Interface Vol. 24, No. 4, Winter 2015 by The Electrochemical Society

VOL. 24, NO.4 Winter 2015

IN THIS ISSUE 3 From the Editor: The Fall of the Falling Mercury

7 From the President: Fast Forward to 2051!

9 Phoenix, Arizona Meeting Highlights

20 Candidates

for Society Offices

36 ECS Classicsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Story of the Drop: The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets

41 Tech Highlights 43 The Impact of Light Emitting Diodes

45 Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting

51 Polymeric Materials in Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications

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FROM THE EDITOR

The Fall of the Falling Mercury

t is quite conceivable that I have seen Jaroslav Heyrovský somewhere in the streets of Prague. If I did, I would have been too young to know what electrochemistry was and, back then, even the Nobel Prize probably had just a nebulous meaning to me. It was only years later, when I was working in the labs of an institute bearing his name, that I became aware of his accomplishments. I worked with people who remembered him and some were his close collaborators. And in many of the laboratories, there were polarographs and mercury dropping electrodes with reservoirs and trays to capture the spilled mercury. I was not a novice to mercury metal though. Thermometers were filled with mercury and the medicinal ones had a particularly large amount of it to look at and ponder. In the astronomy department where my father worked, I was fascinated by a pendulum astronomical clock, where the weight of the pendulum was realized by a glass cylinder filled with mercury. It was done for its weight, but there was also some clever scheme allowing temperature compensation through mercury expansion. The silvery material was interesting, but it was not until sixth grade in the elementary school, when my interest changed to fascination. In the lecture on metals, the teacher passed around an open dish with mercury. I remember the weight, the luster, and the liquidity. Pushing with my finger against the buoyancy, experiencing the coldness, and watching my fingerprint replica on the shiny surface made me feel what experimental inquiry would be like one day. A class rascal from the back row pinched a few droplets and was rolling them on the desk until they fell on the floor and disappeared in the cracks between the floorboards. This was still in the years before mercury was poisonous. Mercury compounds were under lock and key in the poison cabinet even then, but environmental pollution due to mercury metal was not yet understood. Mercury has been known to be dangerous to life probably ever since it was discovered. Certainly, in Almadén, Spain, where large quantities were mined, only convicts were used since the 16th century as laborers because the health dangers from working in the mine were already well known. Still, it was just the close and extensive contact that was believed to be a problem. The effects of environmental pollution came into the collective public mind gradually after the chronic mercury poisoning in Minamata, Japan. While the disease was first described in 1956, it took a decade to recognize and acknowledge the link to industrial mercury discharge. Gradual but significant world effort to eliminate much of the mercury from the environment took full force beginning in 2010. With the elimination of mercury containing batteries, domestic thermometers, and thermostat switches that would eventually end in the municipal waste, we also started losing mercury in teaching labs initially and now, more and more, in the research labs. While we should not downplay the ill effect of mercury release on the environment, we should also ponder the effect of the disappearing technical use of mercury on learning science and technology. Just like paper and pencil disappeared in favor of a calculator, a bottle of mercury disappeared from the lab in favor of pictures and videos. Still, without the hands-on experience, we may be missing out on opportunities. Without feeling the weight of the mercury dish, I would not have burned permanently in my mind the number 13.6, the density of mercury in grams per milliliter. Both the concept of measuring temperature and air pressure (the famous experiment by Evangelista Torricelli, who gave us the eponymous unit torr) are so easy to understand through expansion and density of mercury. Watching the sealed mercury switch attached to a coiled bimetal thermometer in a home thermostat clearly illustrated how temperature change and mechanical movement can be used to control the furnace. The mercury oxide battery, in its heyday, was known for its long shelf life. The end of its production retired many light meters in cameras, which relied on the steady potential of its chemistry. While traditional mercury use was decreasing, a temporary increase in use was seen in compact fluorescent light bulbs, each containing some 5 mg of the metal. Even the staunch defenders of mercury probably cringe at the thought of boiling mercury used as the medium in a turbine. It was a logical use of thermodynamics; higher operating temperatures increase the efficiency of a heat engine. What would happen in the case of a leak is better not to contemplate. Still, such turbines were in use as well. And in electrochemistry, there is one important property of mercury, which is being forgotten, as we do not work with the metal in the lab. It has very high hydrogen overpotential. In aqueous solutions it is possible to apply a negative potential well past the standard evolution potential of hydrogen without reducing water and thus it is possible to reduce base metals. The neat trick is that the metals dissolve upon reduction in mercury, forming amalgam. Even sodium can be reduced this way, which was the basis for large-scale chlor-alkali electrolytic production. Looking at history should remind us of the good and the bad and keep us from repeating the bad. Reading history should also keep us from rediscovering what was already described. This is one of the reasons we should at least read about mercury. Jaroslav Heyrovský, born 125 years ago on December 20, 1890, celebrated in this issue of Interface, had undeniable talent. And also, like everyone in any chemical lab of the twentieth century, he had a bottle of mercury.

Petr Vanýsek, Interface Co-Editor

Published by: The Electrochemical Society (ECS) 65 South Main Street Pennington, NJ 08534-2839, USA Tel 609.737.1902 Fax 609.737.2743 www.electrochem.org Co-Editors: Vijay Ramani, ramani@iit.edu; Petr Vanýsek, pvanysek@gmail.com Guest Editor: Uwe Happek, uhappek@hal.physast.uga.edu Contributing Editors: Donald Pile, donald.pile@gmail.com; Zoltan Nagy, nagyz@email.unc.edu Managing Editor: Annie Goedkoop, annie.goedkoop@electrochem.org Interface Production Manager: Dinia Agrawala, interface@electrochem.org Advertising Manager: Casey Emilius, casey.emilius@electrochem.org Advisory Board: Robert Kostecki (Battery), Sanna Virtanen (Corrosion), Durga Misra (Dielectric Science and Technology), Elizabeth PodlahaMurphy (Electrodeposition), Jerzy Ruzyllo (Electronics and Photonics), A. Manivannan (Energy Technology), Paul Gannon (High Temperature Materials), John Staser (Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering), Uwe Happek (Luminescence and Display Materials), Slava Rotkin (Nanocarbons), Jim Burgess (Organic and Biological Electrochemistry), Andrew C. Hillier (Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry), Nick Wu (Sensor) Publisher: Mary Yess, mary.yess@electrochem.org Publications Subcommittee Chair: Johna Leddy Society Officers: Daniel Scherson, President; Krishnan Rajeshwar, Senior Vice-President; Johna Leddy, 2nd VicePresident; Yue Kuo, 3rd Vice-President; Lili Deligianni, Secretary; E. Jennings Taylor, Treasurer; Roque J. Calvo, Executive Director Statements and opinions given in The Electrochemical Society Interface are those of the contributors, and ECS assumes no responsibility for them. Authorization to photocopy any article for internal or personal use beyond the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976 is granted by The Electrochemical Society to libraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). Copying for other than internal or personal use without express permission of ECS is prohibited. The CCC Code for The Electrochemical Society Interface is 1064-8208/92. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to: Pitney Bowes International, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2 ISSN : Print: 1064-8208

Online: 1944-8783

The Electrochemical Society Interface is published quarterly by The Electrochemical Society (ECS), at 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839 USA. Subscription to members as part of membership service; subscription to nonmembers is available; see the ECS website. Single copies $10.00 to members; $19.00 to nonmembers. © Copyright 2015 by The Electrochemical Society. Periodicals postage paid at Pennington, New Jersey, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The Electrochemical Society, 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ 08534-2839. The Electrochemical Society is an educational, nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization with more than 8000 scientists and engineers in over 70 countries worldwide who hold individual membership. Founded in 1902, the Society has a long tradition in advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science by dissemination of information through its publications and international meetings.

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The Impact of Light Emitting Diodes

Vol. 24, No.4 Winter 2015

by Uwe Happek

Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting: Implications for Yttrium, Europium, and Terbium Demand by Anthony Y. Ku, Anant A. Setlur, and Johnathan Loudis

Polymeric Materials in Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications: Outlook and Challenges by Maxim Tchoul, Alan Piquette, and Alexander Linkov

Phosphors by Design: Approaches Toward the Development of Advanced Luminescent Materials

the Editor: 3 From The Fall of the Falling Mercury the President: 7 From Fast Forward to 2051! Arizona 9 Phoenix, Meeting Highlights

20 Candidates for Society Offices 24 Society News 35 People News Classics–Story of 36 ECS the Drop: The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets

41 Tech Highlights 60 Section News 63 Awards 66 New Members Summer Fellowship 68 ECS Reports 78 Student News 2016, Honolulu, HI 85 PRiME Call for Papers On the cover . . .

by Martin Hermus and Jakoah Brgoch The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

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FROM T HE PRESIDENT

Fast Forward to 2051!

am currently attending the 300th Meeting of ECS, a joyous occasion indeed, marked by a myriad of events that celebrate the long and distinguished existence of our Society. As I look out the window of my hotel room admiring the holographic advertisements floating in space directly above the main street, including a big logo of ECS, I remember a few of the ECS meetings I participated in over a quarter of a century ago. I recall, in particular, a plenary lecture given at the ECS Orlando Meeting by Prof. Charlie Lieber from Harvard University, who summarized some of the extraordinary advances made in his laboratory toward the design and fabrication of electronic nanodevices. These devices could be implanted into the brain of a living organism, both to evoke and monitor neural responses; and he highlighted the extraordinary promise of this strategy in the biomedical area. Little we knew back then that only a few decades later, this area would be pivotal to ECS’s mission, becoming the center of confluence between the traditional wet and solid state areas, the two distinct pillars of our Society for many decades. I sat then on the couch and turned on the 3DTV and opened the ECS program, which now offered full 3D recordings of all the talks given at the conference up to that point, and “virtually” attended some of the outstanding presentations given at the Fifth Symposium of Implantable Neural Electronics. This was a great idea made available by technological advancements, which solved the long standing problem of not being able to attend overlapping talks, and was made available free of charge to registered attendees during the conference While searching for my electronic badge inside my briefcase I pulled out an old issue of Scientific American left there years ago. To my surprise I found some of the pages still had sections I had highlighted in a very interesting article titled “Genomics for the People,” written by Dr. Kevin Strauss, medical director of a clinic in Pennsylvania.* In it, the author told the story of how high-tech genetics research had helped members of the Amish and Mennonite religious groups to prevent diseases in their close-knit communities.

While detailing research advances aimed at solving the mysteries of one such ailments affecting mental functions, he noted that abnormalities observed in some patients could be traced to the protein-mediated transport of ions through membranes, linking tiny microscopic events directly to what we think and feel. In his astonishment the author wrote, “It is difficult to imagine electrochemical signals (are) at the root of violence, addiction, psychosis, and suicide.” And that “subtle changes in the threshold and timing of ion currents can cast a person into repeated cycles of madness and despair.” Motivated by some of these developments, ECS launched the now long running series of symposia dealing with the “Electrochemistry of the Brain.” What keeps coming to mind is the rather remarkable fact that the invention of the battery by Volta and the frog muscle stimulation experiments of Galvani occurred almost simultaneously two and half centuries ago. As the historical record shows, these two discoveries followed distinct scientific trajectories developing their own language hindering communication between the two communities. The convergence and ultimate unification of these two disciplines we have witnessed over the last two decades is opening new prospects toward the development of new means of detection and treatment of disease. From our place in the future (as we enter into the second half of this 21st century), we can ascertain with full conviction that bioelectrochemistry has joined the expanding scope of electrochemistry and solid state science. These are two of the areas that are key toward finding solutions to many of our societal problems, including (in addition to health issues), our eroding infrastructure, efficient manufacturing, and the conversion and storage of energy.

Daniel Scherson ECS President *Scientific American, 313, 66-73 (2015).

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

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228th ECS Meeting

Phoenix, AZ October 11-15, 2015

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enix.

highlights from the 228th ECS Meeting

ver 2,080 people from 46 different countries attended the 228th ECS Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, October 11-15, 2015. This was ECS’s first return visit to Phoenix since 2008. Participants could choose among 4 short courses, 6 professional development workshops, and 1,977 presentations given in 50 symposia.

The registration area with the new self-serve kiosks.

A view of the Phoenix Convention Center, site of the 228th ECS Meeting.

A meeting attendee scans the Highlighted Events meter board.

A bird’s-eye view of the Sunday Evening Get-Together in the Hyatt Atrium.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Phoenix Meeting Highlights (continued from previous page)

Plenary Session ECS President Daniel Scherson opened the meeting with an update on the Society’s Free the Science initiative, a major endowment campaign allowing all ECS content to be open access—free to all authors, readers, and libraries. Attendees also got some insights into the fifth international ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit and a look at the Society’s plans for Open Access Week.

