 19 (4), 35 (2010).

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Plasmonic Biosensors on a Chip for Point-of-Care Applications by Simona Badilescu and Muthukumaran Packirisamy

ptical biosensors, mainly those based on plasmonics technology, have emerged recently as a possible solution for disease diagnostics at the point-of-care (POC) level. There is an increasing demand for costeffective, affordable, and robust POC platforms for the diagnosis of infectious and chronic diseases. These platforms should also need only low-sample consumption and be capable of providing a real-time response with a high sensitivity. A biosensor platform, employing small integrated devices, could perform rapid, label-free assays. The future healthcare devices are necessary for point-of-care testing, not only for rapid disease diagnosis, personalized medicine, portable or mobile healthcare, and public health security, but also for on-site diagnosis of diseases, helping to improve patient care in developing countries and remote locations. Presently, POC principally uses electrochemical biosensors, for example, for the detection and quantification of glucose in blood. However, optical biosensors show important advantages compared to electrochemical ones and to other technologies.1,2 They demonstrate sensitive, label-free detection, potential for multiplexing and miniaturization, and integration of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) into a portable device for POC, by using relatively inexpensive fabrication methods. LSPR platforms are particularly amenable to portable POC diagnostic applications, and their incorporation into microfluidic devices will allow for more accurate diagnostic measurements. The plasmonicbased biosensor platforms, together with the technologies involved in the sensing process, are illustrated in Fig. 2. In this review, we provide a short overview of the advances in the development of plasmonic biosensors integrated in microfluidic devices and suitable for POC applications. First, we describe, briefly, the SPR and LSPR technologies, their working principles and sensing approaches, with an emphasis on LSPR sensing and its bulk and surface sensitivity. This part is followed by a discussion of the integration of LSPR platforms with microfluidics—that is, a biosensor as a complete lab-on-a-chip platform—and their potential to become a POC platform for clinical purposes. We focus on the integrated systems with capabilities to detect proteins, including hormones, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules and biological entities as disease biomarkers. Different plasmonic sensors developed in our laboratory for potential POC use in various diseases (HIV, Alzheimer’s, diabetes, multiplexed LSPR platforms) are also described.

Fig. 1. Technologies based on plasmonics for POC applications.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) as Core Sensing Technologies Surface plasmons can be excited by using a coupling prism, using a thin gold layer as shown in Fig. 3a, and they propagate parallel to the surface of the metal, at the metal/dielectric interface. The confinement and enhancement of light results in a strong increase of the scattering signal of molecules adsorbed on the thin metal film and, consequently, in surface-enhanced assays such as the surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) effect. On the other hand, the resonance between the incident light field in the visible/nearinfrared wavelength range, and the electron clouds of a nanoscopic metal structure incite a strong enhancement of the electromagnetic field around a nanoparticle. Plasmonic materials consist of metallic (mostly gold and silver) nanostructures that support surface plasmon polaritons. LSPR happens when the diameter of the nanoparticle is much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light. The phenomenon is illustrated schematically in Fig. 3b. The confinement of light and the coupling between the coherent oscillation of the conduction electrons in nanostructured noble metals and the light results in a shift in the position of the plasmon band and, at the same time, an enhancement of the intensity of the extinction. Both effects are used for sensing purposes by the immobilization of the analyte on the surface of the metal layer or nanostructure, respectively. The position of the LSPR band is sensitive to the dielectric properties of the environment, and, as the dielectric constant is proportional to the refractive index, LSPR sensing is generally called refractometric sensing. The relationship that shows the dependency of the shift of the plasmon band on the change in the dielectric properties of the environment is the following: (1) where m is the refractive sensitivity of the nanostructure, Δn is the change of the refractive index upon the adsorption of the analyte, d is the distance of the analyte from the surface (the adsorbate layer thickness), and ld is the decay length of the electromagnetic field (EM). The sensitivity factor, m, can be optimized by choosing an adequate shape and size of the nanoparticle. Because the refractive (continued on next page)

Fig. 2. Core issues regarding LSPR-based POC applications (POCT stands for point-of-care testing).

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index increases as a result of the adsorption of an analyte, the shift of the plasmon band is expected to be toward longer wavelengths (i.e., a red shift). Even if the bulk sensitivity of the SPR sensors outperforms LSPR,3 it has been demonstrated that the surface sensitivity of LSPR is considerably higher, especially in the case of low concentrations, because this kind of sensor is more sensitive to the changes near the surface. For SPR, the bulk sensitivity is much higher, because the decay of the EM field is larger, typically hundreds of nanometers, compared to only a few nanometers for a LSPR configuration. It is well established that the decay length of the electromagnetic field for LSPR sensors depends on the size, shape, and composition of nanoparticle or nanostructure and, in any case, is not more than 5–15 nm, permitting the detection of very thin layers of adsorbate molecules. The interest in LSPR-based biosensors relies on their unique properties, allowing label-free and real-time biomolecular analysis with possible detection of biomolecular interactions (antigenantibody interaction, DNA hybridization, etc.) at low concentrations.4-8 It has to be stressed that any plasmonic detection process is possible only if the analyte molecules can be strongly tethered to the sensor surface, usually through a linker molecule. Further, sensing schemes have to be developed, depending on the complexity of the molecules or biological entities to be detected. For example, gold nanoparticle ring and hole structures, as shown in Fig. 4, have been prepared and used for sensing proteins (fibrinogen and a plant protein) and antigenantibody interactions.9 The technique is based on the simultaneous assembly of polystyrene (PS) microspheres and gold nanoparticles in multilayers by a vertical deposition method. The gold nanostructure obtained after the gold-capped spheres are removed consists of nanometer-sized holes surrounded by gold nanoparticles. The diameter of the holes, considerably smaller than the size of the PS microspheres (the footprints of the spheres in the first layer) can be tuned. The nanoparticles that surround the holes come, not only from the first layer (the layer in contact with the substrate), but from the superior layers as well. This structure proved to have an increased sensitivity because it can accommodate more biomolecules. The biomolecules studied in this work were amyloid-derived diffusible

ligands (ADDLs; small soluble oligomers prepared from the polypeptide (β-amyloid 1-42), fibrinogen, and a plant protein, AT5G07010.1, from Arabidopsis thaliana). The sensitivity of the sensor platforms has been found to depend on the size of the holes and their density on a given area. The antigenantibody recognition event resulted in significant changes in the position and the shape of the LSPR band, showing a good potential for the ring and hole structures to be further used to study these interactions. In addition, the simple detection mechanism of opticalbased biosensors makes it possible to be integrated with different sensing platforms for lab-on-a-chip applications such as integrated microfluidic devices.10 In addition, the integration of nanostructures into a microfluidic platform is much easier than that of SPR, which is a relatively bulky configuration. For this reason and also for other

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Fig. 4. (a) SEM image of a nanohole array prepared with 530 nm PS and 20 nm Au. Inset: enlarged image of a region where PS microspheres were not completely removed by dissolution. (b) High-resolution image of the nanohole structures. (c) UV-visible spectrum of ADDLs on the nanohole sensing platform. The sample was incubated for 24 h on the gold structure. (Reproduced from Ref. 9 with permission from Springer.) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

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important advantages such as multiplexing and miniaturization capabilities, only the LSPR biosensors will be discussed in connection with the integrated devices for POC applications.

Integrated Biosensors for Medical and Clinical Diagnostics

The main step in building a device appropriate for clinical diagnosis consists of combining a nanostructure-based LSPR biosensor with a microfluidic device in the most convenient way. As a result, because of the inherent advantages of the microfluidics, the performance of the integrated biosensors, the central component of the chip, is significantly improved. The integration of microfluidic devices with LSPR biosensors portable device offers some significant advantages from both individual technologies and results in an improvement of the overall performance of the biosensor. Indeed, a microfluidic device reduces significantly the required sample/reagent volume. Also, the speed of reactions in a microfluidic device can be accelerated, because of the enhanced diffusive mixing. The chip may have several channels and/or chambers to process multiplex detection of analytes of interest and, in advanced microfluidic chips, several separation operations can be implemented.11 In addition, miniaturized channel footprints may result in an accelerated antigen-antibody interaction, and a fast response.12 Several papers on the integration of nanoparticles into the microfluidic devices for biosensing application have been published.13-15 However, in the majority of these studies, pre-synthesized nanoparticles were introduced into the microfluidic system. Physical methods were also used to fabricate nanoparticles inside a microfluidic chip, such as soft-lithography16-18 and physical vapor deposition.19 The microfluidic channel may also act as a reactor where nanoparticles with a high uniformity can be synthesized through an in situ reaction and subsequently used for sensing purposes.7 Three-dimensional gold nanostructures fabricated in our laboratory through a novel convective assembly method are treated thermally to obtain a nano-island morphology.20 The new structure is proved to be adequate for the detection of bovine growth hormone by using an immunoassay method based on the LSPR band of gold. The nanoisland structures are integrated into a microfluidic device, and the

spectral measurements are carried out by introducing the device directly in the light beam of an ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer. The principal motivation for this work is the need for a simple and rapid method of detection of hormone levels in milk and milk products. The nano-island structure obtained by thermal annealing at 550°C is shown in Fig. 4 and the integration of nanoparticles in a microfluidic device is shown in Fig. 5. The annealed platform was used for the sensing of bovine somatotropin (bST) by using an immunoassay format. The proposed sensing platform showed a detection limit as low as 5 ng∕mL of bST. Further, the sensing platform was integrated into a microfluidic device and sensing experiments were carried out. The results demonstrated the suitability of nano-island structures, integrated into a lab-on-achip device, to detect bovine somatotropin with a good sensitivity. The microfluidic device is introduced into a UV-Visible spectrometer as shown in Fig. 6, and the measurements are done in transmission. A portable device enabling the detection of rbST hormone in milk has been built up and is shown in Fig. 6A and B. The device, a multispectral reader relying on the refractometric sensitivity of the nano-islands, is fully automatic, works in transmission, and has a software to control the system. It could be used for measuring the concentration of the growth hormones in milk at cattle farms and validating the quality of milk. The chip could be inserted in a POC device for biosensing, and it could also be used in the future for antidoping control. Table I shows a comparison of the sensitivities of the different devices developed in our laboratory. It can be seen that the nano-islands-integrated LOC shows the highest sensitivity, that is, the lowest limit of detection. The Au-LSPR band was recorded, after absorbing the antibody of bST, and then the antigen on the functionalized nano-islands, through pumping the solution in the microfluidic channel. In a recent work carried out in our laboratory, a microfluidic method for the isolation and detection of exosomes has been developed. Exosomes are a group of nanoscale extracellular communication organelles released by all cells, which transport cargoes of molecules and genetic materials to proximal and distal cells. They are enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer. Their detection is based on the sensitivity of the LSPR property of gold nano-islands to any change in the surrounding environment. The biosensing

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Due to the advancement of nanotechnology and microfabrication methods, plasmonic LSPR biosensors-integrated microfluidics will become more compact and cost effective.

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Conclusion A short review of the evolution of plasmonic platforms, from biosensors to microfluidic integrated sensors, and finally, to pointof-care instruments, is presented. The evolution was enabled by the important progress in the science and technology of nanomaterials, together with the development of novel methods in microfabrication and, implicitly, in microfluidics. The miniaturized and automated instruments that result from this integration led to clinical point-ofcare devices capable of providing personalized healthcare in remote places and developing countries. This evolution, as described in the review, is a good example showing how the progress in technology enables the development of highly complex instruments by applications of scientific concepts and approaches. © The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F09193IF.

About the Authors

Fig. 6. (A) Portable device enabling the detection of rbST hormone in milk. (B) Spectrometer configuration inside the portable device. (C) Experimental setup of PDMS/glass nano-integrated micro biosensor.

protocol is carried out in a microfluidic device, specially designed for the collection and detection of exosomes. It utilizes the high affinity of a polypeptide called Vn96 toward the proteins located at the periphery of exosomes. This results in a red shift of the Au LSPR band and allows the quantification of exosomes through developing a sensing protocol. This approach seems to be better than the previous approaches based on antibodies and may lead to the miniaturization of devices for point-of-care application. The biosensing protocol shown in Fig. 7b shows the different steps used to capture the exosomes. First, a linker (Nano Thinks 11) solution is passed through the microfluidic channel at the flow rate of 10 μL/min continuously for 30 minutes over the gold nano-islands in a micro-chamber. The same procedure is repeated with an EDC-NHS mixture, and then with the other biomolecules shown in the protocol. Finally, in the last step, exosomes are captured by the Vn96. The method allows the detection of exosomes in various bio-fluids.21 The microfluidic device is illuminated with a UV/visible light source through a 600 μm optical fiber. The transmitted light from the device is collected through another 600 μm optical fiber, which is linked to an Ocean Optics USB2000 spectrometer, as shown in Fig. 7.

Simona Badilescu is a senior scientist with a background in physical chemistry and a rich experience in teaching and research. She received her PhD from the University of Bucharest (Romania) and specialized in molecular spectroscopy, surface science, and analytical applications of infrared spectroscopy in an industrial environment. After three years of teaching in Algeria as an associate professor at the University of Blida, she joined the Spectroscopy Laboratory of the Université de Montréal in Canada, and later on, a multidisciplinary research group at the University of Moncton in New Brunswick. Since 2006, she has been part of the Optical-Bio Microsystems Lab at Concordia University in Montreal. Her research interest is focused on nanomaterials, plasmonic sensing, interaction of nanoparticles with cells, Indian traditional medicines, etc. Badilescu is the author of several books and book chapters and almost 300 articles and conference papers. She may be reached at simonabadilescu0@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2633 Muthukumaran Packirisamy is a professor and Concordia Research Chair in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Concordia University, director of the Micro-Nano-Bio Integration Center and Optical-Bio Microsystems Lab, a member of Royal Society of Canada, and a fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, the Engineering Institute of Canada, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of Engineers (India), and the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering. He is also a

Table I. Comparison of Sensitivities of Different Devices and Methods of Integration

Device SOS-PDMS Lab-on-a-chip

Method of Integration Hybrid Fluorescence

Advantages Limit of Detection (LOD) Simple fabrication method, labeled detection 240 ng/mL

Cascaded coupler waveguide (CWC)

Monolithic Evanescent Hybrid LSPR Monolithic LSPR Hybrid Evanescence

Higher sensitivity and specificity, labeled detection Higher sensitivity and specificity and label free detection Good adhesion of nanoparticles to PDMS, easy fabrication Label free detection on silica-on-silicon platform

Nano-islands integrated LOC Silver-PDMS Lab-on-a-chip Nano-island integrated SOS-PDMS Lab-on-a-chip

25 ng/mL (Single WG 240 ng/mL) 3.5–5 ng/mL 20 ng/mL 20 ng/mL

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(a)

(b)

Fig. 7. (a) Schematic of the microfluidic device used in the ocean optics spectrometer. (b) Biosensing protocol.

