Interface Vol. 23, No. 3, Fall 2014 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 23, NO. 3 Fall 2014

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: Free the Engineering!

7 Pennington Corner: The Birthplace of Electrochemistry

21 Special Section: 2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting Cancun, Mexico

40 ECS Classics– Ernest B. Yeager— A Dedicated Electrochemical Scientist and Teacher

45 Tech Highlights 47 Electrochemical Manufacturing in the 21st Century

49 Electrochemical Manufacturing in the Chemical Industry

57 Electrochemical Surface Finishing

63 Impedance Based Characterization of Raw Materials Used in Electrochemical Manufacturing

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FROM THE EDITOR

Free the Engineering!

ate last year, I accepted the invitation to become co-editor of Interface safe in the knowledge that I would not actually be called upon to do anything for the foreseeable future.* Thanks to the outstanding ECS staff and conscientious guest editors and authors, this happy state of affairs has persisted until now. But just as “even the weariest river winds somewhere safe to sea,” so it is that the inevitable passage of time has brought upon a situation wherein actual effort is required on my part, viz. this editorial. The increasingly plaintive entreaties from our admirably patient Director of Publications seeking the contents of this column can no longer, in good conscience, be ignored or fobbed off with feeble excuses. In the perspicacious words of the Canadian humorist (and economist) Stephen Leacock, “The writing of solid, instructive stuff fortified by facts and figures is easy enough. … But to write something out of one’s own mind, worth reading for its own sake, is an arduous contrivance only to be achieved in fortunate moments, few and far between.” I cannot help but agree. Seldom have these fortunate moments seemed fewer and farther apart than over the past few days. Given my particularly modest ability – and I use the word “ability” very loosely and in the broadest possible sense – when it comes to prose, the best I can hope for is that the ensuing literary lapse (to stay on the Leacockian theme) is not particularly egregious. The brave reader, suitably forewarned, may now read on! ECS has initiated a remarkable and bold effort to Free the ScienceTM by announcing a move toward full open access (OA) publishing. This is an excellent direction to take, and ECS is clearly poised to be a leader in OA publishing in the years to come. However, one must also consider the parallel scenario in industry, wherein current practices preclude the dissemination of information relevant to the practice of the profession. Indeed, there are parallels between the firewalls/practices in place in the non-OA publishing sector and the manufacturing sector. Dennie Mah (a.k.a. Dr. Electro) has written an insightful guest editorial for this issue wherein he bemoans certain unfortunate trends that have held back the field of electrochemical manufacturing. The most important amongst these is what he terms the “reinventing the wheel” syndrome, wherein the same mistakes are repeated by different manufacturers who remain blissfully ignorant of past failures, which invariably remain unpublished. We must therefore also ask what can we, as a Society, do to “free the engineering” without violating the basic tenets of preserving intellectual property. It is certainly reasonable that an organization that has invested time and effort to develop a technology should reap the benefits of its endeavors. In doing so, it’s inevitable that relevant information is patented and/or kept confidential. However, the path to successfully implementing a technology is often paved with failures. And, as Dennie points out, it is most unfortunate that these failures largely remain behind the firewall. ECS can perhaps play an important role in alleviating this issue by providing a platform for a summit or forum wherein details relevant to selected past (failed or defunct) approaches/processes are collated and presented, taking care to ensure that no organization loses its competitive advantage within a given sector. The lessons to be learned from these case studies can surely benefit both experienced and fledgling organizations operating in other sectors and minimize the costs arising from “reinventing the wheel.” I do not mean to trivialize the enormity of this undertaking. But I do believe that even a small beginning (as we have made with OA publishing) would be a positive step and one that would have a large impact in the future. Your comments and suggestions in this regard would be most welcome!

Vijay Ramani, Interface Co-Editor

*This is frequently the basis on which such assignments are cheerfully accepted. H. C. Van Ness, in his 1988 Conoco-Phillips lecture, nicely illustrates the thought process behind accepting such invitations, albeit in the context of choosing a title for an invited lecture. The lecture is archived on the website of the chemical engineering department at Oklahoma State University, the host of this lecture series (https://cheng.okstate.edu/content/1981-1990).

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@iit.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editor: Dennie T. Mah, doctor_electro@msn.com Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail.com; Zoltan Nagy, nagyz@email.unc.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, annie.goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Becca Compton, becca.compton@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Bor Yann Liaw (Battery), Sanna Virtanen (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Giovanni Zangari (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Xiao-Dong Zhou (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electro-chemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Krishnan Rajeshwar Society Officers: Paul Kohl, President; Daniel Scherson, Senior Vice-President; Krishnan Rajeshwar, 2nd VicePresident; Johna Leddy, 3rd Vice-President; Lili Deligianni, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2014 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings.

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Vol. 23, No. 3 Fall 2014

Electrochemical Manufacturing in the 21st Century by Dennie T. Mah

Manufacturing 49 Electrochemical in the Chemical Industry by Gerardine G. Botte

57 63

Electrochemical Surface Finishing by E. J. Taylor and Maria Inman

Impedance Based Characterization of Raw Materials Used in Electrochemical Manufacturing by Douglas P. Riemer and Mark E. Orazem

the Editor: 3 From Free the Engineering! Corner: 7 Pennington The Birthplace of Electrochmistry

10 Society News Section: 21 Special 2014 ECS and SMEQ

Joint International Meeting Cancun, Mexico

Classics– 40 ECS Ernest B. Yeager—

A Dedicated Electrochemical Scientist and Teacher

42 People News 45 Tech Highlights 68 Section News 70 Awards 72 New Members 76 Student News

On the cover . . .

A niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavity after electropolishing; see article on page 57. Cover design by Dinia Agrawala. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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The Birthplace of Electrochemistry frog’s leg with brine-soaked paper, and detected the flow of he 17th International electricity by other means familiar to him from his previous Meeting on Lithium studies. He discovered the electrochemical series, and the Batteries (IMLB)* law that the electromotive force of a galvanic cell is the was held this past June in difference between their two electrode potentials. the beautiful and historic As witnessed by the exceptional program at the 17th setting at Villa Erba along IMLB, electrochemistry has blossomed into a very influential the shores of Lake Como, science that covers not only chemistry and physics but also Italy. This international meeting has become an exceptional biology, materials science, and chemical and electrical gathering where the world’s top battery research scientists engineering. It’s interesting to note that Volta’s collaborator in present their work on electrochemical conversion and the study of animal electricity was Luigi Galvani, a physicist storage. The application of their research now powers our working in bioelectrochemistry. Volta essentially objected essential wireless devices so that they run longer, cleaner, to Galvani’s conclusions and more efficiently. But about animal electric fluid the splendor of the location but the two scientists was not the only reason that Volta Medal disagreed respectfully; and IMLB was so exceptional owing to this disagreement this year; the meeting venue between the two, Volta built reconnected attendees to the first battery in order to their roots. Lake Como is specifically disprove his the birthplace of Alessandro associate’s theory. Volta, the inventor of the It is evident from first battery, which he called Volta’s historical discovery the electric pile, and the that from its beginnings, place where the science of electrochemistry has been electrochemistry began. Alessandro Volta Electric Pile a transdisciplinary area of Modern electrochemistry science with the precision can be traced back over 200 of physics and the depth of materials science. Had he not years to the 18th century and the work of Alessandro Volta been challenged by Galvani and examined his colleague’s and his experiments with the electric pile. While Volta hailed research in bioelectrochemistry, Volta may not have been from Lake Como and was a trained physicist, many consider led to his discovery of the electric pile. Today, 214 years him to be the first great electrochemist. As a result of his vast after Volta’s work, it would have been difficult for Volta to scientific influence, the ECS Europe Section named an award imagine the progress and potential of his electrochemical after him and every two years they recognize a scientist with storage device, which he would have been able to observe the prestigious Volta Medal (see photo). The medal depicts at IMLB near his home on the shores of Lake Como where his electric pile, the first notable electrochemical storage it all began. device. Around 1791, Volta began to study “animal electricity,” which was noted by his colleague Luigi Galvani to describe the force that activated the muscles of his frog specimens. He regarded their activation as being generated by an electrical fluid that is carried to the muscles by the nerves. Roque J. Calvo Volta realized that the frog’s leg served as both a conductor ECS Executive Director of electricity and as a detector of electricity. He replaced the

*The 17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries was chaired by Bruno Scrosati, the founder of IMLB and a Past President of ECS (2003-04). Professor Scrosati has been responsible for championing the development of IMLB since the first meeting held in 1982, and leading it to become the most important meeting in this influential field. It is appropriate that the event founder brought this science back home to its birthplace again this year. (See the IMLB 2014 meeting summary on page 11 in this issue.)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Why Go Open Access Update at ECS Open Access SOCIE T Y NE WS << Interface, Fall 2014, Society News>>

<<copy to come from Mary to fit in one full page>>

Reach more readers

OA for FREE!

ECS offers Author Choice Open Access, giving you the opportunity to make your papers Open Access (OA) – available to any scientist (or anyone, for that matter) with an Internet connection, and increasing your pool of potential readers.

You can publish your papers as Open Access for FREE if you have an Article Credit. Authors who are ECS members, who have attended a recent ECS meeting, or who are coming from subscribing institutions qualify. Those who cannot claim an Article Credit will be asked to pay an $800 Article Processing Charge to make their papers Open Access – a fee ECS continues to keep low.

Quality publications The research published in our journals (Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters) is truly at the cutting edge of our technical arenas, and ECS publications have continued to focus on achieving quality through a high standard of peer-review. Our four peer-reviewed titles are among the most highly-regarded in their areas. Choosing to make your paper Open Access within these journals makes no difference to the quality processes we uphold at ECS— selection criteria and peer review remain exactly the same. The difference is in who can see your content. Papers not published as Open Access can only be read by either those from a subscribing institution, or those who are willing to pay a fee to access it. Make your work more accessible by making it OA.

Keep your copyright ECS’s Open Access publishing agreement with authors does not require a transfer of copyright: the copyright remains with the author. Authors, however, must choose what kind of license they want to grant their readers, and ECS offers a choice of two Creative Commons usage licenses that authors may attach to their work (see sidebar).

Save the World Next time you submit a paper; why not make it Open Access? Electrochemistry and solid state science research is helping scientists and researchers across the globe solve problems facing our modern world, and the more people who can access your work, the faster those problems may be solved. If you have any questions about our Open Access program, please visit www. electrochem.org/oa or email us at oa@electrochem.org.

A WORD ABOUT COPYRIGHT 4

When publishing OA the copyright remains with the author.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Water and Sanitation Challenges To Be Focus of 4th Electrochemical Energy Summit by Dan Fatton ECS is partnering with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s Water, Sanitation & Hygiene (WASH) initiative to host a multi-day workshop at the 2014 International Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) in Cancun, Mexico being held October 5-9, 2014. The workshop will culminate in the on-the-spot distribution of over $200,000 in seed funding from ECS, addressing critical technology gaps in water, sanitation, and hygiene challenges being faced around the world. ECS hopes to improve access to clean water and sanitation in developing countries by leveraging the brainpower of the many scientists in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology attending the 2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting. (See page 21 for more information about this meeting.) Priority topic areas will include interfaces, disinfection, energy generation, energy storage, chemical conversion, monitoring and measurement, and dewatering technologies, among others, including a “wild card” topic area to be decided by participants. “ECS is excited to partner with the Bill & Melinda Gates

Foundation to help address the urgent water and sanitation challenges the world is facing,” says ECS President Paul Kohl. “This partnership provides a unique opportunity for researchers to generate potential solutions and then almost immediately start testing them.” The workshop will kick off with remarks from current awardees of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Participants will be guided through facilitated brainstorming and working group sessions by Brandy Salmon of RTI International. Attendees will work in full group and breakout sessions to address complex scientific issues, gaps and needs. They will be encouraged create partnerships and surface new approaches to existing challenges within the WASH portfolio. At least two grants will be distributed on the last day of the meeting from the more than $200,000 available, each in the range of $25,000$100,000. Participants are expected to develop potential partnerships and collaborative proposals, then make an oral presentation. An independent review committee will review the proposals and make award recommendations by Friday, October 10, 2014. Dan Fatton is the Director of Development for ECS. He may be reached at dan.fatton@electrochem.org.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Scenes from IMLB 2014 ponsored by ECS, the 17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB 2014) was held at Villa Erba in Como, Italy from June 10 to 14. IMLB is the premier international conference on the state of lithium battery science and technology, as well as current and future applications in transportation, commercial, aerospace, biomedical, and other promising sectors. The meeting had an attendance of over 900 people, as well there were 40+ keynote speakers and more than 500 poster presentations. The meeting focused on both basic and applied research findings that have led to improved Li battery materials, and to the understanding of the fundamental processes that determine and control electrochemical performance. A major (but not exclusive)

theme of the meeting were recent advances in beyond lithium-ion batteries. Bruno Scrosati, Chair of the 17th IMLB said, “I am grateful to the International Scientific Committee for helping to assemble another cadre of renowned speakers to present the latest research at our conference. I would also like to express my thanks to The Electrochemical Society and Centro Volta for their perfect organizing assistance, which allowed me to arrange another successful conference. We are already looking forward to the next IMLB in Chicago in 2016.” Special thanks to all the sponsors and technical exhibitors. There will be a volume of ECS Transactions with proceedings papers from the meeting, and an Open Access focus issue is planned for The Journal of Electrochemistry that will feature selected papers.

Yang Shao-Horn, a keynote speaker, presents “Recent Advances in Lithium-Oxygen Batteries.”

Yi Cui, a keynote speaker, presents “Nanomaterials Design for Next Generation of Energy Storage.”

Linda Nazar, a keynote speaker, presents “Advancing the Lithium-Sulfur Battery.”

Kuniaki Tatsumi, a keynote speaker, presents “Enhanced Cyclability of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 Coated with Various Oxides under High Voltage Charge/ Discharge Cycles.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

(Photos continued on next page)

SOCIE T Y NE WS IMLB 2014

(continued from previous page)

Bruno Scrosati, IMLB 2014 Chair and founder of IMLB.

Karim Zaghib, a past chair of IMLB (2010), with a meeting attendee.

Khalil Amine, a member of the IMLB 2014 International Organizing Committee, speaks at the gala dinner.

Conference attendees in the main presentation hall.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

SOCIE T Y NE WS

International Organizing Committee Chairs (in alphabetical order)

Doron Aurbach, Bar Ilan University, Tel Aviv, Israel Peter Bruce, University of St. Andrews, Scotland Rosa Palacin, ICMAB-CSIC Campus, Bellaterra, Spain Bruno Scrosati, Helmholtz Institute Ulm, Germany Jean-Marie Tarascon, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, France Josh Thomas, Uppsala University, Sweden

A poster presentation at IMLB 2014.

Margret Wohlfahrt-Mehrens, Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg, ZSW, Ulm, Germany

International Scientific Committee (in alphabetical order)

KM Abraham, E-KEM Science, USA Khalil Amine, Argonne National Lab, USA Yi Cui, Stanford University, USA Juergen Garche, FCBAT, Ulm, Germany Li Hong, China Youn-Jun Kim, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Korea Marina Mastragostino, University of Bologna, Italy The view of the Italian countryside from the Grand Hotel di Como.

Aleksandar Matic, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Linda Nazar, Waterloo University, Canada Zempachi Ogumi, University of Kyoto, Japan Tetsuya Osaka, Waseda University, Tokyo Japan Stefano Passerini, Muenster University, Germany Yang Shao-Horn, MIT, USA Yang-Kook Sun, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Osamu Yamamoto, Mie University, Japan Yang Yong, Xiamen University, China Karim Zaghib, Institut de recherche en électricité d’Hydro-Québec (IREQ), Quebec, Canada

The Villa Erba Antica, site of the gala dinner.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SOCIE T Y NE WS

CSTIC 2014 ECS and SEMI are pleased to announce that the annual China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC 2014) successfully concluded on March 17, 2014 in Shanghai, China with over 340 speakers and more than 700 attendees from around the world. The successful conclusion of CSTIC 2014 marked another milestone of this annual international conference. With a focus on semiconductor technology and manufacturing, CSTIC promoted technical exchanges on the latest developments in semiconductor technology and manufacturing and facilitated investment and collaboration in the semiconductor industry in Asia, particularly China. CSTIC 2014 covered all aspects of semiconductor technology and manufacturing, including circuit design, devices, lithography, integration, materials, processes, and manufacturing, as well as emerging semiconductor technologies and silicon material applications. Hot topics, such as 3D integration, LEDs, and MEMs, were also included in the conference. Tzu-Yin Chiu (CEO and Executive Director, SMIC), Tak H. Ning (IBM Fellow and Member of U.S. National Academy of Engineering, IBM T.J. Watson Research Center), and Kevin Zhang (Intel Fellow and Vice President in the Technology and Manufacturing Group, Intel Corporation) delivered the keynote speeches at the conference. Over 150 other leading experts in semiconductor technology presented keynote and invited talks in the symposia.

CSTIC 2014 was organized by SEMI and ECS, co-organized by Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s High-Tech Expert Committee (CHTEC), and co-sponsored by IEEE-EDS, MRS and the China Electronics Materials Industry Association. Several industry companies provided financial support for this industrial semiconductor technology conference. Additional sponsors included: JCET Chaingjiang Electronics Technology Co. Ltd., Henkel, SMIC (Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation), Tokyo Electron Limited, Applied Materials Inc., ANJI, ASE Group, Inc., ADVANTEST, NMC North Microelectronics Co. Ltd., ASM, Edwards, ULVAC, and Finnegan. More than 200 CSTIC 2014 papers were published in ECS Transactions in highlights from CSTIC 2014 technologies. Cor Claeys was the conference chair this year. Prof. Claeys is a Senior Member of IEEE and a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society. Paul Kohl, ECS President, gave an opening welcome and introduction to ECS at the plenary session. The ECS Best Student Paper Award winners were Meng Lin (Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, China) and Wen Lv (Huazong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China). CSTIC 2015 is scheduled to be held March 15-16, 2015 in Shanghai, China. More information about CSTIC is available at www.semiconchina.org/cstic.

This group photo taken at CSTIC 2014 includes (from left to right): Qinghuang Lin (CSTIC Co-chair), David Huang (CSTIC Co-chair), Shiuh-Wuu Lee (SMIC EVP, Keynote speaker), Tak Ning (IBM Fellow, Keynote speaker), Kevin Zhang (Intel fellow and VP, Keynote speaker), Cor Claeys (CSTIC Chair), Allen Lu (SEMI China President), Roque Calvo (ECS Executive Director), and Paul Kohl (ECS President). 14

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

SOCIE T Y NE WS

Division News The Battery Division recently modified its bylaws and the modifications were approved by the ECS Board of Directors. This revision allows the Division Executive Committee to increase the number of members-at-large to at least eight persons. In addition to the officers, there will be an increased number of candidates in the upcoming ballot for the election. The present officers encourage our Division members to vote and become actively involved in our division affairs in the future. The Battery Division Executive Committee is seeking sustainable funding mechanisms to provide adequate support for travel grants to help student members and early-career professionals to participate in our society meetings and symposia. We welcome and solicit inputs and innovative ideas to help us succeed in this pursuit. Please send your suggestions to Bor Yann Liaw at bliaw@hawaii.edu. The Physical & Analytical Electrochemistry Division (PAED) held their annual lunch and business meeting during 225th ECS Meeting in Orlando. At the meeting, chair, Rob Mantz, talked about the state of the Division. In addition, the secretary and treasurer gave their reports.

It was reported that the PAED division awarded six travel grants to the 224th ECS Fall Meeting in San Francisco. The travel grant winners were: Megan Damm (Georgia Institute of Technology), Samar Gharaibeh (University of Calgary), Swetha Puchakayala (Vellore Institute of Technology), Adriel Jebaraj (Case Western Reserve University), Akinbayowa Falase (The University of New Mexico), and Florina-Maria Cuibus (Technische Universität Ilmenau). There were seven student travel grant award winners for the 225th ECS Spring meeting in Orlando. The award winners were: Meng Li (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Sergio Garcia (CEET, The University of New Mexico), Congling Zhang (The University of Tennessee), Edgard Ngaboyamahina (UPMC), Adriel Jebaraj (Case Western Reserve University), Matteo Grattieri (Politecnico of Milan), and Rachel Hjelm (The University of New Mexico). Congratulations to all of the award winners from both biannual meetings. The next PAED luncheon and business meeting will be held during the 227th ECS Spring Meeting in Chicago, Illinois in May of 2015. The Physical & Analytical Electrochemistry Division sponsors two awards, the David C. Grahame Award and the Max Bredig Award, in Molten Salt Chemistry. Dr. Mantz encouraged members to submit nominations for both awards.

Spring

2014

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, NO. 2 VOL. 22 r 2 0 1 3 Summe

VOL. 23 , S p r i n g NO. 1 2014

IN THIS ISSUE

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the Editor: 3 From of The Law Growth al Sigmoid t: the Presidenfor ECS 7 From Point A Turning , ON, Canada hts Highlig 9 Toronto ECS Meeting S. Yuasas—The G. 35 Current 787 Li-ion Battery: ture Boeing a Low Tempera Test It at It Warm in Flight and Keep

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the

Editors: Writing New Chapters

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34 ECS Classics

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Division Officer Slates Announced New officers for the 2014-2016 term have been nominated for the following Divisions. All election results will be reported in the winter 2014 issue of Interface.

Battery Division Chair Robert Kostecki, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Vice-Chair Christopher Johnson, Argonne National Laboratory Secretary Marca Doeff, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Treasurer Shirley Meng, University of California, San Diego Members-at-Large (at least 8 members-at-large to be elected) Richard Jow, Army Research Laboratory Dominique Guyomard, CNRS - Université de Nantes Brett Lucht, University of Rhode Island Marina Yakovleva, FMC Corporation Khalil Amine, Argonne National Laboratory John Muldoon, Toyota Research Institute of North America Martin Winter, MEET Battery Research Center, University of Muenster Yi Cui, Stanford University Kristina Edstrom, Uppsala University

Corrosion Division Chair Rudy Bucheit, Ohio State University Vice-Chair Sanna Virtanen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Secretary/ Treasurer Masayuki Itagaki, Tokyo University of Science Members-at-Large (at least 6 members-at-large to be elected) Nancy Missert, Sandia National Laboratories H. Neil McMurray, University of Wales Jamie Noel, Western University Dev Chidambaram, University of Nevada, Reno Nick Birbilis, Monash University Philippe Marcus, CNRS-ENSCP

Sensor Division Chair Bryan Chin, Auburn University Vice-Chair Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, West Virginia University Secretary Ajit Khosla, Mobecomm Inc. Treasurer Sushanta Mitra, University of Alberta Praveen Sekhar, Washington State University Jessica Keohne, NASA Ames Research Center Members-at-Large (at least 2 members-at-large to be elected) Sheikh Akbar, Ohio State University Zoraida Aguilar, Zystein, LLC Cynthia Bruckner-Lea, Pacific Northwest Laboratories Ying-Lan Chang, Glo AB Jay Grate, Pacific Northwest Laboratories Peter Hesketh, Georgia Tech A. Robert Hillman, University of Leicester Gary Hunter, NASA Glenn Research Center Tatsumi Ishihara, Kyushu University Sang Ming Jeon, Postech Mira Josowicz, Georgia Tech Kale Girish, University of Leeds P. J. Kulesza, University of Warsaw Christine Kranz, University of Ulm Jing Li, NASA Ames Research Ctr. Chung-Chiun Liu, Case Western Reserve University Vadim Lvovich, NASA Glenn Research Center Norio Miura, Kyushu University Rangachary Mukundan, Los Alamos National Laboratory Larry Nagahara, National Cancer Institute Antonio Ricco, Stanford University Christopher Salthouse, University of Massachusetts Amherst Michael Sailor, University of California - San Diego Praveen Kumar Sekhar, Washington State University Yasuhiro Shimizu, Nagasaki University Aleksandr Simonian, Auburn University Joseph Stetter, KWJ Engineering Incorporated Thomas Thundat, University of Alberta Petr Vanýsek, Northern Illinois University Raluca Van Staden, Bucharest Romania National Institute of Research for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter Laiju Yang, North Carolina Central University

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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Institutional Member News Spotlight on El-Cell

ne of the newest members of the ECS institutional membership program is the German company, EL-CELL. ELCELL offers electrochemical test equipment and services to perform high quality battery research at the forefront of actual knowledge. The company engineers and manufactures its products for both researchers in academia and professionals in industry. The main emphasis is on lithium-ion batteries, but EL-CELL also designs test cells for other energy storage technologies. Its product portfolio varies from batteries with aprotic or aqueous electrolytes to capacitor systems to perform two- and three-electrode tests, gas and pressure experiments, optical measurements and investigation of height changes of electrodes. In addition, EL-CELL offers special tools for a more productive experimentation process and a wide scope of services, such as seminars or test measurements.

Johannes Hinckeldeyn, Director of Sales and Marketing at ELCELL, explains the strong collaboration with ECS, “EL-CELL wants to become the standard toolbox for all battery researchers. ECS is the global organization of Electrochemists and therefore our main partner to support electrochemists who want to achieve better research results. Beside our equipment, we offer special seminars for beginners and experienced researchers to learn how to conduct successful battery tests with our equipment. ECS members are cordially invited to participate and they will get special conditions for our seminars.” Dan Fatton, ECS Director of Development, noted, “ECS is excited about the strong partnership we have been developing with EL-CELL. We appreciate their institutional membership support, and their participation as an advertiser and regular exhibitor at ECS meetings.” Additionally, ECS members are now eligible for a special discounted rate on EL-CELL’s seminar programs. The first, a handson seminar on basic battery research will be offered November 6-7, 2014 at the EL-CELL facility in Hamburg, Germany. The second, a hands-on seminar on advanced battery research will be offered March 12-13, 2015, also in Hamburg, Germany. Please visit www.el-cell.com/service for registration and further information.

ECS Staff News

ogan Elizabeth Streu joined the ECS staff as a Publications Assistant in May 2014 reporting to Annie Goedkoop, ECS Director of Publications. Logan is responsible for assisting in the production of ECS Transactions, as well as the ECS journals. She graduated this May from The College of New Jersey with a Bachelor of Arts in English and a minor in Creative Writing. Prior to her full-time employment at The Electrochemical Society, Logan served as a publications intern starting in May 2013, and was later hired as a parttime Publications Assistant in September of the same year.

Although this is her first full-time position in the publishing field, Logan worked for two years as a Student Assistant in the Office of Major and Strategic Events at The College of New Jersey where she aided in planning and coordinating high-profile campus events such as Homecoming, Reunion and Commencement. In the fall of her senior year, Logan was involved in TCNJ’s Visiting Writers Series, an oncampus arts community which nominates and arranges for notable authors to give readings at the college. During this time Logan worked on press kits and other promotional materials for authors Paul Legault and Adam Levin, and later helped to nominate Ishmael Reed and Matthea Harvey for future readings. “We were impressed with Logan’s enthusiasm and skills as an intern,” said Annie Goedkoop, “so much so that we didn’t want to let her go when the internship ended. She is a welcome addition to the ECS staff.”

ECS celebrates the many successful achievements of members of the electrochemical and solid state science community. We thank you for your dedication to scientific research and discovery, for the innovations you continually develop that are fueling an energy revolution, and, above all, for your commitment to helping to make the world a better place for generations to come. While nonprofit is our tax status, we need funds to continue our programs and services. Through generous supporters like you, we will be able to reach our goals and broaden dissemination of our scientific content.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

We hope we can count on your support with a gift to The Electrochemical Society To make a tax-deductible donation, please visit

www.electrochem.org/donate 17

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ECS Sponsored Meetings for 2014 In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings and ECS Satellite Conferences, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of the sponsored meetings for 2014. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all sponsored meetings. • 10th International Symposium on Electrochemical Micro & Nanosystem Technologies, November 5-8, 2014 — Okinawa, Japan •

Fifth International Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications (EPD-2014),

October 5-10, 2014 — Hernstein, Austria •

XIV International Congress of the Mexican Hydrogen Society , September 30-October 4, 2014 — Cancun, Mexico

• 65th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, August 31-September 5, 2014 — Lausanne, Switzerland To learn more about what ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

In the

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The winter issue of Interface will feature the Corrosion Division and will emphasize the theme, “Numerical Modeling for Corrosion.” The issue will be guest edited by Shinji Fujimoto, Osaka University, and will feature the following articles (tentative titles): “Numerical Models for Localized Corrosion,” by Robert Kelly, University of Virginia; “Numerical Models for Macro Scale Corrosion and Protection,” by Kenji Amaya, Tokyo Institute of Technology; “Atomistic Models for Corrosion,” by Christopher Taylor, DNV GL; and “Probabilistic Models for Corrosion,” by Nicholas Laycock, QSGTL, and David Williams, University of Aukland.

issue of

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Highlights from the 2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting in Cancun will be presented.

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Tech Highlights continues to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals, including articles from the Society’s newest journals: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters.

•

Don’t miss the next edition of Websites of Note which gives readers a look at some little-known, but very useful sites.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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websites of note by Zoltan Nagy Lecture Notes in Electrochemistry/Electrochemical Engineering Detailed course material from MIT, including: equivalent circuit models, thermodynamics, reaction kinetics, transport phenomena, electrostatics, electrokinetics, porous media, and phase transformations. • M. Bazant, MIT • http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemical-engineering/10-626-electrochemical-energy-systems-spring-2011/lecturenotes/

Electroforming — a Unique Metal Fabrication Process Electroforming plays an important role in our daily lives. We have contact with its results many times each day and it greatly enhances our lifestyle in a variety of ways. In addition, it is an extremely versatile process. For instance, it is used to produce micro components for the medical and electronics industries and huge components for the aircraft and aerospace industries. For many applications it has become indispensable. • R Parkinson, Nickel Development Institute • http://www.nickelinstitute.org/~/Media/Files/TechnicalLiterature/Electroforming_ AUniqueMetalFabricationProcess_10084_.pdf

Electrochemical Machining of Metal Plates Technical basis of electrochemical machining. Experimental basis of electrochemical machining. Theoretical basis of current distribution. Experimental tests and results (stationary cathode, advancing cathode, rotating cathode). Interpretations of results. Implementation of the process. • J. F. Cooper and M .C. Evans, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory • http://www.llnl.gov/tid/lof/documents/pdf/317378.pdf

Electropolishing of Stainless Steels

Electropolishing is a chemical surface finishing technique, by which metal is electrolytically removed, ion by ion, from the surface of a metal object. The primary objective is to minimize microroughness, thus dramatically reducing the risk of dirt or product residues adhering and improving the cleanability of surfaces. Electropolishing is also used for deburring, brightening, and passivating. The process exposes an undisturbed, metallurgically clean surface, eliminating thermal stress and surface roughening, and improving the corrosion resistance. • Kosmač, Euro Inox • http://www.euro-inox.org/pdf/map/Electropolishing_EN.pdf

About the Author

Zoltan Nagy is a semi-retired electrochemist. After 15 years in a variety of electrochemical industrial research, he spent 30 years at Argonne National Laboratory carrying out research on electrode kinetics and surface electrochemistry. Presently he is at the Chemistry Department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He welcomes suggestions for entries; send them to nagyz@email.unc.edu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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e20 Electrochemical Society Series

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting

226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society

XXIX Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica

7th Meeting of the Mexico Section of The Electrochemical Society

CANCUN

Mexico October 5-9, 2014 Moon Palace Resort

Special Meeting Section

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

CANCUN

Mexico October 5-9, 2014 Moon Palace Resort

ECS and SMEQ Welcome You to Cancun elcome to Cancun, Mexico! ECS and SMEQ are excited to host the 2014 Joint International Meeting, which combines the 226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and the XXIX Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquimica (SMEQ). This major international conference is being held at the Moon Palace Resort hotel and will include over 50 topical symposia consisting of 2,300 technical presentations, full-day short courses, professional development workshops, career opportunities, poster sessions, and a dynamic technical Paul Kohl exhibit including demo workshops. On Sunday October 5, 2014 please Facundo Almeraya Calderón ECS President join us for the Plenary Session, “Mexico’s National Policy on Science SMEQ President and Technology,” presented by Enrique Cabrero Mendoza followed by the Sunday Evening Get-Together. On Monday, October 6, 2014 the ECS Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award Lecture address will be presented by Adam Weber who will speak on “Understanding Transport Phenomena in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” On Tuesday, October, 7, 2014 the ECS Edward Goodrich Acheson Award Lecture address will be presented by Ralph Brodd who will speak on “Maintaining the Momentum in Electrochemical Energy and Power Conversion.”

In addition to the comprehensive technical program the organizing committees have scheduled various social events to complement your technical meeting experience in Cancun. Please join us for the 2nd Free the ScienceTM 5K Run on Wednesday morning, with proceeds benefitting the ECS Publications Endowment in support of Open Access. On Monday evening, students are invited to participate in the Student Mixer. Nontechnical Registrants are invited to enjoy exclusive use of the “Get-together Lounge,” Monday through Thursday 0800-1000h; and a special “Welcome to Cancun” orientation presented Monday at 0900h. It is also worth noting that on Thursday evening we will host the not-to-be-missed Cena Baile dinner and dance party; the Cena Baile is a ticketed event starting at 2000h. ECS is holding a multi-day workshop during the meeting in Cancun to address critical technology gaps and water, sanitation and hygiene challenges in partnership with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The workshop is being designed to foster collaborative problem solving among participants and apply the collective brainpower of the joint ECS and SMEQ meeting attendees to complex technical challenges that require integrated thinking and out of the box solutions. More than $200,000 in research grants will be distributed by a review panel as seed funding for projects that address critical technical gaps; at least two grants will be distributed at this meeting, each in the range of $25,000-$100,000. More details on the application process will be available on Monday morning, and selected applicants will be given the opportunity to present their concepts and answer questions on Thursday afternoon. Please join us to lend your voice and expertise in helping to solve some of the world’s most challenging water and sanitation problems! We begin Monday morning at 0800h in Universal Second Floor Expo. Please refer to the meeting program for additional information regarding technical and nontechnical events. Feel free to stop by the registration desk located in the Expocenter if you would like further assistance. There is still time to register. Go to electrochem.org/cancun. 22

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society XXIX Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica th 7 Meeting of the Mexico Section of The Electrochemical Society

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting

Featured Speakers and Lecturers Plenary Session Be sure to arrive on Sunday in time for this special plenary session.

Mexico´s National Policy on Science and Technology by Enrique Cabrero Mendoza Sunday, October 5, 1630h Universal Ballroom, 2nd Floor Expocenter Enrique Cabrero Mendoza obtained his Bachelor of Arts in Administration at the Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi. Later on, he obtained a Master’s degree in Pedagogical Improvement at the French Centre d´Enseignement Supérieur des Affaires and a Master’s in Public Administration at the Center for Economic Research and Teaching (CIDE). In France in 2001, Enrique Cabrero Mendoza received his PhD in Management Sciences at L’École des Hautes Études Commerciales. In January 2013, Dr. Cabrero was appointed General Director of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, the National Council of Science and Technology), and since then, he has been in charge of articulating Mexico’s national policy on science and technology. Dr. Cabrero’s lecture is structured in three sections. The first includes definitions and concepts of the knowledge economy and the knowledge society, as well as a comparative perspective among Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries using the most relevant indicators for assessing science and technology. The second part presents the main programs, policy instruments, and priorities in the Mexican scientific and technological agenda, for instance: strengthening human capital; attracting global talent, building research infrastructure, promoting regional development, and establishing links between public instances and the private sector. The third part presents some of the main challenges ahead such as: boosting the overall expenditure on research and development activities, designing a long-term policy that strategically boosts regions and specialized science topics, increasing the availability of researchers and highly trained human capital, along with strengthening the national research oriented infrastructure.