Award Highlights The Olin Palladium Award was presented to Digby D. Macdonald. Dr. Macdonald is currently a Professor in Residence at the University of California, Berkeley’s Departments of Nuclear Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering. His work on passivity and passivity breakdown has been highly recognized among the scientific community. The award was established in 1950 for distinguished contributions to the field of electrochemical or corrosion science. Dr. Macdonald presented his address entitled, “Some Critical Issues of the Breakdown of Passive Films.” The Carl Wagner Memorial Award was presented to Martin Winter. Dr. Winter is the current Chair for Applied Materials Science for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion at the Institute of Physical Chemistry at Münster University, Germany. His innovative work has focused on the research and development of new materials, components and cell designs for batteries and supercapacitors—in particular for lithium-ion batteries—for nearly 25 years. The award was established in 1980 to recognize a mid-career achievement and excellence in research areas of interest to the Society, and significant contributions in the teaching or guidance of students or colleagues in education, industry, or government.

ECS President Dan Scherson presented the opening remarks at the 228th ECS Meeting. Scenes from the Plenary

Digby Macdonald (left) received the Olin Palladium Award from ECS President Dan Scherson (right).

These seven Division and Section awards were presented at the meeting: the Battery Division Student Research Award was presented to Matteo Bianchini of the Université de Picardie Jules Verne; the Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award was presented to David Shoesmith of the University of Western Ontario; the Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award was presented to Eric Schindelholz of Sandia National Laboratories; the Battery Division Research Award was presented to Martin Winter of Münster University; the Europe Section Heinz Gerischer Award was presented to Adam Heller of the University of Texas at Austin; the Battery Division Technology Award was presented to Ashok Shukla of the Indian Institute of Science; and the Electrodeposition Division Research Award was presented to Daniel Schwartz of the University of Washington. (continued on page 12)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Martin Winter (left) received the Carl Wagner Memorial Award from ECS President Dan Scherson (right).

David Shoesmith, winner of the Corrosion Division H. H. Uhlig Award.

Eric Schindelholz, winner of the Corrosion Division Morris Cohen Graduate Student Award.

Lushan Zhou (left) represented the Indiana University Student Chapter, winner of the Outstanding Student Chapter Award, here with ECS President Dan Scherson (right). ECS Chapters of Excellence Awards went to the University of Virginia Student Chapter and the University of Maryland Student Chapter.

Matteo Bianchini, winner of the Battery Division Student Research Award.

ECS President Dan Scherson (right) presented an ECS Service Award to Paul Kohl (left), for his outstanding leadership during his tenure of office as President during his 2014-2015 term. The award also recognizes his “years of distinguished service which have contributed so greatly to the continued growth and success of the Society.”

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Phoenix Meeting Highlights (continued from page 10)

The Norman Hackerman Young Author Award for the best paper published in the 2014 volume of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society for a topic in the field of electrochemical science and technology went to Nathaniel D. Leonard for the paper, “Analysis of Adsorption Effects on a Metal-Nitrogen-Carbon Catalyst Using a Rotating Ring-Disk Study.” (JES, Vol. 161, No. 13, p. H3100) The Bruce Deal and Andy Grove Young Author Award was presented for the best paper published in the 2014 volume of the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, for a topic in the field of solid state science and technology by young authors to Pengfei Guo, Ran Cheng, and Wei Wang for the paper, “Silicon Surface Passivation Technology for Germanium-Tin P-Channel MOSFETs: Suppression of Germanium and Tin Segregation for Mobility Enhancement.” (JSS, Vol. 3, No. 8, p. Q162)

ECS President Dan Scherson (left) congratulated Nathaniel Leonard (right), winner of the Norman Hackerman Young Author Award.

ECS President Dan Scherson (third from right) inducted the 2015 Class of ECS Fellows. Holding their plaques (from left to right) are E. Jennings Taylor, Simon Deleonibus, Robert Kostecki, Steven Visco, Mogens Bjerg Mogensen, Ellen Ivers-Tiffée, Emanuel Peled, Kailash Mishra, Deborah Jones, (President Scherson), John Turner, and Raymond J. Gorte. These members are recognized for contributions to the advancement of science and technology, for leadership in electrochemical and solid state science and technology, and for active participation in the affairs of ECS. (Visit http://www.electrochem.org/ meetings/biannual/228/2015_fellows_award/ for details on the many accomplishments of these new Fellows.)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

The ECS Lecture “Wealth, Global Warming and Geoengineering” was the title of the ECS Lecture presented by Adam Heller, Research Professor and Professor Emeritus at the University of Texas at Austin’s McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering. Dr. Heller’s talk focused on the underlying cause of the rapid rise in carbon dioxide emissions and increased energy consumption, which he states is due to the rise in global wealth and growth of the world’s population. Additionally, Dr. Heller stressed the need for research and development in areas of geoengineering—specifically altering the albedo to reflect more sunlight and iron fertilization of the southern oceans—to stop the ever-increasing effects of climate change.

ECS President Dan Scherson (left) presented a plaque to Adam Heller (center) for presenting the Plenary Lecture. Dr. Heller was also awarded Honorary membership in ECS – holding that plaque is ECS First Vice President Krishnan Rajeshwar (right). Honorary membership is one of the oldest Society awards and is granted for outstanding contributions to ECS.

Electrochemical Energy Summit

2015 The Fifth International ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit (E2S) took place during the 228th ECS Meeting with a program focused around solar critical issues and renewable energy. Acknowledging population and industrial growth paired with economic and environmental issues, E2S was designed to foster an exchange between leading policy makers and energy experts about society needs and technological energy solutions. (continued on next page)

Franklin Orr, U.S. Under Secretary for Science and Energy, delivered the keynote address at the ECS Electrochemical Energy Summit. His talk set the tone for the summit, focusing on environmental security, the critical role of energy storage, and how we can move towards a more sustainable future.

George Crabtree, Director of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, was one of the key participants of E2S.

Harry Atwater, Director of the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, delivered an invited talk at E2S.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Phoenix Meeting Highlights (continued from previous page)

Edison Theatre ECS’s Edison Theatre hosted a variety of live demonstrations and presentations ranging from electric transportation to hydrogenpowered cars. Telpriore “Greg” Tucker’s electric bike demonstration gave an insight into the future of sustainable transportation. Slobodan Petrovic showed attendees the importance of bringing solar power to remote areas of Africa through his Solar Hope presentation. Other demonstrations included the Colorado School of Mines’ demo on hydrogen-powered vehicles and a Q&A session with one of the editors of the new ECS monograph Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes: Scientific Development and Engineering Applications.

Student Poster Contest The student poster session awards were handed out by Dan Scherson, ECS President, in the presence of the session organizers, Vimal Chaitanya and Kalpathy Sundaram. In the category of Electrochemical Science and Technology, first place went to Xiaoxing Xia (Caltech), and second place went to Subrahmanyam Goriparti (University of Genova). In the category of Solid State Science and Technology, first place went to Daiki Ito (Kogakuin University), and second place went to Kenta Machida (Kogakuin University). (continued on page 16)

Scenes from the Poster Sessions

Greg Tucker at the Edison Theatre, where he gave his demonstration of the electric bike, the future of sustainable transportation.

Slobodan Petrovic used the Edison Theatre for a presentation on bringing solar power to remote areas of Africa.

Beth Anne Stuebe (left), ECS Meetings Content Manager, held a Q&A session with Philippe Marcus (right), co-editor of Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes, the newest monograph in the ECS Series published by John Wiley & Sons. 14

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

ECS President Dan Scherson presented awards to the winners of the Z01-General Student Poster Session competition. From left to right are Kalpathy Sundaram (organizer), Xiaozing Xia (First Place, Electrochemical Science & Technology, Poster 1915), ECS President Dan Scherson, Daiki Ito (First Place, Solid State Science & Technology, Poster 1897), Kenta Machida (Second Place, Solid State Science & Technology, Poster 1917), Subrahmanyam Goriparti (Second Place Electrochemical Science & Technology, Poster 1884), and Vimal Chaitanya (organizer).

Scenes from the Student Mixer

Michael Faraday’s advice for scientific success (Work, Finish, Publish!) was the hit of the night at the ever-popular Student Mixer, a sold-out event attended by over 200 students in Phoenix. The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Phoenix Meeting Highlights (continued from page 14)

Student Volunteers New to this meeting were the student volunteers who assisted meeting attendees at registration. Volunteers came from varying ECS Student Chapters to help registrants print their badges, locate technical sessions, and just chat about science. “The student chapters and ECS meetings allow me to meet students from all different universities. These are the people I’ll be running into for the next 40 years,” says James Daubert of North Carolina State University and the Research Triangle Student Chapter. “Being here and being a volunteer allows me to network and get a look at their research.”

Student volunteers at the registration booth (left to right) Brian Wadsworth, Shofarul Wustoni, and Diana Khusnutdinova.

Exhibitors Special thanks goes to all the meeting sponsors and exhibitors, who showcased the tools and equipment so critical to scientific research.

An excited crowd waited for the Technical Exhibit to open. 16

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Scenes from the Technical Exhibit

The Electrochemical Society Interface â&#x20AC;˘ Winter 2015 â&#x20AC;˘ www.electrochem.org

Future

Meeting s

2016 229th ECS Meeting San Diego, CA

2017

May 29-June 3, 2016 Hilton San Diego Bayfront & San Diego Convention Center

IMLB 2016 Chicago, IL

231st ECS Meeting New Orleans, LA May 28-June 2, 2017 Hilton New Orleans Riverside

June 19-24, 2016 Hyatt Regency Chicago

PRiME 2016

232nd ECS Meeting National Harbor, MD (greater Washington, DC area)

Honolulu, HI

October 1-6, 2017

October 2-7, 2016

Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village

www.electrochem.org/meetings

Call for Nominations for

Electrochemical Engineering Technical Editor for

Journal of The Electrochemical Society ECS (The Electrochemical Society) is seeking to fill the position of Technical Editor of the Electrochemical Engineering Topical Interest Area for the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The Electrochemical Engineering (EE) Topical Interest Area (TIA) includes industrial electrochemistry; the mathematical modeling of electrochemical reactors and devices; electrochemical machining; and the electrochemical synthesis of compounds. Specific topics include: kinetics, selectivity, and yields; mass, momentum, and heat transport; and electrode designs and evaluation. The Journal of The Electrochemical Society (JES) has been in existence since 1902. Along with the ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS), JES and JSS provide unparalleled opportunities to disseminate basic research and technology results in electrochemical and solid state science and technology. JES and JSS each publish a minimum of 12 regular and focus issues each year. All ECS journals offer Author Choice Open Access (http://www.electrochem.org/oa/). ECS maintains 13 TIAs (see http://ecsdl.org/site/ecs/tia_ scopes.xhtml), and there is one Technical Editor for each TIA, supported by Associate Editors and an Editorial Advisory Board. Technical Editors for the ECS journals ensure the publication of original, significant, well-documented, peer-reviewed articles that meet the objectives of the relevant journal, and are within the scope of the Society’s TIAs. The Society’s Technical Editors actively solicit manuscripts for their TIA through being involved in their technical community, engaging the ECS Divisions, and working with the staff to effectively communicate to their TIA’s stakeholders. Technical Editors ensure an efficient and fair peer review process and minimize lag time of manuscript submissions. They work to recruit and select editorial reviewers. Technical Editors are required to adhere to policies and procedures for: (a.) manuscript submission and authorship criteria; (b.) peer review, evaluation of decisions regarding publication, and methods for reconsideration of rejected manuscripts; (c.) maintaining the scientific integrity and confidentiality of the peer review process; (d.) the identification and recommendation of theme/focus issues and supplements; (e.) handling conflict of interest and disclosure issues; and (f.) handling allegations and findings of scientific misbehavior and misconduct. Technical Editors must clearly communicate publication guidelines and policies and oversee compliance.

Technical Editors serve as members of their respective Editorial Boards and attend the ECS biannual meetings. They work collaboratively with the Editors, the Publisher, and the Director of Publications to accomplish the objectives approved by the Publications Subcommittee and the Board of Directors. Nominees for the EE Technical Editor must possess and maintain scientific knowledge of the scope of the EE TIA (see http://ecsdl.org/site/ecs/tia_scopes.xhtml). Nominees must have qualities of leadership, technical breadth, creativity, motivation, and international reputation, and should be able to commit the necessary time to ensure efficient and effective performance of their duties. The Technical Editor oversees the review and disposition of manuscripts within his/her TIA, and works to develop content for the regular and special issues. A yearly honorarium is offered by the Society. Nominees must have published previously in a Society publication or other comparable scholarly journal. They must be skilled in the arts of writing, editing, critical assessment, negotiation, and diplomacy. Technical Editors may not serve on the editorial boards of any non-ECS peer-reviewed technical journal. Technical Editors must adhere to the Society’s Code of Ethics policies. Preference will be given to candidates who are ECS members. A Technical Editor is appointed for a minimum of a two-year term, renewable for additional terms, up to a maximum of eight years. The Technical Affairs Committee will approve the appointment of the EE Technical Editor in spring 2016. If selected as a finalist, candidates are expected to be available for webinar interviews with the Publications Subcommittee in March or April of 2016. Self-nominations and third-party nominations are due no later than February 5, 2016. If you are interested in being considered for the position, or if you would like to recommend someone for the position, please send the information to ECS headquarters, to the attention of Mary Yess, ECS Deputy Executive Director & Publisher, mary.yess@electrochem.org. Full applications are due no later than February 12, 2016. Those interested should send a letter indicating their qualifications for the position, stating why they are interested in the position, giving their previous experience with peerreviewed journals, and noting of their availability of their time to fulfill the duties of this position. Please also include a one-page résumé. Send all materials to ECS headquarters, to the attention of Mary Yess, ECS Deputy Executive Director & Publisher, mary.yess@electrochem.org.