Concordia University Research Fellow and a recipient of the I. W. Smith Award, the Petro-Canada Young Innovator Award, and the ENCS Young Research Achievement Award. As an author of around 430 articles published in journals and presented at conferences, 40 invited talks, and 20 inventions, he has supervised more than 170 personnel, including 12 research associates, 31 PhDs, 51 master’s students, and 69 undergraduate students, and has obtained grants around $15 million. He works in the multidisciplinary area of micronano-integrated lab-on-chips for applications in life sciences. He may be reached at pmuthu@alcor.concordia.ca. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-6986

References 1. O. Tokel, F. Inci, and U. Demirici, Chem. Rev., 114, 5728 (2014). 2. Y. Wang, J. Zhou, and J. Li, Small Methods, 1, 1700197 (2017). 3. M. A. Otte, B. Sepulveda, W. H. Ni, J. P. Juste, L. M. LizMarzan, and L. M. Lechuga, ACS Nano, 4, 349 (2010). 4. S. Szunerits and R. Boukherroub, Chem. Commun., 48, 8999 (2012). 5. A. J. Haes and R. P. Van Duyne, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379, 920 (2004). 6. X. Hoa, A. Kirk, and M. Tabrizian, Biosens. Bioelectron., 24, 3043 (2009). 7. H. Sadabadi, S. Badilescu, M. Packirisamy, and R. Wüthrich, Biosens. Bioelectron., 44, 77 (2013). 8. S. Unser, I. Bruzas, J. He, and L. Sagle, Sensors, 15, 15684 (2015).

9. F. Fida, L. Varin, S. Badilescu, M. Kahrizi, and V.-V. Truong, Plasmonics, 4, 201 (2009). 10. S. Badilescu and M. Packirisamy, Polymers, 4, 1278 (2012). 11. S. S. Acimovic, M. A. Ortega, V. Sanz, J. Berthelot, J. L. GarciaCordero, J. Ranger, S. J. Maerkl, M. P. Kreuzer, and R. Quidant, Nano Lett., 14, 2636 (2014). 12. Y. Luo and R. N. Zare, Lab on a Chip, 8, 694 (2008). 13. A. Abbas, M. J. Linman, and Q. Cheng, Biosens. Bioelectron., 26, 1815 (2011). 14. T. Zhang, Y. He, J. Wei, and L. Que, Biosens. Bioelectron., 38, 382 (2012). 15. H. Sadabadi, S. Badilescu, M. Packirisamy, and R. Wüthrich, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol., 8, 1 (2012). 16. A. J. Haes and R.P. Van Duyne, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 10596 (2002). 17. J. Ozhikandathil, S. Badilescu, and M. Packirisamy, in Proceedings of ICBME 2011, Manipal, India, 10–12 December (2011). 18. H. Sadabadi, S. Badilescu, M. Packirisamy, and R. Wuthrich, in Proceedings of NanoQuebec Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada, 20–21 March (2012). 19. Z. Geng, W. Liu, and F. Yang, Sens. Actuators A, 169, 37 (2011). 20. J. Ozhikandathil, S. Badilescu, and M. Packirisamy, J. Biomed. Opt., 17(7), 077001 (2012). 21. S. Bathini, R. Duraichelvan, S. Badilescu, and P. Packirisamy, Int. J. Biomed. Biol. Eng., 12(5), 226 (2018).

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Wearable Biomedical Devices: State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives by Elnaz Mirtaheri and Chen-zhong Li

earable biosensors draw on many attributes such as noninvasiveness, real-time measurements, and the potential for continuous monitoring of physiological biomarkers from bodily fluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva, etc. Initially, physical sensors were developed as the first class of wearable devices to monitor physical movements and vital signs such as pulse or burned calories.1 However, since the sensing modalities used in those sensors were nonspecific, meaning that they were unable to distinguish between different factors that might have caused similar readings (for instance, an increased heart rate),2 the urge for converting to devices in which the specificity of detection was improved soon became more pronounced. In recent years, researchers were focused on transforming the application of wearable devices from solely tracking physical activities to monitoring more challenging healthcare biomarkers for more complicated applications such as diabetes management or remote health monitoring of the elderly.3 To do so, wearable sensors should be equipped with a biological sensing element such as an enzyme, antibody, cell receptor, or organelle1 that is able to selectively detect target chemicals in a short time and with a reversible response type.2 These wearable chemical sensors with the ability to continuously monitor relevant biomarkers offer more comprehensive healthcare monitoring and medical diagnosis in real-time delivery compared to the physical sensors for detecting vital signs.4 The receptor (or recognition element) in the chemical sensor is responsible for high selectivity of the target analyte, whereas the transducer is responsible for translation of information to measurable signals. In order to be able to develop a wearable biosensor, it is therefore of high importance to recognize the chemistry, available biomarkers, and sampling of a specific target biofluid.5 Blood and urine are the most widely used fluids in traditional clinical techniques for measuring the concentration of the analyte of interest.6,7 As a matter of fact, blood is considered the goldstandard fluid for analytical diagnostics. However, their relative measurements and analysis are realized through costly and timeconsuming processes. Moreover, having access to blood samples is only achieved via an invasive process which makes continuous measurements almost impossible. Lacking the ability to continuously access the blood hinders its application in wearable noninvasive biosensors. Therefore, in order to develop wearable noninvasive biosensors, researchers were focused on alternative bodily fluids such as sweat, tears, interstitial fluid, and saliva, as well as breath. More recently, a wearable biosensor for wound-healing monitoring was also developed.4 Some of the state-of-the-art wearable biosensors are introduced in the following section.

Current State-of-the-Art Wearable Biosensors Many different wearable biophysical sensors have been developed during the past few decades which are widely used as basically motion trackers or vital signs monitoring systems. These devices are composed of triaxial accelerometers, gyroscopes, and a magnetometer to monitor human motion. The data collected in these types of sensors can be available for short-term or long-term access. In short-term access, the collected data are for observation only,

whereas in long-term access, the data can be observed and locally stored for monitoring over time. Data storage is possible through a local memory or wireless connection to a PC or handheld device. Some of the commercially available sensors of this type are the Fitbit Flex, Withings Pulse, Misfit Shine, and Jawbone. In addition to measuring steps and burned calories, the researchers have been focused on developing a sensor to perform as an electrocardiogram (ECG) (e.g., Apple Watch Series 4), electroencephalogram (EEG), temperature sensor, etc. Smart clothing has also gained a lot of attention. In these body-worn platforms, the sensors to measure vital signs are employed into the textile of clothing. The location of the sensor should be selected carefully to ensure the proper performance. The most important characteristics of wearable devices in general are size, weight, battery life, and capability of adding onboard sensors.8 Other than biophysical sensors, as mentioned earlier, there is an urge to produce devices that can provide information about more challenging healthcare biomarkers. For doing so, contact lens-based wearable biosensors have gained a lot of attraction because of their endless access to the protecting tear film on the eye.9 These biosensors were initially developed to measure glucose and other target analytes using either optical measurement techniques such as (1) interaction of glucose with concanavalin A or phenylboronic acid derivatives,10 (2) photonic crystal materials paired with responsive hydrogels or fluorescent dyes,11 or (3) using holographic contact lenses.1 Other than optical platforms, electrochemical techniques have also been used for glucose measurement in contact lens-based biosensors.12 Google, in partnership with Novartis, developed a contact lens prototype for noninvasive glucose monitoring.13 However, the successful commercialization of this product has been delayed due to technical challenges in developing high-performing contact lensbased sensors. Recently, the contact lens-based biosensors have been designed to measure the ocular pressure as well as the glucose (see Fig. 1a).14 Also, with the use of wireless power transfer circuits and displays in these wearable biosensors, the need for an external power source was eliminated and real-time monitoring became possible.15 Moreover, with advancement in the use of smartphones, continuous optical monitoring of glucose with wearable contact lens biosensors has overcome the challenges in the fabrication of miniaturized power and data transfer.16 Other than contact lens-based biosensors, an electrochemical spring-type sensor has recently been developed for continuous measurement of glucose from tears. This device, developed by NovioSense, is mounted behind the eyelid and has already shown promising results for the measurement of glucose from tears, even in patients with type 1 diabetes.17 Saliva, as mentioned earlier, contains many biomarkers that directly relate to meaningful diagnostic information about disease and stress conditions.18 This makes saliva an attractive choice for noninvasive analysis when searching for substitution for blood analysis.19 However, there have been only a few studies aimed at developing wearable oral cavity biosensors, possibly due to the likelihood of biofouling generation and low concentration of biomarkers. The oral cavity biosensors were initially made in the form of a denture platform which has been replaced by a number of teeth to measure fluoride concentration, pH, or chew. This biosensor has some drawbacks, one of which was the risks involved in its mounting

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procedure, including the need for replacing several teeth. In a more recent study, a graphene-based nanosensor directly transferable onto the tooth enamel has been developed for bacteria detection using a biorecognition element with label-free impedance transduction. Furthermore, studies on wearable oral cavity biosensors resulted in developing a mouthguard platform for sensing the metabolite in saliva using electrochemical sensing.20 The device was designed such that it offers a non-biofouling surface and the ability to selectively measure the salivary lactate,20 uric acid,21 and glucose22 with applicability for patients with diabetes.23 More recently, a tooth-mounted wireless oral cavity sensor was developed for monitoring pH, salinity, temperature, and alcohol content. This biosensor was made of biocompatible materials such as porous silk and hydrogels which are safe for inhuman applications.24 Another biosensor for in vivo monitoring of sodium consumption was also designed with thin film stretchable bioelectronics (see Fig. 1b).25 However, further evaluations need to be performed to ensure its biocompatibility, safety, and reliability.

Fig. 1. Various types of wearable biosensors: (a) Contact lens-based smart sensor for monitoring glucose and intraocular pressure. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 14.) (b) An electrochemical wireless oral cavity sensor with biocompatible platform for sodium intake monitoring. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 25.) (c) Iontophoretic sweat extraction and analysis using a wristband sensor. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 26.)

Technical Challenges and Potential Applications In this section we discuss the key challenges for the development of reliable biomarkers in specific bodily fluids with a focus on realizable biomarkers, biocompatible materials, wearable electronics, and biofouling. The application of stretchable biomaterials and soft bioelectronics in wearable biosensors has been increasingly studied during the past few years. These materials should display mechanical properties similar to human skin in order to have intimate contact with the body and collect high-quality data. Stretchable biomaterials are categorized as hydrogels, liquid metals, conductive polymers, and nanomaterials.27 Among these materials, physically cross-linked hydrogels possess relatively low mechanical properties which might limit their applications in soft bioelectronics.28 Conductive hydrogels (hydrogel materials mixed with different conductors) can be used as the electrodes in soft bioelectronics. One challenge in using conductive hydrogels is their instability in mechanical properties. Water component of these hydrated materials evaporates with time, which leads to their stiffening.29 One way to overcome this challenge is to add ethylene glycol to decrease the vapor pressure and increase the boiling point of the material.29 Nanofillers can also be added to hydrogels to make conductive materials. The aggregation of these nanofillers can result in poor conductivity. In order to prevent aggregation, mechanical homogenization, application of surfactants and direct synthesis can be employed.30 Another drawback of using nanofillers to make a composite stretchable biomaterial is that stretching can change the spacing between nanofillers and therefore increase the electrical resistance. This can be solved by using selfaligning fillers under tension.31 Another category of biomaterials that attracts a lot of attention are 2D stretchable bioelectronics such as graphene. Although these materials have very unique properties, the structural defects in their large area affect their conductivity. This issue can be resolved by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique to form low-defect uniform graphene layer.32 Other than challenges in materials development and electronic packaging of wearable devices, one major challenge to overcome is the commercialization of bioanalyte wearable sensors, considering that these sensors must be capable of continuous and reliable measurements of a biorecognition element(s). To achieve reliable measurements, one should tackle a number of challenges such as inadequate sample collection on the sensor, limited stability of many enzymes or bioreceptors, biofouling at the body/sensor interface over time, intricate multistep assays, and calibration of biosensors for onbody applications.1 The challenges in the case of sweat biosensors for glucose concentration measurements are the fluctuations in operational conditions (T and pH), glucose contamination, small sampling size, and nonuniform sampling. Approaches that employ functionalized graphene electrodes, multiplexed sensing design, and modified packaging with multiple sweat-uptake and waterproof layers can enhance the accuracy of measurements in miniaturized sensors using sweat volumes of ~1 ÎźL; however, glucose contamination from external glucose sources and irregular sampling rate has yet to be addressed.8,33 Colorimetric sensing signal transduction coupled with microfluidic systems has been used to provide sophisticated sweat sampling and real-time optical monitoring of sweat biomarkers (such as lactate, glucose, pH, chloride, or sweat loss), which overcomes the sampling challenges such as sweat contamination and evaporation.34 Rogers et al. employed superabsorbent polymer valves in the microfluidic platform that enabled storage of captured sweat and multiple sequential measurements.35 In another advancement, the fluorescent measurements of chloride, sodium, and zinc has been analyzed via a smartphone-based imaging module. Using only a few

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microliters of sample, the sensitivities as high as the conventional laboratory techniques were achieved for this optical sensor. All of the above-mentioned wearable sensors for sweat analysis were based on enzymatic metabolic detection; however, recent studies have focused on antibody-based bioassays in which the challenge is to regenerate immunosensors for continuous monitoring applications.36 In addition to the challenges that are being encountered for sensitive and continuous measurements, the most accurate and user-friendly platform should be developed for the successful commercialization of the wearable biosensor. One example for this situation is the GlucoWatch Biographer, a wearable FDA-approved device, developed by Cygnus to monitor glucose from ISF and sweat. This device used an iontophoresis-based sensing platform and was able to noninvasively monitor glucose over a 12-hour period. However, it was retracted from the market because of skin irritation due to the iontophoresis process, calibration requirements via an invasive blood glucose meter, and a relatively long warm-up period (2-3 h).37 Flexible screen-printed tattoo platforms for glucose monitoring were then developed by Joseph Wang.38 Although this tattoo platform has also used iontophoresis technique, its unique design has resolved some of the drawbacks of the GlucoWatch, such as skin irritation and cost. Figure 1c shows another design of such sensors.24 However, the electronic integration and validation is not capable of long-term operation and limits the continuous monitoring applications. As mentioned earlier, tears are another biofluid that can be used to as an alternative to blood for bioanalysis. However, the sampling for tear-based sensors is highly challenging as the composition of tear sample collected from basal tears can be different when it is collected from reflex, emotional, or mechanical stimulation tears.39 Ocular wearable biosensors were, in fact, developed to resolve the challenges regarding sample collection with the accurate analyte concentration when analyzing tear samples.40 When using the wearable tear-based biosensors (contact lens-based systems), the sample collection challenges are addressed as the device is in continuous contact with the tear film covering the eye surface without any eye irritation.41 However, since all the necessary modules, such as biosensing, data processing, and power source, should be incorporated into the contact lens platform, the design requirements are posing some challenges.10 Other than glucose monitoring, contact lens-based biosensors can be used in sensing other biomarkers in the analyte.42 Similar to sweat biosensors, however, accurate measurements demand a series of validation of tear-based results with blood concentration, along with a better understanding of the tear chemistry, the relationship of the biomarkers in tears to ocular diseases, and the effect of sample collection method on tear composition. Despite the fact that contact lens-based systems have limitless access to the target analyte, they are exposed to some design limitation forced by the nature of the surrounding environment.1 In the case of oral cavity sensors, the sensitivity of biosensors should be higher as the concentration of biomarkers in saliva is much less than those in the blood. Biofouling due to high concentration of proteins in saliva is another factor that poses a challenge in developing oral cavity sensors. Although sample collection is not an issue in these types of sensors, samples can be readily contaminated with external sources such as food and drinks.

