Interface Vol. 23, No. 2, Summer 2014 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 23, NO. 2 Summer 2014

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor:

Working With Stuff

9 From the President:

The Grandest Challenge of Them All

11 Orlando, Florida

ECS Meeting Highlights

36 ECS Classics–

Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis

39 Tech Highlights 41 Twenty-Five Years of

Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

43 Studying Electrocatalytic

Activity Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

47 Measuring Ions with

Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

25 Years of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

53 Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale: The Force Dimension

61 Functional Electron

Microscopy for Electrochemistry Research: From the Atomic to the Micro Scale

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FROM THE EDITOR

Working with Stuff

think that I will need to change what I do. No, I am not thinking of quitting electrochemistry and opening a kennel for German shepherds. I like chemistry and I do not see eliminating it from my life, but the college freshmen students would probably prefer to see it, at least in the name, all gone. Now, it seems, that even the analytical chemistry specialty is in peril. You see, I am going to give a recruitment talk at a chemistry department at one of the Wisconsin universities. This is how it works: our department sends neighboring schools fliers describing our PhD program and offers to send a professor to give a seminar presentation. The host department gets a free seminar out of it and our department may entice some students to apply to our graduate program. Even if nobody applies right there and then, the departments keep in touch, which is always nice. In preparation for the trip I offered a few topics I could discuss, all electrochemical, and I asked which would be the most appreciated by the students. The guidance I got was frank and disheartening. “For some reason,” the instructor in charge wrote, “the word ‘Analytical’ seems to cause student aversion – thus I’d counsel against its use in a title.” Electrochemistry at U.S. chemistry departments is traditionally part of the analytical chemistry curriculum, so how long can I hide the fact that I am a chemist and an analytical one at that? The more pressing question is, what can we do about it? There are possibly two reasons why the present student population does not care much for chemistry. One goes back to their parents and grandparents. Larry Faulkner in his tribute to Bard and Goodenough (see the spring 2014 issue of Interface), pointed out how the DuPont slogan “Better Living Through Chemistry,” adopted in 1935, lost the “through chemistry” in 1982. As useful as chemistry was, it got its share of negative publicity through environmental pollution, spills, and accidents that were sometimes quite spectacular. Smoking factory chimneys, a symbol of industrialization and modernization well into the 20th century, quietly disappeared from company logos and prospect materials, and eventually, from the actual factory yards. Chemistry operations are now much cleaner, much safer, and with decidedly less negative impact than even ten years ago. Still, the traditional mistrust dies off slowly and while introduction of a more powerful battery in each new version of a cell phone is expected, chemistry does not get any credit for it, but an unfortunate accident will get all the attention. The second reason why chemistry is not a favored subject is not chemistry, but rather, math. More precisely, it is the word problems that should be practiced in the school curriculum before a student is admitted to college. But they are probably not. Students often report that they liked math in high school and even the grades seem to indicate that they did well. But they are at loss when asked to solve a word problem. You know, those that start something like: “A train leaves Chicago for Boston traveling 60 mph, while a second train leaves Boston for Chicago at 80 mph. A bird flies back and forth between the two ….” Part of the difficulty could be that the grades do not reflect so much ability as perhaps participation. Part of it could also be blind reliance on calculators and lack of emphasis on pondering whether the calculator result makes any sense. In the background test in my freshmen chemistry, 85 percent of students answered the following question correctly: “Five oranges cost three dollars. What is the price of seven oranges?” Chemistry has a lot of such questions, with dollars and oranges replaced by moles and grams. It is the remaining 15 percent of the class that are the big worry. They will never pass, let alone appreciate, chemistry. What is one to do to improve the image of chemistry? On the math side, word problems and brainteasers should come back into vogue. And we should rethink whether all of the freshmen with their varied backgrounds should be in the same class of two hundred or more. On the vanity side, perhaps we should give up on the name chemistry and come up with another one. When I fly somewhere and fellow passengers strike up a conversation, I learned a long time ago not to say that I teach chemistry. The response was usually “I hated chemistry.” As insensitive as it was, it reflected their experience and this experience is certainly passed on to the next generation. So now I say instead that I am an electrochemist, and I even gingerly mumble the “chemist” part, just to be safe. Few know about electrochemistry, so I can start talking about batteries, energy, corrosion, and many other conversation topics and I never get to explain what I actually do. To leave a positive impression of our scientific field, perhaps we need to come up with a new name. I recall a junior colleague from the geology department who used to come for some chemistry advice. She had a positive attitude towards chemistry, as it was useful in her research. And once she remarked that “Chemistry is better than geology! There is more stuff!” Maybe we should all embrace a new slogan for chemists: “Better living through working with more stuff.” Petr Vanýsek, Interface Co-Editor

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@iit.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editors: David E. Cliffel, d.cliffel@vanderbilt.edu; Robert L. Calhoun, calhoun@usna.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail.com; Zoltan Nagy, nagyz@email.unc.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, annie.goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Christie Knef, christie.knef@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Bor Yann Liaw (Battery), Sanna Virtanen (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Giovanni Zangari (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Xiao-Dong Zhou (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electro-chemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Dan Scherson Society Officers: Paul Kohl, President; Daniel Scherson, Senior Vice-President; Krishnan Rajeshwar, 2nd VicePresident; Johna Leddy, 3rd Vice-President; Lili Deligianni, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2014 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings. All recycled paper. Printed in USA.

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+1-910-695-8884

Vol. 23, No. 2 Summer 2014

Twenty-Five Years of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy by David E. Cliffel and Robert L. Calhoun

43 47

Studying Electrocatalytic Activity Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

of Them All

Florida 11 Orlando, ECS Meeting Highlights

Measuring Ions with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

22 Society News Classics– 36 ECS Hall and Héroult and the

Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale: The Force Dimension by Jennifer Black, Evgheni Strelcov, Nina Balke, and Sergei V. Kalinin

the President: 9 From The Grandest Challenge

by Carlos M. Sánchez-Sánchez

by Lushan Zhou, Yi Zhou, and Lane A. Baker

the Editor: 3 From Working With Stuff

Functional Electron Microscopy for Electrochemistry Research: From the Atomic to the Micro Scale by Albina Y. Borisevich, Miaofang Chi, and Ray Unocic

Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis

39 Tech Highlights 68 Section News 72 Awards 75 New Members 78 Student News ECS Meeting 86 226 Chicago, Illinois th

89 2013 ECS Annual Report

On the cover . . .

Atomic scale Z-contrast imaging of Li[Ni1/5Li1/5Mn3/5]O2 grains; see article starting on page 61. Cover design by Dinia Agrawala. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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Why Go Open Access at ECS Reach more readers

OA for FREE!

ECS offers Author Choice Open Access, giving you the opportunity to make your papers Open Access (OA) – available to any scientist (or anyone, for that matter) with an Internet connection, and increasing your pool of potential readers.

You can publish your papers as Open Access for FREE if you have an Article Credit. Authors who are ECS members, who have attended a recent ECS meeting, or who are coming from subscribing institutions qualify. Those who cannot claim an Article Credit will be asked to pay an $800 Article Processing Charge to make their papers Open Access – a fee ECS continues to keep low.

Quality publications The research published in our journals (Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters) is truly at the cutting edge of our technical arenas, and ECS publications have continued to focus on achieving quality through a high standard of peer-review. Our four peer-reviewed titles are among the most highly-regarded in their areas. Choosing to make your paper Open Access within these journals makes no difference to the quality processes we uphold at ECS— selection criteria and peer review remain exactly the same. The difference is in who can see your content. Papers not published as Open Access can only be read by either those from a subscribing institution, or those who are willing to pay a fee to access it. Make your work more accessible by making it OA.

Keep your copyright ECS’s Open Access publishing agreement with authors does not require a transfer of copyright: the copyright remains with the author. Authors, however, must choose what kind of license they want to grant their readers, and ECS offers a choice of two Creative Commons usage licenses that authors may attach to their work (see sidebar).

Save the World Next time you submit a paper; why not make it Open Access? Electrochemistry and solid state science research is helping scientists and researchers across the globe solve problems facing our modern world, and the more people who can access your work, the faster those problems may be solved. If you have any questions about our Open Access program, please visit www. electrochem.org/oa or email us at oa@electrochem.org.

A WORD ABOUT COPYRIGHT 4

When publishing OA the copyright remains with the author.

The author selects one of two Creative Commons (CC) usage licenses defining how the article may be used by the general public.

CC BY license is the most liberal allowing for unrestricted reuse of content, subject only to the requirement that the source work is appropriately attributed.

CC BY-NC-ND license is more similar to the current usage rights under the transfer of copyright agreement: it limits use to noncommercial use (NC), and restricts others from creating derivative works(ND).

Find out more at

electrochem.org/oa

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

from the president

The Committee on Free Dissemination of Research This Committee is charged with evaluating the future of Open Access and its impact on scientific advancements in electrochemical and solid state science and technology; and for making recommendations concerning the structure, funding, and advocacy requirements necessary for an Open Access model that will lead to successful and uninhibited scientific advancement allowing ECS to Free the Science . TM

Members Chair: Larry Faulkner is President Emeritus of the University of Texas at Austin, former President of ECS, and a former member of the chemistry faculty at the University of Illinois. Allen Bard is the Director of the Center for Electrochemistry and the Norman Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair at the University of Texas at Austin, the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the American Chemical Society, a member of the National Academy of Science, and winner of both the 2014 Enrico Fermi Award presented by U.S. Department of Energy and the 2011 U.S. National Medal of Science. William Brown is the former President of ECS and former Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, and winner of the 1995 ECS Thomas D. Callinan Award. Cor Claeys is the Director of Advanced Semiconductor Technologies at IMEC and Professor at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in Belgium, former ECS Board member, a former Associate Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and winner of the 2004 ECS Electronics & Photonics Division Award. Akira Fujishima is the President of Tokyo University of Science, former President of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, the 2003 winner of Japan’s Medal with Purple Ribbon and the Japan Academy Prize. Esther Takeuchi is the Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Stony Brook University, former President of ECS, member of the National Academy of Engineering and National Inventors Hall of Fame, and the 2010 winner of the U.S. National Medal of Technology. Isao Taniguchi is the President of Kumamoto University and a former member of the ECS Board of Directors. He received the Outstanding Paper Award from the Electrochemical Society of Japan in 2005. Masayoshi Watanabe is on the Faculty of the Engineering Division of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering at Yokohama National University and is the former Vice President of The Electrochemical Society of Japan. Martin Winter is a Technical Editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Electrochemistry Letters and the scientific head of the Münster Electrochemical Energy Technology, Battery Research Centre at Münster University. Mark Wrighton is Chancellor and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Washington, former Provost at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the former Vice Chair of the NRC Committee on America’s Energy Future.

Ex-Officio Members ECS Past President: Tetsuya Osaka is the Deputy Dean of Faculty and Director of the Inst. for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology at Waseda University. He is the former President of The Electrochemical Society of Japan and the 2010 winner of Japan’s Medal with Purple Ribbon. ECS President: Paul Kohl is the Hercules Inc/Thomas Gossage Chair at the Georgia Institute of Technology and former Editor of the three scholarly publications: Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Electrochemical & Solid-State Letters and Interface. ECS Executive Director: Roque Calvo is the Executive Director of ECS and the former President of the Council of Engineering and Scientific Society Executives.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

from the president

The Grandest Challenge of Them All O

ver the past 38 years, I have enjoyed the many benefits of being an ECS member, including the opportunity to be editor of ECS publications, including Journal of The Electrochemcial Society (1995-2008), Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (1998-2003), and Interface (1992-1995). Along the way, I have met and shared experiences with the most interesting people, each with a special story. For example, recently I learned that Ralph Brodd, 2014 Acheson Award winner and ECS past-president, became an ECS member 61 years ago by writing a winning essay to the Corrosion Division. Norman Hackerman, ECS past president and Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (1950-1990), encouraged him to enter the essay contest. ECS is a 112-year-old organization that has continually sought to create new opportunities for the scientific community because it is a mission-based society and a not-for-profit entity. The ECS goals are to create programs that benefit its members, and to advance electrochemical and solid state science and technology. I very much appreciate the opportunity to be President of ECS, especially at this moment in time, because this is perhaps the most exciting and important period in ECS history. ECS has undertaken a most noble and bold initiative in scholarly publishing… the commitment to open access for its scholarly publications. In May 2013, the ECS Board of Directors boldly committed to an Open Access plan “that would enable the dissemination of content from the ECS Digital Library at no cost to authors, readers, libraries, or funding agencies.” This means that authors will be able to publish scholarly works, using the same high-quality, peer-review process in place now, without financial cost to themselves or to their readers. This is an enormous benefit for authors because readers everywhere would enjoy unobstructed access to their articles. Institutions that sponsored the original research are better served because the dissemination of the results is not hampered by being hidden behind subscription paywalls. The ECS journals are the best place to publish electrochemical and solid state manuscripts because of our established reputation and open access to the world without charge to most authors. This may be the boldest and most important change to scholarly publishing since the first publisher, Cambridge University Press, was chartered in 1534. Its mission included advancing learning, knowledge, and research worldwide. Forprofit corporations and some professional societies have been draining billions of dollars per year as profit from researchers, authors, readers, and funding agencies. New journal titles are created each year solely for the purpose of selling more titles and increasing profits. While these publishers may facilitate the review process, it is still the scientists and engineers who

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

provide the editorial and review services, not the publishers themselves. ECS can attempt this open-access initiative because it is driven solely by benefits to its members and society. I am very pleased to join a Committee for Free Dissemination of Research (see page 8) whose goal it is to raise funds to endow our ECS serial publications so that all barriers to publishing and reading peer-reviewed ECS publications can be eliminated. This goal is so important that Larry Faulkner, ECS past president and president emeritus of The University of Texas, has agreed to lead this committee. It is a privilege to join Larry and the others who have volunteered to Free the Science. The ultimate goal is to create a $30M endowment! The goal of this Committee (see page 8) is raise funds through philanthropic and other organizations to make this dream a reality. We have a good start thanks to a successful ECS Centennial Campaign (2002-2007), and careful management of those funds. We are well on our way with an $8M endowment already established. This open access goal affects each ECS member and person who interacts with the Society. One of the many benefits is higher-quality journals with greater reach and impact. Participants are ultimately the creators of more opportunities, such as the essay contest in 1953 that brought Ralph Brodd into ECS. This brings me to the role of each ECS member in this endeavor. For authors, publishing in ECS journals has never been easier or faster. Open access of individual articles is available to all authors publishing in ECS journals today at no cost for most authors. Authors, for the first time, can publish scholarly works in a high-quality, peer-reviewed journal free of charge by taking advantage of the many waivers to the current open access article processing charge. Waivers are given for being a member, attending a biannual meeting, or being at an institution that subscribes to ECS journals. And if that does not work, just let me know and we will find a way for you to publish your article as an open access one. I hope everyone supports ECS by submitting their top manuscripts to the ECS journals because it is the best place to publish your top papers. No other journal provides a high quality, peer-reviewed venue with world-wide open access at no charge to most authors. On a broader scale, ECS members can support this open access initiative financially or by helping us to approach philanthropic organizations. We welcome your contributions and stories about how you have been affected by your ECS experience. It’s time for everyone to help.

Paul A. Kohl ECS President

socie t y ne ws

ECS is proud to announce the establishment of the

Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemical Science Award recipients will be honored for exceptional contributions to the fields of fundamental electrochemical science and recognized for exceptionally creative experimental and theoretical studies that have opened new directions in electroanalytical chemistry and electrocatalysis. The first award will be given in Chicago at the 227th ECS Meeting.

Allen J. BArd is the Norman Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin, and the Director of the Center for Electrochemistry.

Allen J. BArd

Among Dr. Bard’s many awards are The Electrochemical Society’s Carl Wagner Memorial Award (1981), Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (1986), and Olin Palladium Award (1987); Priestley Medal (2002), the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2008). He was elected into the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1990. In 2013, Dr. Bard was awarded the National Medal of Science, one of the highest honors bestowed by the U.S. government upon scientists, engineers, and inventors.

Special thanks to the generous support of our donors and advertisers, especially:

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

225th ECS Meeting Highlights

ORLANDO, FL May 11-15, 2014 Hilton Orlando Bonnet Creek

his is the second time the ECS meeting convened in Orlando, Florida, the first one was held there in fall 2003. After the long cold winter, the travel to warm Florida was a welcome respite to many of the over 1,700 attendees. In 59 symposia there was a total of 1,672 presentations.

Plenary Session

ECS President Tetsuya Osaka opened the meeting by highlighting one of our most exciting initiatives – Author Choice Open Access for all four of our peer-reviewed journals. Enabling Open Access to scientific research is imperative for ECS because it is our mission to disseminate the best research in our technical fields as widely as possible. We published our first Open Access article in March. As of today, 128 authors have chosen open access and ECS has published 45 papers to the ECS Digital Library. Several awards were presented at this plenary session to recognize the many years of dedication to science by the awardees.

The ECS Lecture Monday afternoon set the stage for the presentation Nanowires: From Nanocomputing to Nano-Bioelectronics, which was the title of The ECS Lecture given by Charles M. Lieber from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. He highlighted the power of semiconductor nanowires as a platform material for exploring new

ECS President Tetsuya Osaka gave opening remarks at the 225th ECS Meeting.

science and technology. Prof. Lieber emphasized the prospects for blurring the distinction between nanoelectronic circuitry, computation and living systems in the future. He highlighted the power of semiconductor nanowires as a platform material for exploring new science and technology. First, he explained the chemical synthesis of complex modulated nanowires, using the bottom-up approach. Then, he described novel deterministic assembly methods, starting with an initial patterning step, followed by all the subsequent steps registered to this initial pattern. Finally, he described the complementary advances at the frontier between nanoelectronics and biology, including nanowire probes capable of interacting with threedimensional cell networks.

Award Highlights

Charles M. Lieber delivered The ECS Lecture, entitled, “Nanowires: From Nanocomputing to Nano-Bioelectronics,” at the plenary session of the 225th ECS Meeting. Prof. Lieber is from the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Dennis Hess was awarded the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching in subjects of interest to the Society. He has been a professor at Georgia Tech, educating through his formal lectures as well as through research mentorship of a number of future (continued on next page)

(continued from previous page)

experts in electrochemical science and technology. Prof. Hess served ECS as Divisional Editor for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, served as ECS President, and as Editor for Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. Currently, he is Editor of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology and ECS Solid State Letters. The Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching was established in 1981 for excellence in teaching in subject areas of interest to the Society. In a special session Prof. Hess delivered a lecture, “Low Temperature Plasma Etching of Copper, Silver, and Gold Films.” The Vittorio de Nora Award was presented to Chad Mirkin from Northwestern University. He is the Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, and the George B. Rathmann Professor of Chemistry, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Medicine. Prof. Mirkin has authored over 550 manuscripts and holds over 900 patents worldwide. He has won over 80 national and international awards, and is a Member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science & Technology. The de Nora Award was established in 1971 to recognize distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to engineering and technology directed toward the utilization of electrochemical phenomena and processes. Prof. Mirkin spoke at his award lecture about On-Wire Lithography. An Electrochemical Approach to Controlling Nanoscale Architecture. On-wire lithography is a template-based electrochemical process, which allows forming one-dimensional nanorods. These nanorods can have programably synthesized nano- or micro-sized gaps, which can be used for making particluarly useful structures. For example, use can be found in studies of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, plasmonics and novel molecular electronics or chemical and biological detection devices.

Dennis Hess (left) received the Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching from ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (right).

5k Energy Run-For-Fun The meeting on Monday morning started with some fresh physical activity. For the first time at an ECS Meeting, attendees had the chance to take part in a 5k run. Fifty people accepted the challenge. The top finisher, Matthew Lawder, graduate student

from Washington University in St. Louis, had an incredible time of 14:12. In second and third place were Jeff Fagan and Brian Doyle. Proceeds from the race registration fee will benefit the ECS Publications Endowment.

Runners at the start of the 5k race held on the grounds of the meeting hotel.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Chad Mirkin (left) received the Vittorio de Nora Award from ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (right).

Krishnan Rajeshwar (“Raj”)(left) was recognized by ECS President Tetsuya Osaka for his exceptional leadership in pioneering the ECS magazine Interface as editor from 1999 to 2013.

Panel of Professionals A new feature at this meeting was the Panel of Professionals. This event was scheduled for Monday evening, at six o’clock. An engaged crowd of students and early-career professionals listened to the guest speakers from different research sectors, giving advice, answering questions, and discussing the unique challenges and opportunities of pursuing a career in their chosen fields. The panel was moderated

by Kevin Rhodes of Ford Motors. The panelists included Hariklia Deligianni of IBM, Amy Marschilok of Stony Brook University, SUNY, and Gabriel Veith of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This was an inaugural event and as part of the professional development series it is intended to become permanent feature of the ECS meetings. (continued on next page)

Amy Marschilok (standing) of Stony Brook University, SUNY, spoke at the Panel of Professionals, a new feature of the ECS meetings. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

(continued from previous page)

Career Development Workshops Registered participants had the opportunity to get advice on landing their first or a new job from former IBM executive and founder of his own company, John R. Susko. Dr. Susko also gave one-on-one resume review sessions on Monday through Wednesday, where he stressed the importance of impeccable written presentation.

Student Posters and Poster Contest The student poster session was held as part of the Tuesday general poster session and technical exhibit. The student poster session attracted 84 entrants. The winning students were recognized Wednesday evening in the exhibit hall. ESC President, Tetsuya Osaka and Kalpathy B. Sundaram, professor at the University of Central Florida, handed out the awards. The winners were: First Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology – “Regeneration of Enzymatic Layer on Layer-by-Layer Assembled Biosensor Interfaces,” Yuanyuan Zhang, Auburn University.

Second Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology – “Detection of H2O2 Using Redox Active Nanoparticles Immobilized on Highly Ordered Polymer Nanopillars,” Swetha Barkam, University of Central Florida. First Place, Solid State Science & Technology – “Room Temperature Hydrogen Detection with the Use of Engineered Nanostructured Tinoxide Array,” Rameech McCormack, University of Central Florida. Second Place, Solid State Science & Technology – “Multifunctional CNT-Polymer Composites for Ultra-Tough Structural Supercapacitors and Desalination Devices,” James Benson, Georgia Institute of Technology. Honorable Mention – “Growth and Transfer of Nanowires with High Density and Aspect-Ratio Onto Flexible Substrates,” Cheng Xu, University of Florida at Gainesville. Judging these posters would not have been possible without a large cadre of judges. These were recruited ahead of the meeting from the ranks of all thirteen divisions. The judges scored the posters during an hour, reserved to them prior the official opening of the session. All photos are by Universal Image, FL, USA, except where noted.

The Student Poster Session award winners received their awards and congratulations from organizers Kalpathy Sundaram (far left) and Oana Leonte (second from right), and ECS President Tetsuya Osaka. From left to right the award winners are James Benson, Rameech McCormack, Swetha Barkam, and Cheng Xu.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Scenes from the Orlando Meeting

A special reception to thank all those who contributed to the successful dissemination of ECS content in ECS publications and at ECS meetings took place on Monday evening. ECS President Osaka welcomed all the participants and gave a brief speech, stressing the value and importance of the volunteer work in the Society. Here President Tetsuya Osaka reflects on the presentation he is about to give to the assembled guests. (Photo taken by Petr VanĂ˝sek.)

In addition to the Division Student Awards presented in Orlando, the following students and young professionals received either a registration waiver or travel support to attend the Orlando meeting; or received a divisional or symposium sponsored atmeeting poster award: Giulia Acconcia, Victor Agubra, Stephen Ambrozik, Belete Asefa Aragaw, Chirranjeevi Balaji Gopal, Mariam Barawi, Federico Bertasi, Nasir Uddin Bhuyian, Sean Bishop, Giacomo Bosco, Gerald Brady, Eric Bukovsky, Venkata Sesha Praveen Bulusu, Theodore Burye, Nelly Cantillo, Karlee Castro, Zeng Cheng, Yoonsung Chung, Tyler Clikeman, Matthew Conway, Tridip Das, Kryssia Pamela Diaz Orellana, Hepeng Ding, Holly Dole, Thomas Dursch, Brian Fane, Xin Fang, Yi Fang, Ileana Feliciano, Robert Francke, Mourad Frites, Selvarani Ganesan, Sergio Garcia, Bharat Gattu, Bahar Moradi Ghadi, Sharon Goh, Matteo Grattieri, Tianyi Guo, HyukSu Han, Rachel Hjelm, Lena Hoober-Burkhardt, Ya-Hsi Hwang, Muhymin Islam, Rishabh Jain, Adriel Jebaraj, David Urnes Johnson, Vibha Kalra, Rahul Kamath, Joseph Kaule, Hadi Khani, Il-Hwan Kim, Soo Kim, SungYup Kim, Rui Kong, Roman Korobko, John Krause, Matthew Lawder, V. N. Du Le, J Li, Meng Li, Wei Li, Zhiyun Li, Chi-Chou Lin, Xi Liu, Dario Marrocchelli, Benjamin McNealy, Oinam Meitei, Joseph Mulvey, Ruben Nelson, Edgard Ngaboyamahina, Naoki Nitta, Dariusz Palubiak, Jie Pan, Abhilash Paneri, Ryan Phillips, James Radich, Mayandi Ramanathan, Long San, Narendran Sekar, Mingwei Shang, Akshaya Shanmugam, Pranav Sharma, , Matthew Shea, Patrick Staley, Swathi Sunkara, Hadi Tavassol, Anthony Tsikouras, Peeter Valk, Maxwell Wallace, Sylwia Walus, Ethan Wappes, Jia Xu, Qing Yang, Seung Yoo, Guihua Yu, Congling Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Haisheng Zheng, Xiaoqing Zheng and Jie Zhou. All thirteen divisions contributed towards the sponsorship as did the organizers of the A3 and M2 symposia.

A special thank-you goes to all of the meeting sponsors and 26 exhibitors, who showcased the tools and equipment so critical to scientific research. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Scenes from the Orlando Meeting

On Wednesday afternoon the members assembled for a luncheon and the Annual Society Business Meeting. The President, Secretary and Treasurer gave their reports to the membership. ECS President Osaka introduced the newly elected officers, 3rd Vice-President-elect Johna Leddy, ECS President-elect Paul Kohl and Treasurer-elect E. Jennings Taylor. (Photo taken by Petr VanĂ˝sek.)

And of course, we are always thankful to the ECS staff for all the work they do for us at the meeting, but also in between the meetings at the Society Headquarters in Pennington, NJ. Here, they are enjoying a bit of down time at the Presidential Reception. From left to right they are Christie Knef, Rob Gerth, Anna Olsen, ECS President Tetsuya Osaka, Karen Chmielewski, and Keith Schlesinger. 16

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Orlando Meeting Student Mixer

All registered students were invited to attend this welcoming event and more than 200 of them attended the mixer Monday night, thanks to the generous support of Gelest.

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

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Inaugural ECEE a Success

he first Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment, ECEE 2014, was held in Shanghai, China, March 13-16, 2014. The international scientific conference and joint meeting of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry (CSE) covered a unique blend of topics pertaining to energy and the environment. ECEE 2014 served as a major forum for the discussion of interdisciplinary research from around the world through a variety of formats, such as invited and keynote oral presentations, poster sessions, and exhibits. More than 500 scientists, the majority of whom were from Asia, explored 4 main symposia topics: • Electrochemical Energy Storage • Electrochemical Energy Conversion • Electrochemical Fundamentals

Guangmin Zhou (second from left), the recipient of a Student Poster Award, is joined by (left to right) Shelley Minteer, Yongyao Xia, Shigang Sun, Tetsuya Osaka, and Paul Kohl.

• Environmental Electrochemistry There were two plenary speakers. Yongfang Li, Professor of Chemistry at CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, speaking on “Photovoltaic Materials and Devices for Polymer Solar Cells.” Polymer Solar Cells (PSC) have attracted great attention in recent years because of their advantages of low cost fabrication, light weight and possibility to be fabricated into flexible devices. Dr. Li presented his current research focus, increasing the power conversion efficiency of PSC. He talked about the requirements of the high efficiency donor/acceptor and electrode buffer layer materials, and reported on recent research progress on two dimensional conjugated polymers donor materials, fullerene bisadduct acceptor materials and solution-processable electrode buffer layers. Yet-Min Chiang, the Kyocera Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, presented “Benefits and Barriers to Large Scale Energy Storage.” Prof. Chiang highlighted his work developing a new type of flow battery based on high energy density particle suspension electrodes for ultralow-cost large scale energy storage. More than 20 other keynote speakers added great depth to the scientific material presented in Shanghai. Full biographies as well as links to the detailed conference program and abstracts are posted online at www.electrochem.org/meetings/satellite/ecee/. The student poster award winners were Morten Stornes, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Tongwen Yu, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Guangmin Zhou, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Students also had the opportunity to “meet the faculty” at an informal reception. More than a dozen academic leaders participated, including: Enrique Traversa, King Abdullah University of Science and

ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo (left) and Zongrang Zhang (right), Shanghai Normal University.

Shanghai at night. 18

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

socie t y ne ws Technology; Paul Kohl, Georgia Institute of Technology; Masayoshi Watanabe, Yokohama National University; Plamen B. Atanassov, University of New Mexico; Sanjeev Mukerjee, Northeastern University; Adam Weber, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Vijay Ramani, Illinois Institute of Technology; Bin Ren, Xiamen University; Pei Kang Shen, Sun Yat-sen University; Zong-Rang Zhang, Shanghai Normal University; Shelley Minteer, University of Utah; and Scott Calabrese Barton, Michigan State University. ECS and CSE thank all the presenters, exhibitors and volunteers for their support in making ECEE 2014 a success.

ECEE 2014 Local Committee Yongyao Xia, Fudan University Wenbin Cai, Fudan University Zongrang Zhang, Shanghai Normal University Zifeng Ma, Shanghai Jiaotong University

Symposia Committees E1 - Electrochemical Energy Storage Jun Chen (Lead), Nankai University Yet-Ming Chiang, MIT Yuguo Guo, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese AcademyÂ of Sciences Tetsuya Osaka, Waseda University Masayoshi Watanabe, Yokohama National University Yongyao Xia, Fudan University E2 - Electrochemical Energy Conversion Zifeng Ma (Lead), Shanghai Jiaotong University Raghu Bhattacharya, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Deryn Chu, Army Research Lab

The plenary speaker Yet-Min Chiang.

Peikang Shen, Sun Yat-sen University Wei Xing, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry E3 - Electrochemical Fundamentals Shelley Minteer (Lead), University of Utah Wenbin Cai, Fudan University Bin Ren, Xiamen University Enrico Traversa, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Kohei Uosaki, Hokkaido University Lin Zhuang, Wuhan University E4 - Environmental Electrochemistry Giovanni Zangari (Lead), University of Virginia Jinghong Li, Tsinghua University Haibo Lin, Jilin University Zongrang Zhang, Shanghai Normal University

Yongfang Li delivers his plenary talk. (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

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Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment

(continued from previous page)

Scenes from the meeting

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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PRiME Adds Third Joint Meeting Partner in 2016

he Korean Electrochemical Society (KECS) will be joining The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and the Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ) as the third joint meeting partner for the 2016 Pacific Rim Meeting on Electrochemical and Solid State Science (PRiME 2016). The meeting will be held in Honolulu, HI, at the Hawaii Convention Center from October 9-14, 2016, and will also be sponsored by the Japan Society of Applied Physics, the Chinese Electrochemical Society and the Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemistry Institute. PRiME 2016 will be the 7th in the series of Pacific Rim meetings which began in October 1987 with the first joint meeting between ECS and ECSJ. Sponsoring organizations have been added over the years and KECS has sponsored the last three PRiME Meetings. Adding KECS as a third joint partner was stimulated by their growing contributions to PRiME and their commitment to use PRiME as the host location for their normally scheduled fall meeting. As representatives of the

PRiME Organizing Committee, ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo and Vice President Krishnan Rajeshwar met with the KECS leadership in March to confirm arrangements for the partnership. Dr. Rajeshwar noted that, “KECS members have made significant contributions to the technical program at the past several PRiME meetings. Adding them as a third partner was a natural evolutionary step which I believe will be very beneficial for the growth and quality of the meeting. On behalf of ECSJ and ECS we are thrilled to welcome KECS into the partnership of this great event.” The PRiME series of joint meetings has experienced tremendous success since the first one was held 27 years ago. With the presentation of 4010 technical papers, PRiME 2012 was the largest meeting ever held on electrochemical and solid state science and technology. It is a model of success for international scientific meetings and a model that advances our organizational missions through collaboration and partnership with other societies. The new partnership arrangement with KECS should add to that success and make PRiME 2016 a great event.

ECS Officers Attend Memorial Symposium in Honor of Su-Moon

Officers of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and The Korean Electrochemical Society (KECS) attended the Memorial Symposium in Honor of Su-Moon held in Korea on November 7, 2013. Those present at the meeting were (left to right): Jae-Joon Lee (General Secretary for 2014-2015, KECS, Konkuk Univ., Korea); Tomokazu Matsue (President-elect, ECSJ, Tohoku Univ., Japan); Kee Suk Nahm (President for 2014-2015, KECS, Chonbuk Univ., Korea); Krishnan Rajeshwar (3rd Vice President, ECS, President for 2016, Univ. of Texas at Arlington, USA); Hasuck Kim (President, ISE, DGIST, Korea); Daniel A. Scherson (2nd Vice President, ECS, President for 2015, Case Western Reserve Univ., USA); Tetsuya Osaka (President, ECS, Waseda Univ., Japan); Chi-Woo Lee (President for 2012-2013, KECS, Korea Univ., Korea); Won-Sub Yoon (General Secretary for 2012-2013, KECS, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Korea).

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ECS Establishes Deal & Grove Young Author Award

Bruce E. Deal

Andy Grove

CS is pleased to announce it has established the Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award. The award will be given for the best paper published in the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS) by a young author or co-authors for the volume year preceding the award. Since 1929, ECS has identified top young scientists who publish in our journals and annually recognize them for their contributions to electrochemical and solid state science and technology. The Young Authors Award is the Society’s oldest award and the list of winners includes some of the most outstanding scientists and engineers of the past century. With the growth of the semiconductor technology industry in the 1960s, ECS began to give two Young Authors Awards for: 1) Electrochemical Science and Technology, and 2) Solid State Science and Technology. The were both named after long-time ECS Editor Norman Hackerman whose primary contributions were in electrochemical science. With the

expansion of our publications to include a dedicated journal for solid state science and technology (JSS), the ECS Board decided to name the second Young Authors Award after significant contributors to solid state science and technology. In 1967, Andy Grove and Bruce Deal were co-authors on a paper published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society describing the Deal-Grove model, and the published work has had a lasting influence on the semiconductor technology industry. [See B. E. Deal, M. Sklar, A. S. Grove, and E. H. Snow, “Characteristics of the Surface-State Charge (QSS) of Thermally Oxidized Silicon,” JES, 114, 266 (1967). The paper is available for free online.] This paper has also had a lasting influence in the ECS Digital Library and is considered by the ECS Editorial Boards to be a seminal paper published in the area of solid state science and technology. ECS is pleased to honor the legacy and contributions of Bruce Deal and Andy Grove to the science by naming this award after them. The award will consist of a scroll and a prize of $1,500 to be divided among the eligible authors of the winning paper. In addition, a $1,000 travel grant to be shared among the eligible authors will be given so that the winners may attend the ECS meeting where the award will be presented. To be eligible for the award, the author or co-authors of the paper shall be under 31 years of age at the time the paper is initially submitted. Authors are given an opportunity to provide their birthdates in the journals’ ECSxPress submission system.

National Science Foundation Funds Establishment of a Center for Electrochemical Process and Technology

uss College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University (Athens, OH) has received an NSF award of $112,275 to establish an Industry & University Cooperative Research Center (I/UCRC) in the category of Energy and Environment. A partner site will be at Washington University (St. Louis, MO). The new research center, the Center for Electrochemical Process and Technology (CEProTECH) acting as a consortium, will be dedicated to electrochemical alternatives of conventional chemical processes, with the main goal to enhance advanced production capabilities. The research agenda will be based on both classical electrochemical processes, such as chloralkali and aluminum, batteries and fuel cell manufacture, as well as novel (in electrochemistry) initiatives such as water remediation, advanced synthesis of specialty gasses, chemicals, materials such as graphene, commodities such as fertilizers or patient services, such as hemodialysis, among others. The Ohio team will focus on experimental techniques, while Washington University will focus on modeling, the two bringing together primarily fundamental, crosscutting projects with applicability to improve energy efficiency, production efficacy, manufacturing capacity and resource availability.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Companies with principal involvement in chemical, energy, oil and gas, aeronautical and other industries will join CEProTECH in order to benefit from increases in energy efficiency and manufacturing capacity; decreases in operational costs, emissions and water consumption; and other improvements. They will have access to a dedicated 20,000-square foot facility equipped with $7,000,000 modern equipment and supporting infrastructure. The center will be led by the Center for Electrochemical Engineering Director, and an ECS member, Gerardine Botte. As per the NSF press release (March 2014), CEProTECH will expand the already strong list of educational activities by providing interdisciplinary education and training in the field of electrochemical engineering, through specialized workshops, international conferences, industry oriented seminars and conferences, web-based seminars, long-distance education and workforce development for manufacturing electrochemical devices. The Center will encourage a broad dissemination of learning through its continuing education activities to assist engineers in industry, as well as engineering students, in acquiring knowledge of electrochemical processes and systems to better prepare them for careers and career advancements in the industry.

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Division News

Nanocarbons Division Student Participation

he Nanocarbons Division has a well-established tradition to encourage participation of students and young researchers at the ECS biannual meetings. At the 225th ECS meeting in Orlando, eleven students were awarded travel grants to present their work at the poster sessions and symposia organized or co-organized by the Division. For the past few years, a generous sponsorship from Materials Technology Research company’s CEO Michael Markovich (MTR Ltd., based in Ohio) helped establish awards for the best student poster and oral presentations. The 225th ECS meeting winners included Peeter Valk, MS student from Institute of Chemistry, University

of Tartu, Estonia. His poster entitled, “Influence of Molybdenum Carbide Additive on the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics at Molybdenum Carbide Derived Carbon Electrode” was recognized as Best Nanocarbons Division’s Student Poster. Two awards were given for the outstanding oral presentations: Eric V Bukovsky, PhD student from Colorado State University, presented a talk entitled “Structure Analysis of C60(CF3)10 Isomers,” at the M2 Symposium; and Karlee P Castro, a PhD student from Colorado State University, who presented her work at the M6 Symposium entitled, “Photophysics and Photochemistry of Trifluoromethylfullerene Fluorophores.”

The Nanocarbons Division student award winners with the Division chair: (left to right) Peeter Valk, Student Poster Award winner; Bruce Weisman, Nanocarbons Division Chair; Karlee P. Castro, outstanding student oral presentation winner; and, Eric V. Bukovsky, outstanding student oral presentation winner.

ECS celebrates the many successful achievements of members of the electrochemical and solid state science community. We thank you for your dedication to scientific research and discovery, for the innovations you continually develop that are fueling an energy revolution, and, above all, for your commitment to helping to make the world a better place for generations to come. While nonprofit is our tax status, we need funds to continue our programs and services. Through generous supporters like you, we will be able to reach our goals and broaden dissemination of our scientific content.

We hope we can count on your support with a gift to The Electrochemical Society To make a tax-deductible donation, please visit

www.electrochem.org/donate

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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Institutional Member News Spotlight on Ametek

n late 2013, ECS overhauled its institutional membership program. We implemented a new benefits structure, emphasizing new discounts on advertising and meetings, and adding waivers for open access article processing charges. We’re also working to improve visibility for those that support ECS with annual institutional memberships, as you can see from the list on page 132. As part of our institutional membership overhaul, we also created a new top level for institutional membership – the Visionary level. Now, ECS is proud to announce ® our first visionary member, Ametek. This global manufacturer has two subsidiaries with which our readers may be more familiar, Princeton Applied Research and Solartron Analytical. Princeton Applied Research is a leading manufacturer of laboratory instruments utilized for investigations in the field of electrochemistry, which includes batteries, fuel cells, corrosion, sensors and general physical chemistry. In business more than 50 years, Princeton Applied Research offer customers the benefit of knowledge, expertise, products, and solutions to support their particular research interest.

Solartron Analytical is the global leader in Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, providing more than 60 years of instrumentation development expertise for materials and electrochemical research. Solartron Analytical instruments and accessories are advancing the research into the physical and electrochemical properties of batteries, fuel cells, organic coatings, corrosion inhibitors, and sensors, as well as the characterization of materials for dielectrics, solar cells, display technologies, ferroelectrics, and composites. Nick Hall, Director of Global Sales and Marketing at Ametek, summarized their continued commitment, “We find great value in our partnership with ECS, which provides us with appropriate avenues to reach our customers through multiple media types including print, online and conferences. Through these avenues we are able to provide electrochemistry education, technical support to our customers as well as inform the market of our latest product offerings.” “ECS appreciates the active leadership role Ametek has taken within our society. Their equipment enables many of the important research studies currently being conducted in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. We value their contributions to the field, and we are grateful for their continued support,” said Dan Fatton, ECS Director of Development.

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They read Interface to find them! REQUEST an Interface Media Kit TODAY. Download Media Kit at http://www.electrochem.org/mediakit. Contact christie.knef@electrochem.org. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

www.electrochem.org 25

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NREL’s Energy Executives Leadership Training Overview & Purpose

Participants in the Energy Execs program include leaders from government, communities, non-profits and the private sectors. The 2014 institute included local, regional, state, and federal government n April 2014, Dan Fatton, ECS Director of Development, attended leaders; state public utility commission staff; a developer from a the National Renewable Energy Laboratories (NREL) Energy large real estate firm; experts in battery technology development; Executives (Energy Execs) a Navy pilot; economic training at NREL’s campus development professionals; in Golden, Colorado. a state energy officer; NREL is one of the U.S. community energy team Department of Energy’s 17 leaders; and more. In national laboratories. Energy small groups on the final NREL develops renewable energy and energy efficiency Execs is a program for nontraining day participants technologies and practices, advances related science and technical decision-makers developed project ideas and engineering, and transfers knowledge and innovations to address throughout the country presented action plans for the nation’s energy and environmental goals. to learn about renewable implementing solutions to energy and energy efficiency several renewable energy technologies, analytical and challenges: workforce research tools, and finance development, policy, and options. The lessons on renewable energy technology and promising technology concerns. An online portal, Greenpoint, will allow Energy practices will support ECS’s efforts to “green” the Howe Commons Execs participants to stay connected and share news and ideas with complex, owned by ECS, in Pennington, NJ. over 200 alumni nationwide. The training structure facilitated experiential and classroom learning through three key activities: 1) in-depth policy and technology presentations by leading NREL researchers; 2) field trips to observe renewable energy projects and research demonstration sites; and, 3) small group project activities and networking. Although NREL hosts The training emphasized several important themes for communities a broad range of research and development of renewable technology and regions to consider when planning for renewable energy use innovation, the Energy Execs program focused on the following and production. The need for grid integration and overall stronger technologies: grid infrastructure was one of the most prominent themes echoed throughout the three-day training. As evidenced by NREL’s research • Building technology (energy efficiency; simple and lowand partnerships in the field, technology is not a barrier to largerimpact design principles; and more); scale renewable energy implementation. However, the nation’s aging • Photovoltaic and solar technology (modules and materials, infrastructure and fragmented utility systems, as well as policy and CSPs, case studies, and more); regulatory concerns, present barriers to system integration and further deployment of renewable energy. Renewable energy requires a more • Alternative transportation (electric vehicle, biofuel, and conflexible grid, and solutions to the complicated demands for moving ventional automotive technologies, and more); energy from production to consumers. Despite these challenges, • Wind (turbine testing, policy, economic analysis, and more); and NREL and other institutions’ research indicate feasibility and need • Bioenergy (biomass conversion, characterization; cellulase for diversifying energy production and applications – provided that enzymes and Microalgal biofuels; and more). there is stable federal policy; cooperative regional/utility network Expert researchers from multiple disciplines provided hour-long agreements; continued private and public sector collaboration; and learning sessions about NREL’s core roles as well as the policy, sustained innovation in all aspects of energy project implementation. Another key takeaway from the training is the importance of environmental, and economic implications of renewable energy continued technological deployment. Developments in battery, energy implementation and integration. Highlights from these sessions included discussions on climate change & resiliency, a Renewable storage and grid technology will be key to further renewable energy Electricity Future Study Overview and a presentation on government integration.

‟

NREL’s Mission

‟

Lessons Learned

incentives and financial structures. Field trips included:

•

NREL’s net-zero and energy efficiency building tour

•

Energy Systems Integration Facility, HPC High Performance Computer Data Center, and Visualization Lab

•

National Bioenergy Center

•

National Center for Photovoltaics

•

National Wind Technology Center

Next Steps

ECS will be implementing some of the energy efficiency best practices that were highlighted in the Energy Execs program on its property, Howe Commons, as part of its efforts to create a showcase for electrochemical and solid state science and technology. If you would like more information about Energy Execs, or to get involved with the Howe Commons greening initiative, please contact Dan Fatton at +1.609.737.1902 ext. 115.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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ECS Staff News

Knef joined ECS in September 2013. Christie attended The College of St. Elizabeth in Madison, NJ, for biology in 2004 and Middlesex County College in Edison, NJ, for business in 2007. Christie has spent several years volunteering and fundraising with the American Cancer Society and co-organizing charitable walks with the American Diabetes Association. Christie started with ECS as the Development Manager. During this time she was responsible for managing and coordinating fundraising activities to support ECS’s priorities and mission, managing and developing relationships with supporters, as well as the sales and coordination of the digital and print advertising programs. Additionally, she spent a great deal of time managing the ECS meeting symposia funding program, working closely with volunteers and funding agents to facilitate funding decisions and ensuring accurate reporting for annual meetings. In July, Christie transitioned to the Meetings and Exhibits Department as the Meetings and Exhibits Manager. Christie will be responsible for managing the development, organization and hristie

planning of ECS biannual meetings, satellite conferences, and other ECS sponsored events. Christie will work closely with other senior staff and volunteer leaders to ensure the meetings deliverables support the Society’s goals and objectives. Prior to joining ECS, Christie worked at the National Conference Center in East Windsor, NJ, as the Director of Corporate Sales. During her time at the National Conference Center she focused on new client development and conference center operations while consistently exceeding revenue and sales budgets. Additionally, she spearheaded the implementation and distribution of new corporate packages and marketing materials to ensure the conference center remained competitive. Previously, Christie was the Social and Corporate Events Manager at Nicholas in Red Bank, NJ. Nicholas is recognized as New Jersey’s Number one Zagat-rated restaurant since 2005, as well as one of Gayot’s Top 40 Restaurants in the U.S. During her time at Nicholas, she organized and managed the annual Two River Theater’s Anniversary charity gala, was responsible for all aspects of social and corporate events including maximizing event revenues and event operations management. Christie values her time at Nicholas as she feels it was truly where she realized her passion for detail and honed her ability to easily manage complex issues creatively and effectively while keeping the consumer’s best interest in mind.