ECS Edward Goodrich Acheson Award Lecture Maintaining the Momentum in Electrochemical Energy and Power Conversion by Ralph Brodd Tuesday, October 7, 1710h Universal 1, 1st Floor Expocenter

Special Reception Tuesday, October 7, 1745h Arena A Ralph Brodd is President of Broddarp of Nevada. He has over 40 years’ experience in the technology, manufacturing, and market aspects of the electrochemical energy conversion business. His experience spans the major primary and rechargeable battery systems, fuel cells, and electrochemical capacitors. He is a Past President of ECS and was elected an ECS Honorary Member in 1987. With Dr. A. Kozawa, he founded the IBA and arranged for the first joint meetings of the Electrochemical Society of Japan and ECS in Honolulu. He served as Vice-President and National Secretary of the International Society of Electrochemistry; served on technical advisory committees for the National Research Council and the International Electrotechnic Commission; as Secretary for the P1625 and P1725 of the IEEE, and NEMA; as well as on program review committees for the U.S. Department of Energy and NASA. Dr. Brodd began his studies in 1950 at the University of Texas under Norman Hackerman. His PhD thesis was on the relationship of capacitance and surface area of electrodes. This work continued at the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) using impedance as a function of frequency to determine the characteristics of battery electrode reactions. His relationship with ECS began in 1952 when he was awarded membership as the result of winning an essay contest sponsored by the ECS Corrosion Division. Dr. Brodd pushed hard to increase funding for lithium exploration over that for alkaline as a key for the future. He re-engineered the alkaline technology with new MnO2 materials, a new separator, a new anode current collector, and a new seal to prevent leakage. The new current collector was adopted because it lowered cost and instantly saved over a million dollars annually. The MnO2 research work continued and eventually resulted in new cathode materials for Li-ion cells. In many respects electrochemical energy conversion (batteries, fuel cells, flow batteries, capacitors, etc.) has become the hope of the future in maintaining our world as we know it. Battery technology has reached goals that were considered by many as impossible only 15 years ago. The pace of new developments has accelerated along with the entrance of people with exceptional skills who have been drawn into the technology. Dr. Brodd will relate his observations from the period of time when he entered the arena. Society has seen the promise of electric cars fulfilled, and the promise of solar and wind power as replacements for coalfired power plants as viable possibilities to control global warming. Dr. Brodd’s reflections will encourage others to keep up the momentum and the remarkable growth that has led to the use of electrochemical energy and power conversion in our everyday personal life. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Featured Speakers

(continued from previous page)

Charles W. Tobias Young Investigator Award Lecture

Special Meeting Section

Understanding Transport Phenomena in Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells by Adam Weber Monday, October 6, 1730h Galactic Ballroom 7, 2nd Floor Sunrise

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Adam Z. Weber holds BS and MS degrees from Tufts University, the latter under the guidance of Professor Maria Flytzani-Stephanopoulos. Next, he earned his PhD at University of California, Berkeley in chemical engineering under the guidance of John Newman. Dr. Weber’s dissertation work focused on the fundamental investigation and mathematical modeling of water management in polymerelectrolyte fuel cells. Dr. Weber continued his study of water and thermal management in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where he is now a staff scientist. His current research involves understanding and optimizing fuel-cell performance and

lifetime including component and ionomer structure/function studies using advanced modeling and diagnostics, understanding flow batteries for grid-scale energy storage, and analysis of solar-fuel generators where he is a Team Leader for Modeling and Simulation at the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP). Dr. Weber has authored over 50 peer-reviewed articles and nine book chapters on fuel cells, flow batteries, and related electrochemical devices, developed many widely used models for fuel cells and their components, and has been invited to present his work at various international and national meetings including the Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells, the Special Invitation Session at FC Expo 2007, and nine keynote\invited lectures at national society meetings. He has also been the recipient of a number of awards including a Fulbright scholarship to Australia, the 2008 Oronzio and Niccolò De Nora Foundation Prize on Applied Electrochemistry of the International Society of Electrochemistry, the 2012 Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award of the Energy Technology Division of The Electrochemical Society, and a 2012 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE). Dr. Weber is also on the Editorial Board of the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry and is current chair of the Energy Technology Division of The Electrochemical Society. Dr. Weber will speak about understanding transport phenomena in polymer-electrolyte fuel cells, including current macroscopic modeling approaches for multiphase flow in fuel cells, diagnostics and effective-property measurements for gas-diffusion layers, and the impact and genesis of catalyst-layer ionomer in limiting fuel-cell performance, especially at low catalyst loadings.

Panel of Professionals As part of its Career Development Series, ECS is pleased to present our Panel of Professionals on Monday 1700-1830h. Attendees will hear from three guest speakers, representing industry, academia, and government, each discussing the unique challenges and opportunities of pursuing a career in their chosen field.

Amy Marschilok of Stony Brook University, SUNY, spoke at the Panel of Professionals in Orlando, a new feature of the ECS meetings.

The session will be moderated by Jamie Noël, PhD, of University of Western Ontario. There will be ample time for questions and answers. Students and earlycareer professionals are strongly encouraged to attend.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Short Courses Four Short Courses will be offered on Sunday, October 5, from 0900 -1630h. The registration fee is $425 for ECS Members and $520 for Nonmembers. Students may register for a Short Course at a 50% discount—ECS Student Members: $212.50, and Nonmember Students: $260.

Short Course #1

Short Course #3

Basic Impedance Spectroscopy Mark E. Orazem, Instructor

Fundamentals of Electrochemistry: Basic Theory and Kinetic Methods Jamie Noël, Instructor

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Hubert Gasteiger and Thomas Schmidt, Instructors

Short Course #4

This course develops the fundamental thermodynamics and electrocatalytic processes critical to polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs, including direct methanol and alkaline membrane FCs). In the first part, the instructors will discuss the relevant half-cell reactions, their thermodynamic driving forces, and their mathematical foundations in electrocatalysis theory (e.g., Butler-Volmer equations).

Operation and Exploitation of Electrochemical Capacitor Technology John R. Miller, Instructor

In the second part of the course, the instructors will illuminate the different functional requirements of actual PEFC (incl. DMFC and AMFC) components and present basic in situ diagnostics (Pt surface area, shorting, H2 crossover, electronic resistance, etc.). This will be used to develop an in-depth understanding of the various voltage loss terms that constitute a polarization curve. Finally, the instructors will apply this learning to describe the principles of fuel cell catalyst activity measurements, the impact of uncontrolled-operation events (e.g., cell reversal), and the various effects of long-term materials degradation. To benefit most effectively from this course, registrants should have completed at least their first two years of a bachelor’s program in physics, chemistry, or engineering; or have several years of experience with PEFCs.

Short Course Refund Policy: Written requests for Short Course refunds will be honored only if received at ECS headquarters by September 29, 2014. All refunds are subject to a 10% processing fee and requests for refunds must be made in writing and e-mailed to customerservice@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Electrochemical capacitors (ECs), often referred to by the product names supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, are receiving increased attention for use in power sources of many applications because they offer extraordinarily high reversibility, provide unexcelled power density, and have exceptional cycle-life. This tutorial is targeted at technologists interested in understanding and exploiting electrochemical capacitor technology. Basics are first covered that describe the nature and significance of electric double layer charge storage, the general design of such products, and the similarities and differences between these devices and traditional capacitors and batteries. The goal is to provide basic understanding, necessary tools, and sufficient operating information to allow direct and successful advancement and/or exploitation of electrochemical capacitor technology.

Refunds will not be processed until AFTER the meeting. All courses are subject to cancellation pending an appropriate number of advance registrants. Please visit the ECS website (electrochem.org/cancun) for full course descriptions and instructor biographies.

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Short Course #2

This course, fully revised to include more practical examples and a more manageable volume of material, covers the basic theory and application of electrochemical science. It is targeted toward people with a physical sciences or engineering background who have not been trained as electrochemists, but who want to add electrochemical methods to their repertoire of research approaches. There are many fields in which researchers originally approach their work from another discipline but then discover that it would be advantageous to understand and use some electrochemical methods to complement the work that they are doing

This course is intended for chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers with an interest in applying electrochemical impedance techniques to study a broad variety of electrochemical processes. The attendee will develop a basic understanding of the technique, the sources of errors in impedance measurements, the manner in which experiments can be optimized to reduce these errors, and the use of graphical methods to interpret measurements in terms of meaningful physical properties.

Special Meeting Section

The Short Course registration fee includes participation in the course, text materials, breakfast, luncheon, and refreshment breaks. The Short Course registration fee does not include or apply to the general Meeting Registration, and it is not applicable to any other activities of the meeting. Pre-registration for Short Courses is required.

Award Winners 2014 Class of ECS Fellows

Special Meeting Section l

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

George Blomgren is president and founder of Blomgren Consulting Services, Ltd., where he has provided consulting services worldwide in the field of battery technology and applications for many companies. He holds a BS in chemistry from Northwestern University and a PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Washington and received the Boese Post Doctoral Fellowship from Columbia University. Blomgren had a 41-year career as a research scientist with Union Carbide Corporation, now known as Eveready Battery Co. finishing as Senior Technology Fellow, the highest Technical position at Eveready. At Eveready, he utilized his background in electrolyte solutions to enable the development of liquid cathode primary batteries (including a fundamental patent on the use of thionyl chloride or sulfuryl chloride as a liquid cathode), and his interest in electrochemical methods to explain the operation of sulfide cathodes resulted in the development and commercialization of lithium iron disulfide batteries. He subsequently served as Chief Scientist at Imara Corp. (where he was a co-founder) and successfully helped to develop an industry leading battery for high power applications such as power tools. He is Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. Dr. Blomgren has served as officer and Chair of the Battery Division of The Electrochemical Society, member of several committees of that organization and served as Associate Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. He has also served on the Board of the International Battery Materials Association (IBA) for many years. He has received the 1998 IBA Research Award, the 1998 Battery Division of The Electrochemical Society Technology Award and the 2010 IBA Yeager Award. He has been a frequent reviewer of battery programs and proposals for the Department of Energy, proposals for the SBIR program of the National Institute of Health, and an external examiner for 5 PhD theses. Dr. Blomgren has authored 30 book chapters and chapters on batteries for Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, the Encyclopedia of Physics, and the new Springer Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry in addition to holding 20 patents and over 30 journal publications, Gerardine (Gerri) Botte is the Russ Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Ohio University, the founder and director of Ohio University’s Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, and the founder and director of the National Science Foundation I/ UCRC Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology. Dr. Botte and members of her research group are working on projects in the areas of electrochemical engineering, electro-synthesis, batteries, electrolyzers, sensors, fuel cells, mathematical modeling, and electrocatalysis. Example projects include: hydrogen production from ammonia, biomass, urea, and coal, synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene, water remediation, selective catalytic reduction, ammonia synthesis, and electrochemical conversion of shale gas and CO2 to high value products. Professor Botte has 116 publications (peer-reviewed, book chapters, proceedings, and patents) and over 190 presentations in international conferences. She is the inventor of 18 US patents and 29 pending applications. She is the Editor in Chief of the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. In 2010, she was named a Fellow of the World Technology Network for her contributions on the development of sustainable and environmental technologies. In 2012 she was named a Chapter Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. Dr. Botte has been active in ECS for over 16 years, including past Chair, Vice-Chair, and Secretary/Treasurer of the IEEE Division, past member of the Honors and Awards Committee, and the Symposium 26

Planning Subcommittee. She is a founder and leader of the IEEE Division outreach program. This program, which started in the fall of 2006, consists of demonstrations performed to high school students on electrochemical technologies. Since then, the program had served 743 students in the United States and Overseas. Professor Botte received her BS in Chemical Engineering from Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela) in 1994. Prior to graduate school, Dr. Botte worked as a process engineer in a petrochemical plant (Petroquimica de Venezuela) where she was involved in the production of fertilizers and polymers. She received her PhD in 2000 (under the direction of Dr. Ralph E. White) and M.E. in 1998, both in Chemical Engineering, from the University of South Carolina. Prior to joining Ohio University as an assistant professor in 2002, Dr. Botte was an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota-Duluth. Ralph J. Brodd is President of Broddarp of Nevada. He has over 40 years experience in the technology, manufacturing and market aspects of the electrochemical energy conversion business. His experience spans the major primary and rechargeable battery systems, fuel cells and electrochemical capacitors. He is a Past President of The Electrochemical Society and was elected Honorary Member in 1987. With Dr. A. Kozawa, he founded the IBA and arranged for the first joint meetings of the Electrochemical Society of Japan and the ECS in Honolulu. He served as Vice President and National Secretary of the International Society of Electrochemistry as well as on technical advisory committees for the National Research Council, the International Electrotechnic Commission, Secretary for the P1625 and P1725 of the IEEE, and NEMA as well as on program review committees for the Department of Energy and NASA. Yasuhiro Fukunaka is currently a visiting professor at the Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Waseda University. He obtained his Dr. of Eng. in Metallurgy Dept. at Kyoto University, (1975, “Kinetic Analysis of Gas-Solid Reactions in a Fluidized Bed,” advisor Prof. Y. Kondo). Afterwards, he held a postdoctoral fellow position at the University of Toronto (Oxidation Kinetics of Ni Sulfide Droplet Levitated above 2300K, with Prof. J. M. Toguri). In late 1977, he was appointed as a research associate in Kyoto University. Through his international experiences, Professor Fukunaka learned that nonferrous metallurgy provides a treasure trove of academic seeds for a young materials scientist. Moreover, he came to realize that the electrolyte circulation process with additive supply in copper refinery had been already optimized for over 100 years and that many refinery engineers believed there was no room to improvement except for materials handlings. This situation strongly stimulated his academic interests. In particular, he was inspired by the pioneering approach of C. Wagner and the Berkeley electrochemical engineering school to the role of natural convection in electrochemical processes. After the ISE Meeting in Berkeley, 1984, his interest shifted to the coupling phenomena between the morphological/microstructural variations and the mass transfer rate. The introduction of another degree of freedom like gravitational forces or magnetic gradient fields into electrochemical processing further broadened his research activities. In 1996, Dr. Fukunaka moved to the field of energy science and technology and started research on space energy and resources as well as on solar-hydrogen energy. He was the first to observe various kinds of unique electrochemical interfacial phenomena in microgravity conditions, including three-phase interfacial phenomena such as the influence of froth layer growth on the surface coverage ratio of H2 and O2 gas bubbles on electrodes in alkaline water electrolysis as well as the MHD effect to implement efficient liquid/gas separation. The electrodeposition of Li and Si from ionic liquids was also studied. Professor Fukunaka retired from Kyoto University and joined Waseda University and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Bruce Parkinson grew up in Minnesota and in high school showed an early interest in electrochemistry by working on electrochemical science projects that placed first at the regional science fair three years in a row from 1967-1969. After high school he went to Iowa State University where he did undergraduate research on rotating electrodes with Dennis Johnson and received his BS in chemistry in 1972. He then attended Caltech where he earned his PhD in 1977 under the guidance of Fred Anson working on electrode kinetics and surface phase formation on mercury electrodes. In 1978, Dr. Parkinson did post-doctoral studies at Bell Laboratories with Adam Heller and Barry Miller where he was introduced to the area of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry that became his primary career interest. His first real job was as a staff scientist at the Ames Laboratory from 1979-1981 after which he moved on to the Solar Energy Research Institute (now known as the National Renewable Energy Laboratory) in Golden, Colorado working on solar energy conversion as a senior scientist in the Photoconversion Branch with Art Nozik. In 1985 he joined the Central Research and Development Department of the DuPont Company in Wilmington, Delaware. In 1991 he became Professor of Chemistry at Colorado State University until his departure in 2008 to join the Department of Chemistry and the School of Energy Resources at the University of Wyoming where he is now the J. E. Warren Professor of Energy and Environment. Professor Parkinson’s current research covers a wide range of areas including electrochemistry, materials chemistry, nanomaterials, photoelectrochemistry on Mars and photoelectrochemical energy conversion. He has more than 210 publications in peer-reviewed journals and holds 5 US patents and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Parkinson is married to Lucinda Baker and has three children Lily, Graham, and Robin Parkinson. His other interests include photography and swimming.

Dirk M. Guldi is one of the world-leading scientists in the field of charge transfer/ nanocarbons. In particular, he is well-known for his outstanding contributions to the areas of charge-separation in donor-acceptor materials and construction of nanostructured thin films for solar energy conversion. His scientific career began at the University of Köln, from where he graduated in Chemistry (1988) and from where he received his PhD (1990). After a postdoctoral stay at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg/USA (1991/1992), he took a position at the Hahn-Meitner-Institute Berlin (1992-1994). Following a brief stay as a Feodor-Lynen Fellow at Syracuse University/USA he joined the faculty of the Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory/USA (1995). Then, after nearly a decade in the USA, the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg succeeded in attracting Dirk M. Guldi back to Germany, despite major efforts by the University of Notre Dame (2004), who offered him a position as Director of the Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory & Full Professor in the Physics Department, and the University of Bowling Green (2005) as Ohio Board of Regents Eminent Scholar in Photochemical Sciences. Professor Guldi is the recipient of numerous honors and awards– VCI Abschlussstipendium (VCI, 1990), Heisenberg Preis (DFG, 1999), Grammaticakis-Neumann Prize (Swiss Society of Photochemistry, The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Fred Roozeboom received his MSc in chemistry (cum laude) from Utrecht University in 1976, and his PhD in chemical engineering in 1980 at Twente University (both in The Netherlands) on topics in catalysis. From 1980-1983 he worked on zeolite catalysis with Exxon R&D Labs in Baton Rouge, USA (1980-1982) and with Exxon Chemicals in Rotterdam (1983). In 1983, Dr. Roozeboom joined Philips Research (since 2006: NXP Research) in Eindhoven, Netherlands, where his earlier work encompassed MOCVD of III-V semiconductors (1983-1988), IC metallization deposition and (rapid thermal) processing (1988-1990), soft-magnetic materials for magnetic recording (1990-1996), and on MBE of ultrathin magnetic and “switchable mirror” hydride multilayers (1996). More recently (19972009) he led a team working on silicon-based 3D passives and Li-ion microbatteries, and heterogeneous integration into System-in-Package products in wireless communication, power management and digital signal processing. For part of this work he received the Bronze Award of the ‘NXP Invention of the Year 2007’ and became an NXP Research Fellow. Since 2007, Professor Roozeboom is also a part-time professor at the Department of Applied Physics of the Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands, in the group Plasma and Material Processing. In 2009, he left NXP and joined TNO, Eindhoven, Netherlands as a senior technical advisor working in a team specializing in spatial atmospheric Atomic Layer Deposition and other high-speed processing. In 2011, the spatial processing team received the 2nd EARTO Innovation Prize Award. (continued on next page) 27

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Jay W. Grate has been at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) since 1992, where he is currently a Laboratory Fellow, a Wiley Research Fellow in association with the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, and a Battelle Distinguished Inventor. He has been an Affiliated Professor with the Chemistry Department at the University of Washington since 2004. He was a scientist at the Naval Research Laboratory from 1984 to 1992. Dr. Grate’s research interests are in interfacial chemistry and materials science, including polymer thin films, organic monolayers, monolayer-protected inorganic nanoparticles, and stabilized enzyme nanoparticles and composites. His expertise has been applied to various topics in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, particularly in chemical sensors. He was a pioneer in the development of polymercoated vapor sensors, where his signature contribution was to develop a systematic understanding of vapor-polymer interactions as they relate to sensor selectivity, and to determine the basis for selecting sets of sensor coatings to maximize selectivity in an array of acoustic wave sensors. He applied this understanding to the development of new sensing polymers, receiving an R&D100 Award for “BSP3 Polymer” in 2004 and the American Chemical Society Regional Industrial Innovation Award in 2007. At PNNL, Dr. Grate initiated the development of a new class of chemically-selective sensors for radionuclides in water. These sensors use a preconcentrating mini-column device and have been engineered into systems for field testing at the Hanford nuclear site in Washington State. He has also contributed to the development of microfluidic sensors for biological toxins, and investigated oxygen sensors incorporated into microfluidic structures as habitats for microbial communities. His work has been featured on the covers of several leading journals including Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Reviews, Langmuir, and Chemical Communications, and described in magazines such as Chemical and Engineering News. Within the Electrochemical Society, Dr. Grate participated in the founding of the Sensor Division and has been a continuous member of the Executive Committee of the Sensor Division since its inception. He served on the ECS committee to award the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching in 2010 and 2012.

2000), JSPS Award (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 2003), JPP Award (Society of Porphyrins & Phthalocyanines, 2004), and Elhuyar-Goldschmidt Award (Spanish Chemical Society, 2009). He served as Chair of the Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures Division of The Electrochemical Society between 2008 and 2012.

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in 2008. His current interests include non-equilibrium electrochemical processing confined in nano-scale volumes as well as the technology of large scale solar-hydrogen energy systems. He has also been interested in the ultra-fast reduction processing of SiO2 refined from diatomaceous earth resources and in high temperature molten salt electrochemistry for in-situ resources utilization.

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2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Award Winners-Fellows (continued from previous page)

Dr. Salkind has two children, Susanne and James, and two grandchildren, Abby and Jacob. He also enjoys sailing, skiing, swimming, photography and traveling to revisit friends.

Dr. Roozeboom has authored or co-authored ~150 journal and conference publications and 5 book chapters. He holds 24 US patents and has ~30 pending patent applications. He has edited or co-edited of 28 conference books on semiconductor processing. His h-index (web of science) is 28. Dr. Roozeboom serves or has served as a member-at-large of the Electronics and Photonics Division of the Electrochemical Society, as a member of the ENIAC* advisory committee to the European Commission (subcommittee Beyond CMOS). He also served as Meeting Chair of the Materials Research Society (MRS) Fall 2003 Meeting. Topics of interest: ultrathin-film technology, plasma processing, spatial ALD (incl. roll-to-roll), RTP, reactive ion etching, 3D passive and heterogeneous integration, microsystem technology, Li-ion microbatteries, sensors, displays.

Sudipta Seal joined the Advanced Materials Processing and Analysis Center (AMPAC) and Mechanical Materials Aerospace Engineering at the University of Central Florida in Fall 1997. He is the University Distinguished Professor and UCF Pegasus Professor. He received his BS (BTech-Hons) (1990) from Indian Institute of Technology (KGP) in Metallurgy and Materials Eng, worked for TATA Steel India (90-91), MS in Metallurgy, University of Sheffield (91-92), UK, and PhD from U Wisconsin (UWM) in Materials Engineering and Minor in Biochemistry and Surface Chemistry (93-96). During his PhD, he developed various surface techniques to evaluate organic/iorganic interfaces relevant to defects, corrosion and biological radical production. After that, he joined Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley and was involved in the development of Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy and Scanning photoemission spectroscopy. At UCF, he pioneered nanostructured cerium oxide and other metal/oxide platforms (micro to nano) and discovered its antioxidant properties and applied in various biomedical problems and led to various patents in the area of regenerative nanostructures. His group is currently studying the biochemical interfaces of nanostructures and composites using various surface and electrochemical techniques to understand the redox properties responsible for its regenerative properties at nanoscale. He is also involved in plasma based large scale manufacturing of nano-coatings and products for corrosion applications and developing novel nano-energetics materials. His research is funded by DOD, NSF, NIH, NIH, SBIR programs, and numerous industries including (Airproducts, Siemens, Lucent, Garmor, Nemours Children Hospital, Florida High Tech Corridor, Sanofi Pastour, and others). Besides research and teaching, he has served as Nano Initiative Coordinator for the Vice-President of Research & Commercialization. He is currently the Director of Nanoscience Technology Center and Advanced Materials Processing Analysis Center at UCF and Professor of Materials Science and Engineering and holds a secondary joint appointment at UCF College of Medicine. In 2014, he is elected as an Interim Chair of the Materials Science and Engineering Department. He created Professional Science Masters Program in Nanotechnology at UCF. He is the recipient of the 2002 Office of Naval Research Young Investigator Award (ONR-YIP) in the areas of bulk nanocomposites. He’s also been selected for the Japan Society of Promotion of Science Awardee and the Alexander Von Humboldt Fellow, ASM IIM Lecturer award, Royal Soc of Eng - Visiting Professor Distinguished Fellowship at Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Central Florida Engineers Week award, Academic Trail Blazor Award from DC. He was elected to attend the prestigious Frontiers of Eng Symposium sponsored by National Academy of Engineering. He is the recipient of Fellow of American Society of Materials (FASM) and Fellow of the American Association of Advancement of Science (FAAAS), Fellow of American Vacuum Society (FAVS), Fellow of Institute of Nanotechnology-UK (FIoN) and recently elected to the Fellow of American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering (FAIMBE) and Fellow of National Academy of Inventors (FNAI). He has won multiple teaching and research awards from UCF. He was awarded the UCF Dean’s Advisory Board: Faculty Award for Excellence from UCF College of Engineering. He has more than 350 journal papers, conference proceedings papers, book chapters, and three books on nanotechnology (including one on Nanoscience and Technology Education). He has 39 issued patents (and many pending), and h index >54 and his technology is responsible for various startups (nSolgel, NanoCe, Nantiox, etc). He graduated 16 PhD, 19 MS, 18 postdoc/researchers and mentored more than 80 undergraduate students in research. He is currently supervising a group of 12-graduate and undergraduate students/postdocs/researchers. His expertise lies in the field of oxides, nanomanufacturing, sensors, nanobio-therapeutics, nano-energetics, green manufacturing and surface engineering. http:// sudipta-seal.ucf.edu.

Alvin Salkind has been involved in electrochemical technology for most of his career. His graduate education at Polytechnic Institute, now NYU, was part-time while working at battery companies around NYC. His masters thesis involved membranes for silver-zinc batteries and absorbent separators for lead-acid batteries. His rejected membranes were used by H. Mark to directly measure the MW of cellulosics. Dr. Salkind’s doctoral training at Polytechnic (Poly) was interdisciplinary, chemical engineering with minors in electrochemistry and x-ray physics. His thesis involved nickel-cadmium batteries. He was the first to build a battery into an x-ray port tracking structure with state of charge. He shared the x-ray machine with Margo Bergmann, (the wife of Peter Bergmann who earlier was Einstein’s assistant). With a visiting faculty member, Vladimir Scatturin, Dr. Salkind resolved the structure of AgO using neutron diffraction. At the initial request of Don Othmer, then Chemical Engineering Chair, Dr. Salkind taught a graduate course at Poly in Applied Electrochemistry from 1959-1970. While at Poly, Dr. Salkind shared lab space with Rudy Marcus, who later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. After completing his doctorate, Dr. Salkind became a group leader at ESB Central Lab which had subsidiaries and licensees in 26 countries, and whose divisions included Exide, Rayovac, Willson, and Grant. In 1970, he became President of the ESB Technology Center and Vice-President of the parent company. He also became a member of the Industrial Research Institute. Also in 1970, Dr. Salkind became a part-time Professor of Surgery/ Bioengineering at Rutgers Medical School. By 1980, Dr. Salkind returned to academia full-time, dividing his time between Rutgers, and Case Western as the Executive Director of the Case Center for Electrochemical Sciences (now the Yeager Center). In 1982, Professor Salkind became the Associate Dean of the Rutgers School of Engineering. In 2004, he became Professor Emeritus. From 2004-2012, Dr. Salkind was a visiting Professor at the University of Miami and at CUNY. He has been a visiting professor in Russia, Japan, China, Austria, India, Serbia, and Croatia. Professor Salkind is also a Fellow of the American Medical Association, AIMBE, AAAS, and the NJ Academy of Medicine and has received awards from societies in England and Japan. Dr. Salkind has been the author or editor of 17 books. His first book, Alkaline Storage Batteries, with S. Uno Falk, was an ECS monograph. He wrote another title, Techniques of Electrochemistry with Ernest Yeager. Dr. Salkind is co-editor of 11 ECS proceedings volumes, and is the author of over 200 articles. He has over 2 dozen patents, Dr. Salkind has been chair of the ECS Battery Division, the ECS Metropolitan Section, and the chair of many ECS committees and subcommittees, including the New Technology Subcommittee (now Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Subcommittee). Professor Salkind is grateful to colleagues who helped along the way including Rutgers faculty members Forrest Trumbore, Vladimir Bagotzky, Lisa Klein, Tom Reddy, and Tony Cannone; and students/ colleagues Max Schautz (ESA), Sergio Sironi (Sironi battery Milan), and Terry Atwater (Aberdeen). 28

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

He is an active member of ECS DS&T and served on various committees over the years, and organized numerous Chemical Mechanical Planarization symposium/CMP Proceedings and delivered various short courses. He was instrumental in creating the first Electrochemical Society Student chapter at University of Central Florida and many of his students have received various ECS awards for talks and posters.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Jose H. Zagal is a professor at the University of Santiago de Chile. He received his undergraduate degree in Chemistry from the University of Chile in 1973 and a PhD from Case Western Reserve University, in 1978, under E. Yeager. He was a visiting scientist at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1982, Brown & Williamson Visiting Scholar, University of Louisville in 1996 and has been visiting scientist at the Ecole Superieure de Chimie de Paris in several occasions. He was awarded the Presidential Chair in Science in 1996 in Chile by a committee chaired by Nobel Laureate Rudolph Marcus. He was appointed member of the Superior Council of Sciences by the President of Chile for the period 2011-2013. He has recently been elected Fellow of the International Society of Electrochemistry. Professor Zagal has been a member of ECS since 1977 and helped to create the Chile Section of ECS and became its first Chair in 2011. He has delivered more than 50 papers at ECS meetings. He has authored over 190 publications, 6 book chapters, co-authored two books and created 3 patents.

Tooru Tsuru is an Emeritus Professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology (TIT), Japan. He received his Doctor degree in metallurgical engineering from TIT in 1975 and joined the Department of Metallurgical Engineering at TIT as a Research Associate, in 1982 as an Associate Professor, in 1990 as a Professor, in 2010 as a Distinguished Professor, and retired in 2012. He joined Massachusetts Institute of Technology as PostDoctoral Research Fellow from 1980 to 1981. Professor Tsuru combined basic electrochemical measurements with other physical, chemical or mechanical methods, such as resistometry, electrochemical impedance, channel flow electrode, Kelvin probe, acoustic and photo acoustic measurements, and others, to advance corrosion research and developed understanding based on electrochemistry principles. He showed the amount of adsorbed intermediate for anodic dissolution of iron in the Bockris mechanism and diffusion control of oxygen in thin water film as proposed by Tomashov. For electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, He and his group and the French group were pioneers for wide range measurement from 0.001Hz to 20kHz. He applied this for studies of many corrosion problems and proposed a practical application as corrosion monitoring system. He applied Kelvin probe, electrochemical methods and many others to study on atmospheric corrosion that is a most complicated

Harry L. Tuller is Professor of Ceramics and Electronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Head of the Crystal Physics and Electroceramics Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He received BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering and Eng.Sc.D. in Solid State Science & Engineering from Columbia University, NY; served as Postdoctoral Research Associate, Physics, Technion, Israel 1974-5; following which he joined the faculty at MIT. Professor Tuller’s research focuses on defects, diffusion, and the electrical, electrochemical and optical properties of metal oxides with applications to sensors, fuel cells, photoelectrochemistry, thin film oxides, microphotonics, and MEMS devices. He has published over 420 articles, co-edited 15 books and was awarded 29 patents. He is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Electroceramics and Series Editor of Electronic Materials: Science and Technology and co-founder of Boston MicroSystems, a pioneer in silicon carbide-based MEMS technology and devices. His honors include: Fellow of the American Ceramic Society– ACERS (1984); recipient of Fulbright (1989-1990), and von Humboldt Awards (Germany) (1997-2002); Docteur Honoris Causa, University Provence, Marseilles (2004); ACERS F.H. Norton Award (2005); elected to World Academy of Ceramics (2006); ACERS Edward Orton Jr. Award (2007); The Joseph Meyerhoff Visiting Professor, Weizmann Institute of Science (2008); Honorable Guest Professor of Shizuoka University, Japan (2009-2014); Technices Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Oulu, Finland (2009); The John F. McMahon Award Lecture, Alfred University (2009); Outstanding Achievement Award - High Temperature Division, The Electrochemical Society (2010); Somiya Award for International Collaboration in Materials Research, International Union Materials Research Societies, Japan (2012); Helmholtz International Fellow Award (Germany) (2013); VP and President-Elect of International Society of Solid State Ionics-ISSI (2013); Fellow of The Electrochemical Society (2014).

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Michael M. Thackeray is an Argonne Distinguished Fellow and senior scientist in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division at Argonne National Laboratory. He received his PhD from the University of Cape Town, South Africa (1977) and studied as a post-doctoral student at Oxford University, UK. He was manager of the Battery Unit at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South Africa before moving to Argonne in 1994. He was Director of the Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Energy Frontier Research Center (EFRC), the Center for Electrical Energy Storage (CEES) from 2009 to 2014, and is currently Deputy Director of the renewed EFRC, the Center for Electrical Energy Science (CEES-II). Dr. Thackeray has focused his career on unraveling structureelectrochemical relationships in solid electrodes and electrolytes for battery systems and in designing new or improved materials. While at the CSIR, he contributed to the early concepts of high-temperature sodium-metal chloride (‘Zebra’) batteries, and he pioneered the discovery of several transition-metal-oxide electrodes for lithium batteries, notably the spinel LiMn2O4. While at Argonne, in a CRADA between DOE, 3M, and Hydro-Quebec his identification of a new cathode chemistry led to significant advances in lithium-polymer battery technology; he is also recognized for his contributions to the design of composite electrode structures for lithium-ion batteries. Dr. Thackeray has published more than 200 research papers and is an inventor on 51 patents, several of which have been licensed on an international scale. Recognition for his contributions to battery science and technology include an honorary doctorate from the University of Cape Town (2014), the International Battery Association Yeager Award for life-long achievements in lithium battery R&D (2011), a DOE R&D Award (2010), an R&D100 Award (2009), The Electrochemical Society Battery Division Research Award (2005) and the University of Chicago Distinguished Performance Medal (2003). In South Africa, he is recognized on the commemorative wall at Africa’s first internationally accredited science park for contributions as a South African to world science and technology. Dr. Thackeray is a Board member of the International Battery Association, serving as its President between 1999 and 2002. He has been a member of the Battery Division of ECS since 1994 and has served on several Committees of the Society.

phenomenon that involve many physical and chemical effects. He proposed a basic tool for design and evaluate a corrosion test in laboratories by the investigations of change in corrosion rate and mechanisms during wet and dry cycles. He and his co-workers have explored with success the electrochemistry of hot corrosion, hydrogen entry of steels, corrosion fatigue, and fuel cells. Professor Tsuru supervised 37 doctoral dissertations and published more than 175 original papers (include Japanese), more than 161 papers in international meeting proceedings, 19 co-authored books and 9 co-edited international proceeding volumes. He is an active member of Japan Society of Corrosion Engineering (JSCE) and was the president of JSCE (2007-2008) and he has been the member of International Corrosion Council (ICC) since 1998, and was vice president (2002-2007) and president (2008-2010).

Award Winners-Fellows (continued from previous page)

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He was member of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry and is currently an Editorial Board member of several publications including the Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, Electrochemistry Communications, International Journal of Electrochemistry and of the Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. He has contributed in many areas of electrochemistry including modified electrodes, conductive polymers, sensors and corrosion but he is particularly known for establishing reactivity guidelines for the design of efficient non-precious metal catalysts for the promotion of many electrochemical reactions including the reduction of O2. He developed the concept of “tuning” the redox properties of MN4 metal complexes for optimizing their electrocatalytic activity (volcano correlations). He is a contributor to the last edition of the Electrochemical Dictionary. More recently he has become involved in the development of hybrid micro-electrodes using carbon nanotubes and conductive polymers for the detection of molecules of biological interest. Zagal also writes poetry, plays the Scottish bagpipes, and draws cartoons. Some of his caricatures appeared in Interface in 2002.