Future Perspectives In addition to the collection and analysis of data for health monitoring, wearable biophysical sensors have been programmed to motivate users to maintain a desired daily workout. At the same time, they are capable of providing insights on health parameters. For instance, using artificial intelligence (AI), the device can develop algorithms to propose routines that have not been practiced before. Moreover, processing the data collected by motion tracking devices can be used in fall detection devices for the elderly. In addition to

communicating data with the outside world (i.e., connection to a cloud system or a local medical center), wearable biophysical sensors and smart clothing must be capable of integrating with various technologies such as cloud computing, big data, and machine learning in which transferred data are analyzed and, when needed, some feedback is sent to the users. This approach, which is related to the newly developed concept of Internet of Things (IoT), aims at providing self-health monitoring and preventive medicine using wearable biosensors. The biosensor devices with proper mobile applications have employed telemedicine and telehealth to build the medical Internet of Things (MIoT). In the MIoT, hardware and software design in wearable devices, sensors, smartphones, and medical application analyzers have led to further diagnosis and data storage. Using this technology, long-term health monitoring (vital signs and fitness) has been achieved. The application and commercialization of a wearable biosensor is determined not only by its capability to provide accurate and reliable data but also its data management. Data management is very crucial in wearable devices for healthcare applications in the sense that the privacy of users should be not be invaded. In order to address this concern, collected data should be encoded before transmission and storage.8 ÂŠ The Electrochemical Society. DOI: 10.1149/2.F10193IF.

Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Engineering Research Centers Program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) under NSF Cooperative Agreement No. EEC-1647837 and Agreement No. EEC1648451. Li thanks the NSF Independent Research/Development (IR/D) Program for supporting his research activities.

About the Authors Elnaz Mirtaheri is a postdoctoral fellow in the Biomedical Engineering Department at Florida International University. She received her PhD in materials science and engineering from Florida International University (2019). Her research interests include microfluidic platforms and nanobiosensors for healthcare monitoring. She may be reached at emirt001@fiu.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6867-4616 Chen-zhong Li is currently the program director of the biosensing program at the National Science Foundation. He is also the Worlds Ahead professor of biomedical engineering and the director of the Nanobioengineering/Biosensors Lab at Florida International University (Miami). Li is an expert in bioinstrumentation, specifically in the development of biomedical devices for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, which could also have cross-applications for the environment, food safety monitoring, agriculture, and homeland security. The impact of his work is documented in 10 granted patents, about 140 peer-reviewed journal papers, and 12 books and book chapters. In recognition of his work, Li has received several awards and honors including the 2014 JSPS (Japan) Professor Fellowship Award, the 2016 Pioneer in Technology Development Award from the Society for Brain Mapping & Therapeutics and Brain Mapping Foundations, the 2016 Minority-Serving Institution Faculty Award in Cancer Research from the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), and the 2019 IEEE Distinguished Lecturer Award. He is an elected fellow of AIMBE. He may be reached at licz@fiu.edu. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0486-4530 (continued on next page)

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AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS

Awards, Fellowships, Grants ECS distinguishes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry, solid state science and technology, and recognizes exceptional service to the Society through the Honors & Awards Program. Recognition opportunities exist in the following categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. ECS recognizes that today’s emerging scientists are the next generation of leaders in our field and offers competitive Fellowships and Grants to allow students and young professionals to make discoveries and shape our science long into the future.

See highlights below and visit www.electrochem.org for further information.

Society Awards The ECS Edward Goodrich Acheson Award was established in 1928 for distinguished contributions to the advancement of any of the objects, purposes, or activities of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a gold medal and a plaque that contains a bronze replica thereof, a $10,000 prize, Society life membership, and complimentary meeting registration. Materials are due by October 1, 2019. The ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award was established in 2003 to recognize outstanding scientific and/or engineering work in fundamental or applied electrochemistry or solid state science and technology by a young scientist or engineer. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $5,000 prize, Society life membership, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance to the designated meeting. Materials are due by October 1, 2019.

Division Awards The ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award was created in 1981 to encourage excellence in physical electrochemistry research and to stimulate publication of high-quality research papers in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award consists of a framed certificate and a $1,500 prize. Materials are due by October 1, 2019.

The ECS High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 1984 to recognize excellence in research and outstanding technical contributions to the high-temperature energy, materials, and processes field. The award consists of a scroll, a $1,000 prize, and complimentary registration (if required). Materials are due by January 1, 2020. The ECS Luminescence and Display Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 2002 to encourage excellence in luminescence and display materials research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of luminescence and display materials science. The award consists of a scroll and a $1,000 prize. Materials are due by January 1, 2020.

Student Awards The ECS Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was established in 1991 to recognize and reward outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. The award, for outstanding master’s or PhD work, is open to graduate students who have successfully completed all the requirements for their degrees, as testified to by the students’ advisers, within a period of two years prior to the nomination submission deadline. Materials are due by December 15, 2019.

The ECS Corrosion Division Herbert H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science and technology. The award consists of a framed certificate, a $1,500 prize, and possible travel assistance. Materials are due by December 15, 2019.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS PROGRAM

Award Winners Join ECS as it extends congratulations to the following award winners who will be recognized during 236th ECS Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia.

Society Awards Carl Wagner Memorial Award

Olin Palladium Award

John W. Weidner is dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the University of Cincinnati. Prior to being appointed dean in August of 2019, he was a professor of chemical engineering at the University of South Carolina. He received his BS in chemical engineering from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1986 and his PhD in chemical engineering from North Carolina State University under the direction of Dr. Peter S. Fedkiw in 1991. That same year he joined the University of South Carolina as an assistant professor as part of the university’s Center for Electrochemical Engineering. In the summer of 1992, he worked with Gerald Halpert as a NASA Summer Faculty Fellow in the Energy Storage Systems Group at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, modeling nickel batteries. In the fall of 1999, he spent a sabbatical at the University of California– Berkeley working with John Newman, again studying the nickel electrode. In the spring of 2000, he worked with Tom Zawodzinski at Los Alamos National Laboratory, modeling impedance in porous electrodes. He spent his next sabbatical, from 2007 to 2008, at the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany, developing advanced catalysts for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers for Christopher Hebling’s hydrogen technology group. Weidner has published 113 refereed journal articles and contributed to over 200 technical presentations in the field of electrochemical engineering. His research group has created novel synthesis routines for battery materials and electrocatalysts, and has used a variety of electroanalytical techniques and developed sophisticated mathematical models to advance the fields of electrochemical reactors, advanced batteries, electrochemical capacitors, fuel cells, and electrolyzers. As a graduate student, Weidner received an ECS Energy Research Summer Fellowship and the ECS Battery Division Student Research Award for his dissertation work on the nickel electrode. In 2010, he received the ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award for his work on his patented PEM electrolyzer for the large-scale production of hydrogen from gaseous SO2 as part of the hybrid sulfur process. Weidner has been active in ECS for over 30 years, including as past chair of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering (IE&EE) Division and as a member-at-large of the IE&EE, Energy Technology, and Battery Divisions. He currently serves on the Interface Advisory Board. He was the inaugural editor of ECS Transactions and technical editor for the electrochemical engineering topical interest area for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. He is a fellow of ECS and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).

Shimshon Gottesfeld obtained his DSc in chemistry in 1970 from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel, and joined the staff of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Tel Aviv in 1972. He spent an extended sabbatical leave between 1977 and 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. In 1984, he came to Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) on sabbatical leave, and in 1987, he became the technical project leader for the LANL Fuel Cell Research Project. Gottesfeld also initiated and directed LANL R&D work on ultracapacitors. In 1999, Gottesfeld was appointed Laboratory Fellow at LANL. Gottesfeld has published over 150 articles and several book chapters and holds 40 patents, with 10 more pending. He served as officer and chair of the division formerly known as the ECS Physical Electrochemistry Division (now known as the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division). Gottesfeld was selected in 1999 to be an ECS fellow. During the same year, he co-initiated the series of Gordon Research Conferences on Fuel Cells. Gottesfeld is the 2006 recipient of the Grove Medal for Fuel Cell Science and Technology In 2014, he received the George Schuit Lectureship Award from the Catalysis Center at the University of Delaware. In 2007, he co-initiated a new start-up, Cellera (Israel), targeting the development of hydroxide conducting membrane fuel cells (HEMFCs). In 2015, Gottesfeld was nominated adjunct professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering of the University of Delaware. A symposium honoring his work took place at the 235th ECS Meeting, where he was presented with a Recognition Award by the U.S. DOE.

Society Awards Over the years, ECS has generated an impressive group of Society awards that are highly coveted by the scientific community. They not only recognize extraordinary contributions to science and technology, but also often take into account outstanding service to ECS. For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS: awards@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Norman Hackerman Young Author Award

Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award

Jan Schwämmlein received his BSc and MSc in chemistry and is a PhD candidate at the Chair of Technical Electrochemistry at the Technical University of Munich. As a graduate student, Schwämmlein worked with Hubert Gasteiger on lowtemperature fuel cells, both in acidic and alkaline environments. During this time, he was able to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of the hydrogen oxidation reaction on bimetallic Pt-Ru catalysts via kinetic measurements on core-shell nanoparticles. Furthermore, he investigated the degradation of the anode electrode in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) during start-up/ shut-down events. Also, the contribution of the oxygen transport resistance and the performance degradation during accelerated stress tests was studied by a full voltage loss analysis of PEMFCs. This analysis was then transferred to novel catalysts based on Pt-Y alloys for the oxygen reduction reaction. In total, Schwämmlein has authored six publications and contributed to several other papers as a coauthor. Since the beginning of 2019, Schwämmlein has worked as a development engineer at Mercedes-Benz Fuel Cell GmbH.

Jiancheng Yang received his BS in chemical engineering from the University of Delaware in 2015. The following year, he received his MEng in particle technology. In the fall of 2016, Yang accepted a fellowship to pursue a PhD program in chemical engineering at the University of Florida. He joined Fan Ren’s research group to further explore and develop his research skills and interests. Yang’s primary research has focused largely on the development of vertical rectifiers using Ga2O3 wide bandgap semiconductor material for power electronics applications. He has published over 40 technical journal papers and received the Graduate Research Award from the American Vacuum Society in the fall of 2018. Yang graduated in May 2019 with a PhD in chemical engineering. He now works in the private sector as a process engineer at Keysight Technologies, a world-leading electronics test and measurement equipment company.

Division Awards Battery Division Research Award

Battery Division Technology Award

Khalil Amine is an Argonne Distinguished Fellow and the leader of the Advanced Battery Technology team at Argonne National Laboratory, where he is responsible for directing the research and development of advanced materials and battery systems for HEV, PHEV, EV, satellite, military, and medical applications. Amine currently serves as a committee member of the U.S. National Research Consul, U.S. Academy of Sciences, on battery-related technologies. He is an adjunct distinguished professor at Stanford University. Among his many awards, Amine is the 2019 recipient of the prestigious Global Energy Prize. He is also a recipient of Scientific American’s Top Worldwide 50 Research Leader Award (2003), the University of Chicago Distinguished Performance Award (2008), the U.S. Federal Laboratory Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer (2009), and the DOE Vehicle Technologies Office Award (2013). He is a five-time recipient of the R&D 100 Award, which is considered to be the Oscar of technology and innovation. In addition, he was awarded the ECS Battery Division Technology Award, the Elsevier International Battery Technology Award, the International Coalition on Energy Storage and Innovation Award, the International Battery Association Award, and the NAARBatt Lifetime Achievement Award. Amine holds 198 patents and patent applications and has over 556 publications with a Google h-index of 113. From 2008 to 2018, Amine was the most-cited scientist in the world in the field of battery technology. He served as the vice president and executive director of the IMLB. He is also the chair of the International Automotive Lithium Battery Association, an ECS fellow, a fellow of Hong Kong Institute of Advanced Studies, and an associate editor of the Nano Energy journal.