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ECS Partners with the Metro New York Section Chapter of AIChE for “Batteries Today” Event

n Tuesday, February 11, 2014 ECS partnered with the Metro New York Section Chapter of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) for a joint event on Batteries Today – A Discussion on Technological Advancements, Including Lithium-Ion Battery Applications. The dinner meeting and panel discussion was held at the Pfizer Building in Manhattan, and moderated by Roland Stefandl, Founder, Director and Managing Partner of Poly-Chem Sytems. The featured speakers were Subhas Chalasani of Deka Battery and Amy C. Marschilok, Professor in the Chemistry Department at Stony Brook University. Attendees enjoyed brief presentations from each speaker, highlighting the latest research and issues in the battery field. Dr. Chalasani spoke on the challenges for large-scale Lithium-Ion batteries. He noted that “while Lithium-Ion has no alternative for most of the rechargeable portable energy needs today, the technology has major safety hurdles to overcome in the large-scale applications including electric mobility and utility backup.” Dr. Chalasani emphasized that safety containment and handling adds significant cost. He said “safety is an important aspect not just during manufacturing and operation of the batteries but also during recycling of the used batteries. The latter is over looked in the cost considerations.” He further noted, “advanced lead acid batteries however, are enjoying the preferred technology status in micro hybrid applications today and Ultrabattery is proved to match the Nickel Metal hydride performance in mild hybrid applications.” Amy C. Marschilok, as part of her discussion commented “this is an important time for scientific and technological investigations in energy storage. Material control and systems level studies are

potential keys to major breakthroughs. Energy storage research will lead to energy storage solutions only when application specific needs are carefully considered.” A lively question and answer period followed, and participants engaged in an interesting conversation about the future of batteries.

Subhas Chalasani (left), Amy C. Marschilok (center) and Roland Stefandl (right) at the AIChE meeting.

In the

• Electrochemical Manufacturing will be featured in the fall 2014 issue. Guest edited by Dennie T. Mah, the featured articles include (tentative list): “Electrochemical Deburring and Polishing,” by E. J. Taylor; “Impendance-Based Characterization in Electrochemical Manufacturing,” by Douglas Riemer and Mark Orazem; and “A Technical Overview of Electrochemical Manufacturing Processes,” by Gerri Botte. • Special Section on the Fall 2014 Meeting in Cancun …The fall issue will contain a special section on the upcoming ECS meeting in Cancun, Mexico.

issue of

• Tech Highlights continues to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals, including articles from the Society’s newest journals: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, ECS Electrochemistry Letters, and ECS Solid State Letters. • Don’t miss the next edition of Websites of Note which gives readers a look at some little-known, but very useful sites.

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2014-2015 ECS Committees Executive Committee of the Board of Directors

Nominating Committee

Paul Kohl, Chair..............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Daniel Scherson......................................................................................... Senior Vice-President, Spring 2015 Krishnan Rajeshwar..................................................................................Second Vice-President, Spring 2016 Johna Leddy................................................................................................ Third Vice-President, Spring 2017 Hariklia Deligianni.........................................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016 E. Jennings Taylor ......................................................................................................... Treasurer, Spring 2018 Roque J. Calvo..........................................................................................................Term as Executive Director

Tetsuya Osaka, Chair.............................................................................Immediate Past President, Spring 2015 Paul Natishan..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Charles Hussey...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Robert Savinell................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Johna Leddy................................................................................................ Third Vice-President, Spring 2015

Board of Directors, Presidential Appointment Stuart Swirson ...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015

Audit Committee Tetsuya Osaka, Chair.............................................................................Immediate Past President, Spring 2015 Daniel Scherson..........................................................................................Senior Vice President, Spring 2016 Paul Kohl.......................................................................................................................President, Spring 2015 E. Jennings Taylor.......................................................................................................... Treasurer, Spring 2018 Stuart Swirson...........................................................................Nonprofit Financial Professional, Spring 2015

Education Committee Mark Orazem, Chair........................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Randy Leising.................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Chris Apblett...................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Kalpathy Sundaram.........................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Jeffry Kelber....................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Douglas Hansen .............................................................................................................................Spring 2017 A. Robert Hillman ...........................................................................................................................Spring 2017 James (Jamie) Noel........................................................................................................................Spring 2018 Vimal Chaitanya..............................................................................................................................Spring 2018 Johna Leddy................................................................................................ Third Vice-President, Spring 2015 Kevin Rhodes .............................................................. Chair, Individual Membership Committee, Spring 2017

Ethical Standards Committee Tetsuya Osaka, Chair ............................................................................Immediate Past President, Spring 2015 Fernando Garzon.........................................................................................................Past Officer, Spring 2015 William Brown............................................................................................................Past Officer, Spring 2016 Jan Talbot....................................................................................................................Past Officer, Spring 2017 Hariklia Deligianni ........................................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016

Finance Committee E. Jennings Taylor, Chair ............................................................................................... Treasurer, Spring 2018 Pete Peterson..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Plamen Atanassov...........................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Jean St-Pierre.................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 William Eggers................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Daniel Scherson......................................................................................... Senior Vice-President, Spring 2015 Hariklia Deligianni.........................................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016

Honors and Awards Committee Peter Pintauro, Chair ......................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Kalpathy Sundaram.........................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Paul Natishan..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Joseph Stetter.................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Jean St. Pierre.................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Durga Misra....................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Fan Ren...........................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Enrico Traversa................................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Pawel Kulesza.................................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Vijay Ramani...................................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Marca Doeff....................................................................................................................................Spring 2018 Takayuki Homma.............................................................................................................................Spring 2018 Francis D’Souza..............................................................................................................................Spring 2018 Paul Kohl.......................................................................................................................President, Spring 2015

Individual Membership Committee Kevin Rhodes, Chair ......................................................................................................................Spring 2017 David (Picheng) Huang...................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Parag Banerjee................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy..............................................................................................................Spring 2016 Wataru Sugimoto............................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Thomas Schmidt.............................................................................................................................Spring 2017 William Mustain..............................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Hariklia Deligianni ........................................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016

Sponsorship Committee Christina Bock, Chair......................................................................................................................Spring 2016 William Eggers................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 William Brown................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Paul Trulove....................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Bruno Scrosati................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Yukinari Kotani................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Soo-Gil Park...................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Hubert Gasteiger.............................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Fred Roozeboom.............................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Prasanth Kumar Nammalwar...........................................................................................................Spring 2017 Paul Kohl.......................................................................................................................President, Spring 2015 E. Jennings Taylor.......................................................................................................... Treasurer, Spring 2018 Roque J. Calvo..........................................................................................................Term as Executive Director

Technical Affairs Committee Daniel Scherson, Chair...............................................................................Senior Vice President, Spring 2015 Paul Kohl.......................................................................................................................President, Spring 2015 Tetsuya Osaka.......................................................................................Immediate Past President, Spring 2015 Fernando Garzon............................................................................. 2nd Immediate Past President, Spring 2015 Johna Leddy............................................................Chair, Symposium Planning Advisory Board Spring 2015 Krishnan Rajeshwar................................................................ Chair, Publications Subcommittee, Spring 2015 Eric Wachsman...............................Chair, Interdisciplinary Science &Technology Subcommittee, Spring 2016

Tellers of Election Craig Arnold, Chair ........................................................................................................................Spring 2015 James Amick...................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Norman Goldsmith..........................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Robert Comizzoli, Alternate.............................................................................................................Spring 2015 Ronald Enstrom, Alternate...............................................................................................................Spring 2015 William Ayers, Alternate..................................................................................................................Spring 2015

Ways and Means Committee Hariklia Deligianni, Chair...............................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016 Peter Fedkiw...................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Adam Weber....................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 James Fenton..................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy..............................................................................................................Spring 2016 Daniel Scherson........................................................................................Second Vice-President, Spring 2015 Krishnan Rajeshwar................................................................................... Senior Vice-President, Spring 2015

Fuel Cell Subcommittee of the Technical Affairs Committee Hubert Gasteiger, Chair ..................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Trung Nguyen..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Thomas Fuller.................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Eric Wachsman...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Prashant Kamat...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Thomas Zawodzinski.......................................................................................................................Spring 2015 James Fenton..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Claude Lamy...................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Adam Weber....................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Ernesto Gonzalez.............................................................................................................................Spring 2015

Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee of the Technical Affairs Committee Eric Wachsman, Chair.....................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Ana Londergan................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Trung-Van Nguyen..........................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Michael Carter................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Shelley Minteer...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Arumugam Manthiram....................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Patrik Schmuki................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 John Stickney.................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Phaedon Avouris.............................................................................................................................Spring 2016 James Burgess................................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Madis Raukas.................................................................................................................................Spring 2017 Colm O’Dwyer................................................................................................................................ Spring 2017 Sri Narayan.....................................................................................................................................Spring 2017

(continued on next page) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

socie t y ne ws 2014-2015 ECS Committees (continued from previous page)

Meetings Subcommittee of the Technical Affairs Committee Johna Leddy, Chair...................................................................................... Third Vice-President, Spring 2015 Cristina Bock, Vice Chair................................................................................................................Spring 2015 D. Noel Buckley..............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Bor Yann Liaw.................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Adam Weber....................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Roque Calvo.............................................................................................................Term as Executive Director

Publications Subcommittee of the Technical Affairs Committee Krishnan Rajeshwar, Chair........................................................................Second Vice-President, Spring 2015 Mary E. Yess......................................................................................................... Publisher, Term as Publisher Robert F. Savinell...................................................................................................EST Board Chair, 5/31/2017 Dennis W. Hess.................................................................................................SSST Board Chair, 12/31/2016 Petr Vanýsek...................................................................................................... Interface Co-Editor, 5/31/2017 Vijay Ramani...................................................................................................... Interface Co-Editor, 5/31/2017 Jeffrey Fergus..........................................................................................ECS Transactions Editor, 12/31/2014 Hubert Gasteiger.............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 James Fenton..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 John Flake......................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Csaba Janaky..................................................................................................................................Spring 2016 Hariklia Deligianni.........................................................................................................Secretary, Spring 2016

Symposium Planning Advisory Board of the Technical Affairs Committee Johna Leddy, Chair...................................................................................... Third Vice-President, Spring 2015 Bor Yann Liaw ............................................................................................... Chair, Battery Division, Fall 2014 Shinji Fujimoto ........................................................................................ Chair, Corrosion Division, Fall 2014 Dolf Landheer.................................................Chair, Dielectric Science and Technology Division, Spring 2016 Giovanni Zangari ...........................................................................Chair, Electrodeposition Division, Fall 2015 Andrew Hoff ................................................................Chair, Electronics and Photonics Division, Spring 2015 Adam Weber............................................................................Chair, Energy Technology Division, Spring 2015 Bruce Weisman ...............................................................................Chair, Nanocarbons Division, Spring 2016 Jeffrey Fergus ...............................................................Chair, High Temperature Materials Division, Fall 2015 Venkat Subramanian...................Chair, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division, Spring 2016

Anant Setlur.....................................................Chair, Luminescence and Display Materials Division, Fall 2015 James Burgess ..................................... Chair, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division, Spring 2015 Rob Mantz ............................................Chair, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division, Spring 2015 Michael Carter .............................................................................................. Chair, Sensor Division, Fall 2014 Eric Wachsman...............................Chair, Interdisciplinary Science &Technology Subcommittee, Spring 2016

Committee on Free Dissemination of Research Larry Faulkner, Chair.......................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Allen Bard.......................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 William D. Brown............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Akira Fujishima...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Esther Takeuchi...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Isao Taniguchi.................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Masayoshi Watanabe......................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Martin Winter..................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Mark Wrighton................................................................................................................................Spring 2015 Paul Kohl.......................................................................................................................President, Spring 2015 Roque Calvo..................................................................................................... Executive Director Spring 2015

Society Historian Zoltan Nagy ....................................................................................................................................Spring 2016

Representatives to Other Societies American Association for the Advancement of Science Roque J. Calvo.................................................................................................... Term as Executive Director Chemical Heritage Foundation Kathryn R. Bullock...................................................................................... Heritage Councilor, Spring 2016 Federation of Materials Societies Petr Vanýsek................................................................................................................. Trustee, Spring 2016 External Relations Representative Mark Orazem...............................................................................................................................Spring 2015

National Inventors Hall of Fame Peter Pintauro.......................................................................Chair, Honors & Awards Committee, Spring 2015

Results of the 2014 Election of Officers and Slate of Officers for 2015 Paul A. Kohl President

Johna Leddy Vice-President

The ECS Tellers of Election have announced the results of the 2014 election of Society officers, with the following persons elected: President — Paul Kohl, Georgia Institute of Technology; Vice-President — Johna Leddy, University of Iowa; and Treasurer — E.J. Taylor, Faraday Technology, Inc. The terms of Dan Scherson (Vice-President); Krishnan Rajeshwar (Vice-President) and Hariklia Deligianni (Secretary) were unaffected by this election. At the Board of Directors meeting in Orlando, Florida, on May 15, 2014, members of the Board voted to approve the slate of candidates recommended by the ECS Nominating Committee. The slate of candidates for the next election of ECS officers, to be held in January-March 2015, include: for President — Daniel Scherson; and for Vice-President (one to be elected) Yue Kuo and Joseph Stetter. Full biographies and candidate statements will appear in the winter 2014 issue of Interface.

E. Jennings Taylor Treasurer

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ECS Division Contacts

Battery

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Bor Yann Liaw, Chair University of Hawaii at Manoa bliaw@hawaii.edu • 808.956.2339 (U.S.)

Venkat Subramanian, Chair Washington University in St. Louis vsubramanian@seas.wustl.edu • 314.935.5676(U.S.)

Robert Kostecki, Vice-Chair Christopher Johnson, Secretary

Douglass Reimer, Vice-Chair

Marca Doeff, Treasurer

John Staser, Secretary/Treasurer

Luminescence and Display Materials Corrosion Shinji Fujimoto, Chair Osaka University fujimoto@mat.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp • 81.6.6879.7469 (Japan) Rudolph Buchheit, Vice-Chair

Anant A. Setlur, Chair GE Global Research Center setlur@ge.com • 1.518.387.6305 (U.S.) Madis Raukas, Vice-Chair

Mikhail Brik, Secretary/Treasurer

Barbara A. Shaw, Secretary/Treasurer

Nanocarbons Dielectric Science and Technology Dolf Landheer, Chair National Research Council - Canada dolf.landheer@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca • 613.993.0560 (Canada) Yaw Obeng, Vice-Chair Puroshothaman Srinivasan, Treasurer Vimal Desai Chaitanya, Secretary

R. Bruce Weisman, Chair Rice University weisman@rice.edu • 713.348.3709 (U.S.) Slava V. Rotkin, Vice-Chair Dirk Guldi, Treasurer Hiroshi Imahori, Secretary

Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Electrodeposition Giovanni Zangari, Chair University of Virginia gz3e@virginia.edu • 434.243.5474 (U.S.) Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Vice-Chair Stanko Brankovic, Secretary

Graham Cheek, Secretary/Treasurer

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry

Electronics and Photonics

Robert Mantz, Chair Army Research Office robert.a.mantz@us.army.mil • 919.549.4309 (U.S.) Pawel Kulesza, Vice-Chair Andrew Hillier, Secretary

Junichi Murota, Secretary Fan Ren, Treasurer

Energy Technology Adam Weber, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory azweber@lbl.gov • 1.510.486.6308 (U.S.) Scott Calabrese Barton, Vice-Chair Andrew Herring, Secretary

Mekki Bayachou, Vice-Chair

Philippe Vereecken, Treasurer

Andrew Hoff, Chair University of South Florida hoff@usf.edu • 813.974.4958 (U.S.) Mark Overberg, Vice-Chair Edward Stokes, 2nd Vice-Chair

James Burgess, Chair Case Western Reserve University jdb22@po.cwru.edu • 216.368.4490 (U.S.)

Alanah Fitch, Treasurer

Sensor Michael Carter KWJ Engineering mcarter58@earthlink.net • 510.405.5911 (U.S.) Bryan Chin, Vice-Chair Nianqiang (Nick) Wu, Secretary

Ajit Khosla, Treasurer

Vaidyanathan (Ravi) Subramanian, Treasurer

High Temperature Materials Xiao-Dong Zhou, Chair University of South Carolina zhox@cec.sc.edu • 1.803.777.7540 (U.S.) Turgut Gur, Sr. Vice-Chair Gregory Jackson, Jr. Vice-Chair

Paul Gannon, Secretary/Treasurer

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New Division Officers New officers for the 2014-2016 terms have been elected for the following Divisions.

Dielectric Science & Technology Division Chair Dolf Landheer, National Research Council – Canada Vice-Chair Yaw Obeng, NIST Secretary Vimal Desai Chaitanya, New Mexico State University Treasurer Purushothaman Srinivasan, Global Foundries Awards/ Travel Grant Chair Peter Mascher, McMaster University, Canada Symposium Chair Mahendra Sunkara, University of Louisville Membership Chair Uros Cvelbar, Jozef Stefan Institute, Slovenia (IJS) Members-at-Large Sacharia Albin, Norfolk State University Gautam Banerjee, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. William Brown, University of Arkansas Daniel Bauza, IMEP Zhi Chen, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Toyohiro Chikyow, National Institute for Materials Science Stefan De Gendt, IMEC John Flake, Louisiana State University Reenu Garg, International Rectifier Dennis Hess, Georgia Institute of Tecnology Michel Houssa, University of Leuven Hiroshi Iwai, Tokyo Institute of Technology Rashmi Jha, University of Toledo P. C. Joshi, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Samares Kar, Indian Institute of Technology Zia Karim, AIXTRON Paul Kohl, Georgia Institute of Tecnology Ana Londergan, Qualcomm Technologies G. Swami Mathad, S/C Tech Consulting USA Robert Mertens, University of Central Florida Durgamadhab Misra, New Jersey Institute of Technology Hazara S. Rathore, Retired from IBM R. Ekwal Sah, Fraunhofer-Institut Sudipta Seal, University of Central Florida Krishna Shenai, Argonne National Laboratory Kalpathy B. Sundaram, University of Central Florida John Susko Robin Susko Ravi M. Todi, Qualcomm, Inc.

Nanocarbons Division Chair R. Bruce Weisman, Rice University Vice-Chair Slava V. Rotkin, Lehigh University Secretary Hiroshi Imahori, Kyoto University Treasurer Dirk Guldi, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg Members-at-Large Jeff Blackburn, NREL Olga Boltalina, Colorado State University Francis D’Souza, University of North Texas Tatiana DaRos, University of Trieste Shunichi Fukuzumi, Osaka University Karl M. Kadish, University of Houston Prashant Kamat, University of Notre Dame Richard Martel, University of Montreal Nazario Martin, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Roberto Paolesse, University of Rome Tor Vergata Maurizio Prato, University of Trieste Tomas Torres, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Lon Wilson, Rice University Ming Zheng, NIST

Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering Division Chair Venkat Subramanian, Washington University in St. Louis Vice-Chair Douglas P. Riemer, Hutchinson Technology Secretary/Treasurer John Staser, Ohio University Members-at-Large James Fenton, University of Central Florida Trung Van Nguyen, University of Kansas Mark E. Orazem, University of Florida Robert Savinell, Case Western Reserve University John Weidner, University of South Carolina E. Jennings Taylor, Faraday Technologies, Inc.

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websites of note by Zoltan Nagy

Physical and Interfacial Electrochemistry

Ion-solvent interactions. Ion-ion interactions. Electrochemical thermodynamics. Electrode-solution interface. Electrode kinetics. Material transport. Hydrodynamic electrodes. (Lecture notes) • M. Lyons, Trinity College • http://chemistry.tcd.ie/undergraduate/chemistry/js/CH3304/index.php Surface Electrochemistry and Reactivity The surface of the metal substrate. Platinum single crystals. Charge displacement and anion adsorption. Adatom adsorption. Foreign adatom layers. Potential of zero total charge. • J. M. Feliu and E. Herrero, Universitat d’Alacant • http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000168%5C00000016.pdf

Analytical Electrochemistry: A Laboratory Manual

Cyclic voltammetry at solid electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry with a microelectrode. Chronoamperometry with a planar solid electrode. Cyclic voltammetry of dopamine: an ec mechanism. Analysis of trace lead in water by anodic stripping voltammetry. Acetaminophen (Tylenol): electroanalytical study of acetaminophen by cyclic voltammetry. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C): a cyclic voltammetric study of its oxidation at a glassy carbon electrode. • T. Kuwana, University of Kansas • http://www.asdlib.org/onlineArticles/elabware/kuwanaEC_lab/ec_labmanual1.htm

Analytical Electrochemistry: The Basic Concepts

Electrochemistry is something that is seldom studied and yet is all around us, including the control circuitry of our body. We are familiar with lightning that reverberates with thunder in a rainstorm, with batteries that power flashlights and hybrid autos, and with sensor devices such as smoke and carbon dioxide detectors, or glucose analyzers for monitoring diabetes. All rely on or exhibit some basic electrochemistry. To understand electrochemical phenomenon we need to have some understanding of basic concepts and the language that conveys these concepts. It is the goal of this module to get you started – so you can explore further as you wish. Web-links and hardcopy references are provided to assist you in that process. • R. S. Kelly, East Stroudsburg University • http://www.asdlib.org/onlineArticles/ecourseware/Kelly_Potentiometry/EC_CONCEPTS1.HTM

ElectroChemical DataBase: Gibbs energies of transfer

This searchable collection lists the Gibbs energies of transfer for ions partitioning between water and a mutually immiscible solvent. The solvents listed are 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,6-dichlorohexane, 2-heptanone, 2-octanone, NPOEnitrophenyloctylether, trifluorotoluene, acetophenone, nitrobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene. • H. H. Girault, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne • http://sbsrv7.epfl.ch/instituts/isic/lepa/cgi/DB/InterrDB.pl

About the Author

Zoltan Nagy is a semi-retired electrochemist. After 15 years in a variety of electrochemical industrial research, he spent 30 years at Argonne National Laboratory carrying out research on electrode kinetics and surface electrochemistry. Presently he is at the Chemistry Department of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He welcomes suggestions for entries; send them to nagyz@email.unc.edu

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ECS Sponsored Meetings for 2014 In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings and ECS Satellite Conferences, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of the sponsored meetings for 2014. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all sponsored meetings. •

10th International Symposium on Electrochemical Micro & Nanosystem Technologies, November 5-8, 2014 — Okinawa, Japan

•

Fifth International Conference on Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications (EPD-2014),

•

XIV International Congress of the Mexican Hydrogen Society , September 30-October 4, 2014 — Cancun, Mexico

•

65th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, August 31-September 5, 2014 — Lausanne, Switzerland

•

15th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 15),

• •

October 5-10, 2014 — Hernstein, Austria

August 24-28, 2014 — Brno University of Technology

ACS Symposium on Fuel Cell Chemistry and Operation, August 10-14, 2014 — San Francisco, CA Shechtman International Symposium on Sustainable Mining, Minerals, Metal and Materials Processing,

June 28-July 4, 2014 — Cancun, Mexico

To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

See the Society's

Annual Report starting on page 89 in this isue.

2013 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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The î&#x20AC;&#x201A;e Electrochemical Electrochemical Society Society Interface Series â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

ECS Classics Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis by Theodore R. Beck

simultaneous invention of an important industrial electrochemical process by two men on two different continents appears improbable. Yet that is what happened. One was in the United States and the other in France. Each inventor was born in the same year, 1863, and at age 22 each independently developed the same technology to produce aluminum by electrolysis. They were rather different personalities. Charles Martin Hall1-4 was born into an educated family and attended Oberlin College. He was a studious scientist who deliberately, step by step, arrived at his process. The father of Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult6-8 was a tanner and Paul Héroult was expected to continue in that business. Instead, he attended a school of mines where he was dismissed after the first year because he spent his time thinking about how to produce aluminum rather than his studies. He was more of an intuitive thinker, and on inspiration, first electrolyzed alumina in molten cryolite in his father’s tannery. The technology of these two inventors is now known as the HallHéroult Process. Hall and Héroult were among the earliest members of ECS, then named “The American Electrochemical Society.”

After graduation Hall continued tests in the woodshed and his sister, Julia B. Hall, helped him in his work. She had also studied chemistry and followed his experiments closely. The sources of electric current for his tests were Bunsen-Grove cells consisting of a zinc metal electrode in sulfuric acid solution surrounding a porous ceramic cup containing a carbon rod immersed in concentrated nitric acid. Earlier experiments in Jewett’s laboratory in aqueous solution were unsuccessful and Hall turned to molten fluoride salts. He used a gasoline fired stove to heat a clay-lined iron tube in which he eventually melted cryolite, Na3AlF6, as a solvent for aluminum oxide, Al2O3.. He obtained a grayish deposit on the cathode, probably silicon, but no aluminum on repeated tests. He subsequently used graphite lining in the tube with aluminum fluoride, AlF3, added to the cryolite to lower the melting point. After several hours and subsequent cooling, several small silvery globules were found, which Jewett confirmed were aluminum. The anode was carbon which was consumable in the overall reaction

Charles Martin Hall

On July 9, 1886 Hall applied for a U.S. patent. He found that Paul Héroult had previously been granted a French patent on April 23, 1886 for a comparable process based on alumina in cryolite. Evidence from Hall’s family and Jewett, including two postmarked letters to his brother George, helped to establish the priority of Hall’s discovery in the United States. He obtained his U.S. patent number 400,655 in 1889. At first his relationship to Héroult was cool but they later became good friends. Hall’s first attempt at commercialization was with the Cowles Company in Cleveland. He worked by himself there where he produced over a pound of aluminum with a rather crude cell, but negotiations broke down with Cowles. He then approached the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory of Alfred E. Hunt and obtained an agreement for commercial development. Hunt raised $20,000 cash from a few friends and the Pittsburgh Reduction Company was started on September 18, 1888 in a building in Pittsburgh. Hall and the first employee, Arthur Vining Davis, built the first commercial pilot plant. The steel cells had a baked carbon lining containing the electrolyte and 3-inch diameter cylindrical carbon anodes as shown in Fig. 1. The cells were called pots and the electrolyte called bath, a terminology that survives to the present. The basic design remains essentially the same today for prebake carbon anode cells except for increase in scale, hooding, and fume recovery. In 1890 the company received funding from the Mellon banking family in Pittsburgh, which, four years later, funded expansion to a new plant at Niagara Falls. The company headquarters remained in Pittsburgh, the home of the Mellon financial empire. The company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America or Alcoa.

Charles Martin Hall3 was born on December 6, 1863 in Thompson, Ohio. His parents were Herman Bassett Hall and Sophronia H. Brooks. His father graduated from Oberlin College in 1847 and studied for three years at the Oberlin Theological Seminary. After ten years doing missionary work the family returned to Ohio in 1860 and to Oberlin in 1873. Hall was taught to read by his mother and by the age of six he was Charles Martin Hall reading his father’s 1840s college chemistry book. He spent three years at Oberlin High School and a year at Oberlin Academy. During this period he carried out chemistry experiments in the kitchen and in the woodshed attached to the house. In 1880 at the age of 16 he enrolled in Oberlin College. There he came under the influence of Professor Frank Fanning Jewett, who had undergraduate and graduate training at Yale University. Jewett told Hall that fortune awaited the person who developed an economical method for producing aluminum from its oxide. Hall told a fellow student that he intended to be that person. His first experiments were in his senior year in Jewett’s laboratory.

Al2O3 + 3/2 C → 2 Al + 3/2 CO2

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Production of aluminum in 1900, metric tons9

Fig. 1. Sketch of original cell room.5 (Alcoa image – used with permission.) [As a side note, Hall used the aluminum spelling in an advertising handbill for his new electrolytic method of producing the metal, despite his constant use of the aluminium spelling in all the patents he filed between 1886 and 1903. Hall’s domination of production of the metal ensured that the spelling aluminum became the standard in North America. In 1926, the American Chemical Society officially decided to use aluminum in its publications. American dictionaries typically label the spelling of aluminium as a British variant.] Hall continued his research and development for the rest of his life and was granted 22 U.S. patents. He served on the Oberlin College Board of Trustees. He was Vice President of Alcoa until his death in 1914 in Daytona, Florida. He received the Perkin Medal by the Society of Chemical Industry in 1911. Paul Héroult attended. Hall died unmarried and childless and was buried in Westwood Cemetery in Oberlin. He left the vast majority of his $45 million estate to charity. Five million went to Oberlin College.

Paul Héroult Paul Héroult6 was born on April 10, 1863. His father managed a small tannery on the banks of the Orne River in Saint-Benin in France. His father had a friend, Mr. Belliot, a lawyer with a magnificent personal library where Héroult spent hours reading science, research, and discovery. Of particular interest was a work by Sainte-Claire Deville on aluminum, its properties, production, and applications, which he read when he was 15 years old. Deville Paul Louis T. Héroult10 had produced some aluminum by sodium reduction of aluminum chloride. At that time aluminum was as expensive as silver and used only for luxury items and jewelry. Héroult wanted to make it cheaper. Héroult entered the École des Mines at the age of 19. He developed a friendship with his chemistry professor who was also fascinated by aluminum. While a student he spent his time thinking about electrolysis of aluminum compounds rather than studying his required subjects. He failed his first year and was dismissed from the school. He had none of the attributes of the traditional scholar. Héroult returned to the tannery. His father had died unexpectedly in 1883 leaving him the tannery buildings. He used the buildings for his experiments on electrolysis with a few fellow students from École des Mines. His mother gave him her last 50,000 francs to purchase a 400 ampere, 30 volt dynamo. In April 1886 he succeeded in making small amounts of aluminum with alumina dissolved in cryolite electrolyte. His inventions appeared suddenly out of the blue. He applied for a patent on April 23, 1886. He collaborated with Austrian Karl Josef Bayer, who developed the process for winning pure alumina from bauxite in 1887. Héroult died aboard his yacht in the Mediterranean, close to Antibes, in May 9, 1914. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

USA

1,650

Switzerland

1,232

France

800

England

500

Germany

500

Total*

4,682

*In 2013 the production was 49,700,000 metric tons.

About the Author Theodore R. Beck received a PhD in chemical engineering at the University of Washington in 1952. His whole career has been in the field of electrochemical engineering. For five years he managed the 10,000 ampere aluminum cell research at Kaiser Aluminum. He then carried out research and development in chlorate, perchlorate and manganese metal production at American Potash & Chemical. At Boeing Aerospace in Seattle he did development work on batteries and fuel cells for the space program and in the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratories he did research on stress corrosion of titanium for the supersonic transport program. From 1972 to 1995 he had his own contract research company, Electrochemical Technology Corp., doing research for government and industry. Most recently he has focused on new technology to produce aluminum with lower temperature eutectic electrolyte, CuNiFe anodes, and titanium diboride cathodes. He has several papers and patents on this technology. He is a past President of The Electrochemical Society and has been awarded The Acheson Medal, Honorary Member, Fellow and the Corrosion Division Award.

References 1. https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/ landmarks/aluminumprocess.html. Accessed 25 January, 2014. 2. h t t p s : / / w w w. a c s . o rg / c o n t e n t / d a m / a c s o rg / e d u c a t i o n / whatischemistry/landmarks/aluminumprocess/hall-processaluminum-by-electrochemistry-commemorative-booklet.pdf. Accessed January 25, 2014. 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martin_Hall. Accessed January 25, 2014. 4. http://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-31F. Accessed January 25, 2014. 5. J. D. Edwards, F. C. Frary, and Z. Jeffries, Aluminum and Its Production, p. 23, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, NY (1930). 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Héroult. Accessed January 25, 2014. 7. http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/biog/b0047.html. Accessed January 25, 2014. 8. http://corrosion-doctors.org/Biographies/HéroultBio.html. Accessed January 25, 2014. 9. A. Minet, Production of Aluminum and Its Industrial Use, p. 138, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY (1905). 10. Aluminium Industrie Aktien Gesellschaft. Archiv des Alusuisse Forschungsinstituts Neuhausen, Schweiz. http://upload. wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Paul_T._Héroult.jpg. Accessed January 28, 2014.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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t ech highligh t s Quantification of Accelerated Corrosion Testing of Coated AA7075-T6

When applied properly, the corrosion mitigation systems used to protect aluminum alloys are highly effective. While this result is desirable, it hinders attempts to assess the relative performance of such corrosion protection systems due to the long periods of time that are required before significant degradation of these materials is observed, even under accelerated, aggressive environmental conditions. A particular area of interest for structural applications of aluminum is where dissimilar metal fasteners are used to join together panels of treated metal. The underlying coating may be damaged, hindering its effectiveness. In this work, the performance of a series of corrosion protection schemes (including a chromate conversion coating and a chromate-containing epoxy primer) were evaluated using a new test sample geometry, which was demonstrated to be effective for screening such materials. Dissimilar metal fasteners (SS316 and Ti-6Al-4V) were attached to a treated aluminum panel after first scoring the coating in the region where the fastener contacts the panel. The galvanic coupling current between the fasteners and the panel was then monitored as a function of time. The data were then combined with a visual assessment of the nature of the resulting corrosion, to define a metric for assessing the aggressiveness of the test conditions expressed as an acceleration factor relative to a test panel where no fasteners were present. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, C42 (2014).

Analysis of Ketamine Using Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

Ketamine is used as an anesthetic (usually in combination with a sedative) in human and veterinary medicine. It also is a drug that is used illicitly, and as such is a controlled substance in the United States and an illegal drug in other countries as well. As a result, analysis methods for sensitive, reproducible determinations of ketamine are very important. Researchers at Robert Gordon University in the United Kingdom and Mahasarakham University in Thailand recently reported an analysis method based on electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL). The method is based on the electrochemical oxidation of tris-(2,2’bipyridyl) ruthenium(II), abbreviated as [Ru(bpy)3]2+, to [Ru(bpy)3]3+, which reacts with ketamine through a complex pathway to produce an excited state of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. When this excited state species decays to the ground state, the accompanying light emission (λmax = 610 nm) serves as a useful analytical signal because it is proportional to ketamine concentration. The reported linear dynamic range (50-2000 ng/mL) and detection limit (39 ng/mL) for ECL The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

determination of ketamine is comparable to that for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), which makes it amenable to analyses for high concentrations of ketamine. However, gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) and related techniques are preferred for lower concentrations due to their vastly superior detection limits compared to ECL. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, H36 (2014).

Partial Wetting of Silicon Nanopillars

Aqueous solutions have traditionally been used in cleaning steps in semiconductor manufacturing. Patterned nanostructures introduce challenges in that they can appear to be more hydrophobic than a planar surface having the same chemical functionalization. Researchers from Belgium and the United States set out to investigate this phenomenon. In this article published in a Focus Issue on Semiconductor Surface Cleaning and Conditioning, the authors prepared nanopillar Si samples having different aspect ratios and treated with various functionalizations via self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). They measured apparent contact angles and plotted them against contact angles of these SAMs on planar surfaces. The experimental results were compared to theoretical predictions of three wetting models: Hemi-wicking, Wenzel, and Cassie-Baxter (which describes the “lotus effect”). The transition between hydrophilic and hydrophobic behavior occurred in the θ = 60-80° range, noticeably below the 80-100° range described by the Wenzel wetting model. These samples were etched and their cross sections imaged to observe the extent of wetting. Furthermore, attenuated total reflection infra-red spectroscopy was employed to monitor the displacement of gas in the instrument cell by the solution wetting the surface. Both results, albeit not in complete agreement, led the authors to postulate that trapped gas, forming nanobubbles, gave rise to the unpredicted wetting behavior. From: ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 3, N3095 (2014).

Design of Substrate-Integrated Lead-Carbon Ultracapacitor and Experimental Validation

Medical gadgets in remote areas and underdeveloped countries are primarily powered by portable electrochemical devices. Ultracapacitors have a distinct advantage as they can be rapidly charged when the intermittent power from the grid becomes available. In this work, the substrate-integrated lead-carbon ultracapacitor is employed for the first time for a low power medical application by simulating a grid power deficient duty cycle. The substrate-integrated ultracapacitors are hybrid ultracapacitors (HUCs) comprising a lead acid battery and a carbon-based ultracapacitor. Lead dioxide is formed on

the surface of the lead plate to make the substrate integrated positive electrode. The HUC was assembled using an absorbent glass mat separator, lead plate and activated carbon-coated graphite electrode. The 12 V HUC bank was assembled using five sets of HUCs. The performance was tested under several constant current loads between 0.3 A and 1.5 A. The ultracapacitor bank can work for about 14 min at constant current of 1.5 A until the cutoff voltage of 10 V under a 30 W load. The charging time for the HUC is 16 min. This is the first ever attempt to successfully assemble the HUC, design and develop the HUC bank, and validate its use for powering a 30 W medical gadget. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 3, A1 (2014).

Channel-Length-Dependence of Strain Field in Transistor Studied via Scanning Moiré Fringe Imaging

A collaboration between Samsung Electronics in Korea, and JEOL and Osaka University in Japan has demonstrated that scanning Moiré fringe imaging is a powerful tool for the quantitative measurement of the strain fields formed in transistor channel regions at nanometer-scale spatial resolution. Researchers used scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to create an effective scanning Moiré fringe (SMF) imaging method to quantitatively measure the strain introduced in n-type channel transistors that were fabricated with embedded SiC in the source and drain. The tensile strain parallel to the channels was revealed with nanometer scale spatial resolution. In addition, the strain field in transistors with various channel lengths scaled down to 25 nm was measurable. For instance, the collaboration showed that the strain in the channel decreases to 0.55% when the channel dimensions are scaled from 35 nm to 25 nm. The authors propose that this complementary microscopy technique will contribute to the optimization of layout design for the strain field formed during transistor fabrication. This capability could be useful for transistor design and the electrical performance in sub-25 nm channel length transistors in general, but may find application in strain engineering for transistor channels in other high mobility next-generation CMOS technologies. From: ECS Solid State Lett., 3, Q1 (2014).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Vishal Mahajan of XALT Energy LLC, David Enos and Mike Kelly of Sandia National Laboratories, Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, and Donald Pile of Nexeon Limited. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the full-text version of the article. 39

Volume 58– S a n F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a

from the San Francisco meeting, October 27—November 1, 2013

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25 Years of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy by David E. Cliffel and Robert L. Calhoun

ife is full of unintended consequences. The birth of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in 1989 is just such a story. In the late 1980s, after Binning and Rohrer published their work on the scanning tunneling microscope (STM)1 followed quickly by the atomic force microscope (AFM), Professor Allen J. Bard and co-workers at the University of Texas at Austin undertook building their own new scanning probe microscope for direct electrochemical investigations of the electrode-electrolyte solution interface. Building on the spread of ultramicroelectrodes,2 by insulating the sides of the STM probe tip, Bard and co-workers demonstrated that communication between the tip and substrate could still occur at close distances by the use of an electrochemical mediator. Their first article coining the phrase “scanning electrochemical microscopy” (SECM) was published in 1989.3 Subsequent articles that quickly followed this seminal work explored the underlying principles,4 instrumentation,5 instrument construction,6 and aspects of SECM. Within a few years, other groups built their own instruments7 and began to couple different techniques with SECM.8 Early applications were basic electrochemical studies like reaction schemes9 and electron transfer kinetic studies.10 More exotic efforts came quickly, with the first use of biological samples occurring in 1990,11 leading later to “humid air” imaging of individual antibodies.12 Analytically, the first single molecule detection using electrochemistry was achieved by positive feedback at a SECM tip, bringing electrochemistry up to the ultimate level in detection limit.13 These highlights reinforce the growth in interest in SECM — A Web of Science search shows an increase in papers from about 30 per year in the early 1990s to over 100 per year since 2008. Regular improvements in SECM technology included improved methods of independently measuring tip-substrate separation, the scaling down from ultramicroelectrodes to nanoscale tip probes, and combination of various instrumentation with SECM including quartz crystal microbalances (SECM-QCM), electrogenerated chemiluminescence (SECM-ECL), atomic force microscopy (SECM-AFM), and scanning photoelectrochemical microscopy (SPECM). Eventually, commercial vendors developed multiple SECM instruments, each with their own unique capabilities and features, which enabled the general electrochemical community to use SECM in a wide variety of applications. This issue of Interface highlights some current representative work being done by very diverse groups expanding on the use of scanning probe microscopies to electrochemical imaging. This includes work using SECM to study nanoparticle electrocatalysts via multifunctional probes by Sánchez-Sánchez and co-workers, the development of scanning ion conductance microscopy by Baker and co-workers, advancements in the use of improved electrochemical atomic force microscopy by Kalinin and co-workers, and finally the use of scanning tips at the junction of electrochemistry and electron microscopy. These developing methods each add a new aspect to the study of electrochemical interfaces using scanning probe microscopy, and each hold a similar promise for the future in understanding fundamental processes in analytical electrochemistry, much in the same way that SECM held for advancements 25 years ago. Our intent in this issue is to introduce a brief review of these methods to the broader electrochemical community in hopes that present and future scientists and engineers can expand the use of these outstanding analytical tools, and contribute to the continued growth of scanning probe microscopy as a key methodology for advancing fundamental electrochemical knowledge over the next 25 years. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

About the Authors David E. Cliffel earned a BS in Chemistry and Bachelor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Dayton in 1992. He received his PhD from the University of Texas at Austin in 1998 under the direction of Professor Allen J. Bard, and subsequently did post-doctoral work with Professor Royce Murray at UNC-CH. In 2000, he started as an assistant professor of Chemistry at Vanderbilt University (Nashville, TN). He was promoted to Associate Professor in 2007 and recently promoted to Professor of Chemistry. His current research concentrates on the electrochemistry and analytical chemistry of nanoparticles and photosynthetic proteins, and his group has invented the multianalyte microphysiometer for metabolic profiling and toxicology. He may be reached at d.cliffel@vanderbilt.edu. CDR Robert L. Calhoun, a native of El Dorado, Arkansas, graduated with distinction from the United States Naval Academy in 1987 with a BS in Chemistry. He served as a Naval Aviator for 16 years during which time he earned a Masters in Physical Chemistry from Auburn University. In 2003, Commander Calhoun was accepted into the Navy’s Permanent Military Professor program and received a PhD in analytical chemistry from University of Texas, Austin, in 2007 while in the Bard lab. He was recently promoted to Associate Professor and is the Associate Chair of the Chemistry Department at the United States Naval Academy. He is a member at large of the PAED and has been published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society, J. Phys Chem., and ECS Transactions highlighting applications of ECL, SECM and ISE’s. He may be reached at calhoun@usna.edu.

References 1. G. Binning and H. Rohrer, IBM J. Research and Development, 30, 4 (1986). 2. F.-R. F. Fan and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc., 136, 166 (1989). 3. A. J. Bard, F.-R. Fan, J. Kwak, and O. Lev, Anal. Chem., 61, 132 (1989). 4. J. Kwak and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 61, 1221 (1989). 5. J. Kwak and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 61, 1794 (1989). 6. C. Lee, C. J. Miller, and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 63, 78 (1991). 7. S. Basame and H. White, J. Phys. Chem., 99, 16430 (1995). 8. J. Macpherson, P. Unwin, A. Hillier, and A. J. Bard, JACS, 118, 27, (1996). 9. P. R. Unwin and A. J. Bard, J. Phys. Chem., 95, 7814 (1991). 10. J. Kwak, C. Lee, and A. J. Bard, J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, 1481 (1990). 11. C. Lee, J. Kwak, and A. J. Bard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 1740 (1990). 12. F.-R. Fan and A. J. Bard, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 14222– 14227(1999). 13. F.-R. Fan and A. J. Bard, Science, 267, 871 (1995).