CA NDIDAT ES FOR SOCIE T Y OFFICE The following are biographical sketches and candidacy statements of the nominated candidates for the annual election of officers for ECS. Ballots (and instructions for voting either online or by mail) will be sent in January 2016 to all members of the Society. The office not affected by this election is that of the Treasurer.

Candidate for President

Candidates for Vice-President

Krishnan Rajeshwar is a Distinguished University Professor at the University of Texas at Arlington. He is also the founding director of the Center for Renewable Energy Science & Technology (CREST) on campus. He is currently the Senior Vice President of The Electrochemical Society and has served as an elected officer for the last two years. Dr. Rajeshwar has served as Editor of Interface, the Society’s authoritative yet accessible quarterly publication for those in the field of solid-state and electrochemical science and technology. Currently, he serves on the editorial boards of several electrochemical journals. After post-doctoral training at Colorado State University, he joined UT Arlington in 1983. His research interests span a wide spectrum and include photoelectrochemistry; solar energy conversion; renewable energy; materials chemistry; semiconductor electrochemistry; and environmental chemistry. Dr. Rajeshwar is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society and received the Energy Technology Division Research Award in 2009. He has authored monographs and edited books, special issues of journals, and conference proceedings on energy conversion. He is the author of over 350 refereed and well-cited publications.

Christina Bock is a senior research officer at the National Research Council of Canada. She received a doctoral degree from the University of Calgary, Canada in 1997. Afterward, she joined the National Research Council of Canada as an Assistant Research Officer. During her career she has worked on many aspects of electrocatalysis, including the oxidation of organics for waste water treatment, and electrocatalysts for direct methanol and proton exchange membrane fuel cells, as well as H2 and O2 evolution catalysts in alkaline media and is currently involved in a research project on organic super-capacitors. She has carried out classic research projects and also conducted many projects in collaboration with numerous international laboratories and industry like the Forschungszentrum Juelich, AFCC, Ballard, and Hydrogenics. She has co-supervised PhD students jointly with the University of Ottawa. She has published over 60 research articles (including invited contributions and review papers), five book chapters and one U.S. and Canadian patent, and has presented numerous presentations and lectures nationally and internationally. She served on many committees for the evaluation of National Laboratories as well as the funding of new University Programs outside of Canada and served as an external expert for numerous PhD and Master students’ thesis examinations. Dr. Bock has been an ECS member for more than twenty-two years. She has served on numerous committees including Ways and Means, Technical Affairs, Education, and served as chair of the Canada section. She served on the ECS Board of Directors as chair of Council of Sections, chair of the Sponsorship Subcommittee, and chair of New Technology Subcommittee. She also served as Treasurer of the Society. She has presented many papers at ECS meetings, published in ECS journals, organized symposia, and chaired sessions. She also initiated and co-organized the first ECS E2S electrochemical summit in Boston in 2011. (continued on page 22)

Thomas P. Moffat is with the Functional Nano-str uct ured Materials group in the Material Measurement Laboratory at NIST. He began his research career as an undergraduate student working part-time in the laboratory of Barry Lichter and William Flanagan at Vanderbilt University. After receiving his BE in 1982 and MSc in 1984, he joined Ron Latanision’s group in the H. H. Uhlig Laboratory at MIT. In 1989, he received a ScD degree for his work exploring the chemical passivity of chromium-based metallic glasses. This was followed by a twoyear stint as a postdoctoral associate in Allen Bard’s chemistry laboratory at the University of Texas, Austin studying the corrosion and passivation of metals using scanning tunneling microscopy. Since joining NIST in 1991, Dr. Moffat’s efforts have focused on using electroanalytical and surface science methods to understand the structure, composition, and electrochemical performance of thin films. Exploration into surfactant mediated electrochemical deposition of microelectronic interconnects and, more recently, electrocatalysts have been of particular interest. For his work on superconformal electrodeposition, he received NIST’s Samuel Wesley Stratton Award (2011), named after the first director of the Institute, the Research Award of the ECS Electrodeposition Division (2006) and the U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal (2001). To date, he has authored or co-authored more than 150 technical papers, the majority of which are published in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society or Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters. He was elected a Fellow of the Society in 2009. Dr. Moffat joined The Electrochemical Society as a student in 1982 and has been an actively engaged member ever since. He has helped co-organize 10 symposia, served as an Associate Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society and Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters (1997-2001), and served on the Executive Committee of the Electrodeposition Division (1993-1998), as well as a number of other committees. Dr. Moffat is also an active member of the International Society of Electrochemistry having served on the Executive Committee of the Electrochemical Materials Science Division (2007-2012), (continued on page 22)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Candidates for Secretary James M. Fenton is the director of the University of Central Florida’s Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), where he leads a staff of more than 100 in the research, development, and education of energy technologies that enhance Florida’s and the U.S.’s economy and environment. Research technologies and education at FSEC include: high-performance homes; photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing; large-scale, hothumid climate, PV testing; “train-the-trainer” education and soft-costs reduction for solar installations; electric vehicles, and smart-grid education for university power electrical engineering students. Work derived from these programs led to the five articles published in the spring 2015 issue of Interface, “PV, EV and Your Home,” that examine EVs, energy efficient homes, photovoltaics, the smart grid, and EV charging. Prof. Fenton is an Electrochemical Society Fellow and received the Research Award of The Electrochemical Society’s Energy Technology Division in May 2014 for his work on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Prior to joining FSEC in 2005, he spent 20 years as a chemical engineering professor at the University of Connecticut. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois in 1984, and his BS from UCLA in 1979. Prof. Fenton has more than 30 years of experience in electrochemical engineering and education topics, which include: redox flow batteries, PEM fuel cells, fuel processing, high temperature corrosion, oxidizing agent generation, and metal recycling. He has been a member of ECS for 30 years, attending his first meeting as a student in 1982. He has served the ECS in many capacities, including all offices of the Boston Section (now the New England Section) and all offices of the Industrial Electrolysis and Electrochemical Engineering Division. He has served as a member on many Society committees: Council of Local Sections, Individual Membership, New Technology, Publication, Education, Technical Affairs, and Ways and Means. Prof. Fenton has also chaired the ECS student poster sessions for four years, and he has chaired the Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Student Poster Session Competition since its inception in 2011.

Candidacy Statement It is an honor to be a candidate for the Secretary of The Electrochemical Society, and if elected, I look forward to the opportunity to serve our “member-driven” society of worldclass researchers from industry, academia, and government. Since 1902, ECS has carried out national, and then international, meetings and published journals that have provided for the exchange of electrochemical and solidstate science research. Today, the meetings and increased number of high-quality journal publications are still the primary way many of us communicate with each other. As the technologies founded on our research have improved, so have the ways that we communicate our research through social networking sites, open access journal articles, videos, webinars, and podcasts. It is through all these communication platforms—old, new, and future—that the members of ECS will inspire our future members (college students, both at the undergraduate and graduate level, and pre-college students) to choose careers in electrochemical and solid-state research so they may develop the technologies that tackle important problems related to energy, health, education, the environment, national security, and global development. To promote awareness of technical developments in electrochemistry and solid-state science at the pre-college level, I will encourage Divisions and local Sections, Student Chapters and corporate affiliate members to work with regional education systems to provide educational tools for K-12 teachers. It is through this type of service that knowledge of electrochemistry and solid-state science research carried out by members of ECS can be disseminated to the general public to: cure health issues such as brain disorders, lower the cost of solar energy, develop energy storage, develop electric and autonomous vehicles, provide clean drinking water, and prevent the effects of climate change. As Secretary of ECS, my commitment is to cooperatively work with each of you, the officers, and our outstanding professional staff to define and implement new visions and new initiatives so as to enable our members and future members to solve the global grand challenges.

Douglas C. H ansen is currently a Senior Research Scientist with the University of Dayton Research Institute and holds joint faculty appointments as Professor in the Graduate Materials Engineering and Bioengineering Programs within the University of Dayton, School of Engineering. He received a BS in Marine Biology from Stockton State College (1982) and an MS (1990) and PhD (1993) in Marine Biology/ Biochemistry from the University of Delaware. He completed an NRC postdoctoral fellowship at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) before joining the research staff there as a Research Chemist in the Materials Division in 1995. He joined Princeton Applied Research in 1997 and was in charge of Technical Product Development and Training. Dr. Hansen pioneered the first use of the scanning Kelvin probe as a tool for screening of DNA biomolecules with internal mismatches in an array format. At the University of Dayton Research Institute, Dr. Hansen established a Materials Degradation & Electrochemical Engineering Research Group. His research group continues to focus on natural biopolymers as corrosion inhibitors; development of non-destructive evaluation of metal surfaces using scanning probe techniques; accelerated atmospheric corrosion chemistry and electrochemistry; biomaterials and biomimetic processes for novel composite materials and applications; and biomedical corrosion. Dr. Hansen is the author of more than 60 publications and 1 patent, has given more than 30 presentations and invited lectures, and has organized numerous technical symposia for the Corrosion Division over the years. He has edited several ECS Transactions volumes and Proceedings Volumes for those symposia. Dr. Hansen has served as Treasurer of the National Capital Section (1996-1997), within the Corrosion Division Executive Committee for ten years, Chair of the Sponsorship Committee, and member of Finance, Development, Nominating, Education, Honors and Awards Committees, and Interdisciplinary Science and Technology Subcommittee, as well as a member of the Board of Directors. Dr. Hansen is an established journal peer reviewer and member of the American Chemical Society, NACE International, and ASTM. (continued on page 22)

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CA NDIDAT ES FOR SOCIE T Y OFFICE Thomas P. Moffat

Christina Bock

Douglas C. H ansen

(continued from page 20)

(continued from page 21)

Statement of Candidacy This prestigious society was formed by its members and has continued to grow through the significant contributions made by them. Over its more than 100 years of existence, ECS has had many successes. The Society has seen an increase in its attendance at bi-annual meetings and is now starting to hold regular joint meetings with sister societies. New and Society-wide symposia have become regular occurrences over the past years, which allows ECS to expand its outreach and attractiveness. It will be essential to continue to add new symposia of various sizes to ensure member interest and to strengthen outreach and growth. ECS has many publications that traditionally stand out for their quality. In recent years, scientific publishing has faced many challenges. ECS has successfully removed page charges and tackled the concept of open access publishing, while retaining a timely, and most importantly, a rigorous review process. The ECS open-access publishing initiative is a significant undertaking, which has been strongly supported by its members and will lead to broad attention of open access articles published in the journals. Many challenges remain to reach the ultimate goal of full open access publishing, but ECS as a not-for-profit society, is well positioned to achieve this. It is essential that ECS continues its engagement with younger and new members of the Society. ECS is well aware of this and its structure allows for the active involvement for new members and encourages the involvement of younger members through grants, fellowships, and awards. It is essential to actively pursue these involvements and encourage new and young members into not only attending the meetings, but to also actively publish in the journals and be involved in the shaping of ECS meetings and its future. A strength of ECS also lies in the fact that members from industry, government, and academia shape the Society. I consider it as a must to encourage strong involvement with members from industry and have industry members actively involved in shaping symposia and the content of the journals including Interface. In science, quality and originality are features of utmost importance; relevance is also an important feature, which can be greatly assisted through interactions with industry. I am honoured to have been nominated to run as a Vice-Presidential candidate of this prestigious society. I believe that I have a thorough understanding of the structure and functioning of the Society, having been involved actively with ECS for many years and having served on numerous committees as a member and a chair, as well as Treasurer of the Society. If elected I will work to advance ECS in order to allow this society to continue to achieve its mission: “The Dissemination of Solid State Science and Electrochemical Knowledge.”

co-organized 4 symposia and participated on various award committees. In 2008, he chaired the Gordon Research Conference on Electrodeposition.