Yi Cui is a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University. He received his BS in chemistry in 1998 from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and his PhD in 2002 from Harvard University. After that, Cui went on to work as a Miller Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley. In 2005, he became an assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Stanford University. In 2010, he was promoted with tenure. He has published approximately 430 research papers and has an h-index of 180 (Google). In 2014, he was ranked number one in materials science on Thomson Reuters’s list of “The World’s Most Influential Scientific Minds.” Cui is a fellow of the Materials Research Society, The Electrochemical Society, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. He is an associate editor of Nano Letters. He is a codirector of the Bay Area Photovoltaics Consortium and a codirector of the Battery 500 Consortium. His selected awards include the Dan Maydan Prize in Nanoscience Research (2019), the Nano Today Award (2019), Blavatnik National Laureate (2017), the MRS Kavli Distinguished Lectureship in Nanoscience (2015), the Sloan Research Fellowship (2010), the KAUST Investigator Award (2008), the ONR Young Investigator Award (2008), and the Technology Review World Top Young Innovator Award (2004). Cui has founded three companies to commercialize technologies from his group: Amprius, Inc., 4C Air, Inc., and EEnovate Technology, Inc.

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AWARDS PROGRAM Division Awards

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Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation

Linqin Mu, currently a postdoctoral associate at Virginia Tech, is working on advanced energy storage materials and interfacial chemistry in batteries. She received her PhD in condensed matter of physics in 2016 from the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Equipped with broad knowledge on material synthesis and analysis using comprehensive X-ray spectroscopy and imaging techniques, she has made many achievements in understanding chemomechanical behaviors of layered oxides and designing better high-energy cathode materials for Li/Na-ion batteries. As a result, she has published more than 10 first-author papers (e.g., in Nature Communications, Advanced Materials, Advanced Energy Materials, Nano Letters, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and Nano Energy) and has coauthored many papers.

Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award Sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation

Minghao Zhang earned his BS in physics from Nankai University (2009) and his MS in materials physics and chemistry from the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2012). He went on to receive his PhD in materials science and engineering from the University of California, San Diego (2017), after which he began working as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Laboratory for Energy Storage and Conversion (LESC) at the university. His research interests include materials diagnosis through multidimensional characterizations, electrode materials design based on ab initio calculations, and synthesis/ modification method development for next-generation lithium-ion and post lithium-ion batteries with high energy density. Recently, he has made progress towards establishing a multiscales advanced toolset for studying defect electrochemistry in cycled electrode, including first-principles calculation, neutron pair distribution function, coherent X-ray radiation, and plasma-focused ion beam technology. Zhang has published more than 35 peer-reviewed journal articles on battery materials, including first-author/co-first-author papers in Accounts of Chemical Research, Nature Communications, Chemistry of Materials, the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, etc. He is also the author/coauthor of four patents on the synthesis of energy storage materials and has written one book chapter in the Handbook of Materials Modeling: Battery Electrodes, Electrolytes, and Their Interfaces.

Battery Division Student Research Award

Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development Léo Duchêne obtained his bachelor’s degree (2013) and master’s degree (2015) in materials science and engineering at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. During his studies, he visited the University of Waterloo in Canada and completed his master’s thesis at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as part of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), where his work focused on microstructure engineering of organo-lead halide perovskite for solar cells applications. Duchêne’s contribution to battery research started with his PhD in the Materials for Energy Conversion Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa). His work focuses on all-solid-state batteries with a particular interest in the development and device integration of new solid state electrolytes. In a short time, Duchêne managed to bring to the spotlight a new family of electrolytes by demonstrating a particularly stable 3 V allsolid-state battery using his electrolyte, an above state-of-the-art result in the all-solid-state battery community. His research has been published in the Chemical Communications, Chemistry of Materials, and Energy & Environmental Science journals.

Battery Division Student Research Award

Sponsored by Mercedes-Benz Research & Development Peter Attia received his PhD from Stanford University in materials science and engineering in 2019 and his BChE in chemical and biomolecular engineering from the University of Delaware in 2014. For his PhD, Attia worked with Professor William Chueh to study degradation in carbon negative electrodes of lithium-ion batteries from the interfacial to full cell scales. Attia’s work ranges from fundamental characterization and modeling of the solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) to predicting and optimizing battery lifetime using machine learning techniques. For the former, he developed carbon black as a model carbon electrode for SEI studies; most notably, he identified that SEI growth rates are much higher on carbon lithiation than delithiation. For the latter, he developed a method for rapid optimization of battery fast-charging protocols by reducing the time per experiment (via early prediction of cycle life) and the number of experiments (via Bayesian optimization). Part of this work was published as the cover article in Nature Energy and highlighted in Nature. He recently started at Tesla Motors as a senior data scientist, working to predict the lifetime of new battery chemistries. Attia’s honors include the ECS Battery Division Student Research Award (2019), the MRS Graduate Student Award (2019), the MRS Open Data Challenge Award (2019), the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (2014), and the Stanford Graduate Fellowship (2014).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award

Electrodeposition Division Research Award

Krishnan Rajeshwar is a distinguished university professor at the University of Texas at Arlington (UT Arlington). He joined the university in 1983, after receiving postdoctoral training at Colorado State University. He is also the founding director of the Center for Renewable Energy and Science Technology (CREST) on the UT Arlington campus. He is a past ECS president and a past editor of Interface magazine. Currently, he serves on the editorial boards of several electrochemical journals and as the editor-in-chief of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Rajeshwar is also an ECS fellow. He received the ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award in 2009. Additionally, he was awarded the Doctor Honoris Causa by the University of Szeged, Hungary, in 2017. He has authored monographs and edited books, special issues of journals, and conference proceedings on energy conversion. Rajeshwar is the author of over 350 refereed and well-cited publications (cited ~20,000 times, h-index: 66). His research interests span a wide spectrum including photoelectrochemistry, solar energy conversion, renewable energy, materials chemistry, semiconductor electrochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Germane to this award, he and his collaborators have pioneered many chemistries and approaches for the electrodeposition of semiconductor films.

Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award Aria Kahyarian earned his BSc in chemical engineering from Sharif University of Technology in 2011. In 2018, he received his PhD in chemical engineering from Ohio University under the direction of Prof. Srdjan Nesic at the Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Flow Technology. His graduate research focused on the mechanistic investigation of aqueous acidic corrosion in the presence of carboxylic acids, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide as well as mathematical simulation of such corroding systems. His findings in this field of study have been published as a number of journal research articles and book chapters. His current work includes mathematical modeling of aqueous metallic corrosion as well as corrosion and electrochemical failures in microelectronic devices.

Division Awards Division awards are dedicated to recognition of work done in the trenches with an emphasis on accomplishments in the particular fields of Divisional interest. For further information about any of these awards, please contact ECS: awards@electrochem.org

Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award Myung Jun Kim received his BS (2007) and PhD (2013) in chemical and biological engineering, both from Seoul National University. He earned his PhD after studying the electrochemical deposition of metals and alloys under Professor Jae Jeong Kim. He continued this work as a postdoctoral researcher at the same university at the Research Center for Energy Conversion and Storage (RCECS) and the Institute of Chemical Process (ICP) from 2013 to 2015. His research at Seoul National University included pulse and pulsereverse electrodeposition and the development of additives for through-silicon via filling. He also developed an electrodeposition method for Cu-Ag bimetallic superfilling and participated in research on electroless deposition and electrocatalysts. Since 2016, he has been exploring the growth mechanism of anisotropic metal nanostructures and the applications of metal nanowires for electrosynthesis as a postdoctoral associate under Professor Benjamin J. Wiley at Duke University. There, he analyzed the growth mechanism of Cu nanowires and the behavior of shapedirecting agents via electrochemical techniques with single-crystal electrodes. His research revealed facet-dependent behavior of shapedirecting agents that could answer unresolved questions in the anisotropic growth of metal nanocrystals. He is currently expanding his research to nanostructured porous electrodes for improving the productivity of electrochemical processes.

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AWARDS PROGRAM Division Awards

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High-Temperature Energy, Materials, & Processes Division J. Bruce Wagner, Jr. Award Nicola H. Perry is an assistant professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and a WPI assistant professor at the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER) of Kyushu University. In 2005, she received her BS in materials science and engineering (and BA in French studies), magna cum laude, from Rice University. In 2009, she received her PhD in materials science and engineering from Northwestern University. Perry’s PhD research focused on local conductivity and permittivity in nano-ionics. She subsequently held postdoctoral appointments, first in the Energy Frontier Research Center for Inverse Design at Northwestern University, and then at I2CNER and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Her postdoctoral research involved inverse design of p-type transparent conducting oxides, discovery of missing materials, and thin film/bulk mixed ionic and electronic conductors. Prior to moving to Illinois in 2018, she served as a WPI assistant professor at I2CNER, where she ran the electro-chemo-mechanics laboratory in the Electrochemical Energy Conversion Division and continued as a research affiliate at MIT. Her awards include an Edward C. Henry Best Paper Award from ACerS, two KAKENHI Awards from JSPS, an IUMRS Award for Encouragement of Research, and a Department of Energy (DOE) Early Career Award. Her current research focuses on the development of new synthetic and characterization methods to understand and engineer point-defect mediated properties—particularly transport, reaction kinetics, and chemical expansion—in electro-chemo-mechanically active oxides for energy conversion/storage, sensing, and electronic applications.

Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award Nathan Lewis, George L. Argyros Professor of Chemistry, has been on the faculty at California Institute of Technology since 1988 and has served as a professor since 1991. He has also served as principal investigator of the Beckman Institute Molecular Materials Resource Center at Caltech since 1992. He was on the faculty at Stanford, as an assistant professor from 1981 to 1985 and as a tenured associate professor from 1986 to 1988. Lewis received his PhD in chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Lewis has been an Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, a Camille and Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar, and a Presidential Young Investigator. He received the Fresenius Award in 1990, the ACS Award in Pure Chemistry in 1991, the Orton Memorial Lecture Award in 2003, the Princeton Environmental Award in 2003, and the Michael Faraday Medal of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2008. He was elected to the 2017 class of fellows of the National Academy of Inventors. From 2009 to 2019, he served as editor-in-chief of Energy & Environmental Science. He has published over 500 papers and has supervised approximately 100 graduate students and postdoctoral associates. His research interests include artificial photosynthesis and electronic noses. Lewis has been active in the solar fuels and solar chemical field for over 40 years. Details of these research topics focus on light-induced electron transfer reactions, both at surfaces and in transition metal complexes, surface chemistry and photochemistry of semiconductor/liquid interfaces, novel uses of conducting organic polymers and polymer/conductor composites, and development of sensor arrays that use pattern-recognition algorithms to identify odorants, mimicking the mammalian olfaction process.

DIVISION AWARDS Recognizing excellence in electrochemical and solid state science and technology www.electrochem.org/awards

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Amazon Catalyst at ECS Winners ECS teamed up with Amazon to bring ECS members the Amazon Catalyst at ECS program. ECS members were able to interact with one of the world’s largest companies and potentially be awarded a grant to tackle a number of different challenges. Through the program, ECS and Amazon looked for solutions that make life easier, healthier, more sustainable, more enjoyable, or more satisfying. The Amazon Catalyst at ECS serves as a prime vehicle for change. Applicants did not need to be established in their field—they just needed a good solution and the passion to carry it out. Join the Amazon Catalyst at ECS award recipients as they present their work and address how they are applying electrochemistry to global issues through their research.

Jennifer Schaefer and Peng He Awarded: $36,000

Mohammadreza Nazemi Awarded: $25,000 Development of sustainable, green, and distributed methods with remarkably lower energy consumption is required to meet the nitrogen-based fertilizers demands. Electrochemical ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and water provides an alternative route to the thermochemical process (HaberBosch) in a clean, sustainable, and decentralized way if electricity is generated from renewable sources. By using abundantly available components, air (78% nitrogen), water, and electricity which can be derived from renewable sources (e.g., solar and wind), the production of nitrogen-based fertilizers at room temperature and atmospheric pressure are investigated in an electrochemical system in liquid and gas phase conditions using various in-house nanocatalysts. The proposed electrochemical apparatus allows the decentralized production of both anhydrous ammonia and aqueous ammonia with high efficiency and low electricity consumption on-site and ondemand. The outcome of this work will pave the way for design and synthesis of efficient electrocatalysts that can enable more sustainable fertilizer production.

Magnesium-sulfur batteries are currently researched for their potential as beyond Li-ion electrochemical energy storage devices. Despite the theoretical high volumetric energy capacity of magnesium metal anodes, sulfur is not very dense and many reports on magnesium-sulfur batteries use configurations with inherently low volumetric energy density (low active material loading, high carbon content at the cathode, and high electrolyte content). Thus, the overall energy density of demonstrated magnesium-sulfur batteries is not very high. However, there may be potential for magnesium-sulfur batteries to be competitive in grid scale storage applications. In this talk, we will report on our investigations related to magnesium polysulfide flow batteries as supported by an Amazon Catalyst at ECS award.

Sampath Kommandur and Aravindh Rajan Awarded: $1,600

Rajib Das Awarded: $25,000 The team of Catalytic Energy Inc. developed a novel, earth abundant, low-cost carbon catalyst as a replacement for the scarce, expensive platinum catalyst presently used for hydrogen production in water-splitting electrolyzers, which can enable widespread deployment of hydrogen technologies and renewable energy sources. Exposure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), as well as other lower cost layered graphitic carbons (LGCs), to acidic intercalants, in combination with low voltage electrochemical cycling, induces in these materials hydrogen evolution activity that initiates at near zero overpotential and is on par with that of platinum catalysts. Once activated, the low-cost carbon nanofiber (CNF) cathode demonstrates excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in PEM electrolyzer, comparable to that of the commercial Pt-loaded cathode.