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Studying Electrocatalytic Activity Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy by Carlos M. Sánchez-Sánchez

he use of single crystal electrodes in electrocatalysis have allowed researchers to understand some of the elementary steps in different reactions and to establish some relationships between the activity of an electrocatalyst and its surface structure. But the precise identification of the particular type of crystallographic site on a nanoparticle sized electrocatalyst where the reaction takes place at a higher rate (steps, kinks, or basal planes) still represents a challenge. Scanning electrochemical microscopy is an excellent tool for studying electrocatalytic reactions at the nanometer scale, although it has not been much utilized for this purpose. So far, most of the electrocatalysis studies reported using SECM are mainly focused on the relationship between bulk chemical composition and electrochemical activity. This article presents some examples of electrocatalytic reactions studied by SECM using the tip generation-substrate collection (TG-SC), substrate generation-tip collection (SG-TC), redox competition (RC), and micropipette delivery-substrate collection (MD-SC) modes of SECM. Electrocatalytic reactions1 are generally considered heterogeneous inner-sphere reactions, where the reactants, intermediates, and/or products are specifically adsorbed on the electrode surface, allowing a decrease in the reaction energetic barrier. A variety of crystallographic sites may be present at the surface of each single crystal electrode as shown in Fig. 1. In the early 1980s, the use of single crystal electrodes in electrocatalysis was well established, thanks to the flame annealing cleaning method developed by Clavilier, et al.,2 which facilitated obtaining a reproducible electrochemical response at single crystal electrodes while ensuring proper control of the type of site available on the surface. The use of single crystal electrodes, which, for instance in the case of platinum electrodes, need only three numbers to define the corresponding crystallographic Miller indexes (namely (111), (100), and (110)) for the three platinum basal planes, have allowed researchers to understand some of the elementary steps in different electrocatalytic reactions and to establish relationships between the electrocatalyst activity and electrocatalyst surface structure.3 While a majority of these studies have been primarily devoted to the comparison of the three low-index Pt basal surfaces, efforts have also been made to study mixed surfaces — i.e., surfaces with (111) terraces separated by monatomic (110) steps or surfaces with (110) terraces and (111) steps — to identify the most active site The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

at the electrode surface. All these studies have exhibited some limitations due to the difficulty associated with scaling up the single crystal electrode fabrication process. Given the rapid development in the syntheses of nanomaterials, understanding particle size and surface structure effects on the electrocatalytic activity of unsupported and supported nanoparticles has become the next frontier in electrocatalysis. Nanoparticle electrocatalysts are very versatile and can be readily scaled for industrial applications. The electrocatalytic properties of nanoparticles are primarily determined by a set of physical parameters that include particle size, chemical composition (at the surface and in the bulk), and particle shape/ surface structure. In particular, the effect of the crystallographic domains (facets) at the surface of the nanoparticles is currently a hot topic. The effect of the particle shape and, consequently, surface atomic arrangement and coordination, assumes particular importance given the significant progress in the synthesis of shape-controlled metal nanoparticles that has been achieved over the past decade. Is it possible to investigate the catalytic activity provided by one single atomic step or kink on the surface of a catalytic nanoparticle? Identifying the particular zone on a single nanoparticle where the specific adsorption occurs during the redox reaction and where the activity is maximum for each particular electrocatalytic reaction would definitely help develop the surface structure versus reactivity relationship in electrocatalysis. This knowledge, if acquired at the nanometric scale, would be of considerable interest for further elaboration and design of future electrocatalytic nanomaterials. The unique

features of SECM4 make it an attractive tool for studying electrocatalytic reactions at the nanometric scale. The development of the SECM5 in the late 1980s introduced a powerful electroanalytical probe technique based on the feedback current recorded when a redox mediator diffuses within the gap between an ultramicroelectrode (UME) acting as a tip, and a substrate of interest. This technique provides the great advantage of being able to map the chemical reactivity of the substrate material. In the past decades, several modes of actuation in the SECM have been developed beyond the initial feedback mode. Some of them are perhaps more relevant to surface characterization than to electrocatalysis. For instance, the surface interrogation (SI)6 mode of the SECM is based on the generation of an electroactive titrant species at the tip electrode and the feedback current produced due to the chemical titration of the species adsorbed on the substrate. This technique represents one of the most relevant methodologies currently available for detecting and quantifying adsorbed species at micro-sized electrodes. More recently, Trinh, et al.,7 have also developed the SECM in AC mode for the quantification of adsorbed reaction intermediates. While those two modes of the SECM are not commonly used for studying electrocatalytic activity, others modes have provided significant results. Table 1 summarizes some of them and includes the particular electrocatalytic reaction studied along with specific references. More than one mode of the SECM has been utilized to extract the maximum amount of information and, in some cases, (continued on next page)

Step site Short Terrace

Long Terrace

Kink site

Fig. 1. Scheme of the different type of sites on a single crystal electrode surface. 43

Sánchez-Sánchez

(continued from previous page)

to overcome the particular limitations. For instance, the generation-collection modes of SECM are not useful if reactant species of interest cannot be electrochemically generated in solution. Thus, in principle, the different modes of the SECM shown in Table 1 can be divided in two main groups: i) Modes based on electrochemically generated reactants, which include tip generation-substrate collection (TG-SC), substrate generation-tip collection (SG-TC), and redox competition (RC) modes, and ii) Modes based on non-electrochemically generated reactants, namely the micropipette delivery-substrate collection (MD-SC) mode. In the TG-SC mode, a constant current or potential is applied to an UME tip to electrogenerate a constant flux of the species of interest. Then, the UME generator tip is brought close and held at a constant distance above an electrode array formed by different electrocatalyst nanoparticles and is scanned in the X-Y plane. The electrode array is held at a suitable potential to facilitate the electrocatalytic reaction of interest. An example of this type of SECM imaging is shown in Fig. 2. Panel A shows an optical image of a typical substrate electrode comprising two groups of nanoparticles deposited on a conductive current collector (in this case glassy carbon). Panel B displays the substrate current recorded as a function of tip position for the corresponding TG/ SC image. The SECM image in Fig. 2 was obtained by generating H2 under diffusion controlled conditions at the UME tip while scanning the tip in the X-Y plane at a constant distant from a substrate surface held at a potential suitable for performing the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR). In contrast, the SG-TC mode has been mainly employed for obtaining mechanistic information such as the number of electrons transferred during the reaction on a given electrocatalyst, or for detecting short lifetime reaction intermediates. But applicability of this mode for electrocatalyt screening is limited because it does not strictly facilitate a time independent measurement; the diffusion layers of neighboring electrocatalysts may overlap as a function of time and the information collected by the tip sensor may be distorted. In spite of this limitation, this mode has been successfully employed for comparing the electrochemical activity of large bi-dimensional doped and undoped electrocatalyst coatings.8 The SGTC-shielded tip approach represents the unique case where this SECM mode has been successfully applied for the screening of different combinatorial electrocatalysts. In this approach, the UME tip outer walls are metal coated and connected under potentiostatic control to allow them to serve as a “drain” for the product generated by the electrocatalyst particles neighboring the nanoparticle under interrogation. 44

Table I. Some relevant electrocatalytic reactions already studied by SECM. *(SG-TC) substrate generation-tip collection, (MD-SC) micropipette delivery-substrate collection, (TG-SC) tip generation-substrate collection, (RC) redox competition. Electrocatalytic Reactions 2H2O

O2 + 4H+ + 4e

HCOOH

CO2 + 2H+ + 2e

CH3OH + H2O

CO2 + 6H+ + 6e

O2 + 4H+ + 4e

2H2O

O2 + 2H2O + 4e

4OH-

Reaction Abbreviations

SECM Modes*

References

OER

(SG-TC) (SG-TC-Shielded)

Näslund, et al.8 Minguzzi, et al.9

FAOR

(MD-SC) (TG-SC)

Lin, et al.10 Jung, et al.11

MOR

(MD-SC)

Lin, et al.10

ORR

(TG-SC)

Fernandez, et al.12 Sánchez-Sánchez, et al.13

(RC)

Eckhard, et al.14

(SG-TC)

Shen, et al.15 Sánchez-Sánchez, et al.16

(a)

(b) 1000 µm

1000 µm

0 µm 0 µm

Fig. 2. Equivalents optical and SECM images are shown in the upper and lower panels (a) and (b), respectively. The SECM TG/SC image displays the oxidation current collected at the substrate, meanwhile the tip scans its surface generating a constant flux of H2. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

A couple of other SECM modes are worthy of mention. In the RC mode, both the tip and substrate are held at a potential that facilitates the electrochemical reaction of interest, allowing them to compete for the same electroactive species in solution. A predefined potential pulse profile at the SECM tip, which includes a regeneration step, is employed during the tip scanning process to avoid complete depletion of the species of interest. Finally, the MD-SC mode represents a paradigm wherein the reactants are not electrochemically generated. Herein, the different reactant of interest is delivered to the vicinity of an electrocatalyst array (held at appropriate potential) by scanning a micropipette over the X-Y plane at a constant tip-substrate distance. The resultant substrate current is recorded to yield a reactivity map. Finally, SECM has been used to study the effect of surface structure on the activity of nanomaterials used in electrocatalytic reactions and has been shown to be a great technique to successfully translate single crystal electrode results to electrocatalysts based on shape-controlled platinum13 and gold17 nanoparticles. Activity trends in nanoparticle catalysts that are similar to established single crystal results have been demonstrated in several electrolytes using SECM. It has been unequivocally shown that the most active site/facet on the nanoparticle surface is identical to those identified in single crystal electrode studies. This finding opens up the door for designing new synthetic strategies to maximize a desired type of site/facet on the nanoparticle surface. It must be noted that all these studies devoted to extracting information about electrocatalytic reactions taking place on shape-controlled nanoparticles have employed a group of nanoparticles spread onto an conductive current collector and do not correspond to the interrogation of a single type of site or a single nanoparticle. Hence, the catalytic information extracted from these measurements corresponds to the average behavior of a group of nanoparticles and not the unique behavior of a single nanoparticle.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

To summarize, this article reviews progress on the use of SECM to study electrocatalytic reactions, paying special attention to studying the surface structure effect on nanoparticles and translating of single crystal electrode results into electrocatalysts based on shape-controlled nanoparticles. SECM currently does have some limitations in terms of resolution of the interrogated nanometric domains. Hence, in the future, it will be necessary to develop new combined electrochemical probe techniques and nanoprobes to overcome said limitations and perhaps approach probing electrocatalysis at the surface of a single nanoparticle.

Acknowledgments The author would like to express his appreciation to his former group in the University of Alicante (Spain) and in particular to Dr. Jose Solla-Gullón, Dr. Francisco Vidal-Iglesias, Prof. Vicente Montiel, Prof. Enrique Herrero, Prof. Antonio Aldaz, and Prof. Juan M. Feliu.

About the Author Carlos M. SánchezSánchez is an Associate Scientist at National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in France and holds a PhD in chemistry from the University of Alicante (Spain), where he worked at the group of Applied Electrochemistry and Electrocatalysis. He was a postdoctoral fellow with Prof. Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin, where he contributed to the development of the Scanning Electrochemical Microscope (SECM) as a useful tool in electrocatalysis. Presently, he leads efforts to develop combined electrochemical probe techniques for nanointerrogation of electrocatalytic materials for energy applications, such as fuel cells and redox flow batteries, at LISE UMR 8235 in Paris. He may be reached at carlos.sanchez@ upmc.fr.

References 1. A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 7559 (2010). 2. J. Clavilier, R. Faure, G. Guinet, and R. Durand, J. Electroanal. Chem., 107, 205 (1980). 3. V. Climent and J. M. Feliu, J. Solid State Electrochem., 15, 1297 (2011). 4. M. V. Mirkin, W. Nogala, J. Velmurugan, and Y. Wang, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 21196 (2011). 5. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, A. J. Bard and M. V. Mirkin. Eds. Marcel Dekker, New York (2001). 6. J. Rodríguez-López, M. A. AlpucheAvilés, and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 16985 (2008). 7. D. Trinh, M. Keddam, X. R. Novoa, and V. Vivier, ChemPhysChem, 12, 2177 (2011). 8. L.-A. Näslund, C. M. SánchezSánchez, A. S. Ingason, J. Bäckström, E. Herrero, J. Rosen, and S. Holmin, J. Phys. Chem. C, 117, 6126 (2013). 9. A. Minguzzi, M. A. Alpuche-Aviles, J. Rodríguez-López, S. Rondinini, and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 80, 4055 (2008). 10. C.-L.- Lin, J. Rodríguez-López, and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 81, 8868 (2009). 11. C. Jung, C. M. Sánchez-Sánchez, C.L. Lin, J. Rodríguez-López, and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 81, 7003 (2009). 12. J. L. Fernández, D. A. Walsh, and A. J. Bard, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 357 (2005). 13. C. M. Sánchez-Sánchez, J. SollaGullón, F. J. Vidal-Iglesias, A. Aldaz, V. Montiel, and E. Herrero, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 5622 (2010). 14. K. Eckhard, X. Chen, F. Turcu, and W. Schuhmann, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8, 5359 (2006). 15. Y. Shen, M. Träuble, and G. Wittstock, Anal. Chem., 80, 750 (2008). 16. C. M. Sánchez-Sánchez and A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem., 81, 8094 (2009). 17. C. M. Sánchez-Sánchez, F. J. VidalIglesias, J. Solla-Gullon, V. Montiel, A. Aldaz, J. M. Feliu, and E. Herrero, Electrochim. Acta, 55, 8252 (2010).

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Measuring Ions with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy by Lushan Zhou, Yi Zhou, and Lane A. Baker

he opportunity to position a small electrode at an interface with high accuracy and precision has led to important advances in surface electrochemical measurements and has made scanned probe microscopies (SPMs) an indispensable tool for the electrochemist. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)1-8 has been a key SPM for electrochemists, and has found wide implementation in subjects that range from battery science9 to bacterial communication.10 A similar technique, scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM),11 was introduced by Hansma and coworkers around the same time as SECM was first reported, but wasn’t really appreciated by the electrochemical community to the same degree. The lack of adoption of SICM stemmed from several issues, including the lack of chemical specificity exhibited and the less quantitative mathematical descriptions of the processes involved. Seminal efforts of Korchev and Klenerman to develop SICM further, notably in hardware and imaging protocols for biological systems, provided quantum leaps in methods available.12 More recently, other groups have taken advantage of electrochemical measurements that might be afforded by SICM. Here, in context of the larger body of work, we describe some of our recent efforts in electroanalysis with SICM.

Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy in Ion Transport Studies In their original report, Hansma and coworkers realized the possibilities of measuring ion transport with SICM, and stated: “The most promising application for the SICM is not, however, just imaging the topography of surfaces at submicrometer resolution. The SICM can image not only the topography, but also the local ion currents coming out through pores in a surface.”11 Measuring local ion transport at small scales can lead to insight for both fundamental studies and technological applications. For instance, in biological measurements, studies of ion transport through protein channels in cells have informed understanding of biological processes such as cell signaling and regulation of cell volume. Further applications of ion transport measurements include microfluidic separations, biosensors, and lithium-ion batteries. In SICM (shown as a cartoon in Fig. 1, left) a pipette with a small tip diameter (Fig. 1, middle) is scanned over the surface of a sample in electrolyte solution. A potential difference is applied between an electrode inside the pipette and an electrode in the outside bath solution, which results in an ion current that flows through the pipette. As the pipette is

moved to the sample surface, resistance that develops in the gap between the pipette tip and sample affects the ion current through the pipette, which provides the feedback signal required for imaging/probe positioning. This mode of feedback for SICM is similar to the negative-feedback mode of SECM, where the gap between the shroud surrounding the electrode and the surface restricts diffusion of redox species to the electrode, resulting in a distance-dependent current.2 In practice, more complicated feedback modes are typically used for SICM, but conceptually the same phenomena are utilized. Topographic images of the surface can be generated from scanning the pipette over a surface while maintaining constant probe-sample distance. Additionally, local conductance measurements can be performed with high spatial resolution. SICM is an attractive tool for nanoscale ion transport studies, especially for studies of biological samples, for a number of reasons. First, typical spatial resolution of SICM can be < 10 nm vertically and < 50 nm laterally, as determined by the pipette geometry. Second, redox mediators are not required for imaging, as SICM measures the local conductivity, or total ion concentration. Third, SICM works exceptionally well in electrolyte solutions required to maintain (continued on next page)

Fig. 1. Cartoon schematic of scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) (left). Center inset shows a scanning transmission electron micrograph of a typical nanopipette tip utilized for SICM. Right schematic shows a general experimental setup for measuring ion currents at synthetic membranes with SICM. (Portions of figure adapted with permission from reference [13].)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Zhou, Zhou, and Baker

(continued from previous page)

biological samples. Finally, probes with small tip diameters (nanopipettes) can be fabricated easily by pulling glass/quartz capillaries, and these probes can be further modified to monitor additional signals such as potential or faradaic electron transfer. With these advantages, SICM has proved a versatile tool to study ion transport in various systems that span from porous polymer membranes to living cells.13-22

Control of Ion Transport through Synthetic Nanopores For fundamental studies, artificial nanopores have advantages such as stability, controllable and well-defined size and shape, and ease of fabrication. To date, many nanofabrication techniques for nanopore synthesis have been reported, such as the track-etch process, ion beam sputtering, and electron beam lithography. Porous (poly) imide membranes with nanopore diameters that range from tens to hundreds of nanometers have been the platform of choice in our lab and are prepared by chemical etching of ion-tracked polymer foils. SICM is able to generate a topographic image and current image of porous membranes simultaneously, from which the position and conductance of nanopores can be measured. To further study ion-transport properties of nanopores, a concentration gradient or a potential applied across the membrane can be used to drive diffusion and migration of ions.

Diffusion-Driven Ion Transport In the simplest case of diffusion-driven ion transport (Fig. 1, right), a membrane with cylindrical nanopores was mounted between the upper and lower chambers of a perfusion cell.11 Electrolyte (KCl) concentration in the lower chamber was varied from 0.1 to 4.0 M, while the electrolyte concentration in the upper chamber was maintained at 0.1 M. This concentration difference between the two chambers resulted in an ion current through pores in the membrane. A linear relationship between ion current and transmembrane concentration difference was observed for different pore sizes (300 nm and 500 nm). Alteration of pore sizes resulted in measured differences in ion currents, fundamentally related to the mass-transfer resistance determined by the pore structure. Current profiles across the nanopores were measured and modeled with the Goldman-HodgkinKatz (GHK) equation,23 which describes diffusive ion flux (j) of an ion with diffusion coefficient (D) driven by concentration gradient (CL – CU) through a membrane of thickness L, equation (1). (1)

Deviations from the GHK model were observed for “normalized ion current – transmembrane concentration difference” relationships, presumably due to convection induced by vertical modulation of the SICM pipette (these experiments used an “AC” feedback mode).24 In an effort to obtain more quantitative information, methods to perform conductance measurements at fixed positions were developed for subsequent ion conductance measurements.

nanopores such as ion pathways in the cell membrane still exist, most of which are signal-to-noise related. For example, high salt concentrations (>1.0 M) or high transmembrane potentials (>500 mV) were required to generate sufficient current signals. To address some of these limitations, potentiometric SICM was developed.

Migration-Driven Ion Transport

In all of this work, one of our goals has been to adapt SICM to more facile measurements of ion current at biological interfaces. To develop SICM in this venue, we adopted the concept of voltage scanning, first introduced by Frömter in 1972.25 In voltage scanning, the local current density over different conductive pathways of a cell membrane is measured by control of the position of a micropipette over said pathways.25-35 In these measurements, recording changes in the voltage or potential at the tip of the pipette leads to more sensitive measurements, especially when the limiting diameter of the pipette becomes very small (resistance of a typical SICM nanopipette ~ MΩ). In our work, we coupled this type of potentiometric measurement to the SICM configuration described above, to result in what we term potentiometric-SICM (P-SICM, Fig. 2, top left).16 Advantages of P-SICM include: (1) high resolution images of the cell layer can be used to locate features of interest, and (2) precise pipette position is achieved with feedback control. In P-SICM, a dual-barrel nanopipette is utilized as the probe. One barrel serves to measure ion current as a feedback signal for SICM and control tip position. The second barrel measures local potential in the vicinity of the pipette tip. To realize this tool and control potentials across the sample, additional electrodes were used in a manner similar to that described previously. Topographic ion current and potential images of the sample can be generated simultaneously with P-SICM. The signalto-noise ratio attained for P-SICM was 4-5 times higher than the typical current measurement (Fig. 2, top right), which enables measurement of local conductance for biological samples. P-SICM was utilized to study ion transport pathways in wild type MadinDarby canine kidney strain II (MDCKIIWT) cells. High-resolution topographic images of the cell surface were generated first with the SICM (Fig. 2, bottom left). Two different ion transport pathways: paracellular pathways at cell junctions (CJ) and transcellular pathways at cell bodies (CB), were of interest in these studies. To assess conductance in these locations, the pipette was positioned over these locations (CBs or CJs) to record local conductance values. As addressed above, fixed position measurements, in which the probe is held at constant height above a feature of interest and the current or potential response

In the case of migration-driven transport, additional electrodes were added to the system to apply a transmembrane potential, to result in three- and four-electrode SICM configurations.15,22 First, a “working electrode” (Ag/AgCl) was added.15 Here experiments were setup in the same way as the case described above, except that the concentrations on each side of the membrane were held constant, and a transmembrane potential was applied at the working electrode to control the electric field at nanopores. Localized current-voltage responses were measured for a single nanopore by sweeping the transmembrane potential when the pipette was held over the center of the nanopore and observing the response at the SICM pipette electrode. Current response of the single nanopore was evaluated with a circuit model, which validated the response measured by the SICM pipette. In addition, nanopipettes were positioned inside nanopores to measure vertical distribution of the current-voltage response, and enhanced interactions between the charged walls of the pipette and the pore were observed from increases in the access resistance measured. Localized current-voltage responses recorded with this setup were further utilized to characterize pore geometry. The extent of current rectification for membranes with conical nanopores was also measured with the instrumentation described above, and further demonstrated how the measurement reflected the conductance properties of the membrane/nanopore under study. To study heterogeneity of ion transport pathways further, a counter electrode was added to handle the higher currents passed by less resistive membranes.22 With this four-electrode configuration of SICM, heterogeneous ion conductance of individual pores in a multi-pore membrane could be measured. In these experiments, marked differences in rectification was observed for pores prepared in the same membrane, which suggested that a distribution of pore geometries or surface chemistries exists. In the studies described above, we demonstrated that local conductance pathways can be recorded with SICM, and that changes in ion transport via concentration gradients or transmembrane potential could be observed with SICM. However, limitations to the application of these techniques in naturally occurring

Potentiometric Measurements with SICM

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

are recorded, were then performed with P-SICM. To calculate the local conductance, potential deflection was measured at two probe-sample distances (Dps), one close to the sample surface (Dps = 0.2 μm) and one far away from the sample (Dps = 12.5 μm). Equation (2)24,32 was then used to calculate the apparent local conductances,

(2) where the electric field (E, a potential gradient) was determined by dividing the potential difference (ΔV0.2μm – ΔV12.5μm) recorded at two distinct pipette distances

(Dps) by the vertical displacement of the pipette (Δz). Here, ρ is the specific resistance of the bath electrolyte and Ve is the potential range applied at WE (Fig. 2c) to induce potential deflections. Apparent conductance (G) over CBs (transcellular) and CJs (paracellular) showed average values of 2.53 ± 1.49 mS/cm2 (n = 49) and 6.20 ± 2.54 mS/cm2 (n = 62), respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the transcellular conductance (Gt) differed significantly from the paracellular conductance (Gp) (p < 0.001), in good agreement with values reported previously for MDCKII-WT cells. Further, a siRNA knockdown MDCKII cell line, in which the expression of a paracellular channel protein claudin-2 is depressed (MDCKII-C2 cell), was tested

with P-SICM. The Gp in MDCKII-C2 cells decreased to 2.63 ± 1.26 mS/cm2 (n = 78), compared to 6.20 ± 2.54 mS/cm2 (n = 62) in WT cells (Fig. 2, lower right). This result showed that P-SICM could be used to measure the local conductance changes in polarized epithelia and holds promise for measurement of ion transport in complex, functional, living systems.

Toward Chemical Selectivity in SICM A criticism of SICM is the lack of chemical specificity. We realized that when a nanopipette is brought close to a surface, the electrostatic charge on the nanopipette (continued on next page)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2. (a) Illustration of potentiometric scanning ion conductance microscopy (P-SICM). A dual-barrel pipette is utilized to measure topographic and potential gradients of a sample of interest. Here the pipette electrode (PE) is used to control pipette position and record topographic images. The potentiometric electrode (UE) records the local potential at the pipette tip. A potential is applied across the sample between the working electrode (WE) and counter electrode (CE). All electrode potentials are referenced to a common reference electrode (RE). Characterization of porous membranes with P-SICM. (b) Images of local potential variations for these two pores at a series of transmembrane potentials (VTM), recorded with P-SICM in imaging mode (Scale bar = 1 µm). (c) Topographic image of the apical surface of a cell monolayer was imaged to locate the position of cell bodies and the cell junctions. Scale bar: 5 µm. The inset shows the zoom out image of the cell monolayer under study (40 x 40 µm). Two positions which illustrate pipette placement are indicated for CB (cell body) and CJ (cell junction). The black marker in the center of the larger white marker at these positions approximates the size of the pipette tip utilized. (d) Histogram of conductances recorded over CJs for MDCKII-WT (red) presents a broader distribution with a larger mean value, as compared to that of MDCKII-C2 (blue). These observations indicate that claudin-2 functions to regulate the epithelial permeability through paracellular pathways. (Portions of figure and caption adapted with permission from reference [16].) The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

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and surface might preferentially influence the transport of cations or anions in a selective or predictable fashion. Toward this goal, we demonstrated transduction of the charge on a surface when nanopipettes are held at distances on the order of ten to hundreds of nanometers from the surface of interest. Rectified current flows36 dependent on the surface charge were predicted with simulations and measured in select cases with SICM controlled nanopipettes (Fig. 3).19,20 In all experiments detailed above, the identity of ions involved has not been considered. Selective ion transport, especially for ions already known to be important in physiology (e.g., potassium, calcium, or protons (local pH)), is often important to measure as well. More complex probe fabrication is a possible solution to enable chemically selective SICM responses. Our group has designed and fabricated pipettes suitable for SICM that possess pH-responsive layers. Microscale pH probes were fabricated by sequential thermal deposition of Cr and Au on one half of the outer surface of a pipette, followed by parylene C insulation and electropolymerization of a responsive polyaniline (PANi) film.18 The dynamic range for these micro pH probes was found to be 2.5-12.0 in bulk electrolyte solutions and the sensitivity of the probe ranged from 0.02 – 0.2 ΔpH. For ion selective SICM, microscale pH probes and porous membrane samples were configured as described for four-electrode SICM above. Additionally, the Au/PANi probe was connected to a differential amplifier to

record the EMF response related to local H+ concentration. Concentration gradients of H+ and transmembrane potential were used to obtain transmembrane pH differences. Local pH gradients were measured with the microscale pH probe and a potential map over a porous membrane (apparent ΔpH map) was generated. These ion-selective SICM studies and probe fabrication techniques provide a general route to study selective ion transport with high spatial resolution, where selectivity in the measurement is conveyed via a chemically selective coating on the pipette exterior.

Hybrid SECM-SICM SICM excels at hybrid techniques (such as P-SICM described above), where the SICM function controls position of the probe and a second auxiliary signal is recorded. SICM can be easily coupled to SECM in this manner and can compensate for the lack of chemical specificity of SICM.17,37,38 In our studies, we have coupled SECM with SICM to investigate the diffusion and migration of redox active anions and cations ions through single pores in a membrane (Fig. 4 a-c).17 The nanopipet probe for SECM-SICM was fabricated in a similar manner as the ionselective probe described above. Thermal deposition of a Cr adhesion layer followed by a Au layer was performed for one half of nanopipette, and an insulation layer of parylene C was coated on the outside of the whole probe, except the tip region, through chemical vapor deposition (Fig. 4d). Again, a four-electrode SICM configuration was used. The fifth electrode, a Au film electrode, was biased with respect to the reference

electrode and the faradaic current was recorded. Polyimide membranes with single pores were mounted between two chambers of a perfusion cell, where redox mediators ferricyanide (Fe(CN)63-/4-) or ruthenium hexamine (Ru(NH3)63+/4+) were only present in the lower chamber. Transmembrane potential-driven migration showed selectivity due to the polarity of the working electrode placed in the lower chamber and the charge of the ions. This SECM-SICM hybrid technique allows ion-selective SICM to be performed for redox ions and therefore affords the chance to study more complex ion transport mechanisms. Recently, we have also adopted methods to prepare a variety of carbon electrode geometries through a combination of parylene CVD and electrode shaping with a focused ion beam (Fig. 4e). We hope these electrodes of welldefined geometry will extend the utility of quantification of SECM/SICM experiments.

Conclusion and Future Direction SICM is a versatile tool for nanoscale ion-transport studies. Through modification of the instrument and experimental setup, and selective application of concentration gradients or transmembrane potentials, new modes to study ion transport can be realized. Potentiometric measurements have improved the sensitivity of local conductance recordings and operate under biologically relevant conditions, to enable studies of ion transport in living-systems. Further advances based on probe fabrication and hybrid techniques have made SICM more powerful in nanoscale ion transport studies by adding chemical specificity.

Fig. 3. Cartoon representation (left) and simulated data (right) for transduction of surface charge with a nanopipette. (Portions of figure adapted with permission from reference [20].) 50

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(a)

(d)

(b) (e) (c)

Fig. 4. (a) Topography imaged with the nanopipet-electrode of a 900 nm pore in the polyimide membrane. (b) Ion current and (c) faradaic current of Fe(CN)63-/4- reduction recorded with the AuE as the pore was imaged. All images were recorded simultaneously with a transmembrane potential of -300 mV vs. Ag/AgCl and a probe-surface distance of 120 nm. Scale bar in all images is 2.0 µm. (d) Scanning electron micrograph of nanopipet-electrode with an exposed electrode area of 3.8 x 103 µm2 and a clear distinction between the Au electrode (right), quartz (left) and parylene-c insulation (top). (e) SEM micrograph of a carbon ring/nanopore electrode with a 165 nm (diameter) nanopore. Outer and inner radii of the carbon ring electrode are 278 nm and 135 nm, respectively. (Portions of figure and caption adapted with permission from references [17] and [21].)

Although SICM has proven a good tool for investigation of ion transport at small scales, there are still several limitations. First, efforts to improve spatial and temporal resolution are necessary to extend application of SICM towards more challenging biological samples. Ion transport through transmembrane ion channels (as opposed to cell-cell junctions described here) is a central issue in biology and physiology. Due to the size of ion channels and their dynamic nature, special efforts to measure ion channels in a non-patched SICM configuration will be required. Although the best-recorded lateral resolution of SICM is approximately 3-6 nm,39 typical lateral resolution of SICM is on the order of tens of nanometers and is highly dependent on probe size and sample. The scanning process of SICM also produces some limits in temporal resolution for image collection, however, additional scanning methods have lessened the time required per image.40-42 This same issue, the time response of the image and data collection, is encountered in point measurements such as the conductance studies shown above.

Future efforts to generate potential maps of samples, to achieve fast data acquisition and minimize instrument drift are under way in our lab. Further, our past efforts have focused primarily on biological samples, but the same tool set we are developing can also be brought to bear on abiotic systems, for instance membranes in fuel cells or in battery materials where ion transport is of interest. Taken as a whole, SICM provides opportunities to measure electrochemical processes in a complementary and – in some cases – superior fashion to other electrochemical imaging techniques. Further, we can expect that additional functionalities afforded by SICM, which include in situ dosing/deposition43,44 and nanopipette mass spectrometry,45 will comingle with electrochemical studies. In addition to SICM, recent reports of high resolution SECM studies43,44 and hybrid or modified SECM/SICM techniques48-50 point to a resurgence in electrochemical imaging platforms, which open new vistas to studies of electrochemical processes at interfaces.

About the Authors Lushan Zhou studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Peking University, and joined the Baker Group at Indiana University in the fall of 2012. She is a member of the Indiana Student Chapter of the ECS. Her research interests include new imaging modes of scanning ion conductance microscopy. She may be reached at luszhou@indiana.edu. Yi Zhou received her BS in chemistry from Zhejiang University in 2009 and joined the Baker Group in the fall at Indiana University. She is a member of the Indiana Student Chapter of the ECS. Her research focuses on the study of heterogeneous ion transport in synthetic and biological membranes with scanning ion conductance microscopy. She may be reached at yz26@indiana.edu. (continued on next page)

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Lane A. Baker is a James F. Jackson Associate Professor at Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. He received his BS in chemistry from Missouri State University, and his PhD Texas A&M University. He is an active member of The Electrochemical Society and is a faculty sponsor for the local Indiana Student Chapter of the ECS. His research interests involve fundamental and applied investigations of electrochemistry, bioanalytical chemistry and nanotechnology. He may be reached at lanbaker@indiana.edu.

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15. C.-C. Chen, Y. Zhou, and L. A. Baker, ACS Nano, 5, 8404 (2011). 16. C.-C. Chen, Y. Zhou, C. A. Morris, J. Hou, and L. A. Baker, Anal. Chem., 85, 3621 (2013). 17. C. A. Morris, C.-C. Chen, and L. A. Baker, Analyst, 137, 2933 (2012). 18. C. A. Morris, C.-C. Chen, T. Ito, and L. A. Baker, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, H430 (2013). 19. N. Sa and L. A. Baker, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 10398 (2011). 20. N. Sa, W.-J. Lan, W. Shi, and L. A. Baker, ACS Nano, 7, 11272 (2013). 21. R. Thakar, A. E. Weber, C. A. Morris, and L. A. Baker, Analyst, 138, 5973 (2013). 22. Y. Zhou, C.-C. Chen, and L. A. Baker, Anal. Chem., 84, 3003 (2012). 23. N. Lakshminarayanaiah, Equations of Membrane Biophysics; Academic Press, Inc.: Orlando, FL, 1984. 24. Y. E. Korchev, C. L. Bashford, M. Milovanovic, I. Vodyanoy, and M. J. Lab, Biophys. J., 73, 653 (1997). 25. E. Frรถmter, J. Membr. Biol., 8, 259 (1972). 26. M. Cereijido, E. S. Robbins, W. J. Dolan, C. A. Rotunno, and D. D. Sabatini, J. Cell Biol., 77, 853 (1978). 27. M. Cereijido, E. Stefani, and A. Martinezpalomo, J. Membr. Biol., 53, 19 (1980). 28. E. Frรถmter and J. Diamond, Nature: New biology, 235, 9 (1972). 29. M. Cereijido and J. M. Anderson, Tight Junctions; 2 ed.; CRC Press: New York, 2001. 30. M. Cereijido, L. Gonzalez-Mariscal, and L. Borboa, J. Exp. Biol., 106, 205 (1983). 31. A. S. L. Yu, M. H. Cheng, S. Angelow, D. Guenzel, S. A. Kanzawa, E. E. Schneeberger, M. Fromm, and R. D. Coalson, J. Gen. Physiology, 133, 111 (2009). 32. M. Cereijido, E. Stefani, and B. C. Deramirez, J. Membr. Biol., 70, 15 (1982). 33. P. Florian, T. Schoneberg, J. D. Schulzke, M. Fromm, and A. H. Gitter, J. Physiol. (London), 545, 485 (2002). 34. A. H. Gitter, K. Bendfeldt, J. D. Schulzke, and M. Fromm, Pfluegers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 439, 477 (2000). 35. A. H. Gitter, M. Bertog, J. D. Schulzke, and M. Fromm, Pfluegers Archiv European Journal of Physiology, 434, 830 (1997).

36. Z. S. Siwy and S. Howorka, Chem. Soc. Rev., 39, 1115 (2010). 37. D. J. Comstock, J. W. Elam, M. J. Pellin, and M. C. Hersam, Anal. Chem., 82, 1270 (2010). 38. Y. Takahashi, A. I. Shevchuk, P. Novak, Y. Murakami, H. Shiku, Y. E. Korchev, and T. Matsue, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 10118 (2010). 39. A. I. Shevchuk, G. I. Frolenkov, D. Sanchez, P. S. James, N. Freedman, M. J. Lab, R. Jones, D. Klenerman, and Y. E. Korchev, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 45, 2212 (2006). 40. P. Novak, C. Li, A. I. Shevchuk, R, Stepanyan, M. Caldwell, S. Hughes, T. G. Smart, J. Gorelik, V. P. Ostanin, M. J. Lab, G. W. J. Moss, G. I. Frolenkov, D. Klenerman, and Y. E. Korchev, Nat. Methods, 6, 279 (2009). 41. A. Zhukov, O. Richards, V. Ostanin, Y. Korchev, and D. Klenerman, Ultramicroscopy, 121, 1 (2012). 42. Y. Takahashi, Y. Murakami, K. Nagamine, H. Shiku, S. Aoyagi, T. Yasukawa, M. Kanzaki, and T. Matsue, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 12, 10012 (2010). 43. P. Actis, M. M. Maalouf, H. J. Kim, A. Lohith, B. Vilozny, R. A. Seger, and N. Pourmand, ACS Nano, 8, 546 (2014). 44. P. Actis, S. Tokar, J. Clausmeyer, B. Babakinejad, S. Mikhaleva, R. Cornut, Y. Takahashi, A. L. Cordoba, P. Novak, A. I. Shevchuck, J. A. Dougan, S. G. Kazarian, P. V. Gorelkin, A. S. Erofeev, I. V. Yaminsky, P. R. Unwin, W. Schuhmann, D. Klenerman, D. A. Rusakov, E. V. Sviderskaya, and Y. E. Korchev, ACS Nano, 8, 875 (2014). 45. E. M. Yuill, N. Sa, S. J. Ray, G. M. Hieftje, and L. A. Baker, Anal. Chem., 85, 8498 (2013). 46. F. O. Laforge, J. Velmurugan, Y. Wang, and M. V. Mirkin, Anal. Chem., 81, 3143 (2009). 47. M. Shen, R. Ishimatsu, J. Kim, and S. Amemiya, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 9856 (2012). 48. Y. Takahashi, A. I. Shevchuk, P. Novak, B. Babakinejad, J. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, H. Shiku, J. Gorelik, D. Klenerman, Y. E. Korchev, and T. Matsue, PNAS, 109, 11540 (2012). 49. N. Ebejer, A. G. Gueell, S. C. S. Lai, K. McKelvey, M. E. Snowden, and P. R. Unwin, Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 6, 329 (2013). 50. K. McKelvey, D. Perry, J. C. Byers, A. W. Colburn, and P. R. Unwin, Anal. Chem., 86, 3639 (2014).

The Electrochemical Society Interface โ ข Summer 2014

Electrochemistry at the Nanoscale: The Force Dimension by Jennifer Black, Evgheni Strelcov, Nina Balke, and Sergei V. Kalinin

rogress in energy storage and conversion technologies necessitates understanding fundamental mechanisms of electrochemical processes, including intercalation, phase transformations, and surface electrochemical reactions, from atomic to mesoscopic levels. These processes are sensitively affected by the intricacies of electronic and ionic transport, as well as strain fields and mechanical processes. The key to successful understanding of these mechanisms lies in structural and functional imaging — namely obtaining spatially resolved information on the structure, properties, and all aspects of electrochemical functionality in 3D space and in time. Once available, this information can be used to establish local deterministic mechanisms and can further be used in predictive modeling, subsequently enabling knowledge-driven optimization of materials properties and structures, and providing an experimental counterpart to large-scale theoretical investigations as embodied in the Materials Genome program. The structural imaging of electrochemical systems can be achieved using classical techniques including (scanning) transmission electron microscopy, X-ray tomography, and atom probe tomography. The challenge is whether locally measured structural information and its evolution with time (e.g., in in situ electrochemical experiments) is correlated with macroscopically-averaged functional behaviors to develop a full 3D picture of electrochemical process dynamics, from which one can extract local constitutive relations that can be further used in formulating high-veracity theoretical models. Notably, the number of degrees of freedom in realistic macroscopic systems, as determined by number of grains, defects, and ultimately atoms, is extremely large and even if available experimentally, integration into the theoretical models is a challenge. Hence, the development of simplified model systems amenable to structural and macroscopic functional studies is of great interest. This brings forth the question of what is the minimally complex system that will still contain relevant functionality of, e.g., a battery device, but will remain amenable to local studies, from which information can be extracted and deployed to stochastic models. Complementary to this approach is functional electrochemical imaging. The key questions herein are whether chargedischarge, electronic and ionic transport, and other aspects of electrochemical behavior can be studied at the level of single particle or relevant structural element, whether the relevant local mechanisms can be established, and whether this knowledge The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

can be extrapolated to the macroscopic assembly scale. Functional imaging necessitates the development of probes for individual aspects of functionality, including local ionic concentrations, electrochemical potentials, strains, reaction rates, and integrating them in single- and multimodal detection methods. This, in turn, requires the capability to manipulate electrochemical degrees of freedom locally, i.e., change local potentials, electrochemical potentials, and detect associated material responses. In this article, we present several paradigms for probing local electrochemical functionalities using force-based scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Force based SPMs rely on the concept of a cantilevered tip interacting with a surface.1 As applied to electrochemical problems, the tip can serve as a mobile electrode, confining the electric field to a small volume of material and inducing relevant electrochemical transformations. At the same time, the tip acts a force, displacement, or current sensor. In force detection mode, the AFM can detect the local work function above the surface, directly related to local electrochemical potentials.2-5 In the displacement detection mode, the SPM can detect static (of order of ms – minutes) or dynamic (> kHz) bias-induced strains directly related to electrochemical polarization. The majority of electroactive materials used in batteries, electrochemical capacitors, or fuel cells, have one feature in common in that the unit cell volume or the sample volume is directly connected to ionic concentration (Vegard law) in the lattice6,7 or the ion concentration in electrode pores.8 This intrinsic link between ionic and mechanical phenomena offers a pathway for probing ionic concentration and mobility through mechanical strain. SPM is able to measure height changes down to ~1 pm in the dynamic detection modes (imaging at cantilever resonances), which facilitates obtaining information from regions on the order of the tip size, i.e., spatially resolved information about ionic transport in the tens of nm range, well beyond the range of classical current based detection techniques. This approach is adopted in Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM).9 Here, we differentiate between static and dynamic ESM. In static ESM (dilatometry), the tip acts as a passive strain sensor that allows performing ESM measurements in a fully functional electrochemical device. This method was applied for electrochemical capacitors.10 In nanoporous carbon electrodes, ions enter the pores during charging to form the electrical double layer (EDL) and balance charge on the electrode surface. The flux of ions into the pores and

formation of the EDL in such confined spaces is associated with internal stain and hence an increase in the electrode volume, which is easily detectable using AFM. Monitoring the volume changes in situ provides a noncurrent based method of tracking the ionic fluxes within nanoporous materials. Figure 1a shows the in situ electrochemical AFM cell, which has a planar design allowing easy access of the AFM tip to the working electrode without interference from the counter electrode. The capacitance of porous carbons with different surface area in Emim+ Tf2N- (1-ethyl-3methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide) ionic liquid electrolyte, and the corresponding height change (plotted as stress to account for the different Young’s modulus) are shown in Fig. 1b and c, respectively. The stress profile in each case is parabolic with respect to applied charge. The strain behavior is strongly linked to the sample preparation and porosity as reported in [10]. This approach further allows the kinetics of the ion insertion process to be explored. Figure 1d shows a spectrogram of the relative height change of the as prepared mesoporous carbon (MC) carbon film over three cyclic voltammogram cycles at various sweep rates between 0.5 and 500 mV s-1. At fast sweep rates there is a broad strain response, and as the sweep rate is reduced, a maximum in the strain is observed at the maximum anodic and cathodic potentials. Figures 1e and f show the phase shift between the stress and applied potential for the anodic and cathodic peaks, respectively. At fast sweep rates, there is a large phase shift which decays with decreasing sweep rate until equilibrium is attained at a phase shift of 0 degrees. In this regime the ions have sufficient time to follow the changes in applied potential. The activated carbon sample with the smallest pores shows the slowest kinetics for both the cathodic and anodic ion insertion processes, and the cathodic process exhibits faster kinetics than the anodic process in all carbons examined. Using this strain based technique the anodic and cathodic processes could easily be separated, and the effect of pore size on the kinetics of the ion insertion/ adsorption processes could be ascertained. Compared to electrochemical capacitors, the ionic mobility in Li-ion batteries is drastically reduced due to charge storage based on intercalation or phase changes instead of ion insertion into electrode pores. Here, the approach of static ESM becomes insufficient and dynamic ESM is applied to characterize ionic processes. In dynamic ESM, the AFM tip is biased with an AC voltage to induce local changes in ion concentration and the resulting dynamic (continued on next page) 53

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electrode expansion is measured. In this case, (b) (a) multiple effects can contribute to measured response, including Vegardtype volume changes, the formation of electrochemical dipoles, injection of charges from the tip, and electrostatic interactions between the SPM tip and surface charges.11-13 Several key experiments can be performed to identify different signal origins in dynamic (d) (c) ESM. One of them is the measurement of surface response as a function of temperature. This has been done for RF-sputtered LiCoO2 films on Au/Al2O3 substrates.14 The surface displacement as a result of the applied AC voltage increases with increasing temperature as shown in Fig. 2a for three different temperatures. It can be seen that the local displacement is quite heterogeneous (f) (e) across the sample. Since the measurement was performed in the exact same location, it is possible to construct Arrhenius plots for each pixel of the map and extract the activation energy for each location. The resulting map and the corresponding topography are shown in Fig. 2b and c. The averaged activation energy is about 0.26 eV, which fits well with numbers from theory and other macroscopic Fig. 1. (a) Photograph of the electrochemical AFM cell (top view). (b) Capacitance and (c) stress as a function of applied characterization tech- charge (as well as polynomial used to fit the data) of MC, MC-A, and MC-G carbon membranes at a sweep rate of 0.5 mVs-1 in EMI+TFSI- electrolyte. (d) Spectrogram of relative height change of MC carbon membrane in EMI+TFSI- electrolyte during niques for LiCoO2, typically around 0.3 eV. three CV cycles at sweep rates between 0.5 and 500 mV s-1. Phase shift between applied potential strain response for anodic (e) This is an indicator that and cathodic (f) peaks for MC, MC-A, and MC-G carbon membranes as a function of sweep rate. Figure adapted from ref. [10]. the measured surface displacement is indeed connected to the all-solid thin film battery was investigated. ESM quantitative. The phase-field modeling motion of Li-ions. Here, ESM allows the It was found that the microstructure, which of ESM contrast as a function of local activation energy dispersion to be examined showed grain-like features separated by crystallographic orientation is reported and correlated with the microsctructure with boundaries, is strongly correlated with in [21]. The ESM technique has further a lateral resolution of 20-30 nm, which is Li-ion transport through the amorphous been extended to a range of spectroscopic not possible with other characterization Si anode, suggesting the existence of Litechniques that allow real-space mapping techniques. ion conduction channels16 and opening the of the diffusion and electrochemical The ESM technique was demonstrated pathway towards exploring the evolution phenomena in solids. The use of lowexperimentally for a variety of of Li-ion dynamics as a function of state frequency (~1 Hz) voltage sweeps allows electrochemically active model systems, of charge of batteries during operation. A local ion dynamics to be probed, because most notably LiCoO2 cathodes15 and Si similar approach was applied to oxygen these time scales are directly comparable anodes.16 In LiCoO2, it was possible to conductors including YSZ17 and LSCO.18-20 with diffusion times of ions on the 1-10 identify grains and grain boundaries with nm length scale.16 Detailed insights into the These first demonstrations of ESM enhanced Li-ion kinetics. Subsequently, have stimulated ongoing efforts focusing relaxation phenomena through time-resolved using a model amorphous Si anode (aon the description of corresponding image spectroscopic measurements have been Si) surface, the local Li-ion flow and the formation mechanisms at the mesoscopic obtained and image formation mechanisms microstructure of a LiCoO2/LiPON/a-Si level, with the ultimate goal of rendering have been explored using the synergy of 54