Statement of Candidacy It is a great honor to be nominated for the position of Secretary of ECS. Having been a member of ECS for 22 years (since 1993) and involved at the local Section, Division, and Society level, I have experienced the benefits of interacting with researchers from all fields of electrochemistry. These benefits include professional growth and networking with international researchers, establishment of collaborative interdisciplinary research efforts, increased knowledge of the advancing research that is presented both by graduate students at poster sessions and scientists at technical symposia. It never ceases to amaze me how broad the technical reach is of the Society and how supportive it is of all of its members. The technical and professional aspects of the Society are at the heart of its continued growth and success. Indeed, The Electrochemical Society is the premier professional society for those involved in electrochemical science, engineering, and technology. According to the Society’s Bylaws, “The Secretary shall perform the duties specifically designated in these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors, and will be primarily responsible for the governance structure of ECS including the volunteer leadership hierarchy and Bylaws, which is the primary governance document, and for the compilation and preservation of the critical records of ECS.” This is a responsibility that, if elected, I will embrace and commit to execute at the highest level with the elected officers and Board of Directors, ensuring the continued success and growth of the Society. Having worked in government, industrial, and academic research, I have experienced, and therefore am well aware of, how important the Society is to each member and their respective technical and professional needs. This knowledge is critical to the “operation of the Society so that it can meet its stated mission of advancing the theory and practice of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology while encouraging research, discussion, critical assessment, and dissemination of knowledge in these fields.” The strength of the Society relies on the membership that voluntarily participates in the many leadership and organizational positions, from symposium organizers to Committees to the Board of Directors, as well as the members who present their leading edge research to their peers at our meetings. It is this connection, between the governance and organization of the Society and its members, that can enhance the interaction and the interdisciplinary exchange of research knowledge that is so important to our members and the outside community. It is this strength that I would help to guide and grow so that our Society and our membership can continue to be the leading professional organization that it is.

Statement of Candidacy The last few years have seen remarkable changes at ECS motivated by the everaccelerating information revolution and global competition. The Society has responded by experimenting (something we all love to do!), and exciting developments are evident on numerous fronts. Disruptive challenges to our traditional publication model have been confronted with a bold initiative in open access publishing brought to fruition by recent ECS leadership. This forward looking enterprise was recently evaluated by a “blue ribbon panel” and its progress will be watched closely by many both within and beyond the Society. ECS has taken a strong position in the OA movement and we need to give it our full support. The planning and execution of the biannual meetings continue to evolve with an on-going effort to sort out what works well and what we can do better. Beyond this tradition, the Society has just expanded its portfolio by initiating a series of focused biennial joint meetings, built upon synergies between electrochemical energy conversion and storage materials, as captured by the event held in Glasgow, Scotland this past summer. At the same time the Society will continue to constructively interact with other organizations with which we have common interests and objectives. Certainly, one of the most exciting ECS initiatives is the effort to develop innovative forums and funding mechanisms that bring together non-traditional partners to facilitate the development of solutions to important societal problems that are central to securing our future. We must continue to draw young scientists into our important enterprise, both building upon our outreach to institutions of higher learning, expanding support for participation in international meetings, and developing new funding opportunities for electrochemical research. The rapid pace of many of these developments requires timely and yet measured actions. Modern communications have provided much needed flexibility and we need to ensure that the Society has agile procedures and tools in place to respond most effectively to the challenges ahead. I have been very fortunate in my own interactions with ECS. From my student years forward, I’ve had the great pleasure of learning from remarkable individuals while attending meetings rich with insight into emerging opportunities in electrochemistry, all complemented by the collegial can-do volunteer spirit that characterizes the ECS landscape. It is an honor and privilege to be considered for this position in our Society and if elected I will be delighted to serve in this capacity.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Why Go Open Access at ECS SOCIE T Y NE WS

Reach more readers

OA for FREE!

ECS offers Author Choice Open Access, giving you the opportunity to make your papers Open Access (OA) – available to any scientist (or anyone, for that matter) with an Internet connection, and increasing your pool of potential readers.

You can publish your papers as Open Access for FREE if you have an Article Credit. Authors who are ECS members, or who are coming from institutions having an ECS Plus subscription qualify. Those who cannot claim an Article Credit will be asked to pay an $800 Article Processing Charge to make their papers Open Access – a fee ECS continues to keep low.

Quality publications The research published in our journals (Journal of The Electrochemical Society and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology) is truly at the cutting edge of our technical arenas, and ECS publications have continued to focus on achieving quality through a high standard of peer review. Our two peer-reviewed titles are among the most highly-regarded in their areas. Choosing to make your paper Open Access within these journals makes no difference to the quality processes we uphold at ECS— selection criteria and peer review remain exactly the same. The difference is in who can see your content. Papers not published as Open Access can only be read by those from a subscribing institution or those who are willing to pay a fee to access it. Make your work more accessible by making it OA.

A WORD ABOUT COPYRIGHT

Keep your copyright ECS’s Open Access publishing agreement with authors does not require a transfer of copyright: the copyright remains with the author. Authors, however, must choose what kind of license they want to grant their readers, and ECS offers a choice of two Creative Commons usage licenses that authors may attach to their work (see sidebar).

When publishing OA the copyright remains with the author.

The author selects one of two Creative Commons (CC) usage licenses defining how the article may be used by the general public.

CC BY license is the most liberal allowing for unrestricted reuse of content, subject only to the requirement that the source work is appropriately attributed.

CC BY-NC-ND license is more similar to the current usage rights under the transfer of copyright agreement: it limits use to noncommercial use (NC), and restricts others from creating derivative works(ND).

Save the World Next time you submit a paper, why not make it Open Access? Electrochemistry and solid state science research is helping scientists and researchers across the globe solve problems facing our modern world, and the more people who can access your work, the faster those problems may be solved. If you have any questions about our Open Access program, please visit www. electrochem.org/oa or email us at oa@electrochem.org.

Find out more at

www.electrochem.org/oa

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SOCIE T Y NE WS

New ECS Technical Editor Appointed The Electrochemical Society is pleased to announce the appointment of Fan Ren as the new Technical Editor for Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems for Solid State Science & Technology. Fan Ren is Distinguished Professor, Fred & Bonnie Edie Professor, and University of Florida Alumni Term Professor at the University of Florida. Prior to joining the University of Florida, he worked for AT&T Bell Labs at Murray Hill, for 13 years in the areas of III-V based high electron mobility transistors, heterojunction bipolar transistors, and metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors. His current research is on wide energy bandgap semiconductor based electronics and sensors, 3D semiconductor chip integration, UV laser drilling, InGaAs based MSM detectors, and reliability of field effect transistors. Fan is a Fellow of The Electrochemical Society, the American Physical Society, American Vacuum Science Society, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Materials Research Society, and Society of Photographic Instrumentation Engineers. Prof. Ren has published more than 880 journal papers, edited 4 books

and 21 conference Proceedings Volumes, contributed to 36 book chapters, and holds 34 U.S. and European patents. He is a recipient of many awards including the Gordon E. Moore Medal for Outstanding Achievement in Solid State Science and Technology from ECS, Albert Nerken Award from AVS, Electronics and Photonics Division Award from ECS, NASA Tech Brief Initial Award, NASA Patent Application Initial Award, University of Florida Teaching and Scholar Award, Doctoral Dissertation Advisor/Mentoring Award, and Research Foundation Professor Award from UF. In his role as Technical Editor, Prof. Ren will be reviewing papers on topics including solid state sensors thin film transistors, MOSFETs, quantum devices, micro- and nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS), and photovoltaic energy conversion devices. Dennis Hess, Editor of ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology (JSS), stated “The Editorial Board of JSS is extremely fortunate that Prof. Ren has agreed to serve as Technical Editor for Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems. His academic and industrial career accomplishments are most impressive and he will add considerably to promoting and ensuring high impact content in JSS.”

PRiME 2016 Adds KECS as Partner The Korean Electrochemical Society (KECS) recently came on board as a full partner along with The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and The Electrochemical Society of Japan (ECSJ) for the PRiME 2016 Meeting scheduled for October 2-7, 2016, in Honolulu, Hawaii. KECS has been a technical cosponsor of past PRiME meetings, but is making the transition to full

partner with the 2016 meeting. This important development was addressed at the KECS 2015 Fall Meeting, which took place in Changwon, Korea, October 29-30, 2015. It was at that meeting that Krishnan Rajeshwar (ECS Senior Vice President and PRiME 2016 Co-Chair) met with Kisuk Nahm (KECS President 20142015), Yongkeun Son (KECS President 2016-2017), Won-Sub Yoon (KECS PRiME 2016 Organizing Committee member), Jae-Joon Lee (KECS PRiME 2016 Organizing Committee member), Dongwon Kim (KECS General Secretary), and Hansu Kim (KECS Director, Academic and Research Affairs). PRiME (the Pacific Rim International Meeting on Electrochemistry and Solid State Science) began in 1987 as a joint international meeting of ECS and ECSJ. Over the years other organizations have joined as technical cosponsors, among them are the aforementioned KECS, the Japan Society of Applied Physics, the Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, and the Chinese Society of Electrochemistry. The last PRiME (October 2012) attracted over 4,000 abstracts, and was the largest meeting ever held in the scientific areas of electrochemistry and solid state science. PRiME 2016 is shaping up to be a large meeting itself – thus far, 2 poster sessions and nearly 60 oral symposia have been approved for the meeting.

Krishnan Rajeshwar (center) with members of KECS at the meeting to discuss its partnership in PRiME 2016. From left to right are Dongwon Kim, Jae-Joon Lee, Yongkeun Son, (Prof. Rajeshwar), Kisuk Nahm, Hansu Kim, and Won-Sub Yoon.

(See the PRiME 2016 Call for Papers on page 85 of this issue.)

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Discover Your Community

Your ECS membership defines you as a leader in your field – as someone who believes in: • Disseminating scientific research in the most accessible ways • Advancing the science by bridging the gaps between academia, industry, and government

• Mentoring young people through networking and by providing quality training and education • Honoring our heroes of the past, recognizing colleagues changing our lives now, and seeking those who are designing the future of our field

“I just like to disseminate my results. To share what I’ve done with others and help grow the field. That’s why I’m a member.” – Researcher and 12-year ECS member

MEMBERSHIP BENEFITS l

The ECS Member Article Pack—$3,300 VALUE—100 free downloads from all ECS journals giving you access to full-text articles in the ECS Digital Library, including the top publications in solid state and electrochemical science and technology: w Journal of The Electrochemical Society w ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology w ECS Electrochemistry Letters w ECS Solid State Letters w ECS Transactions w Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters

Open Access Article Credit—$800 VALUE—receive a complimentary article processing waiver to publish a paper in an ECS journal as open access.

Discounts each time you attend an ECS biannual meeting, meet colleagues and mentors face-to-face and participate in top-level symposia and networking get-togethers.

Free one-year subscription to Interface, the quarterly magazine of record for the Society, delivered to your door, filled with the latest developments in the field and news and information for and about ECS members.

Exclusive access to the ECS Member Directory providing contact information for colleagues around the world.

Discounts on ECS products and services, including the ECS Monograph Series published by John Wiley & Sons.

Recognition for your achievements through ECS’s robust honors and awards program.

Plus, you will be notified immediately as new member benefits, discounts, and opportunities are added!

Admission to ongoing educational programs— allowing you to attend comprehensive one-day courses at exceptional member savings.

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Jo T in el O ec D E CS tro ch A em Y .o ! rg

Questions about membership? Contact customerservice@electrochem.org l 609.737.1902, ext. 100

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Division News Battery Division

Martin Winter presented “Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries Revisited: From Graphite to High-Capacity Alloying- and Conversion-Type Materials and Back Again.” in recognition of having won the Wagner and Battery Technology Awards.

Matteo Bianchini delivered “Real-Time Diffraction Studies of Electrode Materials for Li-ion and Na-ion Batteries,” in recognition of winning the Battery Student Research Award.

The ECS Battery Division Executive Committee convened for its annual planning meeting on Sunday evening of the fall 2015 ECS meeting in Phoenix. Items on the agenda included financial report, symposium planning, Battery Division Research, Technology and Student Award winners, newly elected ECS Fellows, and the (re) formation of award committees for the upcoming year. Minoru Inaba agreed to serve as a new member-at-large, replacing Kristina Edström, who resigned. The Battery Division held its annual luncheon and business meeting on Tuesday, October 13, 2015, where the appointment of Minoru Inaba to member-at-large was approved, the financial status of the Battery Division was reported, award winners and new Fellows were announced, and the members were updated on business discussed at the planning meeting, including upcoming symposia and fundraising efforts. The Battery Division is seeking sustainable fundraising mechanisms to support the mission of the Division, which includes providing support for travel grants, research fellowships, publications, and special events relevant to the Battery Division business and interests. The year 2016 is the 25th anniversary of the birth of the modern day Li-ion battery (LIB) technology. Sony Corporation essentially ushered in the portable consumer electronics age in 1991 selling the very first rechargeable LIB: a cylindrical cell design with about 1 Ah of storage capacity. The Battery Division is planning to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Li-ion battery next year with various actions, including a special Interface issue and a series of special events at the PRiME meeting in Honolulu. We welcome and solicit input and innovative ideas to help us succeed in these pursuits. Please send your suggestions to Robert Kostecki at r_kostecki@lbl.gov.