The thermal conductivity of a material is the measure of how well it is able to move around heat and is a function of how the atoms of the material interact with each other. We are working on a novel ensemble that uses the mentioned phenomenon to control thermal conductivity by the application of a voltage bias. Such a device, with the appropriate scaling and infrastructure, can control heat flow and maintain multiple temperature fields in a larger system. We foresee applications ranging from AI self-regulating temperature fields in an array of memristors to buildings capable of dynamically responding to weather conditions. ECS would like to thank Amazon for the partnership that created this unique opportunity for ECS members.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS PROGRAM 2019 Class of ECS Fellows Joseph Wang is a Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) Endowed Chair and distinguished professor in the Department of Nanoengineering at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD). He is also the director of the UCSD Center of Wearable Sensors and the founding editor of Electroanalysis. He served as the chair of the Department of Nanoengineering (2014–2019) and as the director of Center for Bioelectronics of Arizona State University (2004–2008). Wang received his DSc in chemistry from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel, in 1978. Over the past three decades, he has made pioneering contributions to the fields of electrochemical devices, wearable biosensors, electroanalytical techniques, nanomachines, and nanobioelectronics. Wang has published more than 1,070 papers and 11 books. He also holds 30 patents. These publications have been cited approximately over 107,000 times, and his h-index is 160. He has been an ISI Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher in both chemistry and engineering between 2014 and 2019. Wang received the ECS Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award in 2018, the ACS Awards for Electrochemistry (2006) and Instrumentation (1999), and the SEAC C. N. Reilley Award for Electroanalytical Chemistry in 2019. He has also received 10 honorary professorships from around the globe, as well as three medals of honors from the UK, Australia, and the Czech Republic. Wang is a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE). Wang has guided over 400 PhD students and postdoc fellows over his career. Yushan Yan is the Henry B. du Pont Chair of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Delaware. He recently served as the Founding Associate Dean for Research and Entrepreneurship of the university’s College of Engineering. Yan studied chemical physics at the University of Science and Technology of China, catalysis at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, and chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology. He worked for AlliedSignal as a senior staff engineer before joining the University of California, Riverside, where he held the positions of university scholar, University of California presidential chair, and department chair. Yan’s major accolades include the Breck Award from the International Zeolite Association, the Nanoscale Science and Engineering Forum Award, the Braskem Award for Excellence in Materials Engineering and Science from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the ECS Energy Technology Division Research Award, Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. He is an inventor on more than 25 issued or pending patents that have led to start-ups (e.g., NanoH2O and W7Energy); an author on over 250 journal publications (18,000+ citations, h-index = 73 and average citations/paper = 73, Web of Science); and an advisor for more than 30 PhD students and more than 30 postdoctoral researchers, with over 20 of them holding faculty positions.

Paul J. A. Kenis is the Elio E. Tarika Endowed Chair and a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He is also an investigator of the International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, a world premier institute between Kyushu University in Japan and UIUC. Kenis, a native of the Netherlands, received his BS in chemistry from Nijmegen Radboud University in 1993, where he worked on model systems for metalloproteins with Roeland Nolte, and his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Twente in 1997, working with David Reinhoudt on films for nonlinear optical applications. His postdoctoral research with George Whitesides at Harvard University focused on the thenemerging area of microfluidics. Kenis’s research at UIUC revo lves around microchemical systems. Applications range from platforms for energy conversion such as fuel cells, for radiolabeling of biomolecules, and for protein/ pharmaceutical crystallization to platforms for cell biology studies. Over the last decade, he has focused on the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to valuable chemical intermediates and fuels— developing suitable catalysts, electrodes, and electrolyzers, determining suitable operation conditions, and performing technoeconomic analysis as a guide toward more energy-efficient systems. Kenis has authored over 200 peer-reviewed publications and 14 patents. He has been recognized with a 3M Young Faculty Award, an NSF CAREER Award, a Xerox Award, and best paper awards from the American Institute of Chemical Engineers and the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. He is a coauthor of reports on the prospects of CO2 utilization at scale issued by the National Academies as well as the global Mission Innovation consortium. Hubert Girault entered higher education in France at the age of 16 and graduated with a PhD (England) before becoming a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh (Scotland) in 1985. He was appointed professor of physical chemistry at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (Switzerland) in 1992 and has been the director of the Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique ever since its creation. The laboratory went on to move to the new EPFL-Valais campus in the spring of 2015. His research career started in 1979 in the field of electrochemistry at soft interfaces. In 1985, he developed an interest in electroanalytical chemistry, then in lab-on-chip techniques. Since 2000, he has also been very active in the field of bioanalytical chemistry— particularly in immunoassays, electrophoresis, proteomics, and mass spectrometry. Also since 2000, he has run a comprehensive research program on artificial water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction at soft interfaces. His laboratory is now installing a large-scale pilot plant for indirect water electrolysis using redox flow batteries in Martigny-Valais. During his career, he has supervised more than 64 PhD students (plus several in progress) and trained many postdoctoral fellows. Of them, 28 former PhDs or postdocs are now professors in Canada, China, Denmark, France, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey, the UK, and the U.S. Education has been a major part of his activities, and his lecture notes have formed the basis of a The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS textbook entitled Electrochimie Physique et Analytique (now in its third edition) and translated in English as Analytical and Physical Electrochemistry. Overall, Girault’s scientific output can be quantitatively summarized as more than 500 publications with more than 17,000 citations and an h-index of 71 (ISI Web of Knowledge); 20 patents have been granted, and most are under licensing agreement. Girault always had an interest in scientific publishing. Between 1996 and 2001, he was an associate editor of the Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry which, at the time, was one of the major reference journals in the field. He is also the vice president of the Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes. He has served on many editorial boards. He served as an associate editor of Chemical Science (Royal Society of Chemistry) from its creation in 2010 until 2018. Girault has been the founding director of three companies: Dydropp (1982, dissolved 1986), pioneer in the production of video digitizing units for surface tension measurements, a technique now widely used by many companies; Ecosse Sensors (1990, now part of Inverness Medical Technologies, USA), active in the production of laser photo-ablated carbon electrodes for heavy metal detection; and DiagnoSwiss (1999–2014), active in the production of fast immunoassay systems. He is now assisting a new start-up company producing inkjet-printed electrodes (www.sensasion.ch). He is also active in the development of Zhejiang Bioharmonious SciTech, Hangzhou, China, a company developing bacteria diagnostics by mass spectrometry. Girault was the chairman of the Electrochemistry Division at EUCHEMS (2008–2010) and was the chairman of the annual meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry in Lausanne in 2014. Masayoshi Watanabe is a professor at Yokohama National University. He received his BS and PhD (1983) from Waseda University. Following a position as a visiting scientist with Royce W. Murray at University of North Carolina (1988–1990), he joined Yokohama National University in 1992 and was promoted to a full-time professor in 1998. Watanabe’s research interest has been mainly concerned with ionics and nanostructured materials. Ionics has become an important scientific area for the realization of key materials for advanced electrochemical devices, which supports a sustainable society. He is a research leader in the fields of ionic liquids and polymer electrolytes. His recent research activity has been expanded to nanostructured materials, including block copolymer assembly in ionic liquids. He has published more than 400 original research papers and 150 books and reviews in these and related fields, with over 30,000 citations and a Hirsch index of 89. Among his many honors, Watanabe has received the ECS Scientific Achievement Award of Japan (ECSJ) (2006), the Award of the Society of Polymer Science, Japan (SPSJ) (2006), the ECSJ Takei Award (2016), the ECS Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award (2016), and the Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of the MEXT of Japan (2017). He served as president of the Ionic Liquid Research Association in Japan (2006–2010), vice president of SPSJ (2014–2016), and president of ECSJ (2018–2019). He also contributed greatly to the collaboration between ECS and ECSJ for the establishment of PRiME.

Alison J. Davenport is a professor of corrosion science and head of the School of Metallurgy and Materials at the University of Birmingham, UK. She received her PhD from the University of Cambridge, and then spent time at Brookhaven National Laboratory, New York, and the University of Manchester, UK, before moving to Birmingham. Her research has focused on in situ characterization of corrosion processes using synchrotron X-ray methods including scattering, spectroscopy, imaging, and elemental mapping for a wide range of applications including nuclear waste storage, airframe alloys, biomedical alloys, and fuel cells. During the course of her career, she has served ECS as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, chair of the ECS Corrosion Division, chair of the ECS Europe Section, and member of the Publication Committee and Committee for Society Visibility and Prestige. Within the UK, she has served on the government’s Advanced Materials Leadership Council and as chair of the Science and Technology Facilities Council’s Science Board. In 2018, she was awarded an OBE for services to electrochemistry and corrosion science in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List. Yang-Kook Sun is a professor of energy engineering at Hanyang University in Seoul, South Korea. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from Seoul National University in 1992. He was a group leader at Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology and contributed to the commercialization of the lithium polymer battery. After joining Hanyang University (2000–2008), he set up one of the largest and most active battery material research centers, called ITRC, in Korea, which is supported by the Ministry of Information and Communication of the Republic of Korea. He has trained 57 students and currently educates 22 students. His major research interests are design, synthesis, and structural analysis of advanced energy storage and conversion materials for applications in electrochemical devices and lithium-ion, lithiumsulfur, lithium-air, and sodium-ion batteries. One of his major achievements was the discovery of a new concept of layered concentration gradient NCM cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Sun has conducted several international collaborations around the world. Today, his research has cumulated to more than 580 publications and 491 registered and applied patents in the field of batteries and electrochemistry. In addition, he was selected as a Clarivate Analytics Highly Cited Researcher for ranking among the top 1% of researchers in his specific field from 2016 to 2018. He is still very involved in his field of research and continues to collaborate with multiple researchers from around the world to make contributions to the field of batteries and electrochemistry. Takayuki Homma is a professor of applied chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, and dean of the Academic Affairs Division at Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan. He received his BE, ME, and PhD in applied physical chemistry from Waseda University in 1987, 1989, and 1992, respectively, and has been a member of the faculty of the university since 1991. From (continued on next page)

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1997 to 1998, he was a visiting associate professor at Stanford University. Homma is an active member of ECS and has served as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society since 2003. In July 2019, he began his term as a technical editor of the journal in the electrochemical/electroless deposition topical interest area. He is also a member of the International Society of Electrochemistry, the Working Party on Electrochemical Engineering of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering, the Electrochemical Society of Japan, the Surface Finishing Society of Japan, and the Japan Institute of Electronics Packaging. Homma’s current research interests include theoretical analysis on the reaction mechanisms and processes of electrochemical and electroless deposition using ab initio molecular orbital (MO) and density functional theory (DFT) approaches, developing atomicscale analytical approaches to investigate solid/liquid interfaces using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) microscopy with plasmonic sensors, nanoscale characterization, and control of electrochemical deposition processes and their application for various devices and systems, such as ultra-high density data storage devices, post-Li-ion batteries for large-scale applications, solar cells, thermoelectric devices, microreactors, etc. He has published 214 original papers, 42 review papers, and 17 book chapters. Vito Di Noto is a full professor of electrochemistry for energy and solid state chemistry in the Department of Industrial Engineering of the University of Padova, where he heads the Section of Chemistry for Technology and leads the Chemistry of Materials for the Metamorphosis and the Storage of Energy Group (CheMaMSE). Di Noto joined the faculty of the University of Padova in 1992. He focused his investigations on electrochemistry, with a particular focus on the development of new materials for applications in the field of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices such as secondary batteries, fuel cells, solar cells, and—more recently—redox flow batteries. In the late 1990s, Di Noto pioneered the secondary magnesium ion battery and devised breakthrough approaches for the synthesis of electrolytes and electrode materials. He also provided seminal contributions to the understanding of the mechanisms of ion conduction in condensed phases. Currently, his research activity focuses on the synthesis and the studies of the structure, relaxation phenomena, and electrochemistry of ion-conducting, dielectric, and electrode materials. Di Noto’s research covers the entire value chain, from the synthesis of the materials to the physicochemical and electrochemical characterization. It also includes the fabrication and testing of prototype devices for performance and durability. He organized and chaired top-level events in the field of electrochemistry, including several ECS symposia, meetings for the International Society for Solid State Ionics, and international symposia on polymer electrolytes. He is on the editorial board of several high-impact peer-reviewed journals on electrochemistry. Di Noto is the author or coauthor of more than 285 publications, including 24 patents.

Thomas J. Schmidt has been a professor and chair of electrochemistry at ETH Zürich since 2011 and head of the Energy and Environment Research Division at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Villigen, Switzerland, since 2018. From 2011 to 2017, he was head of the Electrochemistry Laboratory at PSI. Since 2014, Schmidt has also served as the director of the Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research (SCCER) Heat and Electricity Storage. After receiving his PhD in chemistry from the University of Ulm, Germany, in 2000, he joined Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as a chemist postdoctoral fellow. He continued to work at PSI in the Electrochemistry Laboratory. From 2002 to 2010, he worked at BASF Fuel Cell GmbH (formerly Pemeas GmbH) as an R&D director. From 2009 to 2011, he served as a lecturer for physical chemistry in the Provadis School of International Management and Technology, University of Applied Sciences in Frankfurt, Germany. Currently, Schmidt serves as an associate editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and is a member of the ECS Meetings Subcommittee. He was awarded the ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award (2010), the Otto Mønsted Visiting Professorship at the Technical University of Denmark (2013), and the C. W. Schönbein Gold Medal of Honor from the European Fuel Cell Forum (2019). Throughout his career, Schmidt’s research has been focused around all aspects of electrochemical energy conversion and storage with an emphasis on catalysts, materials, processes, components and diagnostics around hydrogen-related technologies, and redox-flow batteries. Larry Nagahara is currently the associate dean for research in the Whiting School of Engineering and a research professor in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. Nagahara received his BS in physics from the University of California, Davis, and his PhD in physics from Arizona State University under Professor Stuart Lindsay. After receiving his PhD, he did a postdoc fellowship in Akira Fujishima’s lab at the University of Tokyo and later became an assistant professor. In 1994, Nagahara joined Motorola, rose to the rank of Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff, and led the company’s nanosensor effort. In 2007, he joined the National Cancer Institute as an associate director within the Division of Cancer Biology, where he directed and coordinated programs and research activities related to expanding the role of the physical sciences and engineering in cancer research. For more than 25 years, Nagahara has devoted himself as a thought leader and steadfast advocate of nanotechnology and sensor application applied toward biomedical applications. He has made lasting contributions through his groundbreaking work on nanometer scale phenomena at the solid-liquid interface with scanning probe microscopy and his pioneering applications made toward bio/chem nanosensors. He has more than 100 peer-reviewed articles, three book chapters, and close to 30 issued/filed patents in these fields. As an active member of the ECS Sensor Division, Nagahara has helped organize over 20 symposia, has served as an executive council member since 2008, and is currently the secretary of the ECS Sensor Division.