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analytical theory and numerical modeling.22 Finally, ESM has been extended to probe irreversible electrochemical processes, such as nucleation of Li-nanoparticles on solid electrolytes.23, 24 While ESM addresses electrochemical phenomena at tip-surface junctions, SPM can be further adapted to probe lateral ionic transport across the surface. In this case, ionic motion is induced using a system of patterned electrodes, whereas the SPM tip is used as a non-invasive probe of local potentials. Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM)2-5 maps the contact potential difference between the tip and sample. Lateral charge transport (both electronic and ionic) in the frequency domain can be measured with the Scanning Impedance Microscopy technique25 and its non-linear analogs.26 Finally, time-resolved KPFM27 has been specifically developed for probing ionic dynamics in lateral devices in real time. A schematic of the time-resolved (tr)KPFM is shown in Fig. 3a. The sample is polarized by a step-waveform DC bias applied between two lateral electrodes. A conductive SPM cantilever oscillates at a pre-defined distance above the surface, being mechanically driven at a frequency close to the free resonance (ω0). A constant DC offset and an ac excitation bias at frequency ω away from ω0 is applied to the tip. Local electrostatic interactions between the tip and surface are detected by the lockin amplifier, and can further be calibrated to yield the surface potential. Figures 3b-e show temporal evolution of potential profiles in bias on and off states as measured on a Ca-substituted BiFeO3 film.27 This material possesses an ionically-mediated metalinsulator transition, during which a biasdriven redistribution of oxygen vacancies leads to a three orders of magnitude increase in electronic conductivity. A pristine CaBFO film (in its insulating state) shows accumulation/dissipation of negative ions by the biased electrode in the on/off states, respectively (negative potential pits in Fig. 3c-d). The measured activation energies of these processes are close to that of the proton transport in bulk water (0.13 vs. 0.12 eV), which indicates that the accumulated ions can be ascribed to the surface hydroxyl groups. The measured diffusivity is 2·10-9 m2/s, as compared to ~10-8 m2/s for proton in water. At the same time, devices pre-activated by high bias reveal formation of a virtual electrode — a region where the film has switched into the metallic state (Fig. 3e). The rest of the film accumulates a positive charge during the bias-on process and slowly dissipates the charge when the electrodes are grounded. The nature of this charge remains elusive, as it can originate from either the oxygen vacancies or from the electronic holes. Similar experiments performed on LiNbO3 ferroelectric surfaces28 showed strong charge injection from the biased electrode, presumably due The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 2. Dynamic ESM as function of temperature (a) in the same region of the sample (b). (c) The extracted spatial map of activation energy. Figure adapted from ref. [14].

to electrochemical water splitting on the surface with subsequent electromigration of protons onto the film. Finally, SPM sensitivity to weak forces enables extending this approach for probing electrochemistry on the molecular level, as exemplified by the structure of double layers. In force-volume measurements, the tip approaches a charged surface in the liquid and the deflection of the tip is recorded as a function of distance to the sample surface. In the presence of layered structures in the liquid, the tip feels oscillating forces when approaching the sample. This behavior is especially pronounced for ionic liquids,29-35 which are promising materials for electrolytes in energy storage systems. At the electrode interface, ionic liquids form an alternating structure of anion/cation layers, and AFM force spectroscopy is capable of probing this layered structure. This technique was used to investigate the structure of ionic liquid-solid interfaces,29-32 and recently was extended to probe the electrical double layer at a carbon interface at different applied bias.36 Sub-nanometer ion layer spacings were observed experimentally and compared to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, with excellent agreement between the predicted and experimentally observed ion layer positions. Figure 4 shows the experimental force data (> 50% probability) for the unbiased carbon compared with the MD ion density profiles for the anion (Fig. 4a) and cation (Fig. 4b). The MD ion profiles show a double peak in the near-surface region due to different orientations of ions (parallel and perpendicular) at the electrode

surface. The experimental data also shows two closely spaced ion layers in this region illustrating that this technique is capable of differentiating between two different ion orientations at the electrode surface. Further from the surface, the force data matches closely with the positions of the anion layers predicted by MD. The structure of the ionic liquid within the electrical double layer is altered under applied bias compared to the unbiased case through the addition of Coulombic forces between the ions and electrode, and this reconfiguration of the ionic structure can be observed using force spectroscopy. Figures 4e and f show the ion density profiles for the cation (Fig. 4e) and anion (Fig. 4f), calculated by MD, as a function of potential and distance from the electrode surface. At 1 V bias the first ion layer consists primarily of anions, whereas it is populated by cations at -1 V. In both cases, the ions preferentially orient parallel to the electrode surface. Through the integration of experiment and theory, a comprehensive picture of the structure of the electrical double layer at charged and uncharged carbon in ionic liquid electrolytes is achieved, improving our understanding of charge storage on a molecular level. This technique can be further extended to perform force-volume mapping to investigate the spatial variation and examine the effects of features such as surface defects on the ionic liquid structure at the interface. This article summarizes some of the scanning probe microscopy based strategies for interrogating local electrochemical and ion transport processes based on local probing (continued on next page) 55

Black, Strelcov, Balke, and Kalinin (continued from previous page)

and device-like configurations. While SPM can be envisioned as (a) a nanoscale electrode, transition to the nanoscale all but excludes classical electrochemical strategies based on detection of faradaic and capacitive currents. However, SPM can access the broad panoply of parameters indirectly related to the electrochemical state of the system, including local potentials, strain response, and conductive currents. Extending beyond the forcebased techniques discussed here, hysteresis in conductive currents can be used to map electrochemical processes at the sub-10 nanometer and, potentially, atomic levels.37, 38 The challenge in these techniques is twofold. The first (b) (d) challenge is the proper calibration of the system, i.e., determination of the absolute response of the material, e.g., surface deformation (nm), dynamic electromechanical response (nm/V), current hysteresis, and so on. The second challenge is analysis of the corresponding phenomena, i.e., relating measured responses to parameters of interest, including Vegard coefficients and electrostriction constants, diffusion coefficients and mobilities, ionic concentrations, (e) (c) and bias dependent reaction rates. Related to this challenge is the separation of multiple responses, e.g., piezochemical strains and electrostatic forces. While complex in general, the huge promise of this line of research is hard to exaggerate — basically, it provides the pathway for quantitative electrochemical measurements below the 10 nm level at the level of veracity of classical electrochemical techniques such as impedance spectroscopy. More complex is the issue of undetermined surface states in electrochemical systems, which Fig. 3. Surface ionic dynamics in lateral devices: (a) Schematic of the tr-KPFM technique; (b) 3D plot of surface can be significantly different potential in Ca-BFO as a function of time and distance; note how potential drops at t = 10s, as the electrode bias is from the bulk due to surface switched off; (c) – (e) temporal evolution of the surface potential profiles at different temperatures and polarizing reconstructions, contamination biases; panels (c) and (d) show data for a pristine device, panel (e) for pre-activated film; arrows indicate direction effects, etc. This problem is not of change over time; note formation of a virtual electrode in panel (e). Figure adapted from ref. [27]. unlike that in the classical surface science of semiconductors and metals. However, these systems allow probes is an emergent area of great interest. development of specialized SPM systems, for probing in the ultrahigh vacuum This includes in situ SPM — scanning including high pressure high temperature environment, where the surface is stabilized transmission electron microscopy to image cells for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) kinetically. For electrochemical systems, atomic structures and chemical states by and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) this approach is inapplicable, since our electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) fuel cells and electrochemical probes for interest is functionality related to ionic imaging39 (see manuscript by Borisevich, imaging in liquid electrolytes. motion and reactions. Correspondingly, Finally, SPM generally allows only et al., in this issue), SPM-focused X-ray this will require imaging under in situ and mesoscopic information to be gathered. In to map local crystal structure changes, and in operando conditions, while maintaining situ combinations of SPM as a local method SPM-near field optical spectroscopies to the electrochemical potential of a volatile to induce local electrochemical reactions gain local chemical information. All of these component. In many cases, this will require with high resolution structural or chemical present exciting possibilities for the future.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Fig. 4. Comparison of the anion (a) and cation (b) MD density distribution and the experimental force data (> 50% probability) at the PZC. Comparison of experimental force separation curves under bias as 2-d histogram with MD simulations of cation and anion positions for positive (c) and negative potentials (d). The white line denotes the position of the electrode surface. Number density profiles of cations (e) and anions (f) near the electrode surface as a function of applied potential. The potential of zero charge (PZC) is indicated as a red line. Figure adapted from ref. [36].

Acknowledgments Static ESM and force volume experiments (JB) were supported by the Fluid Interface Reactions, Structures and Transport (FIRST), an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy,

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Dynamic ESM experiments (NB) were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division through the Office of Science Early Career Research Program. tr-KPFM experiments (ES) and

support for SVK were provided by the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy. (continued on next page)

Black, Strelcov, Balke, and Kalinin (continued from previous page)

About the Authors Jennifer Black received her BSc in Chemistry from Cape Breton University in 2006. She did her PhD at Dalhousie University under the supervision of Professor Heather Andreas focusing on the self-discharge mechanisms of electrochemical double-layer capacitors. From 2011-2012 she worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the Ohio State University in the group of Dr. Anne Co researching anode materials for lithium ion batteries and developing metallic foams for catalysis. She joined Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a postdoctoral researcher in 2012 where her current research focuses on the nanoscale characterization of energy storage materials using scanning probe microscopy. She may be reached at blackjm@ornl.gov. Evgheni Strelcov has been a Postdoctoral Associate at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory since 2011. He received his PhD in Applied Physics in 2011 from Southern Illinois University and MS degree in Inorganic Chemistry in 2004 from Moldova State University, Moldova. He has published about 30 papers and been recognized with several distinguished awards, including Government Scholarship from Moldovian Prime Minister. His research interests include advanced scanning probe microscopy, bias-induced transformations in low dimensional materials, and gas sensorics. He may be reached at strelcove@ ornl.gov. Nina Balke is a research staff member in the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, TN. In 2006, she earned her PhD in Materials Sciences at the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany working with ferroelectric ceramics. After being a FeodorLynen fellow at the University of California in Berkeley in the group of R. Ramesh she transitioned to CNMS in 2009 and is now working on nanoscale characterization of electromechanical effects in oxides focusing on energy storage materials. Her work was awarded the Department of Energy Early 58

Career Research Award in 2011 and the American Ceramic Society’s Robert L. Coble Award for Young Scholars in 2013. She may be reached at balken@ornl.gov. Sergei V. Kalinin is a distinguished research staff member at the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (CNMS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and a Theme leader for Electronic and Ionic Functionality on the Nanoscale (at ORNL since 2002). He also holds an Adjunct Associate Professor position at Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Tennessee-Knoxville, and Adjunct Faculty position at Pennsylvania State University. He received my PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 2002, followed by the Wigner fellowship at ORNL (2002-2004). Sergei is a recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) in 2009, Burton medal of Microscopy Society of America in 2010, American Vacuum Society 2008 Peter Mark Memorial Award, 2010 and 2008 R&D100 Awards, 2003 Ross Coffin Award and 2009 Robert L. Coble Awards of American Ceramics Society, and a number of other distinctions. His research interests include coupling between electromechanical, electrical and transport phenomena on the nanoscale. Sergei has published over 300 peer-reviewed publications and edited 3 books. He has organized numerous symposia and workshops, including an International workshop series on Piezoresponse Force and Electrochemical Strain Microscopies held at 16 locations worldwide. He may be reached at sergei2@ornl.gov.

References 1. G. Binnig, C. F. Quate, and C. Gerber, Phys. Rev. Lett., 56, 930 (1986). 2. S. Sadewasser and T. Glatzel, Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Measuring and Compensating Electrostatic Forces, p. 331, Springer-Verlag, New York (2012). 3. W. Melitz, J. Shen, A. C. Kummel, and S. Lee, Surf. Sci. Rep., 66, 1 (2011). 4. A. Liscio, V. Palermo, and P. Samorì, Accounts Chem. Res., 43, 541 (2010). 5. H. Kim and D.-W. Kim, Appl. Phys. A, 102, 949 (2011). 6. G. G. Amatucci, J. M. Tarascon, and L. C. Klein, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 1114 (1996). 7. X. Y. Chen, J. S. Yu, and S. B. Adler, Chem. Mater., 17, 4537 (2005). 8. M. M. Hantel, V. Presser, R. Kötz, and Y. Gogotsi, Electrochem. Commun., 13, 1221 (2011).

9. A. N. Morozovska, E. A. Eliseev, and S. V. Kalinin, Appl. Phys. Lett., 96 (2010). 10. J. M. Black, G. Feng, P. F. Fulvio, P. C. Hillesheim, S. Dai, Y. Gogotsi, P. T. Cummings, S. V. Kalinin, and N. Balke, Adv. Energy Mater., 4, 1300683 (2014). 11. A. N. Morozovska, E. A. Eliseev, S. L. Bravina, F. Ciucci, G. S. Svechnikov, L. Q. Chen, and S. V. Kalinin, J. Appl. Phys., 111 (2012). 12. A. N. Morozovska, E. A. Eliseev, and S. V. Kalinin, J. Appl. Phys., 111 (2012). 13. A. N. Morozovska, E. A. Eliseev, A. K. Tagantsev, S. L. Bravina, L. Q. Chen, and S. V. Kalinin, Phys. Rev. B, 83 (2011). 14. N. Balke, S. Kalnaus, N. J. Dudney, C. Daniel, S. Jesse, and S. V. Kalinin, Nano Lett., 12, 3399 (2012). 15. N. Balke, S. Jesse, A. N. Morozovska, E. Eliseev, D. W. Chung, Y. Kim, L. Adamczyk, R. E. Garcia, N. Dudney, and S. V. Kalinin, Nat. Nanotechnol., 5, 749 (2010). 16. N. Balke, S. Jesse, Y. Kim, L. Adamczyk, A. Tselev, I. N. Ivanov, N. J. Dudney, and S. V. Kalinin, Nano Lett., 10, 3420 (2010). 17. A. Kumar, F. Ciucci, A. N. Morozovska, S. V. Kalinin, and S. Jesse, Nat. Chem., 3, 707 (2011). 18. A. Kumar, S. Jesse, A. N. Morozovska, E. Eliseev, A. Tebano, N. Yang, and S. V. Kalinin, Nanotechnology, 24, 145401 (2013). 19. D. N. Leonard, A. Kumar, S. Jesse, M. D. Biegalski, H. M. Christen, E. Mutoro, E. J. Crumlin, Y. Shao-Horn, S. V. Kalinin, and A. Y. Borisevich, Adv. Energy Mater., 3, 788 (2013). 20. S. Doria, N. Yang, A. Kumar, S. Jesse, A. Tebano, C. Aruta, E. Di Bartolomeo, T. M. Arruda, S. V. Kalinin, S. Licoccia, and G. Balestrino, Appl. Phys. Lett., 103, 171605 (2013). 21. D. W. Chung, N. Balke, S. V. Kalinin, and R. E. Garcia, J. Electrochem. Soc., 158, A1083 (2011). 22. S. Jesse, N. Balke, E. Eliseev, A. Tselev, N. J. Dudney, A. N. Morozovska, and S. V. Kalinin, ACS Nano, 5, 9682 (2011). 23. T. M. Arruda, A. Kumar, S. V. Kalinin, and S. Jesse, Nanotechnology, 23, 325402 (2012). 24. T. M. Arruda, A. Kumar, S. V. Kalinin, and S. Jesse, Nano Lett., 11, 4161 (2011). 25. S. V. Kalinin and D. A. Bonnell, J. of Appl. Phys, 91, 832 (2002). 26. L. S. C. Pingree, D. B. Rodovsky, D. C. Coffey, G. P. Bartholomew, and D. S. Ginger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129, 15903 (2007). 27. E. Strelcov, S. Jesse, Y.-L. Huang, Y.C. Teng, I. I. Kravchenko, Y.-H. Chu, and S. V. Kalinin, ACS Nano, 7, 6806 (2013). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

28. E. Strelcov, A. V. Ievlev, S. Jesse, I. I. Kravchenko, V. Y. Shur, and S. V. Kalinin, Adv. Mater., 26, 958 (2014). 29. R. Atkin, N. Borisenko, M. Drueschler, S. Z. El Abedin, F. Endres, R. Hayes, B. Huber, and B. Roling, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 13, 6849 (2011). 30. R. Atkin, S. Z. El Abedin, R. Hayes, L. H. S. Gasparotto, N. Borisenko, and F. Endres, J. Phys. Chem. C, 113, 13266 (2009). 31. F. Endres, N. Borisenko, S. Z. El Abedin, R. Hayes, and R. Atkin, Faraday Discuss., 154, 221 (2012).

32. R. Hayes, N. Borisenko, M. K. Tam, P. C. Howlett, F. Endres, and R. Atkin, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 6855 (2011). 33. S. Perkin, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 14, 5052 (2012). 34. S. Perkin, L. Crowhurst, H. Niedermeyer, T. Welton, A. M. Smith, and N. N. Gosvami, Chem. Comm., 47, 6572 (2011). 35. R. Atkin and G. G. Warr, J. Phys. Chem. C, 111, 5162 (2007). 36. J. M. Black, D. Walters, A. Labuda, G. Feng, P. C. Hillesheim, S. Dai, P. T. Cummings, S. V. Kalinin, R. Proksch, and N. Balke, Nano Lett., 13, 5954 (2013).

37. Y.-H. Hsieh, E. Strelcov, J.-M. Liou, C-Y. Shen, Y-C. Chen, S. V. Kalinin, and Y.-H. Chu, ACS Nano, 7, 8627,(2013). 38. E. Strelcov, Y. Kim, S. Jesse, Y. Cao, I. Ivanov, I. Kravchenko, C.-H. Wang, Y-C. Teng, L.-Q. Chen, Y. H. Chu, and S. V. Kalinin, Nano Lett., 13, 3455 (2013). 39. H. Chang, S. V. Kalinin, S. Yang, P. Yu, S. Bhattacharya, P. P. Wu, N. Balke, S. Jesse, L. Q. Chen, R. Ramesh, S. J. Pennycook, and A. Y. Borisevich, J. Appl. Phys. 110, 052014 (2011).

226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society

CANCUN

Mexico October 5-10, 2014

XXIX Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de ElectroquĂmica

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2014 ECS and SMEQ

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ECS Future Meetings 2014 ECS and SMEQ

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October 1-6, 2017 Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

www.electrochem.org/meetings The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Volume 61– O r l a n d o , F l o r i d a from the Orlando meeting, May 11—May 15, 2014 The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Orlando meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in soft or hard cover editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Functional Electron Microscopy for Electrochemistry Research: From the Atomic to the Micro Scale by Albina Y. Borisevich, Miaofang Chi, and Ray Unocic

he operation of batteries, fuel cells, and other energy storage and conversion devices is underpinned by the intricate synergy of ion transport, phase transformations, and electrochemical reactions. While electrochemical processes in well-defined molecular systems are amenable to classical chemical techniques including in situ optical spectroscopies and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), phase transformations and reactivity in solids and at solid interfaces remain largely an enigma. The presence of multiple types of structural defects and imperfections, competing electron and ion transport pathways, and multiple possible surface reconstruction types, combined with the directionality of ion flows and state of charge transformation fronts render these phenomena inaccessible to macroscopic interrogation techniques. At the same time, knowledge of the individual mechanisms involved in electrochemical reactivity of solids at the level of individual, atomic size structural elements is required for understanding the fundamental mechanisms of energy storage, factors controlling charge/discharge rates, degradation and failure processes, and ultimately knowledge-driven prediction and optimization of energy materials.1-3 In the last 15 years, a number of remarkable breakthroughs in aberration correction in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) have opened possibilities for sub-angstrom characterization of materials, both from structural and chemical points of view (see schematic of a STEM in the center of Fig.1). With achievable resolution as low as 0.5 Å,4 imaging single atoms became routine, and it became possible to identify a single atom both from imaging5 and from spectroscopic signals.6,7 For crystals, collection of twodimensional, atomic resolution chemical maps became feasible,8,9 and imaging of light element columns such as lithium10,11 and even hydrogen12 has been reported. Alongside these developments in the world of ultra-high resolution, there has been remarkable development in a variety of in situ techniques and platforms enabling observation of dynamic processes under a variety of external stimuli inside an electron microscope. The progress made is evident, and is manifested in the advances in in situ mechanical testing of micro- and nanoscale objects,13-15 in studies of heterogeneous catalysts at elevated temperatures and in gaseous atmosphere while preserving high resolution,16-18 and in imaging of processes occurring in liquids19. Another growth area The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Fig. 1. (Aberration corrected) STEM: a variety of detectors and experimental approaches.

within the in situ electron microscopy field involves the application of bias inside the microscope. A variety of approaches have been reported, from uniform biasing of specially fabricated specimens20 to using a setup with a moveable tip to apply the bias locally.21,22 While most of the results reported thus far deal with ferroelectric switching, materials such as oxygen conductors23 and resistive memories24 can also be characterized using in situ biasing. An especially interesting variation involves the use of vacuum-compatible ionic liquids.25 In this article, we present the possibilities that STEM and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) offer in terms of probing fundamental aspects of electrochemical systems by combining electron microscopy with in situ control of local electrochemical potentials by tuning the atmosphere, by biasing, or using a liquid environment. A graphical summary of the available methods is given in Fig.1, with several examples below. The examples discussed herein will follow Fig. 1 clockwise from the upper right, starting with high resolution investigations in static or ex situ conditions and ending with in situ electrochemical liquid cell studies. One of the beneficial consequences of the higher resolution of the aberrationcorrected microscopes has been a marked improvement in signal to noise ratio of the images, enabling detection of structural distortions down to the single picometers level. This capability was most extensively utilized to probe ferroelectric materials,

where off-center displacements of metal cations in the unit cell are directly related to ferroelectric polarization.26-30 However, the same capability can be utilized for atomiclevel studies of the oxygen conducting oxides used in solid oxide fuel cells based on their chemical expansivity behavior. Chemical expansivity refers to the expansion of some oxygen conducting materials in a reducing atmosphere and is well known in the field of solid state electrochemistry.31 Their expansion scales linearly with the log of oxygen partial pressure and can be detected dilatometrically.31,32 In Ref. [33], Kim and coworkers have demonstrated that the concept of chemical expansivity can be extended all the way to atomic level, showing that local lattice spacings measured from high-angle annular darkfield (HAADF) STEM images are linearly related to the local oxygen content. They studied La0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ (LSCO) thin films on lanthanum strontium aluminum tantalate (LSAT) and neodymium gallate (NGO) substrates. Both films demonstrated lattice parameter modulations; EELS studies were used to show that the modulation was associated with oxygen vacancy ordering, with larger local lattice spacing corresponding to an oxygen-depleted layer (Fig. 2a). The LSCO/NGO film was identified as brownmillerite La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.5 via a detailed structural study, while the observed chemical expansion in LSCO/LSAT film was lower. First principles calculations were (continued on next page) 61

Borisevich, Chi, and Unocic (continued from previous page)

then used to demonstrate that local lattice spacing changes increased linearly with the number of oxygen vacancies. The results of the calculations, which matched very well with experimental measurements of layer spacings in La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.5, were then used as a calibration curve to recalculate lattice spacings into a local oxygen content (Fig. 2b, c). From this interpretation, the average composition of the LSCO/LSAT thin film was determined to be La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.75. This film showed considerable local inhomogeneity, highlighting the capabilities of the method to detect both global composition and local variations.33 Distribution of oxygen vacancies and the emergence of vacancy ordering are of

critical importance to ionic conductivity,2 and changes in the vacancy distribution under a given operating condition can have a profound effect on the longevity of the material. While the fine structural analysis used by Kim et al.33 is not yet feasible under bias or other realistic conditions, ex situ studies, when materials are being investigated before and after external stimuli are applied, can provide initial insights. Recently, Leonard et al.34 used Electrochemical Strain Microscopy (ESM)35 to subject different areas of the La0.8Sr0.2CoO3-Î´ (LSCO) thin film on yttria stabilized zirconia to bias cycling with different amplitudes. The deformation hysteresis loops resulting from the cycling were recorded. Additionally, bias cycling produced visible and irreversible deformation of the surface, the extent of which varied with the amplitude of the

bias applied (see AFM image in Fig. 2d). To examine the nature of the structural changes, a focused ion beam was used to make a STEM specimen with individually addressable windows for each applied bias value (Fig. 2e). Most of the visible deformation was attributed to surface amorphization and the formation of voids; however, changes to the crystalline structure as a function of bias were also detected. Fig. 2f shows a HAADF STEM image of LSCO crystal lattice showing some lattice modulation, using the same approach as Kim et al.36 The spacing map derived from the area in the red square shows that the ordering is not homogeneous. Leonard et al. collected a sampling of such maps for regions for each value of bias amplitude. Using the average difference between high and low lattice spacings as a measure of the degree of order,

Fig. 2. Oxygen vacancy mapping at high resolution (a) HAADF image of a vacancy ordered LSCO film, with overlapping HAADF profile (teal) and O K EELS edge intensity profile (green); oxygen depleted planes are highlighted with arrows. (b, c) Lattice spacing/ local oxygen concentration maps for (b) LSCO/NGO and (c) LSCO/LSAT films, illustrating differences in overall oxygen concentration and local degree of disorder. (d) AFM topography image of an LSCO thin film after bias cycling at (left to right) 5 V, 9 V, 15 V, 13 V, and 11 V respectively. (e) SE micrograph of STEM sample after FIB final thinning of ESM bias cycled regions. (f) A typical STEM image of a vacancy ordered region of LSCO thin film and the lattice spacing map computed from the region in the red box. (g) The difference between the highest and the lowest spacings in maps such as Fig. 2f for areas cycled at different bias values (adapted from Refs. 33,34). 62

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g) Substrate

LIPON

LCO

Si SiPt LIPON LIPON (anode) (pre-formed SEI (pre-formed ) SEI(anode) )

(f)

LiLi SiSi

Substrate

1 µm

LIPON

Fig. 3. (a, b) Atomic resolution Z-contrast images of pristine (a) and after 10 cycles (2-4.8V) (b) of Li-rich layered Li[Ni1/5Li1/5Mn3/5]O2 grains along the [100] zone axis. The surface structural transformation due to TM ions migration to lithium sites after cycling partially blocks the Li transport pathway, as schematically shown by dashed arrows; small orange arrows show observed TM migration in grain bulk (less pronounced than at the surface). (c) EELS fine structures of O-K and Mn-L edges proves the surface structural transformation. (d) Li-K edge spectra show significant Li loss at the surface of cycled particles. EELS spectra of MnO2, LiF and NiO used for MLLS fitting are also displayed for reference. (e) The schematic of low-noise, high-stability biasing stage developed for in situ atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopy upon electrochemical cycling in all-solid-batteries. (f) TEM image of the e- beam transparent window before cycling (g), and elemental maps of each component after one charge-discharge cycle inside an electron microscope between 1.5-3.6V (panels a-d adapted from Ref.37).

they showed that the degree of order increased after bias cycling, however the increase was independent of the bias amplitude (Fig. 2g). This finding suggests that vacancy ordering is thermodynamically favorable, however kinetically hindered under the growth conditions. Bias cycling effectively “anneals” vacancies to the favorable ordered state. Of equal interest are the atomic-scale investigations of structural and electronic structures of materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIB). The presence of mobile (at room temperature) ions in these materials renders them extremely sensitive to the electron beam. Recently it has been demonstrated that the combination of Z-contrast imaging and EELS is an ideal technique for studying cycling or degradation mechanisms of LIB electrode materials, especially for cathodes based on transition metal intercalation oxides. These materials consist of a largely unchangeable host with specific sites wherein Li ions intercalate. While charging, Li ions are extracted from the cathode host and solvate into and move through the non-aqueous electrolytes. The charge balance during Li extraction is retained by the oxidation of transition metal(s) in the material. During discharge, lithium ions are expected to insert back to the lattice frame fully while the transition metal(s) is/are reduced to their original states. The structural and chemical stabilities of the material at the atomic/ionic scale upon electrochemical cycling thus heavily affects its reversible capacity and operating voltage, which directly determines the energy density and longevity of the LIB. Recent electron microscopy studies have revealed unexpected structural and chemical evolutions at atomic-scale, which can rarely be detected by other characterization techniques.37-45 As an example of such work, Fig. 3a-d (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Borisevich, Chi, and Unocic (continued from previous page)

delineates the atomic structure and chemical evolution upon electrochemical cycling of Li[Ni1/5Li1/5Mn3/5]O2 grains that belong to the family of Li-excess layered oxide compounds used as high voltage cathode materials. The Z-contrast images and EELS fine structures of the pristine material were compared with one that had undergone 10 charge-discharge cycles (2-4.8 V).37 While the crystal structure retains alternating layer characteristics in the bulk of the grain, the grain surface undergoes phase transformation to a defective spinel structure, evidenced by atomic scale Z-contrast imaging (Fig. 3a, b). The significantly increased contrast at Li layers indicates the migration of a large amount of transition metal ions to lithium sites. This result is further confirmed by high resolution EELS, where a dramatic drop of the O-K edge and the reduction of the Mn valence state are revealed at the surface region of the cycled grains (Fig. 3c). Correspondingly, the Li concentration is reduced by 40%, as quantified by the analysis of the EELS spectra (Fig. 3d). The transition metal ions that enter the lithium layer are not removable during subsequent cycling and hence partially block the lithium diffusion pathways. Such interfacial atomic structure transformation may be one of the factors that cause the intrinsically poor rate capability of this series of materials and the low Li chemical diffusion coefficient in the platueau region during delithiation.37 This work paves the way for exploring potential surface modification strategies, such as local coating and doping, to optimize the structural and electrochemical performance of this (and similar) series of materials. The combination of Z-contrast imaging and EELS analysis provides exclusive local and quantitative information on material composition and structure up to atomic scale. However, to provide a thorough understanding of the microstructural and compositional evolution during every critical charge transfer and transport process in battery materials, in situ electron microscopy has to be developed and coupled with ex situ characterization. Most of the current efforts on in situ microscopy for battery research have focused on tip-based biasing or liquid-cell based configurations. These in situ studies have greatly promoted the capability of electron microscopy in terms of directly observing the microstructural evolution in battery systems.46-48 However, atomic-scale investigations, such as local chemical analysis and atomic-resolution Z-contrast imaging are still very challenging under operando conditions because of (1) a limited stage stability of currently available biasing holders, (2) intrinsic restrictions in configuring a full-cell nanobattery that allows practical electrochemical cycling, and/or (3) the inherent limitations of spatial and energy resolutions due to electron scattering through the membrane and solution in liquid cell-based devices. 64

We recently developed an in situ biasing stage based on direct connection of an allsolid nanobattery to two fixed contacts, providing a relatively robust design for in situ TEM observations at atomic resolution. The schematic of the design is shown in Fig. 3e. Such design allows the combination of in situ analysis with a complete suite of advanced electron microscopy techniques such as atomic-resolution imaging, EELS analysis and diffraction, which are difficult to achieve with other existing in situ TEM setups. This configuration is believed to enable direct observation of Li diffusion, transition metal valence alteration, and composition/structural evolution over a wide length scale, from µm to Å, under electrochemical bias. This approach was demonstrated via in situ studies of an active battery structure as illustrated in Fig. 3f-g, depicting elemental maps of each component in the nanobattery after one charge-discharge cycle inside an electron microscope between 1.5-3.6 V. This nanobattery was composed of Al2O3 (substrate), Au (current collector), LiCoO2 (cathode), LIPON (lithium phosphorus oxynitride, electrolyte), Si (anode), Pt (current collector), and W (FIB protective layer). EELS spectrum-imaging was performed to monitor lithium migration and transition metal oxidizing/reducing characteristics during cycling. Detailed dynamic electronic structural evolution of each component can be investigated using such a configuration. For example, as shown in Fig. 3g, the lithium in LIPON can be differentiated from that in LiCoO2 by selecting their characteristic fingerprints in the EELS fine structure. It is important to point out that further improvements of such in situ stages (in terms of stage titling flexibility, stability, and the incorporation of cooling and vacuum-transfer systems) are needed for atomic-resolution studies in battery research. A variety of in situ TEM characterization platforms have been developed and recently utilized to probe electrochemical processes in real time and with high spatial resolution in terms of structural and chemical changes as a result of electrical stimuli. These electrochemical measurement platforms can be subdivided into two categories: an open cell electrical biasing platform and a closed electrochemical cell platform. In the open cell configuration, an in situ TEM biasing system is used to apply a potential difference between electrodes to induce structural and chemical changes. Specific to Li-ion battery research, structural changes in SnO2 nanowire electrodes have been studied during Li intercalation in experiments facilitated by the use of TEM vacuum-compatible, ionic liquid-based electrolytes as a medium for Liion transport.49,50 Organic and aqueous based electrolytes have a high vapor pressure and would readily evaporate when placed in the high vacuum environment of the electron microscope; therefore, an alternative method has been developed.

In situ liquid cell microscopy is a rapidly emerging in situ S/TEM based characterization technique that allows for the direct imaging and analysis of liquid phase phenomena at high spatial and temporal resolution.19 This method utilizes microfabricated silicon microchip devices to encapsulate thin layers of liquid electrolyte between electron transparent silicon nitride membranes. The entire assembly is contained within vacuum-tight in situ TEM holders. The silicon nitride membranes provide an electron transparent media through which evolving chemical processes within a liquid environment can be directly imaged and analyzed. Modification of the liquid cell microchip platform with microelectrodes has opened a new pathway to investigate electrochemical processes in a technique termed in situ electrochemical S/TEM (In situ ec-S/TEM). Here the “onchip” microelectrodes are interfaced with electrical biasing contacts that are embedded within the tip of the vacuum-tight in situ TEM holders, which are in turn interfaced with a potentiostat for electroanalytical studies. The electrochemical microchip devices along with the in situ TEM holder can be seen in Fig. 4 a-d. With this system, the reactions kinetics and mechanisms of electrochemical processes have been explored. For example, Unocic et al.51 have applied several electroanalytical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, chronamperomety, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to demonstrate how quantitative electrochemical measurements can be performed using these microfluidic electrochemical cells with microfabricated microelectrodes using a ferri-ferrocyanide redox reaction couple. They also showed that the results could be quantitatively analyzed and compared with wellestablished theories in electrochemistry. Additional electrochemical studies using this approach have elucidated dynamics of metal nanoparticle nucleation and growth under galvanostatic electrodepositon conditions, which were then compared with electrochemical nucleation rate theory.52,53 Similar studies have been used to investigate the electrodeposition of Ni films from an aqueous NiCl2 electrolyte and Pb dendrites from an aqueous Pb(NO3)2 electrolyte under constant potential.54,55 Related to lithium ion battery research, this technique has recently been used to visualize the lithiation and delithiation of silicon nanowires,56 to track ionic transport in LiFePO457 and to investigate the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer in lithium ion batteries46 using organic battery electrolytes as shown in Fig. 4e. This article summarizes some recent advances in electron microscopy based studies of electrochemical processes in solids and at solid-liquid and solid-gas interfaces. STEM/EELS directly probes a broad range of parameters related to the electrochemical state of the system, including local atomic configurations, bond length and angles, The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

About the Authors Albina Borisevich studied materials science and engineering at the University of Pennsylvania in 19982002, focusing in her PhD work on structural studies and solid state chemistry of oxides for microwave applications. She joined the electron microscopy group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow in 2002, exploring atomic scale structure of catalysts and new applications of aberration correction such as 3D imaging. Dr. Borisevich became a staff member in 2006 and PI in 2009. Her current research interests encompass atomic-scale mapping of structural distortions in ferroelectric and oxygen conducting oxides, in-situ biasing studies, physics of oxide interfaces, and oxygen vacancy dynamics. She may be reached at albinab@ornl.gov.

Fig. 4. (a) Assembly view of in situ electrochemical S/TEM holder which utilizes silicon microchip devices to seal volatile liquid electrolyte between electron transparent SiNx viewing membranes. SEM images of the silicon microchips showing the microfabricated features of the (b) spacer microchip and (c, d) electrochemical microchip.51 These platforms have been used to study the dynamics of (e) SEI formation on a gold electrode for lithium ion battery studies.46

and valence states and orbital populations of atoms on the individual column level. The challenge in the development of these techniques is now twofold. The first one is common to all S/TEM techniques, which is the continued need for increase in resolution, both spatial (for imaging) and energy (for spectroscopy). With improvements to the current state of the art, electron microscopes will be able to directly probe anisotropic Debye-Waller factors, analyze vibrational modes, and evaluate magnetic states of a single atom. The second challenge is related to electrochemical aspects, and consequently to the necessity to control and probe the local electrochemical potentials and ionic flows in the active region under investigation. This necessitates development of stable electrochemical cells that can support highresolution studies, while at the same time being able to control global potential and allow local interrogation (e.g., based on SPM) of electrochemical behavior. Some recent results58-60 suggest that the electron beam can affect the state of materials, offering both an opportunity and a hindrance for probing local electrochemical processes. Finally, of direct interest is the coupling of the local structural and electrochemical The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

behavior into the functionality of a given material under study, and using this information to develop and refine predictive theories. Overall, the combination of STEM/EELS with dynamic electrochemical probing promises to provide an outstanding tool for the exploration of electrochemical systems at hitherto unreachable levels of magnification and resolution.

Acknowledgments This research was supported in part by the Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (MC, RRU), which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy, and also by the Materials Sciences and Engineering Division (AYB), Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy and through user projects supported by Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, which is sponsored at Oak Ridge National Laboratory by the Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, U.S. Department of Energy.

Miaofang Chi studied materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis during 20032008. Her PhD research was focused on the investigation of microstructure-property correlations in complex oxides and the applications of atomicresolution imaging and spectroscopy to planetary science. She joined the microscopy group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 2008 as a research staff member. Her current research is focused on atomic-scale understanding of ionic diffusion behavior at local nanoscale features, such as defects and interfaces, in energy materials. She may be reached at chim@ornl.gov. Raymond R. Unocic is a R&D Staff Scientist in Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) Center for Nanophase Materials Science Division. Prior to the ORNL appointment, he received his BS in Metallurgical Engineering from the Ohio State University, MS in Materials Science and Engineering from Lehigh University, and PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from the Ohio State University (2008). In 2009 he joined ORNL under the Alvin M. Weinberg Early Career Fellowship then transitioned to Staff Scientist in 2011. His research is focused on the utilization of advanced electron microscopy characterization methods (aberration corrected STEM, HRTEM, EELS, EFTEM, EDS, and in situ S/TEM) (continued on next page) 65

Borisevich, Chi, and Unocic (continued from previous page)

for materials research. His current research interests are centered on the development and application of novel in situ electrochemical S/TEM characterization techniques to probe site-specific electrochemical processes for batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. He may be reached at unocicrr@ornl.gov.

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16. S. R. Zhang, et al., Accounts of Chemical Research, 46, 1731 (2013). 17. J. Y. Liu, Chemcatchem, 3, 934 (2011). 18. P. L. Hansen, S. Helveg, and A. K. Datye, Advances in Catalysis, 50, 77 (2006). 19. N. de Jonge and F. M. Ross, Nature Nanotechnology, 6, 695 (2011). 20. X. L. Tan, H. He, and J. K. Shang, Journal of Materials Research, 20, 1641 (2005). 21. C. T. Nelson, et al., Science, 334, 968 (2011). 22. P. Gao, et al., Advanced Materials, 24, 1106 (2012). 23. P. Gao, et al., Micron, 41, 301 (2010). 24. Y. C. Yang, et al., Nature Communications, 3, 732 (2012). 25. T. Torimoto, T. Tsuda, K. Okazaki, and S. Kuwabata, Advanced Materials, 22, 1196 (2010). 26. C. L. Jia, et al., Nature Materials, 7, 57 (2008). 27. C. L. Jia, et al., Nature Materials, 6, 64 (2007). 28. M. F. Chisholm, W. D. Luo, M. P. Oxley, S. T. Pantelides, and H. N. Lee, Physical Review Letters, 105, 197602 (2010). 29. H. J. Chang, et al., Advanced Materials, 23, 2474 (2011). 30. C. T. Nelson, et al., Nano Letters, 11, 828 (2011). 31. S. B. Adler, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 84, 2117 (2001). 32. E. V. Tsipis, et al., Solid State Ionics, 192, 42 (2011). 33. Y. M. Kim, et al., Nat Mater 11, 888 (2012). 34. D. N. Leonard, et al., Advanced Energy Materials, 3, 788 (2013). 35. A. Kumar, F. Ciucci, A. N. Morozovska, S. V. Kalinin, and S. Jesse, Nature Chemistry, 3, 707 (2011). 36. Y.-M. Kim, et al., Nature Materials, 11, 888 (2012). 37. K. J. Carroll, et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 11128 (2013). 38. C. R. Fell, M. F. Chi, Y. S. Meng, and J. L. Jones, Solid State Ionics, 207, 44 (2012).

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The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

226th Meeting of The Electrochemical Society XXIX Congreso de la Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica 7th Meeting of the Mexico Section of The Electrochemical Society

2014 ECS and SMEQ

CANCUN

Joint International Meeting

Mexico October 5-10, 2014 Moon Palace Resort

General Topics • • • • • • • •

Batteries and Energy Storage Chemical and Biological Sensors Corrosion Science and Technology Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition Electrochemical Engineering Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion Organic and Bioelectrochemistry Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

• • • • • •

Carbon Nanostructures and Devices Dielectric Science and Materials Electronic Materials and Processing Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing Physical Sensors

*Please carefully check the symposium listings; some abstracts may have alternate submission deadlines.

Now Available! Discounted all-inclusive hotel rates are now available at the meeting headquarters hotel, the Moon Palace Resort. The early-bird reservation deadline is September 5, 2014 or until the block sells out, whichever comes first! Check the ECS website for the latest hotel information.

Important Deadlines . . . • Early-bird registration opens in July 2014 – Deadline is September 5, 2014. • Travel grants are available for student attendees and young professional (early career and

faculty) attendees. Please use the online submission system which may be found by visiting electrochem.org/travel_grants. Applications are due July 1, 2014.

• Early-bird registration and hotel discounts are available until September 5, 2014 or until the block sells out! Reserve early!

More . . . • Extend the advantage of attending the ECS meeting by signing up for a one-day Short Course on

•

Sunday, October 5. Just some of the topics are: impedance spectroscopy, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, fundamentals of electrochemistry, and more. Listen to what some of past attendees have to say… “Great opportunity to learn from someone at the forefront of the topic.” (from a master’s degree student); and “This course fulfilled my expectations.” (from an R&D scientist at electroplating company). Check the ECS website for the final list of courses offered at the ECS meeting in Cancun. Full papers presented at ECS meetings will be published in ECS Transactions. Visit the ECS website for more details.

Please visit the Cancun Meeting page for more information:

www.electrochem.org/cancun

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts Georgia Section The Georgia Section and the Atlanta Student Chapter of the Electrochemical Society hosted a joint meeting on Friday, April 18, 2014 at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, GA. The event attracted roughly 50 professors, postdoctoral associates, graduate students, and undergraduates from Clemson University, Georgia Tech, Tennessee Tech, The University of Georgia, and The University of Tennessee. The meeting featured an invited talk by Krishnan Rajeshwar, ECS Vice President, and Interim Associate Vice President for Research at the University of Texas, Arlington. His talk, entitled, “Bioinspired Systems for Energy Conversion,” provided an overview of photoelectrochemistry as applied to water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, and nitrogen fixation. In addition to this excellent plenary talk, a poster competition was held and twenty-one students presented posters covering topics ranging from fuel cells and batteries to electrochemical atomic layer deposition, gas sensing, and triboelectric nanogeneration. First prize was awarded to John Ahlfield (Georgia Tech) for his poster entitled, “Materials and Cell Designs for Alkaline Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.” Alireza Mahdavifar (Georgia Tech) won the second prize with his poster, “Ultra-Low Power Fast Micro Thermal Conductivity Sensor for Gas Detection and GC Purposes.” Kaushik Jagannathan (University of Georgia) and Maria Ledina (University of Georgia) tied for third place with their posters “Studies on Hydrogen Sorption and Its Kinetics from Pt Modified Pd Nanofilms” and “Investigation into the Electrochemical Formation of the Germanium Analog of Graphene (Germanene) by E-ALD,” respectively. The organizers would like to thank Dr. Rajeshwar and all of the poster presenters for making the afternoon a success.

A group photograph of the meeting participants.

Winners of the poster competition, left-to-right, John Ahlfield, Alireza Mahdavifar, Maria Ledina, and Kaushik Jagannathan.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts Korea Section The Korea Section symposium was held on April 10, 2014 at Changwon Convention Center in Changwon, Korea. The symposium was organized by Yung-Eun Sung (Section Chairman) and Soo-Kil Kim (Section Secretary). It was composed of six talks on batteries, molten salt electrodeposition, organic photovoltaics, and fuel cells. At the end of the symposium, Haegyeom Kim received the 2014 Student Award of the Korea Section with a cash prize of $500 from the Society. During the symposium, he also presented his recent work titled, “Graphene-Based Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications.” He is a PhD candidate at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Korea. He received his BS degree from Hanyang University in 2009 and MS degree from KAIST in 2011. His current research interest is in the area of lithium batteries and graphene. He is the author of many papers in Nano Energy, the Journal of Materials Chemistry, Advanced Energy Materials, and others. The next award will be presented at the spring symposium of the section in 2015.

Haegyeom Kim receiving the 2014 Student Award of the Korea Section.

Haegyeom Kim giving his presentation on “Graphene-Based Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts

New Section Officers New officers for the 2014-2016 terms have been elected for the following Sections.

Arizona Section

Chair Candace Chan, Arizona State University Vice Chair Srini Raghavan, University of Arizona Secretary Don Gervasio, University of Arizona Treasurer Arunachala Kannan, Arizona State University

Brazil Section

Chair Luís Frederico Dick, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Vice Chair Hercílio de Melo, Universidade de Sao Paulo Secretary/ Treasurer Sabrina da Silva, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul

Canada Section

Chair Michael Eikerling, Simon Fraser Vice Chair Membership Thamara Laredo, Lakehead University Vice Chair Programs E. Bradley Easton, University of Ontario Institute of Technology Secretary Christa Brosseau, Saint Mary’s University Treasurer Ian Burgess, University of Saskatchewan

Chicago Section

Chair Christopher Berney, AMETEK - Scientific Instruments

Cleveland Section

Chair Irina Serebrennikova, Energizer Vice Chair Heidi Martin, Case Western Reserve University Secretary James Burgess, Case Western Reserve University Treasurer George Zheng, Energizer

Detroit Section

Chair Stephen Maldonado, University of Michigan Secretary Neil Johnson, Ricardo Inc Treasurer Jay Pyper, SkyVue Market Development

Europe Section

Chair D. Noel Buckley, University of Limerick Vice Chair Claude Levy-Clement, CNRS Secretary/ Treasurer Rabah Boukherroub, CNRS Univ of Lille

Georgia Section

Chair Peter Hesketh, Georgia Institute of Technology Vice Chair Lawrence Bottomley, Georgia Institute of Technology Secretary Baratunde Cola, Georgia Institute of Technology

We are searching for new officers. Contact Christopher Berney, at christopher.Berney@ametek.com, if interested in serving.