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Piotr Zelenay received his PhD and DSc (“habilitation”) degrees in chemistry from Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland. He was a postdoctoral research fellow at Texas A&M University, College Station (1983-1986), a visiting professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (1988, 1989, 1990-92), University of Alicante, Spain (1994), and Colorado State University (1996-1997). Dr. Zelenay was appointed a faculty member in the Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University in 1983 and remained at the University until 1997, when he accepted permanent research position with Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). Dr. Zelenay has been associated with Materials Physics and Applications Division (formerly Materials Science and Technology Division) at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the past 15 years. He is currently a Project Leader and Team Leader at LANL focusing primarily on fundamental and applied aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell science and technology, electrocatalysis, and electrode kinetics. Dr. Zelenay has published more than 100 research articles in renowned scientific journals, including Nature and Science, coauthored nearly 300 presentations, of which approximately 100 have been invited/keynote/plenary lectures. To his credit, Dr. Zelenay has 16 patents and patent applications in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Since becoming Project Leader for LANL Fuel Cell Program in 2000, Dr. Zelenay has led numerous research projects and received more than 20 awards and recognitions. Among others, in June 2010, he was awarded the DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to Fuel Cell Technologies for research on non-precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction and, presently, The Electrochemical Society Energy Technology Division Research Award. Dr. Zelenay is a member of The Electrochemical Society, International Society of Electrochemistry and Editorial Board of Electrocatalysis.

2013 ECS Young Author Awards The Norman Hackerman Young Author Award was established in 1928 for the two best papers published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society—one for a paper in the field of electrochemical science and technology, and the other for solid state science and technology. To coincide with the change in Publications, beginning with the 2013 awards, the Norman Hackerman Young Author Award is being presented for the best paper published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and technology by a young author or authors. The Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award, established in 2013, is being presented for the best paper published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology for a topic in the field of solid state science and technology by a young author or authors. 30

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award Awarded to Rahul Malik and Aziz Abdellahi for “A Critical Review of the Li Insertion Mechanisms in LiFePO4 Electrodes” (JES, Vol. 160, No. 5, p. A3179). Rahul Malik is a research associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) currently studying and developing materials for next-generation batteries from a combined experimental and first-principles calculations guided approach. After graduating summa cum laude with honors from Cornell University in 2007 with a BS in materials science and engineering, Dr. Malik completed his PhD in 2013 with Gerbrand Ceder at MIT for work on lithium iron phosphate cathodes, characterizing the particle size-dependence of the ionic diffusivity and non-equilibrium solid-solution transformation pathway. Currently, he is working in partnership with the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR) developing novel materials for multi-valent intercalation based batteries which offer promise of significantly higher energy density compared to Li-ion batteries. His broader research interests include the thermodynamics and kinetics of materials (for energy), computationally guided materials development, collaboration with both theorists and experimentalists, and energy applications where material properties govern device performance. Aziz Abdellahi is a PhD student in the Materials Science and Engineering Department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). His thesis work, under the supervision of Gerbrand Ceder, focuses on understanding the single particle lithiation mechanisms in LiFePO4 using first principles. Prior to joining Prof. Ceder’s group, Mr. Abdellahi completed a bachelor in engineering physics from the Ecole Polytechnique (Paris, France) and a Masters in Nuclear Engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal (Montreal, Canada). In addition to his research, Mr. Abdellahi is a member of the MIT Energy Club. As a co-director of the MIT Energy Club’s Events Committee, he has organized more than thirty energy lectures given by industrial and academic experts. Mr. Abdellahi also holds a black belt in Taekwondo, a Korean martial art which he practices very competitively. In addition to being a six-time Canadian champion, he earned a gold medal at the 2010 International Sports Karate Association World Championships (Orlando, USA), a bronze medal at the 2012 Taekwondo Pan-American Championships (Trois-Rivieres, Canada) and a top 8 finish at the 2013 Taekwondo World Championships (Benidorm, Spain).

Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award Awarded to Konstantinos Spyrou for “Hydrogen Storage in GrapheneBased Materials: Efforts Towards Enhanced Hydrogen Absorption” (JSS, Vol. 2, No 10, p. M3160). Konstantinos Spyrou received his BS in Materials Science and Engineering (2007) from University of Ioannina, Greece and his PhD in the group of surfaces and thin films (Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials) from University of Groningen, The Netherlands. He is currently a postdoctoral associate in Materials Science and Engineering departments at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. His research interests are materials chemistry, carbon nanostructures (graphene, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes), layered materials (clays, pillared clays, organo-clays), organic-inorganic composite materials, magnetic nanoparticles for multifunctional applications like gas storage, catalytically and environmental applications and CO2 capture.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Battery Division Research Award

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Electrodeposition Division Research Award Alan West received his BS in Chemical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University, where he was first introduced to electrochemical engineering in Uziel Landau’s course. He then studied under John Newman, where he focused on the numerical simulation and theory of current distributions; he received his PhD in Chemical Engineering from the University of California. In postdoctoral studies, he worked with Dieter Landolt in the area of electrochemical etching and polishing of metals at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne. Dr. West joined Columbia University in 1992 as an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering. He is the past chair of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Columbia University and is currently the Samuel Ruben-Peter G. Viele Professor of Electrochemistry. Professor West is a recipient of The Electrochemical Society’s Norman Hackerman Young Author Award, and a co-author on two other papers that garnered the prize for his students, Roberto Vidal (continued on next page) 31

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Feng Wu is head of the School of Chemical Engineering & the Environment, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China. He is currently the President of Green Energy Research Institute and the Co-Chair of the China Battery Industry Association. Professor Wu is a leading scientist in the battery research community in China and one of the internationally recognized materials researchers in this field. He has made outstanding contributions to both basic and applied research as well as commercialization of rechargeable batteries in China. Professor Wu has been involved in the research of NiMH batteries, lithium ion batteries and advanced power batteries for electric and hybrid vehicle applications. He has made great contributions in the development of high-strength composite membranes, electrolytes with electrochemically compatible flame retardants, as well as electrode materials with good thermal stability for lithium-ion battery applications. He has been leading several Chinese national key research programs in the battery area, such as the ‘863 Program,’ which is the National High Technology Research and Development Program in China, and the ‘973 Program,’ the Chinese National Basic Research Program in China. Both 863 and 973 programs are supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of the central government of China. In these programs, his teams have been utilizing innovative approaches to successfully achieve enhancement of energy density using multi-valence systems containing light elements. Dr. Wu has also been leading several projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. As the first Chief Scientist of

Paul M. Natishan received a BS in Biology from Wilkes College and a MS and PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Virginia. He went to the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) as a National Research Council post-doc, joined NRL as a Research Metallurgist in 1985, and is currently section head in the Center of Corrosion Science and Engineering. Dr. Natishan has worked in the fields of corrosion science and engineering and electrochemistry for 31 years. His research has resulted in over 100 publications and 7 U.S. patents. He has been inducted as a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and NACE International. He was the recipient of the 1996 Blum and 1997 Foley Awards (National Capital Section of ECS) and the 2005 Kruger Award (Baltimore/Washington Section of NACE International). Dr. Natishan is a Past President and Secretary of ECS. He was a member of the Corrosion Division Executive Committee, Chair of the ECS Transactions Charter Committee, and has served on most committees within ECS. He was appointed Adjunct Full Professor at Duke University in 2006. Dr. Natishan was a section editor for the ASM Handbook on Corrosion, Volume 13A and co-wrote the chapter “Corrosion and Corrosion Control” for the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology in 1993 with second and third editions in 2002 and 2010. He was an associate editor for Corrosion Journal. Currently, Dr. Natishan is the Associate Editor for the Corrosion TIA of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, a member of the Honors and Awards Committee, Audit Subcommittee, and Council of Past Presidents.

Battery Division Technology Award

Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award

Special Meeting Section

Arumugam Manthiram is currently the Joe C. Walter Chair in Engineering and Director of the Texas Materials Institute and the Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Program at the University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin). He received BS (1974) and MS (1976) degrees in chemistry from Madurai University, India, and a PhD degree in chemistry (1980) from the Indian Institute of Technology at Madras. After working as a senior research fellow at the Indian Institute of Science at Bangalore, as a lecturer at Madurai Kamaraj University in India, and as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oxford in England and at UT-Austin with Professor John B. Goodenough, he became a faculty member at UT-Austin in 1991. Dr. Manthiram’s research is focused on rechargeable batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. He has authored more than 550 publications, including 470 journal articles. He has been awarded 9 patents, and 14 patent applications are currently pending. He has graduated 41 PhD students and 22 MS students so far. He currently directs a large research group with about 30 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. He is the Regional (USA) Editor of Solid State Ionics and is serving as an editorial board member for 5 other journals, including Chemistry of Materials, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and ECS Electrochemistry Letters. He has served in various capacities at ECS including Chair of the South Texas Section (1998-1999), Texas Section (2005-2007), and Battery Division (2010-2012). He founded the Student Chapter of ECS at UT-Austin in 2006. Professor Manthiram received the Engineering Foundation Faculty Excellence Award in 1994, Mechanical Engineering Department Faculty Leadership Award in 1996, Charlotte Maer Patton Centennial Fellowship in 1996, Ashley H. Priddy Centennial Professorship in 2002, B. F. Goodrich Endowed Professorship in 2006, Jack S. Josey Professorship in Energy Studies in 2008, Joe C. Walter Chair in 2009, Mechanical Engineering Department Outstanding Teaching Award in 2011, and the University of Texas Outstanding Graduate Teaching award in 2012. He is a Fellow of the American Ceramic Society and The Electrochemical Society.

the Chinese Key Electric Vehicle Project of the Chinese National High Tech Research and Development Plan, he has successfully achieved several important milestones in this project. In the battery research field, Professor Wu has published more than 400 SCI and EI papers, edited two books as chief editors, and awarded 46 patents. In addition to the multiple national and provincial awards in China, Professor Wu received the International Battery Association 2012 Research Award in 2012 and the 2013 International Automobile Lithium Battery Association (IALB) Research Award in 2013. He has been serving as the lead organizer representing China in the China-US workshops on energy storage and vehicle technologies. He has been actively involving and serving as chairs or co-chairs in the Advanced Batteries for Automotive Applications (ABAA) conferences and International Forums on Li-ion Battery Technology & Industrial Development.

Award Winners-Uhlig (continued from previous page)

Special Meeting Section

and Igor Volov. His research interests include electrodeposition, electrochemical sensors, batteries, and electrochemical synthesis. In addition to his academic studies, Professor West has consulted and collaborated extensively with the industry. He is an author of a self-published text, Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering: An Introduction, intended for engineering students at the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate level. Furthermore, he is working to spin out from the University a technology that couples an electrochemical and biological process to convert dilute sources of CO2 into fuels and chemicals.

High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Janusz Nowotny is Professor of Solar Energy Technologies, University of Western Sydney. He received his MSc, Silesian Technical University, Gliwice, Poland; and his PhD, at the Polish Academy of Sciences. He completed his postdoc at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois; and his ScD at the Academy of Mining and Metallurgy, Cracow. His former associations include Director, UNSW Centre for Materials Research in Energy Conversion, the Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organisation, the Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Silesian Technical University. Professor Nowotny has been a visiting Professor at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Grenoble, the Tokyo Institute of Technology, the University of Burgogne, the Max-Planck-Institute for Solid State Research, the University of Paris-Sud, the University of Nancy, and the University of Marseille. His professional activities include the Director of NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nonstoichiometric Compounds. Professor Nowotny has been the organizer of over 50 international meetings, including NATO Summer School, Oleron, ‘88. He is the founder of the International Network on Solar Hydrogen (established in ‘04). Dr. Nowotny is also the founder of two workshop series, Nonstoichiometric Compounds as well as Ceramic Interfaces. He is Fellow of the Polish Academy of Science & Art and member of Editorial Boards of 6 international journals, including Ionics, Hydrogen Energy, and Materials Science Forum. Dr. Nowotny has published more than 20 books, including Oxide Semiconductors for Solar Energy Conversion (‘12), has more than 440 refereed papers and edition of 5 topical issues of international journals.

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry Charles Logan Hussey is Chair and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Mississippi. He earned his BS and PhD degrees in Chemistry from this institution in 1971 and 1974, respectively. From 1974-78, he was a research chemist and active duty military officer at the Frank J. Seiler Research Laboratory (Air Force Systems Command) located at the United States Air Force Academy. Dr. Hussey joined the

Department of Chemistry at the University of Mississippi as an Assistant Professor in 1978. Concurrently, he served as a member of the United States Air Force Reserve and was assigned to the Battery and Propulsion Directorate, Wright Laboratory, Air Force Materiel Command, retiring in 1994 as a Lieutenant Colonel. Dr. Hussey was promoted to Professor in 1987 and became Department Chair in 1997. During his academic career, Professor Hussey has served as ViceChair and Chair of the Gordon Conference on Molten Salts and Liquid Metals, as a consultant for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, as a member of the National Research Council Committee on Electrometallurgical Techniques for DOE Spent Fuel Treatment, as a member of the University of Chicago Review Committee for the CMT Division of Argonne National Laboratory, and as a member of the Board of Visitors for the Army Research Office. Professor Hussey, who is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society, has been a member of the Electrochemical Society Editorial Board since 2000. As an Associate Editor and now Technical Editor, he has handled manuscripts in many topical areas for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Electrochemistry Letters, but mainly those articles involving electrochemical/electroless deposition and electrochemistry in molten salts and ionic liquids. In addition, he has organized ECS symposia about electrochemistry in molten salts and nonaqueous solvents, and the electrochemistry and spectroscopy of surface-bound molecules. Professor Hussey’s scientific research with molten salts/ionic liquids has been directed at the electrochemistry and spectroscopy of d- and f-block elements, the electrodeposition of aluminum and corrosion-resistant aluminum-transition metal alloys, and the electrochemical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. He has also published extensively about the physical and transport properties of molten salts/ionic liquids. More than 25 students have earned advanced degrees in his laboratory, and many of them hold significant positions in industry or academia.

Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award Peter Hesketh received a B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Leeds (1979) and was a Thouron Fellow at the University of Pennsylvania, obtaining an MS (1983) PhD (1987) in Electrical Engineering. He worked in the Microsensor Group at the Physical Electronics Laboratory of Stanford Research Institute and then Teknekron Sensor Development Corporation before joining the faculty at the University of Illinois in 1990 in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. Dr. Hesketh is currently a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Member of the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, and Director of the Micro and Nano Engineering Group in the School of Mechanical Engineering. Professor Hesketh is a past chair of the Sensor Division, and past chair of the Honors and Awards Committee of the ECS. Currently, he is the Chair of the Georgia Section. He is organizer of the MEMS/ NEMS Symposia held at the ECS meeting. His research interests include micro/nanofabrication techniques, micro-cantilever chemical sensors, miniature gas chromatography systems, and microfluidics for sample preparation and sensing of microbial contamination of foods. He has published over seventy journal papers and edited fifteen books on microsystems. He is a Fellow of the AAAS, ASME, ECS, a member of ASEE, AVS, Sigma Xi, and IEEE. Professor Hesketh is married to Ann Marie with two children, Gabriel and Lillian Hesketh.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SPONSORS ECS thanks our Sponsors for their generous support Special Meeting Section

Platinum Sponsors

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Gold Sponsors

Silver Sponsors

Bronze Sponsors

For more information on sponsorship opportunities with ECS, please contact Dan Fatton, Director of Development, 609.737.1902 ext. 115 or dan.fatton@electrochem.org. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

Technical Exhibit The Exhibit Hall is well-placed in an area that easily accommodates equipment demos and there will be several special workshops for exhibitors to showcase their equipment and services. Generous exhibit hours include receptions, and poster sessions in the same hall to ensure maximum traffic during peak hours.

Exhibit Hours

Special Meeting Section

Tuesday, October 7, 2014 0800-1300h �� Exhibitor Move-In 1300-1400h �� Lunch in Exhibit Hall 1300-1600h ��Technical Exhibit 1500-1530h ��Coffee & Snack Break in Exhibit Hall 1800-2000h �� Technical Exhibit, General & Student Poster Session Wednesday, October 8, 2014 0900-1400h ��Technical Exhibit 0930-1000h ��Coffee Break & Continental Breakfast in Exhibit Hall

0930-1030h ��El Cell Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1100-1200h �� Maccor/Ametek Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1200-1300h �� Lunch in Exhibit Hall 1800-2000h ��Technical Exhibit & General Poster Session Thursday, October 9, 2014 0900-1200h ��Technical Exhibit 0930-1000h ��Coffee Break & Continental Breakfast in Exhibit Hall 0930-1030h ��ESL Electroscience Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1100-1200h ��Gamry Workshop in Exhibit Hall

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

ECS and SMEQ Thank Our Exhibitors ALS Co., LTD. Booth 17

Katsunobu Yamamoto yamamoto@bas.co.jp www.als-japan.com

Biolin Scientific Booth 4

Nasira Latif us@biolinscientific.com www.biolinscientific.com

Bio-Logic Booth 7

David Carey david.carey@bio-logic.us www.bio-logic.us

EL-CELL GmbH Booth 22

Johannes Hinckeldeyn Johannes.Hinckeldeyn@el-cell.com www.el-cell.com

ESL ElectroScience Booth 18

Lauren Timko ltimko@electroscience.com www.electroscience.com

Gamry Instruments Booth 3

Wanda Dasch wdasch@gamry.com www.gamry.com

Gelest Inc. Literature Display Gabrielle Lockwood info@gelest.com www.gelest.com

Horiba Scientific Booth 15

Christophe Morin info.sci@horiba.com www.horiba.com

Hosokawa Micron Powder Systems Booth 8

C. C. Huang Chunag@hmps.hosokawa.com www.hmicronpowder.com

Ivium Technologies Booth 27

Pete Peterson info@ivium.us www.ivium.us

Maccor, Inc. Booth 23

Mark Hulse m.hulse@maccor.com www.maccor.com

Metrohm USA Booth 19

info@metrohmusa.com www.metrohmusa.com

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

NCERCAMP

Events-at-a-Glance

Booth 9

Annie Hanson ncercamp@uakron.edu www.uakron.edu/corrosion

Sunday, October 5

Novonix Booth 32

Chris Burns Chris.burns@novonix.ca www.novonix.ca

PEC North America Inc. Booth 2

Peter Ulrix peter.ulrix@peccorp.com www.peccorp.com

Pine Research Instrumentation Booth 5

Booths 24, 25, & 26

Ari Tampasis aritampasis@ametek.com www.princetonappliedresearch.com

Scribner Associates, Inc. Booth 6

Jason Scribner jason@scribner.com www.scribner.com

Ultratech / Cambridge NanoTech Booth 1

Jim Mckibben jmckibben@ultratech.com www.cambridgenanotechALD.com

Student Mixer Students are invited to join distinguished members and staff of ECS and SMEQ for an evening of fun, networking, and socializing over complimentary food and beverages. Always one of the most popular events of the meeting, the student mixer is by invitation, with RSVP required, and will be held on Monday, October 6 from 1930-2130h. Registered students will receive an e-mail invitation with details of the mixer. Please remember to bring your badge and identification (passport or drivers license) - proof of age is required. Please contact ecs@ electrochem.org for more information.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

0800h ��E2S Workshop: Applying Electrochemistry to Complex Global Challenges 0800h ��Career Development Series: Essential Elements for Employment Success 0930h ��Technical Session Coffee Break 1000h ��Technical Sessions* 1200h ��Career Development Series: Résumé Review 1700h ��Career Development Series: Panel of Professionals 1930h ��Student Mixer (RSVP required)

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Princeton Applied Research/Solartron Analytical

Monday, October 6

Diane White pinewire@pineinst.com www.pineinst.com/echem

Special Meeting Section

0900h ��Short Courses 0820h ��Technical Sessions* 1400h ��Career Development Series: Essential Elements for Employment Success 1630h ��Plenary Session 1730h ��Sunday Evening Get-Together

Tuesday, October 7 0800h ��Technical Sessions* 0800h ��Career Development Series: Résumé Review 0930h ��Technical Session Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall 1300h ��Technical Exhibit 1330h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1500h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1700h ��ECS Publications–Author Information Session – Room TBD 1745h ��Acheson Award Reception in Honor of Ralph J. Brodd, Arena A 1800h ��Technical Exhibit and General and Student Poster Session

Wednesday, October 8

0700h ��Free the Science 5K Run 0800h ��Technical Sessions* 0800h ��Career Development Series: Résumé Review 0900h ��Technical Exhibit 0930h ��Technical Session Coffee Break in Exhibit Hall 0930h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1100h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1800h ��Student Poster Award Presentation in Exhibit Hall 1800h ��Technical Exhibit and General Poster Session

Thursday, October 9 0800h ��Technical Sessions* 0900h ��Technical Exhibit 0930h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1100h ��Exhibitor Workshop in Exhibit Hall 1700h ��SMEQ Assembly (open to SMEQ members only) 2000h ��Cena Baile (Dinner and Dance Party) *Check technical program for exact times

Symposium Topics and Organizers A — Batteries and Energy Storage A1 — Batteries and Energy Technology Joint General Session (M-Tu) – A. Manivannan, J. Xiao, B. Y. Liaw, S. Mukerjee, M. M. Doeff, and D. Wang Battery / Energy Technology A2 — Batteries Beyond Lithium Ion (M-Th) – Y. Xing, C. Johnson, M. Yakovleva, V. Di Noto, and K. Zaghib Battery / Energy Technology

Special Meeting Section

A3 — Electrochemical Capacitors: Fundamentals to Applications (M-Th) – W. Sugimoto, D. Bélanger, T. Brousse, P. N. Kumta, J. W. Long, P. Simon, D. Qu, and O. Leonte Battery / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry A4 — Electrochemical Interfaces in Energy Storage Systems (M-W) – K. Edstrom, R. Kostecki, P. Atanassov, J. St-Pierre, and D. Guyomard Battery / Energy Technology / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry A5 — Lithium-Ion Batteries (M-Th) – S. Meng, K. Amine, and J. J. Wu Battery A6 — Nano-Architectures for Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies (M-Tu) – J. Xiao, S. Meng, K. Edstrom, K.-Y. Chan, V. Kalra, and G. Yu Battery / Energy Technology A7 — Non-aqueous Electrolytes (Tu-Th) – B. Lucht, R. Jow, R. V. Bugga, M. C. Smart, and W. A. Henderson Battery

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

A8 — Solar Fuels and Photocatalysts 4 (Su-W) – N. Wu, D. Chu, E. Miller, V. Subramanian, A. Manivannan, J. Lee, H. N. Dinh, P. J. Kulesza, and H. Wang Energy Technology / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Sensor A9 — Stationary and Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage Systems 4 (Tu- W) – T. Van Nguyen, S. Mukerjee, and J. Liu Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering / Battery / Energy Technology B — Chemical and Biological Sensors B1 — Chemical Sensors 11. Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Systems (Tu-W) – Z. P. Aguilar, M. T. Carter, R. Mukundan, J. Li, G. W. Hunter, B. A. Chin, P. K. Sekhar, L. A. Nagahara, and A. Simonian Sensor B2 — Microfabricated and Nanofabricated Systems for MEMS/NEMS 11 (Chemical and Biological Sensors) (M-Tu) – P. Hesketh, P. Vanýsek, N. Wu, B. A. Chin, S. Mitra, R. I. Stefan-van Staden, and A. Khosla Sensor / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry C — Corrosion Science and Technology C1 — Corrosion General Session (M-W) – R. Buchheit and S. Fujimoto Corrosion C2 — Electrochemical Techniques and Corrosion Monitoring (Tu-W) – | C. G. Tiburcio, H. Castañeda, M. Pech-Canul, and M. Itagaki Corrosion / SMEQ C3 — High Resolution Characterization of Corrosion Process 4 (W) – H. N. McMurray, K. R. Zavadil, and N. Casillas Corrosion / SMEQ D —

Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

D1 — Electrodeposition for Energy Applications 3 (Tu-Th) – S. Brankovic, L. Deligianni, N. Dimitrov, L. Magagnin, S. Calabrese Barton, M. Shao, M. Innocenti, and A. Lavacchi Electrodeposition / Energy Technology D2 — Electrochemical Science and Technology: Challenges and Opportunities in the Path from Invention to Product (M-W) – L. Romankiw, R. Alkire, J. N. Harb, G. G. Botte, E. J. Taylor, and P. Vanýsek Electrodeposition / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry D3 — Magnetic Materials, Processes, and Devices 13 (M-W) – C. Bonhôte, S. R. Brankovic, H. Gatzen, P. Hesketh, Y. Kitamoto, T. Osaka, and G. Zangari Electrodeposition

E — Electrochemical Engineering E2 — Electrochemical Treatments for Organic Pollutant Degradation in Water and Soils (W) – J. M. Peralta Hernandez, M. T. Oropeza-Guzman, and D. G. Peters Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering / SMEQ E3

Symposium in Honor of Professor Ralph E. White (M-Tu) – J. W. Van Zee, T. V. Nguyen, G. G. Botte, and V. R. Subramanian Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering / Energy Technology

F — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion F2 — Solid State Ionic Devices 10 (M-W) – E. Traversa, G. S. Jackson, A. M. Herring, E. D. Wachsman, R. Mukundan, P. Vanýsek, J. W. Fergus, and M. C. Williams High Temperature Materials / Energy Technology / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Sensor F3 — Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 14 (PEFC 14) (Su-Th) – H. A. Gasteiger, Y. Meas, F. N. Büchi, C. Coutanceau, M. Edmundson, J. M. Fenton, T. F. Fuller, D. C. Hansen, D. Jones, R. A. Mantz, S. Mitsushima, S. R. Narayanan, K. A. Perry, V. K. Ramani, T. J. Schmidt, K. Shinohara, P. Strasser, K. Swider-Lyons, H. Uchida, and A. Z. Weber Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering / Battery / Corrosion / Energy Technology CD G — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry G1 — Bioelectroanalysis and Bioelectrocatalysis 2 (W) – S. D. Minteer, P. Atanassov, L. V. Gonzalez-Gutierrez, and D. M. Fox Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / SMEQ H — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry H1 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry General Session (M-Tu) – P. J. Kulesza Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry H2 — Chemically Modified Electrodes (M-Tu) – M. Anderson, A. Fitch, and J. L. Stickney Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Electrodeposition H6 — Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 19 (Su-Th) – W. M. Reichert, P. C. Trulove, R. A. Mantz, S. Mukerjee, F. Endres, H. C. De Long, A. Bund, and A. Ispas Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Electrodeposition / Energy Technology H7 — Oxygen Reduction Reactions (M-W) – P. J. Kulesza, R. A. Mantz, V. Di Noto, W. E. Mustain, S. Mukerjee, P. E. Gannon, X. Zhou, H. Xu, Y. Shao-Horn, and M. Shao Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Battery / Energy Technology / High Temperature Materials H8 — Systems Electrochemistry (W) – I. Z. Kiss, S. Calabrese Barton, V. R. Subramanian, R. Hanke-Rauschenbach, H. Varela, and S. Nakanishi Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / Energy Technology / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering M — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices M1 — Nanocarbon Fundamentals and Applications - From Fullerenes to Graphene (W) – R. Weisman, M. E. Rincon-Gonzalez, D. Cliffel, and Y. S. Obeng Nanocarbons / Dielectric Science and Technology / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry / SMEQ N — Dielectric Science and Materials N1 — Thermal and Plasma CVD of Nanostructures and Their Applications (Tu) – M. K. Sunkara, U. Cvelbar, M. Meyyappan, and B. A. Chin Dielectric Science and Technology / High Temperature Materials / Sensor P — Electronic Materials and Processing P1 — Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 10 (M-W) – F. Roozeboom, S. De Gendt, A. Delabie, J. W. Elam, O. van der Straten, and A. Londergan Dielectric Science and Technology / Electronics and Photonics P3 — High Purity and High Mobility Semiconductors 13 (M-W) – E. Simoen, O. Nakatsuka, C. Mazure, C. Claeys, and R. J. Falster Electronics and Photonics

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

P4 — Plasma Processing 20 (Tu) – S. Mathad, D. W. Hess, O. Leonte, and M. Engelhardt Dielectric Science and Technology / Electronics and Photonics P5 — Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene, and Electronics Packaging 6 (M-W) – K. Kondo, R. Akolkar, D. Barkey, W. Dow, M. Hayase, M. Koyanagi, S. Mathad, P. Ramm, F. Roozeboom, and S. Shingubara Electronics and Photonics / Dielectric Science and Technology / Electrodeposition

Q7 — Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 12 (M- W) – S. Kar, M. Houssa, H. Jagannathan, K. Kita, D. Landheer, D. Misra, and S. Van Elshocht Dielectric Science and Technology / Electronics and Photonics Q8 — Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine (M-Tu) – Y. Wang, A. Hoff, M. J. Deen, Z. P. Aguilar, and L. F. Marsal Electronics and Photonics / Sensor SC

P7 — SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices 6 (M-Th) – D. L. Harame, J. Boquet, and J. Murota Electronics and Photonics P8 — Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials (M-Tu) – C. O’Dwyer and J. He Electronics and Photonics P9 — Transparent Conducting Materials for Electronic and Photonics (Tu) – C. O’Dwyer, J. He, J. Kim, and O. Leonte Electronics and Photonics / Dielectric Science and Technology Q — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

Q3 — GaN and SiC Power Technologies 4 (M-W) – K. Shenai, M. Bakowski, M. Dudley, and N. Ohtani Electronics and Photonics / Dielectric Science and Technology Q4 — Low-dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 7 (M-W) – Y. Chueh, M. Suzuki, S. Jin, S. Kim, J. C. Ho, Z. Fan, and G. W. Hunter Electronics and Photonics / Dielectric Science and Technology / Sensor Q5 — Nonvolatile Memories (W-Th) – S. Shingubara, Z. Karim, B. MagyariKope, T. Ohyanagi, A. Sebastian, K. Kobayashi, K. Rhie, L. Goux, G. Bersuker, and H. Shima Dielectric Science and Technology / Electronics and Photonics SC

R — Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing R1 — Luminescence and Display Materials: Fundamentals and Applications (in Honor of Hajime Yamamoto) (W) – U. Happek, A. A. Setlur, and J. Collins Luminescence and Display Materials Z — General Z1 — Student Poster Session (Tu) – V. R. Subramanian, C. S. Johnson, R. H. Lara-Castro, K. B. Sundaram, V. Chaitanya, P. Pharkya, M. P. Foley, and A. Khosla All Divisions / SMEQ Z2 — Energy Water Nexus (M-W) – E. D. Wachsman, C. Hensman, S. P. Nunes, R. Kostecki, G. G. Botte, P. M. Natishan, B. R. Stoner, S. D. Minteer, W. E. Mustain, and N. Wu All Divisions / Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee Z3 — Nanotechnology General Session (W) – O. Leonte, W. E. Mustain, and P. Granitzer All Divisions / Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee

ECS Transactions – Forthcoming Issues Symposia with ECS Transactions (ECST) issues available “at” the meeting are labeled with the following icons: Hardcover (HC) editions of ECS Transactions will be available for purchase and pick-up at the meeting; or you may pre-order your hardcover ECST issue using the meeting registration form in this brochure or when registering online. CD Compact Disc (CD) editions of ECS Transactions will be available for purchase and pick-up at the meeting; or you may pre-order your CD

ECST issue using the meeting registration form in this brochure or when registering online. The CD edition of F3 (PEFC 14) also includes a 1 gigabyte USB drive containing the complete issue.

SC Softcover (SC) editions of ECS Transactions will be available for purchase at the meeting but will be shipped to you after the meeting ends.

Please visit the ECS Exhibit Booth in Cancun to order your softcover ECST issue.

Electronic (PDF) editions of ECS Transactions will be available ONLY via the ECS Digital Library (ecsdl.org). Electronic editions of the Cancun “at” meeting issues will be available for purchase beginning September 26, 2014. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information for the electronic editions. In addition to those symposia that have committed to publishing an issue of ECS Transactions, all other symposia potentially will be publishing an issue of ECST approximately 16 weeks after the Cancun meeting. If you would like to receive information on any of these issues when they become available, please e-mail ecst@electrochem.org. Please include your name, e-mail address, and all issues in which you are interested.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Q2 — Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Devices 2 (W) – H. Baumgart, A. Beskok, J. P. Hsu, S. W. Joo, A. Sharma, S. Qian, and P. Vanýsek Electronics and Photonics / Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Q10 — Thin Film Transistors 12 (TFT 12) (M-W) – Y. Kuo, O. Bonnaud, J. Jang, W. I. Milne, M. Shur, and H. Hamada Electronics and Photonics

Q1 — Emerging Nanomaterials and Devices (Tu) – Q. Li, H. Baumgart, J. He, C. A. Richter, H. Wang, and O. D. Jurchescu SC Electronics and Photonics / Dielectric Science and Technology

Q9 — State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 56 (SOTAPOCS 56) (M-Tu) – J. He, C. O’Dwyer, F. Ren, C. Jagadish, and Y. Chueh Electronics and Photonics

Special Meeting Section

P6 — Semiconductor Wafer Bonding 13: Science, Technology, and Applications (M-W) – H. Moriceau, H. Baumgart, K. D. Hobart, R. Knechtel, T. Suga, M. Goorsky, and C. Tan Electronics and Photonics

Q6 — Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 10 (Tu) – M. Tao, C. Claeys, L. Deligianni, J. M. Fenton, J. Park, K. Rajeshwar, T. Druffel, and H. Hamada Dielectric Science and Technology / Electrodeposition / Electronics and Photonics / Energy Technology / Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering SC

General Meeting Information and Meeting Registration The 2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting will be held in Cancun, Mexico at the meeting headquarters hotel, the Moon Palace Resort (Moon Palace Golf & Spa Resort, Carr. Fed. 307 CancunChetumal, Km 340. Cancún, Quintana Roo, C.P. 77500).

Special Meeting Section

Key Locations in the Moon Palace Resort Meeting Registration.......................Universal, First Floor Expocenter, Hotel Registration.............................Universal, First Floor Expocenter Information/Message Board............Universal, First Floor Expocenter, ECS Headquarters Office............ Sunrise Conference Center, Saturn 1 AV Tech Table..................... Located outside select symposium rooms Technical Exhibit..............................Universal, First Floor Expocenter Symposium Assistance....................Universal, First Floor, Expocenter Hospitality Desk..............................Universal, First Floor, Expocenter

Registration Information Meeting Registration—The meeting registration area will be located in the Moon Palace Resort, in the Universal Expocenter, first floor. Registration will open on Saturday morning and the technical sessions will be conducted Monday through Thursday.