ECS President Dan Scherson (left) with Robert Kostecki as he was inducted into the 2015 Class of ECS Fellows.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

SOCIE T Y NE WS Electrodeposition Division The 228th ECS Meeting in Phoenix was well attended by the members of the ECS Electrodeposition Division. During the meeting, a business luncheon was held at the Hyatt Regency Hotel (at noon, October 10, 2015), where important issues and activities of the Division were discussed. The business meeting had about 50 attendees across the Division membership including ECS past presidents Richard Alkire and Tetsuya Osaka. During the meeting, Division Chair Giovanni Zangari passed the Division leadership to Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, who will be serving as Division Chair for next two years. The Division-wide elections were conducted for a new member-at-large of the Executive Committee, and Luca Magagnin (Politecnico de

Milan) has been certified as the winner and a new member of the Division Executive Committee. All winners of the student travel awards in 2015 (seven) have been acknowledged and Division membership was encouraged to take even greater participation in the students’ travel award competition. At the end of Division luncheon, Daniel T. Schwartz was officially announced as the 2015 Electrodeposition Division Research Award Recipient. Professor Schwartz was presented with a plaque and a check for $2000 by Division Chair Dr. Zangari. Professor Schwartz’s contributions to electrodeposition field include invention of new electrodeposition methods/protocols, infusion of electrochemical engineering into the field of electrodeposition, electrodeposition of alloys, and many more.

ECS Staff News Marcelle Austin joined ECS in June 2015 as the Board Relations Specialist. In this role, she is responsible for the selection, development, and training of the volunteer leadership hierarchy and the overall administration and governance of the organization. In addition, she manages the ECS Honors and Awards program which recognizes contributions to electrochemical and solid state science and technology and

service to the Society. Marcelle is a graduate of Brooklyn College where she received a BA in Political Science. She holds a Master of Arts degree in International Relations from The City College of New York and a professional certificate in Fundraising from New York University. A seasoned nonprofit program manager, Marcelle has enjoyed implementing and overseeing efforts of organizational growth, both in a professional and volunteer capacity. Prior to joining ECS, Marcelle managed membership and special events for two years at the Princeton University Art Museum and spent three years at the American Society of Mechanical Engineers as a development associate.

Institutional Member spotlight BASi BASi is The Electrochemical Society’s newest institutional member. BASi provides drug developers with superior scientific research and innovative analytical instrumentation, which saves time, money, and lives to bring revolutionary new drugs to the market quickly and safely. The company was founded in 1974 by a Purdue University chemistry professor and a group of his doctoral students and utilizes their abilities in electrochemistry to develop a line of products to detect trace chemicals in complex matrices. Since the second half of the 1980s, BASi has also been involved in the services business utilizing liquid chromatography and mass

spectroscopy to provide analytical services to clients in their drug discovery efforts. BASi provides toxicology services, instruments, discovery services and analytical services to contribute to the “Scientific Connection for Drug Discovery.” Currently BASi is located in West Lafayette and Evansville, Indiana, USA led by Jacqueline M. Lemke, the CEO and President. Welcome to membership in ECS! Want to learn more about ECS membership for your company, institution or organization? Visit www.electrochem.org or contact Beth Fisher, Director of Membership Services, at beth.fisher@ electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

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In the

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The spring 2016 issue of Interface will be a special issue on the theme of “Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemistry.” The issue will be guest edited by Daniel Esposito (Columbia University) and Daniel Steingart (Princeton University). The issue will feature the following articles (tentative list): “Additive Manufacturing for Microfluidic Electrochemical Platforms,” by Julie Macpherson, Max Joseph, and Robert Channon; “From Through-Mask to Freeform Fabrication: The Impact of Electrodeposition on Additive Manufacturing,” by Trevor Braun and Dan Schwartz; “Drawing Batteries,” by Corrie Cobb

issue of

and Christine Ho; “Adding through Subtraction,” by Joshua Gallaway, Alan West, and Daniel Steingart; “Additive Manufacturing for Electrochemistry: From Prototyping to Manufacturing,” by Daniel Esposito and Daniel Steingart. •

ECS Spring 2016 Meeting in San Diego … The spring issue will feature a special section on the upcoming ECS meeting, with information on special lectures and symposia.

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Tech Highlights continues to provide readers with free access to some of the most interesting papers published in the ECS journals.

Our new PAT-Cell-Press Helium leak tested PAT-Core design with reference electrode Laser welded pressure sensor, 0 to 2.5 bar abs. Glass-to-metal-seals The PAT-Cell-Press is the newest addition to our PAT series. It can be ordered with an optional gas sample port and has to be used with the PAT-Single-Stand. It is the ideal, leakproof cell for pressure testing.

28 The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org Discover our new pressure test cell for the PAT series: www.el-cell.com/products/test-cells/pat-cell-press

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ECS Division Contacts High Temperature Materials

Battery Robert Kostecki, Chair Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory r_kostecki@lbl.gov • 510.486.6002 (U.S.) Christopher Johnson, Vice-Chair Marca Doeff, Secretary Shirley Meng, Treasurer Corrosion Rudolph Buchheit, Chair Ohio State University buchheit.8@osu.edu • 614.292.6085 (U.S.) Sannakaisa Virtanen, Vice-Chair Masayuki Itagaki, Secretary/Treasurer Dielectric Science and Technology Dolf Landheer, Chair Retired dlandheer@gmail.com • 613.594.8927 (Canada) Yaw Obeng, Vice-Chair Vimal Desai Chaitanya, Secretary Puroshothaman Srinivasan, Treasurer

Turgut Gür, Chair Stanford University turgut@stanford.edu • 650.725.0107 (U.S.) Gregory Jackson, Sr. Vice-Chair Paul Gannon, Jr. Vice-Chair Sean Bishop, Secretary/Treasurer

Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering

Venkat Subramanian, Chair University of Washington vsubram@uw.edu • 206.543.2271 (U.S.) Douglas Riemer, Vice-Chair John Staser, Secretary/Treasurer

Luminescence and Display Materials Madis Raukas, Chair Osram Sylvania madis.raukas@sylvania.com • 978.750.1506 (U.S.) Mikhail Brik, Vice-Chair/Secretary/Treasurer Nanocarbons

Electrodeposition Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy, Chair Northeastern University e.podlaha-murphy@neu.edu • 617.373.3769 (U.S.) Stanko Brankovic, Vice-Chair Philippe Vereecken, Secretary Natasa Vasiljevic, Treasurer Electronics and Photonics Mark Overberg, Chair Sandia National Laboratories meoverb@sandia.gov • 505.284.8180 (U.S.) Colm O’Dwyer, Vice-Chair Junichi Murota, 2nd Vice-Chair Soohwan Jang, Secretary Yu-Lin Wang, Treasurer Energy Technology Scott Calabrese Barton, Chair Michigan State University scb@msu.edu • 517.355.0222 (U.S.) Andy Herring, Vice-Chair Vaidyanathan Subramanian, Secretary William Mustain, Treasurer

R. Bruce Weisman, Chair Rice University weisman@rice.edu • 713.348.3709 (U.S.) Slava Rotkin, Vice-Chair Hiroshi Imahori, Secretary Dirk Guldi, Treasurer

Organic and Biological Electrochemistry Mekki Bayachou, Chair Cleveland State University m.bayachou@csuohio.edu • 216.875.9716 (U.S.) Graham Cheek, Vice-Chair Diane Smith, Secretary/Treasurer Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Pawel Kulesza, Chair University of Warsaw pkulesza@chem.uw.edu.pl • +482.282.20211 (DE) Alice Suroviec, Vice-Chair Petr Vanýsek, Secretary Robert Calhoun, Treasurer Sensor Bryan Chin Auburn University chinbry@auburn.edu • 334.844.3322 (U.S.) Nianqiang Wu, Vice-Chair Ajit Khosla, Secretary Jessica Koehne, Treasurer

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Volumes 48, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71 from ECS Co-Sponsored Meetings

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from conferences co-sponsored by ECS. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in hard-cover, soft-cover, or CD-ROM editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Volumes Volume 71

2015 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Los Angeles, California, November 16 - 19, 2015 Vol. 70 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition 2015 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Volume 70

Volume 57

13th International Conference on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) Okinawa, Japan, October 6 - 11, 2013 Vol. 57 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 13 (SOFC-XIII) No. 1 CD-ROM...............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

16th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 16) Brno, Czech Republic, August 30 - September 3, 2015 Vol. 70 16th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, No. 1 Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2015) Soft-cover............................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF.......................................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Volume 56

Volume 67

4th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors Villard-de-Lans, France, July 7 - 12, 2013 Vol. 54 2013 International Conference on Semiconductor Technology No. 1 for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT 4) Soft-cover.............................M $98.00, NM $122.00 PDF.......................................M $88.87, NM $111.09

5th International Conference on Semiconductor Technology for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors Lake Tahoe, California, June 14 - 18, 2015 Vol. 67 2015 International Conference on Semiconductor Technology No. 1 for Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits and Thin Film Transistors (ULSIC vs. TFT 5) CD-ROM...............................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $72.83, NM $91.04

Volume 65

2014 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Los Angeles, California, November 10 - 13, 2014 Vol. 65 Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition 2014 No. 1 CD-ROM...............................M $87.00, NM $109.00 PDF.......................................M $74.84, NM $93.55

Volume 63

Fuel Cell Seminar & Energy Exposition Columbus, Ohio, October 21 - 24, 2013 Vol. 56 Fuel Cell Seminar 2013 No. 1 Soft-cover............................M $46.00, NM $57.00 PDF.......................................M $29.56, NM $36.95

Volume 54

Volume 52

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Shanghai, China, March 19 - 21, 2013 Vol. 52 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2013 (CSTIC 2013) Soft-cover.............................M $205.00, NM $256.00 PDF.......................................M $186.06, NM $232.57

15th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 15) Brno, Czech Republic, August 24 - 28, 2014 Vol. 63 15th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, No. 1 Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2014) Soft-cover............................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF.......................................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Volume 51

Volume 62

27th Symposium on Microelectronic Technology and Devices Brasília, Brazil, August 30 - September 2, 2012 Vol. 49 Microelectronics Technology and Devices - SBMicro 2012 No. 1 Hard-cover...........................M $146.00, NM $183.00 PDF......................................M $132.78, NM $165.97

IMLB 2014: International Meeting on Lithium Batteries Como, Italy, June 10 - 14, 2014 Vol. 62 17th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries (IMLB 2014) No. 1 Soft-cover............................M $95.00, NM $119.00 PDF.......................................M $84.88, NM $106.10

Volume 60

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference 2014 Shanghai, China, March 16 - 17, 2014 Vol. 60 China Semiconductor Technology International Conference No. 1 2014 (CSTIC 2014) Soft-cover............................M $215.00, NM $269.00 PDF.......................................M $195.59, NM $244.49

Volume 59

ECEE 2014: Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment Shanghai, China, March 13 - 16, 2014 Vol. 59 Electrochemical Conference on Energy & the Environment No. 1 (ECEE 2014) Soft-cover............................M $138.00, NM $172.00 PDF.......................................M $125.35, NM $156.69 30

2012 Fuel Cell Seminar & Exposition Uncasville, Connecticut, November 5 - 8, 2012 Vol. 51 Fuel Cell Seminar 2012 No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $92.00, NM $117.00 PDF.......................................M $79.67, NM $99.59

Volume 49

Volume 48

13th International Conference on Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 2012) Brno, Czech Republic, August 26 - August 26, 2012 Vol. 48 Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 13) No. 1 Soft-cover.............................M $107.00, NM $134.00 PDF.......................................M $97.51, NM $121.89

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org 1/14/16

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

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websites of note by Petr Vanýsek Mercury Toxicology A comprehensive review of the health effects of mercury and its compounds. • L. A. Broussard, C. A. Hammett-Stabler, R. E. Winecker, and J. D. Ropero-Miller, Laboratory Medicine, 33(8), 614 (2002). http://labmed.ascpjournals.org/content/33/8/614.full.pdf

Mercury and Mercury Electrodes In this article, the current status and position of mercury as one of the most typical representative of present-day fear of “harmful chemistry” is concisely reviewed. Mercury as such means a danger for the environment and human beings, but the contemporary life of civilized man without utilization of this metal element would be hardly imaginable. • Tomáš Navrátil, Ivan Švancara, Karolina Mrázová, Katerina Nováková, Ivana Šestáková, Michael Heyrovský, and Daniela Pelclov, Sensing in Electroanalysis, 6, 23 (2011) http://dspace.upce.cz/bitstream/handle/10195/42533/NavratilT_MercuryAndMercury_2011.pdf

Mercury in Art: “Mercury Fountain” by Alexander Calder The mercury fountain was commissioned for the Paris 1937 Exposition for the Spanish pavilion. It was designed by the American sculptor A. Calder. The first entry is Calder’s own narrative of the times leading to the exhibit and the exhibit itself. The fountain itself was, it appears, directly accessible to the public as the uncouth visitors were helping themselves to some of the metal. • Stevens Indicator 55(3) (May 1938). http://calder.org/life/system/downloads/1938-Mercury-Fountain.pdf • Sarah Zielinski, Smithsonian.com, August 23, 2010 http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/spains-mercury-fountain-33739156/?no-ist

About the Author

Petr Vanýsek is a co-editor of Interface and substituted for Zoltan Nagy for this installment of “websites of note.” An emeritus professor of chemistry and biochemistry at Northern Illinois University, Prof. Vanýsek is presently on leave of absence and visiting in the Central European Institute of Technology in Brno, Czech Republic.