Treasurer Jeffrey Fergus, Auburn University

Chile Section

India Section

China Section

Vice Chair Vijayamohanan Pillai, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

Election pending. Information to come.

Chair MA Zi Feng, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Vice-Chair Yong Yao Xia, Fudan University Secretary/Treasurer Gangadhara Mathad, S/C Tech Consulting USA

Chair Kallarackel Jacob, Indian Institute of Science

Treasurer Subramanyan Vasudevan, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ech SEC TION highligh NE WS ts

Israel Section

Pittsburgh Section

Secretary Tal Amzel, Tel Aviv University

Vice Chair Prashanth Jampani Hanumantha, University of Pittsburgh

Treasurer Diana Golodnitsky, Tel-Aviv University

Secretary/ Treasurer Bharat Gattu, University of Pittsburgh

Japan Section

San Francisco Section

First Vice-Chair Hiroshi Iwai, Tokyo Institute of Technology

Vice Chair Sanjeev Sharma, Envia Systems Inc.

Second Vice-Chair Masayoshi Watanabe, Yokohama National University

Second Vice Chair Shawna Smith, Quantumscape Corporation

Secretary/Treasurer Yasushi Idemoto, Tokyo University of Science

Treasurer Oana Leonte, Berkeley Polymer Technology

Korea Section

Taiwan Section

Secretary/Treasurer Soo Kil Kim, Chung Ang University

Vice Chair Hsisheng Teng, National Cheng Kung University

Mexico Section

Secretary Wei-Nien Su, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology

Chair Daniel Mandler, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Chair Hiroshi Nishihara, The University of Tokyo

Chair Yung-Eun Sung, Seoul National University

Chair Ignacio Gonzalez, University Autonoma MetropolitanaIztapalapa Vice Chair Manuel Palomar-Pardave, U A M Secretary/ Treasurer Bernardo Frontana-Uribe, Inst de Quimica UNAM

National Capital Section

Chair Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Vice Chair Robert Kelly, University of Virginia Secretary/Treasurer Paul Natishan, Naval Research Laboratory

New England Section

Chair Clifford Walton, Calgon Carbon Corp.

Chair Feng Lin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Chair Cheng-lun Wang, Hsieh Shun Plating Co. Ltd

Treasurer Sean Lin, Cookson Electronics

Texas Section

Chair Harovel Wheat, The University of Texas at Austin Vice Chair Keith Stevenson, The University of Texas at Austin Secretary/Treasurer Guihua Yu, The University of Texas at Austin

Twin Cities Section

Chair Vincent Chevrier, 3M Company Vice Chair Peter Zhang, Medtronic Inc.

Chair Sanjeev Mukerjee, Northeastern University

Secretary Jagat Singh, 3M Company

Vice Chair Eugene Smotkin, Northeastern University

Treasurer Alan Shi, Medtronic

Secretary Aleksander Jaworski, Technic Inc. Treasurer Minhua Shao, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS

Call for Nominations For details on each award, including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable nomination form, please go to the ECS website (www.electrochem.org) and click on the “Awards” link. This will take you to a general page that will then lead to the individual awards. The awards are grouped in one of four categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Click on one of these sub-links to find the individual award. Please see each for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or you may contact the ECS headquarters office by using the contact information on the awards Web page. For student awards, please see the Student News Section in this issue.

Visit www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link. ECS Awards The Olin Palladium Award (in Basic Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science) was established in 1950 for distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical or corrosion science. The award consists of a palladium medal, a plaque, life membership in the Society, complimentary meeting registration at the meeting to accept the award, and a monetary prize of $7,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Palladium Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by October 1, 2014. The Carl Wagner Memorial Award was established in 1980 to recognize mid-career achievement and excellence in research areas of interest of the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government. The award consists of life membership in the Society, a certificate, a silver medal, complimentary meeting registration, and travel assistance (up to $1,000) to the meeting to accept the award. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to ECS Wagner Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, 72

Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by October 1, 2014. The award of ECS Fellows was established in 1989 for individual contribution and leadership in the achievement of science and technology in the area of electrochemistry and solid-state sciences and current active participation of the affairs of ECS, and consists of a scroll, lapel pin, and announcement in a Society publication. Nominations are being accepted for the 2015 class of Fellows, which will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Fellows Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by February 1, 2015. The Vittorio de Nora Award was established in 1971 for contributions to the field of electrochemical engineering and technology. The award consists of a gold medal, wall plaque, life membership in the Society, complimentary meeting registration at the meeting to accept the award, and a prize of $7,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to deNora Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by April 15, 2015. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS The Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching was established in 1981 for excellence in teaching in subject areas of interest to the Society. The award consists of life membership in the Society, a silver medal, wall plaque, complimentary meeting registration at the meeting to accept the award, and a prize of $2,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Linford Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: 609-737-1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by April 15, 2015.

Division Awards The Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was established in 1972 to recognize excellence in corrosion research and outstanding technical contributions to the field of corrosion science. The award consists of a scroll, prize of $1,500 and travel assistance to meeting of award presentation (if required). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Uhlig Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by December 15, 2014. The Thomas D. Callinan Award of the Dielectric Science and Technology Division was established to promote interest and activity in the field of dielectric science and technology among the engineers and scientists. The award carries a citation scroll and a prize money of $1,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations along with two letters of recommendation should be sent to DST Callinan Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by August 1, 2014. The Electronics and Photonics Division Award was established in 1968 to encourage excellence in electronics research and outstanding technical contribution to the field of electronics science. The award consist of a scroll, a prize of $1,500, and expenses up to $1,000 or payment of Life Membership in the Society. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Electronics & Photonics Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by August 1, 2014. The Research Award of the Energy Technology Division was established in 1992 to encourage excellence in energy related research. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,500, and membership in the Energy Technology Division as long as a member of ECS. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Energy Technology Research Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 1, 2014. The Supramaniam Srinivasan Young Investigator Award of the Energy Technology Division was established in 2011 to recognize and reward an outstanding young researcher in the field of energy technology. Such early recognition of highly qualified scientists is intended to encourage especially promising researchers to remain active in the field. The award is named after the cofounder of the Energy Technology Division, Supramaniam Srinivasan. The award shall consist of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and free meeting registration costs to help the recipient attend the ECS meeting at which the presentation is made The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Energy Technology Srinivasan Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 1, 2014. The Richard Smalley Research Award of the Nanocarbons Division was established in 2006 to recognize outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of fullerenes in a broad sense. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance up to $1,500. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Nanocarbons Smalley Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 1, 2014. The J. B. Wagner, Jr. Award of the High Temperature Materials Division was established in 1998 to recognize a young member of the Society who has demonstrated exceptional promise for a successful career in science and technology in the field of high temperature materials. The successful nominee shall be: (1) a member of the Society in good standing for at least two years prior to the date of nomination, and (2) not yet reached their thirty-sixth (36th) birthday by the close of nomination (have a birthdate on or after January 1, 1977). The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance (if needed) to the meeting where the award presentation will take place. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 1116, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to HTM Wagner Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 1, 2015. The Manuel M. Baizer Award of the Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division was established in 1992 for outstanding scientific achievements in the electrochemistry of organics. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance (if needed) to the meeting where the award presentation will take place. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in San Diego, California, May 29-June 3, 2016. (continued on next page) 73

AWA RDS (continued from previous page)

Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to OBE Baizer Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2015.

Section Awards The Alessandro de Volta Medal of the Europe Section was established in 1998 to recognize excellence in electrochemistry and solid-state science and technology research, and consists of a silver medal and a prize of $3,000 US. The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Cancun, Mexico, October 5-10, 2014. Anyone may be nominated for this award. Nominees do not need to be a member of ECS, nor do they need to reside in Europe. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Europe Section Volta Medal, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Deadline Extended! Materials are now due by August 15, 2014. The Heinz Gerischer Award of the Europe Section was established in 2001 to recognize an individual or a small group of individuals (no more than three) who have made an outstanding contribution to the science of semiconductor electrochemistry and photoelectrochemistry, including the underlying areas of physical and materials chemistry of significance to this field. The award consists

of a plaque and a prize of 2,000 Euros. The winner will be invited to deliver the Gerischer Prize Lecture at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Anyone may be nominated for this award. Nominees do not need to be a member of ECS, nor do they need to reside in Europe. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Europe Section Gerischer Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@ electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 30, 2014.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s Divisions offer travel assistance to students and young professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for the 226th ECS meeting in Cancun, Mexico, please see the Cancun Call for Papers; or visit the ECS website: www.electrochem.org/student/travelgrants.htm. Please be sure to click on the link for the appropriate Division as each Division requires different materials for travel grant approval prior to completing the online application. You must submit your abstract and have your abstract confirmation number in order to apply for a travel grant. Apply for travel grants using the online submission system (links found on the travel grant web page). If you have any questions, please email travelgrant@electrochem.org. The deadline for submission for fall 2014 travel grants is July 1, 2014.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for January, February, and March 2014.

Active Members Siswoyo Jember, East Java, Indonesia Deborah Barman, Johnstown, PA, USA Elena Bekyarova, Riverside, CA, USA Sebastien Blais-Ouellette, Montreal, QC, Canada Stephan Braye, West Haven, CT, USA Christopher Campion, Waltham, MA, USA Kevin Chasse, Frederick, MD, USA Raghuram Chetty, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India Kuk Young Cho, Cheonan, South Korea Lucas de Andrade Kostetzer, Grafing bei Muenchen, BY, Germany Debra Deininger, Longmont, CO, USA Detlef Diesing, Duesseldorf, NRW, Germany Douglas Diez, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA Huanan Duan, Shanghai, P. R. China David Dudek, San Jose, CA, USA Loubna EL OUATANI, Bordeaux Gironde, France María Escudero-Escribano, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark Wu Feng, Beijing, P. R. China Rubi Figueroa-Teran, Albuquerque, NM, USA Sue Franz, Zeeland, MI, USA Takashi Furusawa, Milan, Italy Hiroyuki Furuta, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan Dominika Gastol, Poznan, Poland Craig Gittleman, Pontiac, MI, USA Samantha Green, Miclland, MI, USA Abdul Manaf Hashim, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Gang He, Cupertino, CA, USA Jun He, Knoxville, TN, USA Keigo Hoshina, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan Niamh Hosking, Dearborn, MI, USA Jin-Song Hu, Beijing, , P. R. China Minoru Ishida, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Japan Yinzhu Jiang, Hangzhou Zhejiang Province, P. R. China Yongcheng Jin, Qingdao, Shandong, P. R. China Jennifer Jones, Zaventem Brussels, Belgium Morton Kanter, Columbus, OH, USA Shingo Katayama, Nagoya, Japan Virginija Kepeniene, Vilnius, Lithuania Mustafa Kilincarslan, Ankara, Turkey Manabu Kuroboshi, Okayama, Japan Nam Hee Kwon, Fribourg, Switzerland Eon Soo Lee, Newark, NJ, USA Liu Lei, Cambridge, MA, USA Fang Lian, Beijing, P. R. China Xinhua Liang, Rolla, MO, USA James (Jimmy) Lim, Cupertino, CA, USA Rosalie Louey, North Haven, South Australia, Australia Michael Lowe, Midland, MI, USA The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Suzanne Lunsford, Cinti, OH, USA Ricardo Marin, Arrasate-Mondragon, Guipuzcoa, Spain Rodrigo Martinez-Duarte, Clemson, SC, USA Pankaj Misra, San Juan, PR, USA Angela Mohanty, Clifton Park, NY, USA Pedro Moss, Tallahassee, FL, USA Ana Munoz Garcia, Naples, Italy Kosuke Nagashio, Tokyo, Japan Mitchell Ong, Livermore, CA, USA Attila Palfalvi, Budapest, Hungary Nicholas A. Parra-Vasquez, Los Alamos, NM, USA Michele Pavone, Naples, Italy Ernesto Pereira, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Thomas Popp, Falkenstein, Germany Robert Preston, Hillsboro, OR, USA Chinmoy Ranjan, Muelheim an der Ruhr, NW, Germany Francisco Recio, Metropolitana, Chile Curtiss Renn, Beaverton, OR, USA Alan Rose, Newnan, GA, USA Jose Santiso, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain Jagat Singh, St. Paul, MN, USA Dmitry Skachkov, San Juan, PR, USA Shawna Smith, Santa Clara, CA, USA Rajmohan Soundararajan, Thannjavur Tamil Nadu, India Ashok Srivastava, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Joseph Stark, San Leandro, CA, USA Morgan Stefik, Columbia, SC, USA Isao Sumita, Yokohamashi, Kangawa, Tokyo, Japan Hai-Zhu Sun, Changchun Jilin, P. R. China Lidong Sun, Chongqing, P. R. China Mitsuharu Suzuki, Ikoma, Nara, Japan Morgan Thomas, Yokohama-Shi, Kanagawa, Japan Hiroshi Uyama, Suita, Osaka, Japan Yijing Wang, Tianjin, P. R. China YuHuang Wang, College Park, MD, USA Ryan White, Baltimore, MD, USA Clyde Wikle, Auburn, AL, USA Chuanbo Yang, Broomfield, CO, USA Hong Yang, Urbana, IL, USA Qiang Zhang, Beijing, P. R. China Wen Zhang, Richland, WA, USA Xiaogang Zhang, Nanjing Jiangsu, P. R. China Minghua Zhou, Tianjin, P. R. China Wei Zhou, Shanghai, P. R. China

Member Representatives

Paul Fanson, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Michael Hahn, Hamburg, Germany Susana Hartung, Hamburg, Germany Johannes Hinckeldeyn, Hamburg, Germany Carine Margez, Cockeysville, MD, USA Tim Paschkewitz, Durham, NC, USA Jens-Peter Suchsland, Offenbach am Main, Germany Wally Williams, Lake Charles, LA, USA

Student Members Maria Abreu Sepulveda, Rochester, NY, USA Judith Alvarado, La Jolla, CA, USA Kierstyn Anderson, Boston, MA, USA Austin Arroco, Boston, MA, USA Dennis Ashford, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Jean-Marcel Ateba Mba, EggensteinLeopoldshafen, BW, Germany Andres Auvert, Boston, MA, USA LikMing Aw, Bozeman, MT, USA Mohiedin Bagheri Hariri, Tehran, Iran Beatriz Ballesteros, Madrid, Spain Hanna Bandarenka, Minsk, Belarus Hamed Bateni, Athens, OH, USA Rebecca Bernhard, Garching, BY, Germany Seo Bo Sung, Ulsan, South Korea Sudipta Bose, Lowell, MA, USA Gerald Brady, Madison, WI, USA Joao Brancher Bertoncello, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Claudia Brieger, Berlin, Germany Michelle Browne, Dublin, Ireland Tessa Carducci, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Ozgur Cekmer, Knoxville, TN, USA Chih-Wei Chang, Taipei, Taiwan Norrisca Charles, Boston, MA, USA Junjiechen Chen, Shanghai, P. R. China Yuanhui Cheng, Dalian, P. R. China Kalyan Chitrada, Moscow, ID, USA Seunghoe Choe, Seoul, South Korea Howie Chu, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Tyler Clikeman, Fort Collins, CO, USA Nate Cline, Raleigh, NC, USA Kristen Collar, Durham, NC, USA Jose Cornejo, Albuquerque, NM, USA William Cunning, Beaver Falls, PA, USA Scott Cushing, Charleston, WV, USA Tridip Das, East Lansing, MI, USA Ryan Daugherty, Denton, TX, USA Jesus Diaz, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Rameez Ud Din, Naerum Copenhagen, Denmark Brian Doyle, Atlanta, GA, USA Kimberley Duarte, Malden, MA, USA Thomas Dushatinski, Chesapeake, VA, USA (continued on next page) 75

NE W MEMBERS (continued from previous page)

Hamid Falahati, Kingston, ON, Canada Juichin Fan, Provo, UT, USA Sanjun Fan, Auburn, AL, USA Yi Fang, Athens, GA, USA Ahmed Farghaly, Richmond, VA, USA Aaron Francis, Morrisville, NC, USA Ganesh P. Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India Peipei Gao, College Station, TX, USA Fernando Gonzalez, Brookline, MA, USA Ankur Gupta, Orlando, FL, USA Mayra Gurrola, Queretaro, Mexico SuCheol Han, Suncheon, South Korea Yong Hao, Miami, FL, USA Massanari Hashimoto, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan James Hill, Rolla, MO, USA Rachel Hjelm, Albuquerque, NM, USA Daud Hossain, Dhaka, Bangladesh Jiajia Huang, La Jolla, CA, USA Ahmed Idris Mohmed, Lanzhou, Sudan Rajiv Jaini, Atlanta, GA, USA Edward Jung, San Jose, CA, USA Myung Geun Jung, Changwon Gyeongnam, South Korea Sang Cheol Jung, Bandar Seri Berangan, Brunei Michael Kahl, Denton, TX, USA Tariq Kareemulla, Albi Tarn, France Feroze Khan, Uniontown, OH, USA Mohammad Hassan Khanmirzaei, Kuala Lumpur Selangor, Malaysia Hoe Chul Kim, Seoul, South Korea Hyunchul Kim, Suwon Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Kwang Hwan Kim, Seoul, South Korea Myeong Ho Kim, Seoul, South Korea Sung-Yup Kim, East Lansing, MI, USA Yunok Kim, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea Erich Kinder, South Bend, IN, USA Erin Kingston, Malden, MA, USA Xueqian Kong, San Jose, CA, USA Roman Korobko, Rehovot, ISRAEL Mojgan Kouhnavard, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Bo-Yu Lai, Taipei, Taiwan Jacob LaManna, Knoxville, TN, USA Victor Lambert, Boston, MA, USA Alexander Lapides, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Ben Lariviere, Durham, NC, USA V. N. Du Le, Hamilton, ON, Canada Jennifer Leary, Raleigh, NC, USA Isis Ledezma, Leiden South-Holland, Netherlands Jinghua Li, Durham, NC, USA Luyue Li, Knoxville, TN, USA Wei Li, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Yifan Li, Golden, CO, USA Frederico Lima, Furtwangen, BW, Germany Huijing Lin, Chicago, IL, USA Haodong Liu, La Jolla, CA, USA Zhixiao Liu, College Station, TX, USA Carlos Lopez, Richardson, TX, USA Matthew Lovander, Coralville, IA, USA Ryan Lu, San Diego, CA, USA Anthony Lucio, Muscatine, IA, USA Meiling Lv, Beijing, P. R. China Jacob Lyon, Davenport, IA, USA Sara Manhabosco, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Divinah Manoharan, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India Ingrid Roten Mattson, Vanvikan NordTrøndelag, Norway Jose Maya Cornejo, Queretaro, Mexico Apu Mazumder, Auburn, AL, USA Alexander McBride, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mohit Mehta, Tallahassee, FL, USA Quentin Meyer, London, United Kingdom Mallory Miller, Louisville, OH, USA Ross Milton, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom Joseph Mulvey, New York, NY, USA Matthew Murbach, Seattle, WA, USA Prabu Natarajan, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India Han Nguyen, San Diego, CA, USA Kaiyang Niu, Berkeley, CA, USA Sandra Nohren, Kiel, Germany Charles Oladimeji, Tallahassee, FL, USA Maria Oliveira, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Bernardo Orvananos, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Sennu Palanichamy, Gwangju, South Korea Hye Won Park, Changwon, South Korea Dipal Patel, Ahmedabad Gujarat, India Albert Perry III, Albuquerque, NM, USA Sudeep Popat, Tempe, AZ, USA Alvaro Pritzel dos Santos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Xin Qu, Dalian, P. R. China Muhammad Rashid, New Delhi, India Nadeesha Pavithri Rathuwadu, Iowa City, IA, USA Isaac Rodriguez Perez, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Mario Rojas-Carbonell, Albuquerque, NM, USA Brian Rosen, Hashmonaim, Israel Jeremy Rosenfeld, San Diego, CA, USA Aurelie Rovetta, Dublin, Ireland Asa Roy, Knoxville, TN, USA Motahareh Safiollah, Coquitlam, BC, Canada Debkumar Saha, East Lansing, MI, USA Wiwi Samsul, Durham, NC, USA Long San, Fort Collins, CO, USA Stephen Sanders, Frisco, TX, USA Yuri Savguira, Toronto, ON, Canada

Jared Schwartz, Atlanta, GA, USA Michael Sebek, Wildwood, MO, USA Narendran Sekar, Athens, GA, USA Luke Servedio, Knoxville, TN, USA Francesca Setaro, Madrid, MAD, Spain Matthew Shea, Madison, WI, USA Benjamin Sheets, Athens, OH, USA Annadanesh Shellikeri, Tallahassee, FL, USA Gaurav Shukla, Allahabad Uttar Pradesh, India Hans Simillion, Brussels, Vlaams-Brabant, Belgium Siri Skaftun, Trondheim Sor Trondelag, Norway Graham Smith, Hayes Middlesex, United Kingdom Yu Song, Shenyang Liaoning, P. R. China Stuart Steen, III, Tullahoma, TN, USA Jamal Stephens, Tallahassee, FL, USA Ian Stewart, Durham, NC, USA Morten Stornes, Trondheim Sor Trondelag, Norway Santosh Kumar Suggu, Wichita, KS, USA Devin Todd, Abbotsford, BC, Canada Steve Tse, Chicago, IL, USA Jere Tupala, Lahti, Finland Barbara Tury, Akron, USA Armin Vahid Mohammadi, Miami, FL, USA Gijs Vanhoutte, Leuven, Belgium Walter Velazquez Arjona, Queretaro, Mexico Anshul Vyas, Santa Clara, CA, USA Harald Wachter, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Robert John Wainright, Athens, GA, USA Maxwell Wallace, Langley, WA, USA Wenjun Wang, Shenyang Liaoning, P. R. China Xiaochen Wang, Orlando, FL, USA Mahagurage Wijesinghe, Lowell, MA, USA Niels Williams, Wilsonville, OR, USA Leslie Wilson, Raleigh, NC, USA Ross Wood, New Lambton, NSW, Australia Kan Wu, Lowell, MA, USA Xiaofeng Xia, Shanghai, P. R. China Qian Xiao, Shanghai, P. R. China Guofeng Xu, Beijing, P. R. China Jia Xu, Gainesville, FL, USA Luyi Yang, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom Peihua Yang, Guangzhou Guandong, P. R. China Aliakbar Yazdani, Athens, OH, USA Sanghwa Yoon, Ansan-si, South Korea Zenan Yu, Orlando, FL, USA John CF Zhang, Philadelphia, PA, USA Liqiang Zhang, Harbin, P. R. China Qinglan Zhao, Xiangtan Hunan, P. R. China Rui Zhao, Ottawa, ON, Canada Peng Zheng, Morgantown, WV, USA Yan Zhou, Athens, GA, USA

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

NE W MEMBERS

Member Anniversaries anniversaries It is with great pleasure that we recognize the following ECS members, who have reached the 30, 40, 50, and 60 year anniversaries with the Society in 2013. Congratulations to all!

60-Year Members Theodore R. Beck Manuel Ben Ralph J. Brodd

50-Year Members Arthur H. Graham Donald L Maricle Yutaka Okinaka Robert A. Rapp Brooke Schumm

40-Year Members Timothy J. Anderson Rajaram Bhat Uri Cohen Robert B. Comizzoli Gary M. Crosbie Harry O Finklea

Kenneth L. Hardee Thomas D. Kaun Kyong-Min Kim John A. Kosek Samuel C. Levy Ross J. MacDonald James A. Mcintyre Shohei Nakahara Jun-Ichi Nishizawa Richard E. Novak Bruce A. Parkinson Wayne H. Smith Charles W. Struck Hiroyasu Tachikawa

30 Year Members Byung Tae Ahn Gilbert M. Brown Carlos R. Cabrera

Pietro Cavallotti Thomas W. Chapman Robert S. Conell Fausto Croce Davis A. Richard Hariklia Deligianni Gerald R. Dietz Ross Dueber Jean-Francois Fauvarque Robert Paul Flicker Brian D. Humphrey Jorge G. Ibanez Robert G. Kelly Wayne I. Kinney P.B. Kosel Wilbur C. Krusell Oscar Lanzi Andrezej Lasia Jean Lessard

Stuart Licht Jacek Lipkowski Marcin Majda Mark Mathias Richard L. McCreery Chenniah Nanjundiah Trung Van Nguyen Toshiro Ono Mikael Ostling Miguel Mateo Paz Soldan Mark D. Pritzker Daniel Scherson Michael Paul Setter James J. Steppan Jean St-Pierre John Susko Mark W. Verbrugge Jun-ichi Yamaki Atsushi Yamanaka

Benefits of ECS Student Membership Annual Student Membership Dues Are Only $25 w Open Access Article Credit

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www.electrochem.org/membership/student.html The Electrochemical Society

65 South Main Street, Building D, Pennington, New Jersey 08534-2839 USA • Tel 609.737.1902 • Fax 609.737.2743 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Boston Student Chapter

The Boston chapter is rapidly growing in membership and includes members from University of Massachusetts Boston, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Boston College, Boston University, and Northeastern University. The chapter looks forward to broadening the knowledge of electrochemistry to the Boston community. Activities include an annual seminar during fall semester with professorial and guest speakers from surrounding industries and an outreach program directed toward youth in the community to inspire interest in science. Boston ECS Student Chapter officers, from left to right, are Erin Kingston, Jonathan Doan, Austin Arroco, Andy Vong, Fernando Gonzales, Joseph Romeo, and Eugene Smotkin (Faculty Advisor).

British Columbia Student Chapter Young Electrochemists Symposium (YES) 2013 The ECS British Columbia (BC) Student Chapter held its first annual BC Young Electrochemists Symposium on June 21, 2013 at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver. The one-day symposium included presentations by well-known scientists as well as a student poster competition with the help of the following organizations: Simon Fraser University (SFU) Chemistry Graduate Society; UBC Graduate Student Society; UBC Clean Energy Research Centre; SFU Science Graduate Student Society; SFU Science; SFU Chemistry; UBC Engineering; and UBC Chemical and Biological Engineering. The attendees came from UBC, SFU, University of Victoria (UVic), and Queen’s University. The following presentations were given: Gregory Jerkiewicz, Professor at Queen’s University, gave a talk titled, “Platinum Electrochemistry;” Dan Bizzotto, Professor at UBC, gave a talk titled, “Gold Electrochemistry;” Andrea Sudik, Manager at Fuel Cell Stack Component Research from Ford Motor Company and Automotive Fuel Cell Corporation, gave a talk on “Perspective on the Fuel Cell Industry;” and, Robert O’Brien, Professor Emeritus at UVic, gave a talk on “Magneto-hydrodynamic Rapid Stirring of 78

Organizing Committee of YES 2013: Brandy Kinkead (Vice Chair of the ECS BC Student Chapter), Mohammad Saad Dara (Chair of the ECS BC Student Chapter), Pooya Hosseini Benhangi (Treasurer of the ECS BC Student Chapter), and Andrew Wang (Secretary of the ECS BC Student Chapter)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Electrolytes.” Three cash prizes were also awarded to the best posters by Conrad Rizal (1st), Karen Chan (2nd), and Yajuan Hao (3rd) in the poster competition. Further, the next symposium (YES 2014) will be held in the June 2014.

One Day Seminar by David W. Shoesmith The ECS BC Student Chapter hosted David W. Shoesmith, Professor at University of Western Ontario, for a seminar on November 13th,

2013 at UBC. Prof. Shoesmith is an expert in corrosion studies. He has worked for Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and continues to work with corrosion in radioactive environments in collaboration with a number of industrial partners. He is currently the Director of Surface Science Western. His seminar was titled “The Spectroscopic and Microscopic Characterization of Electrochemically Reactive (Corroding) Surfaces.” After the seminar, the group gathered to have an informal get together with Prof. Shoesmith and talk more about his research.

Part of the attendees, invited speakers and organizers of the YES 2013 at the Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, UBC.

David W. Shoesmith and members of the ECS BC Student Chapter at the Chemistry Department, UBC. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Student Chapter On April 21, 2014, the newly established Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI) student chapter of The Electrochemical Society held its inaugural meeting. Twenty five interested students attended to learn more about the ECS from the student board and to listen to

a presentation by ECS Fellow David Duquette. This presentation included information about the broad history of electrochemistry at RPI and some current research projects related to the topic. Several students have now signed up for membership and the chapter plans to host a speaker from Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory in the fall.

David Duquette (right), ECS Fellow and RPI professor, tells interested students about the many opportunities available to student members and about joining the ECS and the long history of electrochemistry within the Materials Science and Engineering Department.

Students on the

Look Out !

We want to hear from you! Students are an important part of the ECS family and the future of the electrochemistry and solid state science community . . .

• What’s going on in your Student Chapter? • What’s the chatter among your colleagues?

• What’s the word on research projects and papers? • Who’s due congratulations for winning an award?

Send your news and a few good pictures to interface@electrochem.org. We’ll spread the word around the Society. Plus, your Student Chapter may also be featured in an upcoming issue of Interface!

www.electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts University of Maryland Student Chapter The University of Maryland Student Chapter of ECS has continued its interaction with United States Congress by participating in Congressional Visits Day organized by Materials Advantage on April 8, 2014. The student members met with senators, representatives, and their staff to stress the importance of stable scientific funding and to thank them for the commitments they have already made to promoting STEM fields. Students also inquired how they can support congressional objectives, whether by offering technical advice or by participating in opportunities for academic outreach in their home states. A group of students visited the offices of Senator Ben Cardin (D-MD), Senator Pat Toomey (R-PA), Rep. John Delaney (D-MD), and Rep. Donna Edwards (D-MD). The members of congress demonstrated bipartisan support for STEM education and its implicit ties to scientific research. Each had unique motivations and perspectives. Rep. Delaney, the only former CEO of a publicly traded company in the 113th Congress, stressed that studies show that funding STEM education programs can offer a substantial return on investment for decades. Senator Toomey’s aide mentioned that STEM education is important in Central Pennsylvania UMD Chapter members with Maryland Congresswoman Donna Edwards. From left to right: Chris Pellegrinelli, Colin Gore (Chapter President), Rep. Donna Edwards, Tom Hays (Chapter Vice to ensure that members of the community can President) and Mohammed Hussain. fill the multitude of technical jobs opening up along the Marcellus Shale. He pointed out that through the recession, this was one of the few areas where alreadylow median incomes managed to increase rather than plummet. Rep. Edwards, in whose district several of the students live, encouraged the group to participate in her upcoming College and Career Fair in October to relate how engaging scientific research is to high school Bio-Logic Scan Lab..................................................... 6 students. Senator Cardin’s aide related that changes in the nation’s energy technology, a topic of interest for many of the UMD students, Bio-Logic USA, LLC................................................... 2 often require twenty-year contracts, so our technology needs to CH Instruments...........................................................10 inspire that level of confidence in its longevity. He also related that the testimonies of researchers have proven extraordinarily helpful in El-Cell......................................................................... 84 communicating the impacts of government funding, or lack thereof: NIH researchers described how, at the start of the government Gamry Instruments...................................... back cover shutdown, they were forced to abandon long-term cancer research Innovative Instruments.............................................. 27 projects and kill thousands of laboratory animals due to uncertainly of when they could return to their labs to feed them. The ripple Ivium Technologies...........................inside front cover effects, both positive and negative, are not often obvious and must be Koslow Scientific Company...................................... 27 presented to our nation’s policy makers. Federal funding is the lifeblood of academic research at institutions Metrohm USA, Inc......................................................21 like the University of Maryland. Though this connection is clear to PI’s competing for grants, it can be more abstract to students performing Princeton Applied Research/Ametek.......................... 1 the research. Connecting with their congressmen and women helps Scribner Associates Inc.......................................... 4, 38 students to understand the burgeoning needs of congress as well as relate their personal anecdotes about their impacts on society through Solartron Analytical/Ametek scientific research. The UMD chapter looks forward to continued ............................................................ inside back cover interaction with congress throughout their careers.

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts University of Texas – Austin Student Chapter The University of Texas at Austin (UT-Austin) ECS Student Chapter programs in science and engineering can interact with each other closed out the fall 2013 semester by helping to organize an awards and discuss each other’s research in electrochemical and solid state ceremony and luncheon for the newest ECS Honorary Members, sciences. The current officers are Josephine Cunningham (President), Allen J. Bard and John B. Goodenough. Traditionally, the awards are Donald Robinson (Vice President), Daniel Redman (Treasurer), presented at ECS National Meetings, but this year a special awards and Tyler Mefford (Secretary). The faculty adviser is Arumugam luncheon was held at UT-Austin since it is the home institution of Manthiram. The chapter presently has 21 registered student members both recipients. Many scientific colleagues, including former graduate from the Cockrell School of Engineering and the College of Natural students and postdoctoral associates of the awardees, traveled long Sciences at UT. Our Chapter continues to grow in membership and distances to celebrate the occasion. The Electrochemical Society also is currently planning next year’s seminars and chalk talks along generously extended the invitation to our ECS Student Members who with continuing its outreach activities for science education. More were very fortunate to have the opportunity to share in this historic information about the ECS Student Chapter at UT-Austin can be event. found at http://studentorgs.engr.utexas.edu/ecs/Home.html. The Chapter’s first outreach activity this year was to continue its involvement with Explore UT, an annual day-long open house for the university where children and adults alike visit from all over the state of Texas (many arriving by the busload) to fill the campus with their contagious excitement to learn science and engineering from around 400 different programs. This year the UT-Austin ECS Student Chapter provided interactive demonstrations that educated our guests on both electrochemisty and solid state science. The most popular activity for the children was building crystal structures such as rock-salt and graphene/graphite out of marshmallows and toothpicks. The young scientists in the making were also fascinated with the Tollen’s silver mirror demo as they observed a pristine silver mirror develop from the mixing of colorless solutions right before their eyes; the “magic” of electrochemistry. Additional demonstrations included a miniature hydrogen powered fuel cell car and plating copper on zinc screws by galvanic exchange to educate the audience on battery fundamentals. The Chapter also carried Spring 2014 Chalk Talk by Veronica Augustyn on electrochemical energy storage with out these demonstrations later in March at pseudocapacitive oxides. Meridian Science Day, which is held each year at a local elementary school in Round Rock, TX. Last year the UT-Austin Chapter introduced the ECS Student Chalk Talk series. A chalk talk is an informal presentation about one’s research whereby the presenter can only use the chalkboard as a visual aid. Audience members are encouraged to interrupt at any time with questions and trigger interesting discussions about the research topic. Once the presenter has provided theoretical background and introduces the major findings of his/her research, the presentation then evolves into more of a group discussion and Q&A session led by the presenter. The Chapter’s 3rd Chalk Talk featured Veronica Augustyn, who led the discussion based on her research as a graduate student investigating electrochemical energy storage with pseudocapacitive oxides. Due to the positive reception of these interactive presentations, the Chapter has decided to adopt multiple student chalk talks into its yearly activities and further implement them as a means to showcase the outstanding work of graduate students and recruit more ECS members. The ECS Student Chapter at UT-Austin, The University of Texas at Austin Student Chapter officers and Dr. Augustyn. From left to right: Daniel established in 2007, is a student-run organization Redman, Donald Robinson, Veronica Augustyn, and Josephine Cunningham. whereby students from various academic 82

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts Student Awards

For details on each award— including a list of requirements for award nominees, and in some cases, a downloadable application form—please go to the ECS website (www. electrochem.org) and click on the “Awards” link. Awards are grouped in the following sub-categories: Society Awards, ECS Division Awards, Student Awards, and ECS Section Awards. Please see the individual award call for information about where nomination materials should be sent; or contact ECS headquarters.

Call for Nominations Visit

www.electrochem.org and click on the “Awards” link.

The ECS Outstanding Student Chapter Award (formerly The Gwendolyn B. Wood Section Excellence Award) was established in 2012 to recognize distinguished student chapters that demonstrate active participation in The Electrochemical Society’s technical activities, establish community and outreach activities in the areas of electrochemical and solid state science and engineering education, and create and maintain a robust membership base. Please visit the student award page for complete rules and nomination requirements. Nominations are being accepted for the 2015 Award, which will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Outstanding Student Chapter Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by March 31, 2015. The ECS Summer Fellowships were established in 1928 to assist students during the summer months in pursuit of work in the field of interest to ECS. The next fellowships will be presented in 2015. Please visit the ECS website for more information. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to ECS Summer Fellowships, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by January 15, 2015.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

The Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award of the Corrosion Division was established in 1991 to recognize outstanding graduate research in the field of corrosion science and/or engineering. The award consists of a scroll, a prize of $1,000, and travel assistance to the meeting where the award will be presented (up to $1,000). The next award will be presented at the ECS fall meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11- 16, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Corrosion Cohen Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by December 15, 2014. The Energy Technology Division Graduate Student Award was established in 2012 to recognize and reward promising young engineers and scientists in fields pertaining to the Division. The awards are intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in this field. Up to two recipients chosen will receive an appropriately worded certificate as well as an amount of $1,000, payable to the recipient. In addition, the recipient will receive a waiver of student registration, and un-reimbursed travel expenses to attend the Spring ECS meeting, an amount not to exceed $1,000 in order to accept the award. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to Energy Technology Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 1, 2014.

t ST ech UDENT highligh NE WS ts The H. H. Dow Memorial Student Award of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division was established in 1990 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the fields of electrochemical engineering and applied electrochemistry. The award consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,000 for educational purposes. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24-28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to IEEE Dow Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 15, 2014. The Student Achievement Award of the Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division was established in 1989 to recognize promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical engineering and to encourage the recipients to initiate careers in this field. The award consists of a scroll and a prize of $1,000 for educational purposes. The next award will be presented at the ECS spring meeting in Chicago, Illinois, May 24- 28, 2015. Nominations and supporting documents should be sent to IEEE Dow Student Award, c/o The Electrochemical Society, 65 S. Main Street, Building D, Pennington, NJ 08534; Phone: +1.609.737.1902; e-mail: awards@electrochem.org. Electronic submission of nomination packets is preferred. Materials are due by September 15, 2014.

Start

a Student Chapter! ECS currently has 37 student chapters around the world, which provide students an opportunity to gain a greater understanding of electrochemical and solid-state science, to have a venue for meeting fellow students, and to receive recognition for their organized scholarly activities. Students interested in starting a student chapter may contact membership@electrochem.org for details.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s Divisions offer travel assistance to students and young professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for the 226th ECS meeting in Cancun, Mexico, please see the Cancun Call for Papers; or visit the ECS website: www.electrochem.org/ student/travelgrants.htm. Please be sure to click on the link for the appropriate Division as each Division requires different materials for travel grant approval prior to completing the online application. You must submit your abstract and have your abstract confirmation number in order to apply for a travel grant. Apply for travel grants using the online submission system (links found on the travel grant web page). If you have any questions, please email travelgrant@ electrochem.org. The deadline for submission for fall 2014 travel grants is July 1, 2014.

Awarded Student Memberships Available ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library, and a subscription to Interface. To apply for an Awarded Student Membership, use the application form on page 85 or refer to the ECS website at: www.electrochem.org/ awards/student/student_awards.htm#a.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

tech ST UDENT highlights NE WSApplication Awarded Student Membership

ECS Divisions are offering Awarded Student Memberships to qualified full-time students. To be eligible, students must be in their final two years of an undergraduate program or be enrolled in a graduate program in science, engineering, or education (with a science or engineering degree). Postdoctoral students are not eligible. Awarded memberships are renewable for up to four years; applicants must reapply each year. Memberships include article pack access to the ECS Digital Library and a subscription to Interface.

Divisions (please select only one):

Personal Information Name:

________________________________________________________ Date of Birth:__________________

Home Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

 Battery  Corrosion  Dielectric Science & Technology  Electrodeposition  Electronics and Photonics  Energy Technology  High Temperature Materials

Phone:____________________________________ Fax:________________________________________

 Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering  Luminescence & Display Materials

Email:__________________________________________________________________________________

 Nanocarbons  Organic & Biological Electrochemistry

School Information School:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

(please include Division and Department)

Address:

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Undergraduate Year (U) or Graduate Year (G) - circle one:

Major Subject:

__________________________ Grade Point Average: _______________ out of possible:

Have you ever won this award before?

YES

 Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry  Sensor

If yes, how many times?______

Signatures

Student Signature: _____________________________________________________________________________

Date:

Faculty member attesting to eligibility of full time student:

Faculty Member: ___________________________________________________________ Dept.: ______________________________________________________

E-mail Address:

_____________________________________________________________________________

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Date: _________________________________

CALL FOR PAPERS

For the full Orlando, FL, Call for Papers, See the ECS website: www.electrochem.org/meetings/biannual/225/. For all details about the 227th Meeting in Chicago, please visit www.electrochem.org. For the full Chicago, Call for Papers, see www.electrochem.org/meetings/biannual/227/.

General Information

he 227th ECS Meeting will be held from May 24-28, 2014. This major international conference offers a unique blend of electrochemical and solidstate science and technology; and serves as a major forum for the discussion of interdisciplinary research from around the world through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, exhibits, and tutorial sessions.

Abstract Submission and Deadlines

ECS Electrochemistry Letters, or ECS Solid State Letters. Although there is no hard deadline for the submission of these papers, it is considered that six months from the date of the symposium is sufficient time to revise a paper to meet the stricter criteria of the journals. “Instructions to Authors” are available from the ECS website. If publication is desired elsewhere after presentation, written permission from ECS is required.

Financial Assistance

Abstracts are due no later than November 14, 2014. Note: Some abstracts may be due earlier than November 14, 2014. Please carefully check the symposium listings for any alternate abstract submission deadlines. For complete details on abstract submission and symposium topics, please see www.electrochem.org/ meetings/biannual/227/.

Financial assistance is very limited and generally governed by the symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to the organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting their paper to see if funding is available. For details regarding Division-sponsored travel grants for young professionals and students, please see: http://www.electrochem.org/ sponsorship/travel_grants.htm

Submit one original meeting abstract electronically via the ECS website, no later than November 14, 2014. Faxed abstracts, e-mailed abstracts, and late abstracts will not be accepted. In January 2015, all presenting authors will receive an e-mail notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Only presenting authors with non-U.S. addresses will receive a hardcopy acceptance letter. Other hardcopy letters will be sent only upon request to abstracts@electrochem.org. Meeting abstracts should explicitly state objectives, new results, and conclusions or significance of the work. Regardless of whether you submit as a poster or an oral presentation, it is at the symposium organizers’ discretion whether it is scheduled for an oral or poster presentation. Programming for this meeting will occur in January 2015.

Individuals requiring an official letter of invitation should write to the ECS headquarters office; such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS.

Paper Presentation

All authors selected for either oral or poster presentations will be notified in January 2015. Oral presentations must be in English. Both LCD projectors and laptops will be provided for oral presentations. Presenting authors MUST bring their presentation on a USB flash drive to be used with the laptop that will be provided in each technical session room. If a presenting author would like to use his/her own laptop for presentation, we strongly suggest that the author verify laptop/projector compatibility in the presentation room prior to the start of the session or all other presentations. Speakers requiring additional equipment must make written request to the ECS headquarters office at least one month prior to the meeting and appropriate arrangements will be worked out, subject to availability, and at the expense of the author. Poster presentations should be displayed in English, on a board approximately 3 feet 10 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide (1.17 meters high by 1.17 meters wide), corresponding to the abstract number and day of presentation in the final program.

Manuscript Publication

ECS Meeting Abstracts—All meeting abstracts will be published on the ECS website, copyrighted by ECS, and all abstracts become the property of ECS upon presentation. ECS Transactions—All full papers and posters presented at ECS meetings are eligible for submission to the online proceedings publication, ECS Transactions (ECST). The degree of review to be given each paper is at the discretion of the symposium organizers. Some symposia will publish an “enhanced” issue of ECST, which will be available for sale at the meeting and through the ECS Digital Library. Please see each individual symposium listing in the full Call for Papers to determine if there will be an “enhanced” ECST issue. In the case of symposia publishing “enhanced” issues, submission of a full-text manuscript to ECST is mandatory and required in advance of the meeting. Some symposia will publish a “standard” issue of ECST for which all authors are encouraged to submit their full-text papers. Please see each individual symposium listing in the full Call for Papers to determine if there will be a “standard” ECST issue. Upon completion of the review process, papers from the “standard” issues will be published shortly after their acceptance. Once published, papers will be available for sale through the ECS Digital Library. Please visit the ECST website (ecsdl.org/ECST/) for additional information, including overall guidelines, deadlines for submissions and reviews, author and editor instructions, a manuscript template, and more. Authors presenting papers at ECS meetings, and submitting to ECST, are also encouraged to submit to the Society’s technical journals: the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology,

Letter of Invitation

Hotel Reservations — Deadline April 24, 2015

The 227th ECS Meeting will be held at the Hilton Chicago, 720 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA. Please refer to the meeting website for the most up-to-date information on hotel availability and information about the block of rooms where special rates have been reserved for participants attending the meeting. The hotel reservation deadline is April 24, 2015.

Meeting Registration

All participants—including authors and invited speakers—are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Hotel and meeting registration information will be posted on the ECS website as it becomes available. The deadline for discounted early-bird registration is April 24, 2015.

Short Courses

A number of short courses will be offered on Sunday, May 24, 2015 from 9:00 AM-4:30 PM. Short Courses require advance registration and may be cancelled if enrollments are too low. As of press time, the following Short Courses are planned for the meeting: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Fundamentals of Electrochemistry. Please check the ECS website for the final list of offerings.

Technical Exhibit

The 227th ECS Meeting in Chicago will include a Technical Exhibit, featuring presentations and displays by over 40 manufacturers of instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software of interest to meeting attendees. Coffee breaks are scheduled in the exhibit hall along with evening poster sessions.