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AWARDS AWAPROGRAM RDS Mike Perry currently leads the electrochemical systems team at United Technologies Research Center (UTRC). The major focus of his research has been on fuel cells and flow batteries, with his primary fields of interest being mass transport, flowcell designs, in situ diagnostics, and durability. Perry led the UTC team that successfully determined the degradation mechanism responsible for accelerated carbon corrosion in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) during repeated start-up/ shut-down (SUSD) cycles. His team also developed multiple systemlevel SUSD-decay mitigation strategies. He is the author or coauthor of four book chapters on PEFC durability. Perry pioneered a new business model for UTRC by licensing intellectual property to a start-up company, Vionx Energy, which was specifically created to commercialize what the U.S. Department of Energy’s Advanced Research Projects Agency– Energy (ARPA-E) office describes as “UTRC’s breakthrough flow battery cell stack” technology. Perry currently holds 66 U.S. patents. He was the recipient of the ECS New Electrochemical Technology Award in 2012 for the development and demonstration of transit buses powered by PEFC power plants with exceptional reliability and long lifetimes (currently over 30,000 operating hours), and a R&D 100 Award in 2013 for the development of high-performance flow batteries. Perry earned his MS in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, where his key mentors were Elton J. Cairns and John Newman. Before starting his career in electrochemical engineering, Perry served for over nine years as an aviator in the U.S. Navy, flying EA-6B Prowler aircraft from aircraft carriers. He is a veteran of the 1991 Gulf War. Flavio Maran is a professor of physical chemistry and electrochemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Padova, where he leads the Molecular Electrochemistry and Nanosystems Group. He is also a research professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Connecticut. Maran obtained his doctoral laurea degree in chemistry, summa cum laude, from the University of Padova in 1980. He has been a visiting scientist or professor at the National Research Council of Canada, University of Western Ontario, University of Sherbrooke, Utah State University, University of La Laguna, Temple University, Princeton University, Okayama University, and Kyoto University.

He is a fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the recipient of the 2014 Jaroslav Heyrovsky Prize for Molecular Electrochemistry, awarded by the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE), and the winner of the 2018 Manuel M. Baizer Award, awarded by the ECS Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division. He is on the editorial board of various scientific journals, including purely electrochemical journals such as ChemElectroChem (as one of the editorial board chairs) and Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, and is a regular organizer of ECS and ISE symposia. He is a member of ECS, ISE, the Italian Chemical Society, and ACS. His research focuses on molecular and organic electrochemistry, monolayer-protected gold clusters, electron-transfer reactions, monolayers and biomimetic membranes on electrodes, and electrochemical biosensors. He has always been an advocate of the molecular approach to address scientific problems and thus of the importance of explaining the fine details of electrochemical processes on a true molecular basis. Alok M. Srivastava attended Bombay University, India, and graduated with an MS in inorganic and solid state chemistry in 1981. He obtained his PhD in 1986 from Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, New York. Then, in 1989, he joined GE Global Research following a postdoctoral fellowship at Polytechnic University. Currently, he is a principal scientist at GE Research. Srivastava’s research describes the relationship between synthesis, crystal structure, and optical properties of rare earth and transition metal ions in solids. Srivastava integrates results of experimental studies with theoretical approaches to provide a fundamental understanding of materials’ optical properties. For over 20 years, he has collaborated with research teams at Global Research, GE Lighting, GE Healthcare, and GE Energy on the design of optical materials for fluorescent lamps, LED lighting, solar cells, inorganic bio-tagging, and radiation detectors (scintillators). His work has resulted in the identification and development of new commercially important phosphors and scintillators and in quality improvements that enable superior device performance. Srivastava is the inventor or coinventor of 140 patents and is the author or coauthor of more than 130 journal articles. For his pioneering research in oxide quantum splitting phosphors, he was awarded ECS’s first Luminescence and Display Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award in 2004. He has also served as the chair of the ECS Luminescence and Display Materials Division. In 2015, he was appointed the editor-in-chief of the Optical Materials journal.

ECS FELLOWS 2020 Call for Nominations Deadline: February 1, 2020

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NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for April, May, and June 2019.

Members

Foroughazam Afsahi, Burnaby, BC, Canada Dhananjay Agrawal, Fremont, CA, USA Mahdi Ahmadi, Ithaca, NY, USA Dmitry Aksenov, Moscow, Moscow, Russia Nicholas Anderson, Dallas, TX, USA Ed Andrukaitis, Ottawa, ON, Canada Geyou Ao, Cleveland, OH, USA Masahito Arima, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan Prabhu Arumugam, Ruston, LA, USA Rohini Bala Chandran, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Jiming Bao, Houston, TX, USA Punya Basnayaka, Solon, OH, USA Boris Bensmann, Hanover, Niedersachsen, Germany Stacey Bent, Stanford, CA, USA Markus Boerner, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Steven Boles, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Jacob Bowen, Roskilde, Ostsjælland, Denmark Laura Bravo Diaz, London, England, UK Lee Brogan, Newberg, OR, USA Ryan Brow, Lakewood, CO, USA James Burns, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jung Byung Mun, Changwon, Yeongnam, South Korea Qiong Cai, Guildford, Surrey, UK Laurie Calvet, Palaiseau, Ile-de-France, France Marcelo Carmo, Juelich, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Christian Carvajal, Puebla, Pue, Mexico Pierre Ceccaldi, Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden Aoife Celoria, Richardson, TX, USA Xiaotong Chadderdon, Westlake, OH, USA Binbin Chen, London, England, UK Dongchang Chen, El Cerrito, CA, USA Han-Yi Chen, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Muqing Chen, Hefei, Anhui, China Yihong Chen, Cupertino, CA, USA Yingying Chen, Lakewood, CO, USA Yongsheng Chen, Tianjin, Tianjin, China Yu-Cheng Chen, Singapore, Singapore Yun Chen, Morgantown, WV, USA Yu-chen Karen Chen-Wiegart, Stony Brook, NY, USA Fook Cheong, New York, NY, USA Kyu Taek Cho, Dekalb, IL, USA Byungsun Choi, Uiwang, Gyeonggi, South Korea U Hyeok Choi, Busan, Yeongnam, South Korea Yongjin Chung, Chungju, Yeongnam, South Korea Sean Collins, Houston, TX, USA Simon Corrie, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Diego Crespo-Yapur, Monterrey, NL, Mexico Laurence Croguennec, Pessac, Cedex, France Per Kristian Dahlstrøm, Oslo, Oslo, Norway Saptarshi Das, State College, PA, USA Qibo Deng, Tianjin, Tianjin, China Kulwinder Dhindsa, Farmington Hills, MI, USA Jeff Dowell, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Pingwu Du, Hefei, Anhui, China Jeremy Dunklin, Golden, CO, USA Deniz Ertas, Annandale, NJ, USA Jie Fang, Hong Kong, China Stanislav Fedotov, Moscow, Russia Ling Fei, Lafayette, LA, USA Natasha Fiig, London, England, UK Thomas Fischer, Cologne, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Amalie Frischknecht, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jesse Froehlich, Oceanside, CA, USA Kuan-Zong Fung, Tainan City, Taiwan, Taiwan Feng GAO, Wuhu, Anhui, China Pu-Xian Gao, Storrs, CT, USA Shraboni Ghoshal, Golden, CO, USA Lance O’Hari Go, Quezon City, Metro Man, Philippines Nikki Goss, Jeffersonville, IN, USA Roberto Grassi, Santa Clara, CA, USA John Gregoire, Pasadena, CA, USA Ram B. Gupta, Richmond, VA, USA James Hill, Oxford, IN, USA Brian Holloway, Bellevue, WA, USA Mianyan Huang, Tongzhou, Beijing, China Saban Hus, Stephenville, TX, USA Ryoji Inada, Toyohashi, Japan Chiaki Ishibashi, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan Prashant Jain, Urbana, IL, USA Yunlong Ji, Cambridge, MA, USA Ara Jo, Seoul, South Korea Jimmy John, Marlborough, MA, USA Justin Johnson, Lakewood, CO, USA Myung Jo Jung, Hwaseong-si, Gyeoggido, South Korea Takeshi Kaieda, Tiyoda Ku, Tokyo, Japan Anahita Karimi, Needham, MA, USA Jacob Karsseboom, Madison, WI, USA Siva Karuturi, Canberra, ACT, Australia Masaru Kato, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan Joel Kelly, Maple Ridge, BC, Canada Aniruddh Jagdish Khanna, Fremont, CA, USA Dong-Wan Kim, Seoul, Gyeonggi, South Korea Ki Hyeon Kim, Gyeongsan, Daegu, South Korea

Yong Hyun Kim, Busan, Yeongnam, South Korea Robert Kutz, Columbia, MO, USA Arno Kwade, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany Yongchai Kwon, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea Christy Landes, Houston, TX, USA Kendall Lee, Rochester, MN, USA Mark Lee, Richardson, TX, USA Minbaek Lee, Incheon, Seoul, South Korea Wah-Keat Lee, East Setauket, NY, USA Meinert Lewerenz, Ingolstadt, Baveria, Germany Na Li, Milwaukee, WI, USA Yingjie Li, Westmont, IL, USA Zhaodong Li, Golden, CO, USA Kai-Chun Lin, Richardson, TX, USA Qiao Lin, New York, NY, USA Stephan Link, Houston, TX, USA Xiaoming Liu, Cambridge, MA, USA Huimin Luo, Knoxville, TN, USA Xiangkun Ma, Wu Di Shi, Shi Huangdi, China Jimin Maeng, Richardson, TX, USA Paul Maggard, Raleigh, NC, USA Kunal Mali, Leuven, Belgium, Belgium James Marro, Duryea, PA, USA Samuel McKinney, Albuquerque, NM, USA Svetlana Menkin, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Dusty Miller, Nashville, TN, USA Lorena Monzon, Cork, Munster, Ireland Mohamed Morsy, Dhahran, Eastern, Saudi Arabia Mehdi Mortazavi, Glastonbury, CT, USA Kenta Motobayashi, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Rafik Naccache, Laval, QC, Canada Farhang Nesvaderani, Burnaby, BC, Canada Landon Oakes, Cambridge, MA, USA David Officer, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Emilia Olsson, Guildord, London, UK Ahmad Omar, Dresden, Saxoniy, Germany Michael Palmer, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, UK Juyeon Park, Teddington, Middlesex, UK Greta Patzke, Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Ryan Pekarek, Golden, CO, USA Gnanaprakasam Periyasami, Concepcion, BioBio, Chile Laura Philips, New York, NY, USA Stan Phillips, Santa Ana, CA, USA John Plumley, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jenny Pringle, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Muhit Rana, Woburn, MA, USA Joselito Razal, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia Yagya Regmi, Menlo Park, CA, USA Daniel Reid, Livingston, Scotland, UK (continued on next page)

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NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Andrew Rowe, Victoria, BC, Canada Aaron Roy, Vandouvre Les Nancy, Grand Est, France Viswanathan Saji, Dhahran, Eastern P, Saudi Arabia James Saunders, Worthington, OH, USA Genevieve Sauve, Cleveland, OH, USA Lior Sepunaru, Goleta, CA, USA Lorraine Seymour, Prosser, WA, USA Xiaonan Shan, Houston, TX, USA Toshio Shigematsu, Osaka, Kansai, Japan Junko Shimazaki, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Randy Shurtz, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jeong Gon Son, Seoul, South Korea Xueyan Song, Morgantown, WV, USA Antonio Souza Filho, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil Jayendran Srinivasan, Columbus, OH, USA Alexander Star, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Benjamin Tee, Singapore, Singapore Kyle Thorpe, Spring City, PA, USA James Tour, Houston, TX, USA Sergei Tretiak, Los Alamos, NM, USA Meng-Che Tsai, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Kristina Tschulik, Bochum, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Andrew Ullman, Emeryville, CA, USA Daniel Varnado, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Ester Vazquez, Ciudad Real, CLM, Spain Vedasri Vedharathinam, Hayward, CA, USA Edgar Ventosa, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain Fiorenzo Vetrone, Varennes, QC, Canada Yaqiong Wang, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China Gregory Welch, Calgary, AB, Canada Simon Wiemers-Meyer, Muenster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Donald Woodard, Austin, TX, USA Shengli WU, Xi’an, Shaanxi P, China Feng Xiong, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Gary Yang, Mukilteo, WA, USA Huiqin Yao, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hu, China Kyu-Sik Yun, Seongnam-si, Gyonggido, South Korea Teng Zhang, London, England, UK Yiman Zhang, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Ji Zhao, Cambridge, MA, USA Qin (Tracy) Zhou, Houston, TX, USA

Student Members

Alaa Abbas, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Walaa Abbas, Giza, Giza, Egypt Mohamed Abdelaziz, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Haya Abdulkarim, Montreal, QC, Canada Jehad Abed, Toronto, ON, Canada Vishnuram Abhinav, Mumbai, MH, India Graniel Abrenica, Heverlee, Flemish Brabant, Belgium George Affadu-Danful, Stillwater, OK, USA

Lupita Aguirre, San Marcos, TX, USA Takumi Aiso, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Manal Aldawsari, Fayetteville, AR, USA Amir Alihosseinzadeh, Calgary, AB, Canada Omar Allam, Atlanta, GA, USA Juliana Almeida, Arlington, TX, USA Hande Alptekin, London, England, UK Abdullah Alrashidi, Miami, FL, USA Amal Altowerqi, Bristol, England, UK Alexander Al-Zubeidi, Houston, TX, USA Karina Ambrock, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Maria Angarita Gomez, College Station, TX, USA Khryslyn Arano, Burwood, Victoria, Australia Sundar Rajan Aravamuthan, Los Angeles, CA, USA Montserrat Argente Manzur, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Raymond Awoyemi, Starkville, MS, USA Jonathan Ayala, Edinburg, TX, USA Edan Bainglass, Hurst, TX, USA Lucas Baissac, La Rochelle, NouvelleAquitaine, France Manojkumar Balakrishnan, Toronto, ON, Canada Luisa Barrera, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Delmaliz Barreto-Vazquez, Caguas, PR, Puerto Rico Amanda Baxter, Los Angeles, CA, USA Madhura Bellare, Potsdam, NY, USA Fadwa Ben Amara, Montreal, QC, Canada Muenir Besli, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Johannes Betz, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Amar Bhardwaj, Mamaroneck, NY, USA Kirti Bhardwaj, East Lansing, MI, USA Saket Bhargava, Urbana, IL, USA Sanket Bhoyate, Denton, TX, USA Fangran Bian, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Duan Bin, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Mulatu Birhanu, Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan Sarah Blair, Stanford, CA, USA Jerome Bodart, Liège, Belgium, Belgium Mayur Bonkile, Mumbai, MH, India Michael Brizes, Westlake, OH, USA Uriel Bruno Mota, Longueuil, QC, Canada Samuel Buteau, Halifax, NS, Canada Kiana Cahue, Joliet, IL, USA Ting Cai, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Andrew Cannon, Boston, MA, USA Shujie Cao, Binzhou, Shandong, China Heather Cavers, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Bitan Chakraborty, Richardson, TX, USA Ho Wei Chan, Taipei, Taiwan Raphael Chattot, Saint Martin d’Hères, France Preeti Chaudhary, New Delhi, DL, India Sarah Cheeran, Richardson, TX, USA