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

Registration Hours Saturday, October 4............................................................1100-1900 Sunday, October 5..............................................................0700-1900 Monday, October 6.............................................................0700-1900 Tuesday, October 7............................................................0700-1730 Wednesday, October 8........................................................0800-1600 Thursday, October 9...........................................................0800-1600 Who must pay the registration fee? All meeting participants, including invited speakers, are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Short Course registrants who wish to attend the meeting in addition to their Short Course are required to pay the meeting registration fee in addition to the Short Course fee. Early-Bird Registration The deadline for Early-Bird registration is September 5, 2014. Regular registration rates are in effect online after September 5, 2014 and at the meeting. Register online at electrochem.org, or download the registration form from the website and fax your completed form to 1.609.737.2743. If you send a registration by fax, please do not send another copy by e-mail, as this may result in duplicate charges. Early-Bird and post-September 5th registration payments must be made in U.S. Dollars via Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover Card, check, or money order payable to ECS. Registration Fees ALL PARTICIPANTS AND ATTENDEES ARE REQUIRED TO PAY THE APPROPRIATE REGISTRATION FEE LISTED BELOW. Early-Bird Fees Regular Fees

(until 9/5/2014)

(after 9/5/2014)

ECS & SMEQ Member.................................$475............................$575 Nonmember....................................................$600............................$700 ECS & SMEQ Student Member....................$170............................$270 Student Nonmember.......................................$200............................$300 One Day ECS & SMEQ Member.................$325............................$425 One Day Nonmember....................................$410............................$510 Emeritus & Honorary Member...................... $0............................. $0 Nontechnical Registrant................................. $25............................ $30 Please note, attendees not staying at the Moon Palace will be required to pay an additional one-time $198.00 USD resort access fee to cover unlimited meals, snacks, and beverages throughout the duration of the meeting. This fee is payable directly to the Moon Palace when you pick up your registration materials. 38

Refunds Refund requests for Meeting Registration or Short Course Registration (separate fees) must be requested in writing and will be accepted only if received by September 29, 2014. All refunds are subject to a 10% processing fee. Requests for refunds should be e-mailed to customerservice@electrochem.org. Refunds will not be processed until AFTER the meeting. Lost Badge or Ticket There will be a $30 charge for reprinting lost badges or tickets. Admittance will not be granted to ticketed events without the actual ticket. Tickets must be reprinted at Registration during scheduled hours and cannot be reprinted at the event itself. ADA Accessibility Accommodations for attendees with special needs will be handled on an individual basis provided that adequate notice is given to the ECS Headquarters Office. Permissions Granted to ECS & SMEQ ECS and SMEQ reserves the right to electronically record any or all meeting-related events. By registering for and/or attending an ECS and SMEQ meeting you are granting ECS and SMEQ permission to use any recording or photography made of you at any meeting event or anywhere within the meeting venue. Speaker Indemnification The ideas and opinions expressed in the technical sessions, conferences, and any handout materials provided are those of the presenter. They are not those of The Electrochemical Society (ECS or SMEQ), nor can any endorsement by ECS or SMEQ be claimed. Financial Assistance Financial assistance is limited and generally governed by the symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to the symposium organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting their paper to see if funding is available. Individuals requiring an official letter of invitation should write to ECS headquarters office; such letters will not imply any financial responsibilities of ECS. ECS Meeting Abstracts ECS Meeting Abstracts are always right at hand – and as always, are FREE with registration. Registrants may easily access them through wireless internet, which will be available at the meeting; download them directly from the 226th ECS Meeting website. Paper editions of meeting abstracts are no longer distributed; attendees who require paper should download abstracts and print them in advance of the meeting. Author Choice Open Access ECS has launched of Author Choice Open Access across its four peer-reviewed journals: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters. If you are attending the meeting in Cancun, you will also receive one Article Credit, which may be used for up to 12 months after the meeting. If you have question, please visit electrochem.org/oa or contact oa@electrochem.org for personal assistance. Travel Companions/Nontechnical Registrants Travel companions of attendees are invited to register for the meeting as a “Nontechnical Registrant.” The nontechnical registrant registration Early-Bird fee of $25 (increases to $30 after September 5) includes admission to non-ticketed social events; use of an exclusive Get-together Lounge with beverage service and light refreshments, Monday through Thursday, 0800-1000h; and a special “Welcome to Cancun” orientation presented at 0900h in the lounge. Nontechnical

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Meeting Tools

Free the Science TM 5K Run

When: Wednesday, October 8, starting time of 0700h Where: Expocenter Motor Lobby Cost: Early-Bird rate until September 5, 2014..........$15.00 Between September 5 and October 8, 2014.....$20.00 Event day sign-up.............................................$25.00 To register for this exciting event, please add it to your meeting registration. If you have any questions, please contact dan.fatton@electrochem.org.

Letters of Invitation—Individuals requiring an official letter of invitation should complete the electronic form at electrochem.org/visa_application and your letter will be emailed to you within 3 business days. Such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS and/or SMEQ. Letters of Attendance—Individuals requiring an official letter of attendance should see an Onsite Registration Representative in the Registration Area.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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Monday, October 6

Early-Bird (through Sep. 5)

Regular Rate (Sep. 6 and after)

Symposium Reception in Honor of Ralph White.......................$10.00...................... $15.00

Tuesday, October 7 Battery Division Luncheon and Business Meeting............$5.00...................... $10.00 Corrosion Division Luncheon and Business Meeting............$5.00...................... $10.00 Corrosion Division Uhlig & Cohen Awards Reception........$10.00...................... $15.00 Symposium Reception in Honor of Hajime Yamamoto.............$10.00...................... $15.00 High Temperature Materials Division Luncheon and Business Meeting............$5.00...................... $10.00 Sensor Division Luncheon and Business Meeting............$5.00...................... $10.00

Wednesday, October 8 Battery Division Award Reception...................................$10.00...................... $15.00 Electrodeposition Division Luncheon and Business Meeting............$5.00...................... $10.00 Free the Science 5K Run........................$15.00...................... $20.00 Event day sign-up ................................................................. $25.00

Thursday, October 9 PAE Division Max Bredig Award Reception...............$10.00...................... $15.00 Cena Baile...............................................$15.00...................... $20.00

Photography and Recording is not permitted By attending the ECS and SMEQ meeting, you agree that you will not record any meeting-related activity, without the express, written consent from ECS and REC SMEQ. Recording means any audiovisual or photographic methods. Meetingrelated activity means any presentation (oral or poster) or social event directly related to the meeting. You may photograph your own personal, non-meeting related activity, but you must obtain permission from all involved parties before photographs can be taken of other people or displays at the meeting or exhibit. Press representatives must receive media credentials and recording permission from the Meeting Headquarters Office. If you violate this policy, you will be removed from the meeting, your registration will be revoked, and you will lose all access to the meeting. In this case, you will not receive a refund of the registration fees. ECS and SMEQ also reserve the right to deny your attendance at future ECS, or ECS sponsored meetings, or SMEQ meetings. Thank you for your consideration.

2014 ECS and SMEQ Joint International Meeting, l Cancun, Mexico

The Free the Science 5K Run is a ticketed event, with proceeds benefitting the ECS Publications Endowment, in support of our open access initiative. Bring your running shoes and join us for a memorable activity to jog your mind, as well as your body.

We are sorry but meal and event tickets are non-refundable because we are required to provide a guarantee to the venue.

Claim your space at the starting line of the second ECS Free the Science 5K Run and enjoy the scenery of the Moon Palace Resort during a fresh morning run! Plus, the top three finishers will receive prizes. See if you can beat the Orlando 1st place finisher Matthew Thomas Lawder, who had an incredible winning time of 14:12!

Luncheons & Special Events

Special Meeting Section

ECS and SMEQ are pleased to provide a complimentary wireless network! For the duration of the meeting, ECS and SMEQ will be providing a wireless network for your use. This complimentary service is available is throughout the Moon Palace Resort. To use the wireless network, please connect to “Moon Palace“ and then open your web browser.

IT ADM ONE

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registrants not staying at the Moon Palace will be required to pay an additional $198.00 USD fee to cover unlimited meals, snacks, and beverages during the meeting. The $198.00 USD resort access fee is for the entire week of the conference and will be paid upon arrival to the resort.

ECS Classics Ernest B. Yeager—A Dedicated Electrochemical Scientist and Teacher by Chung Chiun Liu and Robert F. Savinell

Ernest B. Yeager

rnest B. Yeager of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) Cleveland, Ohio, USA singlehandedly established an electrochemical science and technology powerhouse at CWRU. Professor Yeager, the Frank Hovorka Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at CWRU, dedicated 50 years of his professional life to two things: advancing the field of electrochemical science and mentoring and advising students. One must also appreciate that Professor Yeager was an excellent and accomplished pianist, as well as a devout church citizen. In 1976, Professor Yeager established the Case Center of Electrochemical Studies at CWRU focusing on the advancement of knowledge of electrochemical sciences. Students, post-doctoral fellows and visiting scientists around the world came through the Center and learned and acquired knowledge and skills on various aspects of electrochemical sciences and technologies. In recognition of his immense effort and devotion to electrochemical sciences, the Board of Trustees of CWRU designated the Case Center of Electrochemical Sciences as the Ernest B. Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences on August 17, 1994, and the Center is now known as the Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences. Throughout his professional career, Professor Yeager mentored 80 doctorate 40

students, 45 post-doctoral fellows, and numerous undergraduate students. Many of these graduates are now in eminent positions in academia, government agencies and industries directly related to electrochemical sciences and technologies. Professor Yeager was known by his graduate students as a diligent and devoted advisor and a “stickler.” He read every thesis carefully, line-by-line. He would make corrections that often required extra effort both from him and the student. He was always patient and he never complained. Professor Yeager was known for his uncompromising demand for excellence in research and scientific writing. Both his graduate students and the post-doctoral fellows acknowledged that Professor Yeager would even edit the cover letter of any manuscript submitted through the Center. He was meticulous and a perfectionist. Professor Yeager published extensively. He published 270 scientific journal articles, edited and co-edited 20 books. Among these books, the series of Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry is most worth noting. The inaugural issue of Volume 1 was co-edited by Professor Yeager in 1980. This series became the “bible” of electrochemical science for its fundamental elucidation and new inspiring endeavor provided by this series. In addition to his publications and edited books, Professor Yeager was involved in many other professional and community activities for the advancement of the scientific importance and public awareness of the electrochemical sciences. He organized and participated in numerous national and international scientific meetings, tirelessly supporting these endeavors. For his technical accomplishments and his contribution to the electrochemical community, Professor Yeager was awarded the Edward Goodrich Acheson award in 1980, and the Vittorio de Nora award in 1992 by The Electrochemical Society (ECS). Both awards are among the highest honors of ECS. He became an honorary member of ECS in 1977. Professor Yeager

was the President of ECS (1965-1966), and he was the President of International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) (1969-1971). ECS and ISE are undoubtedly the two most important technical societies related to electrochemical sciences and technologies internationally. It would be a high honor to serve as the President of either ECS or ISE in the course of one’s professional career. Professor Yeager’s election to provide the leadership and inspiration to both societies was indicative of the respect that he had received from his peers. In 2004, the Cleveland Section of The Electrochemical Society established the Ernest B. Yeager Electrochemistry Award, which is now given every two years to an individual in recognition of significant contribution to the advancement of electrochemistry in the U.S. Midwest and Great Lakes region. This is a lasting honor that acknowledges the impact that Professor Yeager had on electrochemistry in the region. While Professor Yeager spent more than 50 years of his professional life at CWRU, he was a native of Orange, New Jersey. He went to Montclair State College, Montclair, New Jersey and graduated summa cum laude with a BA degree in 1945. In 1955, Montclair State College gave an Honorary Doctor of Law degree to Professor Yeager as an outstanding alumnus. An avid pianist with a prodigious talent Professor Yeager considered studying music. Fortunately for the electrochemical community, he came to Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio and became a graduate student of Professor Frank Hovorka in the Chemistry Department. Under the mentorship of Professor Hovorka, Professor Yeager earned his Chemistry PhD in 1948, established his electrochemical science expertise and grew it ever since. He joined the Department of Chemistry of Western Reserve University (now a part of the Case Western Reserve University) as a junior faculty member right after his graduation, and he became a full professor of chemistry in 1958. He was named the inaugural Frank Hovorka The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Professor in 1984, and retired as the Frank Hovorka Professor Emeritus in 1990. Throughout the years, Professor Yeager and Professor Hovorka remained colleagues and collaborators as well as close personal friends. During the tenure of his academic career at CWRU, Professor Yeager served as the Chair of the Department of Chemistry between 1969 and 1972. He also chaired the Faculty Senate at CWRU in 1972 and 1973. These administrative responsibilities required much time and energy and Professor Yeager performed exceptionally well and was universally praised and respected. In 1994, CWRU honored Professor Yeager with the Frank and Dorothy Humel Hovorka Prize, which is awarded annually to recognize exceptional achievement by an active or emeritus member of the faculty, whose accomplishments in teaching, research and scholarly service have benefited the community, the nation and the world. This award was an indication that CWRU very much appreciated Professor Yeager’s scientific contributions as well as his leadership in teaching, research and scholarly service. His influence on his former postdoctoral fellows and graduate students has been lifelong and some of their comments are noted here. Doron Aurbach, winner of the Battery Division Research Award of ECS in 2013, a Fellow of ECS, ISE and MRS, and a Professor of Chemistry Bar-Ilan University, Israel, as well as a friend of Professor Yeager, commented on the role Professor Yeager played in his life. Between August 1983 and September 1985, Professor Aurbach was a post-doctoral fellow with Professor Yeager. Professor Aurbach decided to work with Professor Yeager, because Professor Aurbach considered Professor Yeager to be the best electrochemist in the world at that time. After the experience of two years working with Professor Yeager, Professor Aurbach said, “I learned from him (Professor Yeager) how to manage a big research group; how to be ‘multi-channel’ thinking about and taking into account so many aspects in parallel; how to keep a good balance between basic and practical research; how to be rigorous in scientific criticism, but yet very fair and honest; how to save efforts, not to waste means, but yet to be ‘large’ when needed.” Professor Aurbach also stated, “beyond excellent and demanding scientific work, fostering a good atmosphere in the group was highly important. Ernie inspired friendship and high standards of excellent relationships among the members of the group.” Professor Aurbach is now an accomplished scientist and teacher; he leads a large research groups in electrochemical sciences in Israel. The impact of the mentoring effects of Professor Yeager are immense. Yu Morimoto is now the research leader for automotive fuel cells in Toyota Central R&D Laboratories, Inc. He was a PhD student directly under the Professor Yeager’s supervision between 1991 and 1994. During that period of time, Professor The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Yeager already had to limit his activities due to the deterioration of his health. But as Dr. Morimoto recalled, “I always felt great energy and enthusiasm for the research from him, which motivated me a lot. As the thesis adviser, he was always strict and uncompromising but also warm-hearted and encouraging. His strictness to science and warmness to people have become my guiding principle in my professional life, which might be the greatest thing I learned from him.” The life-long influence on electrochemical science and personal endeavor provided by Professor Yeager to his students and friends is indeed contagious. Radoslav Adzic is currently the Electrochemistry Group Leader at Brookhaven National Laboratory and an Adjunct Professor of New York University at Stony Brook. Dr. Adzic was the first collaborator from Belgrade with Professor Yeager. At that time, many students and colleagues of Dr. Adzic from Belgrade would come to Professor Yeager’s laboratory to learn electrochemical science and technology. Because of his work mentoring and training scientists from Belgrade in electrochemistry, Professor Yeager was named an Honorary Member of the Serbian Chemistry Society. Electrochemistry was always on his mind in any discussion. Dr. Adzic fondly remembered an interesting conversation with Professor Yeager. The story was that they once saw a fisherman on a primitive and remote Adriatic island repairing his wooden boat. Someone commented that here was an individual who did not care or need to be concerned about electrochemistry, and Professor Yeager quipped, “But he must own a battery.” This truly reflected the love and dedication to electrochemical science and technology of Professor Yeager. Professor Yeager was a keen advocate for the importance of electrochemical sciences and technologies. He regularly gave talks and/or demonstrations to various communities and groups to demonstrate the practical uses of electrochemistry. In a Cleveland Plain Dealer article in 1974, Professor Yeager commented that he believed electrochemistry would play a major role in addressing the nation’s energy problems and in helping to conserve natural resources. He believed high performance fuel cells and storage batteries would play a significant role in electric cars and other applications. His prediction in 1974 on the importance of electrochemical sciences and technologies which would affect our daily lives can be seen as a reality today in 2014. Professor Yeager was a dedicated scientist and teacher, coming in to work nearly every day if he was not traveling on business. He was a fixture in the Morley Chemistry Building on the CWRU campus. His daily uniform for work consisted of a dark blue suit and a white shirt – never a color or patterned shirt. He normally would stay until 11:00 pm and was always available and gracious when interrupted by students.

He never showed any sign of irritation or impatience with any question or any student. He always made time for any student to deal with their technical or personal issues. Professor Yeager was also very generous in hosting holiday parties for his students and visitors in his home. He would then play the piano, mesmerizing his audience. Many of his students and visitors were far from their own homes, and this caring act by Professor Yeager was much appreciated, resulting in life-long, treasured memories around the world of Professor Yeager and Cleveland. Professor Yeager was well known for his contributions to understanding the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction mechanisms which directly related to full cells, batteries, and energy storage systems. Because of his strong technical experience, he was highly sought after as a technical consultant by many industries and government research institutes. He had a long and fruitful association with Naval Research Laboratories and was awarded a Navy Certificate of Commendation for his many contributions. In addition, he was a consultant for Union Carbide, Energizer, Diamond Shamrock, General Motors, and Eltech Corporation. He also worked with researchers from Argonne National Laboratory, NASA, and Institute of Defense Analysis. His influence and imprints on these companies and research institutes can be seen in their focus on electrochemistry. We in the electrochemistry community, who had the opportunity to personally work with Professor Yeager, are very grateful for all the different aspects of electrochemical sciences and technologies that we have learned from him. We appreciated very much the leadership and mentoring efforts that Professor Yeager provided for us over the years. Most importantly, we are privileged to have had Professor Yeager as a friend.

About the Authors Chung Chiun Liu is currently a Distinguished University Professor at Case Western Reserve University. He is a Fellow of ECS. He worked closely with Professor Ernest Yeager at CWRU between 1978 and 1987. Robert F. Savinell is currently a Distinguished University Professor at Case Western Reserve University. He is a Fellow of ECS as well. He was a former director of the Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences at CWRU from 1990 to 2000.

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

Jamal Dean Receives an Educator Award in Canada and Honorary Degree in Spain

teaching and the opportunities this has afforded him to improve his skills as an educator and teacher and to adapt effectively to these changing times. A second honor was bestowed on Jamal Dean in Spain at the Universitat Rovira I Virgili (URV) in Tarragona. There he received the highest university honor – Doctor Honoris Causa. During the ceremony the Rector of the University Professor Frances Xavier Grau Vidal stated “The investiture ceremony of an honorary degree is the highest solemnity to the university community. With this event we integrate into our faculty those who have distinguished themselves by their activity in favor of the arts, culture, science, or simply, humanity, and this event also preserves the liturgy that evokes the crucial role that for centuries the university has had in society, the development of which preserves and advances knowledge and transmits it to new generations. Through this recognition, which is selective and judicious, the University is also defined.” Jamal Dean was selected for this honor because he is one of the most prominent researchers in the international arena for his contributions to the science of electrical engineering, especially semiconductor devices and sensors. Prof. Deen has made very important contributions to the field of electronic and photonic devices, and has won the most prestigious awards in the field. He has contributed greatly to the understanding of semiconductor physics and devices, and to improving semiconductor technology. He was associated with URV though collaborative research in 2004. His ties to URV will certainly be strengthened after receiving the honorary degree, due to the high level of his academic and scientific contributions and the value and recognition he has achieved as a person and researcher worldwide. In his degree acceptance speech Jamal Deen thanked his nominator and the University Senate for selecting him. He also thanked his family, stating, “To them, I owe all that I have achieved.” Then, he gave special thanks to the many exceptional teachers he was fortunate to have. He stated, “These dedicated teachers spared no efforts in guiding us toward academic excellence. They instilled in us the value of hard work, dedication and perseverance, and taught us how to use our education and skills to make intelligent choices.” Frances Xavier Grau Vidal, Rector of the university, welcoming Jamal Deen (right) into the He provided three examples of his life as an URV community. academic. The first was related to his co-invention of the patented solid-state microscope for quantitative microscopy joined the School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, in image cytometry to optimize spatial, photometric and spectral Vancouver, British Columbia. In 1999, he assumed his current resolution, in the late 1980s. The second, with his industrial position as Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at collaborator, Nortel, was on innovations in experimental techniques McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. to solve an important reliability problem as well as developing robust, The annual IEEE Canada awards ceremony on May 5, 2014 was calibrated models to optimize the manufacturability of avalanche attended by about three hundred people. Many students who were photodiodes, and designs for succeeding generations of optical present at the event commented on his generosity, kindness, and detectors to be used in fiber optic communications systems. The third, pleasant personality and how approachable as a mentor he is, in spite and another outcome of his work in industry, was the recognition of of his world-class standing and credentials. the importance of electrical noise. This was counter to the popular While accepting the Ham medal, Prof. Deen sincerely thanked his trends where most researchers concentrated on the signal and its family for their continuous love and support over the years. He gave enhancements. special thanks to students and researchers he was fortunate to mentor He then went on to describe some of his current multi-disciplinary and collaborate with, and the many opportunities they afforded research and technology development of low-cost sensors for water him to grow as a collaborator, coach, motivator and communicator. quality monitoring. This research is motivated by the fact that the Professor Deen also commented on the evolution of university he J. M. Ham Outstanding Engineering Educator Award of IEEE Canada was established in 1994. It commemorates James Milton Ham a Canadian engineer and the tenth President of the University of Toronto. The award is given to outstanding Canadian engineers recognized for sharing their technical and professional abilities through teaching and in 2014 it was bestowed on Jamal Dean. The specific citation reads: “For outstanding contributions in engineering education and dedication to students.” Professor Deen has been an educator and mentor for about forty years, beginning at the University of Guyana and later as a research assistant at Case Western Reserve University. He was a Research Engineer (1983-1985) and then an Assistant Professor (19851986) at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In 1986, he

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS availability of safe drinking water is fundamental to our health. He stated that their “on-going research is aimed at the development of scalable engineering solutions in portable, real-time monitoring of water resources so that timely information can be obtained about the quality of water.” He also emphasized that “an often overlooked aspect of these multi-disciplinary projects is communication. In fact, communicating effectively is critical, not only for researchers in arts or humanities, but especially for those in other fields such as engineering, science or medicine who may be collaborating on large projects locally or globally.” In the last part of his acceptance speech, he shared some inspiring words of wisdom, especially for the younger colleagues present at the ceremony. He stated: “Be prepared for the unexpected. It may be upon you before you know it. So adapt and use your knowledge and skills to create novel and workable solutions. And do not be afraid of controversial areas of research, even if there is opposition from mainstream ‘experts,’ you may be far ahead of your competitors.

Through unwavering, intelligent dedication, and a high standard for research work and ethics, you may find exceptional rewards and personal satisfaction. And recognizing that education is the key to a great and satisfying future, we must prepare for it today for a better tomorrow.” He concluded by “encouraging all to work hard, persevere and adapt. And always remember, humility is the mark of greatness. Also, even though we are grown and have successful careers and lives, we should not forget to thank our family, teachers and mentors for their support and guidance throughout our careers. And as we look to the future, we must remember that we are privileged ambassadors of change.” The investiture ceremony of Prof. Deen’s Doctor Honoris Causa was on Friday, 7 March 2014. Jamal Deen is a Fellow of ECS and a recipient of the ECS DS&T Division’s Callinan Award. Adit Kumar contributed to this report.

Eric Wachsman Receives IAHE Award

Wachsman, ECS chair of the Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee, was presented with the International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE) Sir William Grove Award. Dr. Wachsman received the award from the International Association for Hydrogen Energy, at the World Hydrogen Energy Conference, in Gwangju Korea, June 15-20, 2014. The award is given to recognize leadership in a specified electrochemical area. This area includes fuel cells and electrolyzers, and other electrochemical means relating to hydrogen processing. This award is presented to individuals who have contributed to forward advancement in this honorable field of work. Dr. Wachsman was acknowledged for his service and exemplary research in science and technology of solid oxide fuel cells development. Sir William Grove was the inventor of the fuel cell in England in 1839, producing electricity and water from hydrogen and oxygen. Grove is known as “Father of the Fuel Cell.” Grove invented the nitric acid cell and the gas voltaic battery. ric

Eric Wachsman

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

SOCIE PEOPLE T Y NE WS

In Memoriam memoriam C. Michael Elliott (1949-2014)

. Michael (Mike) Elliott departed this world suddenly on July 2, 2014. He was born on August 1, 1949 in Cedartown, Georgia. His bachelor of science in 1971 from Davidson College in North Carolina was followed with a PhD in 1975 from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He completed his postdoctoral work at Stanford University under J. P. Collman. Prior to joining the Chemistry Department at Colorado State University in 1981 he was an Assistant C. Michael (Mike) Elliott Professor of Chemistry at the University of Vermont Burlington (1977-1981). He served as the Chemistry Department chair from 1999 to 2003. Since 2008 he was at CSU as the CoDirector for the Colorado Renewable Energy Collaboratory, Center for Revolutionary Solar Photoconversion. He has to his name at least 120 professional literature contributions, covering a variety of topics, most notably in the area of materials for solar energy applications and electrochemical electron transfer. He also held five U.S. and international patents on the novel materials he developed. He was talented synthetic chemist and often worked, even as a full professor, alongside his students in the laboratory.

Professor Elliott was a committed teacher who taught courses spanning from introductory chemistry to advanced topics. Professor Elliott loved spending time with students, and through his contributions to student education, he graduated over 30 PhD and MS students and mentored countless others, including undergraduate research students as well as high school students who often spent time in his labs. He was always willing to talk to anyone about their science or his. By no means, though, he was an easy grader, and he would expect precision – to use the proper units in measurement as well as to use an adverb in language where some sloppily used an adjective instead. He was also known to give in his graduate courses oral exams; a monumental task compared to grading written essays, which he claimed gave him much better picture of overall knowledge the students possessed. Virtually every member of the Chemistry Department at CSU sought Mike’s scientific guidance at some point or another. His amazing passion for teaching and research has been recognized by numerous distinctions and awards, which include the Phillips Petroleum Award for Excellence in Research and Teaching (CSU), College of Natural Sciences Professor Laureate, Outstanding Science Mentor Award and National Academy of Science Inter-academy Exchange Fellow. In 2012 he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was the Chair of the Gordon Research Conference on Electrochemistry in 1994. Prof. Elliot was member of ECS and its Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division since 1982. He was also a member of the American Chemical Society, Society of Electroanalytical Chemistry, where he served on the Board of Directors (1989-1994) and The American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ECH HIGHLIGH T S Improved Understanding of Parameters Contributing to Corrosion Resistance of Sputtered Al Thin Films

Evaporated and sputter-deposited thin metal films are technologically important as interconnect materials in the semiconductor industry. For reliable performance of microelectronic devices, it is essential to understand the processing/structure/ property relationships that contribute to good corrosion resistance. Gerald Frankel and his collaborators at The Ohio State University, and at Monash University and the Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication in Australia, recently reported their study of the effect of vacuum system base pressure on the corrosion resistance of sputtered aluminum thin films. They deposited 100- nm films at four different base pressures, and characterized the film properties by potentiodynamic polarization, sheet resistance measurements, thin film pit growth experiments, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interestingly, the best corrosion resistance was observed with thin films deposited at the highest base pressure (i.e., the worst vacuum), as shown by shifts in the pitting and repassivation potentials in the noble direction with increasing base pressure. In addition, XPS showed an increase in the Al3+/Al0 ratio and TEM showed an increased oxygen content when the base pressure was increased, perhaps as a result of oxidation of the thin film in the deposition chamber. Among the authors’ conclusions is a recommendation to perform depositions at a maximum base pressure in the low 10-7 Torr range for optimal thin film properties. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, C195 (2014).

Chemical Vapor Deposition of Copper: Use of a Molecular Inhibitor to Afford Uniform Nanoislands or Smooth Films

Thin films of copper can be deposited by various techniques such as wet chemical growth, vapor deposition or atomic layer deposition. The smoothness of the film depends upon the substrate. Cu(hfac)VTMS (hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate, VTMS = vinyltrimethylsilane) is a common precursor used in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of the copper. Sometimes, water addition or plasma enhanced CVD is used to improve the smoothness of the copper films. In the present investigation, Shaista Babar et al. propose a new technique to obtain not only the smooth surface but also to vary the morphology of the film as per demand. The results demonstrate that the VTMS serves as a growth inhibitor for copper CVD from Cu(hfac)VTMS. If the VTMS inhibitor is used during the nucleation stage, the deposited copper film exhibits the features of Cu islands with a relatively uniform size distribution. A continuous, smooth (rms roughness <1.5 nm) thin film The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

can be obtained if the nucleation is done in the absence of inhibitor. These results could be of interest for the production of textured films for photonic applications in the microelectronics industry. From: ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 3, Q79 (2014)

Na2/3Ni1/3Ti2/3O2: “Bi-Functional” Electrode Materials for Na-Ion Batteries

While lithium ion battery chemistries have attained, widespread commercialization and continue to enjoy continued research and development efforts, some researchers, foreseeing a time of limited lithium resources, are prompted to explore other battery chemistries similar to lithium ion, but based on abundant and environmentally friendly elements. One set of researchers from Michigan State University has chosen to investigate Na2/3(Ni2+)1/3(Ti4+)2/3O2 (SNTL). SNTL is a “bi-functional” electrode material in that the material can serve as either cathode by having the high-voltage Ni2+/Ni3+ redox couple activated, or anode by having the low-voltage Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple activated. The authors found these redox potentials were ~3.7 V and ~0.7 V (vs. Na/Na+), respectively. X-ray diffraction confirmed that no other phases evolved during cycling in the x = 1/3 to 1 range (where x represents the atomic fraction of Na in the oxide material), thereby demonstrating that the reaction is by intercalation; however, another phase formed when the SNTL half cell was charged to 4.5 V, where more sodium ion was extracted such that x < 1/3. Rate capability tests demonstrated that 75 mAh/g was achievable at a C/20 rate for both electrodes. Cycling studies revealed capacity fade, especially for the anode. With further work, the authors see promise for SNTL serving as both cathode and anode in a 3-V Na-ion cell. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, A23 (2014).

Effect of Mechanical Compression on Chemical Degradation of Nafion Membranes

A chemical reaction may be activated by mechanical stress (pressure) as well as by thermal and electrical energies. Researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) have expanded their studies of the effect of pressure on membrane films by investigating the effect of compression on the chemical degradation of Nafion membranes. While accelerated stress tests typically enhance a single failure mode, combined chemical and mechanical stressors, as experienced in fuel cell operation, may have synergistic interactions and not simply result in additive effects. Fenton’s test, comprising hydrogen peroxide and an iron catalyst, was used to release fluoride ions from the membrane’s fluorocarbon chains while the Nafion membrane was compressed between platens of a mechanical press set to various

pressures. The measured fluoride release rate revealed an increased degradation rate with pressure in the low to 10 MPa range. These same membranes were subsequently re-protonated and soaked in water before being placed in a beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) for small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The domain spacing between hydrophilic ion-rich water domains was found to increase with increased degradation, leading the authors to postulate that synergistic chemical/ mechanical stressors effected changes in the morphology as well as chemical structure. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, F33 (2014).

Carbonized Wood for Supercapacitor Electrodes

Electrochemical supercapacitors offer high power density charge storage, but compared to Li-ion batteries, they have limited energy densities. In supercapacitor research and development, advancements are largely focused on energy density improvement, but the financial and environmental costs could also be reduced through innovative use of active materials. Researchers at the University of Utah have demonstrated the remarkable possibility of utilizing carbonized wood materials as inexpensive, high performance supercapacitor electrodes. The high surface area required for useful power densities is provided by the threedimensional network structure formed by interconnected micro-channels after carbonization of three different varieties of wood. Charge-discharge cycling tests in a KOH electrolyte solution demonstrate that carbonized woods offer a maximum energy density of ∼45.6 Wh/kg (discharge current of 200 mA/g). These electrodes also exhibit a maximum power density of ∼2000 W/kg at a discharge current of 4000 mA/g, but with limited energy densities. The carbonized wood supercapacitor electrodes also exhibited very good cyclability, and retained 99.7% of the specific capacitance after 2000 cycles. The work demonstrates the principle of exploiting the high surface area of a series of carbonized woods, for environmentally friendlier supercapacitor electrode materials that do not require extra binders to function as active electrodes. From: ECS Solid State Lett., 3, M25 (2014).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, Vishal Mahajan of XALT Energy LLC, and Donald Pile of Nexeon Limited. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article. 45

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Electrochemical Manufacturing in the 21st Century by Dennie T. Mah

o quote Sir James Dyson, of the bagless vacuum cleaner fame, “Manufacturing is more than just putting parts together. It involves coming up with ideas, testing principles and perfecting the engineering, as well as final assembly.” The making of goods and wares on a large scale requires the integration of science and technology, along with engineering discipline, manufacturing knowhow, and business and marketing acumen to yield quality products at a reasonable price. And so it is with electrochemical manufacturing. James McIntyre1 has authored an excellent review of the first 100 years of industrial electrochemistry if you have an interest in this topic. John O’M. Bockris2 wrote that electrochemical manufacturing spans a vast array of applications – production and purification of metals such as aluminum, copper, zinc, or sodium; inorganic electrochemical process such as chlorine, sodium hydroxide, fluorine, hydrogen, and oxygen; organic electrochemical processes such as adiponitrile; electroplating and electrocoating such as decorative or protective coatings on metal or plastic; electromachining and electroforming to shape metallic parts; and corrosion prevention to avoid destructive dissolution of metals. As with any manufacturing process, troubleshooting and quality control are keys to maintaining a viable product. Electrochemical techniques such as offline and online electroanalytical measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been developed to eliminate product defects. Having worked in the chemical industry for 40 years, I have come to appreciate the wisdom of electrochemical pioneers like Robert Burns MacMullin3,4 who tackled the subject, “The Problem of Scale-Up in Electrolytic Processes.” Dan E. Danly5 published an all-encompassing evaluation of electrochemical plant design and economics. A plethora of publications have evolved to guide both the novice and veteran practitioners of electrochemical manufacturing. Yet, a basic hurdle that I have encountered in industry is the lack of the decision maker’s awareness of electrochemical manufacturing. We at ECS should not take for granted that everyone is familiar with electrochemical science and technology. Ask chemical engineers how to separate a mixture and they will first respond, “Why distillation of course!” Today, distillation is very well understood; but, it is an energy intensive unit operation with high operating costs. Unfortunately, many traditional manufacturing options acquire precedence based on past successes while electrochemical technology is overlooked. Upon reflection, I believe electrochemical manufacturing progress is stymied by the lack of practical knowledge. This is partly due to the confidential nature of manufacturing. Inadvertent and costly manufacturing mistakes are made every day through the “reinventing of the wheel” syndrome. If only there were more dissemination of case histories and “tips, tricks, and traps” of electrochemical manufacturing, this sector could avoid the “discovery, practice, and loss” cycle. Most of my industrial career was spent in chemical engineering consulting and it never ceased to amaze me how I could walk into a manufacturing location and find that a new or current operation had lost its way, resulting in unacceptable product defects. Manufacturing people don’t need to know all the underlining principles of the science and technology. But, they do need to know what is important to successfully transform raw materials into marketable products. The challenge for scientist and engineers is to reduce both established and novel electrochemical technologies to practical, everyday applications. Today, as manufacturing protocols and product specifications become ever more complex, electrochemical manufacturing success depends on a multi-disciplinary, multi-team, collaborative approach. The ECS IE&EE Division has recognized this fact with its New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award presented every odd year.6

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Looking toward the future, electrochemical manufacturing faces the issue of readily available, low-price electricity if it is to grow and prosper. Where will electricity come from? How will it be distributed? Can it be stored? What would be the environmental impact? And, in my opinion, how efficiently can the electricity be utilized? Whether you consume or produce electricity, I found in general that you can expect to obtain a voltage efficiency of say 50%; the rest of the energy being lost as heat. Thus, voltage efficiency is a major crux in the pathway to exploiting electrochemical manufacturing. In this issue of Interface, three articles take a look at various facets of electrochemical manufacturing, ranging from an overview of traditional and emergent avenues of electrochemical manufacturing in the chemical industry, to electrochemical surface finishing and impedance based characterization of raw materials. In the case of electrochemical surface finishing, E. J. Taylor and M. Inman reveal to us that not only is the process more robust; but, the manufacturing cost is lower. D. Riemer and M. E. Orazem demonstrate how electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) can measure the state of the oxide film on raw materials, which is a critical parameter in electrochemical throughmask etching of stainless steel parts. Finally, G. Botte revisits industrial electrochemical processes used to synthesize both organic and inorganic chemicals and introduces new opportunities in electrochemical manufacturing. These authors welcome your interest in their work and hope that their viewpoints stimulate future dialogue in the exploitation of electrochemical manufacturing.