Sponsorship Opportunities

ECS biannual meetings offer a wonderful opportunity to market your organization through sponsorship. Sponsorship opportunities include unparalleled benefits and provide an extraordinary chance to present scientific products and services to key constituents from around the world. Sponsorship allows exposure to key industry decision makers, the development of collaborative partnerships, and potential business leads. ECS welcomes support in the form of general sponsorship at various levels: Platinum: $10,000+, Gold: $5,000, Silver: $3,000, and Bronze: $1,500. Sponsors will be recognized by level in Interface, the Meeting Program, meeting signage, on the ECS website, and in the mobile app. In addition, sponsorships are available for the plenary and keynote talks and other special events. These opportunities include additional recognition, and may be customized to create personalized packages. Special event sponsorships will be assigned by the Society on a first-come, first served basis. Advertising opportunities—in the Meeting Program as well as in Interface—are also available. Please contact Christie Knef at 1.609.737.1902, ext. 121 for further details.

Contact Information

If you have any questions or require additional information, contact ECS, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, New Jersey, 08534-2839, USA, tel: 1.609.737.1902, fax: 1.609.737.2743, e-mail: meetings@electrochem.org; Web: www.electrochem.org.

227th ECS Meeting May 24-28, 2015 Chicago, Illinois, USA

Hilton Chicago SYMPOSIUM TOPICS

CHICAGO

Symposium Topics A — Batteries and Energy Storage A1 — Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage –and– Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion A2 — Lithium-Ion Batteries and Beyond A3 — Stationary and Large Scale Electrical Energy Storage Systems 5 B — Chemical and Biological Sensors B1 — Nano/Biosensors and Actuators B2 — Nano-Micro Sensors and Systems in Healthcare and Environmental Monitoring

H2 — Climate Change 5 H3 — Computational Electrochemistry H4 — Electrocatalysis 7 H5 — Electrochemistry at Primarily Undergraduate Institutions H6 — Electrochromic and Chromogenic Materials

B3 — Sensor Applications of Ionic Liquids

H7 — Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence

B4 — Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session (Chemical and Biological Sensors)

H8 — Spectroelectrochemistry 3

C — Corrosion Science and Technology

H9 — Oxygen or Hydrogen Evolution Catalysts for Water Electrolysis

C1 — Corrosion General Session

H10— Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 5

C2 — High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 11

H11— Structure and Relaxations in Soft Ion-conducting Materials

D — Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

M — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices

D1 — Metallization of Flexible Electronics

M1 — Carbon Nanostructures for Energy Conversion

D2 — Surfactant and Additive Effects on Thin Film Deposition, Dissolution, and Particle Growth

M2 — Carbon Nanostructures in Medicine and Biology

E — Electrochemical Engineering E1 — Alkaline Electrolyzers

M3 — Carbon Nanotubes - From Fundamentals to Devices M4 — Endofullerenes and Carbon Nanocapsules

E2 — Electrochemical Engineering General Session

M5 — Fullerenes - Chemical Functionalization, Electron Transfer, and Theory: In Honor of Professor Shunichi Fukuzumi

E3 — Electrochemistry in Mineral and Metal Processing

M6 — Graphene and Beyond - 2D Materials

E4 — High Rate Metal Dissolution Processes 2

M7 — Inorganic/Organic Nanohybrids for Energy Conversion

F — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion A1 — Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage –and– Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion F1 — Crosscutting Metrics and Benchmarking of Transformational LowCarbon Energy-Conversion Technologies F2 — Electrochemical Synthesis of Fuels 3 F3 — Materials for Low Temperature Electrochemical Systems 2 F4 — Methane-Based Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage F5 — Solid-Gas Electrochemical Interfaces (SGEI 1) Photo taken in 1998 by Wikipedia user Soakologist. No rights claimed or reserved.

H — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry H1 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session

F6 — State-of-the-Art Tutorial on Diagnostics in Low Temperature Fuel Cells G — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry G1 — Mechanistic Organic Electrochemistry G2 — Students in Bioelectrochemistry G3 — Timely Challenges in Electroanalysis

M8 — Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Supramolecular Assemblies N — Dielectric Science and Materials N1 — Dielectrics for Interconnects, Interposers, and Packaging 2 P — Electronic Materials and Processing P1 — Organic Semiconductor Materials, Devices, and Processing 5 P2 — Processes at the Semiconductor Solution Interface 6 Q — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems Q1 — Advanced CMOS-compatible Semiconductor Devices 17 Q2 — Emerging Materials for Post CMOS Devices and Applications 7 Q3 — Silicon Compatible Materials, Processes, and Technologies for Advanced Integrated Circuits and Emerging Applications 5 Q4 — State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 57 (SOTAPOCS 57) Q5 — Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Materials and Devices 16 Z — General Z1 — General Student Poster Session Z2 — Nanotechnology General Session Z3 — Solid State Topics General Session Z4 — Nature-Inspired Electrochemical Systems

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Volume 64– C a n c u n , M e x i c o

from the Cancun meeting, October 5—October 10, 2014

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Cancun meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in soft or hard cover editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 64 No. 13

Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Devices 2 SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Vol. 64 No. 14

Nonvolatile Memories 3 SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 10 HC..............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.............................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Vol. 64 No. 15

Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 10 SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Vol. 64 No. 10

Thin Film Transistors 12 (TFT 12) HC..............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.............................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Vol. 64 No. 16

Semiconductor Wafer Bonding 13: Science, Technology, and Applications HC..............................M $107.00, NM $134.00 PDF.............................M $97.26, NM $121.57

Vol. 64 No. 11

High Purity and High Mobility Semiconductors 13 SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Vol. 64 No. 17

SiGe, Ge, and Related Compounds: Materials, Processing, and Devices 6 HC.............................M $159.00, NM $198.00 PDF............................M $144.33, NM $180.41

Vol. 64 No. 12

Emerging Nanomaterials and Devices SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 56 (SOTAPOCS 56) SC.............................TBD PDF .............................TBD

Vol. 64 No. 7

GaN and SiC Power Technologies 4 HC..............................M $103.00, NM $129.00 PDF............................M $93.80, NM $117.25

Vol. 64 No. 8

Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 12 HC..............................M $97.00, NM $122.00 PDF.............................M $88.62, NM $110.77

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 14 (PEFC 14) CD/USB.....................M $203.00, NM $254.00 PDF...............................M $184.65, NM $230.81

Vol. 64 No. 9

Vol. 64 No. 4

Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 19 HC.............................M $149.00, NM $186.00 PDF............................M $135.11, NM $168.89

Vol. 64 No. 5

Vol. 64 No. 6

Vol. 64 No. 1

Chemical and Biological Sensors 11 and MEMS/NEMS 11 HC.............................M $132.00, NM $164.00 PDF .............................M $119.63, NM $149.54

Vol. 64 No. 2

Solid State Ionic Devices 10 HC.............................M $109.00, NM $136.00 PDF .............................M $98.98, NM $123.73

Vol. 64 No. 3

Forthcoming Issues CAN A1

Batteries and Energy Technology Joint Session (General) - 226th ECS Meeting

CAN H1

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (General) - 226th ECS Meeting

CAN A2

Batteries Beyond Lithium Ion

CAN H2

Chemically Modified Electrodes

CAN A3

Electrochemical Capacitors: Fundamentals to Applications

CAN H7

Oxygen Reduction Reactions

CAN A4

Electrochemical Interfaces in Energy Storage Systems

CAN H8

Systems Electrochemistry

CAN A5

Lithium-Ion Batteries

CAN M1

CAN A6

Nano-architectures for Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies

Nanocarbon Fundamentals and Applications - from Fullerenes to Graphene

CAN A7

Nonaqueous Electrolytes

CAN N1

Thermal and Plasma CVD of Nanostructures and Their Applications

CAN A8

Solar Fuels and Photocatalysts 4

CAN P4

Plasma Processes

CAN A9

Stationary and Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage Systems 4

CAN P5

CAN C1

Corrosion (General) - 226th ECS Meeting

Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene, and Electronics Packaging 6

Electrochemical Techniques and Corrosion Monitoring

CAN P8

Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials

CAN C2

Transparent Conducting Materials for Electronic and Photonics

CAN C3

High Resolution Characterization of Corrosion Process 4

CAN P9

Electrodeposition for Energy Applications 3

CAN Q4

Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 7

CAN D1 CAN D2

Electrochemical Science and Technology: Challenges and Opportunities in the Path from Invention to Product

CAN R1

Luminescence and Display Materials: Fundamentals and Applications (in Honor of Hajime Yamamoto)

Magnetic Materials, Processes, and Devices 13

CAN Z1

Student Poster Session (General) - 226th ECS Meeting

CAN D3

Energy Water Nexus - 226th ECS Meeting

CAN E2

Electrochemical Treatments for Organic Pollutant Degradation in Water and Soils

CAN Z2 CAN Z3

Nanotechnology (General) - 226th ECS Meeting

CAN E3

Symposium in Honor of Professor Ralph E. White

CAN G1

Bioelectroanalysis and Bioelectrocatalysis 2

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014 07/01/14

Annual Report

2013

Commitment to Free the Science

n May 2013, the ECS Board of Directors committed to an Open Access plan “that would enable the dissemination of content from the ECS Digital Library at no cost to authors, readers, libraries, or funding agencies. As described in the motion, this Board action would ultimately Free the ScienceTM that we publish enabling all the past, present, and future research in the ECS Digital Library for uninhibited dissemination to the worldwide community of scientists and engineers in electrochemical and solid state science and technology. The Board action is our response to Open Access publishing, which is described in President Paul Kohl’s column (see page 9, this issue) as the, “… boldest and most important change to scholarly publishing since the first publisher, Cambridge University Press, was chartered in 1534.” For ECS, it is a historical decision and a big step towards the essential stewardship of our science, and towards enabling the ultimate satisfaction of the ECS Mission, which is to disseminate knowledge to advance the science. The year 2013 marks the 111th year since the founding of ECS and the Board action to Free the Science will likely benchmark this year as the second most influential in the Society’s history (behind only our founding year of 1902). The history of civilizations or organizations is recorded through major benchmarks that are typically a culmination of events that evolve from many external and internal influences. The Board’s benchmark decision to Free the Science was a culmination of a long series of

events that led to this outcome but it was an inevitable decision for a nonprofit publisher and steward like ECS, and it provided an unprecedented opportunity to succeed in our mission to advance electrochemistry, semiconductor technology and allied subjects. Many of the types of events or activities that led to this Open Access publishing decision were evident this past year as ECS continued to focus on content dissemination through outstanding meetings and publications, (continued on next page)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Annual Report (continued from previous page)

recognition through our honors and awards, and community networking primarily through the strength of the membership. Highlights for the 2013 activities include: • Meetings and Exhibits. The fall biannual meeting in San Francisco was the second largest meeting that ECS has held in the continental United States. Adding the spring meeting in Toronto, the combined total papers submitted for presentation to the biannual meetings was 4261, which was one of our best years in biannual meeting submissions ever. We also conducted the 3rd Electrochemical Energy Summit in San Francisco. • Publications. The total number of papers published in the ECS Digital Library in 2013 was 7,839, which increased the published papers to a grand total of 105,958. We introduced three new journals* in July 2012 that have shown progress in the first 18 months of existence with the following number of manuscripts published:

Journal of The Electrochemical Society

2012

2013

1080

999

*ECS

Journal of Solid State Sci. & Tech

157

313

*ECS

Electrochemistry Letters

114

*ECS

Solid State Letters

113

• Honors and Awards. We established the Allen J. Bard Award in Electrochemistry which is our 8th major award, and we have secured $137,000 to endow it. University of Texas esteemed faculty members Allen Bard and John Goodenough were honored as the 76th and 77th Honorary Members in our 111-year history. Professors Bard and Goodenough are two of the greatest electrochemists in history, and their legacy is now a permanent part of ECS. From our beginning in 1902, the Society’s distinctive competency has been to disseminate research to advance the science. The programs and activities in 2013 again demonstrate our competency and continued progress in these mission focused activities. The many years of success in these activities provide direction to the Society’s next step in content dissemination which is the commitment to Open Access publishing. Our competency and commitment are demonstrated through ECS content development and dissemination activities at our meetings and publications, the transition of membership benefits, the advocacy of the science, and the recognition of leading researchers. Moving forward, the steps that we have taken to Free the Science and provide complete Open Access of the ECS Digital Library will enable ECS to improve our competency and ultimately our effectiveness to disseminate scientific research and advance the critically important scientific discipline that we serve.

• Membership. Benefits were improved to offer members one complimentary “Article Processing Charge” to enable member-authors to publish Open Access manuscripts in our journals free of charge. Modifications were also made to enable long time members to retain their membership status as either a Life or Emeritus Member. These are categories exempt from future dues payments. Tetsuya Osaka ECS President

Roque Calvo ECS Executive Director

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

2013

Publications The year 2013 was the first full year of publication for the three new journals that joined the Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) in mid-2012. Joining JES were: ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS), ECS Electrochemistry Letters (EEL), and ECS Solid State Letters (SSL). Together JES and EEL make up the Electrochemical Science and Technology (EST) journals, while JSS and SSL make up the Solid State Science and Technology (SSST) journals. In addition to the Open Access plan for the ECS journals, the journals entered a new realm in 2013 with the publication of focus issues. The intent of these issues is to highlight scientific and technological areas of current interest and future promise that are expanding rapidly or have taken a new direction. In the first focus issue ever published by ECS, SSST Editor Dennis Hess commented, “... considerable effort is required for those scientists and engineers who require information in a rapidly moving field, to gain perspective regarding key problems, developments, and future needs for effective and efficient advances. Special issues devoted to critical and high profile areas offer state-of-the-science and state-of-the-art summaries of these areas. Most importantly, such published issues offer perspective as described and formulated by experts who have been and continue to be intimately involved in the field.” Here is the list of focus issues published in 2013: • Luminescent Materials for Solid State Lighting (JSS) • Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Batteries (JES) • Organic and Biological Electrochemistry (JES) • Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors (JSS) • Nanocarbons for Energy Harvesting and Storage (JSS) • Electrochemical Processing for Interconnects (JES)

to the Editorial Boards in 2013 were Venkat Srinivasan and Thomas J. Schmidt as Associate Editors on the EST Editorial Board. Submissions to the journals in 2013 increased by 7% over 2012, with the greatest percentage of papers received in the EST Batteries and Energy Storage Technical Interest Area (TIA) followed by Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion. In the SSST TIAs, the most submissions were received in the Electronic Materials and Processing TIA. The TIA with the overall fewest submissions was Physical Sensors on the SSST side. ECS Transactions (ECST) continued to be successful in its ninth year of existence in 2013. Of the presentations from the biannual meetings, 36% went on to be published as papers in ECST volumes. In 2013 the ECST manuscript submission system conversion from the AIP Peer X-Press service to software developed by The Conference Exchange (Confex) was completed. Many issues of ECST previously available at electronic (PDF) only issues were converted to Print-on-Demand (POD) editions in 2013. ECST received renewed strategic attention in 2013 as the Society looked to improve upon and grow its highquality venues for authors and resources for readers. The Society welcomed the leadership of Jeffrey Fergus, who came on board as the new Editor of ECST at the start of 2013. ECS held an open forum on the future of ECST at the Toronto meeting to elicit feedback on ways to improve the publication. In addition, Fergus met with members at Division meetings and Jeffrey Fergus

The 2012 Norman Hackerman Young Author Awards were selected (continued on next page) in 2013. In the category of Electrochemical Science & Technology (EST), the winners were K. Skyes Mason and Kiersten C. Horning for “Investigation of a Silicotungstic Acid Functionalized Carbon on Pt Activity and Durability for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction” (JES, Vol. 159, No. 12, p. F871). In the category of Solid State Science & Technology (SSST), the winner was Balavinayagam Ramalingam, for “Multi-Layer Pt nanoparticle Embedded High Density NonVolatile Memory Devices” (JES, Vol. 159, No. 4, p. H393). This was the last year for which the Hackerman Award would be given to both an EST and SSST paper. In 2013 the Society approved the formation of a new Young Author Award named in honor of Bruce Deal and Andy Grove to be awarded to the best young author(s) of a paper published in JSS. Moving forward, the Hackerman award will be given to the best paper published in JES. There was a search for a new A gathering of editors—ECS has been privileged to have had the leadership and hard work of so many talented EST Editor in 2013 to fill the people as journal editors. At the Toronto meeting, the cameras captured five of them (from left to right): Dan position held by interim Editor Petr Scherson, former Editor of the Society’s Electrochemical Science and Technology (EST) journals; Petr Vanýsek, Vanýsek. The appointment went to former Interim Editor of the EST journals; Barry Miller, former Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Robert Savinell of Case Western Society; Dennis Hess, current Editor of the Solid State Science and Technology journals; and Paul Kohl, former Reserve University. Also appointed Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and Electrochemical and Solid State Letters. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Annual Report (continued from previous page)

luncheons. A member survey was conducted in June 2013. Fergus followed up with an article in Interface (fall 2013, p. 8) and with regard to the survey stated that, “... comments from respondents indicated that the value of proceedings papers is the rapid dissemination of recent results and providing a forum for publication of results that would not later be published in journals .... Although proceedings papers are generally considered to be of lower stature than journal publications, they are useful for students and young reserachers that need to establish a publication record.” Figure 1 from the article by Fergus shows that meetings have a high level of interaction among a relatively small number of meeting participants while journals are widely available but with little interaction. Also illustrated in Fig. 1 is the gap in time between when content is presented at a meeting and when it is published in a journal. Proceedings publications can span this gap, because they can be available at or shortly following the meeting. ECS members can expect to see new developments in ECST in the future. A number of diverse topics were covered in Interface magazine in 2013 from transitors to nanocarbons to high temperature materials. Regular columns such as Websites of Note by Zoltan Nagy and Tech Highlights by the team led by Donald Pile continue to provide readers with useful and interesting information. The Currents column

in the summer issue written by Adam Heller was published online in advance of the print issue (an Interface first) due to the timeliness of its subject – the G. S. Yuasa-Boeing 787 Li-Ion Battery. The winter issue included a Chalkboard column by Jackson E. Harrar titled, “The Potentiostat and the Voltage Clamp.” Harrar described the peculiar instance where an innovation was developed by two different scientists in two different fiels at almost the same time, and then widely used for many years in these two fields without the investigators being aware of the other application. A final “Stay Tuned!” was written by Interface Editor Krishnan Rajeshwar in his editorial titled, “A Phase Transition,” in the winter issue. Rajeshwar relinquished the editorship to assume duties as the 3rd VicePresident of the Society. ECS continues to sponsor monographs published by John Wiley & Sons (New York). In 2013, the volume Lithium Batteries was published. ECS was fortunate to have three of the four editors of the volume present at the San Francisco Krishnan Rajeshwar meeting where they graciously signed copies of the book.

Level of Interaction

Meeting

Journal

Transactions

Time 2013 of publications. F14 ig.May 1. Impact

ECS Spring 2013 Meeting

ECS President Fernando Garzon (left) thanked John Weidner (right) for his years of service as Editor of ECS Transactions. 92

Bruno Scrosati (top photo, at left), KM Abraham (top photo, at right), and Walter van Schalkwijk (bottom photo) were ready to sign copies before the special book signing of the newly-published Lithium Batteries monograph. Unable to attend the meeting with the fourth editor, Jusef Hassoun. The monograph is the latest in the series sponsored by ECS and published with John A. Wiley & Sons. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

2013

Photos by Tourism Toronto.

Meetings

May 12 -16, 2 013 l Toronto, Ontario, Canada was the site of the 223rd ECS Meeting. It was the ninth time ECS held one of its biannual meetings in this great city. Over 1500 presentations were given in 44 symposia. Four Short Courses were offered in Toronto: Basic Impedance Spectroscopy, Mark E. Orazem, Instructor; Advanced Microscopy Methods for Studying PEM Fuel Cell Materials, Karren L. More, Instructor; Fundmentals of Electrochemistry – Basic Theory and Thermodynamic Methods, Jamie Noël, Instructor; and Atomic Force Microscopy for Energy Research Applications & Electrochemistry,

da a n a C Toronto, ON, Keith Jones, Instructor. Green initiatives like the meeting app for mobile devices eliminated need for paper. The ECS Lecture during the Monday plenary session was by Michael Mayberry of Intel Corporation. The Gordon E. Moore Award Lecture was given by Fan Ren on Monday afternoon. Dr. Ren is currently at the University of Florida as a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemical Engeering and is an ExxonMobil Gator Chemical Engineering Alumni professor. A Student Mixer was held on Sunday, and the former Sunday Evening Get Together was revamped into an Opening Reception held on Monday night. (continued on next page)

Michael Mayberry delivered The ECS Lecture, entitled “The Frontier of Electronics Research,” at the plenary session of the 223rd ECS Meeting. Dr. Mayberry is Corporate VP of the Technology and Manufacturing Group and Director of Components Research at Intel. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Annual Report (continued from previous page)

Fan Ren (right) received one of the Society’s highest awards, the Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology, from ECS President Fernando Garzon (left).

The Society’s newest journals were on display in Toronto.

Recipients of the Toronto ECS Student Poster Session Awards received their awards and congratulations from ECS President Fernando Garzon (2nd from right). From left to right are Kalpathy Sundaram (organizer), Michal Osiak, Andrew J. Naylor, Danielle Smiley, (Garzon), and Vimal Chaitanya (organizer).

All photos are by MARYPiCS Photography, Canada. 94

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2013

224 th

ECS MEETING San Francisco, CA

October 27—November 1, 2013 San Francisco Travel Association photo by P. Fuszard.

The 224th ECS Meeting was held in San Francisco in October 2013. The meeting kicked off with the ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S). Over 3100 attendees selected from over 2800 papers in 50 symposia and 40 exhibits. Congressman Jerry McNerney, 9th District of California, was Sunday’s keynote speaker. The IE&EE Divison’s Educational Outreach Program was brought to an ECS meeting for the first time. Students from Galileo Academy of Science and Technology and Lowell High School worked under the guidance of Gerri Botte, her students from the Ohio University Student Chapter of ECS, and members of the IE&EE Division. Throughout Sunday and through midday Monday, attendees had an up-close look at a Honda FCX Clarity car and the Mercedes Benz B Class FCell car on display, courtesy of the California Fuel Cell Partnership. The Energy-Water Nexus special symposium was organized by Eric D. Wachsman, Director of the (continued on next page)

Hilton San Francisco

San Francisco Travel Association photo.

The Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) panelists gathered before their talks. From left to right are: Heather Cooley, Co-Director of the Pacific Institute’s Water Program; Congressman Jerry McNerney, 9th District of California; Meredith Younghein, a Policy and Programs Analyst with the State Water Resources Control Board and on the Energy Division of the California Public Utilities Commission; and E2S organizer Robert Glass, Senior Scientist in the Physical and Life Sciences Directorate at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

The Energy–Water Nexus Symposium hosted a panel discussion. From left to right are: Bruce Hamilton, a program director at the National Science Foundation; Clement Cid, California Institute of Technology; Antonio J. Busaliacchi, Chair, National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC) Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate; Amul Tevar, ARPA-E Fellow working in energy–water, energy storage control systems (AMPED); Mike Hightower, a Distinguished Member of the technical staff in the Energy Surety Engineering and Analysis Department at Sandia National Laboratories; organizer and panel moderator Eric Wachsman, Director of the University of Maryland Energy Research Center; and Carl Hensman, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene team within the Global Development Program of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Annual Report (continued from previous page)

University of Maryland Energy Research Center, and the William L. Crentz Centennial Chair in Energy Research with appointments in both the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of Maryland. Dr. Wachman also served as moderator for the panel discussion that followed the presentations. The ECS Lecture was given on Monday by Mark Wrighton of Washington University (St. Louis, MO). The ECS Olin Palladium Award lecture entitled, “Mathematical Modeling of Lithium Ion Cells and Batteries, was given by Ralph White on Monday afternoon. Dr. White is a Professor of Chemical Engineering and a Distinguished Scientist at the University of South Carolina. A symposium held in San Francisco honored Adam Heller on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Dr. Heller is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and recipient of numerous awards including the ECS Vittorio de Nora Award. His work spans a range of technologies, from the lithium thionyl chloride battery to nanoliter glucose assays for diabetes care.

Attendees had a great opportunity on Sunday and Monday to see two different hybrid cars provided by the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP). Juan Contreras, of the CaFCP, gave meeting attendees a tour of one of the hybrid vehicles on display.

ECS President Tetsuya Osaka welcomed the 2013 Class of ECS Fellows. In the front row (left to right) are: Shelley Minteer, Johna Leddy, (President Osaka), Elizabeth Opila, Héctor Abruña, and J. R. Selman. In the back row (from left to right) are: Nancy Dudney, Gary Hunter, Martin Winter, Enrico Traversa, Jiri Janata, Sanjeev Mukerjee, and Kalpathy Sundaram.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

2013

The Society’s Carl Wagner Memorial Award was established in 1980 to recognize a mid-career achievement and excellence in research areas of interest of the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government. Marc T. M. Koper (right) was presented with the 2013 award by ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (left).

Ralph White (right) was the recipient of the 2013 Olin Palladium Award, and received his Medal from ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (center). John Newman (left) introduced Dr. White earlier on Monday, when Prof. White gave his award talk. The Society’s Palladium Award was established in 1950 for distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical or corrosion science. It is one of the Society’s most prestigious awards.

Mark Wrighton (center) delivered The ECS Lecture at the San Francisco meeting. ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (right) thanked Dr. Wrighton for his talk. ECS Senior Vice-President Paul Kohl (left) introduced Dr. Wrighton whose lecture was on the topic of “America’s Energy Future.”

Petr Vanýsek (left) was thanked by ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (right) for his service as the Interim Editor of the Society’s electrochemistry journals.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Annual Report

Adam Heller (4th from left), gathered with his colleagues at the symposium held in his honor at the ECS meeting in San Francisco.

Winners of the Thirteenth Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Symposium (PEFC 13) student poster session competition posed with three of the organizers. Pictured from left to right are: Yuichi Senoo (Yamanashi University), James Fenton (organizer), Yuta Ikehata (Doshisha University), Hubert A. Gasteiger (organizer), Takuya Tsukatsune (Kyushu University), Thomas J. Schmidt (organizer), and Iryna V. Zenyuk (Carnegie Mellon University).

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2013

ECS President Tetsuya Osaka presented awards to the winners of the San Francisco Student Poster Session competition. From left to right are: Kelsey Hatzall (First Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology); Kristy Jost (First Place, Solid State Science & Technology); Vimal Chaitanya (organizer); Tobias Placke, Paul Meister, and Sergej Rothermel (Second Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology); Kalpathy Sundaram (organizer); ECS President Tetsuya Osaka; Takashi Suda (Second Place, Solid State Science & Technology); Olga Fromm (Second Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology); Oana Leonte (judge); and Raluca Stefan-van Staden (judge).

All photos are by Dave Bush Fine Photography, San Francisco, CA.

ECS Meeting Growth 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000

Papers The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

2013

2012

2011

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

Attendance 99

Annual Report In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections co-sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of cosponsored meetings for 2013: • Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition — Columbus, Ohio • 13 International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC-XIII) — Okinawa, Japan th

• China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2013 (CSTIC 2013) – Shanghai, China • 12th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry – Bochum, Germany • 7th Workshop on Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) — Ein Gedi, Israel

• 28th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices (SBMicro 2013) — Curitiba, Brazil (Sponsored by ECS Electronics & Photonics Division) • New Processes and Materials Based on Electrochemical Concepts at the Microscopic Level (MicroEchem 2013) — Querétaro, Mexico • 64th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry — Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico • EuroCVD 19 — Varna, Bulgaria • Electrochem 2013 — Southampton, UK • 4th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits — Villard-de-Lans, France (Sponsored by ECS Electronics & Photonics Division) • 4th International Conference from Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials to Nanodevices and Nanosystems (IC4N) — Corfu, Greece • Insights from the Inside: Imaging Electrochemical Systems — Villigen, Switzerland (Sponsored by the ECS European Section) • 13th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry — Pretoria, South Africa • XIX Simposio Brasileiro de Electroquimica e Eletroanalitica (XIX SIBEE) — São Paulo, Brazil

ECS Executive Director Roque Calvo (right) presented Tao Deng (left) with the Best Student Award at CSTIC 2013.

Daniel Scherson, ECS 3rd Vice-President, presents his lecture at the SIBEE meeting in Brazil. 100

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

The ECS Poster Paper Award at IC4N was awarded to Mariana Sendova of the New College of Florida (center), who is pictured here with Stathis Meletis (left) and Krishnan Rajeshwar (right).

2013

ECS was one of the sponsors of the 13th ISE Topical Meeting and as part of its sponsorship, awarded travel grants to four students. From left to right: Daniel Scherson (ECS 2nd Vice President); award winners Xolile Godfrey Fuku, Shane Flanagan, Paul Ejikeme, and Katlego Makgopa; and Kenneth Ozoemena (Conference Chair).

Participants of the XXVIII Meeting of the Mexican Electrochemical Society (SMEQ) and the 6th Meeting of the ECS Mexico Section in Santiago de Queretaro, Mexico.

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Annual Report Technical Divisions

The Chair of the Nanocarbons Division, R. Bruce Weisman (right), presented the Division’s Richard E. Smalley Research Award to Nazario Martín (left) during the Toronto meeting. The Award is intended to recognize in a broad sense, those persons who have made outstanding contributions to the understanding and applications of fullerenes.

The ECS IE&EE Division presented the 2013 New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award to UTC Power at the Division’s Luncheon and Business Meeting in Toronto, Canada. From left to right are: Robert M. Darling (UTC Power), Michael L. Perry (UTC Power), and Gerri Botte (IE&EE Division Chair). 102

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2013

Membership ECS members are what makes the Society such a vibrant community. Members develop technical programming at our meetings, publish their best work in our journals, and volunteer their time by serving on committees and participating in regional activities. The Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work goes on year-round, especially through the activities of its Sections and Student Chapters. Getting involved with an ECS Section is an excellent networking opportunity for those starting their career or advanced in their field. Sections bring technical news and activities local to those who are not able to attend ECS meetings. Sections provide key programming, symposia, grants, activities, and a great opportunity to get involved and participate with colleagues in furthering the science. Sections also work hard to participate overall in ECS affairs, help increase ECS membership and generate awareness for electrochemistry and solid-state science. ECS currently offers 22 Sections located in Asia, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, North America, South America, and Southern Asia. (continued on page 105)

The San Francisco Section presented the Daniel Cubicciotti Award in May. From left to right are: Anthony Ferrese, UC Berkeley (Honorable Mention); Jaroslaw Syzdek, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (ECS SF Section Chair); Daniel Cohen, UC Berkeley (Award winner); George Licina (Structural Integrity Associates Inc.); Mallory Hammock, Stanford University (Honorable Mention); and Mark Bailey, Kinestral Technologies Inc. (award jury member).

Daniel Scherson, ECS 3rd Vice-President (front, center), with Chile Section members and students.

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Attendees at the 2012 E. B. Yeager Award Sympsoium of the Cleveland Section.

The Japan Section awarded the Young Researcher Award at the AM-FPD’13 to Aya Hino (left) of Kobe Steel, Ltd., shown here with Hiroki Hamada (right) the AM-FPD’13 Organizing Committee Chair.

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A scene from the Taiwan Section’s annual electrochemical training course.

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(continued from page 103)

ECS has a rapidly growing number of Student Chapters that give students an opportunity to learn about the specifics of electrochemical and solid state science and technology, to have a venue for meeting fellow students, and to receive recognition for their organized scholarly activities and community services. The 36 ECS Student Chapters are located at academic institutions throughout the world. Students meet and network with fellow students, participate in a wide range of programs and activities, receive recognition for scholarly activities, and develop career preparation skills. The Society welcomed seven new Student Chapters in 2013 including Montana State University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Research Triangle (Duke University, North Carolina State, and University of North Carolina â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Chapel Hill), SRM University, University of British Columbia, University of Tartu, and Valley of the Sun/Central Arizona (Arizona State University). Student Chapters are officially approved and recognized by the Board of Directors at ECS biannual meetings. (continued on page 107)

University of Maryland Student Chapter members Greg Hitz (left), Alex Kozen (second from left), and Ashley Lidie (far right) met with Sen. Elizabeth Warren (MA) (second from right) to discuss stability of science R&D funding.

Members and faculty advisor of the Calgary Student Chapter displaying a flexible solar panel after a presentation by SkyFire Energy at the University of Calgary.

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Paul Gannon (left), faculty advisor of the Montana State University Student Chapter, observes as Jude Eziashi removes a high-temperature corrosion specimen from a furnace system.

ECS presented the first Outstanding Student Chapter Award to the University of Maryland Student Chapter. ECS President Tetsuya Osaka (center) presented the award to the Chapter President Colin Gore (left). Looking on is the Chapterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facutly advisor Eric Wachsman (right).

The Ohio University Student Chapter hosted a talk by Christopher Johnson of Argonne National Laboratory. From left to right are: Madhivanan Muthuvel, Dan Wang, Bahar Moradi Ghadi, Vedasri Vedharathinam, Gerardine Botte, Arthur Gildea, Christopher Johnson, Wei Yan, Fei Lu, Ramasamy Palaniappan, Santosh Vijapur, Xiaoyound Xia, and Ali Estejab.

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(continued from page 105)

The ECS community also includes institutional members, who are actively moving the science forward in exciting and innovative ways. ECS Institutional Membership provides a direct relationship between ECS and organizations involved in electrochemical science and technology. Institutional Members help ECS to advance the Societyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose and objectives. In 2013, three organizations were recognized with the Leadership Circle Award for continuous service to the ECS including: Evonik Degussa GmbH, Permascand AB, and Occidental Chemical Corporaion. ECS had 50 Institutional Members at the end of 2013.

ECS Sections

Latin America Brazil Chile Mexico

North America Arizona Canada Chicago Cleveland Detroit Georgia National Capital New England Pittsburgh San Francisco Texas Twin Cities

Middle East Israel

Southern Asia India

Asia/Japan China Japan Korea Taiwan Europe Europe

The University of Texas at Austin Student Chapter with their lemon battery demonstration at the Explore UT 2013 event. From left to right are: Donald Robinson, Alma Castaneda, Netzahualcoyotl Arroyo Curras, Arumugam Manthiram (Faculty Advisor) Jason Yoo, Karen Scida, Josephine Cunningham, Brent Bennett, and Preethi Mathew.

The organizing committee and the Cochin University of Science and Technology Student Chapter members gathered during the 2013 International Conference on Optoelectronic Materials and Thin Films for Advanced Technology. The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

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The Arizona State University Student Chapter (ECS@ASU) Members and the Ironmen Network Life Coaches, at the Chapter’s 2013 Outreach Program.

The 3rd ECS Montréal Student Symposium of the Montréal Student Chapter attracted more than 70 students and staff from Montreal and Québec universities and research centers.

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ECS Membership Statistics

Category Active Member Reps Life Emeritus Honorary Subtotal Active in Good Standing Delinquent Total Active on Record Students Delinquent Total Students Total Individual Members

Table I. ECS Membership by Class 2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2013/2012 %Change

4974 89 45 234 26 5368 941 6309 1206 304 1510 7819

5082 116 46 248 25 5517 945 6462 1428 512 1940 8402

5129 98 46 266 24 5563 1130 6693 1592 648 2240 8933

4858 126 49 282 23 5338 1503 6841 1466 946 2412 9253

4874 137 53 293 23 5380 1115 6495 1541 719 2260 8755

4717 158 71 265 22 5233 1230 6463 1442 859 2301 8764

4253 175 101 283 25 4837 1225 6062 1438 775 2213 8275

-9.8 10.8 42.3 6.8 13.6 -7.6 -0.4 -6.2 -0.3 -9.8 -3.8 -5.6

Table II. ECS Membership by Section 2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2013/2012 %Change

118 54 283 208

150 71 267 184

116 58 292 188

127 65 380 159

109 65 381 182

62 114 105 1043 172

78 138 91 1081 168

123 134 99 1266 151

101 125 98 1256 165

25 756 187 66 188 327 98 366 122 167 91

23 789 212 28 182 311 98 364 126 174 87

35 920 246 38 181 321 87 425 207 160 85

31 791 262 36 159 291 87 415 97 160 86

81 123 118 1105 171 58 39 771 243 31 159 381 87 413 122 144 74

98 66 382 180 10 86 124 116 1108 179 59 39 775 253 30 154 360 80 416 123 146 76

102 47 371 155 13 78 106 96 1041 133 59 27 756 205 30 162 292 58 376 87 142 53

4.1 -28.8 -2.9 -13.9 30.0 -9.3 -14.5 -17.2 -6.0 -25.7 0.0 -30.8 -2.5 -19.0 0.0 5.2 -18.9 -27.5 -9.6 -29.3 -2.7 -30.3

2012

2013

2013/2012 %Change

Battery 1378 1450 1130 1575 1711 1740 Corrosion 531 521 515 476 444 448 Dielectric Science & Technology 377 375 377 301 306 281 Electrodeposition 509 509 500 471 474 453 Electronics & Photonics 815 759 821 671 661 582 Energy Technology 929 1060 1145 1196 1239 1175 Nanocarbons 194 205 212 176 155 175 High Temperature Materials 205 196 209 203 212 209 Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engr 277 297 301 303 313 309 Luminescence & Display Materials 110 120 122 102 100 99 Organic & Biological Electrochemistry 188 215 222 188 175 176 Physical & Analytical Electrochemistry 643 664 652 596 597 561 Sensor 242 247 276 222 242 223 *From 2007 Division statistics include only primary interests. Previous yearsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; include primary and secondary interests.

1820 439 273 471 570 1094 170 218 287 82 169 608 246

4.6 -2.0 -2.8 4.0 -2.1 -6.9 -2.9 4.3 -7.1 -17.2 -4.0 8.4 10.3

Section Arizona Brazilian Canadian Chicago Chile China Cleveland Detroit European Georgia India Israel Japan Korea Mexico National Capital New England Pittsburgh San Francisco Taiwan Texas Twin Cities

Table III. ECS Membership by Division * Division

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Table IV. ECS Membership by Occupation Occupation Academic Industry Government Retired

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2013/2012 %Change

2274 2334 388 69

2446 2456 431 77

2558 2160 436 119

2467 2034 391 112

2410 2197 394 112

2370 2135 403 112

2227 1928 357 114

-6.0 -9.7 -11.4 1.8

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Annual Report ECS Student Chapters ECS Student Chapters

Year Founded Faculty Advisor

Atlanta Student Chapter at Georgia Tech

2008

Peter J. Hesketh

peter.hesketh@me.gatech.edu

Auburn University Boston (Northeastern University, Harvard University, MIT, University of Massachusetts) Brno University of Technology Calgary California State University- Fullerton Division Central Illinois ECS Cleveland Section and Ernest B. Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences Joint Student Chapter Colorado School of Mine Drexel University Indiana University

2007 2009

Jeffrey Fergus Eugene Smotkin

jwfergus@eng.auburn.edu e.smotkin@neu.edu

2006 2011 2012

Jiri Vondrak Viola Birss John Haan

vondrakj@iic.cas.cz birss@ucalgary.ca jhaan2@uiuc.edu

2008 2005

Andrzej Wieckowski James D. Burgess

andrzej@scs.uiuc.edu jdb22@po.cwru.edu

2012 2012 2012

Andrew Herring Yury Gogotsi Lane Baker & Dennis Peters

Kerala, India at CUSAT Lahore, Pakistan Montana State University Montreal North Florida Norwegian University of Science and Technology Ohio State University Ohio University Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Research Triangle Student Chapter (Duke University, NC State, UNC - Chapel Hill) South Brazilian (Univ. Fed. do Rio Grande do Sul) SRM University

2008 2008 2013 2010 2014 2014

M. K. Jayaraj Inam Ul Haque Paul Gannon Steen B. Schougaard Pedro Moss Ana Mari Svensson

aherring@mines.edu gogotsi@drexel.edu lanbaker@indiana.edu & peters@ indiana.edu mkj@cusat.ac.in inamul.haque@gmail.com pgannon@montana.edu schougaard.steen@uqam.ca plm1735@my.fsu.edu annmari.svensson@ntnu.no

2006 2011 2013 2013

Anne Co Gerardine Botte Daniel Lewis & David Duquette Jeffrey Glass (Duke)

co@chemistry.ohio-state.edu botte@ohio.edu lewisd2@rpi.edu & duqued@rpi.edu jeff.glass@duke.edu

2010

Luis Frederico P. Dick

lfdick@ufrgs.br

2013

Tel Aviv University

2009

Tyndall National Institute University of British Columbia University of California – Berkeley University of California – Riverside University of California – San Diego University of Central Florida University of Cincinnati University of Florida University of Iowa University of Maryland University of South Carolina University of Tartu University of Texas at Austin University of Texas at Dallas University of Virginia Valley of the Sun (Central Arizona)

2012 2013 2006 2011 2014 2000 2007 2005 2014 2011 2010 2013 2006 2012 2006 2013

Ranjit Thapa & Bhalchandra Kakade Eliezer Gileadi & Yosi Shacham-Diamand Alan O’Riordan Dan Bizzotto John Newman Alexander Balandin Shirley Meng Kalpathy Sundaram Marc Cahay Mark Orazem John Leddy Eric Wachsman Xiao-dong Zhou Kaido Tammeveski Ram Manthiram Moon Kim Rob Kelly Candace Chan

ranjit.phy@gmail.com & bhalchandrakakade@gmail.com gileadi@post.tau.ac.il & yosish@post.tau.ac.il alan.oriordan@tyndall.ie bizzotto@chem.ubc.ca newman@newman.cchem.berkeley.edu balandin@ee.ucr.edu shirleymeng@ucsd.edu sundaram@mail.ucf.edu marc.cahay@uc.edu morazem@che.ufl.edu johna-leddy@uiowa.edu ewach@umd.edu xiao-dong.zhou@sc.edu kaido@chem.ut.ee rmanth@mail.utexas.edu moonkim@utdallas.edu rgk6y@virginia.edu Candace.chan@asu.edu

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2013

Finance We are pleased to present the audited financial reports of ECS for the year ending December 31, 2013. These reports indicate that our financial health continues to be strong and that we met the Society’s financial objectives for the year, which is to advance electrochemical and solid state science by disseminating technical content. For the year ended December 31, 2013, net assets increased by $972,274. The surplus was a result of greater than anticipated revenues of $6.9 million, largely due to higher than expected returns from the investment portfolio, meeting attendance and publication revenue. These were partially offset by lower than expected membership and rental operations revenue. The total operating expenses decreased to $6.2 million primarily due to reduced Society meetings and exhibits costs related to the venue and decreased attendance compared to the record-setting PRiME meeting in Hawaii. This was partially offset by increases in publications costs related to bringing the circulation and fulfillment function in-house. The general and administrative costs were slightly higher due to increases in staff, benefit costs, IT software and other support costs. We anticipate further increases in the staff size to manage the growth in meetings, publications and technological requirements driving the Society’s future.

ECS Revenue Percentages - 2013 Other revenues ECS Revenue Percentages - 2013 0.2%

Rental income 6.8% Contributions and grantsRental income 1.2% 6.8% Interest and Contributions dividend income and grants 14.7% Interest and 1.2% dividend income 14.7%

Society meetings and activities 30.0% Society meetings and activities 30.0%

Publications 38.5%

Constituent programs 0.9% Constituent programs 0.9%

Membership 7.7% Membership 7.7%

ECS Expense Percentages - 2013

The Society’s Statement of Financial Position reflects growth in assets to $16.9 million of which 51% are either custodial or endowment funds. Growth in these funds is important because it is clear that there will be pressure to generate financial support through investment and contribution revenues. ECS’ open access initiative has shifted our focus to the eventual free dissemination of content. Digital Library pricing has flattened and, over time, will begin to decline as we shift from a subscription-based model to a contributionbased model. Therefore, our broader financial goal is to avoid the use of the endowment funds to cover operating expenses, enabling the funds to maintain future growth.

Society meetings and activities 27.6% Society meetings and activities 27.6%

From a financial perspective, 2013 was a very good year for ECS, largely due to the performance of our investment portfolio. We anticipate the need for significant investments to fund the technology necessary to advance our programs, disseminate content and support the open access initiative. The Society’s current financial strength will aid in these investments..

Constituent programs 10.2% Constituent programs 10.2%

Christina Bock Treasurer

Publications 38.5%

Other revenues 0.2%

Awards,

General and

Awards, 2.2% fellowships and grants 2.2%

14.8% General and adminstrative 14.8%

fellowships and adminstrative ECS Expense Percentages - 2013 grants

Fundraising 0.5%

Rental Fundraising 0.5%operations 7.7% Rental operations 7.7%

Publications 34.1% Membership 2.9%

Publications 34.1%

Membership 2.9%

Paul Grote Director of Finance

The Electrochemical Society is a nonprofit international association of scientists and engineers chartered as a tax exempt organization under Section 501(c)(3) of the United States Internal Revenue Code. The Board of Directors engages the services of an independent auditor to assure that the Society maintains an effective system of financial management, and continues to operate under its nonprofit charter. The Board of Directors received an unqualified or clean opinion from their independent auditors, WithumSmith+Brown for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2013.