Jiyun Chen, Varennes, QC, Canada Lichi Chen, Xi’an, China Tao Chen, Hangzhou, China Chih-Hao Chiang, Taipei, Daan Dist, Taiwan Fariborz Chitsazzadeh, Montreal, QC, Canada GyeongJun Chung, Daejeon, South Chungcheong, South Korea Wei-An Chung, Hsinchu City, Taiwan Dorian Ciszewski, Montreal, QC, Canada Charlotte Clegg, Halifax, NS, Canada Joshua Coduto, Iowa City, IA, USA Sheldon Cotts, Chicago, IL, USA Salik Dahal, Stillwater, OK, USA Love Dashairya, Rourkela, OR, India Rebekah De Penning, Ames, IA, USA Li’ang Deng, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Vikram Narayanan Dhamu, Richardson, TX, USA Behnoush Dousti, Richardson, TX, USA Reid Dressler, Halifax, NS, Canada Amina Dridi, Besancon, BorgogneFranche-Comte, France Estelle Drynski, Besançon, BorgogneFranche-Comte, France Alana Dunne, Lockport, IL, USA Ana Elizondo Zambrano, Apodaca, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Hongkyu Eoh, Seoul, South Korea Ilknur Eryilmaz, Montreal, QC, Canada Mohammadjavad Eslamian, Houston, TX, USA Vanessa Espinoza, Houston, TX, USA Jose Estrada Flores, Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico Jiali Fan, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Eric Fell, Cambridge, MA, USA Farshad Feyzbar, Auburn, AL, USA Yaroslav Filipov, Potsdam, NY, USA Kevin Fritz, Ithaca, NY, USA Holly Fruehwald, Oshawa, ON, Canada Antra Ganguly, Richardson, TX, USA Emily Ganley, Albuquerque, NM, USA Yan Gao, Rolla, MO, USA Juan Garcia, Dallas, TX, USA Poulette Garcia Avila, Mt. Prospect, IL, USA Roby Gauthier, Halifax, NS, Canada Negar Geramifard, Richardson, TX, USA Atefeh Ghazavi, Dallas, TX, USA Rashmi Ghosh, Rochester, NY, USA Matthew Glace, Richmond, VA, USA Dolores Gonzalez, Bath, Somerset, UK Gabriel Gonzalez, Edinburg, TX, USA Carla Gonzalez-Solino, Bath, England, Great Britain Navneet Goswami, West Lafayette, IN, USA Nicolas Goubard-Bretesche, Montreal, QC, Canada Isuru Gunathilaka, Highton, Victoria, Australia

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NE W MEMBERS Hui Guo, Lafayette, LA, USA Zhaowei Guo, Shanghai, China Jo’Elen Hagler, Montreal, QC, Canada Xiaoxiao Han, Fayetteville, AR, USA Shruti Hariyani, Sugar Land, TX, USA Patrick Harte, Münster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Ehsan Hassani, Auburn, AL, USA Fan He, Cambridge, MA, USA Zizhou He, Lafayette, LA, USA Joshua Heidebrecht, Calgary, AB, Canada Seyedsina Hejazi, Buckenhof, Germany Hayley Hirsh, La Jolla, CA, USA Fabian Horsthemke, Muenster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Md Mir Hossen, Ames, IA, USA Xiao Hou, Shanghai City, Shanghai, China Wei-En Hsu, Taipei City, Taiwan, Taiwan Yi-Chen Huang, Taipei, Taiwan Pei-Sung Hung, Hsinchu City, Taiwan, Taiwan Ryohei Igami, Minokamo, Gifu, Japan Keisuke Iida, Hatoyama, Hiki-gun, Saitama, Japan Sharvari Satish Inamdar, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA Eren Inel, Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey Ahamed Irshad M, Los Angeles, CA, USA Samuel Jacobs, Gainesville, FL, USA Barsha Jain, Newark, NJ, USA Rajesh Jethwa, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Wei Ji, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Mok Yun Jin, Providence, RI, USA Leticia Juarez Marmolejo, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico Venkatesh Kabra, Lafayette, IN, USA Vasantha Kadambar, Potsdam, NY, USA Evangelos Kallitsis, London, England, UK Ahmed Kamel, Suez, Cairo, Egypt Ethan Kamphaus, College Station, TX, USA Reiya Kanda, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Jatin Kashyap, Kearny, NJ, USA Milanpreet Kaur, Calgary, AB, Canada Negar Kazerouni, Los Angeles, CA, USA Abdelrahman Khaled, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Mohamed Kilani, Detroit, MI, USA Eom Ji Kim, Daejeon, South Chungcheong, South Korea HyoWon Kim, Daejeon, South Chungcheong, South Korea Kanglib Kim, Seoul, South Korea Samuel Kimmel, Austin, TX, USA Arthur Kleiderer, College Station, TX, USA Takumi Kosaba, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Martin Kosiek, Ljubljana, Slovenia Till-Niklas Kroeger, Münster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Helge Krueger, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany Siddhartha Kumar, Denton, TX, USA

Masayuki Kurohagi, Hatoyama Hiki-gun, Saitama, Japan Lisa Langhorst, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Hyeokjung Lee, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea Timothy Lee, Pine Brook, NJ, USA Han Lei, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Kunhua Lei, Houston, TX, USA Charly Lemoine, Poitiers, NouvelleAquitaine, France Jiangtian Li, Ellicott City, MD, USA Ruizhu Li, Wuhan, Hubei, China Shaobo Li, Lafayette, LA, USA Sirui Li, Dublin, OH, USA Yifan Li, Tullahoma, TN, USA Yunsong Li, Xi’an, China Kris Likit-anurak, Columbia, SC, USA Cheng-Hung Lin, Farmingville, NY, USA Chih-Yang Lin, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan Wen-Shan Lin, College Station, USA Steffen Link, Ilmenau, Thuringia, Germany Elliott Lipper, Silver Spring, MD, USA Lingguang Liu, Xi’an, Shaanxi P, China Tao Liu, Montreal, QC, Canada Xiaoyang Liu, Stony Brook, NY, USA Yijia Liu, Halifax, NS, Canada Jeffrey Lopez, Cambridge, MA, USA Ruiyang Lyu, Columbus, OH, USA Xiaoqin Ma, Xi’an, Shanxi P, China Yue Ma, Oxford, UK Alana MacLachlan, Auburn, AL, USA Shelby Maddox, Fayetteville, AR, USA Bandapati Madhavi, Hyderabad, TG, India Durgaprasad Madras Rajaraman Iyer, Rondebosch, Western C, South Africa Mari Maeda, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Anuj Maheshwari, Stillwater, OK, USA Ali Mahmoud, Smyrna, GA, USA Marjanul Manjum, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Martin Marcelet, Besancon, BorgogneFranche-Comte, France Miyu Mashiyama, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Madeline Masi, Potsdam, NY, USA Stephanie Matz, Newark, DE, USA Ethan McClain, Old Hickory, TN, USA Christopher McGowan, Ansonia, CT, USA Shirin Mehrazi, Merced, CA, USA Sara Melow, Mount Juliet, TN, USA Maximilian Mense, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Yasmine Mesbah, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt Shiva Mohajernia, Erlangen, Baveria, Germany Shrouk Mohamed, New Cairo, Cairo, Egypt Mahdi Mohammadi Ghaleni, Lincoln, NE, USA Arjun Mohan, Calicut, India Mohammadjavad Mohebinia, Houston, TX, USA Felipe Mojica, Merced, CA, USA Camila Morales Navas, San Juan, PR, USA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

Roberto Moreno Hernandez, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Yuta Nakamura, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, Japan Theophilus Neequaye, Stillwater, OK, USA Anton Neumann, Stuttgart, BademWuerttemberg, Germany Jessica Newhouse, Wheaton, IL, USA Ngan Ngo, Denton, TX, USA Long Nguyen, Le Bouscat, NouvelleAquitaine, France Tan Nguyen, College Station, TX, USA Olawale Oloye, Red Hill, Queensland, Australia Nurul Amanina Binti Omar, Mittweida, Saxony, Germany William Osterloh, Sugar Land, TX, USA Ali Othman, Potsdam, NY, USA Alex Otten, Tampa, FL, USA Samitha Panangala, Richardson, TX, USA Mohammad Parhizi, Grapevine, TX, USA Holly Parker, Edinburgh, Scotland, Great Britain Samanbar Permeh, Miami, FL, USA Federico Pesci, London, England, UK Jackie Pezan, Plainfield, IL, USA Hiep Pham, Rolla, MO, USA Patricia Pham, New Orleans, LA, USA Aswin Prathap Pitchiya, Potsdam, NY, USA Tazdik Patwary Plateau, Rolla, MO, USA Md Azimur Rahman, Merced, CA, USA Mohamed Ramadan, New Cairo, Cairo Governorate, Egypt Jeanne-Marie Rauch, Besançon, BorgogneFranche-Comte, France Daniel Reed, West Lafayette, IN, USA Peter Reed, Fayetteville, AR, USA Manjurul Ahsan Riheen, Vancouver, WA, USA Tim Ritter, Cary, IL, USA Jaime Rodriguez, Seattle, WA, USA Oyinkansola Romiluyi, Berkeley, CA, USA Germano Rosa, Esteio, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Nicolo Rossetti, Montreal, QC, Canada Thomas Rowe, Calgary, AB, Canada Brandon Roy, Lebanon, PA, USA Mriittika Roy, Davis, CA, USA Olivier Rynne, Montreal-Nord, QC, Canada Sami Sabbah, Montreal, QC, Canada Renjini Sadhana, Kollam, KL, India Maria Salinas, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Armando Santiago Carboney, San Nicola¡s de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico Alexander Schmitt, Los Angeles, CA, USA Carina Schramm, Muenchen, Baveria, Germany Mitchell Sepe, Waxhaw, NC, USA Icell Sharafeldin, New Cairo, Cairo Governorate, Egypt (continued on next page) 89

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Chaochao Shen, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Lin Shi, Newark, DE, USA Mayura Silva, Clemson, SC, USA Vadim Sivetskiy, Houston, TX, USA Cybelle Soares, Varennes, QC, Canada Mehdi Soleimanzade, Milano, Milano, Italy Mohammad Soltani, Waterloo, ON, Canada Kartik Sondhi, Gainesville, FL, USA Yawen Song, Shanghai City, Shanghai, China Yannick Stenzel, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Courtney Stewart, Whitesboro, TX, USA Emma Storimans, Newmarket, ON, Canada Jingying Sun, Houston, TX, USA Yige Sun, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK Amber Tabaka, Downers Grove, IL, USA Atefeh Tarokh, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Nan-Yuan Teng, Taipei, Taiwan Yen Tran, Daejeon, South Chungcheong, South Korea Eden Tzanetopoulos, Berkeley, CA, USA Sayali Upasham, Richardson, TX, USA Jonathan Vardner, New York, NY, USA Emma Vendola, London, London, UK Maxime Verachtert, Melbourne, FL, USA

Nina Verdier, Montreal, QC, Canada Andrey Vinograd, Muenster, North RhineWestphalia, Germany Bairav Sabarish Vishnugopi, West Lafayette, IN, USA Charles Wan, Cambridge, MA, USA Bowen Wang, Toronto, ON, Canada Daniel Wang, Cleveland Heights, OH, USA Fan Wang, Houston, TX, USA Jun Wang, Halifax, NS, Canada Wenxiu Wang, West Lafayette, IN, USA Xin Wang, Fayetteville, AR, USA Yaogong Wang, Xi’an, Shanxi P, China Ziling Wang, WuHan, Hubei, China Spenser Washburn, Krum, TX, USA Tatsuya Watanabe, Yokohamasi, Kanagawa, Japan Rochelle Weber, Halifax, NS, Canada Congxiao Wei, Halifax, NS, Canada Tong Wei, Wuhan, Hubei, China Misganaw Weret, Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan Thomas Wilhelm, Rochester, NY, USA Timothy Wong, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada Cheng-Hsien Wu, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Taiwan Ivy Wu, Golden, CO, USA

Rongrong Wu, Xi’an, Shanxi P, China Xin Xi, Shanghai, Shanghai, China Yan Xie, East Lansing, MI, USA Haiping Xu, Downers Grove, IL, USA Chaojie Yang, Houston, TX, USA Donglei Yang, Merced, CA, USA Guang Yang, Houston, TX, USA Zhen Yao, St. Andrews, Fife, UK Xiaokuan Yin, Shanghai City, Shanghai, China Lai Yong-Hong, Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan Minjeong Yoo, Ansan, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea Hyunseok Yoon, Seoul, South Korea Han Yu, Rolla, MO, USA Shule Yu, Tullahoma, TN, USA Xuecheng Yu, Detroit, MI, USA Yongze Yu, Columbus, OH, USA Bryan Zanca, Calgary, AB, Canada Tamene Zeleke, Taipei, Taiwan, Taiwan Juyan Zhang, Guildford, Surrey, UK Yamin Zhang, Atlanta, GA, USA Yu Zhang, Atlanta, GA, USA Yueheng Zhang, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Chenjie Zhou, Xi’an, Shanxi P, China Yuning Zhou, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK

Save the Date! 2020

PRiME 2020 Honolulu, HI

October 4-9, 2020

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

The joint international meeting of: 238th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society 2020 Fall Meeting of the Electrochemical Society of Japan 2020 Fall Meeting of the Korean Electrochemical Society Start making your plans now, the call for papers will be available November 2019! 90

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS ECS STUDENT PROGRAMS

Biannual Meeting Travel Grants Many ECS divisions and sections offer funding to undergraduates, graduate students, postdocs, and young professionals that are presenting research at ECS biannual meetings.

Make the Connection The ECS Career Center gives students the opportunity to advance their job search with various career services. More information at https://jobs.electrochem.org.

Visit www.electrochem.org/travel-grants to learn more!

Enhance Your Resume Summer Fellowships Apply for a $5,000 summer fellowship with ECS! The annual deadline for applications is January 15.