ECS Sponsored Meetings for 2016 In addition to the regular ECS biannual meetings and ECS Satellite Conferences, ECS, its Divisions, and Sections sponsor meetings and symposia of interest to the technical audience ECS serves. The following is a list of the sponsored meetings for 2016. Please visit the ECS website for a list of all sponsored meetings.

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5th International Conference on Metal-Organic Frameworks & Open Framework Compounds (MOF 2016), September 16-19, 2016 — Long Beach, CA

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67th Annual Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, August 21-26, 2016 — The Hague, The Netherlands

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18th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries, June 19-24, 2016 — Chicago, Illinois

•

China Semiconductor Technology International Conference (CSTIC), March 2016 — Shanghai, China

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18th Topical Meeting of the International Society of Electrochemistry, March 9-11, 2016 — Gwangju, Korea

To learn more about what an ECS sponsorship could do for your meeting, including information on publishing proceeding volumes for sponsored meetings, or to request an ECS sponsorship of your technical event, please contact ecs@electrochem.org.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

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New Division Officers New officers for the fall 2015–fall 2017 terms have been elected for the following Divisions.

Electrodeposition Division Chair Elizabeth J. Podlaha-Murphy, Northeastern University Vice-Chair Stanko Brankovic, University of Houston Secretary Philippe Vereecken, IMEC/KULeuven Treasurer Natasa Vasiljevic, University of Bristol Members-at-Large Luca Magagnin, Politecnico di Merida Ingrid Shao, IBM Corporation

High Temperature Materials Division Chair Turgut Gür, Stanford University Vice-Chair Greg Jackson, Colorado School of Mines Jr. Vice-Chair Paul Gannon, Montana State University Secretary/Treasurer Sean Bishop, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Members-at-Large Stuart Adler, University of Washington Mark Allendorf, Sandia National Laboratories Roberta Amendola, Montana State University Fanglin Chen, University of South Carolina Zhe Cheng, Florida International University Wilson Chiu, University of Connecticut Koichi Eguchi, Kyoto University Emiliana Fabbri, Paul Scherrer Institut Fernando Garzon, University of New Mexico Srikanth Gopalan, Boston University

Ellen Ivers-Tiffée, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Cortney Kreller, Los Alamos National Laboratory Xingbo Liu, West Virginia University Torsten Markus, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences Toshio Maruyama, Tokyo Institute of Technology Nguyen Quang Minh Mogens Mogensen, DTU Energy Conversion Jason Nicholas, Michigan State University Juan Nino, University of Florida Elizabeth Opila, University of Virginia Emily Ryan, Boston University Subhash Singhal, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Enrico Traversa, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology Anil Virkar, University of Utah Eric Wachsman, University of Maryland Werner Weppner, Christian-Albrechts University Mark Williams, National Energy Technology Laboratory Leta Woo, CoorsTek Sensors Shu Yamaguchi, University of Tokyo Harumi Yokokawa, University of Tokyo

Luminescence and Display Materials Division Chair Madis Raukas, Osram Sylvania Vice-Chair/Secretary/Treasurer Mikhail Brik, University of Tartu Members-at-Large John Collins, Wheaton College Baldassare Di Bartolo, Boston College Marco Kirm, University of Tartu David Lockwood, National Research Council – Canada Kailash Mishra, Osram Sylvania

ECS Redcat Blog The blog was established to keep members and nonmembers alike informed on the latest scientific research and innovations pertaining to electrochemistry and solid state science. With a constant flow of information, blog visitors are able to stay on the cutting-edge of science and interface with a like-minded community.

ecsblog.org 32

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

ECS MEMBERS Receive a Discount! Visit us at www.electrochem.org Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes: Scientific Development and Engineering Applications By Christopher D. Taylor & Philippe Marcus

New

ISBN: 978-1-118-26615-1 Cloth | April 2015 | 272pp £83.50 / €122.00 / $125.00 Molecular Modeling of Corrosion Processes applies an atomistic and molecular modeling approach to the study of the corrosion of metals. It offers opportunities for making significant improvements in preventing harmful effects that can be caused by corrosion. Engineers and scientists often do not realize that corrosion has taken place until significant damage has occurred to a metal material. By using atomistic and molecular modeling these professionals can improve lifetime prediction models to predict well in advance of visual observations or other test methods when various processes will cause a metal to corrode as well as how well corrosion inhibitors will perform. There are recent examples of applications of molecular modeling to corrosion phenomena throughout the text. • Describes concepts of molecular modeling in the context of materials corrosion • Details how molecular modeling can give insights into the multitude of interconnected and complex processes that comprise the corrosion of metals • Covered applications include diffusion and electron transfer at metal/electrolyte interfaces, Monte Carlo simulations of corrosion, corrosion inhibition, interrogating surface chemistry, and properties of passive films • Presents current challenges and likely developments in this field for the future

Also available in The Electrochemical Society Series Electrochemical Power Sources: Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Supercapacitors

Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications

Vladimir S. Bagotsky, Alexander M. Skundin & Yurij M. Volfkovich

Bruno Scrosati, K. M. Abraham, Walter A. van Schalkwijk & Jusef Hassoun

ISBN: 978-1-118-46023-8 Cloth | 2015 | 400pp £66.95 / €97.90 / $99.95

ISBN: 978-1-118-18365-6 Cloth | 2013 | 392pp £93.50 / €139.00 / $140.00

Providing a concise description of batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors, this book reviews the design, operational features, and applications of all three of these power sources. Written in accessible language, this valuable resource for environmental engineers, chemists, energy industry members, and electrochemists examines many of the main battery types, such as zinc-carbon batteries, alkaline manganese dioxide batteries, mercury-zinc cells, lead-acid batteries, cadmium storage batteries, and silver-zinc batteries.

With their use in everyday electronics and their increased use in industry applications, lithium ion batteries are an important source of power. Covering the most cutting-edge advances and technology in lithium ion batteries, this book teaches readers how to develop the most efficient advanced rechargeable batteries. This timely text covers various lithium ion devices, including lithium-air batteries non-aqueous lithiumair batteries, lithium-sulfur, and batteries for medical applications.

19 2 014

Visit us at www.electrochem.org to see more titles and for your membership discount

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Volume 69– P h o e n i x , A r i z o n a

from the Phoenix meeting, October 11—October 15, 2015

The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Phoenix meeting. All issues are available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues are also available in CD/USB editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 69 No. 1

Batteries – Theory, Modeling, and Simulation USB/CD...........M $127.00, NM $159.00 PDF ............................M $115.62, NM $144.53

Vol. 69 No. 15

High Temperature Experimental Techniques and Measurements 2 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $41.05, NM $51.31

Vol. 69 No. 2

Pits & Pores 6: Nanomaterials – In Memory of Yukio H. Ogata USB/CD...........M $105.00, NM $131.00 PDF ............................M $95.53, NM $119.41

Vol. 69 No. 16

Ionic Conducting Oxide Thin Films USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $56.50, NM $70.63

Vol. 69 No. 3

Nonvolatile Memories 3 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $78.86, NM $98.57

Vol. 69 No. 17

Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 15 (PEFC 15) USB/CD...........M $200.00, NM $250.00 PDF ............................M $181.77, NM $227.21

Vol. 69 No. 4

Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 11 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $66.81, NM $83.51

Vol. 69 No. 5

Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 13 USB/CD ....................M $113.00, NM $141.00 PDF ............................M $102.44, NM $128.05

Vol. 69 No. 6

Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene and Electronics Packaging 7 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $61.66, NM $77.07

Vol. 69 No. 7 Vol. 69 No. 8

Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 11 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $82.87, NM $103.59 Semiconductor Cleaning Science and Technology 14 (SCST 14) USB/CD ....................M $103.00, NM $129.00 PDF ............................M $93.80, NM $177.25

Vol. 69 No. 9

Thermoelectric and Thermal Interface Materials 2 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $53.93, NM $67.41

Vol. 69 No. 10

ULSI Process Integration 9 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $86.89, NM $108.61

Vol. 69 No. 11

GaN & SiC Power Technologies 5 USB/CD...........M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $66.81, NM $83.51

Vol. 69 No. 12

Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 8 USB/CD ....................M $111.00, NM $138.00 PDF ............................M $100.71, NM $125.89

Vol. 69 No. 13

Vol. 69 No. 14

Solid-State Electronics and Photonics in Biology and Medicine 2 USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $51.35, NM $69.19 State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 58 (SOTAPOCS 58) USB/CD ....................M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................M $72.83, NM $91.04

Vol. 69 No. 30

Novel Design and Electrodeposition Modalities 2 SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 31

Semiconductors, Metal Oxides, and Composites: Metallization and Electrodeposition of Thin Films and Nanostructures 3 SC.............................M $48.00, NM $61.00 PDF .............................M $32.43, NM $50.54

Vol. 69 No. 32

Electrochemical Engineering General Session SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 18

Joint General Session: Batteries and Energy Storage -and- Fuel Cells, Electrolytes, and Energy Conversion SC.............................M $57.00, NM $71.00 PDF .............................M $41.05, NM $51.31

Vol. 69 No. 33

Vol. 69 No. 19

Batteries Beyond Lithium-Ion SC.............................M $40.00, NM $50.00 PDF .............................M $23.82, NM $29.77

Membrane-based Electrochemical Separations SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 34

Vol. 69 No. 20

Battery Safety SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 21

Interfaces in Energy Storage Systems SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 35

Nanoscale Electrochemistry SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 22

High-Energy Li-Ion Intercalation Materials SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 36

Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 6 SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 23

Materials and Cell Designs for Flexible Energy Storage and Conversion Devices SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 37

Sensors, Actuators, and Microsystems General Session SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 24

Recent Advances in Supercapacitors SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 38

Sensors for Agriculture SC.............................M $46.00, NM $57.00 PDF .............................M $29.56, NM $36.95

Vol. 69 No. 25

Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes to Graphene SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 39

General Student Poster Session SC.............................M $48.00, NM $61.00 PDF .............................M $32.43, NM $40.54

Vol. 69 No. 26

Corrosion General Poster Session SC.............................M $37.00, NM $46.00 PDF .............................M 20.94, NM $26.18

Vol. 69 No. 40

Nanotechnology General Session SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 27

Contemporary Aspects of Corrosion and Protection of Magnesium and Its Alloys SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 41

Impedance Technologies, Diagnostics, and Sensing Applications SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Vol. 69 No. 28

Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion 8 Damascene, and Electronics Packaging 6 SC.............................M $31.20, NM $39.00 PDF .............................M $19.00, NM $19.00

Vol. 69 No. 29

Fundamentals of Electrochemical Growth and Surface Limited Deposition SC.............................M $34.00, NM $43.00 PDF .............................M $18.07, NM $22.59

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: customerservice@electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

1/14/16

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In Memoriam memoriam Harry C. Gatos (1921–2015)

Harry C. Gatos

C. Gatos, an ECS member since 1952, died on February 13, 2015, in Vermont. Professor Gatos was born in Greece to a family that valued education and encouraged him to pursue a career in science. After completing a Diploma at the University of Athens, where he held lecturer positions and wrote two textbooks, he came to the U.S. to pursue a Master’s degree at Indiana University. He was awarded a PhD in Inorganic Chemistry from arry

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MIT in 1950. His diverse research interests helped define and create a new field of study in electronic materials. He focused on semiconductor materials and chemistry and physics of materials, first as a Research Engineer at DuPont and then returning to Massachusetts in 1955 to work at Lincoln Labs, where he was Head of the Solid State Division, 1964–65. During his time at Lincoln Labs, he held visiting faculty appointments at MIT and at Brandeis University. In 1965, Professor Gatos was formally hired as an MIT faculty member, performing research on electronic materials with a joint appointment in the Departments of Metallurgy and Electrical Engineering (now DMSE and EECS). His contributions to materials science are immeasurable, most notably his role as cofounder of the Materials Research Society (MRS) and its first president, 1973–76. In addition to his leadership in MRS, he was president of The Electrochemical Society 1967–68 and head of MIT’s Center for Materials Science and Engineering. Professor Gatos was the recipient of the ECS Acheson Award, the ECS Award in Solid State Science and Technology, and the Golden Cross of the Order of Merit of the Polish People’s Republic. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1983 for “Contributions to the advanced engineering of electronic materials and to engineering education.” He was a Fellow of the American Association for Advancement of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Perhaps Professor Gatos was as well known and respected a musician as he was a scientist. An accomplished flutist, he frequently played for and with his colleagues and friends. A board member for the Longy School of Music, the Cambridge Society for Early Music, and the James Pappoutsakis Memorial Fund, he was a tireless advocate for music and the arts.

In Memoriam memoriam

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Mordechay Schlesinger — At press time, Interface learned about the death of Mordechay Schlesinger. There will be a full-length notice of his passing in the spring 2016 issue of the magazine.