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Annual Report Financial Summary Consolidated Statement of Financial Position (For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012)

Assets Cash and cash equivalents Accounts receivable, net Unconditional promises to give, net Prepaid expenses, deposits and other assets Investments in marketable securities Custodial account investments Deferred rent Investments in real estate: Land Buidlings, less accumulated depreciation of $603,058 Intangible assets Total assets

2013

2012

$ 1,762,595 42,616 17,575 329,801 9,667,985 630,284 58,442

$ 1,255,149 148,985 17,575 130,709 8,586,364 717,910 81,005

1,603,427 2,801,126 16,913,851

1,603,427 2,886,232 243,873 15,671,229

Liabilities and Net Assets Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deferred revenue Custodial account liability Security deposits Deferred compensation Net Assets Unrestricted Temporarily restricted Permanently restricted Total net assets Total liabilities and net assets

357,462 1,600,829 630,284 30,900 119,329 12,875,468 424,196 875,383 14,175,047 16,913,851

314,030 1,290,501 717,910 30,987 115,028

11,950,633 410,627 841,513 13,202,773 15,671,229

Consolidated Statement of Changes in Net Assets (For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012)

Revenues Publications Membership Constituent programs Society meetings and activities Interest and dividend income Contributions and grants Rental income Other revenues

$ 2,660,730 529,990 63,177 2,072,274 1,019,234 81,432 468,764 14,960 6,910,561

$ 2,710,514 719,147 71,236 2,558,322 268,591 23,791 512,521 15,564 6,879,686

$ 2,127,074 183,396 635,591 1,719,343 135,908 4,801,312

$ 1,688,125 105,091 702,046 2,477,434 86,582 5,059,278

Expenses Program services Publications Membership Constituent programs Society meetings and activities Awards, fellowships and grants Supporting services General and adminstrative Fundraising Rental operations

923,188 865,341 27,549 480,489 431,377 1,431,226 1,296,718 Increase in net assets from operations 678,023 $523,690 Net change in fair value of investments 294,251 346,418 Other nonoperating revenue Change in net assets 972,274 870,108 Net assets, beginning of year 13,202,773 12,332,665 Net assets, end of year 14,175,047 13,202,773 These financial statements are a condensed version of the audited statements of ECS for the year ending December 31, 2013. ECS will be pleased to provide complete copies along with all footnotes and the unqualified report of our auditors upon request. 112

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Notes to Financial Statements 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

4. Endowment Funds

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and its Divisions, Groups and Sections, the LLC, as well as LBF. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The consolidated financial statements have been prepared to focus on The Electrochemical Society, Inc. and Subsidiary (the Society) as a whole, and to present balances and transactions according to the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. Accordingly, net assets and changes therein are classified as follows: Unrestricted net assets – net assets not subject to donor-imposed stipulations; Temporarily restricted net assets – net assets subject to donorimposed stipulations that will be met by actions of the Society and/or by the passage of time; Permanently restricted net assets (endowment funds) – net assets subject to donor-imposed stipulations that they be maintained permanently by the Society.

The Society’s endowment funds consist of several funds established to fund awards, as well as an educational endowment fund, publications endowment fund and an ECS endowment fund. The endowment funds include both donor-restricted funds and funds designated by the Board of Directors to function as endowments. As required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), net assets associated with endowment funds are classified based on the existence or absence of donor-imposed restrictions. The Society’s policy requires the preservation of the fair value of the original gift as of the gift date of the donor-restricted endowment funds absent explicit donor stipulations to the contrary. As a result, the Society classifies as permanently restricted net assets the original value of gifts donated to the permanent endowment and the original value of subsequent gifts to the permanent endowment. The remaining portion of the donor-restricted endowment fund that is not classified in permanently restricted net assets is classified as temporarily restricted net assets until those amounts are appropriated for expenditure by the Society.

2. Income Tax Status and Income Taxes ECS and its Divisions, Groups, and Sections qualify as a tax-exempt organization described under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and all of its income, except income generated through the advertising included in its publications, is exempt from Federal income taxes. As a single-member limited liability company, LLC is treated as a “disregarded entity” for income tax purposes and, as such, its financial activity is reported in conjunction with the Federal income tax filings of ECS. LBF is a limited liability company. Therefore, the income or loss is passed through to the members and no provision or liability for federal and state income taxes has been included in the financial statements for the company. The Society has adopted the accounting pronouncement that provides guidance on uncertain tax positions. The Society has no unrecognized tax benefits at December 31, 2013.

3. Investments Investments in equities and fixed income instruments are reported at fair market value, and investment in real estate is reported at cost. Investment income and realized and unrealized net gains and losses on investments of permanently restricted net assets are reported as follows: as increases or decreases in temporarily restricted net assets if the terms of the gift impose restrictions on the use of the income and/or net gains; as increases or decreases in unrestricted net assets in all other cases. Cost, market value and unrealized appreciation (depreciation) at December 31, 2013 are summarized as follows:

Cost Money market funds Stocks and mutual funds Certificate of deposit

1,855 6,019,011

Market Value $

1,855

Unrealized Appreciation (Depreciation) $

6,868,720

-849,709

316,195

Corporate and U.S. bonds

2,417,263

2,597,785

180,522

Real estate

5,007,611

Real Estate Trust Total

550,000

513,714

$14,311,985

$15,305,880

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

5. ECS Holdings, LLC ECS Holdings LLC was chartered in 1998 to manage the real estate assets of the Society. Current real estate holdings include five buildings at Howe Commons in Pennington, NJ valued at a cost of $5,007,611. The Society occupies one of the buildings and the other four are classified as an investment. ECS Holdings LLC leases office space in these four buildings to various tenants under operating leases arrangements expiring through 2019. Rental income under the aforementioned leases totaled $468,764 (net of Society’s rentals of $90,117) for the year ended December 31, 2013.

6. Report of the ECS Audit Subcommittee The ECS Audit Committee provides oversight of The Electrochemical Society’s financial reporting process on behalf of the Board of Directors. Management (ECS Staff Directors and Officers) is responsible for the financial statements and the financial reporting process, including the system of internal control. In fulfilling its oversight responsibilities, the Committee discussed the financial statements in the annual report with management, including a discussion of quality, not just the acceptability, of the accounting principles; the reasonableness of significant judgments; and the clarity of disclosures in the financial statements. The members of the Audit Committee in 2013 were Peter Fedkiw (Chair), Bill Eggers, Petr Vanysek, Paul Natishan and Stuart Swirson. The ECS Audit Committee discussed with the independent auditors the overall scope and plans for their respective audits. The Committee meets with the independent auditors with and without management present, to discuss the results of their examinations, their evaluations of the Society’s internal control, compliance with laws and regulations, and the overall quality of the Society’s financial reporting. Based on the discussions referenced above, the ECS Audit Committee has recommended for acceptance to the Board of Directors the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013.

(36,286) $

993,945

113

Annual Report Board of Directors (as of November 1, 2013)

Bor Yann Liaw, Chair, Battery Division Rob Mantz, Chair, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division

Christina Bock, Treasurer

Tetsuya Osaka, President

Gerardine Botte, Chair, Industrial Electrochemistry & Electrochemical Engineering Division

Krishnan Rajeshwar, 3rd Vice-President

James Burgess, Chair, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry

Daniel Scherson, 2nd Vice-President Anant Setlur, Chair, Luminescence and Display Materials Division

Roque Calvo, Executive Director Michael Carter, Chair, Sensor Division Hariklia Deligianni, Secretary Fernando Garzon, Past President Shinji Fujimoto, Chair, Corrosion Division Andrew Hoff, Chair, Electronics and Photonics Division Paul Kohl, Senior Vice-President

Stuart Swirson, Nonprofit Financial Professional Eric Wachsman, Chair, Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Subcommittee Adam Weber, Chair, Energy Technology Division Bruce Weisman, Chair, Nanocarbons Division Giovanni Zangari, Chair, Electrodeposition Division Xiao-Dong Zhou, Chair, High Temperature Materials Division

Oana Leonte, Chair, Dielectric Science and Technology Division

ECS Editorial Boards (as of December 31, 2013)

Electrochemical Science & Technology (EST) Journals Robert F. Savinell, Editor Gerald S. Frankel, Technical Editor Thomas F. Fuller, Technical Editor Charles L. Hussey, Technical Editor Shelley D. Minteer, Technical Editor Rangachary Mukundan, Technical Editor Dennis G. Peters, Technical Editor John Weidner, Technical Editor Martin Winter, Technical Editor Doron Aurbach, Associate Editor Thierry Brousse, Associate Editor Raymond J. Gorte, Associate Editor Takayuki Homma, Associate Editor Thomas J. Schmidt, Associate Editor Venkat Srinivasan, Associate Editor

Solid State Science & Technology (SSST) Journals Dennis W. Hess, Editor Jennifer A. Bardwell, Technical Editor Stefan De Gendt, Technical Editor Francis Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Souza, Technical Editor Yue Kuo, Technical Editor Kailash C. Mishra, Technical Editor George Celler, Associate Editor

Interface

Krishnan Rajeshwar, Editor Jim Burgess, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Representative Luis Echegoyen, Nanocarbons Division Representative Uwe Happek, Luminescence and Display Materials Division Representative

114

Andrew C. Hillier, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Representative Bor Yann Liaw, Battery Division Representative Mani Manivannan, Energy Technology Division Representative Durga Misra, Dielectric Science and Technology Division Representative Jerzy Ruzyllo, Electronics and Photonics Division Representative John Staser, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Representative Sanna Virtanen, Corrosion Division Representative Nick Wu, Sensor Division Representative Giovanni Zangari, Electrodeposition Division Representative Xiao-Dong Zhou, High Temperature Materials Division Representative

ECS Transactions (ECST) Jeffrey W. Fergus, Editor D. Noel Buckley, Electronics and Photonics Division Representative James Burgess, Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Representative Bryan A. Chin, Sensor Division Representative Hugh De Long, Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Representative James M. Fenton, Energy Technology Division Representative Turgut Gur, High Temperature Materials Division Representative Robert Kostecki, Battery Division Representative Kailash C. Mishra, Luminescence and Display Materials Division Representative Durgamadhab Misra, Dielectric Science and Technology Division Representative Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Electrodeposition Division Representative Sanna Virtanen, Corrosion Division Representative John Weidner, Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Representative R. Bruce Weisman, Nanocarbons Division Representative

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Headquarters Staff (as of June 30, 2014)

2013

Paul Grote, Director of Finance Andrea Guenzel, Publications Specialist Mary Hojlo, Constituent Services Associate Colleen Klepser, Executive Operations Administrator

Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Dinia Agrawala, Interface Production Manager Linda Cannon, Staff Accountant Karen Chmielewski, Finance Associate Paul Cooper, Editorial Manager Dan Fatton, Director of Development Timothy Gamberzky, Sr. Director of Operations Glenn Gang, Director of Membership & Constituent Programs Rob Gerth, Director of Marketing & Digital Engagement Annie Goedkoop, Director of Publications

Christie Knef, Meetings & Exhibits Manager John Lewis, Associate Director of Publications Heather McAlinn, Board Relations Administrator Winnie Mutch, Web Manager Anna Olsen, Constituent Services Associate Elizabeth Schademann, Publications Specialist Keith Schlesinger, Technical Programs Coordinator Logan Streu, Publications Assistant Beth Anne Stuebe, Meetings & Conference Content Coordinator Mary Yess, Deputy Executive Director and Publisher

ECS Donors The following individuals and organizations have helped support ECS’s many activities. We thank them for their generous support of the Society.

Endowed Funds

ECS maintains several endowments, including: ECS Endowment, which supports ECS’s planning and investment in future initiatives to ensure organizational viability and longevity. Education Endowment Fund, which supports ECS summer fellowships, provides student travel grants for ECS Meetings and cash prizes for student poster session awards. Publications Endowment Fund, which supports ECS scientific journals and open access content in the ECS Digital Library. We are grateful to the following donors for their generous support of $500 or more to our endowments:

We are grateful to the following individuals for their generous gifts of $500 and above in support of our mission: Shigeru Amemiya Kathryn Bullock Jerzy Chlistunoff Francisco Di Quarto Zhifeng Ding Fu-Ren F. Fan Stephen W. Feldberg Pushpito K. Ghosh Paul Kohl Bruce Arthur Kowert Mahadevaiyer Krishnan Chi-Woo Lee Peter Lewis Xiao Li

Biao Liu Henri Maget Wijian Miao Michael V. Mirkin John S. Newman Yaw S. Obeng David T. Pierce Paul Sharp Hiroyasu Tachikawa Aiji A. Uchiyama Patrick Unwin Francisco A. Uribe David Wipf

The Legacy Society

Frederick Strieter K.M. Abraham

Businesses, Organizations and Government

We are grateful to the following businesses, organizations, and government organizations for their generous support of $5,000 and above in support of our mission: American Elements AMETEK – Scientific Instruments Applied Materials Army Research Office Asahi Kasei Corporation Asahi Kasei E-Materials Group Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS Duracell ESL Electro-Science Gamry Instruments Gelest, Inc. Horiba Scientific

Individuals

Hydro-Québec IBM Corporation IEEE Power Electronics Society Industrie De Nora S.P.A. Lam Research Corp. Maccor Inc. Metrohm Office of Naval Research Pine Research Instrumentation ProSys, Inc. Saft Batteries, Specialty Batteries Group Scribner Associates

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

The Legacy Society honors benefactors who have provided for the Society in a variety of ways—through their wills, a charitable trust, a life-income arrangement, a life insurance policy, or a retirement plan. Robert P. Frankenthal George R. Gillooly Stan Hancock Carl Hering W. Jean Horkans

Keith E. Johnson Mary E. Loonam Edward G. Weston 2 Anonymous Donors

If you would like more information about making a planned gift, please contact Dan Fatton, Director of Development at 609.737.1902 ext. 115.

115

Annual Report 2013 Institutional Partners ECS appreciates the support of all our institutional partners. This list includes institutional members, technical exhibitors, general meeting sponsors, symposia sponsors and advertisers. We are grateful for the continued support!

3M Company ABT/FCT Agilent Technologies Air Liquide Aixtron Akrion Systems ALS Co., Ltd. American Elements Applied Materials Applied Spectra Inc Arbin Instruments Argonne National Lab Army Research Office Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corp Asylum Research, an Oxford Instruments Company Axiall Corporation Ballard Power Systems, Inc. BASF Fuel Cell, Inc. Beijing Mikrouna Biolin Scientific Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS C. Uyemura & Co. Ltd. California Fuel Cell Partnership Cambridge NanoTech Inc. CAP Final Coat Central Electrochemical Research Institute CH Instruments, Inc. ChemTrace Co-Operative Plating Co. Dow Chemical Co. Duracell Dynatronix Inc EaglePicher Technologies LLC EL-Cell GmbH Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. ENEOS CELLTECH Co., Ltd. Energizer ESL ElectroScience Evans Analytical Group Evonik Litarion GmbH Faraday Technology, Inc.

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Fortu Research GmbH Gamry Instruments Gelest Inc. General Motors Research Labs Giner, Inc./GES GS-Yuasa International Ltd. Heka Electronics Honda R&D Co., Ltd. Horiba Scientific Hydro-Quebec IBM Corporation Industrie De Nora S.p.A. INFICON International Lead Zinc Research Org. International Society of Electrochemistry IonPower Ivium Technologies Johnson Controls Hybrid and Recycling GmbH Kanto Chemical Co., Inc. Koslow Scientific Lam Research Corp. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Leclanche SA Los Alamos National Laboratory Maccor Materials Research Society Mattson Technologies, Inc. Mbraun USA Meaglow Medtronic Inc. Metrohm Autolab Metrohm USA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd Mobecomme Inc. MTI Corporation N.E. CHEMCAT Corporation Netzch Next Energy EWE - Forschungzentrum Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Occidental Chemical Corp. Office of Navy Research

Ohio State OM Group, Inc. Onda Corporation Palm Sens BV Panasonic Corporation, AIS Company PEC North America Inc. Permascand AB Permelec Electrode Ltd. Pine Research Instrumentation Precious Plate Incorporated Princeton Applied Research/Solatron Analytical ProSys Inc Qualcomm Quallion, LLC Reagent RheoSense, Inc Saft Batteries, Specialty Batteries Group Sandia National Laboratories Scribner Associates, Inc. Solartron Analytical - Ametek SolviCore GmbH & Co. KG Stanford Research Systems Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo KK TDK Corporation, Device Development Center Technic Inc. TEL/FSI Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. Texas University TIMCAL Ltd. Toshima Manufactoring Co., Ltd. Toyota Central R & D Labs., Inc. Toyota Research Institute of North America ULVAC Technologies Umicore AG & Co. KG Uniscan Vigor Gas Purification Technologies Inc Wildcat Discovery Technologies Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences ZSW

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2013

ECS Honor Roll Past Presidents of the Society J. W. Richards............................... 1902-1904 H. S. Carhart................................. 1904-1905 W. D. Bancroft............................... 1905-1906 C. Hering....................................... 1906-1907 C. F. Burgess................................. 1907-1908 E. G. Acheson................................ 1908-1909 L. H. Baekeland............................. 1909-1910 W. H. Walker................................. 1910-1911 W. R. Whitney............................... 1911-1912 W. L. Miller.................................... 1912-1913 E. F. Roeber................................... 1913-1914 F. A. Lidbury.................................. 1914-1915 L. Addicks..................................... 1915-1916 F. A. J. FitzGerald........................... 1916-1917 C. G. Fink...................................... 1917-1918 F. J. Tone....................................... 1918-1919 W. D. Bancroft............................... 1919-1920 W. S. Landis.................................. 1920-1921 A. Smith........................................ 1921-1922 C. G. Schluederberg.................................1922-1923 A. T. Hinckley................................ 1923-1924 H. C. Parmelee.............................. 1924-1925 F. M. Becket................................... 1925-1926 W. Blum........................................ 1926-1927 S. C. Lind...................................... 1927-1928 P. J. Kruesi.................................... 1928-1929 F. C. Frary...................................... 1929-1930 L. Kahlenberg................................ 1930-1931 B. Stoughton................................. 1931-1932 R. A. Witherspoon......................... 1932-1933 J. Johnston................................... 1933-1934 H. S. Lukens.................................. 1934-1935 J. H. Critchett................................ 1935-1936 D. A. MacInnes.............................. 1936-1937 W. G. Harvey................................. 1937-1938 R. L. Baldwin................................. 1938-1939 H. J. Creighton.............................. 1939-1940

F. C. Mathers................................. 1940-1941 R. R. Ridgway............................... 1941-1942 E. M. Baker.................................... 1942-1943 R. M. Burns................................... 1943-1944 S. D. Kirkpatrick............................ 1944-1945 W. R. Veazey................................. 1945-1946 W. C. Moore.................................. 1946-1947 G. W. Heise................................... 1947-1948 J. A. Lee........................................ 1948-1949 A. L. Ferguson............................... 1949-1950 C. L. Faust..................................... 1950-1951 R. M. Hunter................................. 1951-1952 J. C. Warner.................................. 1952-1953 R. J. McKay................................... 1953-1954 M. J. Udy...................................... 1954-1955 H. H. Uhlig.................................... 1955-1956 H. Thurnauer................................. 1956-1957 N. Hackerman............................... 1957-1958 S. Swann....................................... 1958-1959 W. C. Gardiner............................... 1959-1960 R. A. Schaefer............................... 1960-1961 H. B. Linford.................................. 1961-1962 F. L. LaQue.................................... 1962-1963 W. J. Hamer.................................. 1963-1964 L. I. Gilbertson.............................. 1964-1965 E. B. Yeager................................... 1965-1966 H. J. Read..................................... 1966-1967 H. C. Gatos.................................... 1967-1968 I. E. Campbell................................ 1968-1969 N. C. Cahoon................................. 1969-1970 C. W. Tobias.................................. 1970-1971 C. V. King...................................... 1971-1972 T. D. McKinley............................... 1972-1973 N. B. Hannay................................. 1973-1974 D. A. Vermilyea............................. 1974-1975 T. R. Beck...................................... 1975-1976 M. J. Pryor.................................... 1976-1977

D. N. Bennion................................ 1977-1978 D. R. Turner.................................. 1978-1979 J. B. Berkowitz.............................. 1979-1980 E. M. Pell....................................... 1980-1981 R. J. Brodd.................................... 1981-1982 F. J. Strieter................................... 1982-1983 J. B. Wagner, Jr............................. 1983-1984 P. C. Milner.................................... 1984-1985 R. C. Alkire.................................... 1985-1986 R. E. Enstrom................................ 1986-1987 F. G. Will........................................ 1987-1988 B. E. Deal...................................... 1988-1989 E. J. Cairns.................................... 1989-1990 J. M. Woodall................................ 1990-1991 L. R. Faulkner................................ 1991-1992 W. L. Worrell................................. 1992-1993 R. P. Frankenthal........................... 1993-1994 J. A. Amick.................................... 1994-1995 K. R. Bullock................................. 1995-1996 D. W. Hess.................................... 1996-1997 B. Miller........................................ 1997-1998 G. M. Blom.................................... 1998-1999 D.E. Hall........................................ 1999-2000 C. M. Osburn................................. 2000-2001 J. Talbot........................................ 2001-2002 K. Spear........................................ 2002-2003 B. Scrosati.................................... 2003-2004 R. Susko....................................... 2004-2005 W. Smyrl....................................... 2005-2006 Mark Allendorf.............................. 2006-2007 Barry MacDougall......................... 2007-2008 D. Noel Buckley............................. 2008-2009 Paul Natishan................................ 2009-2010 William D. Brown.......................... 2010-2011 Esther S. Takeuchi......................... 2011-2012 Fernando Garzon........................... 2012-2013

H. B. Linford.................................. 1949-1959 I. E. Campbell................................ 1959-1965 R. F. Bechtold................................ 1965-1968 D. R. Turner.................................. 1968-1974 P. C. Milner.................................... 1974-1980 F. A. Trumbore............................... 1980-1984

J. A. Amick.................................... 1984-1988 E. W. Brooman.............................. 1988-1992 J. McBreen.................................... 1992-1996 R. Susko....................................... 1996-2000 P. Natishan.................................... 2000-2004 P. Vanýsek..................................... 2004-2008 J. Leddy........................................ 2008-2012

E. G. Enck...................................... 1961-1964 R. H. Schaefer............................... 1964-1967 R. H. Cherry.................................. 1967-1973 F. J. Strieter................................... 1973-1976 J. L. Griffin.................................... 1976-1982 J. Kruger....................................... 1982-1986 R. P. Frankenthal........................... 1986-1990

R. E. White.................................... 1990-1994 W. M. Bullis................................... 1994-1997 Y. H. Wong.................................... 1997-1998 W. D. Brown.................................. 1998-2002 P. Fedkiw....................................... 2002-2006 J. Susko........................................ 2006-2010

Past Secretaries of the Society C. Hering.................................................1902 C. J. Reed...................................... 1902-1904 S. S. Sadtler.................................. 1904-1907 J. W. Richards............................... 1907-1921 C. G. Fink...................................... 1921-1947 R. M. Burns................................... 1947-1949

Past Treasurers of the Society P. G. Salom................................... 1902-1920 F. A. Lidbury.................................. 1920-1924 A. Smith........................................ 1924-1931 R. M. Burns................................... 1931-1943 W. W. Winship............................... 1943-1949 E. G. Widell................................... 1949-1955 L. I. Gilbertson.............................. 1955-1961

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Annual Report

Edward Goodrich Acheson Award E. G. Acheson...........................................1929 E. F. Northrup...........................................1931 C. G. Fink.................................................1933 F. J. Tone..................................................1935 F. M. Becket..............................................1937 F. C. Frary.................................................1939 C. F. Burgess............................................1942 W. Blum...................................................1944 H. J. Creighton.........................................1946 D. A. MacInnes.........................................1948 G. W. Vinal...............................................1950 J. W. Marden............................................1952 G. W. Heise..............................................1954 R. M. Burns..............................................1956 W. J. Kroll................................................1958 H. B. Linford.............................................1960 C. L. Faust................................................1962 E. A. Gulbransen......................................1964 W. C. Vosburgh........................................1966 F. L. LaQue...............................................1968 S. Ruben..................................................1970 C. W. Tobias.............................................1972 C. V. King.................................................1974 N. B. Hannay............................................1976 D. A. Vermilyea........................................1978 E. B. Yeager..............................................1980 H. C. Gatos...............................................1982 N. Hackerman..........................................1984 E. M. Pell..................................................1986 H. H. Uhlig...............................................1988 T. R. Beck.................................................1990 D. R. Turner.............................................1992 J. B. Wagner, Jr........................................1994 R. C. Alkire...............................................1996 J. M. Woodall...........................................1998 L. R. Faulkner...........................................2000 B. Deal.....................................................2002 W. L. Worrell............................................2004 V. de Nora................................................2006 Robert P. Frankenthal...............................2008 John Newman..........................................2010 Dennis Hess.............................................2012

Olin Palladium Medal Award (formerly the Palladium Medal Award, 1951-1977)

C. W. Wagner...........................................1951 N. H. Furman............................................1953 U. R. Evans..............................................1955 K. F. Bonhoeffer........................................1957 118

A. N. Frumkin...........................................1959 H. H. Uhlig...............................................1961 N. Hackerman..........................................1965 P. Delahay................................................1967 T. P. Hoar..................................................1969 L. Brewer.................................................1971 V. G. Levich..............................................1973 M. J. N. Pourbaix.....................................1975 H. Gerischer.............................................1977 R. Parsons...............................................1979 I. M. Kolthoff............................................1981 M. Cohen.................................................1983 M. Fleischmann........................................1985 A. J. Bard.................................................1987 B. E. Conway............................................1989 J. Newman...............................................1991 J.-M. Savéant...........................................1993 J. Kruger..................................................1995 R. W. Murray............................................1997 J. B. Goodenough....................................1999 N. Sato.....................................................2001 E. Gileadi..................................................2003 R. Rapp....................................................2005 Sergio Trasatti..........................................2007 Dieter M. Kolb..........................................2009 Koji Hashimoto........................................2011 Ralph White.............................................2013

Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid-State Science and Technology (formerly the Solid State Science & Technology Award, 1973-2005)

W. G. Pfann..............................................1973 H. C. Gatos...............................................1975 R. N. Hall..................................................1977 M. B. Panish.............................................1979 G. L. Pearson...........................................1981 N. Holonyak, Jr.........................................1983 J. M. Woodall...........................................1985 A. Y. Cho..................................................1987 J. F. Gibbons............................................1989 J. D. Plummer..........................................1991 B. E. Deal.................................................1993 W. L. Worrell............................................1995 K. E. Spear...............................................1997 I. Akasaki.................................................1999 A. Reisman...............................................2001 R. B. Fair..................................................2003 D. Hess....................................................2005 Tak H. Ning..............................................2007 C. Grant Willson.......................................2009 Stephen Pearton......................................2011 Fan Ren....................................................2013

Vittorio de Nora Award in Electrochemical Engineering and Technology (formerly the Electrochemical Science and Technology Award, 1974-1977)

A. Brenner................................................1974 R. B. MacMullin.......................................1976 F. T. Bacon................................................1978 H. B. Beer.................................................1980 J. C. Schumacher.....................................1982 D. E. Danly...............................................1984 K. Kordesch.............................................1986 A. Heller...................................................1988 C. W. Tobias.............................................1990 E. B. Yeager..............................................1992 L. T. Romankiw........................................1994 R. Baboian...............................................1996 W. G. Grot................................................1998 D. R. Turner.............................................2000 R. C. Alkire...............................................2004 F. Mansfeld...............................................2006 John S. Newman......................................2008 Derek Pletcher..........................................2010 Bruno Scrosati.........................................2012

Carl Wagner Memorial Award A. J. Bard.................................................1981 G. C. Wood...............................................1983 R. C. Alkire...............................................1985 R. W. Murray............................................1987 W. L. Worrell............................................1989 D. D. Macdonald .....................................1991 J. Jorné....................................................1993 B. R. MacDougall.....................................1995 M. J. Weaver............................................1997 C. R. Martin..............................................1999 P. A. Kohl.................................................2001 R. M. Crooks............................................2003 J. Hupp....................................................2005 Philip N. Bartlett.......................................2007 Henry S. White.........................................2009 Peter Bruce..............................................2011 Marc T. M. Koper......................................2013

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching C. W. Tobias.............................................1982 B. E. Conway............................................1984 A. J. Bard.................................................1986 L. Brewer.................................................1988 J. Newman...............................................1990 K. Nobe....................................................1992 J. O’M. Bockris.........................................1994 T. C. Franklin............................................1996 R. A. Rapp................................................1998 G. Stoner..................................................2000 D. Peters..................................................2002 R. M. Latanision.......................................2004 D. Pletcher...............................................2006 Eliezer Gileadi...........................................2008 Daniel T. Schwartz....................................2010 Mark E. Orazem........................................2012

Charles W. Tobias Young Investor Award Stuart B. Adler..........................................2004 Hock Min Ng............................................2006 Yang Shao-Horn.......................................2008 Thomas J. Schmidt..................................2010 Bryan S. Pivovar......................................2012 Bilge Yildiz...............................................2012

Honorary Members Charles F. Chandler..................................1919 Edgar F. Smith..........................................1919 Carl Hering...............................................1922 Edward G. Acheson..................................1923 Wilder D. Bancroft....................................1925 Edward Weston........................................1926 Thomas A. Edison....................................1928 W. Lash Miller..........................................1929 Edward Dean Adams................................1930 Charles F. Burgess....................................1932 Frederick M. Becket..................................1934 L. H. Baekeland........................................1936 Robert A. Witherspoon............................1940 Archer E. Wheeler....................................1941 W.R. Whitney...........................................1944 Paul J. Kruesi...........................................1944 Colin G. Fink.............................................1946 Oliver W. Brown.......................................1946 John W. Marden.......................................1947 William Blum............................................1953 Robert M. Burns......................................1959 George W. Heise......................................1959 Frank C. Mathers......................................1959 Stanislaus Skowronski.............................1962 Oliver W. Storey.......................................1962 A. Kenneth Graham..................................1963 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Howard A. Acheson..................................1971 Charles L. Faust.......................................1971 Cecil V. King.............................................1973 Herbert H. Uhlig.......................................1973 Norman Hackerman.................................1973 Henry B. Linford.......................................1974 Sherlock Swann.......................................1974 Ernest G. Enck..........................................1975 W. C. Gardiner..........................................1975 Ivor E. Campbell.......................................1976 Ernest B. Yeager.......................................1977 David A. Vermilyea...................................1977 Charles W. Tobias.....................................1977 Harry C. Gatos.........................................1978 Ralph M. Hunter.......................................1979 Dennis R. Turner......................................1980 Henry F. Ivey............................................1980 Walter J. Hamer.......................................1980 Michael J. Pryor.......................................1981 Francis L. LaQue......................................1981 N. Bruce Hannay......................................1982 Theodore R. Beck.....................................1982 Vittorio de Nora........................................1982 John L. Griffin..........................................1983 Erik M. Pell...............................................1983 Samuel Ruben..........................................1983 Paul C. Milner..........................................1986 Harold J. Read.........................................1986 Forrest A. Trumbore.................................1986 Douglas N. Bennion.................................1987 Ralph J. Brodd.........................................1987 Jerome Kruger.........................................1987 Glenn W. Cullen........................................1990 James C. Acheson....................................1990 Richard C. Alkire......................................1991 Bertram Schwartz....................................1991 J. Bruce Wagner, Jr..................................1991 V. H. Branneky..........................................1991 R. S. Karpiuk............................................1996 F. J. Strieter..............................................1996 W. L. Worrell............................................1996 Barry Miller..............................................1999 Jefferson Cole..........................................2001 L. Faulkner...............................................2003 R. Frankenthal..........................................2003 L. Romankiw............................................2003 Gordon E. Moore......................................2007 John S. Newman......................................2007 Jerry M. Woodall......................................2007 Allen J. Bard.............................................2013 John B. Goodenough...............................2013

Fellows of The Electrochemical Society Allen J. Bard.............................................1990 Robert B. Comizzoli..................................1990 Glenn W. Cullen........................................1990 Theodore I. Kamins..................................1990 Paul C. Milner..........................................1990 Edward H. Nicollian..................................1990 Robert A. Osteryoung..............................1990 Arnold Reisman.......................................1990

2013 Lubomyr T. Romankiw.............................1990 Geraldine C. Schwartz..............................1990 Ben G. Streetman.....................................1990 J. Bruce Wagner, Jr..................................1990 Theodore R. Beck.....................................1991 Elton J. Cairns..........................................1991 Bruce E. Deal............................................1991 Werner Kern.............................................1991 William A. Pliskin.....................................1991 Charles W. Tobias.....................................1991 Rolf Weil..................................................1991 Richard C. Alkire......................................1992 Vittorio de Nora........................................1992 Jerome Kruger.........................................1992 Barry Miller..............................................1992 Dennis R. Turner......................................1992 Jerry M. Woodall......................................1992 Richard P. Buck........................................1993 Larry. R. Faulkner.....................................1993 Dennis W. Hess........................................1993 Vik J. Kapoor............................................1993 Rolf H. Muller...........................................1993 Carlton M. Osburn....................................1993 Robert A. Rapp........................................1993 George L. Schnable..................................1993 Y. H. Wong...............................................1993 Petr Zuman..............................................1993 George K. Celler.......................................1994 Sung-Nee George Chu.............................1994 John P. Dismukes....................................1994 Richard B. Fair.........................................1994 Adam Heller.............................................1994 Richard A. Oriani......................................1994 Boone B. Owens.......................................1994 Wayne L. Worrell.....................................1994 Fred Anson...............................................1995 Laurence D. Burke....................................1995 Brian E. Conway.......................................1995 Robert P. Frankenthal...............................1995 Karl M. Kadish..........................................1995 Digby D. Macdonald.................................1995 Gleb Mamantov........................................1995 Florian Mansfeld......................................1995 Royce W. Murray.....................................1995 John Newman..........................................1995 Yutaka Okinaka.........................................1995 Howard W. Pickering................................1995 George Rozgonyi......................................1995 Mordechay Schlesinger............................1995 Karl E. Spear............................................1995 John M. Blocher, Jr..................................1996 Hans K. Böhni..........................................1996 Der-Tau Chin............................................1996 Hugh Isaacs.............................................1996 Wolfgang J. Lorenz..................................1996 S. J. Pearton............................................1996 Subhash C. Singhal..................................1996 Venkataraman Swaminathan....................1996 James A. Amick.......................................1997 Denis Noel Buckley..................................1997 Eliezer Gileadi...........................................1997 Michel J. Froment....................................1997 119

Annual Report Fellows (continued) Koji Hashimoto........................................1997 Chung-Chiun Liu......................................1997 Edward McCafferty..................................1997 Theodore D. Moustakas...........................1997 Shyam P. Muraka.....................................1997 Stella W. Pang..........................................1997 Joachim Walter Schultze..........................1997 James D. Sinclair.....................................1997 Norman L. Weinberg................................1997 Lawrence Young......................................1997 Huk Y. Cheh..............................................1998 Donald E. Danly........................................1998 Dennis H. Evans.......................................1998 Fumio Hine...............................................1998 Dennis C. Johnson...................................1998 Zoltan Nagy..............................................1998 Katsumi Niki.............................................1998 Jun-ichi Nishizawa...................................1998 Fan Ren....................................................1998 Antonio J. Ricco.......................................1998 David A. Shores.......................................1998 William H. Smyrl......................................1998 George Thompson...................................1998 Eric Brooman...........................................1999 Stanley Bruckenstein................................1999 Kathryn Bullock........................................1999 Shimshon Gottesfeld................................1999 Yue Kuo...................................................1999 Dieter Landolt..........................................1999 Jerzy Ruzyllo............................................1999 Norio Sato................................................1999 Ralph White.............................................1999 William Yen..............................................1999 Cammy Abernathy....................................2000 Kuzhikalail M. Abraham............................2000 John C. Angus..........................................2000 W. Ronald Fawcett...................................2000 David S. Ginley.........................................2000 Yasuhiko Ito.............................................2000 Howard Huff.............................................2000 Robert F. Savinell.....................................2000 Roger Staehle..........................................2000 Charles W. Struck....................................2000 Sergio Trasatti..........................................2000 Dieter M. Kolb..........................................2001 David J. Lockwood...................................2001 James McBreen.......................................2001 Patrick J. Moran.......................................2001 Shohei Nakahara......................................2001 William E. O’Grady...................................2001 Supramanian Srinivasan..........................2001 Mark Allendorf.........................................2002 William Brown..........................................2002 Cor Claeys................................................2002 Martin Kendig..........................................2002 Kim Kinoshita...........................................2002 Paul Kohl..................................................2002 Zempachi Ogumi......................................2002 Tetsuya Osaka..........................................2002 Krishnan Rajeshwar.................................2002 120

Israel Rubinstein......................................2002 Sigeru Torii..............................................2002 Toshio Shibata.........................................2002 Sorin Cristoloveanu..................................2002 David Duquette........................................2003 Peter Fedkiw............................................2003 Charles Hussey........................................2003 Richard McCreery....................................2003 Frank McLarnon.......................................2003 Robin Susko............................................2003 Darrel Untereker.......................................2003 Osamu Yamamoto....................................2003 G. T. Burstein...........................................2004 C. Clayton.................................................2004 G. Davis...................................................2004 M. J. Deen................................................2004 S. Fonash.................................................2004 M. Meyyappan.........................................2004 J. F. Rusling.............................................2004 M. Seo.....................................................2004 M. Shur....................................................2004 J. Simonet................................................2004 M. Stratmann...........................................2004 J. Talbot...................................................2004 M. S. Whittingham...................................2004 R. Adzic....................................................2005 J. Davidson..............................................2005 T. Hattori..................................................2005 J. P. Leburton...........................................2005 P. Marcus.................................................2005 C. Martin..................................................2005 P. Natishan...............................................2005 D. Pletcher...............................................2005 B. Scrosati...............................................2005 J. Scully...................................................2005 R. Singh...................................................2005 H. H. Strehblow........................................2005 M. Williams..............................................2005 A. Baca.....................................................2006 S. Bandyopadhyay...................................2006 T. Fahidy...................................................2006 G. Frankel.................................................2006 C. Jagadish..............................................2006 N. Koshida...............................................2006 J. Lessard................................................2006 H. Massoud..............................................2006 H. Yokokawa............................................2006 B. MacDougall..........................................2006 M. Orazem...............................................2006 D. Misra...................................................2006 A. Virkar...................................................2006 A. Wieckowski..........................................2006 Simon S. Ang...........................................2007 Viola Birss................................................2007 Marc Cahay..............................................2007 James M. Fenton......................................2007 Dennis G. Peters......................................2007 Daniel A. Scherson...................................2007 Eric D. Wachsman....................................2007 Doron Aurbach.........................................2008 Albert J. Fry.............................................2008 Fernando Garzon......................................2008

Yury Gogotsi............................................2008 Curtis F. Holmes.......................................2008 Prashant V. Kamat....................................2008 Patrik Schmuki.........................................2008 Gery R. Stafford.......................................2008 Joseph R. Stetter.....................................2008 John Stickney..........................................2008 Thomas Thundat......................................2008 Vladimir Bagotsky....................................2009 Ugo Bertocci............................................2009 Manfred Engelhardt..................................2009 Tom Fuller................................................2009 Peter Hesketh...........................................2009 Uziel Landau............................................2009 Dolf Landheer..........................................2009 Thomas P. Moffat.....................................2009 Ikuzo Nishiguchi......................................2009 Kohei Uosaki............................................2009 Rudolph G. Buchheit................................2010 Francis D’Souza.......................................2010 Toshio Fuchigami.....................................2010 Michel Houssa.........................................2010 Robert G. Kelly.........................................2010 Roger C. Newman....................................2010 Peter N. Pintauro......................................2010 Peter C. Searson......................................2010 David Shoesmith......................................2010 Bernard Tribollet......................................2010 John W. Weidner......................................2010 David J. Young.........................................2010 Hugh C. DeLong.......................................2011 Hubert Gasteiger......................................2011 Arumugam Manthiram.............................2011 Ashok Kumar Shukla................................2011 Paul C. Trulove.........................................2011 Karim Zaghib............................................2011 Giovanni Zangari......................................2011 Thomas A. Zawodzinski...........................2011 Jeffrey R. Dahn........................................2012 Stefan DeGendt........................................2012 Hariklia Deligianni....................................2012 Andrew Gewirth.......................................2012 Meilin Liu.................................................2012 Junichi Murota.........................................2012 Sri Narayan..............................................2012 Trung Van Nguyen....................................2012 Winston Revie..........................................2012 Daniel Schwartz.......................................2012 Esther Takeuchi........................................2012 Mark Verbrugge.......................................2012 Petr Vanýsek............................................2012 Bruce Weisman........................................2012 Hector Abruña..........................................2013 Nancy Dudney..........................................2013 Gary Hunter.............................................2013 Jiri Janata................................................2013 Johna Leddy............................................2013 Shelley Minteer........................................2013 Sanjeev Mukerjee.....................................2013 Elizabeth Opila..........................................2013 Jan Robert Selman...................................2013 Kalpathy Sundaram..................................2013 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Fellows (continued) Enrico Traversa........................................2013 Martin Winter...........................................2013

Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship

(formerly the Edward G. Weston Fellowship, 1930-1945)

E. B. Sanigar............................................1930 K. Solliner................................................1931 M. E. Fogle...............................................1932 R. D. Blue.................................................1933 P. A. Jacquet............................................1934 M. A. Coler...............................................1935 H. B. Linford.............................................1936 G. L. Putnam............................................1937 V. de Nora................................................1938 W. P. Ruemmier.......................................1940 R. E. Black................................................1941 W. E. Roake..............................................1942 R. D. Misch..............................................1947 M. T. Simnad............................................1948 R. L. Brubaker..........................................1961 D. Yohe....................................................1962 H. O. Daley, Jr..........................................1963 M. D. Hawley............................................1964 T. G. McCord............................................1965 J. D. McLean............................................1966 K. B. Prater...............................................1967 K. Doblhofer.............................................1968 L. R. Faulkner...........................................1969 W. J. Horkans...........................................1970 W. J. Horkans...........................................1971 W. J. Bover...............................................1972 B. J. Alexander.........................................1973 S. S. Fratoni, Jr. ......................................1974 M. Suchanski...........................................1975 R. J. Nowak..............................................1976 P. A. Kohl.................................................1977 C. D. Jaeger.............................................1978 L. Bottomley.............................................1979 G. L. McIntire...........................................1980 J. Pemberton...........................................1981 M. E. Kordesch.........................................1982 R. G. Tompson.........................................1983 P. M. Kovach............................................1984 J. N. Harb.................................................1985 S. E. Creager............................................1986 X. Zhang...................................................1987 C. Amass..................................................1988 R. J. Phillips.............................................1989 J. E. Franke..............................................1990 S. R. Snyder.............................................1991 P. Pantano................................................1992 G. J. Edens...............................................1993 B. Idriss...................................................1994 D. Bizzotto................................................1995 L. A. Lyon.................................................1996 C. Claypool...............................................1997 B. Bath.....................................................1998 A. C. Templeton........................................1999 P. W. Wuelfing..........................................2000 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

K. Balss....................................................2001 T. Hu........................................................2002 J. Mauzeroll.............................................2003 J. Seegmiller............................................2004 E. Blair.....................................................2005 F. Laforge.................................................2006 Aleix G. Güell............................................2007 Matthew J. Banholzer...............................2008 Shulei Chou..............................................2009 Binh-Minh Nguyen...................................2010 Abrin Schmucker.....................................2011 Sujat Sen..................................................2012 Philippe Dauphin Ducharme.....................2013

Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship P. Brown...................................................1962 W. G. Lemmermann.................................1963 W. G. Stevens...........................................1964 J. P. Carney..............................................1965 S. Piekarski..............................................1966 B. S. Pons................................................1967 R. E. Bonewitz..........................................1968 L. Papouchado.........................................1969 R. G. Reed................................................1970 R. Fike......................................................1971 D. L. McAllister........................................1972 R. R. Chance............................................1973 P. I. Lee....................................................1974 J. B. Flanagan...........................................1975 J. S. Hammond........................................1976 P. D. Tyma................................................1977 S. M. Wilhelm..........................................1978 J. D. Porter...............................................1979 R. S. Glass...............................................1980 E. E. Bancroft...........................................1981 T. D. Cabeika............................................1982 B. L. Wheeler...........................................1983 E. T. T. Jones............................................1984 D. A. Van Galen........................................1985 J. S. Hanson.............................................1986 P. Gao.......................................................1987 D. T. Schwartz..........................................1988 A. E. Russell.............................................1989 J. Xue.......................................................1990 C. K. Rhee................................................1991 M. J. Shane..............................................1992 C. M. Pharr...............................................1993 J. M. Lauerhaus.......................................1994 S. M. Hendrickson...................................1995 J. C. Hutchinson.......................................1996 P. V. A. Pamidi..........................................1997 G. S. Hwang.............................................1998 W. Baker...................................................1999 A. Crown..................................................2000 R. Maus...................................................2001 S. Peper...................................................2002 M. Alpuche-Aviles....................................2003 A. Mugweru.............................................2004 G. Lica......................................................2005 A. Martinson............................................2006 Prabeer Barpanda....................................2007

2013 Sau Yen Chew..........................................2008 Hyea Kim..................................................2009 Brian Adams............................................2010 Tae-Ho Shin.............................................2011 Devika Sil.................................................2012 Gabriel G. Rodríguez-Calero.....................2013

Joseph W. Richards Summer Fellowship V. E. Hauser, Jr.........................................1960 M. J. Schaer.............................................1961 R. E. Visco...............................................1961 A. K. Postma............................................1962 C. C. Liu...................................................1963 M. J. Vasile..............................................1964 M. J. Vasile..............................................1965 C. C. Liu...................................................1966 B. N. Baron...............................................1967 L. P. Zajicek, Jr.........................................1968 K. R. Bullock............................................1969 S. H. Cadle...............................................1970 J. W. Webb...............................................1971 C. P. Keszthelyi.........................................1972 M. Shabrang............................................1973 D. H. Karweik...........................................1974 T. P. DeAngelis.........................................1975 D. L. Feke.................................................1976 H. Faulkner...............................................1977 D. M. Novak.............................................1978 B. R. Karas...............................................1979 R. M. Cohen.............................................1980 R. N. Dominey..........................................1981 R. M. Ianniello..........................................1982 D. F. Tessier..............................................1983 N. T. Sleszynski........................................1984 C. M. Lieber.............................................1985 J. L. Valdes..............................................1986 R. Q. Bligh................................................1987 D. W. Conrad............................................1988 S. A. Schofield.........................................1989 J. A. Roberts............................................1990 M. S. Freund............................................1991 L. Gao......................................................1992 H. Gasteiger.............................................1993 J. Schoer..................................................1994 S. Morin...................................................1995 N. Madigan...............................................1996 S. Petrovic...............................................1997 J. J. Sumner.............................................1998 A. Wijayawardhana...................................1999 B. Liu.......................................................2000 C. Noble...................................................2001 C. B. France..............................................2002 P. Ramadass............................................2003 J. Carroll..................................................2004 K. Salaita..................................................2005 J. Breger..................................................2006 Sadagopan Krishnan................................2007 Meng Jiang..............................................2008 Haizhou Liu..............................................2009 Mohammad Rez Khajavi...........................2010 Jeyavel Velmurugan.................................2011 121

Annual Report Joseph W. Richards Summer Fellowship (continued)

Balazs Berkes...........................................2012 Yongjin Lee..............................................2013