About the Author Dennie T. Mah, a/k/a Doctor Electro, is a retired chemical engineer who has served as a Principal Investigator, DuPont Fluoroproducts and Chemicals, working on next generation fluorochemicals and as a Senior Consultant in electrochemical engineering, DuPont Engineering & Technology (DuET), Reaction Engineering & Thermodynamics. He has 40 years of industrial chemical engineering experience within the DuPont Company encompassing a broad range of technologies including pigment dispersion, melt spun and electroblowing fiber production, petrochemical manufacturing, solid-liquid separations, continuous ion exchange, and electrochemical engineering including inorganic and organic synthesis and PEM fuels cells. He holds seven U.S. Patents primarily focused on the industrial scale-up of gas phase electrolytic recovery of chlorine from anhydrous hydrogen chloride employing very large membrane electrode assemblies (0.9 m2) and a low temperature electrolytic alkali metal process employing ionic liquids. He is a past ECS IE&EE Division Chair. He has written sections in the 8th edition of Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook on Electrochemical Reactions (sect 7) and Electrochemical Reactors (sect 19). He may be reached at doctor_electro@msn.com.

References 1. J. McIntyre, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149, S79 (2002). 2. J. O’M. Bockris, and Z. Nagy, Electrochemistry for Ecologists, p. 129138, Springer, New York (2013). 3. R. B. MacMullin, Electrochem. Technol., 1, (1-2), 5 (1963). 4. R. B. MacMullin, Electrochem. Technol., 2, (3-4), 106 (1964). 5. D. E. Danly, Emerging Opportunities for Electroorganic Processes – A Critical Evaluation of Plant Design and Economics, Marcel Dekker, New York (1984). 6. D. T. Mah, ECS Interface, 19 (2), 45 (2010). 47

Volume 64â&#x20AC;&#x201C; C a n c u n , M e x i c o

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Electrochemical Manufacturing in the Chemical Industry by Gerardine G. Botte

hemical manufacturing creates products by transforming organic and inorganic raw materials using chemical processes. There are over 100,000 chemicals in the marketplace.1 Chemicals can very broadly be classified into two groups: commodity chemicals and specialty chemicals. Commodity chemical manufacturers produce large quantities of basic and relatively inexpensive compounds (up to $1 per kg) in large plants, often built specifically to make one chemical. Commodity plants often run continuously, typically shutting down only a few weeks a year for maintenance. Specialty-batch or performance chemical manufacturers produce smaller quantities of more expensive chemicals ($1 to $1,000 per kg) on an “as needed” basis in plants that are used less frequently. Often there is only one or a limited number of suppliers producing a given product. In contrast to the production of commodity chemicals, batch manufacturing requires that the raw materials, processes, operating conditions, and equipment change on a regular basis to respond to the needs of customers. Despite the large number of chemicals available in the market, electrochemical synthesis of chemicals has been limited to a narrow spectrum. The reasons for this have been previously attributed to a lag in the education of chemists and engineers in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering, a lack of suitable resources for cell construction, and most importantly the prohibitive costs involved (in many cases) in electrochemical synthesis.2 However, over the past 40 years, there have been significant developments in electrochemical synthesis and methods3 due to the advances in materials science and nanotechnology,4 the development of in-situ spectroscopy techniques,5-7 and progress in multi-scale modeling.8-10 As a result, it is timely to revisit some industrial electrochemical processes and to introduce examples of new economic opportunities for the electrochemical manufacturing of chemicals.

Chlor-Alkali The Chlor-Alkali industry is one of the largest chemical processes worldwide. Its two main components – chlorine and caustic soda – are indispensable commodities that are used for a wide range of applications. Nearly 55 percent of all specialty chemical products manufactured require one of the chlor-alkali products as a precursor, with examples including: adhesives, plastics, pesticides, paints, disinfectants, water additives, rubbers, cosmetics, detergents, lubricants, vinyl and PVC, soaps, glass, cement, medical dressings, textiles, car, boat, and plane paneling, books, greases, and fuel additives.18 The chlor-alkali process dates back over 100 years, originating from the electrolysis of brine using mercury (Hg) as electrode. Building on these fundamentals, the chlor-alkali process has been improved through the development of diaphragm and ion exchange membrane cells. Recent improvements in membrane cell design, along with the introduction of oxygen-depolarized cathodes, have led to marked improvements in cell efficiency, reducing the overall process power requirements by nearly 30%. Table 1 summarizes the current state-of-the-art operating conditions of the chlor-alkali process.12 The energy consumed has decreased from about 4,000 kWh/ton of caustic in the 1950s to about 2,500 kWh in ca. 1998 with the advent of the dimensionally stable anodes and optimal cell design/operation. Despite the improvements in performance achieved in the last 50 years, there is room and need for optimization of the process to further reduce energy consumption. The thermodynamic voltage for the decomposition of brine is 2.2 V, however, the actual overall cell voltage applied to sustain electrolysis in most industrial processes is

Table I. Operating data of the Chlor-Alkali process using dimensionally stable anodes.12 Current Density

7 kA/m2

Cell Voltage

3.10

Power Consumption

2,130 kW-h per metric ton NaOH

Cell Temperature

88-90 °C

Service life

> 4 years (due to membranes and gaskets)

Active area

2.72 m2

in excess of 3.0 V, due to the accumulation of practical resistances encountered and the lack of uniform current distribution. The overall voltage of an operating electrolytic cell can, for the purpose of simple analysis, be represented by the following simple model:13 Ecell = E0,anode  E0,cathode  ηanode  ηcathode  iRsoln  iRmembrane Thermodynamic decomposition voltage

anode and cathode over-voltages

 iRhardware

losses due to practical inefficiencies

In an analysis of the typical operating parameters during industrial operation, iRhardware values average 0.25 V and 0.37 V for the diaphragm and membrane varieties of chlor-alkali process cells, respectively, where the operating load is 2.32 kA m-2 and 3.5 kA m-2, respectively.13 This represents 7% and 12% of the total voltage applied across each cell, and is due entirely to inefficiencies that exist in the electrode material, contacts, electrode taps and interconnects. Additional improvements such as the incorporation of applicable advances in cell and stack design made in fuel cells and water electrolyzers, and electrocatalyst development could further reduce the energy consumption and hence, the cost for producing chlorine and caustic. The chlor-alkali process remains highly relevant and continues to offer challenges and opportunities for improvement in the context of electrochemical manufacturing.

Aluminum The electrochemical production of aluminum is one of the most successful examples of how electrochemical reactors can reduce the cost of commodities. Before the implementation of electrolysis, aluminum was as expensive as silver. Today, aluminum (average 2014 price $0.84 per lb14) is about 400 times cheaper than silver (average 2014 price $340 per lb15). However, primary aluminum production today is ranked among the most energy and CO2 intensive industrial processes. Specifically, it is among the world’s largest industrial consumers of energy, having an energy cost which accounts for approximately 30% of its total production cost.16 All of the primary aluminum production occurs through one industrial practice, which consists of three steps (a) mining of bauxite, (b) production of alumina (Al2O3) known as the Bayer process, and (c) reduction to Al metal known as the Hall–Héroult process [Editor’s note: Please see pages 36 and 37 of the summer 2014 issue of Interface for an ECS Classics article on the Hall-Héroult process by past ECS (continued on next page)

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Organic Compounds

president Theodore Beck]. Nearly all the electricity consumed in primary aluminum production (approximately two-thirds of the total energy input) is used in the Hall–Héroult process.16 This process is also currently responsible for 2.5% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2-equivalent emissions.17 The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the Hall–Héroult process include a) direct emissions (from the reaction of oxygen with the carbon-based anodes) and indirect emissions (from the use of fossil fuel based electricity) of CO2, and b) emissions of perfluorcarbons (PFCs) like CF4 and C2F6, released due to the anode effect in the cryolite bath. In the Hall–Héroult process alumina is reduced electrolytically to aluminium in a molten cryolite bath while carbon is consumed (oxidized) during the electrolytic process and supplies part of the energy necessary for the reduction of alumina, according to the following reaction:

Traditionally, the synthesis of organic compounds has been accomplished via chemical routes. Alternatively, over the last century, the use of electrochemical methods for organic synthesis has been investigated at both the laboratory and industrial scale. Some of the benefits of electrochemical organic synthesis are (a) higher product selectivity and purity, (b) lower number of reaction steps, (c) inexpensive starting materials, (d) less polluting byproducts, and (e) lower consumption of energy.21-22 However, these advantages have not translated to a widespread use of electrochemical synthesis and only a few processes have been commercialized from the laboratory scale. A list of organic compounds produced using electrochemical route and their proximity to industrial application is indicative of the current status of electrochemical synthesis (Table 3). The most successful organic electrosynthesis process that has been commercialized is the manufacture of adiponitrile from acrylonitrile:3

2Al2O3  3C → 4Al  3CO2

2CH2  CHCN  H2O → NC(CH2)4 CN 1O2 2

The theoretical minimum energy requirement for the reduction of alumina in a carbon cell is 6.16 kWh/kg Al (with CO2 emission at 960 oC). The theoretical decomposition voltage is 1.7 V; however, in practice the cell operates at about 4.7 V mainly because of ohmic losses throughout the components.19 High-grade alumina is dissolved in a molten bath consisting mainly of cryolite (Na3AlF6) at a temperature of about 960 oC. Consumable carbon anodes are employed in the electrolytic cell to produce molten aluminum, which is periodically withdrawn from the cathode by vacuum siphoning. The electrolytic cells used in the process need to be periodically replaced, producing a carbon-based solid waste (0.02 kg/kg Al) known as Spent Pot Lining (SPL), which is classified as a hazardous waste due to its chemical content (12% F- and 0.15% CN-).16 The energy consumed by the Hall–Héroult process (processing energy) and the resultant GHG emissions are summarized in Table 2. The total energy consumption and the GHG emissions depend on the source of energy used. A significant increase in both is observed when electricity from coal is used vs. hydroelectric. Independently of the electricity source, the electrochemical reaction is the highest source of energy consumption, accounting for up to 75% of the energy consumed and for 50% of the GHG emissions generated. Despite the successful use of electrolysis for the production of aluminum, research efforts are still needed to improve energy efficiency, to minimize the use of consumable anodes, and to minimize waste generation. Recently, ARPA-E, under the modern electro/thermochemical advances in light-metal systems (METALS)20 program, has sponsored research and development projects for the implementation of new technologies in the electrolysis of aluminum (e.g., advanced electrolytic cells with power modulation and heat recovery, dual electrolyte and electrolytic membrane extraction, and pure oxygen anode electrode). Hence, aluminum production offers another example of an established electrochemical manufacturing process that nevertheless offers challenges and opportunities for the future.

Adiponitrile (ADP) is a key intermediate for the production of nylon 6, 6 polymers. It is used for the synthesis of hexamethylenediamine (HMD), which along with adipic acid are the raw materials for the production of nylon 6, 6 fibers and resins. The electrochemical route for synthesizing adiponitrile is employed by Solutia in Decatur, Alabama in the U.S., Asahi Chemical in Nobeoka, Japan, and by BASF at Seal Sands, UK. Chemically ADP is produced by DuPont in Texas, U.S. and by Butachimie (joint venture between DuPont and Rhodia) in Chalampé, France. According to the report from ICIS, a petrochemical market information provider, in 2000, world production for the adiponitrile was 1.375 million metric tons per year of which 32.8% was produced via an electrochemical route.23 In a 2005 report, the global production increased to 1.564 million metric tons per year but the contribution from the electrochemical route dropped to 30.8% (0.481 million metric ton per year).24 An assessment from PCI Nylon, a market research consultancy, is that 1.197 million metric tons of ADP was produced in 2010 and only 29% of the ADP produced was from acrylonitrile.25 The demand for nylon 6, 6 is the driving force for the production of HMD and ADP, and this has remained fairly consistent over the past decade. However, the electrochemical synthesis of ADP has suffered slightly in its contribution towards global production mainly due to the reduced prices for the raw materials used in the butadiene (chemical) route of ADP production. Natural gas is used in the butadiene route to synthesize ADP and in recent years the price for natural gas has also come down.

New Vistas for Electrochemical Manufacturing of Organic Compounds The ADP electrosynthesis process is a classical example of electrochemical manufacturing of organic compounds. Due to environmental regulations, combined with advances in materials,3 the opportunity now exists to capitalize on the electrochemical synthesis of organic compounds from unconventional organic sources.

Table II. Processing energy and GHG emissions produced by the Hall–Héroult process.16,18 Type of Energy Hydroelectric

Part of the process

Energy Consumption (kWh/kg Al)

CO2 emissions (kg CO2/kg Al)

14.50

3.82

6.01

3.83

Total

20.51

7.65

Reaction

46.86

13.50

6.51

4.30

53.37

17.80

Reaction Carbon anode baking

Coal Based electricity (3 kWh for every 1 kWh required)

Carbon anode baking Total 50

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Examples of this new avenue include the electrolysis of carbon dioxide26-33 and the electrolysis of coal and solid fuels (e.g., petcoke, paper pulp, biomass).34-40 These opportunities are briefly discussed below. Electrolysis of carbon dioxide.—Carbon dioxide is currently generated at rates that far outweigh its removal/conversion to raw materials such as fuels and chemicals. The possibility of converting this abundant waste to useful products has created an avenue of interest from the perspectives of both sustainable energy and environmental decontamination.3 Although several chemical and catalytic methods have been tested for converting carbon dioxide to fuels, including reaction with hydrogen, hydrocarbons and organic carbonates, the use of electricity provides a more sustainable approach, due to the possibility of renewable sources (solar PV, wind) being used as the

source of electricity.26 While alternative chemical routes for CO2 reduction have shown disadvantages such as deactivation of catalysts due to the presence of water (methanol and ethanol formation) and high reaction temperatures (carbon monoxide formation from C – O dissociation), electrochemical CO2 reduction can be performed under ambient conditions.27-28 The electrochemical reduction of CO2 has been investigated in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. Various metal electrodes (Pb, Hg, Tl, In, Sn, Cd, Bi, Au, Ag, Zn, Pd, Ga, Cu, Ni, Fe, Pt, and Ti with CO2 reduction potentials vs. SHE of -1.63 V, -1.51 V, -1.60 V, -1.55 V, -1.48 V, -1.63 V, -1.56 V, -1.14 V, -1.37 V, -1.54 V, -1.20 V, -1.24 V, -1.44 V, -1.48 V, -0.91 V, -1.07 V, and -1.60 V, respectively) have been explored for this reaction.41,3 (continued on next page)

Table III. Examples of industrial organic electrosynthesis processes at commercial and pilot plant stages of operation. Adapted with permission from Table 2 in Sequeira, CAC and Santos DMF (2009) Electrochemical Routes for Industrial Synthesis. Place: Brazilian Chemical Society.22 Product

Starting Material

Company

Commercial Process Acetoin

Butanone

BASF

Acetylenedicarboxylic acid

1,4-Butynediol

BASF

Adipoin dimethyl acetal

Cyclohexanone

BASF

Adiponitrile

Acrylonitrile

Monsanto (Solutia), BASF, Asahi Chemical

4-Aminomethylpyridine

4-Cyanopyridine

Reilly Tar

Anthraquinone

Anthracene

L. B. Holliday, ECRC

Azobenzene

Nitrobenzene

Johnson Matthey Company

p-t-Butylbenzaldehyde

p-t-Butyltoluene

BASF, Givaudan

L-Cysteine

L-Cystine

Wacker Chemie AG

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

Naphthalene

Clariant

2,5-Dimethoxy-2,5-dihydrofuran

Furan

BASF

Hexafluoropropyleneoxide

Hexafluoropropylene

Clariant

m-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol

m-Hydroxybenzoic acid

Otsuka

p-Methoxybenzaldehyde

p-Methoxytoluene

BASF

Perfluorinated hydrocarbons

Alkyl substrates

3M, Bayer, Clariant

Salicylic aldeyde

o-Hydroxybenzoic acid

India

Succinic acid

Maleic acid

CERCI, India

3,4,5-Trimethoxytolyl alcohol

3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene

Otsuka Chemical

1-Acetoxynaphthalene

Naphthalene

BASF

2-Aminobenzyl alcohol

Anthranilic acid

BASF

Anthraquinone

Naphthalene, butadiene

Hydro Quebec

Arabinose

Gluconate

Electrosynthesis Co.

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

Dimethyl maleate

Monsanto

3,6-Dichloropicolinic acid

3,4,5,6-Tetrachloro-picolinic acid

Dow

Ethylene glycol

Formaldehyde

Electrosynthesis Co.

Glyoxylic acid

Oxalic acid

Rhone Poulenc, Steetley

Hydroxymethylbenzoic acid

Dimethyl terephthalate

Clariant

Monochloroacetic acid

tri- and di-Chloroacetic acid

Clariant

Nitrobenzene

p-Aminophenol

India, Monsanto

5-Nitronaphthoquinone

1-Nitronaphthalene

Hydro Quebec

Partially fluorinated hydrocarbons

Alkanes and alkenes

Phillips Petroleum

Propiolic acid

Propargyl alcohol

BASF

Propylene oxide

Propylene

Kellog, Shell

Substituted benzaldehydes

Substituted toluenes

Hydro Quebec, W.R. Grace

Pilot Process

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CO2  e– → CO2•¯ (1.90 V vs. SHE)

oxidized. The experiment was stopped when the cell voltage reached 1.17 V to avoid water electrolysis. The voltage of the cell increases due to the formation of films (caused by the oxidation of coal) on the surface of the coal particles.49,35 Jin and Botte have presented a discussion on the mechanism of the electro-oxidation of coal.35 The authors demonstrated that the coal is directly oxidized at the anode of the cell and proposed that the iron ions (additive to electrolyte) serve as a bridge that enables the instantaneous adsorption/binding of the coal particles on the electrode surface as they flow through the three dimensional electrode. As the films grow on the surface of the coal particles, this adsorption/binding is inhibited and the voltage of the cell increases. Even though the electrochemical oxidation of coal is a complex process due to the heterogeneity of the material, it has been hypothesized that the anodic current is used for the direct oxidation of coal to carbon dioxide and for the formation of the films.35 Assuming that coal can be represented as carbon, the electrochemical oxidation of coal to carbon dioxide takes place according to:

In addition to this limiting step, a competing reaction is hydrogen evolution reaction in aqueous environments30-31

1 1 + – 2C  H2O → 2 CO2  2H  2e

2H2O  2e– → 2OH ¯  H2 (0.41 V vs. SHE)

The formation of the films can involve multiple complex reactions due to the heterogeneity of the coal. A simple mechanism has been hypothesized:40 (2) 2C  2H2O → 2(COH)  2H +  2e–

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There are numerous products that arise during CO2 electrochemical reduction based on the number of electrons transferred over the course of the reaction. In fact, one study has shown as many as 16 products in varying amounts (formate, carbon monoxide, methanol, glyoxal, methane, acetate, glycoaldehyde, ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, ethanol, ethylene, hydroxyacetone, acetone, allyl alcohol, propionaldehyde, and 1-propanol).29 However, while the reduction potentials for the respective reactions indicate mostly favorable thermodynamics, the poor kinetics necessitate overpotentials upwards of 1.0 V to yield these products.41 In most instances, multiple products are formed leading to poor selectivity. The bottleneck in CO2 reduction has been postulated to be due to the formation of a radical anion:30

These issues with electrode kinetics and the nature of the chemical environment as well as the issues associated with poor selectivity indicate that further fundamental understanding of CO2 electroreduction is required before viable electrochemical manufacturing of useful products from CO2 can be realized at a commercial scale. However, this is undoubtedly an area with immense potential and opportunity for further exploration at the laboratory and perhaps pilot scales. Electrolysis of coal and solid fuels.—The controlled manipulation of complex hydrocarbon sources (e.g., coal, pet-coke, lignin, pulp paper, biomass) to high value products with minimum carbon dioxide emissions is a tantalizing prospect and presents an excellent opportunity for electrochemical manufacturing of chemicals from complex and messy feedstocks. One example is the electrolysis of coal, wherein researchers have demonstrated that through the implementation of advanced materials, nanotechnology, and appropriate cell design, significant improvements in process performance can be achieved. A case in point is the nearly 2 order of magnitude improvement observed over the past several decades from current densities of 4 mA/cm2 in the late 1970s42-46 to up to 250 mA/ cm2 today.34-40,47-49 The efficient production of hydrogen (22 kWh/kg of hydrogen34 electrical energy with 100% faradic efficiency), liquid fuels,40,50 and graphene51 enabled by the electrolysis of coal with minimum carbon dioxide emissions (15-25% faradaic efficiency40,50) has been demonstrated recently. A schematic representation of the process for the electrochemical manufacturing of high value chemicals from coal is shown in Fig. 1. The process consists of three main steps: 1. Electro-hydrogenation of the coal (or coal electrolysis),34-37 2. Extraction of liquid fuels,40,50 and 3. Synthesis of graphene films.38,39,51 In the first stage (step 1),34-37coal slurries (coal particles/ electrolyte) are electrochemically oxidized in the presence of water in the anode compartment of the electrochemical cell (producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen rich films on the surface of the coal), while hydrogen is produced in the cathode compartment of the cell. 4 M sulfuric acid, with a small concentration of Fe+2/Fe+3 (ca. 40 mM) is used as the electrolyte. This electrolyte is not consumed during the reaction and can be reused and/or recycled during the process.40,50 The anode and cathode compartments are electrically separated. Nafion® membranes and polyethylene separators have both been used successfully. Protons are transported from the anode to the cathode. The electrochemical cell operates at relatively low cell voltages (0.71.0 V) and intermediate temperatures (25-110oC). Figure 1b shows the galvanostatic performance of the coal electrolytic cell at 100 mA/cm2 operating at 104 oC. Wyodak coal (sub-bituminous coal) DECS-26 was used with a particle size between 210-250 microns. The concentration of the coal slurry (coal in electrolyte) was kept at 0.04 g/ml. As shown, the voltage of the cell increased as the coal was 52

(1)

The majority of the current in the process (75-85% depending on the type of coal) is used for the oxidation of coal into hydrogen rich films that grow on the surface of the coal particles (for example, simplified reaction 2), while the electrochemical oxidation of coal to carbon dioxide (according to simplified reaction 1) is low. When Wyodak coal is used for the process, 75% of the coal is oxidized according to reaction 2, while 25% of the coal yields CO2. On the other hand, at the cathode the evolution of hydrogen occurs with 100% faradaic efficiency.34-37 Step 2 of the process, extraction of liquid fuels, capitalizes on the formation of the films on the surface of the coal to yield chemicals and fuels. It has been demonstrated that liquid fuels can be obtained through extraction using ethanol at 78 oC and ambient pressure with a yield of 0.2 g per g of coal.40,50 The extraction yields obtained could compete with the yields reported using supercritical conditions (197 atm, 380°C), 0.5 g per g of coal.52 Using the combined electrolysis/ liquid extraction process presents an opportunity to reduce costs for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from coal. Another application for the use of the electrolyzed coal is the synthesis of carbon nanostructures, nanotubes, and graphene – step 3 of the process. For example, Vijapur et al. have demonstrated the synthesis of graphene films from coal using chemical vapor deposition.51 The electrochemical manufacture of high value chemicals from coal is another electrochemical manufacturing technology that is in a nascent stage and, like CO2 electro-reduction, will benefit greatly from further research and development efforts.

Outlook Due to recent technological advancements and a changing economic climate, electrochemical technologies and processes now represent a relatively untapped frontier of opportunity for unique, enabling, and translational solutions that can benefit the chemical industry. Electrochemical processes provide significant benefits including:3,55 •

Easy integration with renewable energy (electricity) sources. The scalability of the technologies, as well as their ability to easily operate in an on-demand mode, facilitates the technologies’ ability to interface with renewable, timevarying energy sources. (continued on page 54) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

(a)

(b)

Fig. 1. (a) Electrochemical manufacturing of high value chemicals (hydrogen,34 liquid fuels,40 graphene51) from coal. (b) Galvanostatic performance of the coal electrolytic cell at 100 mA/cm2.50

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•

Minimization of purification and separation costs. Electrochemical synthesis and/or electrolysis potentially allow the direct production of pure fuels and/or chemicals.

•

Ease of operation at low temperature and pressure. Electrochemical synthesis and/or electrolysis typically takes place at low temperatures and pressures as compared to traditional heterogeneous catalytic synthesis. This could represent significant cost savings.

•

Mid-term impact. The timeframe for implementation of these technologies could be mid-term to long-term (five to twenty years from now).

•

Ease of storage and transportation of feedstock and fuels. Liquid fuels catalyzed through these processes can be transported, stored, and used using existing technology and infrastructure.

The chemical and allied industries (ChEAllieds) confront technology challenges – e.g., reliability of energy supply, lack of energy efficient/transformative manufacturing technologies, waste reduction, and water conservation – that hinder and jeopardize their growth and affect their competiveness worldwide.54 Current chemical industry production methods have approached their practical performance limits, therefore, new disruptive, and enabling technologies are needed that will provide solutions to the ChEAllieds beyond incremental manufacturing improvements. Electrochemical manufacturing could provide opportunities for the ChEAllieds and, given the advantages and outlook discussed above, this is an emergent area for research and development. The Electrochemical Pathway for Sustainable Manufacturing (EPSuM) Consortium56 funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) through the Advanced Manufacturing Technology Consortia (AMTech) Program is an example of an attractive collaborative model for pursuing translational advances in this sector. The overarching goal of this consortium is to develop a technology roadmap to support, sustain, and enhance U.S. manufacturing capacity in the nation’s chemical industry and allied sectors through innovative processes that utilize electrochemical science and technology to address major technical barriers. Partners on the Phase I of the program are the Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research at Ohio University,57 the National Science Foundation Industry University Cooperative Research: Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology (CEProTECH),58 PolymerOhio Inc.,59 The Electrochemical Society,60 and multiple companies. Similar government-universityindustry partnerships would greatly advance the electrochemical manufacturing sector and should be actively pursued.

About the Author Gerardine (Gerri) Botte is the Russ Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Ohio University, the founder and director of Ohio University’s Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, and the founder and director of the National Science Foundation I/ UCRC Center for Electrochemical Processes and Technology. Dr. Botte and members of her research group are working on projects in the areas of electrochemical engineering, electrosynthesis, batteries, electrolyzers, sensors, fuel cells, mathematical modeling, and electro-catalysis. Example projects include: hydrogen production from ammonia, biomass, urea, and coal, synthesis of carbon nanotubes and graphene, water remediation, selective catalytic reduction, ammonia synthesis, and electrochemical conversion of shale gas and CO2 to high value products. She has 116 publications (peer-reviewed, book chapters, proceedings, and patents) and over 190 presentations in international conferences. She is the inventor of 18 U.S. patents and 29 pending applications. She is the Editor in 54

Chief of the Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. In 2010, she was named a Fellow of the World Technology Network for her contributions on the development of sustainable and environmental technologies. In 2012 she was named a Chapter Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors. Dr. Botte served as past Chair, ViceChair, and Secretary/Treasurer of the ECS Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division. She received her BS in Chemical Engineering from Universidad de Carabobo (Venezuela) in 1994. Prior to graduate school, Dr. Botte worked as a process engineer in a petrochemical plant (Petroquimica de Venezuela) where she was involved in the production of fertilizers and polymers. She received her PhD in 2000 (under the direction of Ralph E. White) and ME in 1998, both in Chemical Engineering, from the University of South Carolina. Prior to joining Ohio University as an assistant professor in 2002, Dr. Botte was an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota-Duluth. She may be reached at botte@ohio.edu.

References 1. G. Agam, Industrial Chemicals: Their Characteristics and Development, Elsevier, The Netherlands (1994). 2. H. Pütter, Industrial Electroorganic Chemistry, in Organic Electrochemistry, 4th ed., H. Lund and O. Hammerich, Editors, p. 1259-1308, Marcel Dekker, New York (2001). 3. G. G. Botte, D. A. Daramola, and M. Muthuvel, Preparative Electrochemistry for Organic Synthesis, in Comprehensive Organic Synthesis II, Vol. 9, P. Knochel and G. A. Molander, Editors, p. 351-389, Elsevier, The Netherlands (2014). 4. W. J. Lorenz and W. Plieth, Electrochemical Nanotechnology: In-Situ Local Probe Techniques at Electrochemical Interfaces, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim (1998). 5. M. Fleischmann, A. Oliver, and J. Robinson, In situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Electrode Solution Interfaces, Electrochim. Acta, 31, 899, (1986). 6. A. Ikai, STM and AFM of Bio/Organic Molecules and Structures, Surf. Sci. Rep., 26, 263 (1996). 7. W. Weaver, Raman and Infrared Spectroscopies as In Situ Probes of Catalytic Adsorbate Chemistry at Electrochemical and Related Metal–Gas Interfaces: Some Perspectives and Prospects, Top. Catal., 8, 65 (1999). 8. B. Kirchner, P. di Dio, J. Hutter, and J. Vrabec, Real-World Predictions from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations, in Multiscale Molecular Methods in Applied Chemistry, Vol. 307, p. 109-154, B. Kirchner and J. Vrabec, Editors, Springer, Berlin (2012). 9. F. Keil, Multiscale Modelling in Computational Heterogeneous Catalysis, in Multiscale Molecular Methods in Applied Chemistry, Vol. 307, p. 69-107, B. Kirchner and J. Vrabec, Editors, Springer, Berlin (2012). 10. S. Wasileski, C. Taylor, and M. Neurock, Modeling Electrocatalytic Reaction Systems from First Principles, in Device and Materials Modeling in PEM Fuel Cells, S. Paddison and K. Promislow, Vol. 113, p. 551-574, Editors, Springer, Berlin (2009). 11. The European Chlor-Alkali Industry: An Electricity Intensive Sector Exposed to Carbon Leakage http://www.eurochlor.org/ media/9385/3-2-the_european_chlor-alkali_industry_-_an_ electricity_intensive_sector_exposed_to_carbon_leakage.pdf . 12. The Uhde Membrane Process: Technical data, ThyssenKrupp Industrial Solutions, http://www.thyssenkrupp-industrialsolutions.com/en/products-solutions/chemical-industry/ electrolysis/chlor-alkali-electrolysis/process/technical-data. html. 13. T. V. Bommaraju, T. F. O’Brien, and F. Hine, F., Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology. Springer Science+Business Media, New York (2005). 14. Aluminum Prices and Aluminum Price Chart, InvestmentMine, http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/aluminum/. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

15. Silver Price Charts, Silver Price, http://silverprice.org/silverprice-per-kilo.html. 16. E. Balomenos, D. Panias, and I. Paspaliaris, Energy and Exergy Analysis of the Primary Aluminum Production Processes: A Review on Current and Future Sustainability, Miner. Process. Extract. Metall. Rev., 32, 69 (2011). 17. A. Steinfeld, High-Temperature Solar Thermochemistry for CO2 Mitigation in the Extractive Metallurgical Industry, Energy, 22, 311 (1997). 18. U.S. Energy Requirements for Aluminum Production, Historical Perspective, Theoretical Limits, and Current Practices, U.S. Department of Energy (2007). 19. A. Kuhn, Industrial Electrochemical Processes, p. 192-198, Elsevier, The Netherlands (1971). 20. Modern Electro/Thermochemical Advances in Light Metals Systems, ARPA-E, US Department of Energy, DE-FOA-0000882 (2013). 21. N. L. Weinberg, Industrial Organic Electrosynthesis with Some Advice on Approaches to Scaleup, http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ encycl/art-o01-org-ind.htm. 22. C. A. C. Sequeira and D. M. F. Santos, D. M. F., Electrochemical Routes for Industrial Synthesis, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 20, 387 (2009). 23. ICIS. Adiponitrile, http://www.icis.com/Articles/2000/05/01/ 112189/adiponitrile-adn.html. 24. ICIS. Adiponitrile, http://www.icis.com/Articles/2005/04/01/ 665143/adiponitrile.html. 25. PCI Nylon.Adiponitrile, http://pcinylon.com/index.php/marketscovered/adiponitrile. 26. G. Centi and S. Perathoner, Opportunities and Prospects in the Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Fuels, Catal. Today, 148, 191 (2009). 27. K. W. Frese, Jr., Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at Solid Electrodes, in Electrochemical and Electrocatalytic Reactions of Carbon Dioxide, B. P. Sullivan, K. Krist, and H. E. Guard, Editors, p. 299, Elsevier, New York (1993). 28. Y. Hori, Electrochemical CO2 Reduction on Metal Electrodes, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, Vol. 42, C. G. Vayenas, R. E. White, and M. E. Gamboa-Aldeco, Editors, Springer Science+Business Media, New York (2008). 29. K. Kuhl, E. Cave, D. Abram, and T. Jaramillo, New Insights into the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on Metallic Copper Surfaces, Energy Environ. Sci., 5, 7050 (2012). 30. L. Wenzhen, Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Small Organic Molecule Fuels on Metal Catalysts, in Advances in CO2 Conversion and Utilization, Vol. 1056, p. 55, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (2010). 31. N. R. Neelameggham, Carbon Dioxide Reduction Technologies: A Synopsis of the Symposium at TMS 2008, J. Miner., Met. Mater., 60, 36 (2008). 32. J. Hartvigsen, S. Elangovan, L. Frost, A. Nickens, C. M. Stoots, J. E. O’Brien, and J. S. Herring, Carbon Dioxide Recycling by High Temperature Co-electrolysis and Hydrocarbon Synthesis, ECS Trans., 12, 625 (2008). 33. U. Krewer, T. Vidakovic-Koch, and L. Rihko-Struckmann, Electrochemical Oxidation of Carbon-Containing Fuels and Their Dynamics in Low-Temperature Fuel Cells, ChemPhysChem., 12, 2518 (2011). 34. X. Jin and G. G. Botte, Feasibility of Hydrogen Production from Coal Electrolysis at Intermediate Temperatures, J. Power Sources, 171, 826 (2007). 35. X. Jin and G. G. Botte, Understanding the Kinetics of Coal Electrolysis at Intermediate Temperatures, J. Power Sources, 195, 4935 (2010).