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ECS Classics Story of the Drop The Way to the Nobel Prize over the Falling Mercury Droplets by Květa Stejskalová and Michael Heyrovský

“

Professor Heyrovský, you are the originator of one of the most important methods of contemporary chemical analysis. Your instrument is extremely simple, only falling droplets of mercury, but you and your collaborators have shown that it can be used for the most diverse purposes.… May I ask you to advance and receive the Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this year from the hands of our King.

”

—From the presentation speech given by Professor A. Ölander, member of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry, at the ceremony in the Concert Hall in Stockholm on December 10, 1959.1

Jaroslav Heyrovský (December 20, 1890˗March 27, 1967).

Interest in Natural Sciences Since Childhood

aroslav Heyrovský was born on December 20, 1890 in the Old Prague district in what is now the Czech Republic as the fourth child of Leopold Heyrovský, a professor of Roman law at the Prague Czech University, and his wife Klára

née Hanel. Together with his younger brother Leopold and three older sisters Klára, Marie, and Helena he joined his father Leo on family excursions to collect various types of fossils and while still a boy Jaroslav began writing a science textbook complete with his own illustrations., He also began keeping small animals at home and in school he helped his science teacher, František Bayer, in the

maintenance of the school’s collections. A secondary school teacher, Jaroslav Jeništa, awoke in young Jaroslav a sincere interest in chemistry and physics, which led to some interesting developments, such as when he and his brother Leo sent their friends New Year´s greetings in the form of X-ray photos of their hand or of an aquarium fish. Once they managed to contaminate the entire street with the smoke from ammonium chloride produced by mixing hydrochloric acid with ammonia. From the “entertainments,” Jaroslav developed a serious interest in chemistry and physics which he pursued throughout his academic career, obtaining secondary schooling at the Academic Gymnasium on the embankment of the river Vltava in Prague. Among his professors was the writer Zikmund Winter, and his classmates included the writer Karel Čapek and Zdeněk Myslbek, the son of the Czech sculptor Václav Myslbek. After graduation, Heyrovský enrolled at the Philosophical Faculty of the Prague Czech University where he studied physics, chemistry, and mathematics (an independent faculty of science not yet existing at that time). After a year, having become committed to the study of physical chemistry, and having realized that he could not obtain the necessary scientific education in Prague, he transferred to London University College, where he studied under the guidance of Professor W.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Ramsay. Jarsolav graduated in 1913 with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) and took a position in the electrochemical laboratory of professor F. G. Donnan where he continued to study aluminum electrodes until this effort was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

Inexplicable Anomalies: A Fated Meeting with the Drop For the rigorous examination which preceded the defense of his dissertation work, Heyrovský arrived on June 27, 1918 in a uniform of a sanitary corporal. His examiners were inorganic chemistry professor Bohuslav Brauner (1855-1935), pharmaceutical chemistry professor J. S. Štěrba-Boehm (1878-1939), and professor of experimental physics Bohumil Kučera (1874-1921). Heyrovský´s dissertation work “About Electroaffinity of Aluminum” was of a high level and the candidate was well known to the examiners, resulting in the examination having more the character of a scientific discussion. In his dissertation, Heyrovský had a section concerning aluminum amalgam dropping from a glass capillary into a solution. Although the experiments were not successful, they inspired Prof. Kučera to pose a general question about electrocapillarity. Heyrovský responded to that question well and Kučera pointed out the disagreement between the values of the surface tension measured by this method and by the method suggested by the French physicist G. Lippmann 50 years earlier. To that, Brauner, puffing from a thick cigar, added “That can be solved only by a physical chemist!,” which was an appeal to Heyrovský, who was then the only specialist in physical chemistry at the university. The result of the examination was excellent, so that on September 26, 1918 Jaroslav Heyrovský was promoted to a doctor of philosophy. However, Kučera´s problem drew Heyrovský´s attention considerably; was it some new mysterious effect, which not even a significant scientist such as Kučera could explain? He therefore accepted Kučera´s invitation to the university’s Physics Institute, where Kučera made him acquainted with the given problem in detail. In his free time, Heyrovský then began working in Kučera´s laboratory on an explanation of the “anomalies” on electrocapillary curves; that is, on the dependency of surface tension on the potential of a dropping electrode. The measurements consisted in weighing drops of mercury dropping out of a glass capillary into a solution. The dropping mercury, connected to a DC voltage source, served as one electrode, while the other electrode was the mercury pool accumulating at the bottom of the cell.

The Path to Discovery is Full of Blind Alleys, and Only Immeasurable Patience and Creativity Bring Roses Heyrovský´s notebooks from 1921 indicate that the mere measurement of electrocapillary curves (weighing of mercury drops) in various electrolytes did not lead to the desired answer. In December 1921 he returned to the study of aluminum complexes by means of equilibrium electrode potentials, but on December 29 of that year he was again trying electrocapillary curves in solutions of aluminum chloride. In the course of the next days, continuing even on New Year's Eve afternoon and New Year’s Day 1922, he continued measuring electrocapillary curves in solutions of MgCl2, BaCl2, KCl, LiCl, NaCl, NH4Cl, and CaCl2. It was on New Year’s Day 1922 that he first tried to measure the electric current passing between the dropping and reference electrodes. He probably used a galvanometer with low sensitivity, however, and the resulting curve was not satisfactory. From his notes in the laboratory diary it appears that he had in mind some experimental turn. He borrowed a more sensitive galvanometer from a physics professor named Záviška. On February 9, 1922 he again measured electrocapillary curves in a solution of NaCl and he observed something unusual which led him to remark that “On the top [of the curve] something is happening, but now there is no time to investigate what it is.” At last, on February 10, 1922 he included in the measuring circuit a mirror galvanometer and this led to a breakthrough. He electrolyzed 1 mol/dm3 solution of sodium hydroxide and with the slightest applied voltage there appeared a small mirror deflection. Heyrovský noted its value and added that the index rhythmically oscillated on the scale according to falling of the mercury drops. Then, by increasing the applied voltage, the current further increased and within the region of ˗1.9 to ˗2.0 V the increase became quite strong. To Heyrovský it was undoubtedly quite clear that he made a first-class discovery. He worked with enormous intensity during the next seven weeks, filling a 200-page laboratory notebook with observations and comments. At that time he started writing the first publication about polarography (the name polarography was introduced later), which appeared in the October 8, 1922 issue of the journal Chemické Listy. Its title was “Electrolysis with the Dropping Mercury Cathode.”

The high school graduation photo of Jaroslav Heyrovský.

passing through the solution and the electrodes depending on the electric voltage imposed on the electrodes. The resulting polarization curve included steps, also called waves. The height of the waves is a measure of the concentration of the electroactive substances dissolved in the solution and their position indicates their quality. Based on the name of the instrument, the method of electrolysis of solutions by means of a dropping mercury electrode was coined “polarography”.

Polarography as an Analytical Method If the analyzed solution includes a substance which can adhere to the dropping electrode in a either reduced or oxidized state, a stepwise increase in the current will appear on the curve. This is called a polarographic wave. The position of this (continued on next page)

The Apparatus Called Polarograph To speed up the measurements with the dropping mercury electrode Heyrovský and his Japanese co-worker Masuzo Shikata constructed in 1924 an automatic apparatus which they called a Polarograph. The apparatus continuously changed the mutual polarity of both electrodes while photographically recording the current

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The first polarograph from the year 1924. 37

(continued from previous page)

wave on the potential axis is characterized for the quality of the substance in solution and its height indicates the amount of the substance present in the solution. In chemical terms, we therefore say that polarography allows the simultaneous quantitative and qualitative analysis of a substance in solution. In the case of a solution which contains several different electroactive substances, the polarographic curve shows a corresponding number of waves, each of which indicates simultaneously the quantity of the individual components of the solution. In this way a new, elegant, and simple method of chemical analysis was born, which in many respects stood over all analytical methods of their time. For a number of years polarography was the “queen” among analytical methods thanks both to its high precision and the relatively low price of polarographs. The Prague polarographic school formed by scientists from the throughout Europe has made the method known to the entire world. The Polarographic Institute was founded in Prague in 1950 and Jaroslav Heyrovský became its first director. Analytical utilization of polarography concerned all industrial disciplines requiring chemical analysis. Furthermore, it also found use in biology, pharmacy, and medicine (e.g., diagnosis of cancer). Great applications were found for long-term polarographic analyzers — instruments which automatically follow a certain amount of a particular compound in a continuous production stream. In connection with an appropriate arrangement, they can even automatically controll the production line itslef. With a team of the Polarographic Institute scientists, J. Heyrovský continued to develop further polarographic methods (e.g., oscillopolarography) and polarographic instruments.

became a foreign member of the Royal Society of London, and he was awarded honorary doctorates at several European universities. His health continued to be a concern, however, and he chose to resign his leadership of the Polarographic Institute. J. Heyrovský spent the last few weeks of his life in the State Sanatorium in Smíchov, a Prague suburb, where he passed away on March 27th 1967. His last years resembled the end of life of Michael Faraday, his great example, who died 100 years earlier.

The Traveling Exhibition Called the “Story of the Mercury Drop” Since 2009 (the 50th anniversary of the award of the Nobel Prize to Jaroslav Heyrovský) the general public has enjoyed a traveling exhibition which presents the life and scientific work of Jaroslav Heyrovský, not only to those who remember polarography, but also to those interested in the natural sciences born later, i.e., to students and pupils. The aim of the exhibition is to convey to the visitors the personality of Jaroslav Heyrovský not only as a scientist but also as a person. The exhibition is composed of documents which for many years were held in the institute’s archives. Much information was drawn from books about Jaroslav Heyrovský written by his students, or from narrations of his children, pupils, or co-workers. Many various polarographs from 1924 to the 1990s are displayed, as well as photographs and written documents, books, publications, and film material. For selection of the artifacts the curators examined almost ten kilograms of written material, 200 photographs, 150 slides, and 6 km of celluloid film from the 50s and 60s. Combined with some ten instruments, it seemed that there would sufficient material

In February 1926 Jaroslav Heyrovský married Marie Kořánová at the Prague Old-town town hall.

for creating an exhibition. The exhibit had its vernissage in November 2008 and created such considerable interest in the public that authors, three scientists from the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, K. Stejskalová, M. Heyrovský, and R. Kalvoda, prepared a more complete exhibit and offered it for display to wider audiences throughout the Czech Republic. The exhibition is formed by a set of twelve posters which, through the use of photographs and documents, tell the visitor about the life and scientific work

The First Recognition of a Czech Scientist with a Nobel Prize The Nobel Prize is often given to a scientist several years after the discovery for which it is awarded, when the importance of the work is fully understood and appreciated. Even those who have achieved truly profound results have had to wait decades for such recognition. Professor Heyrovský was suggested for the Nobel Prize several times, but 1959 was the decisive year. He was recommended by the Nobel Prize laureates A. J. P. Martin and C. V. Raman, and by several other scientists. The Nobel Committee requested a suggestion from the Slovak universities, which unambiguously supported Heyrovský, and he was named the winner. This recognition renewed Heyrovský´s vigor for a time, but his state of health started soon started to decline. In the 1960s he was awarded a number of distinctions. He was honored for a second time with the Order of Republic, he was elected an honorary member of several academies and scientific societies, he

Nobel prize laureates for the year 1959. From left to right are E. Segre, E. Ochoa, J. Heyrovský, O. Chamberlain, B. Ekeberg (chair of the Nobel Committee), A. Kornberg, and S. Quasimodo.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Bibliographic References of Several Important Publications by J. Heyrovský Concerning Polarography

Author Květa Stejskalová (left) points out information about J. Heyrovský while the traveling exhibition was at a gallery in the city of Vítkov in 2014.

of Jaroslav Heyrovský. The second part of the exhibition consists of instruments (a development series of 8-10 polarographs), glass polarographic cells, slides with which polarographers lectured, and a display of books on polarography in various world languages. Films made in 1950s and 1960s documenting Heyrovský´s research are shown as part of the exhibition. The exhibition is completed by an accompanying program of a number of popularizing lectures not only about Jaroslav Heyrovský, but also about contemporary science and research in the field of physical chemistry in which the scientists in the Jaroslav Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry are engaged today. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F01154if.

The photographs accompanying this article are from the archive of the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic.

About the Authors Květa Stejskalová studied chemical engineering at the Technical University in Prague and defended her dissertation work in the subject physical chemistry—heterogeneous catalysis (1995). Since 1989 she has resided in the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry where she studies fundamental and applied research of catalysis and ultimately of

electrochemistry. At present, as the secretary for science and education, she prepares and realizes for the institute educational and popularization programs. For her work she was awarded the Vojtěch Náprstek honorary medal for popularization of science in 2011. She may be reached at kvetoslava.stejskalova@jh-inst. cas.cz. Michael Heyrovský studied chemistry at the Faculty of Science, Charles University (1951-1957). Since 1957 he has been employed by the J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The years 1962 to 1965 he did a research study at the Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Cambridge, where he defended his PhD. thesis on “The Electrochemical Photoeffect.” The years 1967 and 1968 he spent at the University of Bamberg, Germany, as an Alexander-von-Humboldt scholar. He is an author or coauthor of over 100 publications on polarography and voltammetry and their applications. He may be reached at michael. heyrovsky@jh-inst.cas.cz.