ECS equips our student members to be successful when starting their careers. The professional development workshops provide attendees with skills not often learned in the classroom.

Review candidate qualifications at www.electrochem.org/summerfellowships.

Student Chapters View offerings on www.electrochem.org/education.

There are more than 80 student chapters worldwide. ECS offers funding to support chapter events! Find the guidelines for starting a student chapter at www.electrochem.org/student-center.

Awarded Student Membership Our divisions offer memberships to full-time students. You can re-apply to receive an awarded student membership for up to four years!

Student Chapter Membership Apply for a student membership for those involved in active ECS student chapters.You must apply or re-apply each year for a student chapter membership.

Check out www.electrochem.org/student-center for qualifications! The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2019 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS

Call for Nominations: 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Young students entering the science field take on a significant amount of new material and learning in the classrooms, but that doesn’t mean we can’t learn just as much from them, too! ECS student chapters, which are created and run by students, teach us so much every day. Their remarkable accomplishments and contributions to the Society not only help guide and encourage talented scientists and engineers around them but contribute to the future and growth of the sciences. That’s why, in 2012, the Society established the ECS Outstanding Student Chapter Award to recognize distinguished student chapters that demonstrate active participation in ECS’s technical activities—chapters that have initiated outreach activities, coordinated community events, and created and maintained a robust membership base.

Does this sound like your student chapter? We want to recognize you for your hard work!

Application Deadline: April 15, 2020 Apply by April 15, 2020, for a chance to make your chapter the recipient of the 2020 Outstanding Student Chapter Award. Awardees receive a recognition plaque, $1,000 USD in additional student chapter funding, and additional recognition through the Society in Interface and on the ECS blog—and more!

For more information, visit:

www.electrochem.org/outstanding-student-chapter-award.

2019 Outstanding Student Chapter: ECS Calgary Student Chapter The ECS Calgary Student Chapter at the University of Calgary, founded in 2011, has had a very productive year with community outreach, as well as with co-organizing technical workshops and social events with several campus groups. In addition, the chapter has grown to 64 members, including 14 new members. The chapter’s membership comprises graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from a wide range of departments in the science and engineering faculties. The chapter hosted visiting speaker Shelley Minteer, from the University of Utah, at the University of Calgary. Minteer’s biofuel cells workshop attracted 40 participants, and a social dinner event brought together 24 chapter members to discuss various career pathways for electrochemical researchers. Additionally, the chapter received a Quality Money grant from the Graduate Students’ Association to host an analytical techniques workshop, which attracted 70 participants. This workshop focused on teaching the fundamentals of several analytical techniques and included live demonstrations of instruments. Furthermore, the chapter has been actively involved in science outreach to increase interest in STEM. They demonstrated fruit “batteries” at the Reverse Science Fair to 100+ grade school children and parents. Lastly, the chapter celebrated Free the Science Week and promoted free access to the ECS Digital Library around campus. This

event featured a viewing of the documentary Paywall: The Business of Scholarship by Jason Schmitt as well as free refreshments for attendees. The Calgary Student Chapter will continue to enrich the professional development of its members while engaging the broader community, thereby raising greater awareness of ECS’s mission.

Representatives of the ECS Calgary Student Chapter, which received the 2019 Outstanding Student Chapter Award.

2019 Chapter of Excellence: ECS Lewis University Student Chapter The ECS Lewis University Student Chapter focused on promoting passion for science by hosting a number of STEM events at local schools and libraries. These included demo shows and, most notably, a haunted house held on the Lewis University campus. Rooms in the haunted house featured themes such as forensics, astrophysics, and optics for children of all ages to enjoy. Upon exit, attendees were able to discuss the science behind each demonstration with ECS members.

Furthermore, a manuscript written by a number of ECS members, “Unraveling Slurry Chemistry/Nanoparticle/Polymeric Membrane Adsorption Relevant to Cu Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Filtration Applications,” was published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. In addition, another manuscript has been accepted for publication in an upcoming issue of ECS Transactions.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS 2019 Chapter of Excellence: ECS Munich Student Chapter The ECS Munich Student Chapter was founded in November 2013 at the Institute of Technical Electrochemistry at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). The chapter currently has approximately 30 PhD students and postdocs from various natural science and engineering departments as its members. Last year, the chapter organized its second panel discussion on “Fueling Tomorrow—Energy Supply of Future Mobility” with representatives from Audi, Linde, FDP, FlixBus, and TUM. The chapter has also organized several symposia on current issues relating to energy storage and conversion with renowned national and international guests. This year, the chapter is organizing a symposium that will take place on September 24, titled “Interdisciplinarity in Electrochemistry.” Through this event, the Munich Student Chapter hopes to promote interdisciplinary dialogue in electrochemistry and build bridges between different electrochemistry institutes in Europe.

Representatives of the ECS Munich Student Chapter, one of the 2019 Chapters of Excellence.

Indiana University Student Chapter The ECS Indiana University Student Chapter spent the spring semester reaching out and giving back to its surrounding community. The Indiana State Science Olympiad Tournament was to be held on campus, and the Boys & Girls Club of Bloomington, Indiana, was looking for some academic enrichment. The Indiana University Student Chapter stepped up and volunteered to take on the responsibilities of these activities. On March 16, 2019, Olympiad teams from all over the state flocked to Indiana University to compete in the acid-base chemistrythemed competition. Members of the student chapter designed handson experiments and prepared a written exam for the chemistry lab for high school students. Chapter members also volunteered to help score the events and supervise the teams throughout the day.

Indiana University offers a community outreach course that is paired with the Boys & Girls Club in town. Undergraduate students enrolled in this course work with kids at the Boys & Girls Club, fostering interest, expanding knowledge, and nurturing appreciation in chemistry. To spark the kids’ interest in electrochemistry, members of Dennis Peters’s research group, Ana Flavia Petro and Eric McKenzie, volunteered as supervisors for the undergraduates enrolled in this outreach class. For a focus on electrochemistry, some of the demonstrations included “Electrolysis of Water” with the aid of the Hofmann apparatus, “Be a Battery,” “Conductivity of Solutions,” and “Golden Penny.”

ECS Indiana University Student Chapter members Eric McKenzie (left) and Ana Flavia Petro (right) demonstrated the electrolysis of water, with the aid of the Hofmann apparatus, to the Boys & Girls Club of Bloomington.

Chapter members organized the chemistry lab competition in the Indiana State Science Olympiad Tournament. From left to right: Kelly Rudman, Ana Flavia Petro, Eric McKenzie, and Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Student Chapter The ECS Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Student Chapter held its annual electrochemistry seminar in May, bringing together over 50 people to discuss recent work in electrolysis, batteries, corrosion, fuel cells, and electrocatalysis. This year, the seminar was held at Norway’s national museum of popular music, Rockheim, located at the harbor in Trondheim. Indeed, the people walking by could hear some sweet electrochemistry music from the seminar room. Some of the highlights included presentations from master’s students in which they summarized main findings from their soonto-be-finished theses. These included great work on bipolar plate coatings for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells and different composite electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Rounding off the academic program, Geir Martin Haarberg gave an inspiring presentation entitled “Novel Ideas for Electrolysis.” After a group dinner, the stage was set for a prestigious minigolf tournament at Trondheim Camping, which was won by the chapter’s treasurer, Frode Håskjold Fagerli, by a single point.

Members of the ECS Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Student Chapter competed in a minigolf tournament, which was won by Frode Håskjold Fagerli (front row, third from left), after the chapter’s annual electrochemistry seminar.

South Brazil Student Chapter The ECS South Brazil Student Chapter at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre announced new chapter officers this April: Renato de Castro Valente, chair; Thiago Vignoli Machado, vice chair; Lucas Braga Souto, secretary; and Vinicius Cerveira, treasurer. “Our goal is to get materials and metallurgical engineering undergrad and grad students involved in discussions about the challenges in the field of materials corrosion and degradation,” said Valente at the kickoff meeting held in April. “Corrosion is an important area of research in Brazil for the oil and gas industry, metallurgical industry, and infrastructure. Brazil has more than 7,000 km of coastline and corrosion in marine environments, which is a huge problem, too.” The elected officers presented their individual in-progress PhD and master’s research at the kickoff meeting. These presentations were followed by a social break with coffee and cookies. The chapter also hosted two invited lectures in May and June at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. In May, Carolina Moraes, a PhD student from the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, was invited to present her work to students and faculty during her visit to Porto Alegre. Her presentation, “Modeling of Cathodic Protection by Sacrificial Anode Using Finite Element Methods,” discussed the importance of modeling and simulation in materials science research, especially in the corrosion field. In June, Aline D. Gabbardo presented her work “New Approaches to Study Magnesium Corrosion Behavior” and discussed the challenges for new applications for magnesium. Her presentation focused on magnesium corrosion issues related to the anomalous hydrogen evolution phenomenon, also known as the negative difference effect. She is a former student of the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, and a recent PhD graduate.

Members of the ECS South Brazil Student Chapter and the Eletrocorr Group posed together after the kickoff meeting in April.

Chapter members after the lecture hosted in May.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS University of Oxford Student Chapter The third annual ECS University of Oxford Student Chapter symposium was held on June 11, 2019, at Oriel College. The conference brought researchers across multiple disciplines together to share their latest work on a diverse range of electrochemical topics such as redox flow batteries, 3D-printed supercapacitors, and biocatalytic sensors. Students and postdocs from several departments, as well as from the ECS Imperial College London Student Chapter, gave fantastic talks and exchanged ideas on the latest research developments in electrochemistry.

Academic keynote speaker Saiful Islam (FRSC) from the University of Bath gave a captivating talk on atomic-scale insights in energy materials—complete with 3D glasses for the audience! David Hodgson, CEO of PV3 Technologies, provided a welcomed industrial perspective on commercializing cutting-edge electrochemical technologies. The symposium was a great success made possible by its many supporters, including ECS, the ECS Europe Section, M-REX, and the Faraday Institution.

Invited guest speaker David Hodgson, CEO of PV3 Technologies, discussed the commercializing of cutting-edge electrochemical technologies at the chapter’s symposium.

Academic keynote speaker Saiful Islam presented a talk on atomic-scale insights in energy materials at the third annual ECS University of Oxford Student Chapter symposium.

Yamagata University Student Chapter The ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter held its third symposium on June 14, 2019, at Yamagata University. The chapter organized two sessions, held lectures by internationally distinguished researchers, and held a Student Encourage Session, which involved short oral presentations by students. More than 70 students from five different universities joined the symposium. Prior to the invited session, Ajit Khosla of Yamagata University gave a short presentation to introduce the audience to the history, aim, role, and activities of ECS. Madalina Furis, from the University of Vermont, gave the first invited talk, titled “Small Molecule Excitonics,” in which she discussed the delocalization of photogenerated excitons in molecular aggregates, new opportunities like molecular semiconductors to exploit such properties for transistors, and solar cells. Masayoshi Watanabe of Yokohama National University gave a lecture titled “Features of Solvated Ionic Liquids and Their Application to Next Generation Batteries.” Watanabe explained the definition and basic properties of ionic liquids, and their broad use in electrochemistry and electrochemical devices was discussed with a main focus on improving Li-ion batteries’ safety. Watanabe, former president of the Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ) and current chair of the ECS Japan Section, also celebrated the successful launch of the student chapter, vowing his support. The chapter is the first— and currently the only—ECS student chapter in Japan. An international dimension was added to this event, thanks to the presence of five summer program interns from the U.S., supported by the International Research Experiences for Students (IRES) program of the National Science Foundation (NSF). These five students (three from the University of Vermont, one from Princeton University, and one from North Carolina State University) studied for two months

at Yokohama National University, during which time they attended the symposium and introduced their research experiences. Many international students from Yokohama National University attended for the opportunity to listen to talks given in English. In addition to the five American students’ short presentations, 13 excellent research works were presented in the student session (six from Yokohama National University, five from Tohoku University, and three from the Tokyo Institute of Technology). The chapter was especially pleased to have received contributions from other universities in addition to those from Yokohama National University. (continued on next page)

Members of the ECS Yamagata University Student Chapter listened to the invited guest speakers at the chapter’s third symposium.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ST UDENT NE WS (continued from previous page)

The students ranged between those studying at the undergraduate level and those working on a PhD thesis, all of whom were well prepared and gave excellent talks in English. The students-first nature of the ECS student chapter reduced students’ resistance to practicing their presentations in English. Furis, Watanabe, and other research experts in the audience asked great questions and offered students excellent feedback. To wrap up the event, the chapter held a small party during which best presentation awards were given to two students. One went to Yuki Akanuma of Tokyo Institute of Technology for her talk titled “Atomicity-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Ultra-Small Subnano-

Particles,” and the other went to Yuto Katsuyama of Tohoku University for his talk titled “Quinone-Based Supercapacitors Using High-Quality Hard Carbon.” Additionally, the chapter held its fourth ECS symposium on August 1, 2019. The symposium featured invited guest speaker Hidenobu Shiroishi, who presented a talk titled “Water Splitting with Pyrochlore Oxides as Cocatalysts.” There were also 13 student presentations given by students from universities around the world, including the University of Vermont, North Carolina State University, Princeton University, Justus Liebig University Giessen, the National Institute of Technology in Tokyo, and, of course, Yamagata University. The chapter will host its fifth ECS symposium on October 11, 2019, and its sixth symposium in mid-November.

Yuki Akanuma, from Tokyo Institute of Technology, received a best presentation award for her talk titled “Atomicity-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Ultra-Small Subnano-Particles.”

Yuto Katsuyama, from Tohoku University, received a best presentation award for his talk titled “Quinone-Based Supercapacitors Using HighQuality Hard Carbon.”

We want to hear from you! Send your student chapter news and high resolution photographs to Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org We’ll spread the word around the Society. Plus, your student chapter may also be featured in an upcoming issue of Interface!

www.electrochem.org/student-center

Advertisers Index Ametek.............................................................................. 1 Bio-Logic.......................................................... back cover ECS Transactions Atlanta.............................................. 54 El-Cell............................................................................. 28 Gamry............................................................................... 4 Gelest............................................................................... 23

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2019 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of its institutional members. These organizations help ECS support scientific education, sustainability, and innovation. Through ongoing partnerships, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

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07/08/2019

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. Contact Shannon.Reed@electrochem.org for more information.

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