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G. G. Botte, U.S. Patent App. WO 2006/121981. G. G. Botte, CA Patent 2,614,591 (2013). G. G. Botte, U.S. Patent 8,029,759 (2011). G. G. Botte, U.S. Patent App. 61/621,625 (2012). G. G. Botte, Coal Electrolysis for the Production of Hydrogen and Liquid Fuels, State of Wyoming, Final Report, June 2011. 41. Y. Hori, H. Wakebe, T. Tsukamoto, and O. Koga, Electrocatalytic Process of CO Selectivity in Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at Metal Electrodes in Aqueous Media, Electrochim. Acta, 39, 1833 (1994). 42. R. W. Coughlin and M. Farooque, Hydrogen Production From Coal, Water and Electrons, Nature, 279, 301 (1979). 43. M. Farooque and R.W. Coughlin, Electrochemical Gasification Of Coal (Investigation Of Operating-Conditions and Variables), Fuel, 58, 705 (1979). 44. R. W. Coughlin and M. Farooque, Electrochemical Gasification Of Coal - Simultaneous Production Of Hydrogen and CarbonDioxide by a Single Reaction Involving Coal, Water, and Electrons, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 19, 211 (180). 45. R. W. Coughlin and M. Farooque, Consideration of Electrodes and Electrolytes for Electrochemical Gasification of Coal by Anodic-Oxidation, J. Appl. Electrochem., 10, 729 (1980). 46. R. W. Coughlin and M. Farooque, Thermodynamic, Kinetic, And Mass Balance Aspects Of Coal-Depolarized Water Electrolysis, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 21, 559 (1982). 47. P. Patil, Y. De Abreu, and G. G. Botte, Electrooxidation of Coal Slurries on Different Electrode Materials, J. Power Sources, 158, 368 (2006). 48. N. Sathe and G. G. Botte, Assessment of Coal and Graphite Electrolysis on Carbon Fiber Electrodes, J. Power Sources, 161, 513 (2006). 49. Y. De Abreu, P. Patil, A. I. Marquez, and G. G. Botte, Characterization of Electrooxidized Pittsburgh No. 8 Coal, Fuel, 86, 573 (2007). 50. S. Vijapur and G. G. Botte, Coal Electrolysis Integrated Solvent Extraction System for Hydrogen Production, Presented at the 39th International Technical Conference on Clean Coal & Fuel Systems, Clearwater, FL, June 2014. 51. S. Vijapur, D. Wang, and G. G. Botte, Raw Coal Derived Large Area and Transparent Graphene Films, ECS Solid State Lett., 2, M45 (2013). 52. M. Shishido, T. Mashiko, and K. Arai, Co-solvent Effect of Tetralin or Ethanol on Supercritical Toluene Extraction of Coal, Fuel, 70, 545 (1991). 53. G. G. Botte, Ohio Coal Conversion to High Value Graphene, Ohio Coal Development Office, OOE-CDO-D13-23, July 2013. 54. Sustainable U.S. Manufacturing in the Chemical and Allied Industries, http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/sustainability/ acsandsustainability/sustainablemanufacturing/roadmaps.html. 55. G. G. Botte and M. Muthuvel, Electrochemical Energy Storage: Applications, Processes, and Trends, in Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, Vol. 2, J. Kent, Editor, p. 1497-1539, Springer, New York (2012). 56. Electrochemical Pathway for Sustainable Manufacturing (EPSuM) Consortium, http://www.nist.gov/amo/70nanb14h052. cfm 57. Center for Electrochemical Engineering Research, Ohio University, http://www.ohio.edu/ceer/ 58. CEProTECH. NSF I/UCRC, http://ceprotech.com 59. PolymerOhio Inc. http://polymerohio.org 60. The Electrochemical Society, http://www.electrochem.org 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

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Electrochemical Surface Finishing by E. J. Taylor and M. Inman lectrochemical surface finishing is a highly scalable manufacturing process that traditionally uses viscous, non-aqueous and/or highly acidic electrolytes to achieve the desired surface profiles on metallic parts, with the addition of aggressive, hazardous chemical species to remove the oxide film on strongly passive materials. An emerging approach applies pulse and pulse reverse electric fields to control current distribution, mitigate oxide film formation and achieve the desired surface finish, in the presence of environmentally benign and simple chemistries. This approach lowers the cost of the manufacturing process, and improves process robustness. After a brief discussion of electrochemical surface finishing processes, case studies that describe deburring of automotive gears and electropolishing of semiconductor valves and superconducting radio frequency cavities are presented in this article.

Conventional Electrochemical Surface Finishing Processes Electrochemical surface finishing removes metal in a selective manner from the surface of the workpiece by converting the metal into ions by means of an applied electric field. This is accomplished in an electrolytic cell by applying a positive (anodic) potential to the workpiece and a negative (cathode) potential to the tool used to shape the workpiece. While fundamental investigations of electrochemical metal removal processes typically employ a 3-electrode system, a manufacturing environment is typically not conducive to the use of reference electrodes. Therefore, most electrochemical manufacturing systems are based on a two-electrode cell. Conventional electrochemical surface finishing relies heavily on the “art” of chemical mediation for process control. Under the influence of a constant electric field and controlled electrolyte flow, aggressive chemical species diffuse to the electrochemical interface and control the preferential dissolution of asperities from a surface via an electrolytic reaction, which may be generally represented as: M0 → M+n  ne–

(1)

The selection of the appropriate electrolyte is, in part, dependent upon the initial surface finish. Landolt defined large asperities as features greater than ~ 1 µm,1 for which low conductivity electrolytes are used to affect a primary current distribution, such that the voltage gradient between the asperities and the recesses of the surface is magnified, and the asperities are preferentially removed. These low conductivity electrolytes are generally used for applications such as deburring.2,3 For asperities smaller than ~1 µm,1 high viscosity electrolytes are used to affect a tertiary current distribution such that under mass transport control, the limiting currents are higher at the tip of asperities than in the recesses and the asperities are again preferentially removed. Jacquet4 was one of the first to report that the optimum region for electropolishing is the mass transport or current limited plateau in the polarization curve based on a viscous salt film model. Furthermore, during anodic metal dissolution (Eq. 1) some metal surfaces can form a passive oxide film, generally described as: M  xH2O → M(Ox)  2xH+  2xe–

(2)

For strongly passivating metals, continued electropolishing under direct current (DC) electric fields in a simple electrolyte can lead to a roughened surface similar to pitting corrosion. Aggressive chemicals are therefore added to the electrolyte to remove the passive film

to enable uniform polishing. For example, hydrofluoric acid and/ or fluoride salts are added to traditional electrolytes to depassivate the surface for strongly passive metals such as niobium and Nitinol alloys.5 In addition to the electrolyte handling and safety issues associated with concentrated hydrofluoric acid, conventional DC electropolishing of these materials presents process control issues, and reject rates can be as high as 40 to 50%.6 This reliance on chemical mediation can be traced back 150 years when the understanding of electrochemical principles was nascent. The history of electrochemical processing is full of stories regarding the serendipitous “discovery” of chemical components of electrolytes leading to the desired surface properties and profiles. These discoveries ultimately became the paradigm for development of new electrolyte chemistries, which led to the proprietary chemical additives of today’s chemical suppliers. This chemical mediation paradigm has the undesirable side effects of environmental waste and worker safety concerns, poor process control, and process performance limitations. Consequently, electrochemical surface finishing electrolytes are typically complex and difficult to control, and environmentally unfriendly.

Shifting the Paradigm to Pulse/Pulse Reverse Surface Finishing Processes An emerging approach shifts the paradigm from the art of chemical mediation to the science of electrochemical kinetics and mass transport phenomena. Rather than relying on the diffusion of aggressive chemical species to the electrochemical interface, and on the continual need for maintenance of key chemical species in the electrolyte, user-defined asymmetric pulsed electric fields are utilized to directly control the interfacial process. Figure 1 includes a schematic of an electropolishing process setup and a generalized electropolishing pulse reverse waveform for electropolishing of a niobium superconducting radio frequency cavity, as discussed below. A pulse reverse waveform for electrochemical metal removal begins with an anodic pulse that is tuned (on-time, ta, and peak voltage, Va) to enhance mass transport and control current distribution. While a priori determination of the on-times and peak voltages is difficult, guiding principles based on single pulse transient studies have been presented.7 Generally speaking, for uniform polishing of a surface, for hydrodynamic boundary layers conforming to the roughness features (i.e., a macroprofile), the anodic on-time should be relatively small. For hydrodynamic boundary layers much larger than the roughness features (i.e., a microprofile), the anodic on-time should be relatively large. Furthermore, for oxide forming or passive materials, anodic-only pulses lead to a rougher surface due to the non-uniform breakthrough of the passive film.8,9 To depassivate the surface, cathodic pulses (on-time, tc, and peak voltage, Vc) are interspersed within the anodic pulses, in place of or in conjunction with off-times, toff.10-13 The off-times are generally inserted between the anodic and cathodic pulses to facilitate replenishment of reacting species and removal of by-products and heat. The cathodic pulse eliminates the need for aggressive chemical species such as HF and/or fluoride salts to remove the surface oxide. While the exact mechanism of depassivation is unknown at this stage, we speculate that the cathodic pulses remove the oxide film either by direct electrochemical reduction or indirect chemical reduction, and restore the virgin metal surface prior to the next anodic pulse. The amplitude of the cathodic pulses required for depassivation is material specific, and appears to be based on the free energy of formation of the passive film. (continued on next page)

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Taylor and Inman

(continued from previous page)

Some have suggested using nonaqueous or low water content electrolytes to remove the source of oxygen leading to the formation of the passive film.14-16 However, from an industrial perspective, these processes are difficult to implement and control, due to several factors such as the hygroscopic nature of some nonaqueous electrolytes, issues with solubility and conductivity and with issues related to toxicity. The inclusion of cathodic pulses and off-times in the waveform suggests that the overall process would be much slower than a conventional DC process, which is undesirable for industrial implementation. However, the maximum instantaneous current density available during the anodic pulse is higher than the DC limiting current density. Specifically, the ratio between the limiting current density realized in the pulsed electropolishing process, ip, versus that in steady state, ilim, is: ip / ilim = [δp/δ (1  γa)  γa ]–1 (3) where δp is the pulsating diffusion layer thickness, δ is the steady state (DC) boundary layer thickness, and γa is the anodic duty cycle, or the ratio of the anodic pulse to the total period of the waveform. Ibl and colleagues17-19 discussed a “duplex diffusion layer” consisting of an inner pulsating layer and an outer stationary layer. Modeling work by Landolt also suggested the existence of a pulsating diffusion layer.20 By assuming a linear concentration gradient across the pulsating diffusion layer and conducting a mass balance, Ibl derived the pulsating diffusion layer thickness (δp) as:18 δp= (2Dton)1/2

Fig. 1. Schematic of the electrochemical setup and pulse reverse waveform for electropolishing of a niobium superconducting radio frequency cavity.

(4)

where D is the diffusion coefficient and ton is the pulse length. When the pulse on time is equal to the transition time (τ), the concentration of reacting species at the interface drops to zero precisely at the end of the pulse. An expression for τ is provided in the following equation: τ = ((nF)2 Cb 2D)/2ip2

(5)

where n is the number of electrons, F is the Faraday constant and Cb is bulk concentration. More exact solutions are given by integrating Fick’s diffusion equation: δp= 2((Dton) / π)1/2

(6)

τ  π((nF)2 Cb 2D) / 4ip2

(7)

More recently, Yin21 using a similar approach as Ibl, derived the same equation for the pulsating diffusion layer for “pulse-withreverse” electrochemical processes. Per Eq. 3, because δp must be smaller than δ, higher instantaneous limiting current densities can be achieved in pulsed processes. The extent of this increase is based on the δp/δ ratio, which is directly influenced by the anodic pulse on time. A higher instantaneous limiting current density relates directly to a higher instantaneous metal

removal rate. Therefore, the overall removal rate of a pulsed process can rival or exceed that of a DC process despite a duty cycle that is less than 100%. The waveform is designed such that the anodic pulse compensates for off-times and cathodic pulses such that the average material removal rate (net anodic current density) is equivalent to or greater than DC electropolishing. While rates are material and part geometry specific, as discussed herein the material removal rate for a stainless steel valve using a pulse reverse process was more than three times greater than that for the baseline DC process. In summary, while conventional electropolishing uses a high viscosity electrolyte to focus the current distribution under mass transport, and aggressive chemicals to remove the oxide film, pulse reverse electropolishing is based on non-viscous, environmentally benign, simple chemistries and 1) uses the anodic pulse time and amplitude to focus the current distribution by qualitatively considering the effects of anodic pulse on-time to pulsating boundary layer thickness and the pulse amplitude on the transition time, 2) uses a cathodic pulse to remove the oxide film, and 3) uses an off-time to dissipate heat and reaction byproducts. As described above, there is some theoretical guidance as to the design of the waveform for a particular application. However, the fundamental understanding of the effects of pulse reverse waveforms on electrochemical processes has not yet been sufficiently developed to readily identify the required parameters without some experimentation. It is far more complex to model a dynamic train of anodic and cathodic pulses than a constant electric field. However, the lack of a predictive model does not, and should not preclude us from utilizing the advantages of pulse reverse electric fields in manufacturing applications. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Pulse reverse processes retain the advantages of high speed and low capital investment common to many electrochemical engineering manufacturing solutions. Herein, we discuss case studies detailing the use of pulse (anodic only) electrochemical deburring of steel automotive planetary gears, pulse reverse electropolishing of stainless steel semiconductor valves in aqueous sodium chloride/ sodium nitrate, and pulse reverse electropolishing of pure niobium superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities used for high energy particle physics accelerators.

Electrochemical Surface Finishing Case Studies Electrochemical Deburring of a Carbon Steel Planetary Gear for Ford Motor Co. Traditional approach.—Removing rough edges and burrs from manufactured parts is an important industrial challenge. Deburring is often accomplished with manual labor using rudimentary tools and implements. Issues in terms of cost, quality, and worker repetitive motion injury are concerns with manual deburring operations. Ford Motor Co. sought a reproducible cost-competitive process to replace their current manual deburring activities.3 The part of interest (Fig. 2) was a cast iron (SAE 1010 steel) planetary carrier with oil grooves that had burrs from the milling processes. Initially, Ford engineers worked on an electrochemical deburring process based on an electrolyte of ethylene glycol, ammonium salt, nitric acid and a small amount of water. During initial production trials (~8,000 parts), several problems were noticed: 1) limited tool (cathode) lifetime, 2) worker and plant exposure to ammonia odor, and 3) high electrolyte cost and maintenance. Specifically, daily additions of nitric acid and water were required to maintain the pH between 5 and 6, and the electrolyte replacement cost was ~$20,000. Emerging approach.—The development of a pulsed electrochemical deburring process using an aqueous NaCl/NaNO3 (~15 % wt) electrolyte was explored. Since 1010 steel is not a strongly passivating material, cathodic pulses were not required, and short anodic pulses were utilized to focus the current field on the burrs. The process was incorporated into an automated machine that enabled a processing time of 45 seconds, leading to a through-put of ~300 parts per hour. The process, which has been in operation since 1997, does not require active chilling and only needs a twice monthly addition of makeup water. The NaCl/NaNO3 solution is replaced every 6 months to remove oils and contaminant buildup from dragin, and the cost of electrolyte replacement is a fraction of the cost of the ethylene glycol-based electrolyte. The electrochemical deburring leads to iron hydroxide particles which are removed by a magnetic separator and Ford engineers report excellent tool life and process robustness.3 Finally, we estimate that almost $400,000 could have been saved in the capital cost of the machine, if the machine had originally been designed for the NaCl/NaNO3 process, instead of the ethylene glycol/ammonium salt-based process. Figure 2 provides an example of the efficacy of this process. Electropolishing Valves for Swagelok Corp. Traditional approach.—Stainless steel (300 Series) valves, fittings and tubular products are used for semiconductor process fluid control and delivery. The internal surfaces of these valves must be polished to a mirror-like finish. Previous practice for achieving said finish involved a two-step process, 1) abrasive flow machining (AFM) for deburring and bulk material removal of the tool lines, followed by 2) conventional electropolishing to achieve the final mirror-like surface finish. The electropolishing process used a chilled electrolyte solution consisting of a low conductivity and viscous concentrated sulfuric/ phosphoric acid as well as proprietary additives. The AFM media was expensive and the combined AFM/electropolishing process difficult to control. Emerging approach.—The development of a pulse reverse electrolytic process for both bulk material removal and electropolishing based on pulse/pulse reverse waveforms in an aqueous NaCl/NaNO3 (~15 % wt) electrolyte was explored. The same electrochemical cell used for the conventional electropolishing process was used here, so no additional capital outlay was required. Due to the requirement The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

for both bulk removal and final electropolishing, we developed a two-step sequenced waveform13 which polished the surface from a “roughness average” (Ra) surface finish of approximately 1 µm to a mirror-like finish with a final Ra of 0.026 µm after 45 seconds. This is in comparison to the prior process that took ~3 minutes for the electropolishing step alone. Note, Ra is a commonly used measurement of surface roughness based on the arithmetic average of the absolute values of the surface peaks and valleys. Figure 3 shows an example of a SS316 tubular part electropolished using the pulse reverse process. Electropolishing of Nb Superconducting Radio Frequency Cavities Traditional approach.—Niobium is used to fabricate Superconducting Radio Frequency (SRF) cavities used for highenergy particle physics accelerators, such as the International Linear Collider. To take full advantage of the superconducting properties of the niobium SRF cavities, the interior surface must be electropolished to a microscale roughness. Conventional DC electropolishing of niobium is conducted in a viscous electrolyte consisting of nine parts sulfuric acid (96%) to one part hydrofluoric acid (48%).5 This electrolyte is an extreme hazard to workers and requires costly safety protocols with expensive waste treatment costs. Furthermore, the viscous electrolyte necessitates the use of a horizontally rotating (continued on next page)

Fig. 2. SAE 1010 planetary gear (top) before (left) and after (right) pulse deburring in an NaCl-NaNO3 electrolyte. 59

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(continued from previous page)

cavity, 60% filled with electrolyte, to enable the escape of hydrogen gas from the salt film at the surface. This requires elaborate sealing equipment, and limits the industrial implementation at large part volumes. Emerging approach.—The development of a pulse reverse process to electropolish pure Nb SRF cavities in an electrolyte of 5-10 wt% sulfuric acid in water was explored. It is speculated that the process works indirectly, wherein an oxide film is first formed during the anodic cycle and subsequently removed during the cathodic cycle to effectively consume niobium metal, rather than direct electrochemical

oxidation of Nb to Nb2+ in solution.22 This mechanism is termed “cathodic electropolishing,” and while it may be applicable to other materials, is a phenomenon that to date has only been observed with electropolishing of strongly passivating materials such as pure niobium. In bench-scale feasibility experiments, flat 25 x 25 mm niobium coupons were processed in aqueous H2SO4 electrolytes and a variety of pulse reverse waveform parameters were explored. The desired surface finish (< 0.05 µm measured using a Mitutoyo SJ-400 stylus profilometer, at the minimum detection limit of this measurement tool) and level of cleanliness, comparable to that obtained using standard electropolishing (9 parts H2SO4 (96%) to 1 part HF (49%)) was achieved.23 While this demonstration was impressive at the bench-scale, the true value to the high-energy physics community could only be realized by scaling up the niobium electropolishing process to singlecell and nine-cell SRF cavities. To facilitate this technology transition, the process was first investigated on larger flat coupons, 75 x 75 mm square, to optimize current density scaling factors, edge effects and the anode-cathode gap. The SRF cavities have varying anode-cathode gap, ranging from ~1 to 3.4 inches, which affects the uniformity of the applied current, and therefore the polishing uniformity throughout the cavity. This potential non-uniformity can be alleviated through specialized cathode design and waveform parameter selection. In the final phase of the work to date, the knowledge gained in the flat coupon work was applied to implement the technology on singlecell cavities.24 The electropolished cavities (Fig. 4) were evaluated at Fermilab and reported to achieve equivalent or better RF performance compared to traditional processing. Specifically, the maximum gradient reported in a single cell cavity was ~45MV/m with a Q of 1 x 1010, the highest gradient and Q value at this gradient observed at Fermilab in any cavity regardless of processing technique!25 In contrast to traditional electropolishing, Fermilab also noted that if the pulse reverse process was implemented to electropolish Nb cavities, safety and environmental overheads would be reduced to a bare minimum. Furthermore, as this electrolyte does not seem to engender a viscous salt film on the surface, the cavity can be held in a vertical orientation and does not require rotation. This will enable industrial scale manufacturing in a simple manifold arrangement to process multiple cavities simultaneously at low cost.

Conclusions

Fig. 3. 316SS fitting surface before (top) and after (bottom) pulse reverse electropolishing in an NaCl-NaNO3 electrolyte.

Electrochemical engineering processes have long been applied to metal removal applications, such as electropolishing, deburring, and radiusing. However, due to the mechanistic aspects of conventional DC surface finishing, toxic and difficult-to-control chemistries are often required to obtain the desired surface finish and part dimension.

Fig. 4. (Left) Single-cell cavity in frame for electropolishing, (Right) Interior, electropolished surface. 60

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Pulse or pulse reverse processes, by comparison, employ aqueous electrolytes that do not require specialized maintenance procedures, and do not require aggressive chemicals for depassivating the surface. Consequently, the safety and chemical handling and disposal issues associated with the pulse or pulse reverse surface finishing process are minimized, and costs are lowered and robustness is improved. While the mechanistic aspects of the pulse and pulse reverse surface finishing processes are not fully understood, they are clearly distinct to those of conventional electrochemical surface finishing. However, this lack of fundamental understanding should not be a barrier to implementation at an industrial level, if there are cost and performance advantages conferred by pulse or pulse reverse processes. More insight into the mechanistic aspects of pulse/pulse reverse surface finishing processes is likely possible with three electrode studies, conducted in university or industrial research laboratories. This is an important and emerging area of electrochemical manufacturing engineering, and the results obtained in industry should encourage subsequent fundamental research to bring more mechanistic understanding.

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the financial support of Faraday Technology Inc., Ford Motor Co., Swagelok Corporation, DOE P.O. No. 594128 and DOE Contract No. DE-SC0004588.

About the Authors E. Jennings (E. J.) Taylor is the founder and Chief Technical Officer of Faraday Technology, Inc., an electrochemical engineering firm focused on developing and commercializing electrochemical technologies based on pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Since completing his dissertation work in electrochemical kinetics at Brookhaven National Laboratory, E. J. has been working in the field of electrochemical engineering for over 30 years. E. J.â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current focus is directed towards identifying new applications for pulse reverse surface finishing, electrodeposition, water conservation and recycling. E. J. is co-author on numerous papers and patents and is admitted to the U.S. patent bar as a Patent Agent. E. J. can be reached at JenningsTaylor@FaradayTechnology.com. Maria Inman is the Research Director at Faraday Technology, Inc., an electrochemical engineering firm focused on developing and commercializing electrochemical technologies based on pulse reverse electrolytic principles. Maria began her electrochemical career studying corrosion at the University of Auckland in New Zealand, and then at the University of Virginia Center for Electrochemical Science and Engineering. Maria joined Faraday in 1996, and her research interests have expanded to electrodeposition, electrochemical surface finishing, fuel cells and remediation technologies. Maria can be reached at MariaInman@FaradayTechnology.com.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

References 1. D. Landolt, Electrochim. Acta, 32, 1 (1987). 2. (a) W. Schwartz, Plat. Surf. Finish., 68, 42 (1981); (b) J. Lindsay Plat. Surf. Finish., 90, 8 (2003). 3. K. Stacherski, in Ford PowerTrain Cutting Tool News, 2, Winter (1996). 4. P. A. Jacquet, Trans. Electrochem. Soc., 69, 629 (1936). 5. H. Tian, S. Corcoran, C. Reece, and M. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155, D563 (2008). 6. E. J. Taylor, Private communication (2011). 7. E. J. Taylor, Adventures in Pulse/Pulse Reverse Electrolytic Processes, J. Appl. Surf. Finish., 3, 178 (2008); E. J. Taylor, Plat. Surf. Finish., 95, 24 (2008). 8. C. Zhou, E. J. Taylor, J. Sun, L. Gebhart, E. Stortz, and R. Renz, Trans. NAMRI/SME XXV, 147 (1997). 9. J. Sun, E. J. Taylor, M. Inman, L. Gebhart, and R. Renz, Trans. NAMRI/SME XXVIII, 245 (2000). 10. J. Sun, E. J. Taylor, and R. Srinivasan, J. Mater. Proc. Technol., 108, 356 (2001). 11. C. Zhou, E. J. Taylor, J. Sun, L. Gebhart, and R. Renz, U.S. Pat. 6,402,931 (2002). 12. M. Inman, E. J. Taylor, A. Lozano-Morales, T. D. Hall, and H. M. Garich, U.S. Pat. Appl. 13/153,874 (2010). 13. E. J. Taylor, U.S. Pat. 6,558,231 (2003). 14. O. Piotrowski, C. Madore, and D. Landolt, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 3389 (1999). 15. X. Zhao, S. Corcoran, and M. Kelley, Presented at the 6th SRF Materials Workshop, Tallahassee, FL, Feb. 18-20, 2010. 16. A. I. Wixtrom, J. E. Buhler, C. Reece, and T.M. Abdel-Fattah, J. Electrochem. Soc.,, E22 (2013). 17. N. Ibl, J. C. Puippe, and H. Angerer, Surf. Technol., 6, 287 (1978). 18. N. Ibl, Surf. Technol., 10, 81 (1980). 19. N. Ibl, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Pulse Plating Symposium, AESF, Kissimee, FL, 1981. 20. D. Landolt, in Theory and Practice of Pulse Plating, J.-C. Puippe and F. Leaman, Editors, p. 55-71, AESF (1986). 21. Yin, K., Surf. Coat. Technol., 88, 162 (1996). 22. M. Inman, E. J. Taylor, and T. D. Hall, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, E94 (2013). 23. C. Reece, Private communication (2011). 24. E. J. Taylor, T. Hall, M. Inman, S. Snyder, and A. Rowe, Electropolishing of Niobium SRF Cavities in Low Viscosity Aqueous Electrolytes without Hydroflouric Acid, Paper No. TUP054, Proc. SRF2013, Paris, France, Sept 2013. 25. A. Rowe, A. Grassellino, T. Hall, M. Inman, S. Snyder, E. Taylor, Bipolar EP: Electropolishing without Fluorine in a Water Based Electrolyte, Paper No. TUIOC02, Proc. SRF2013, Paris, France, Sept 2013.

Volume 61– O r l a n d o , F l o r i d a from the Orlando meeting, May 11—May 15, 2014 The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Orlando meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in soft or hard cover editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

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06/04/14 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Impedance Based Characterization of Raw Materials Used in Electrochemical Manufacturing by Douglas P. Riemer and Mark E. Orazem

anufacturing of precision stainless steel parts by electrochemical methods such as through-mask etching allow for nearly arbitrary shapes and sizes. An example of such precision components include micro-surgical blades where the blade shape and edge are both created in the electrochemical process, (Fig. 1a and c). Surgical blade edges made using this process require no post-manufacturing sharpening process and hold their edge longer than ground blades due to the electrochemical process enabling the steel temper to be properly maintained. Another example is the manufacture of hard disk drive suspension assemblies, where the shape of the stainless steel component is produced by the same etching techniques. Here, modifications to the mass and spring properties in the hard disk suspension assembly can also be made by partially etching away some of the material (Fig. 1b). Through-mask etching allows many components to be made in parallel, greatly reducing costs at high volume, and holding dimensional tolerances to that of the photolithography capability, material thickness, and the fluid mechanics of the etching process. This is often an order of magnitude better than what can be accomplished by mechanical machining. Many of the electrochemical processes used to make advanced components are sensitive to the state of the oxide film on the raw materials used in the manufacturing process. Photo-resist adhesion, etch initiation, and laser welding are examples that would affect product performance and quality. High yield manufacturing requires raw materials (precursors) with consistent surface properties to obtain repeatable results. To be able to understand the extent to which the oxide state (on the surface of the precursor) influences process parameters, appropriate measurement methods are required to probe the relevant properties that would change with oxide coverage. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are excellent methods for this purpose. This article outlines a case study wherein these techniques have been employed to probe the growth of oxide films on a stainless steel sample that represented the precursor, and provides a practical example of how such methods can be beneficially used in practice during electrochemical manufacturing processes. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

(a)

(b)

Etched Blade

Cutting Edge Cutting Edge Fig. 1. Examples of through-mask etched stainless steel manufactured components. (a) a blade for removing sutures with an inside radius of 200 microns, (b) etched and partially etched hard disk drive suspension load beam before forming operations where the pockets are for adhesive retention, and (c) comparison of ground (left) and etched (right) surgical blades. SEM images to same scale. 63

Riemer and Orazem

in F/cm2. For a system showing Constant-Phase-Element (CPE) behavior, the corresponding condition was reported to be3 α (2π f) Qr0 K (2) <1 k

(continued from previous page)

Experimental Cell Design Initial attempts at EIS measurements were performed on a diskshaped exposed coupon (304 stainless steel) and yielded results that were difficult to interpret. Huang, et al., published (in 2007) a series of papers on the influence of current and potential distributions on a disk electrode.1-3 They provided a definition for dimensionless frequencies that would arise when different electrode physics were in play. For a system acting as an ideal capacitor or as a faradaic reaction without time-constant dispersion, they reported that frequency dispersion caused by electrode geometry was not seen at frequencies such that1,2 2π fC0r0 (1) K <1 κ where f in the frequency in Hz, κ is the electrolyte conductivity in S/ cm, r0 is the radius of the sample disk, and C0 is the capacitance

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where Q is a CPE parameter with units of F/s(1-α)cm2, k is the electrolyte conductivity in S/cm, and α is the CPE exponent. To maximize the frequencies usable to characterize the electrode processes, the disk size was minimized and the electrolyte conductivity was increased as much as possible. To illustrate the effect of the influence of the current and potential distribution on the attainable frequencies, experimental data were collected for disks of 8.0 mm diameter and 3.2 mm diameter. The disk size was controlled by using a punched mask applied over the steel coupon. Impedance scans were obtained at the open circuit potential with a 10 mV amplitude in a neutral pH sodium borate buffer solution with a conductivity of about 9 mS/cm. After regressing the data to a CPE, there was a distinct lack of fit seen in the residual error and in the phase angle (Fig. 2). These points occur for frequencies K ≥ 1, which corresponds to a frequency of about 200 Hz for a disk size

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Fig. 2. Residuals and phase angle for data obtained on an 8 mm diameter disk of 304 stainless steel. (a) and (b) show significant discrepancy from a regression to a CPE in the high frequency range of the data. (c) and (d) show the fits after removing data points that are influenced by a non-uniform current and potential distribution using Eq. 2. 64

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of 8 mm. Figure 2c and d show the same data set regressed without the data points where K ≥ 1. The quality of fit is significantly better. However, the value for the solution resistance is off by 30%, probably due to the low maximum frequency usable. Equation 2 indicates it may be possible to increase accessible frequencies by decreasing the disk size for the sample. For a disk size of 3.2 mm diameter and the same electrolyte, Eq. 2 indicates that frequencies up to 1500 Hz are usable. Figure 3 shows the residuals and phase angle similar to Fig. 2, but for a 3.2 mm diameter disk. Once again, when data points where K ≥ 1 are removed from the model fit, the quality of fit to the CPE model is much improved. Also, the solution resistance obtained from regressed parameter (Re) is 184 Ω, which is within 5% of the theoretical value of 175 Ω.

Interpretation of Impedance Results The data obtained above at frequencies below K=1, such that current and potential distributions did not contribute to frequency dispersion, was best fit by a single constant-phase element. However,

the meaning of the parameters was unclear. In principle, the oxide film thickness on the surface of the disk should be obtained from ɛɛ (3) C 0 δ where C is the capacitance δ is the film thickness, and ɛ is the film dielectric constant. The dielectric constant for oxides on steel is available from the literature, and the thickness obtained from Eq. 3 could be compared to ex-situ values obtained by XPS. The XPS depth profile obtained for the same material sample is shown in Fig. 4. Analysis of the oxygen profile indicates that the oxide is approximately 2.0 nm thick. The problem faced herein is that the CPE model provides parameters Q and α, not capacitance. None of the models published before 2010 that yielded a value of capacitance from CPE parameters gave reasonable values for the oxide thickness. When examining the fit parameter Q, and comparing ratios of Q resulting from material lots that behaved differently during processing (say, due to loss of resist adhesion) it was found that the ratio of the (continued on next page)

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Riemer and Orazem

(continued from previous page)

oxide thickness matched the inverse ratio of the parameter Q from the impedance model fit. It was therefore assumed that the CPE was representative of the oxide thickness. In 2010, Hirschorn, et al., published a paper in which a distribution of resistivity through the depth of the film was assumed to yield CPE behavior.4,5 They found a relationship among the CPE parameters and film properties as α (ɛɛ0) (4) Q gδρδ1-α where g  1 2.88(1α)2.375

(5)

is a known function of α, resistivity ρδ is the lower bound for the resistivity distribution. Under the assumptions that for two measurements labeled 1 and 2, film properties ɛ and ρδ may be assumed equal and α1  α2,6 we get: Q2 δ1 (6)  Q1 δ2

(a) 80

Atomic %

C1s O1s Cr2p3 Fe2p3 Ni2p3

40 20 0 0

Position / nm

which is in agreement with experimental observations. Quantitative values for film thickness can be obtained from Eq. 4. Details are provided in reference [7]. For the example data shown above, the value of the oxide thickness from Eq. 4 is 1.7 nm, assuming the literature supplied value for ρδ.  450 Ω.5 This is in excellent agreement with the XPS data (which yielded a value of 2 nm). This is an important development because it demonstrates that oxide film thickness can be determined directly from an inexpensive and rapid electrochemical measurement as opposed to an intrusive and time-consuming method such as XPS.

Discussion Interpretation of electrochemical measurements such as EIS data, CV scans, pulse voltammetry, etc. requires a basic understanding of the mathematics of the underlying processes. Utilization of this fundamental knowledge can be used to improve experimental techniques to obtain truly useful information. In our case, the elimination of the contribution of non-uniform current distributions to the CPE behavior of an oxide film on a stainless steel disk electrode was important to extracting oxide characteristics. This came about through the use of local impedance measurements to see their impact on the global impedance. Most of us do not have the ability to make the types of measurements described,1-4 but the examples and references cited here clearly show how to make measurements without undue influence of additional phenomena unrelated to the quantities of interest. In this case study, once the measurements methods were improved, one could tackle the more interesting work of interpreting the physical meaning of the CPE. It was immediately apparent that ratios of the regressed parameter Q were inversely proportional to the ratios of oxide thickness obtained by XPS (Eq. 6). In this way, collaboration between the authors of this paper and others was initiated where the models being developed and published4,5 were tested and verified under real manufacturing conditions.6,7 As an example, a problem was encountered during manufacturing wherein resistance welding of a copper component to a stainless steel component yielded an interface with variable peel strength. Analysis of high and poor performance steel components by EIS revealed that the poorly performing steel had an oxide thickness of 4.4 nm, but the high performance parts had an oxide thickness of 2.7 nm. XPS survey analysis (Fig 4b, no depth profile performed) confirmed a thinner oxide on the high performance steel by way of a strong metallic iron and chrome presence in the scan, but the poor performing metal showed almost no metallic iron or chrome signal. Given the escape

(b)

Fig. 4. (a) XPS depth profile for the model 304 stainless steel sample (studied by EIS, above) and (b) XPS survey analysis of high performance (-B, blue line) and low performance (-A, red line) stainless steel components (from example discussed below). 66

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

depth of photoelectrons for XPS on the machine used was about 50 Å, the lack of a metallic iron or chrome signal is in line with the EIS determined oxide thickness of 4.4 nm. An additional interesting piece of information from the XPS data was that the chrome to iron ratio of the high-performance (thin oxide layer) sample was four times that of the poorly performing (thick oxide layer) sample, which seems to not interfere with the oxide thickness measurement. This may be attributed to the fact that both the iron oxides and chrome oxides share a similar dielectric constant assumed to be 12.