F. M. Becket Summer Fellowship (formerly the F. M. Becket Memorial Award 1962-1999)

R. B. Johnson..........................................1962 J. K. Johnstone........................................1964 K. Lehman................................................1966 H. K. Bowen.............................................1967 T. E. Parker...............................................1971 G. M. Crosbie...........................................1973 N. A. Godshall..........................................1975 J. D. Hodge..............................................1977 W. Cheng.................................................1979 P. Davies..................................................1981 P. A. Barron..............................................1983 G. J. Miller...............................................1985 M. Rosenbluth.........................................1987 J. D. Cotton..............................................1989 J. Philliber................................................1991 P. Agarwal................................................1993 H. C. Slade...............................................1995 K. S. Weil.................................................1997 G. S. Hwang.............................................1999 J. Parrish.................................................2001 S. Wasileski.............................................2002 E. Clark.....................................................2003 F. Deng.....................................................2004 S. Harrison...............................................2005 Y. Yang.....................................................2006 Michael Orthner.......................................2007 Marcos Jose Leitos Santos......................2008 Steve Rhieu..............................................2009 James Whitaker.......................................2011 Celeste Morris..........................................2012 Carlo Santoro...........................................2013

Herbert H.Uhlig Summer Fellowship Natalia Shustova......................................2008 Venkatasubramanian Viswanathan...........2009 Swetha Puchakayala................................2011 Julia van Drunen......................................2012 Junsi Gu...................................................2013

Energy Research Summer Fellowship

(supported by the U.S. Department of Energy)

M. R. Deakin............................................1985 P. B. Johnson...........................................1985 D. A. La Hurd...........................................1985 S. E. Morris..............................................1985 D. P. Wilkinson.........................................1985 D. G. Frank...............................................1986 K.-C. Ho...................................................1986 R. G. Kelly................................................1986 I.-H. Yeo...................................................1986 J. Kwak....................................................1986 L. C. Dash................................................1987 122

S. A. Naftel...............................................1987 T. R. Nolen...............................................1987 D. Schwartz..............................................1987 T. H. Wong...............................................1987 S. D. Fritts................................................1988 D. A. Koos................................................1988 D. A. Hazlebeck........................................1988 M. O. Schloh............................................1988 S. S. Perine..............................................1988 J. E. Baur.................................................1989 C.-P. Chen................................................1989 D. W. Eng.................................................1989 R. L. McCarley.........................................1989 C. J. Murphy............................................1989 C. K. Nguyen............................................1990 I.-H. Oh....................................................1990 T. G. Strein...............................................1990 J. W. Weidner...........................................1990 S. E. Gilbert..............................................1990 C. S. Johnson...........................................1991 H. Huang..................................................1991 D. R. Lawson...........................................1991 B. D. Pendley...........................................1991 C. C. Streinz.............................................1991 P. A. Connick............................................1992 A. C. Hillier...............................................1992 D. L. Taylor...............................................1992 K. K. Lian.................................................1992 T. T. Nadasdi.............................................1992 D. G. Jensen.............................................1993 J. C. Bart..................................................1993 G. Seshadri..............................................1993 J. A. Poirier..............................................1993 K. W. Vogt................................................1993 Z. Shi.......................................................1994 C.-C. Hsueh..............................................1994 V. A. Adamian...........................................1994 K. M. Maness...........................................1994 K. M. Richard...........................................1994 Y.-E. Sung................................................1995 J. C. Conboy.............................................1995 L. A. Zook.................................................1995 W. R. Everett............................................1995 H. Zhang..................................................1995 S. Grabtchak............................................1996 J.-B. Green...............................................1996 S. Motupally.............................................1996 C. Nasr.....................................................1996 S. Nayak...................................................1996 K. Hu........................................................1997 M. E. Williams..........................................1997 A. Zolfaghari.............................................1997 C. R. Horne..............................................1997 G. K. Jennings..........................................1997 M. Zhao....................................................1998 S. Sriramulu.............................................1998 J. Ritchie..................................................1998 M. A. Elhamid...........................................1998 S. Zou......................................................1998 K. Cooper.................................................2000

K. Grant....................................................2000 D. Hansen................................................2000 J. F. Hicks.................................................2000 Z. Liu........................................................2000

Oronzio de Nora Industrial Electrochemistry Fellowship N. Mano...................................................2004 N. Mano...................................................2005 N. Mano...................................................2006 Vijayasekaran Boovaragavan....................2007 Vijayasekaran Boovaragavan....................2008 Vijayasekaran Boovaragavan....................2009 Wenjing (Angela) Zhang...........................2010

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award (formerly the Young Authors Prize, 1929-1988)

W. C. Gardiner..........................................1929 D. K. Alpern..............................................1930 F. L. Jones................................................1931 F. W. Godsey, Jr........................................1932 B. L. Bailey...............................................1933 J. R. Heard, Jr..........................................1934 U. B. Thomas, Jr......................................1935 W. A. Johnson..........................................1936 R. S. Soanes............................................1937 N. B. Nichols............................................1938 G. A. Moore..............................................1939 J. S. Mackay.............................................1940 E. Adler....................................................1941 S. Speil.....................................................1942 W. G. Berl.................................................1943 J. P. Coyle................................................1944 A. E. Hardy...............................................1945 N. A. Nielsen............................................1946 H. Leidheiser, Jr.......................................1947 M. A. Streicher.........................................1948 J. C. Griess, Jr..........................................1949 G. W. Murphy...........................................1950 J. T. Byrne................................................1951 W. E. Kuhn...............................................1952 J. Halpern.................................................1953 M. J. Pryor...............................................1954 M. Stern...................................................1955 R. S. Cooper.............................................1956 P. Ruetschi...............................................1957 M. Stern...................................................1958 F. A. Posey ..............................................1959 A. C. Makrides..........................................1960 J. D. Newson............................................1961 M. J. Dignam...........................................1962 J. A. Cunningham.....................................1963 R. E. Westerman......................................1964 R. E. Visco...............................................1965 J. Newman...............................................1966 H. W. Pickering........................................1967 G. G. Charette...........................................1968 G. Dryhurst..............................................1969 J. Newman...............................................1969 W. R. Parrish............................................1969 The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Norman Hackerman Young Author Award (continued)

A. J. Appleby............................................1970 D. C. Johnson..........................................1970 D.-T. Chin.................................................1971 M. S. Whittingham...................................1971 M. A. Hopper............................................1972 F. Kuhn-Kuhnenfeld..................................1972 M. J. Bowden...........................................1973 L. Thompson............................................1973 D. Simonsson..........................................1973 S. H. Cadle...............................................1974 A. D. Dalvi................................................1974 L. R. Faulkner...........................................1975 S. Solmi...................................................1975 P. Negrini.................................................1975 B. MacDougall..........................................1976 S. K. Ubhayakar.......................................1976 C. W. Manke.............................................1977 W. J. Horkans...........................................1977 A. G. Gonzalez..........................................1978 C. H. Tsang...............................................1978 D. A. Antoniadis.......................................1978 D. Y. Wang...............................................1979 C. W. Magee.............................................1979 E. Takayama.............................................1980 H. Reller...................................................1980 W. J. P. Van Enckevort..............................1981 M. W. M. Graef.........................................1981 C. Y. Chao................................................1981 L. F. Lin....................................................1981 D. W. Sittari..............................................1982 T. P. Chow................................................1982 P. G. Pickup..............................................1983 K. F. Jensen..............................................1983 D. B. Graves.............................................1983 N. A. Godshall..........................................1984 E. K. Broadbent........................................1984 J. C. Farmer.............................................1985 G. S. Oehrlein...........................................1985 J. Richer...................................................1986 T. Tanaka..................................................1986 C. P. Wilde................................................1987 P. N. Bartlett.............................................1987 J. Maier....................................................1987 J. A. Bardwell...........................................1988 C.-J. Han..................................................1988 A. E. Husser.............................................1989 D. H. Craston...........................................1989 J. M. Rosamilia........................................1989 J. H. Comfort...........................................1989 M. W. Verbrugge......................................1990 C. J. Giunta..............................................1990 T. J. Mountziaris.......................................1991 J. V. Cole..................................................1991 D. W. Suggs.............................................1991 B. W. Gregory...........................................1991 D. B. Bonham...........................................1992 E. S. Aydil.................................................1992 P. P. Apte..................................................1993 A. West....................................................1993 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

H. A. Gasteiger.........................................1994 F. R. Myers...............................................1994 R. Vidal....................................................1995 G. D. Papasouliotis...................................1995 J. H. Nordlien...........................................1996 J. Lee.......................................................1996 A. K. Padhi...............................................1997 S. M. Han.................................................1997 A. D. Robertson.......................................1998 Y. Shao-Horn............................................1998 S. R. Kaluri...............................................1998 A. Bautista................................................1999 P. A. O’Neil...............................................1999 R. T. Leah.................................................2000 J. W. Klaus...............................................2000 J. F. Whitacre...........................................2001 P. Feichtinger...........................................2001 T. J. Pricer................................................2002 P. S. Lee...................................................2002 K. Jambunathan.......................................2003 S. Noda....................................................2003 M. Miyamoto............................................2003 R. Akolkar................................................2004 Y.-K. Hong................................................2004 S. Borini...................................................2005 M. Kunimatsu...........................................2005 Mathieu Bervas........................................2006 Pradeep Dixit............................................2006 Steffen Eccarius.......................................2007 A. T. J. van Niftrik.....................................2007 Kevin Ralston...........................................2008 Eu Jin Tan................................................2008 Yudi Setiawan..........................................2008 Paul Albertus............................................2009 Louis Hutin..............................................2009 Gijs Dingemans........................................2010 Erik Langereis..........................................2010 Stephen E. Potts......................................2010 Xingbao Zhu.............................................2010 Igor Volov................................................2011 Claudia Fleischmann................................2011 Sebastien Couet.......................................2011 Koen Schouteden.....................................2011 Philipp Hönicke........................................2011 Kiersten Horning......................................2012 Sykes Mason ...........................................2012 Balavinayagam Ramalingam....................2012 Rahul Malik..............................................2013 Aziz Abdellahi...........................................2013

Bruce Deal & Andy Grove Young Author Award Konstantinos Spyrou................................2013

ECS General Society Student Poster Session Awards F. Forouzan...............................................1993 D. L. Taylor...............................................1993 L. Abraham..............................................1994 A. J. Aldykiewicz......................................1994 A. Dalmia.................................................1994

2013 M. Murthy................................................1994 R. Munkundan.........................................1995 A. E. Thomas............................................1995 C. E. Ramberg..........................................1995 W. Wang..................................................1995 S. Chen....................................................1996 K. Kowal...................................................1996 C. Leger...................................................1997 E. Potteau.................................................1997 K. Bera.....................................................1998 E. Dickenson............................................1998 G. Q. Lu....................................................1998 M. W. Riley...............................................1998 J. Pearton.................................................1999 A. Templeson...........................................1999 N. Baydokhi..............................................2000 A. Pismenny.............................................2000 A. Besing..................................................2001 V. Sochnikov............................................2001 S. Dimovski..............................................2002 P. Maitra...................................................2002 H. Ohtsuka...............................................2002 T. Wiley....................................................2002 P. Kavanagh.............................................2003 B. Monahan..............................................2003 O. Rabin...................................................2003 P. Scopece...............................................2003 K. Yasuda.................................................2003 M. Guan...................................................2004 K. Kanaizuka.............................................2004 A. Oide.....................................................2004 R. M. Todi................................................2004 W. J. Cheong............................................2005 J. Chmiola................................................2005 S. Chrisanti..............................................2005 C. Drake...................................................2005 D. L. Gonzalez-Parra................................2006 Naoko Kamiura........................................2006 T. Takeyasu...............................................2006 Arun Vijayakumar.....................................2006 Naoaki Hashimoto....................................2007 Daisuke Kikutani......................................2007 Toyoki Okumura.......................................2007 Gholamreza Rostamikia...........................2007 Arun Vijayakumar.....................................2007 Rajwant Singh Bedi..................................2008 Bryan K. Boggs........................................2008 John Chmiola...........................................2008 Yuta Ishigami...........................................2008 J. S. O’Brien.............................................2008 Tyler Osborn............................................2008 Ralf Peipmann..........................................2008 Philippe Perret.........................................2008 Kenji Takada.............................................2008 Vinit Todi..................................................2008 Natalia B. Shustova..................................2008 Joshua Snyder.........................................2008 Tomomasa Sugiyama...............................2008 Anasuya Adibhatla....................................2009 Magdalena Gizowska................................2009 Frederik Golks..........................................2009 Karina Kangas..........................................2009 123

Annual Report ECS General Society Student Poster Session Awards (continued)

Kiera A. Kurak..........................................2009 Manale Maalouf........................................2009 Debasish Mohanty...................................2009 Natalia Shustova......................................2009 Joko Sutrisno...........................................2009 Jaroslaw Syzdek......................................2009 Alex Avekians...........................................2010 Shayna Brocato........................................2010 Pablo de la Iglesia....................................2010 Christian Desilets.....................................2010 Ayesha Maria Hashambhoy......................2010 Carolin Lau...............................................2010 Raja S. Mannam.......................................2010 Joshua P. McClure...................................2010 Sarvesh Pasem........................................2010 Robert Sacci............................................2010 Misato Tashiro.........................................2010 Jesse Benck.............................................2011 Benjamin Caire.........................................2011 Zhebo Chen..............................................2011 Damilola Daramola...................................2011 Kirsten Marie Jensen...............................2011 Javed Khan..............................................2011 Simon Lux................................................2011 Ashley Maes.............................................2011 Lingchong Mai.........................................2011 Francis Richey..........................................2011 Neil Spinner.............................................2011 Melissa Vandiver......................................2011 Georgi Bodurov........................................2012 Aurelien Etiemble ....................................2012 Kiersten Horning .....................................2012 Yoon Jang Kim.........................................2012 Prabhu Doss Mani...................................2012 K. Sykes Mason.......................................2012 Seungha Oh.............................................2012 Michael Siedlik.........................................2012 Bong Seob Yang......................................2012 Yoshinobu Adachi....................................2012 Kwi Nam Han...........................................2012 Takashi Hasegawa....................................2012 Cheng Ai Li...............................................2012 Shigeta Yagyu..........................................2012 Michal Osiak............................................2013 Andrew J. Naylor......................................2013 Danielle Smiley........................................2013 Mohammed Boota....................................2013 Kelsey B. Hatzall.......................................2013 Christopher R. Dennison..........................2013 Tobias Placke...........................................2013 Buido Schmuelling...................................2013 Richard Kloepsch.....................................2013 Olga Fromm.............................................2013 Sergej Rothermel.....................................2013 Paul Meister.............................................2013 Kristy Jost................................................2013 John McDonough....................................2013 Takashi Tsuda...........................................2013 Masanari Hashimoto................................2013 124

ECS Sponsored Meeting Student Poster Award Winners Simposio Brasileiro de Electroquimica e Eletroanalitica (SIBEE) L. M. Nunes.............................................2009 Felipe Ibanhi Pires....................................2011 V. Dos Santos...........................................2013 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC) C. Santini.................................................2009 L. Ma........................................................2010 M. B. Gonzalez.........................................2011 Chien Chi Chen.........................................2012 Tao Deng..................................................2013 Euro CVD Award A. Szkudlarek...........................................2011 Not Awarded............................................2013 IC4N: From Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials to Nanodevices and Nanosystems M. Gharbi.................................................2009 H. N. Green..............................................2011 Mariana Sendova.....................................2013 Sociedad Mexicana de Electroquímica (SMEQ) and ECS Mexican Section Meeting A. Mendez-Albores...................................2008 L. S. Hernandez-Munoz............................2009 C. Avila-Gonzalez.....................................2010 D. C. Martinez-Casillas.............................2011 Lidia G. Trujano-Ortiz...............................2012 Paola Yamela De la Cruz-Guzmán............2013

Turner Book Prize S. Speil.....................................................1942 W. G. Berl.................................................1943 J. P. Coyle................................................1944 J. T. Waber...............................................1945 B. Cartwright............................................1946 A. E. Hardy...............................................1947 M. A. Streicher.........................................1948 R. E. Hoeckelman.....................................1949 P. Delahay................................................1950 K. H. Stern...............................................1951 C. C. Templeton........................................1951 P. T. Gilbert...............................................1952 R. B. Holden.............................................1953 D. A. Vermilyea........................................1954 J. G. Jewell...............................................1955 J. H. Westbrook.......................................1956 A. C. Makrides..........................................1957 J. P. Pemsler............................................1958 R. G. Carlson............................................1959 R. E. Meyer..............................................1960 P. C. Milner...............................................1960 H. Freitag.................................................1961 P. J. Boddy...............................................1962 E. J. Cairns...............................................1963 M. Weinstein............................................1963

R. W. Bartlett............................................1964 E. M. Hofer...............................................1965 C. S. Tedmon, Jr.......................................1966 F. P. Kober................................................1967 J. M. Hale.................................................1968

Leadership Circle Awards Legacy Level Dow Chemical Co., Central Research, received 2011 Olin Chlor Alkali Products Division, received 2011 Occidental Chemical Corp., received 2013 Medallion Level Occidental Chemical Corp., received 2007 Atotech USA, Inc., received 2009 Energizer, received 2009 Diamond Level General Electric Co., Corporate Research & Development, received 2001 General Motors Research Laboratories, received 2001 Rayovac, received 2002 Duracell, received 2006 IBM Corporation, received 2006 Gold Level Toshiba Corp., Research & Development Center, received 1998 Siltronic AG, received 1998 Osram Sylvania, Inc., Chemical & Metallurgical Division, received 1999 Sandia National Laboratories, received 2000 International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., received 2003 Medtronic, Inc., Energy and Component Center, received 2004 Toyota Central Research and Development Labs, Inc., received 2004 Yuasa Corp, received 2004 Princeton Applied Research/Solartron Analytical, received 2005 Saft Batteries, received 2006 CSIRO Minerals, received 2007 Industrie de Nora, received 2007 Ballard Power Systems, Inc., received 2008 ECO Energy Conversion, received 2008 Varta Automotive GmbH, Advanced Battery Division, received 2008 Greatbatch, Inc., received 2010 Leclanche S. A., received 2009 Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, received 2009 Giner, Inc., received 2010 Greatbatch, Inc., received 2010 TIMCAL Graphite and Carbon Ltd., received 2011

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Leadership Circle Award

(continued)

Silver Level Eltech Systems Corp., received 1992 Tronox LLC, received 1994 Japan Storage Battery Co., Ltd., received 1997 3M Company, received 1998 E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., HD Microsystems, received 1998 Solartron Instruments, received 1999 Central Electrochemical Research Institute, received 2002 TDK Corp., R&D Center, received 2002 Valence Technology, received 2002 DAISO, Co., Ltd., received 2003 Panasonic Corp., received 2003 C. Uyemura & Co., Ltd., Central Research Lab, received 2005 Electrosynthesis Co., Inc., received 2005 FMC Corporation, Active Oxidants Division, received 2005 Nacional de Grafite, LTDA, received 2005 Permelec Electrode, Ltd., received 2005 PG Industries, Inc., Chemicals Group Technical Center, received 2005 Scribner Associates, Inc., received 2005 Technic Inc., received 2005 Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., received 2007 Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences at CWRU, received 2007 PEC North America, received 2009 Quallion, LLC, received 2009 UTC Power, received 2009 Broddarp of Nevada, received 2010 Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc., received 2010 OM Group, Inc., received 2012 Evonik Degussa GmbH, received 2013 Permascand AB, received 2013 Bronze Level Hach Company, Radiometer Analytical Division, received 2002 De Nora Technologie Elettrochimiche S.r.L., received 2003 BAE Systems Battery Technology Center, received 2005 Agilent Laboratories, received 2008 Evonik Degussa GmbH, received 2008 Samsung SDI, received 2008 GAIA-Akkumulatorenwerke GmbH, received 2009 Permascand AB, received 2009 ZSW Center for Solar Energy & Hydrogen Research, received 2009 Coolohm, Inc., received 2010 ElectroChem, Inc., received 2010 Faraday Technology, Inc., received 2010 Johnson Matthey, received 2010 Metrohm USA, received 2010 Pine Research Instrumentation, received 2010 Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd., received 2011 The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Summer 2014

Nissan Motor Co. Ltd., received 2011 Hydro-QuĂŠbec, received 2011 Bio-Logic USA/Bio-Logic SAS, received 2012 Gamry Instruments, received 2012 Rockwood Lithium, received 2012 ENEOS CELLTECH Co. Ltd., received 2012 Fortu Research GmbH, received 2012

Battery Division Student Research Award J. R. Waggoner........................................1980 K. E. Yee...................................................1980 W. A. van Schalkwijk................................1981 C. Y. Mak..................................................1986 T. I. Evans................................................1987 C. C. Streinz.............................................1988 J. Weidner................................................1989 M. G. Lee.................................................1990 E. J. Podlaha............................................1991 G. E. Gray.................................................1992 D. Qu........................................................1993 P. De Vidts................................................1994 S. Motupally.............................................1995 J. Xu.........................................................1996 Y. Shao-Horn............................................1997 I. Courtney...............................................1998 G.E. Rousse.............................................1999 V. Srinivasan............................................2000 M. Zhao....................................................2001 V. Subramaniam.......................................2001 L. Fransson..............................................2002 K.-W. Park................................................2003 A. Weber..................................................2004 C. Delacourt.............................................2005 K. Kang....................................................2006 Feng Jiao..................................................2007 Nonglak Meethong...................................2009 Yi-Chun Lu...............................................2010 Christopher Fell........................................2011 Yuhui Chen...............................................2012 Mohammed Ati........................................2013

Battery Division Research Award J. J. Lander..............................................1958 D. M. Smyth.............................................1959 T. P. Dirkse...............................................1962 F. G. Will...................................................1964 J. Burbank................................................1966 C. P. Wales...............................................1966 D. Tuomi..................................................1968 Y. Okinaka................................................1970 A. C. Simon .............................................1972 S. M. Caulder...........................................1972 J. McBreen...............................................1974 T. Katan....................................................1976 S. Szpak...................................................1976 A. Heller...................................................1978

2013 K. R. Bullock............................................1980 R. A. Huggins...........................................1982 D. Pavlov..................................................1984 G. H. J. Broers.........................................1985 J. L. Devitt................................................1986 D. H. McClelland......................................1986 J. P. Gabano.............................................1987 M. Armand...............................................1988 J. Jorne....................................................1989 A. N. Dey..................................................1990 R. E. White...............................................1991 D. N. Bennion...........................................1992 E. Peled....................................................1993 K. M. Abraham.........................................1995 J. Dahn.....................................................1996 B. Scrosati...............................................1997 C. Delmas.................................................1999 J. B. Bates................................................2000 S. Wittingham..........................................2002 K. Kinoshita..............................................2003 J. Newman...............................................2004 G. Ceder...................................................2004 M. Thackeray...........................................2005 T. Ohzuku.................................................2006 Clare P. Grey............................................2007 Peter G. Bruce..........................................2008 Linda Nazar..............................................2009 Dominique Guyomard..............................2010 Yang-Kook Sun........................................2011 Stefano Passerini.....................................2012 Doron Aurbach.........................................2013

Battery Division Technology Award Y. Nishi.....................................................1994 K. Ozawa..................................................1994 E. S. Takeuchi...........................................1995 S. Gilman.................................................1996 J.-M. Tarascon.........................................1997 G. E. Blomgren.........................................1998 A. Yoshino................................................1999 H. Y. Cheh................................................2000 B. B. Owens.............................................2001 D. Wilkinson.............................................2002 M. Winter.................................................2002 J. Yamaki.................................................2003 M. Yoshio.................................................2003 M. Ue.......................................................2004 D. Aurbach...............................................2005 P. Novak...................................................2005 K. Lee.......................................................2006 Michel Broussely......................................2007 Hiroshi Inoue...........................................2008 Satoshi Mizutani......................................2008 Eiji Endoh.................................................2009 Khalil Amine.............................................2010 Jeffrey Dahn.............................................2011 Yet-Ming Chiang.......................................... 2012 Karim Zaghib................................................ 2013

125

Annual Report Hongbo Cong...........................................2011 Mariano Kappes.......................................2012 Quentin Van Overmeere...........................2013

Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award (formerly the Outstanding Achievement Award of the Corrosion Division 1973-1983)

M. Cohen.................................................1973 D. A. Vermilyea........................................1975 J. Kruger..................................................1977 M. J. Pryor...............................................1979 T. R. Beck.................................................1981 N. Sato.....................................................1983 P. Kofstad.................................................1985 H. W. Pickering........................................1987 R. P. Frankenthal......................................1989 H. Leidheiser............................................1991 H. Isaacs..................................................1993 W. H. Smyrl..............................................1995 M. J. Graham...........................................1997 K. Hashimoto...........................................1999 D. Macdonald...........................................2001 F. Mansfeld...............................................2002 C. Leygraf.................................................2003 R. Newman..............................................2004 P. Marcus.................................................2005 G. T. Burstein...........................................2006 Edward McCafferty...................................2007 Martin Stratmann.....................................2008 John R. Scully..........................................2009 Gerald S. Frankel......................................2010 Patrik Schmuki.........................................2011 Hans-Henning Strehblow.........................2012 Mรกrio Ferreira..........................................2013

Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award (formerly the Corrosion Division Award for Summer Study 19861988)

S. D. Scarberry........................................1986 C. C. Streinz.............................................1987 R. Bianco.................................................1988 M. A. Harper.............................................1992 R. G. Buchheit..........................................1993 J.-F. Yan...................................................1994 B. V. Cockeram.........................................1995 I. Odnevall................................................1996 D. G. Kolman............................................1997 C. S. Brossia............................................1998 M. Verhoff................................................1999 S. Yu........................................................2000 S. F. Nitodas.............................................2001 K. Cooper.................................................2002 T. Ramgopal.............................................2003 Q. Meng...................................................2004 D. Chidambaram......................................2005 H. Tsuchiya..............................................2006 Magnus Johnson.....................................2007 Christopher D. Taylor...............................2008 Mariano Iannuzzi......................................2009 Pouria Ghods...........................................2010

126

Dielectric Science and Technology Division Thomas D. Callinan Award J. A. Davies..............................................1968 J. P. S. Pringle..........................................1968 G. M. Sessler...........................................1970 J. E. West.................................................1970 C. A. Mead...............................................1971 W. Kern....................................................1972 J. R. Szedon.............................................1973 C. M. Osburn............................................1975 T. W. Hickmott..........................................1976 J. R. Ligenza............................................1977 R. Williams...............................................1978 R. J. Kriegler............................................1979 B. E. Deal.................................................1982 L. Young..................................................1983 A. K. Sinha...............................................1985 A. C. Adams.............................................1986 S. P. Murarka...........................................1987 R. B. Comizzoli.........................................1988 E. A. Irene................................................1988 R. A. Levy.................................................1989 M. H. Woods............................................1990 V. J. Kapoor..............................................1991 S. I. Raider...............................................1992 D. W. Hess...............................................1993 Y.-H. Wong...............................................1994 K. L. Mittal...............................................1995 W. D. Brown.............................................1996 J. P. Dismukes.........................................1997 R. Singh...................................................1998 A. Rohatgi................................................1999 K. Saraswat..............................................2000 P. Ho........................................................2001 J. Deen.....................................................2002 S. K. Banerjee...........................................2003 A. G. Revesz.............................................2003 S. Fonash.................................................2004 Paul A. Kohl.............................................2008 Tsu-Jae King Liu......................................2011 Durgamadhab (Durga) Misra...................2013

Electrodeposition Division Research Award W. Weil.....................................................1980 Y. Okinaka................................................1981 E. B. Budevski..........................................1982 R. C. Alkire...............................................1983 L. T. Romankiw........................................1984

R. J. von Gutfeld......................................1984 J. W. Dini.................................................1985 H. R. Johnson..........................................1985 H. Leidheiser............................................1986 J. P. Hoare................................................1987 H. Y. Cheh................................................1988 D. S. Lashmore........................................1989 S. Nakahara..............................................1990 T. C. Franklin............................................1991 R. E. White...............................................1992 P. C. Andricacos.......................................1993 M. J. Froment...........................................1994 D. Landolt................................................1995 T. Osaka...................................................1996 M. Schlesinger.........................................1997 Madhav Datta...........................................1998 R. Winand................................................1999 H. Honma.................................................2000 D. Kolb.....................................................2002 J. Switzer.................................................2003 J. Dukovic................................................2004 P. Bartlett.................................................2005 T. P. Moffat.............................................. 2006 Ibro Tabakovic..........................................2007 Olaf Magnussen.......................................2008 John Stickney..........................................2009 Takayuki Homma......................................2010 Philippe Allongue.....................................2011 Hariklia Deligianni....................................2012 Daniel Lincot............................................2013

Electronics and Photonics Division Award F. A. Trumbore..........................................1970 F. C. Palilla................................................1971 M. B. Panish.............................................1972 W. A. Pliskin.............................................1973 B. E. Deal.................................................1974 H. M. Manasevit.......................................1975 M. G. Craford...........................................1976 A. Y. Cho..................................................1977 C. M. Wolfe..............................................1978 E. Sirtl......................................................1979 J. M. Woodall...........................................1980 G. A. Rozgonyi.........................................1981 G. W. Cullen.............................................1982 D. W. Shaw..............................................1983 A. Reisman...............................................1984 S-M. Hu...................................................1985 E. H. Nicollian...........................................1986 B. Schwartz..............................................1987 K. E. Bean.................................................1988 T. Kamins.................................................1989 D. M. Brown.............................................1990 C. M. Osburn............................................1991 G. S. Oehrlein...........................................1992 B. S. Meyerson.........................................1993 The Electrochemical Society Interface โ ข Summer 2014

2013

Electronics and Photonics Division Award (continued)

G. K. Celler...............................................1994 L. C. Kimerling.........................................1995 H. Huff.....................................................1996 A. F. Tasch................................................1997 U. M. Gösele............................................1999 S. N. G. Chu.............................................2000 S. P. Murarka...........................................2001 S. Cristoloveanu.......................................2002 T. Ohmi....................................................2003 C. Claeys..................................................2004 S. Pearton................................................2005 H. Massoud..............................................2006 Yue Kuo...................................................2007 Fan Ren....................................................2008 Eicke R. Weber.........................................2009 Lih J. Chen...............................................2010 M. Jamal Deen.........................................2011 Chennupati Jagadish ...............................2012 Durgamadhab (Durga) Misra...................2013

Energy Technology Division Research Award M. W. Verbrugge......................................1994 S. Srinivasan............................................1996 H. R. Kunz................................................1998 A. W. Czanderna.......................................1999 R. Selman................................................2001 I. Uchida...................................................2001 A. Nozik....................................................2003 K. Kinoshita..............................................2004 K. Kanamura............................................2005 S. Licht.....................................................2006 Radoslav Adzic.........................................2007 Yang Kook Sun........................................2007 Tom Fuller................................................2008 Krishnan Rajeshwar.................................2009 Jai Prakash..............................................2009 John Weidner...........................................2010 Karim Zaghib............................................2010 Claude Levy-Clément...............................2011 Piotr Zelenay............................................2013

Energy Technology Division Srinivasan Young Investigator Award Vijay Ramani............................................2012 Adam Weber............................................2012 Stefan Freunberger..................................2013

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Nanocarbons Division Richard E. Smalley Research Award Sumio Ijima..............................................2008 Phaedon Avouris......................................2009 Robert Haddon.........................................2011 Nazario Martín..........................................2013

SES Research Young Investigator Award of the Nanocarbons Division Nikhil Koratkar.........................................2009 Mark C. Hersam.......................................2010 Aurelio Mateo-Alonso..............................2012

High Temperature Materials Division Outstanding Achievement Award J. B. Wagner, Jr........................................1986 W. L. Worrell............................................1988 R. A. Rapp................................................1990 H. Schmalzried.........................................1992 S. C. Singhal............................................1994 C. G. Vayenas...........................................1996 C. Bernard................................................2001 H. Yokokawa............................................2002 K. Spear...................................................2004 A. Virkar...................................................2006 David J. Young.........................................2008 Harry L. Tuller..........................................2010 Eric Wachsman........................................2012

High Temperature Materials Division J. B. Wagner, Jr. Young Investigator Award S. Mohney................................................1999 S. M. Haile...............................................2001 M. Swihart...............................................2003 R. Mukundan...........................................2005 Xiao-Dong Zhou.......................................2007 Juan Claudio Nino....................................2009 Toshiaki Matsui........................................2011 Paul Gannon............................................2013

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division New Electrochemical Technology (NET) Award Asahi Glass Company..............................1999 DeNora Tecnologie...................................2005 E-Tek........................................................2005 Bayer Material Science AG.......................2005 Ballard Power Systems............................2007 FuelCell Energy........................................2009 U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, and Electro Tech CP........................................2011 UTC Power...............................................2013

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division H. H. Dow Memorial Student Achievement Award R. Bakshi..................................................1991 G. J. Yusem..............................................1992 J. A. Poirier..............................................1993 S. Siu.......................................................1994 M. Vreeke.................................................1995 A. E. Thomas............................................1996 S. A. Leith................................................1997 P. Soo.......................................................1998 S. Sriramulu.............................................1999 K. M. Jeerage...........................................2000 A. L. Prieto...............................................2001 W. He.......................................................2002 J. Zhang...................................................2003 S. Basker..................................................2004 V. Ramani.................................................2005 N. Jalani...................................................2006 Brenda L. Garcia-Diaz..............................2007 Sunil Roy.................................................2008 Prabeer Barpanda....................................2009 Brandon Bartling......................................2010 Long Cai...................................................2011 Meng Li....................................................2012 Young Woo-Lee.......................................2013

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award Y.-E. Sung................................................1995 J. K. N. Mbindyo......................................1996 C. A. Smith...............................................1997 J. A. Drake...............................................1998 R. Lowrey.................................................1999 C. Arvin....................................................2000 B. Djurfors...............................................2001 V. Subramanian........................................2002 P. M. Gomadam.......................................2003 127

Annual Report Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering Division Student Achievement Award (continued)

I. AlNashef...............................................2004 V. Sethuraman..........................................2006 Minhua Shao............................................2007 Vinten Dewikar.........................................2008 Paul Albertus............................................2009 Satheesh Sambandam.............................2010 Venkatasailanathan Ramadesigan............2011 Rainer Kungas..........................................2012 Wei Yan....................................................2013 Christopher Arges....................................2013

Luminescence and Display Materials Division Centennial Award A. Meijerink..............................................2004 A. Srivastava............................................2004 H. Guedel.................................................2006 David J. Lockwood...................................2010 Hajime Yamamoto....................................2012

Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Division Manuel Baizer Memorial Award T. Shono...................................................1994 H. Lund....................................................1996 H. Schäfer................................................1998 S. Torii.....................................................1998 J. Simonet................................................2000 J. Utley.....................................................2000 J. M. Savéant...........................................2002 M. Tokuda................................................2004 D. Evans...................................................2004 I. Nishiguchi.............................................2006 Albert Fry.................................................2008 Toshio Fuchigami.....................................2010 Dennis Peters...........................................2012

D. M. Kolb................................................1997 P. N. Ross, Jr............................................1999 D. A. Scherson.........................................2001 A. Wieckowski..........................................2003 H. White...................................................2005 Joseph T. Hupp........................................2007 Héctor D. Abruña.....................................2009 Masatoshi Osawa.....................................2011 Richard L. McCreery................................2013

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division Max Bredig Award in Molten Salt Chemistry M. Blander...............................................1987 G. P. Smith..............................................1990 R. A. Osteryoung......................................1992 G. Mamantov...........................................1994 N. Bjerrum...............................................1996 H. A. Øye..................................................1998 Y. Ito........................................................1999 G. N. Papatheodorou................................2002 M. Gaune-Escard.....................................2004 J. Wilkes..................................................2006 Bernard Gilbert.........................................2008 C. Austen Angell.......................................2010 Derek Fray................................................2012

Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award J. Janata...................................................1994 R. P. Buck.................................................1996 I. Lundström............................................1998 A. J. Ricco................................................2000 M. Aizawa.................................................2002 N. Yamazoe..............................................2004 W. Heineman............................................2006 Chung-Chiun Liu......................................2008 Thomas Thundat......................................2010 Sheikh Ali Akbar.......................................2012

F. C. Anson...............................................1983 J. Newman...............................................1985 A. Heller...................................................1987 M. J. Weaver............................................1989 B. Miller...................................................1991 A. T. Hubbard...........................................1993 R. M. Wightman.......................................1995 128

Canada Section Electrochemical Award E. J. Casey...............................................1982 Brian E. Conway.......................................1986 L. Young..................................................1990 S. Flengas................................................1994 Jacek Lipkowski.......................................1998 Jean Lessard............................................2002 Jeffrey R. Dahn........................................2006 David Shoesmith......................................2010

Canada Section R. C. Jacobsen Award George Fraser..........................................1988 Barry MacDougall....................................1990 Louis Brossard.........................................1994 Ernest E. Criddle......................................2002 Sharon G. Roscoe....................................2006 Jacek Lipkowski.......................................2010

Canada Section W. Lash Miller Award Sensor Division Student Paper Award

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award

Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1982-1983 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1983-1984 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1984-1985 National Capital Section................. 1985-1986 North Texas Section....................... 1986-1987 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1987-1988 Chicago Section............................. 1988-1989 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1989-1990 North Texas Section....................... 1990-1991 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1991-1992 Southern Wisconsin Section.......... 1992-1993 New England Section..................... 1993-1994 National Capital Section................. 1994-1995 National Capital Section................. 1995-1996 National Capital Section................. 1996-1997 Canadian Section and National Capital Section................. 1997-1998 Chicago Section............................. 1998-1999 New England Section..................... 1999-2000 National Capital and New England Section..................... 2000-2001 National Capital Section................. 2001-2002 National Capital Section................. 2002-2003 San Francisco Section.................... 2003-2004 San Francisco Section.................... 2004-2005 San Francisco Section.................... 2005-2006

Jeffrey Kirsch...........................................2012 Kazuaki Edagawa......................................2012

Gwendolyn B. Wood Section Excellence Award Metropolitan New York Section...... 1975-1976 Columbus Section.......................... 1976-1977 Chicago Section............................. 1979-1980 Chicago Section............................. 1980-1981 Chicago Section............................. 1981-1982

J. L. Ord...................................................1969 J. E. Desnoyers........................................1971 A. K. Vijh..................................................1973 W. R. Fawcett...........................................1975 W. A. Adams, A. J. Spring Thorpe............1977 Barry MacDougall....................................1979 David W. Shoesmith.................................1981 A. Belanger...............................................1983 Viola I. Birss.............................................1985 S. Das Gupta............................................1987 K. Tomantscher, D. Leaist........................1989 Jennifer Bardwell.....................................1991 Jeff Dahn..................................................1993 Alireza Zolfaghari-Hesari..........................1999 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

Daniel Bizzotto.........................................2001 Jamie Noel...............................................2003 Aicheng Chen...........................................2009 Hua-Zhong (Hogan) Yu............................2011 Not Awarded............................................2013

Canada Section Student Award Jean St-Pierre..........................................1988 Gessie Brisard..........................................1989 James Hinatsu.........................................1990 Gregory Jerkiewicz...................................1991 Hubert Dumont........................................1992 Meijie Zhang............................................1993 Dan Bizzoto..............................................1994 Sylvie Morin.............................................1995 Alexandre Brolo........................................1996 Aicheng Chen...........................................1997 Ian A. Courtney........................................1998 Dany Brouillette........................................1999 Shiyuan Qian............................................1999 Bryan Park...............................................2000 Luc Beaulieu............................................2001 Vlad Zamliny............................................2002 Sandra Rifai.............................................2003 Amy Lloyd................................................2004 M. Toupin.................................................2006 Thamara Laredo.......................................2007 Arash Shahryari.......................................2008 Mohamed Naser.......................................2009 Mohammed Naser....................................2010 Ahmad Ghahremaninezhad......................2011 Karen Chan..............................................2012 Drew Higgins...........................................2013

Cleveland Section Ernest B. Yeager Electrochemistry Award B. Miller...................................................2004 Richard McCreery....................................2006 Uziel Landau............................................2008 Jacek Lipkowski.......................................2010 Gerald Frankel..........................................2012

Europe Section Gerischer Award Akira Fujishima........................................2003 Michael Graetzel.......................................2005 Allen J. Bard.............................................2007 Rüdiger Memming...................................2009 Helmut Tributsch......................................2011 Arthur Nozik.............................................2013

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Summer 2014

2013

Europe Section Alessandra Volta Award

National Capital Section Robert T. Foley Award

M. Armand...............................................2000 J.-M. Tarascon.........................................2002 R. G. Compton.........................................2004 Bruno Scrosati.........................................2006 Not Awarded............................................2010 Jean-Noël Chazalviel................................2012

R.T. Foley.................................................1989 W.J. Hamer..............................................1991 G.E. Stoner...............................................1993 P.J. Moran................................................1995 P.M. Natishan...........................................1997 J. Kruger..................................................1999 R.G. Kelly.................................................2001

Georgia Section Student Award Matthew Lynch.........................................2012 Kara Evanoff.............................................2013

Korea Section Student Award Ho-Suk Ryu..............................................2006 Jae-Hwan Oh............................................2007 Sung Ki Cho.............................................2008 Cheol-Min Park........................................2009 Ji-Hyung Han...........................................2010 Young Woo Lee........................................2011 Not Awarded............................................2012 Seong Min Bak.........................................2013

National Capital Section William Blum Award W. Blum...................................................1958 S. Schuldiner...........................................1960 D. N. Craig...............................................1962 A. Brenner................................................1964 J. Kruger..................................................1966 J. Burbank................................................1969 K. H. Stern...............................................1972 B. F. Brown...............................................1974 A. C. Simon..............................................1976 R. T. Foley................................................1978 R. de Levine.............................................1980 E. McCafferty...........................................1982 R. L. Jones...............................................1984 Ugo Bertocci............................................1986 P. J. Moran...............................................1988 M. H. Peterson.........................................1990 D. S. Lashmore........................................1992 J. R. Scully...............................................1994 Paul M. Natishan......................................1996 G. D. Davis...............................................1998 W. E. O'Grady...........................................2000 Thomas P. Moffat.....................................2002 J. L. Hudson.............................................2004

San Francisco Section Daniel Cubicciotti Student Award L. J. Oblonsky..........................................1995 Y. Ma........................................................1996 C. Wade...................................................1997 C. R. Horne..............................................1998 M. Tucker.................................................1999 L. V. Protsailo...........................................2000 H. Visser..................................................2001 D. Wheeler...............................................2002 J. Hollingsworth.......................................2003 E. Guyer...................................................2004 D. Steingert..............................................2005 Sarah Stewart..........................................2006 James Wilcox...........................................2007 Susan Ambrose........................................2008 Que Anh Nguyen...... Honorable Mention 2008 Yuan Yang ............... Honorable Mention 2008 Paul Albertus............................................2009 Andrew Lee.............. Honorable Mention 2009 Mark Oliver ............. Honorable Mention 2009 Venkat Viswanathan.................................2010 Yi Wei Chen.............. Honorable Mention 2010 Thomas Conry......... Honorable Mention 2010 Maureen Tang..........................................2011 Yi Wei Chen.............. Honorable Mention 2011 Thomas Conry......... Honorable Mention 2011 Allison Engstrom......................................2012 Matthew McDowell...... Honorable Mention 2012 Xiongwu Kang.......... Honorable Mention 2012 Daniel Cohen............................................2013 Mallory Hammock.... Honorable Mention 2013 Anthony Ferrese....... Honorable Mention 2013

129

Volumes 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 60 from ECS Co-Sponsored Meetings

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from conferences co-sponsored by ECS. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in hard-cover, soft-cover, or CD-ROM editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

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Proceedings of the Workshop on Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry Juelich, Germany, April 23 - 25, 2012 Vol. 46 18º Simpósio Brasileiro de Eletroquímica e No. 1 Eletroanalítica (XVIII SIBEE) Hard-cover...........................M $88.00, NM $110.00 PDF......................................M $75.66, NM $94.57

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26th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices Joao Pessoa, Brazil, August 30 - September 2, 2011 Vol. 39 Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2011 No. 1 Hard-cover............................M $138.00, NM $173.00 PDF.......................................M $125.58, NM $156.98

Volume 37

Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors III Hong Kong, China, June 26 - July 1, 2011 Vol. 37 2011 International Conference on Semiconductor No. 1 Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT) Soft-cover............................M $88.00, NM $110.00 PDF......................................M $75.66, NM $94.57

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The Electrochemical Society Monograph Series

The definitive volume on corrosion— now expanded and completely updated

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Continuing a legacy that began with the classic 1948 edition comes this long-awaited, fully revised Third Edition of the authoritative guide on corrosion. A thorough and timely compilation, Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, Third Edition explores, in eighty-eight chapters, a multitude of subjects important to understanding the methods for controlling the degradation of materials. It includes updates of all information along with many new chapters including corrosion monitoring; principles of accelerated corrosion testing; failure analysis; composite materials; diagnosing, measuring, and monitoring microbiologically influenced corrosion; and high-temperature oxidation of metals and alloys. In addition, this new Third Edition: • Gives a solid summary of the scientific background of all the types of corrosion in a comprehensive and well-organized way • Includes new coverage of many important corrosion topics, including nuclear waste containment, CO2 corrosion of steel, ethanol-induced stress corrosion cracking, dealloying, shape memory alloys, nanocrystals, and corrosion of electronics • Features information on the standards for corrosion testing, microbiological corrosion, and electrochemical noise • Presents both scientific and practical approaches, making it extremely useful for all materials science professionals

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Valuable contributions from internationally renowned authors once again help distinguish Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, Third Edition as a leading resource in the field as each page builds on the book’s longstanding reputation as an indispensable companion for engineers, scientists, students, and others concerned with the use of materials in applications where integrity, reliability, and resistance to corrosion are critical. aBoUT The aUThor R. WINSTON REVIE has had a career of more than thirty years at the CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory in Ottawa, Canada, where he is a Senior Research Scientist and Program Manager. Currently, he is President of the NACE Foundation of Canada, a registered educational charity. He is also past director of the Northern Area of NACE International; a past chairman of the ASM Canada Council and of the Electrochemical Society Canadian Section; and a past president of the Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. Dr. Revie coauthored the third and fourth editions of Corrosion and Corrosion Control, a widely used textbook, and was the editor of the second edition of Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook. Dr. Revie is a Fellow of NACE International, ASM International, and the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.

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