Impact on Industrial Processes The impedance based screening of raw materials has a tremendous positive impact in an industry where the state of the oxide film on stainless steel strongly influences process and product performance. Having a fast, inexpensive and accurate measure of the film thickness is of great benefit in the manufacturing process. With such a technique, process excursions such as a small air leak in an annealing furnace can be diagnosed and remedied within hours, thereby preventing large amounts of product loss and possible shipping delays. Process development can be improved because of improved knowledge of how constitutive processes alter the oxide on stainless steel or how they depend on its state. Knowing that a new component to be manufactured has incompatible adjacent process steps with regard to the oxide state can save a great deal of time and effort in debugging the manufacturing steps. Furthermore, incoming raw materials can be screened rapidly to determine what type of cleaning/pre-processing is necessary and sufficient. This also can avoid processing problems during downstream processing.

About the Authors Douglas Riemer has been a Staff Scientist at Hutchinson Technology, Inc. of Minnesota for the last eight years. He works in the Advanced Materials and Process Development group, and holds 8 patents and trade secrets covering inventions in electro and electroless plating, etching, polishing and materials surface characterization. He graduated in 2000 from the University of Florida with a PhD in Chemical Engineering. He is currently the vice-chair of the Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering Division (IE&EE) of ECS. He can be reached at riemerdp@hotmail.com. Mark Orazem, Professor of Chemical Engineering at the University of Florida, is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society and is the Immediate Past President of the International Society of Electrochemistry. He served for 10 years as Associate Editor for the Journal of the Electrochemical Society and co-authored, with Bernard Tribollet of the CNRS in Paris, a textbook entitled Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. In 2012, Prof. Orazem received the Henry B. Linford Award of the Electrochemical Society, and, in 2014, he was named a University of Florida Research Foundation professor. He currently chairs the Education Committee for the ECS and regularly offers short courses on impedance spectroscopy at ECS meetings. He can be reached at meo@che.ufl.edu.

Conclusion

References

In the last several years, significant progress has been made in the understanding of EIS data obtained on stainless steels. The work of Huang, et al.,1-3 made clear many of the shortcomings inherent in the experimental methods used to obtain EIS data. While geometrically induced current and potential distributions on a disk electrode in themselves are an interesting phenomenon, they are a distraction from measuring a useful property (thickness) of the oxide films formed on metal surfaces. Understanding what parts of the impedance spectra are truly useful requires an inherent understanding of the fundamental mathematics, and leads to the ability to make accurate and rapid measurements of oxide film thickness by EIS. This ability is invaluable from a manufacturing perspective as it serves as a method to screen the incoming raw material, as well as the product in-between different steps in the manufacturing process, allowing for greatly enhanced quality control.

1. V. Huang, V. Vivier, M. Orazem, N. Pébère, and B. Tribollet, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, C99 (2007). 2. V. Huang, V. Vivier, M. Orazem, N. Pébère, and B. Tribollet, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, C81 (2007). 3. V. Huang, V. Vivier, M. Orazem, I. Frateur, and B. Tribollet, J. Electrochem. Soc., 154, C89 (2007). 4. B. Hirschorn, M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, C452 (2010). 5. B. Hirschorn, M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, C458 (2010). 6. M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, D. P. Riemer, E. A. White, and A. L. Bunge, J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 25, 532 (2014). 7. M. E. Orazem, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, S. Marcelin, N. Pébère, A. L. Bunge, E. A. White, D. P. Riemer, I. Frateur, and M. Musiani, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, C215 (2013).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ECH SEC TION HIGHLIGH NE WS TS India Section A 3-day event on the theme of Advanced Batteries and Supercapacitors was held May 13-15, 2014 at Hotel JC Residency, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. This was the third of a series of ECS India schools, the first one being on Advances in Lithium Batteries by Jean-Marie Tarascon in 2011 and the second one on Physical Electrochemical Principles of Electroanalytical Chemistry by Daniel A. Scherson in 2013. The third edition of the school attracted 87 participants drawn from all over India and it was led by Doron Aurbach, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. While half of participants were PhD scholars, the rest comprised researchers from the industry and academia. Although participation in the school was purely by invitation, several others – who had learnt of the school from their contacts – had to be accommodated, which led to a swelling of the numbers from the originally planned 40. Among the leading institutions and industries that benefited from the school were: Central Electrochemical Research Institute (Karaikudi), Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore), Indian Institutes of Technology (Chennai, Hyderabad and Mumbai), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (Trivandrum), International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (Chennai), National Institute of Technology (Trichy), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (Trivandrum), Indocel Technologies Limited (Hyderabad), NED Energy Limited (Hyderabad) and TVS Motors Limited (Chennai). Professor Aurbach began the three-day event with a discussion on the fundamentals and then proceeded to advanced topics such as non-aqueous electrochemistry; energy challenges we face today; materials and components for advanced power sources; beyond lithium-ion batteries: the challenge of lithium-sulfur batteries, problems with lithium-oxygen batteries; magnesium organo-metallic and solid state chemistry for rechargeable batteries; recent work related to super and pseudo capacitors; electroadsorption of ions in nano-porous carbon electrodes studied by EQCM: impedance and gravimetric response; and use of fine electro-analytical methods: SSCV, EIS, PITT, GITT, studies of lithium- and magnesium-ion insertion electrodes. Conducted at the South Indian summer resort town of Kodaikanal, the school also served as a get-away for the families of many participants. The sylvan surroundings and

the hilltop lakes were of particular attraction for them. Add to this the other attractions – choicest of South Indian cuisine and a bonfire party – it was a rare mix of learning and relaxing. The India Section schools are models for the way ECS disseminates knowledge and

must be emulated by other national sections of ECS. The 2014 ECS School was organized in association with the Central Electrochemical Research Institute and was jointly sponsored by BioLogic Instruments Private Limited and Inkarp Instruments Private Limited.

Participants of the third ECS India Schools.

Doron Aurbach (right) is being welcomed by Vijayamohanan K. Pillai, Vice-Chair, ECS-India Section and the director of CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India. The host put a colored scarf on Aurbach’s shoulders – a traditional Indian way to honor guests.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ECH SEC TION HIGHLIGH NE WS TS

ECS is proud to announce the establishment of the

Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science Award recipients will be honored for exceptional contributions to the fields of fundamental electrochemical science and recognized for exceptionally creative experimental and theoretical studies that have opened new directions in electroanalytical chemistry and electrocatalysis. The first award will be given in Chicago at the 227th ECS Meeting.

Allen J. BArd is the Norman Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin, and the Director of the Center for Electrochemistry. Among Dr. Bard’s many awards are The Electrochemical Society’s Carl Wagner Memorial Award (1981), Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (1986), and Olin Palladium Award (1987); Priestley Medal (2002), the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2008). He was elected into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1990. In 2013, Dr. Bard was awarded the National Medal of Science, one of the highest honors bestowed by the U.S. government upon scientists, engineers, and inventors.

Allen J. BArd

Special thanks to the generous support of our donors and advertisers, especially:

CH Instruments We need your help to ensure the award is fully funded in perpetuity , and we may also create a symposia in Dr. Bard’s honor. To help fund the award endowment and a continuing symposium in Dr. Bard’s honor, please donate online:

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NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS

Call for Nominations For details on each award, including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable nomination form, please go to the ECS website (www.electrochem.org) and click on the “Awards” link. This will take you to a general page that will then lead to the individual awards. The awards are grouped in four categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Click on one of these sub-links to find the individual award. Please see each for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or you may contact the ECS headquarters office by using the contact information on the awards Web page. For student awards, please see the Student News Section in this issue.

Visit www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link. ECS Awards The award of ECS Fellow was established in 1989 for individual contribution and leadership in the achievement of science and technology in the area of electrochemistry and solid state sciences and current active participation in the affairs of ECS, and consists of a scroll, lapel pin, and announcement in a Society publication. Nominations are being accepted for the 2015 class of Fellows, which will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Fellows Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by February 1, 2015. The Vittorio de Nora Award was established in 1971 for contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The award consists of a gold medal, wall plaque, life membership in the Society, complimentary meeting registration at the meeting to accept the award, and a prize of $7,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to deNora Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by April 15, 2015.

The Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching was established in 1981 for excellence in teaching in subject areas of interest to the Society. The award consists of life membership in the Society, a silver medal, wall plaque, complimentary meeting registration at the meeting to accept the award, and a prize of $2,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Linford Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by April 15, 2015.

Division Awards The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize outstanding contributions to the science and technology of primary and secondary cells and batteries and fuel cells. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of a $2,000, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division for as long as the winner is an ECS member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Research Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2015. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS The Technology Award of the Battery Division was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology. The award consists of a scroll, prize of $2,000, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division for as long as the winner is a Society member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Technology Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2015. The Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science. The award consists of a scroll, prize of $1,500, and travel assistance to meeting of award presentation (if required). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Uhlig Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by December 15, 2014. The Electrodeposition Division Research Award was established in 1979 to recognize recent outstanding achievements or contributions in the field of electrodeposition. The award consists of a scroll and a prize of $2,000. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Submit nominations in a letter detailing the accomplishments of the nominee accompanied by a list of supporting publications with titles to Attn: Electrodeposition Research Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by April 1, 2015. The J. B. Wagner, Jr. Award of the High Temperature Materials Division was established in 1998 to recognize a young member of the Society who has demonstrated exceptional promise for a successful career in science and technology in the field of high temperature materials. The successful nominee shall be: (1) a member of the Society in good standing for at least two years prior to the date of nomination, and (2) not yet reached their thirty-sixth (36th) birthday by the close of nomination (have a birthdate on or after January 1, 1977). The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance (if needed) to the meeting where the award presentation will take place. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to HTM Wagner Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 1, 2015.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

The Manuel M. Baizer Award of the Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division was established in 1992 for outstanding scientific achievements in the electrochemistry of organics. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance (if needed) to the meeting where the award presentation will take place. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations should include a copy of the nominee’s curriculum vita, plus a maximum of 12 pages consisting of a letter of nomination, a brief biological sketch that can be included with the award announcement, and no more than three supporting letters. No individual may write in support of more than one candidate. The materials should be sent (preferably in electronic form) to OBE Baizer Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2015. The Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt and Ionic Liquid Chemistry of the Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division was established in 1984 to recognize excellence in molten salt chemistry research and consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,500. The next award will be presented at the PRiME meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, October 9-14, 2016. Nomination materials and award form may be found by visiting the award webpage on the ECS website at http://www.electrochem.org/ awards/division/division_awards.htm#q. Completed nominations and supporting documents should be sent to PAED Bredig Award c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 1, 2015.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s Divisions offer travel assistance to students and early career professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for the 227th ECS meeting in Chicago, Illinois, please see the Chicago Call for Papers; or visit the ECS website: www.electrochem. org/student/travelgrants.htm. Please be sure to click on the link for the appropriate Division as each Division requires different materials for travel grant approval prior to completing the online application. You must submit your abstract and have your abstract confirmation number in order to apply for a travel grant. Apply for travel grants using the online submission system (links found on the travel grant web page). If you have any questions, please email travelgrant@electrochem.org. The deadline for submission for spring 2015 travel grants is January 1, 2015.

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for April, May, and June 2014.

Active Members Mamdouh Abdelsalam, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom Rajesh Ahluwalia, Lemont, IL, USA Subramani Ailoor, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa, Japan MD Khorshed Alam, Tokyo, Japan Mataz Alcoutlabi, Edinburg, TX, USA Cintia Alegre Gresa, Messina, Italy Sam Alexander, Reading, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom Halema Al-Kandari, Faiha Kuwait, Kuwait Giaan Alvarez Romero, Hidalgo, Mexico Hanne Andersen, Kjeller Akershus, Norway Shuang Andersen, Odense Fyn, Denmark Felix Andre, Bremen, Germany Petru Andrei, Tallahassee, FL, USA Teresa Andreu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, CAT, Spain Dimitri Anguilles, Fornacette, Italy Geyou Ao, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Eric Armour, Somerset, NJ, USA Dianne Atienza, Farmington Hills, MI, USA Paul Banks, Katy, TX, USA Laura Baqué, S. C. de Bariloche Rio Negro, Argentina Adriano Belisqui, Taubate, São Paulo, Brazil Dana Borsa, Eindhoven, Netherlands Minna Cao, Fuzhou Fujian, P. R. China Janet Cassard, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Wen Hsin Chang, Taipei City, Taiwan Jihua Chen, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Lei Chen, University Park, PA, USA Ruiyong Chen, Karlsruhe, BW, Germany Yan Chen, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Yijia Chen, Shoufeng Hualien, Taiwan Gang Cheng, San Diego, CA, USA Tianle Cheng, Albany, OR, USA Yonghyun Cho, Daejeon, South Korea Yong-Ho Choa, Ansan Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Jia Choi, Mequon, WI, USA Todd Christenson, Albuquerque, NM, USA Nilesh Chulani, Odenton, MD, USA JaeSik Chung, Columbia, MD, USA Nikola Cvjeticanin, Belgrade, Serbia Mouad Dahbi, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan Wang Dapeng, Kami Kochi, Japan Rajib Das, Gainesville, FL, USA Levent Degertekin, Atlanta, GA, USA Eric Diau, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Oleksandr Dolotko, Garching, BY, Germany Nicolas Donzel, Montpellier Cedex 5, France Juan Du, Zhengzhou HeNan, P. R. China Erwan Dumont, Bordeaux, France Elwood Egerton, Hot Springs, SD, USA Ran Elazari, Be’er Sheva, Israel Metehan Erdogan, Ankara, Turkey Li-Zhen Fan, Austin, TX, USA Hailong Fei, Fuzhou, P. R. China Ozgenur Feridun, Argonne, IL, USA Mariana Fernandes, Vila Real, Portugal Robert Filipek, Krakow, Poland Clemens Fink, Graz Styria, Austria Anna Fischer, Berlin, Germany 72

Elzbieta Frackowiak, Poznan, Poland Nick Fradette, Bristol, PA, USA Norihiko Fukatsu, Tajimi, Gifu, Japan Yang Gao, Oneonta, NY, USA Emmanuelle Garitte, Bordeaux, France Fouad Ghamouss, Tours, France Orest Glembocki, Washington, DC, USA Robert Green, Elgin, SC, USA Duncan Gregory, Glasgow Lanarkshire, Scotland Clare Grey, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom Anne Grillet, Albuquerque, NM, USA Massimo Guarnieri, Padua, Italy Erik Haroz, Los Alamos, NM, USA Hongshan He, Charleston, IL, USA Alexandru Herescu, Sault Sainte Marie, MI, USA Enrique Herrero, Alicante, VAL, Spain Renate Hiesgen, Esslingen, BW, Germany Katrin Hoeppner, Berlin, BE, Germany Young Kyu Hong, Jeonju, South Korea Young-Jin Hong, Daejeon, South Korea Kevin Horan, Norwood, MA, USA George Horvai, Budapest, Hungary Harry Hoster, Singapore, Singapore Jinhua Huang, Willowbrook, IL, USA Sun Hua-Yu, Shanghai, P. R. China Taro Inada, Chuo-ku, Japan Rutha Jaeger, Tartu, Estonia Zhao Jiang, SuiHua, P. R. China Liu Jun, Shanghai, P. R. China Abdelkader Kara, Orlando, FL, USA Evgeny Karpushkin, Moscow, Russia Shigenobu Kasai, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Rajesh Katamreddy, Houston, TX, USA Douglas Kauffmann, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Samrana Kazim, Seville, Spain Ray Kenya, Kilgore, TX, USA Camas Key, Brownsville, TX, USA Byung Ryang Kim, Jeonju Jeollabuk-do, South Korea Junghwan Kim, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, South Korea Soo Young Kim, Seoul, South Korea Tae Gyu Kim, Miryang-si Kyungnam, South Korea Shigenori Koishi, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan Andrzej Kowal, Krakow, Poland Robert Kun, Bremen, Germany Se Man Kwon, Sejong, South Korea Brian Landi, Rochester, NY, USA Christopher Lee, Southampton, United Kingdom Hanshin Lee, Incheon, South Korea Jong Dae Lee, Cheongju, South Korea Myongjai Lee, Lees Summit, MO, USA Yueh-Lien Lee, Columbus, OH, USA A Lewenstam, Abo, Finland Robert Lewis, San Diego, CA, USA Bin Li, San Diego, CA, USA Jing-Ze Li, Chengdu, P. R. China Liyu Li, Mukilteo, WA, USA Zhong Li, Branchburg, NJ, US AJason Lichtenstein, Longmont, CO, USA Ming Yuan Lin, Taoyuan, Taiwan

Erno Lindner, Memphis, TN, USA Fred Lisdat, Wildau, BB, Germany Judit Lisoni, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium Adrian Lita, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Run Liu, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China Ting Liu, Norwood, MA, USA Xiaosong Liu, Shanghai, P. R. China Xiaoyan Liu, Chongqing, P. R. China Elisabeth Lojou, Marseille, France Yiming Lou, Cupertino, CA, USA Wu Lu, Columbus, OH, USA Zhanpeng Lu, Shanghai, P. R. China Xufang Luo, Shenzhen Guangdong, P. R. China Dongping Lv, Richland, WA, USA Jianjun Ma, St Andrews, United Kingdom Shuai Ma, Qingdao, P. R. China Bill Macklin, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom Alex Madsen, Malmesbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom Yasunari Maekawa, Takasaki Gunma, Japan Sakthivel Mariappan, Frankfurt am Main, HE, Germany Cyril Marino, Garching bei München, BY, Germany Dmitriy Marinskiy, Tampa, FL, USA Sundar Mayavan, Karaikudi, India Douglas Mays, Carolina Beach, NC, USA B. Layla Mehdi, Richland, WA, USA Mojtaba Mirzaeian, Paisley, United Kingdom Ivona Mitrovic, Liverpool, United Kingdom Remegia Modibedi, Pretoria, South Africa Daisuke Mori, Tokyo, Japan Ryohei Mori, Hyogo, Japan Piercarlo Mustarelli, Pavia, Italy Kee Suk Nahm, Jeonju, South Korea Mohammad Najmzadeh, Berkeley, CA, USA Koji Nakabayashi, Yokohama, Japan Francesco Nobili, Camerino, Italy Dongjo Oh, Yongin, South Korea Keishi Ohashi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan Serge Oktyabrsky, Albany, NY, USA Theodore Olszanski, Rochester Hills, MI, USA Yusuke Oniki, Hsinchu, Taiwan Akshaya Padhi, Sunnyvale, CA, USA Vincent Paillard, Toulouse, France Tayhas Palmore, Providence, RI, USA Rakesh Pandey, Tsukuba, Japan Huan Pang, Anyang Henan, P. R. China Sang-Geon Park, Nagoya, Japan Erin Patrick, Gainesville, FL, USA Benjamin Pearman, Merritt Island, FL, USA Nicola Perry, Concord, MA, USA Yuanzhe Piao, Suwon, South Korea Philippe Poncharal, Villeurbanne Rhone Alpes, France Yumin Qian, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Prakash R, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Manjunatha R., Bangalore, India Asit Rairkar, Cupertino, CA, USA Neha Rao, Longmont, CO, USA Lars Rebohle, Dresden, SN, Germany Edward Remsen, Peoria, IL, USA

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NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Scott Roberts, Albuquerque, NM, USA Jochen Rohrer, Darmstadt, HE, Germany Nataly Rosero-Navarro, Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan Axel Rost, Dresden, Germany Denis Rousseau, Bronx, NY, USA Asli Sahin, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA Christopher Salthouse, Amherst, MA, USA Joshua Sangoro, Knoxville, TN, USA Nathan Schattke, Yorkville, IL, USA Joerg Schilling, Halle, ST, Germany David Sebastian, Messina, Italy Hiroshi Senoh, Ikeda, Osaka, Japan Mehdi Shahidi-Zandi, Kerman, Iran SenthilKumar Shanmugam, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Swati Sharma, Freiburg, Germany Samuel Sheeks, Brookfield, WI, USA Shuiyun Shen, Shanghai, P. R. China Joon Ho Shin, Menlo Park, CA, USA Zili Sideratou, Athens, Greece Raman Singh, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan Sarab Singh, Singapore, Singapore Robbie Smith, Longmont, CO, USA Lee Sok Ho, Pyeongtaek-si Kyunggi-do, South Korea Martin Søndergaard, Aarhus, Denmark Jean-Bruno Soupart, Saint Ghislain, Belgium A. Manuel Stephan, Karaikudi Tamil Nadu, India Nicolaas Stolwijk, Muenster, Germany Kate Strom, Longmont, CO, USA Aditya Subramanian, Brookfield, WI, USA Jung don Suk, Daejeon, South Korea Krzysztof Szyszkiewicz-Warzecha, Krakow, Poland Hsin Tai, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Hiromitsu Takaba, Hachioji City, Tokyo, Japan Abe Takao, Gunma-ken, Japan Toshihiro Takashima, Kofu, Japan Kenneth Takeuchi, Stony Brook, NY, USA Kentaro Teramura, Kyoto, Japan Benoit Ter-Ovanessian, Villeurbanne, France Leandro Tessler, Campinas, SP, Brazil Jayan Thomas, Orlando, FL, USA Sylvia Thomas, Tampa, FL, USA Anna Tolkacheva, Ekaterinburg, Russia Joshua Treacher, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom Vinh Trieu, Leverkusen, Germany Fan-Gang Tseng, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Olga Tsurtsumia, Tbilisi, Georgia Joanna Turteltaub, Westborough, MA, USA Ece Unur, Bursa, Turkey Yukiharu Uraoka, Ikoma Nara, Japan Matej Velicky, Manchester, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom Alexandru Vlad, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium Emmanuel Wada, Houston, TX, USA David Yaohui Wang, Halifax, Canada Deli Wang, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China Haiyan Wang, Changsha, P. R. China Shuangyin Wang, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China Haruo Watanabe, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Taku Watanabe, Minoh, Japan Sean Weist, Jamestown, IN, USA Alexander Whiteside, Bath, Somerset, United Kingdom Monika Wiedmann, Kingsport, TN, USA Yuen-Yee Wong, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Fang-Bean Wu, Miaoli, Taiwan, Taiwan Clarke Xu, Bedford, MA, USA Haichao Xu, Xiamen Fujian, P. R. China Jian Daniel Xu, Beijing, P. R. China Kanhao Xue, Amiens Picardie, France Orly Yadid-Pecht, Calgary, AB, Canada Tao Yang, Morgantown, WV, USA Yoshiaki Yasuda, Hattersheim, HE, Germany Shen Ye, Sapporo, Japan Yan Ye, Saratoga, CA, USA Syun-Ru Yeh, Bronx, NY, USA Chul-Ho Yim, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Hyoungsik Yim, Bedford, MA, USA Shi Yinong, Shenyang Liaoning, P. R. China Youngki Yoon, Waterloo, ON, Canada Chris Yuan, Franklin, WI, USA Daniel Zavitz, Sparta, ON, Canada Hui Zhang, Morgantown, WV, USA Jingzhong Zhang, Bedford, MA, USA Min Zhang, Shenzhen Guangdong, P. R. China Xuejun Zhang, Orlando, FL, USA Yu Zhang, Guangzhou, P. R. China Yuebiao Zhang, Berkeley, CA, USA Zhengcheng Zhang, Naperville, IL, USA Liwei Zhao, Fukuoka, Japan Xiangyu Zhao, Nanjing, P. R. China Zuzhen Zhao, Shenzhen Guangdong, P. R. China Haitao Zheng, Pretoria Gauteng, South Africa Liangfu Zheng, Lexington, KY, USA Quanyao Zhu, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China Ting Zhu, Atlanta, GA, USA Xufei Zhu, Nanjing Jiangsu, P. R. China Carlos Ziebert, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, BW, Germany Pengjian Zuo, Harbin Heilongjiang, P. R. China

Member Representatives Osamu Arimoto, Tamano-City, Okayama, Japan Kris Gowin, Scottsdale, AZ, USA Nick Hall, Oak Ridge, TN, USA John Harper, Houston, TX, USA Akihiro Kato, Fujisawa-City, Kanagawa, Japan Lorenzo Kidd, Westlake, OH, USA Ben Lease, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Ed Revers, Concord, OH, USA Brian Sayers, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Gabriella Scianca, Milan, Italy Rob Sides, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Ari Tampasis, Oak Ridge, TN, USA Masaharu Uno, Fujisawa-city, Kanagawa, Japan Barbara Visentin, Milano, Italy Zoe Zhou, Dearborn, MI, USA

Student Members Zeng Cheng, Hamilton, ON, Canada Ejaz Ahsan, Shanghai Zhabei, P. R. China Adam Alman, Carrboro, NC, USA Samuel Alvarez, Durham, NC, USA Li An, Beijing, P. R. China Morgan Anderson, Austin, TX, USA Rachel Anderson, Austin, TX, USA Belete Aragaw, Taipei City, Taiwan Miguel Arellano-Gonzalez, México, D F, Mexico Yasin Arslanoglu, Istanbul, Turkey Veronica Augustyn, Austin, TX, USA Chirranjeevi Balaji Gopal, Pasadena, CA, USA Hariharan Balasubramanian, Dania Beach, FL, USA Shuyu Bao, Singapore, Singapore Mariam Barawi Morán, Madrid, Spain Swetha Barkam, Orlando, FL, USA Srijita Basumallick, Orlando, FL, USA Claudia Berger, Ulm Baden-Wuerttemberg, Belgium Pierre Bernard, Pau, France Vamsci Bevara, Tallahassee, FL, USA Krzysztof Bienkowski, Warsaw, Poland Majid Bigdeli Karimi, Allston, MA, USA Mohd Zamzuri Bin Mohammad Zain, Toyohashi City, Aichi, Japan Leslie Bland, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jonathan Boltersdorf, Raleigh, NC, USA María Bonetto, Buenos Aires, Argentina Muhammad Boota, Philadelphia, PA, USA Giácomo Bosco, Campinas, SP, Brazil Cassondra Brayfield, Plantsville, CT, USA Venkata Sesha Praveen Bulusu, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Taylor Cain, Charlottesville, VA, USA Rebecca Callahan, Boulder, CO, USA Juan Carrera-Crespo, Mexico City, D F, Mexico Karlee Castro, Wheat Ridge, CO, USA Lea Chancelier, Villeurbanne, Montlhery, France Chandrasatheesh Chandramoorthy, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Chih-Hsuan Chao, Taichung, Taiwan, Taiwan Biyan Chen, Columbia, MO, USA Wei Chen, Berkeley, CA, USA Yong-Siou Chen, Notre Dame, IN, USA Danny Chhin, Montreal, QC, Canada Varistha Chobpattana, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Baeck Choi, Gainesville, FL, USA Ridwanur Chowdhury, Rochester, NY, USA Adair Claycomb, Fayetteville, AR, USA Christopher Cleveland, Gainesville, FL, USA Noelle Co, Charlottesville, VA, USA Dijo Damien, Thiruvanthapuram Kerala, India Bosu Dasari, Eluru -Andhra Pradesh, India Kimberly Dennis, Charlotte, NC, USA Priya Dharshini, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Maria Diaz-Lopez, Liverpool, United Kingdom Hepeng Ding, Salt Lake City, UT, USA (continued on next page) 73

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Duyen Do, East Lansing, MI, USA Ryan Donahue, Charlottesville, VA, USA Fei Du, Hamilton, ON, Canada Jonah Duch, Troy, NY, USA Shimaa Eissa, Longueuil, QC, Canada Janine Elliott, Austin, TX, USA Reda Elshafey, Varennes, QC, Canada Leopoldo Enciso-Maldonado, Liverpool, United Kingdom Kely Escorcia Rojas, Bucaramanga Santander, Colombia Ehsan Espid, Vancouver, BC, Canada Shan Fang, Nanjing Jiangsu, P. R. China Elaheh Farjami, Brooklyn, NY, USA Miriam Ferrer Huerta, Lancaster, Lancashire, United Kingdom Shelby Fields, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jose Fonseca, Berkeley, CA, USA Iwona Gajda, Bristol, Somerset, United Kingdom Axel Gambou-Bosca, Montreal, QC, Canada Karthik Ganesan, Thanjavur Tamilnadu, Namibia PENG GAO, Gainesville, FL, USA Tao Gao, Greenbelt, MD, USA Diana Garcia-Rodriguez, Rincon de Romos, Ags, Mexico Timothy Garvey, Carrboro, NC, USA Bharat Gattu, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Siyuan Ge, Charlottesville, VA, USA Steven Geary, Port Talbot, United Kingdom Sharon Goh, Mississauga, ON, Canada Robert Golden, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jack Goode, Leeds, United Kingdom Gennady Gor, Princeton, NJ, USA Subrahmanyam Goriparti, Genova Liguria, Italy Barbara Górska, Poznari, Poland Matteo Grattieri, Romano di Lombardia, Italy Nathanael Grillon, Tours, France Kevin Grossman, Kissimmee, FL, USA Robson Grosso, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil Joseph Hagan, Charlottesville, VA, USA Mark Hagen, Tallahassee, FL, USA Stewart Hahn, Charlottesville, VA, USA Eva Hakansson, Wheat Ridge, CO, USA Timothy Harrington, Pullman, WA, USA John Hart, Santa Clara, CA, USA Mohammed Hasan, College Station, TX, USA Ramsey Hazbun, Elkton, MD, USA Mo HengLiang, Beijing, P. R. China Jacob Houser, Orchard Park, NY, USA Pan Hsien Yi, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Enyuan Hu, Ridge, NY, USA Zongzhi Hu, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Chih-Sheng Huang, Hsinchu City, Taiwan Fei Huang, Lincoln, CT, USA Michael Hutchison, Charlottesville, VA, USA Ya-Hsi Hwang, Gainesville, FL, USA Tomi Iivonen, Helsinki, Finland Crescent Islam, Charlottesville, VA, USA Muhymin Islam, Arlington, TX, USA Karthikeyan J, Aruppukottai Tamilnadu, India Raciel Jaimes López, Ecatepec, Mexico Byungchul Jang, Suwon-si, South Korea Yan Ji, State College, PA, USA Jingxin Jiang, Kami, Kochi, Japan Yifan Jiang, Berkeley, CA, USA 74

NE W MEMBERS David Johnson, Stanford, CA, USA Adam Jolley, College Park, MD, USA Jennifer Jones, Charlottesville, VA, USA Selvakumar K, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Subramani Kaipannan, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Kaushik Kalaga, Houston, TX, USA Christina Kaminsky, Charlottesville, VA, USA Kamaraj Kandhasamy, Kanchipuram Tamilnadu, India Narae Kang, Orlando, FL, USA Ayse Karagoz, Istanbul, Turkey Vishnu Ravi Teja Katta, Ananatapur, India Supun Katugampala, Maharagama Western, Sri Lanka Joseph Kaule, Rochester, NY, USA Ali Hussain Kazim, Atlanta, GA, USA Hadi Khani, Starkville, MS, USA Abhishek Khetan, Aachen, NW, Germany Connor Kilgallen, Amsterdam, NY, USA Donguk Kim, Ansan, South Korea Hee Min Kim, Seoul, South Korea Nacole King, Raleigh, NC, USA Brij Kishore, Bangalore Karnataka, India Rasmi Krishnakumar, Kanchipuram Tamilnadu, India Surender Kumar, Bangalore, India Hyuk-Jun Kwon, Berkeley, CA, USA Marie Francine Lagadec, Zurich, ZH, Switzerland Severin Larfaillou, Tours, France Jongmin Lee, Toronto, ON, Canada Scott Lee, Charlottesville, VA, USA Sohee Lee, Suwon Gyung ki do, South Korea Timothy Lee, Berkeley, CA, USA Yi Wen Lee, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan Biao Li, Beijing, P. R. China Lin Lin Li, Singapore, Singapore Nian Liu, Stanford, CA, USA Yiyang Liu, Lexington, KY, USA Zhe Liu, State College, PA, USA Ryan Lopez, Albuquerque, NM, USA Xinyu Lu, Clemson, SC, USA Anh Ly, Orlando, FL, USA Jin Ma, Beijing, P. R. China Jimmy Mac, La Jolla, CA, USA Naveen Kumar Mahenderkar, Rolla, MO, USA Hugues Marceau, Varennes, QC, Canada Fabio Maroni, Camerino, Italy Alejandro Martinez-Garcia, Louisville, KY, USA Jeronimo Matos, Oviedo, FL, USA Rameech McCormack, Orlando, FL, USA Bohuslava McFarland, Charlottesville, VA, USA Shijeesh Methattel Raman, Cochin, India Katherine Michaux, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Mickdy Milien, Saunderstown, RI, USA Joseph Miller, Fargo, ND, USA Craig Milroy, Austin, TX, USA Kuber Mishra, Columbia, SC, USA Bittagopal Mondal, College Station, TX, USA Wayne Morrow, Plano, TX, USA Eugene Moss, Tallahassee, FL, USA Andrew Motz, Lakewood, CO, USA Omar Movil-Cabrera, Athens, OH, USA Tarun Mudgal, Rochester, NY, USA

Sarah Mueller, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Raja Murugan, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Ibrahim Mustafa, Masdar City Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Dora Nava, Mexico, D.F., Mexico Edgard Ngaboyamahina, PARIS, France Michael Nguyen, Charlottesville, VA, USA Ping Nie, Nanjing Jiangsu, P. R. China Naoki Nitta, Atlanta, GA, USA Hyung Joo Noh, Seoul, South Korea Landon Oakes, Utica, KY, USA Paul Ogutu, Johnson City, NY, USA Sean O’Neill, Brooklyn, NY, USA Andrea Oriani, Bresso Milano, Italy Julian Ortiz, Orlando, FL, USA Zeynep Ozdemir, Istanbul, Turkey Ana Palacios Enriquez, Iztapalapa, D F, Mexico Vinothbabu Palanisamy, Pondicherry, India Ko-Ying Pan, Hsinchu City, Taiwan Dillip Panda, Tallahassee, FL, USA Seung-Keun Park, Seoul, South Korea Yeong Min Park, Miryang-si Gyung sang nam-do, South Korea Mary Parker, VA, USA Prasad Patel, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Sunil Pathak, Indore Madhyapradesh, India Brian Patrick, El Cerrito, CA, USA Jing Peng, New York, NY, USA Tirupathi Rao Penki, Bangalore, India Benedikt Peter, Darmstadt, HE, Germany Julien Philippe, Grenoble, France Ryan Phillips, Kelowna, BC, Canada Kartik Pilar, Astoria, NY, USA Sebastian Pohlmann, Münster, NW, Germany Aditya Poudyal, Ilmenau, TH, Germany Rajeev Prabhu, Kochi Kerala, India Chengzi Qi, Shangahi, P. R. China Anjana Radhakrishnan, Cochin Kerala, India Veronica Rafla, Charlottesville, VA, USA Motiar Rahaman, Bern, Switzerland Paula Ratajczak, Poznan Wielkopolska, Poland David Richardson, Limerick, Ireland Frank Richter, Trondheim, Norway Selene Irisais Rivera Hernández, Pachuca de Soto, Mexico Guillermo Roa Rodríguez, Bogota D.C, Colombia Mark Robison, Layton, UT, USA Irma Robles, Querétaro, Mexico Francisca Rodríguez Perez, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Edo de Mex, Mexico Nathaniel Rohrbaugh, Cary, NC, USA Tomas Rojas Solorzano, Orlando, FL, USA Joseph Romeo, Boston, MA, USA Ian Rust, Austin, TX, USA Hamidreza Sadeghifar, Surrey, BC, Canada Nihat-Ege Sahin, Poitiers, France Ashwin Kumar Saikumar, Orlando, FL, USA Christian Samanamu, Storrs Mansfield, CT, USA Georgiana Sandu, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Shashank Saraf, Orlando, FL, USA Prashant Sarswat, Salt Lake City, UT, USA Patrick Schwager, Oldenburg, Germany Jennifer Sedloff, Durham, NC, USA Sathees Kannan Selvaraj, Chicago, IL, USA The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

NE W MEMBERS James Thostenson, Durham, NC, USA Christos Tzitzeklis, Liverpool, United Kingdom Peeter Valk, Tartu Tartumaa, Estonia Venkat Vendra, Louisville, KY, USA Rakesh Verma, TANDA UP, India Sylwia Walus, Grenoble Rhone-Alpes, France Chun-Chieh Wang, Gainesville, FL, USA Donghui Wang, Lincoln, NE, USA Qiujun Wang, Beijing, P. R. China Yao Wang, Keelung, Taiwan Yun Wang, Willowbrook, IL, USA Yuxing Wang, East Lansing, MI, USA Thaddeus Waterman, VA, USA Guanjie Wei, Shen Yang Liao Ning, P. R. China Hang Wei, Beijing, P. R. China Xia Wei, New York, NY, USA Yu Wen, Dalian Liaoning, P. R. China Andrew Westover, Nashville, TN, USA Martin Wiesing, Paderborn, NW, Germany Megan Wilson, Charlottesville, VA, USA Justin Wong, Gainesville, FL, USA Dongshuang Wu, Fuzhou Fujian, P. R. China Kai Xi, Cambridge, United Kingdom Bajin Xu, Hangzhou, P. R. China

Fatemeh Sepehr, Knoxville, TN, USA Hayri Sezer, Morgantown, WV, USA Zance Shankaracharya S, Karakadu Taminlandu, India Akshaya Shanmugam, Amherst, MA, USA Saumya Sharma, Tampa, FL, USA Yogesh Sharma, San Juan, PR, USA Junchong Shen, Charlottesville, VA, USA Alexander Simon, Pomona, NY, USA Samantha Smith, Raleigh, NC, USA Arulmani Subramanian, Kumbakonam, India Ian Sullivan, Raleigh, NC, USA Vignesh Sundaresan, Madurai Tamil Nadu, India Swathi Sunkara, Louisville, KY, USA Maciej Swierczynski, Aalborg, Denmark Joshua Taillon, College Park, MD, USA Majid Talebiesfandarani, Montreal, QC, Canada Yongan Tang, Oxford, OH, USA Zoe Taylor, Liverpool, United Kingdom Bharathidasan Thangavel, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Sowmiya Theivaprakasam, Ramanathapuram, India Binota Thokchom, Seoul, South Korea

Wataru Yamamoto, Hachioji City, Japan Huijun Yan, Beijing, P. R. China Jianhua Yan, Morgantown, WV, USA Nitu Yana, Bhopal, India Qin Yang, Hong Kong, HONG KONG Munaiah Yeddala, Karaikudi Tamilnadu, India Tseng Yi Hui, Taichung, Taiwan Tao Yuan, Shanghai, P. R. China Neslihan Yuca, Istanbul, Turkey Yafa Zargouni, Sbeitla Kasserine, Tunisia Haowei Zhang, University Park, PA, USA Linjie Zhang, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China Min Zhang, Hangzhou, P. R. China Qing Zhang, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China Wanjie Zhang, Pau Aquitaine, France Xiaofan Zhang, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China Xinxin Zhang, Morgantown, WV, USA Yan Zhang, Lexington, KY, USA Haisheng Zheng, Columbia, MO, USA Xiaoqing Zheng, Hamilton, ON, Canada Yougui Zheng, Athens, OH, USA Jin-Hui Zhong, Xiamen Fujian, P. R. China Haijun Zhou, Shanghai, P. R. China Kai Zhu, Changchun Jilin, P. R. China Brandon Zoellner, Raleigh, NC, USA

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www.electrochem.org/membership/student.html The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street, Building D, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2839 USA • Tel 609.737.1902 • Fax 609.737.2743

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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ECS 2014 Summer Fellowship Winners Each year ECS awards Summer Fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the following five Summer Fellowship recipients in 2014. The reports of the 2014 Summer Fellows will appear in the winter issue of Interface. Tuncay Ozel is the recipient of the 2014 ECS Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship. He received his BS and MS degrees from Bilkent University, Turkey. He is currently a PhD candidate in the department of materials science and engineering at Northwestern University working under the supervision of Chad Mirkin on the synthesis of hybrid semiconductor nanowires and their applications. Recently, Tuncay and his co-workers have invented a technique, termed coaxial lithography (COAL), bridging templated electrochemical synthesis and lithography to generate coaxial nanowires in a parallel fashion with structural control in multiple dimensions in an unusual way. COAL will be extremely useful for prototyping device architectures that demand components and features not easily made by any existing technique, and as such should become a valuable research tool in the nanophotonics, energy harvesting, and nanotechnology fields for studying fundamental light-matter interactions. To list some of his scientific contributions, Tuncay has published 20 SCI papers (more than 500 citations), given numerous presentations, and is a coinventor on four patents. Furthermore, he was awarded with multiple prestigious fellowships and prizes during his academic studies. Christena K. Nash is the recipient of the 2014 ECS Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship. She received her BS in Chemistry from the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, USA in 2009. Christena is a graduate student performing research in the laboratory of Ingrid Fritsch toward completion of a doctorate. She was honored with the A.W. Cordes Chemistry Award in 2012 for outstanding teaching and the Collis Geren Award in 2013 for excellent graduate work by the University of Arkansas Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Her present work involves the electrodeposition of conducting-polymer modified onto microelectrodes and their application in redoxmagnetohydrodynamic microfluidic pumping. Andrey Gunawan is the recipient of the 2014 ECS Joseph W. Richards Summer Fellowship. He is currently a PhD candidate in Mechanical Engineering at Arizona State University (ASU), leading a NSF-funded interdisciplinary research project on thermogalvanic energy conversion for harvesting electricity from low-grade thermal energy, such as low-temperature geothermal, low-temperature solar thermal, and waste heat from industrial processes, power plants, or automobiles. He was born in Jakarta, Indonesia and attended the Institut Teknologi Bandung where he obtained his BS in Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2008. After graduating, he decided to come to United States to pursue higher education. He received his MS in Aerospace Engineering consecutively in 2010 from the University of Southern California, before joining Patrick Phelan’s lab at ASU. Much of Andrey’s early PhD work focused on nanofluids-based solar thermal energy conversion. His research interests also include flexible thermoelectrics and self-powered portable/wearable electronics. Outside the lab, he has volunteered with the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transportation Electrification Newsletter as an editor since its inception in April 2013, before promoted to lead editor in September. 76

Brandy Kinkead is the recipient of the 2014 ECS F.M. Becket Summer Fellowship. She is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, BC, Canada. Brandy completed a BSc Honors degree in chemistry at the University of Manitoba in December 2009. During her undergraduate degree, she conducted research under the supervision of Torsten Hegmann. Their discoveries in the in the area of liquid crystal-nanoparticle composites resulted in 8 peer-reviewed publications (4 of which were featured as journal covers), and a patent. She began her PhD at Simon Fraser University under the supervision of Byron Gates in January 2010. The focus of her doctoral research is the design, development and characterization of Pt-based electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications – driven by the desire to optimize Pt effective utilization in order to minimize the mass of Pt required in electrocatalytic applications. Much of this research is being carried out in collaboration with Gregory Jerkiewicz, whose expertise in the area of Pt electrochemistry complements their skills in materials chemistry. Throughout her university career, Brandy has been actively involved in a number of volunteer organizations. In 2008, she acted as organizational chair for the 22nd Annual Western Canadian Undergraduate Chemistry Conference Organizing Committee; in 2010, she joined the Simon Fraser University Chemistry Graduate Association and acted in various capacities for the next 3 years; most recently, she helped to establish the British Columbia Electrochemical Student Society, of which she is currently vice-chair. She am now in the process of completing her PhD and looking forward to pursuing opportunities to further her career. Hadi Tavassol is the recipient of the 2014 ECS H. H. Uhlig Summer Fellowship Award. He received his BSc in Applied Chemistry from Sharif University of Technology (Tehran, Iran), where he worked on electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization under the supervision of Professor Vossoughi. He then joined Northern Illinois University, where he received his MSc in Analytical Chemistry working on electrochemistry of liquid/liquid interfaces under the supervision of Petr Vanýsek. Currently he is a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, working in the laboratory of Andrew A. Gewirth. His research focuses on the interfacial processes in Li ion batteries. He employs novel in-situ and ex-situ techniques to investigate solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) components and characteristics, atomistic effects of Li interaction with anode materials, and structural effects of Li deposition.

2014 Summer Fellowship Committee Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University

Peter Mascher McMaster University

Bryan Chin Auburn University

Kalpathy B. Sundaram University of Central Florida

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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Student Award Winners Student Research Award of the Battery Division

Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award of the Corrosion Division

Martin Ebner has been named the Battery Division’s 2014 Student Research Award recipient. This award was established in 1962 and is given annually to recognize young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. Martin Ebner is a postdoctoral researcher at the Laboratory for Nanoelectronics, headed by Vanessa Wood, at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) in Switzerland. He holds BS (20052008) and MS (2008-2010) degrees from ETH Zurich in Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, respectively. After an internship in the MEMS division of ST Microelectronics in Milan, Italy, Dr. Ebner joined the Institute for Solid State Electronics at Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien) in Vienna, Austria, for his Masters thesis. Co-supervised by ETH Professor Christopher Hierold, he investigated methods to control CVD-grown silicon nanowires for photovoltaic applications. Dr. Ebner received his PhD (2011-2014) under the supervision of Professor Wood. His PhD research focused on analyzing the microstructure of porous lithium ion battery electrodes. Using synchrotron x-ray tomography, he studied the impact of electrode microstructure on fast-charging performance, battery life, and material degradation. As a result of this research, Dr. Ebner developed methods to control electrode microstructure to increase cell-level energy density and charging rates and to drive down manufacturing costs. His postdoctoral research, which is supported by an ETH Pioneer Fellowship, focuses on advancing these techniques and demonstrating industrial feasibility. Dr. Ebner received a fellowship from the Gebert Rüf Foundation in 2013, and the Material Research Society Graduate Student Gold Award in April 2014..

Yolanda S. Hedberg has been named the Corrosion Division’s 2014 Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award recipient. This award was established in 1991 and is given annually to recognize outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science or engineering. Yolanda S. Hedberg is currently a postdoc, researcher and teacher (corrosion and trace metal analysis) at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and at Karolinska Institutet (medical university), in Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. Hedberg earned a MSc degree in Material Science at the Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) in 2009. She conducted parts of the undergraduate studies at KTH in Stockholm 2007-2009, and succeeded with a Ph.D study scholarship application for highly talented students from the German organization Cusanuswerk. This financial and social support, in addition to several industryrelated projects and interdisciplinary and international research constellations, enabled in-depth PhD studies with a large degree of freedom and guest researcher visits at Vienna University of Technology, Austria, and FAU, Germany. In the end of 2012, Dr. Hedberg defended her PhD thesis with the title “Stainless Steel in Biological Environments – Relation between Material Characteristics, Surface Chemistry and Toxicity,” mainly supervised by I. Odnevall Wallinder. By that time she had published 22 papers in 20 scientific journals of varying disciplines including materials science, corrosion science, toxicology, environmental science, and surface chemistry. Since then is Dr. Hedberg active in the area of metal allergy aspects together with dermatologists, owing to a successful postdoc grant application. Dr. Hedberg is furthermore working in an interdisciplinary research team on aspects of metal nanoparticle toxicity, and on stainless steel in food applications together with international metal associations. Dr. Hedberg recently received the 2014 AkzoNobel Nordic Award for Surface and Colloid Chemistry.

Students on the

Look Out !

We want to hear from you! Students are an important part of the ECS family and the future of the electrochemistry and solid state science community . . .

• What’s going on in your Student Chapter? • What’s the chatter among your colleagues?

• What’s the word on research projects and papers? • Who’s due congratulations for winning an award?

Send your news and a few good pictures to interface@electrochem.org. We’ll spread the word around the Society. Plus, your Student Chapter may also be featured in an upcoming issue of Interface!

www.electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

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Student Chapter News British Columbia Student Chapter On Wednesday June 4th, the ECS British Columbia (BC) Student Chapter held a student mixer for all of its members and relevent attendees during the 97th Annual Canadian Chemistry Conference and Exhibition in conjunction with the Solid State Division of the Canadian Society for Chemistry. The goal of this event was to increase awareness within the electrochemical and solid state community of the relatively new student chapter and provide an atmosphere for open discussion between students with similar research interests. The event attracted over fifty attendees and generated some great discussions about research, involvement with the student chapter and up-coming events, including the annual BC Young Electrochemists Symposium (YES 2014), held a month later. The second annual BC Young Electrochemists Symposium organized by the ECS BC Student Chapter on July 4th, 2014 took place at the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department building, the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver. The one-day symposium included five presentations by well-known scientists as well as a student poster presentation session funded by The Electrochemical Society and the UBC Chemical & Biological Engineering Department. It attracted more than fifty-five attendees from different departments at the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University and Western Washington University. This year, ECS BC Student Chapter proudly hosted five interesting talks in the field of electrochemistry by Curtis Berlinguette (Professor at UBC), Hogan Yu (Professor at Simon Frazer University), Amin

Interesting logo of the student chapter, invoking a voltammogram and Vancouver whale watching.

Aziznia (Research Engineer at Mantra Energy Alternatives Ltd.), Thomas Kadyk (Post-doctoral fellow at Simon Frazer University) and Alix Melchy (Post-doctoral fellow at Simon Frazer University). Two cash prizes and one honorary gift were also awarded to best poster presenters: Heather Baroody (1st), Huihui Tian (2nd) and Sean McBeath (3rd).

Some of the attendees, invited speakers, and organizers of the Second Annual Young Electrochemists Symposium 2014. Speakers of YES 2014: Curtis Berlinguette (first on the left in the front row), Hogan Yu (second on the left, front row), Amin Aziznia (first on the left, second row), Thomas Kadyk (front row, sixth from the left) and Alix Melchy (seventh from the left, back). Organizing Committee of YES 2014: Mohammad Saad Dara, Chair of the ECS BC Student Chapter (first person in the front row on the right), Brandy Kinkead, Vice Chair (ninth person in the front row on the right), Pooya Hosseini Benhangi, Treasurer (fourth person in the front row on the left), and Andrew Wang, Secretary (fifth person in the front row on the right).

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS University of California San Diego Student Chapter The newly established UCSD Student Chapter is proudly presenting its first report. Similar to many other student chapters, our mission is to promote the interest and advancement of electrochemical science and technology among students here at UCSD. Our supportive faculty advisor, Shirley Meng, is head of the UCSD Laboratory for Energy Conversion and Storage. With everyone’s enthusiastic efforts, our ECS chapter will undoubtedly succeed in achieving the great yet attainable visions we have for the organization. We look forward to

finally building a coherent community of electrochemists at UCSD, new relationships with other fellow student chapters, and partners outside of the UCSD community. The upcoming 2014-2015 school year looks fruitful for electrochemical science! With the excitement of a new ECS student chapter, the founding members wanted to demonstrate their enthusiasm by hosting their first seminar on June 25, 2014. Although this chapter had been only active for a month, it was a great pleasure to host our first speaker. With the help of Professor Meng, Olaf Magnussen from the Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics of the Christian-AlbrechtsUniversität (CAU) in Kiel, Germany presented his work on “Surface dynamics at electrochemical interfaces.” During his talk, he introduced his work on fast in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (VideoSTM), which allows direct observation of the atomic motion at the interface. With the help of statistical analysis, quantitative data on the diffusion barriers and interaction energies can be deduced from the STM videos. This seminar brought students from various departments such as of Physics, Chemistry, Materials Science, and Nanoengineering. The students at UCSD show great interest in electrochemistry and the ECS organization. With this seminar the organization has gained 25 new members. This summer, we hope to plan the events for the upcoming academic school year (20142015) and host more seminars. More about UCSD can be found on their web page at www.ucsdecs.org.

Founders of the ECS UCSD Student Chapter 2014. From left: Jiajia Huang, Haodong Liu, Ryan Lu, Han Nguyen, Jeremy Rosenfeld, Jimmy Mac and Judith Alvarado in front of the Structural and Materials Engineering building of the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering.

Start

a Student Chapter!

UCSD students and faculty after the seminar. From left: Judith Alvarado, Ying Shirley Meng, the speaker Olaf Magnussen, Haodong Liu, Jeremy Rosenfeld, and Tom Yersak.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

ECS currently has 40 student chapters around the world, which provide students an opportunity to gain a greater understanding of electrochemical and solidstate science, to have a venue for meeting fellow students, and to receive recognition for their organized scholarly activities. Students interested in starting a student chapter may contact membership@electrochem.org for details.

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Indiana University Student Chapter Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, is home to a newly active student chapter of The Electrochemical Society. The chapter began in the fall of 2012 to promote electrochemistry on campus and has since grown in membership to include both graduate and undergraduate students with a variety of academic interests. Many different events have been organized this year including volunteering at a science museum in Indianapolis and socializing at a holiday potluck. Indiana University’s Science Open House is the largest public outreach event of the year. This past academic year, October 26, 2013, the chapter volunteered the full day in an electrochemistry themed room that the members set up and assisted local children and adults of all ages to see how electrochemistry affects their lives. Reactions demonstrated physical changes, such as the color change when nickel salen changes oxidation state, as well as a hydrolysis reaction which was apparent through bubbles and balloons. A hydrogen remote-controlled model car was the key feature in the middle of the room; younger students raced the cars while middle and high school students asked insightful questions about the feasibility of these vehicles in the future.

During the 2014 spring semester, students met to discuss various research interests and share ideas about new methods. Chapter vice president, Anna Webber, hosted this year’s departmental electrochemistry demonstration showcasing various scanning probe microscopy techniques. Students saw and learned about the instrumental designs as well as types of information gathered from AFM, SECM, and SICM. Most recently, the chapter organized a special seminar for guest speaker, Keith Stevenson, of the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Texas (Austin). Students volunteered to organize various aspects of this visit and many research groups were able to meet with him to discuss emerging electrochemical themes. Professor Stevenson was invited to present a seminar highlighting his work with spatially-resolved charge transfer processes. This presentation appealed to many of our chapter members’ interests with a focus on interrelated topics of electrochemical processes, spectroscopy, and development of new materials for energy storage. Students later had the opportunity to meet with Professor Stevenson at a reception in his honor, at which possible collaborations were broached. The success of this event is already encouraging the chapter to plan for another seminar next year.

Students and faculty attended a reception for guest, Dr. Stevenson. From left to right: Keith Stevenson, Caitlyn McGuire, Lauren Strawsine, Erin Martin, Anna Weber, Kristin Morton, Lushan Zhou, Wenqing Shi, Yi Zhou, and Dennis Peters.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS University of Maryland Student Chapter The University of Maryland Student Chapter teamed up with ECS staff to present electrochemistry demonstrations and give information about The Electrochemical Society at the 3rd Annual USA Science and Engineering Festival in Washington, DC from April 24-27th. ECS Director of Development Dan Fatton and Development Manager Christie Knef ran the booth, with six UMD students running demonstrations of electrochemical, dye-sensitized solar cells. The annual festival was founded by Lockheed Martin in 2012, and has rapidly gained a massive attendance. The 2014 event attracted over 325,000 attendees (>50% of the population of DC) from several states over 4 days. Its mission is to re-invigorate the interest of our nation’s youth in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) by producing and presenting the most compelling, exciting, educational and entertaining science festival in the United States. For more information, visit www.usasciencefestival.org.

The UMD chapter has established participation in several other recurring academic outreach programs as well. This year they ran their second dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) workshop at NIST for its Adventure in Science program for middle school students. The demo involves building an electrochemical solar cell to learn how the energy in light can be converted into useful electricity. Rather than using expensive ruthenium-based dyes typical in the most efficient DSSCs, the students used anthocyanins, the pigments in blackberry juice, to sensitize the titania electrodes. Transparent graphite electrodes were applied using a standard pencil. The participants competed with each other to build the most powerful cells based on what they learned about the electrochemistry cell background, impressed that everyday items could be used to harness the sun’s energy. The chapter also agreed to be annual judges at the Hyattsville Middle School (HMS) STEM fair for 6-8th grade students and to volunteer for other events at the school as well. HMS is only three miles from UMD, making for a natural partnership. It was also chosen for long-term partnership because teachers at HMS related that many of the students are from economically disadvantaged families, so they often could use more outside support for their studies. Thus, the chapter’s mission was partly to give critical feedback, but also to focus on the tasks that were accomplished well, continually encouraging scientific thinking in the young students. That said, during their first stint as science fair judges the chapter members met a number of students with resourceful projects and quite keen insights on conducting controlled experiments. The chapter looks forward to more interactions with HMS students.

William Gibbons (former UMD Student Chapter VP) quizzes student participants on solar cell efficiency calculations.

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Tom Hays (UMD Student Chapter VP) and Hanna Nilsson evaluate student science fair presentations at Hyattsville Middle School. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

Solartron Analytical/Ametek ..................................... inside back cover

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS North Florida Student Chapter electrolytes and electrodes for the improvement of redox flow battery performance. He intends to contribute to science and engineering through the ECS student chapter, where he can share his knowledge with others and learn from others experience at the same time. He sees the benefits of collaborative work environments to solve common problems faced in the field of electrochemical science and engineering. Annadanesh Shellikeri, the founding Vice President of the chapter and a PhD candidate in electrical engineering, researches energy storage devices like Li-air batteries and supercapacitors using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. He values the scientific and professional benefits ECS will provide and aims to share these benefits with future ECS student members and the community through student chapter outreach activities This coming year, the chapter plans to continue these events, with student research symposia, membership recruitment, and outreach. It will also organize lab tours for the local school kids to a battery assembly line facility at Energy Research Center, Tallahassee. In addition, local laboratories, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Center for Advanced Power Systems, will host open houses that will give the chapter opportunities to showcase the organizations and related research. Chapter members who are members of other organizations can present the ECS goals to share common goals and increase A group of North Florida Student Chapter members, (left to right) Derrick Ngyuen, Annadanesh membership. The chapter hopes to complete a Shellikeri (Vice President), Charles Oladimeji (Secretary), Jamal Stephens, Pedro Moss (Faculty successful upcoming year with funds generated Advisor), Ruben Nelson (President), Venroy Watson, and Shannon Anderson. from chapter fundraisers, membership dues, and ECS assistance. With eight members, the students from Florida A&M University and Florida State University founded the North Florida Student Chapter of ECS in 2014. Prior to the chapter official existence, students were already performing and presenting research on energy storage related projects. In addition, the chapter members were also engaged in community service, with events aimed towards teaching community youth the fundamentals of electrochemistry. One of the members of the student chapter, Venroy Watson, a PhD student in chemical engineering, researches the optimization of

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Leading the world in electrochemistry and solid state science and technologyThefor more than 110 years Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Norwegian University of Science and Technology Student Chapter The ECS Student Chapter at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, Norway, nicknamed “ElectrocheMystery,” is led by Ann Mari Svensson who is the faculty advisor. The activity is run by a student board of PhD candidates

in electrochemistry. The group organized a seminar on April 29, 2014 with 20 participants. Among the participants were professors and graduate students from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Apart from the scientific content of the seminar program, the meeting venue located next to a ski center outside the city offered a nice opportunity for the participants to enjoy hiking and an ensuing BBQ and sauna under the snow. Master students and PhD candidates with research interests covering a wide range of topics such as supercapacitors, lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells and electrolytic metal production presented their results at the seminar to their colleagues. The presentations were followed by Q&A session and fruitful discussions that enlightened the candidates and allowed them to acquire new perspectives on their research. Interactions among the participants were high enough that many questions related to specific problems were resolved in private discussions after the seminar. At the end of the day, the participants expressed their satisfaction and agreed on the importance of the future events to grow further and expand the scope of the chapter.

Group picture of the NTNU seminar participants outside the ski lodge.

University of Virginia Student Chapter The University of Virginia ECS Student Chapter grew to 40 members this year. The chapter consists of students from the Materials Science and Engineering, Chemical Engineering, and Chemistry Departments working on various aspects of electrochemistry such as bioanalytical electrochemistry, batteries, high temperature oxidation, corrosion, and environmentally-assisted cracking. The chapter has planned a range of activities for the year 20142015 including a monthly seminar series on electrochemistry-related topics, student symposia, and short courses. The first seminar was held in July and the speaker was Raul B. Rebak from GE Global Research’s Corrosion Research Group. The University of Virginia ECS Student Chapter Executive Body: (from left) Jay Srinivasan, Pierce Robinson, Michael Nguyen, Mary Lyn Lim, Noelle Co, Scott Lee, Rob Golden, and Gilbert Liu. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Student Awards

For details on each award— including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable application form—please go to the ECS website (www.electrochem.org) and click on the “Awards” link. Awards are grouped in the following categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Please see the individual award call for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or contact ECS headquarters.

Call for Nominations Visit

www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link.

The ECS Summer Fellowships were established in 1928 to assist students during the summer months in pursuit of work in the field of interest to ECS. The next fellowships will be presented in 2015. Please visit the ECS website for more information. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to ECS Summer Fellowships, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2015. The ECS Outstanding Student Chapter Award replaced the Gwendolyn Wood Section Excellence Award, and was established in 2012 to recognize outstanding ECS Student Chapters. Up to three winners will be selected. One Outstanding Student Chapter will be selected with the winner receiving $1,000, and recognition with a plaque and chapter group photo in Interface. One or two additional Student Chapters may be selected as runners-up, and designated as Chapters of Excellence. Recognition certificates will be mailed to the Chapters of Excellence. The next awards will be presented in 2015. Please visit the ECS website for more information. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to ECS Outstanding Student Chapter, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 31, 2015. The Student Research Award of the Battery Division was established in 1962 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources and consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, waiver for the meeting registration, travel assistance to the meeting if required, and membership in the Battery Division as long as a Society member. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. 84

Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Battery Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 15, 2015. The Canada Section Student Award was established in 1987 for a student pursuing, at a Canadian University, an advanced degree in any area of science or engineering in which electrochemistry is the central consideration. The award consists of consists of a monetary award determined by the Section Executive Committee not to exceed $1,500 US. The next award will be presented at a meeting of the Canada Section in 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Canada Section Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by February 28, 2015. The Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award of the Corrosion Division was established in 1991 to recognize outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance to the meeting where the award will be presented (up to $1,000). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 1116, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Cohen Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by December 15, 2014.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Student Travel Grants Several of the Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Divisions offer travel assistance to students and early career professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for the 227th ECS meeting in Chicago, Illinois, please see the Chicago Call for Papers; or visit the ECS website: www.electrochem.org/ student/travelgrants.htm. Please be sure to click on the link for the appropriate Division as each Division requires different materials for travel grant approval prior to completing the online application. You must submit your abstract and have your abstract confirmation number in order to apply for a travel grant. Apply for travel grants using the online submission system (links found on the travel grant web page). If you have any questions, please email travelgrant@ electrochem.org. The deadline for submission for spring 2015 travel grants is January 1, 2015.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Fall 2014

Awarded Student Memberships Available ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library, and a subscription to Interface. To apply for an Awarded Student Membership, use the application form below or refer to the ECS website at: www.electrochem.org/awards/ student/student_awards.htm#a.

Awarded Student Membership Application

ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or be enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library and a subscription to Interface.

Divisions (please select only one):

Personal Information Name:

________________________________________________________ Date of Birth:__________________

Home Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Battery  Corrosion  Dielectric Science & Technology  Electrodeposition  Electronics and Photonics  Energy Technology  High Temperature Materials

Phone:____________________________________ Fax:________________________________________

 Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering  Luminescence & Display Materials

Email:__________________________________________________________________________________

 Nanocarbons  Organic & Biological Electrochemistry

School Information School:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

(please include Division and Department)

Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Undergraduate Year (U) or Graduate Year (G) - circle one:

Major Subject:

__________________________ Grade Point Average: _______________ out of possible:

Have you ever won this award before?

YES

 Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry  Sensor

If yes, how many times?______

Signatures

Student Signature: _____________________________________________________________________________

Date:

Faculty member attesting to eligibility of full time student:

Faculty Member: ___________________________________________________________ Dept.: ______________________________________________________

E-mail Address:

_____________________________________________________________________________

Date: _________________________________

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

th 227 ECS Meeting ECS Institutional Members May 24-28, 2015

(Number in parentheses indicates years of membership)

The Electrochemical Society values the support of our institutional members. Institutional members help ECS support scientific education, sustainability and innovation. ECS recognizes their incredible work and generosity. Through ongoing partnership, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

Chicago, Illinois, USA

CHICAGO

Hilton Chicago

Visionary AMETEK – Scientific Instruments (33) Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Benefactor Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation (6) Chiyoda-Ku, Japan Bio-Logic USA Knoxville, TN, USA, Bio-Logic SAS (6) Claix, France Duracell (57) Bethel, CT, USA Gelest Inc. (5) Morrisville, PA, USA Hydro-Québec (7) Varennes, Canada Industrie De Nora S.p.A. (31) Milano, Italy Metrohm Autolab, Ultrecht, Netherlands, Metrohm USA (8) Westbury, NY, USA Saft Batteries, Specialty Battery Group (32) Cockeysville, MD, USA Scribner Associates Inc. (18) Southern Pines, NC, USA

Patron El-Cell (1) Hamburg, Germany Energizer (69) Westlake, OH, USA Faraday Technology, Inc. (8) Clayton, OH, USA Gamry Instruments (7) Warminster, PA, USA IBM Corporation (57) Yorktown Heights, NY, USA

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (10) Berkeley, CA, USA Panasonic Corporation (7) Osaka, Japan Pine Research Instrumentation (8) Durham, NC, USA Toyota Research Institute of North America (8) Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Photo taken in 1998 by Wikipedia user Soakologist. No rights claimed or reserved.

Sponsoring Axiall Corporation (19) Monroeville, PA, USA Central Electrochemical Research Institute (21) Tamilnadu, India C. Uyemura & Co., Ltd. (18) Osaka, Japan EaglePicher Technologies, LLC (7) Joplin, MO, USA Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (18) Lancaster, NY, USA Ford Motor Company (1) Dearborn, MI, USA GS-Yuasa International Ltd. (34) Kyoto, Japan Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (7) Tochigi, Japan Medtronic, Inc. (34) Minneapolis, MN, USA Next Energy EWE – Forschungzentrum (6) Oldenburg, Germany Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (7) Yokosuka, Japan

Permascand AB (11) Ljungaverk, Sweden Quallion, LLC (14) Sylmar, CA, USA TDK Corporation, Device Development Center (21) Narita, Japan Technic, Inc. (18) Providence, RI, USA Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (15) Sparks, MD, USA Tianjin Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd (1) Tianjin, China TIMCAL Ltd. (27) Bodio, Switzerland Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (34) Nagoya, Japan Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (16) Cleveland, OH ZSW (10) Ulm, Germany

Sustaining 3M Company (25) St. Paul, MN, USA Co-Operative Plating Company, (3) St. Paul, MN, USA General Motors Research Laboratories (62) Warren, MI, USA Giner, Inc./GES (27) Auburndale, MA, USA International Lead Zinc Research Organization (35) Durham, NC, USA Johnson Controls Advanced Power Solutions GmbH (30) Amtsgericht, Hannover, Germany

Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., (2) Soka City, Saitama, Japan

Leclanche SA (29) Yverdon, Switzerland Los Alamos National Laboratory (6) Los Alamos, NM, USA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (1) Nagasaki, Japan Occidental Chemical Corporation Dallas, TX, USA Reagent (2) Runcorn, Cheshire, England Sandia National Labs (38) Albuquerque, NM, USA SolviCore GmbH & Co. KG (1) Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. To join or discuss institutional membership options please contact Christie Knef, Development Manager, at 609.737.1902 ext. 121 or Christie.knef@electrochem.org. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

06/20/2014

Volumes 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60 from ECS Co-Sponsored Meetings

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from conferences co-sponsored by ECS. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in hard-cover, soft-cover, or CD-ROM editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Volumes Volume 60

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2014 Shanghai, China, March 16 - 17, 2014 Vol. 60 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2014 (CSTIC 2014) Soft-cover............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

Volume 57

13th International Conference on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) Okinawa, Japan, October 6 - 11, 2013 Vol. 57 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) No. 1 CD-ROM...............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

Volume 54

4th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors Villard-de-Lans, France, July 7 - 12, 2013 Vol. 54 2013 International Conference on Semiconductor Technology No. 1 for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT 4) Soft-cover.............................M $98.00, NM $122.00 PDF.......................................M $88.87, NM $111.09

Volume 52

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Shanghai, China, March 19 - 21, 2013 Vol. 52 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Soft-cover.............................M $205.00, NM $256.00 PDF.......................................M $186.06, NM $232.57

Volume 51

2012 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition Uncasville, Connecticut, November 5 - 8, 2012 Vol. 51 Fuel Cell Seminar 2012 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $92.00, NM $117.00 PDF.......................................M $79.67, NM $99.59

Volume 49

27th Symposium on Microelectronic Technology and Devices Brasília, Brazil, August 30 - September 2, 2012 Vol. 49 Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2012 No. 1 Hard-cover...........................M $146.00, NM $183.00 PDF......................................M $132.78, NM $165.97

Volume 48

13th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2012) Brno, Czech Republic, August 26 - August 26, 2012 Vol. 48 Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 13) No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $107.00, NM $134.00 PDF.......................................M $97.51, NM $121.89

Volume 47

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2012 (CSTIC 2012) Shanghai, China, March 18 - 19, 2012 Vol. 47 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2012 (CSTIC 2012) Soft-cover.............................M $212.00, NM $265.00 PDF.......................................M $192.39, NM $240.49

Volume 46

Proceedings of the Workshop on Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry Juelich, Germany, April 23 - 25, 2012 Vol. 46 18º Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e No. 1 Eletroanalítica (XVIII SIBEE) Hard-cover...........................M $88.00, NM $110.00 PDF......................................M $75.66, NM $94.57

Volume 44

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2012 (CSTIC 2012) Shanghai, China, March 18 - 19, 2012 Vol. 44 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2012 (CSTIC 2012) Soft-cover.............................M $212.00, NM $265.00 PDF.......................................M $192.39, NM $240.49

Volume 43

XVIII Simposio Brasileiro de Electroquimica e Eletroanalitica Bento, Gonçalves, Brazil,August 28 - September 1 , 2011 Vol. 43 18º Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e No. 1 Eletroanalítica (XVIII SIBEE) Soft-cover.............................M $127.00, NM $159.00 PDF.......................................M $115.29, NM $144.11

Volume 42

2010 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition Orlando, Florida, October 31 - November 3, 2011 Vol. 42 Fuel Cell Seminar 2010 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $100.00, NM $125.00 PDF.......................................M $90.60, NM $113.25

Volume 40

Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 12) Brno, Czech Republic, September 11 - 24, 2011 Vol. 40 Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 12) No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $98.00, NM $122.00 PDF.......................................M $88.87, NM $111.09

Volume 39

26th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices Joao Pessoa, Brazil, August 30 - September 2, 2011 Vol. 39 Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2011 No. 1 Hard-cover............................M $138.00, NM $173.00 PDF.......................................M $125.58, NM $156.98

Volume 37

Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors III Hong Kong, China, June 26 - July 1, 2011 Vol. 37 2011 International Conference on Semiconductor No. 1 Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT) Soft-cover............................M $88.00, NM $110.00 PDF......................................M $75.66, NM $94.57

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org The Electrochemical Society Interface • Fall 2014

05/30/14

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