References 1. “Nobelprize.org”. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Wed. 10 Dec 2015. http://www.nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/ laureates/1959/press.html

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

1. J. Heyrovský, Electrolysis with the dropping mercury cathode. I. Deposition of alkali and alkaline earth metals, Philos. Mag., 45, 303-314 (1922). 2. J. Heyrovský and M. Shikata, Researches with the dropping mercury cathode. Part II. The polarograph, Rec. Trav. Chim. PaysBas, 44, 496-498 (1925). 3. J. Heyrovský, Researches with the dropping mercury cathode. Part III. A theory of overpotential. Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 44, 499-502 (1925). 4. J. Heyrovský and N. V. Emelianova: Maxima on current-voltage curves. Part I. Trans. Faraday Soc., 24, 257-267 (1928). 5. J. Heyrovský and N. Demassieux, Etude de quelques complexes par la méthode polarographique. Bull. Soc. Chim. France, 45, 30-35 (1929). 6. J. Heyrovský and R. Šimůnek, Electrolysis with a mercury cathode. Part II. Explanation of the anomalies on the electrocapillary curves, Philos. Mag., 7, 951-970 (1929). 7. J. Heyrovský and J. Babička, Polarographic studies with the dropping mercury cathode. Part XIII. The effect of albumins. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 2, 370-379 (1930). 8. J.Heyrovský and V.Nejedlý, Polarographic studies with the dropping mercury cathode. Part XVII. The reduction of nitric oxide and the estimation of nitrites, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 3, 126-133 (1931). 9. J. Heyrovský and D. Ilkovič, Polarographic studies with the dropping mercury electrode. Part II. The absolute determination of reduction and depolarization potentials, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 7, 198214 (1935). 10. J. Heyrovský, Polarographic studies with the dropping mercury cathode. Part LXIX. The hydrogen overpotential in light and heavy water, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 9, 273-301 (1937). 11. J. Heyrovský, Polarographic research on cancer, Nature, London, 142, 317-319 (1938). 12. J. Heyrovský and J. Forejt, Oszillographische Polarographie. Z. Physik. Chem.,193, 77-96 (1943). 13. J. Heyrovský, Apparatus for electroanalysis using a capillary streaming electrode. U.S. Pat. 2 500 284, March 14, 1950. 14. J. Heyrovský and M. Matyáš: Polarization effects of surface films at the drop-ping and streaming mercury electrodes, Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun., 16/17, 455-464 (1951-1952). 15. J. Heyrovský, Betrachtungen ueber polarographische Maxima I. Art. Z. Physik. Chem. (Leipzig), Sonderheft, July 1958, 7-16.

Altmetrics in the ECS Digital Library What Are Altmetrics? Altmetrics are a better way for authors to track the discussion surrounding their work. Where the Journal Impact Factor reports aggregate data for a journal, altmetrics report data for individual articles. By providing article level metrics, altmetrics allow authors to see not only how much attention their work is receiving, but where the attention is coming from, and at an earlier stage than traditional metrics.

How to Boost Your Altmetric Rankings • Publish open access so that more readers can view your research. • Like, tweet, and share. • Start a conversation and actively promote your work.

How Are Altmetric Scores Generated? Data comes from: • Online reference managers (Mendeley, CiteULike) • Mainstream media (newspapers and magazines) • Social media (Twitter, Facebook, blogs, etc.) Data is weighted based on: • Volume: How much attention is an article getting? • Sources: Which sources are mentioning the article? • Authors: Who is talking about the article?

Open Access and Altmetrics Are Complementary Open access and altmetrics work cooperatively to help articles reach their full impact. Altmetrics further ECS’s pledge to Free the Science™ by providing both transparent publication as well as transparent assessment of research.

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T ECH HIGHLIGH T S Continuous Flow Photoelectrochemical Reactor for Solar Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Alcohols Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide or other hydrocarbons has attracted intensive research interest since the 1980s. One of the promising reduction methods is the photoelectrochemical technique that mostly relies on the use of II-VI and III-V p-type semiconductors as photocathodes. However, these materials are either toxic or non-abundant. An alternative to overcome these drawbacks is to use copper oxides. Both cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cupric oxide (CuO) exhibit semiconductor behavior and have proper bandgap energies suitable for CO2 reduction. With these two materials as the photoelectrodes, researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington recently reported the use of a novel continuous flow photoelectrochemical reactor (CFPR) to achieve the solar photoelectrosynthesis of alcohols from CO2. The authors prepared a hybrid p-type CuO/Cu2O semiconductor nanorod array photoelectrode by a three-step synthesis method (sol-gel synthesis, thermal annealing, and cathodic electrodeposition). This hybrid photocathode facilitated efficient photoelectron injection to CO2 while its robustness and high photoelectrochemically active surface area enhanced the formation of alcohols. Gas chromatography analyses revealed ethanol to be the main product, followed by isopropanol and methanol. The formation of C-C bonds in the products is a significant finding in this study. From: J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, E115 (2015).

High Brightness, Large Scale GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diode Grown on 8-Inch Si Substrate GaN growth has been a cornerstone technology for blue and white light emitting diodes (LEDs), which have revolutionized solid-state lighting and telecommunications technologies. GaN is typically grown on costly sapphire substrates. To lower the cost of high power solid-state lighting to match that of a commercial light bulb, researchers are keen to develop high quality LED technology from GaN and InGaN grown on silicon substrates. GaN has a large lattice mismatch with silicon, which results in a much greater defect density that adversely affects operation voltage and light output. Researchers at the Korea Photonics Technology Institute and Veeco Instruments, in collaboration with several Korean institutes, demonstrated the growth of highly crystalline, crack-free and uniform InGaN/GaN LED structures on 8-inch Si(111) substrates by MOCVD and fabricated devices with high brightness. At the core of this advance was the control of wafer bowing during growth. Minimizing wafer bowing homogenizes the wafer growth temperature, and the emission wavelength. To ensure a constant emission wavelength on large 8-inch silicon wafers,

a convex wafer carrier was used to reduce bowing and wobble, resulting in high quality LED emitter growth. Vertical LEDs of 1 × 1 cm2 were capable of 1 W light output power at 1 A current injection at an operating voltage of 4.0 V. From: ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol., 4, Q92 (2015).

Detection of Li Deposition by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy in Post-Mortem Analysis One route to aging in Li-ion batteries is Li deposition and subsequent reaction with electrolyte solution. Li deposits occur on the anode when cell charge rates are high and/or cell temperatures are low during charging. Appropriate means of quantifying Li deposition in post-mortem analysis are sought to aid development of nondestructive detection methods during cell operation. Researchers at ZSW, Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung, in Germany, set out to validate use of glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES) as a detection method for Li deposition in anodes. Using depth profiling in conjunction with GD-OES, the authors were successful in quantifying Li, C, O, and P concentration changes within the coating and differences between two samples: one containing Li metal deposited at a 3C rate charging at 5 °C and another containing only an SEI layer arising from the formation cycling of a manufactured cell. The sample having Li metal exhibited a significant Li peak near the surface and a gradually decreasing gradient into the bulk. Assuming a range of Li concentrations depending on the possible species – highest for Li2O and lowest for LiCO3 – the authors estimated the Li deposit-containing sample could have 88% pure Li at its maximum at a depth of 0.4 µm. The authors are following up with further systematic measurements in their investigation. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 4, A100 (2015).

In Situ Observation of Dynamic Meniscus Front Interface in Alkaline Fuel Cell The gas diffusion electrode (GDE) in the alkaline fuel cell (AFC) is critical for cell performance. Gas molecules reach the electrode via transport through the gas phase, across the gas/liquid interface, through the electrolyte solution to the liquid/ solid interface. Various researchers have investigated the effect of the thin liquid alkali film on electrode reactions, including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Researchers from Japan previously identified the dependence of the contact angle of the three-phase interface on the electrode potential. In this report, these researchers employed a confocal laser microscope to follow the interference fringes and thin film formation at the meniscus front interface during the ORR. They correlated the contact angle and the current with the applied

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reduction potential, finding increasingly smaller contact angles being achieved below ˗0.5 V vs. Pt. For a given potentiostatic step, the current decreased after the initial level as mass transport limitations arose from consumption of dissolved oxygen. For the higher overpotential conditions (below ˗ 0.5 V vs. Pt), the current gradually increased within ~100 s due to the increasing area from the advancing meniscus. The greater overpotential conditions also led to enhanced mass transfer, and thus increased current, from both decreased thickness of the liquid film and generation of microscopic convection by interfacial tension. From: ECS Electrochem. Lett., 4, F43 (2015).

Self-Ordered Aluminum Anodizing in Phosphonoacetic Acid and Its Structural Coloration The highly ordered nanoporous alumina structure gives rise to novel applications. One property exhibited by porous alumina that has subsequently had its oxide film selectively dissolved is reflectance of unique colors depending on the cell size – interpore distance – and on the viewing angle. This periodic size is obtained by anodizing aluminum in acidic electrolyte solutions under appropriate experimental conditions such as concentration and applied voltage. Previously, a number of electrolytes have been known to yield anodic porous alumina, resulting in a certain range of cell diameters, as low as 50 nm in sulfuric acid and as high as 530-670 nm in etidronic acid. Researchers from Hokkaido University in Japan report using phosphonoacetic acid – (HO)2P(O)CH2COOH – to anodize aluminum and obtained self-ordered porous alumina with cell size of 500-550 nm, thereby filling in a gap between cell sizes obtained from phosphoric and etidronic acids. The maximum applied voltage before reaching conditions of oxide burning was explored for three different concentrations of phosphonoacetic acid (0.1, 0.3, and 0.9 M). Anodizing at 205-225 V for 180 minutes in solution temperatures of 283-288 K yielded suitable results. The reflected light measured 500-700 nm and was particularly strong in the green and yellow wavelengths. From: ECS Solid-State Lett., 4, P55 (2015).

Tech Highlights was prepared by Zenghe Liu of Google Inc., Colm O’Dwyer of University College Cork, Ireland, and Donald Pile of Nexeon Limited. Each article highlighted here is available free online. Go to the online version of Tech Highlights, in each issue of Interface, and click on the article summary to take you to the fulltext version of the article.

229th ECS MEEting

SAN DIEGO

May 29 – June 3, 2016 l Hilton San Diego Bayfront & San Diego Convention Center

Meeting topics A – Batteries and Energy Storage B – Carbon Nanostructures and Devices C – Corrosion Science and Technology D – Dielectric Science and Materials E – Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition F – Electrochemical Engineering G – Electronic Materials and Processing H – Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

I – Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion K – Organic and Bioelectrochemistry L – Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry M – Sensors Z – General Topics

important Deadlines • Registration opens February 2016 • ECS Transactions submission site opens to authors and editors for “enhanced” and “standard” issues February 12, 2016

• Early Bird pricing available through April 25, 2016 • Exhibition and Sponsorship Opportunities, submit your application by March 11, 2016

Future Meetings 2016, October 2-7 — Honolulu, Hi PRiME 2016 at the Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village 2017, May 28-June 2 — new Orleans, LA 231st Meeting at the Hilton New Orleans Riverside

2017, October 1-6 — national Harbor, MD (greater Washington, DC area) 232nd Meeting at the Gaylord National Resort and Convention Center

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The Impact of Light Emitting Diodes by Uwe Happek

he Luminescence and Display Materials Division (LDM) was last featured in Interface in the winter 2009 issue. In that issue I wrote about the emerging technology of solid state lighting (SSL), which was then the subject of intensive research by many members of LDM. At that time, one envisioned the replacement of inefficient incandescent lamps by LED-based systems, leading to more than 3% reduction of energy consumption in the U.S., and accompanied by a similar reduction in pollution, greenhouse gases, and costs.1 It turns out that our predictions have been surpassed by recent developments in solid state lighting: the combined efforts of industry and academia, in conjunction with government support, have led to LED-based lighting devices, which are not only superior to incandescent lamp, but also to fluorescent lighting, the main light source in commercial and industrial applications. While high quality fluorescent lamps yield about 100 lumens/watt, hereby reaching the achievable potential for this technology, SSL devices have reached higher efficiencies already, with prototypes reaching 200 lumens/ watt.2 The importance of these rapid, and globally important, developments was recognized in 2014 by the Nobel Prize Committee, which awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 to Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura, “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energysaving white light sources.”3 In this issue, Martin Hermus and Jakoah Brgoch report on recent approaches to develop efficient and stable phosphor materials in their article, “Phosphor by Design: Approaches Toward the Development of Advanced Luminescent Materials.” One would expect phosphor development to be an important research topic, but other aspects of SSL attract attention as well. The contribution “Polymeric Materials in Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications: Outlook and Challenges,” by Maxim Tchoul, Alan Piquette, and Alexander Linkov, addresses in detail the role of polymeric materials in solid state lighting, New technologies often have negative, unforeseen implications, and the article “Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Element Use in Lighting: Implications for Yttrium, Europium, and Terbium Demand,” by Anthony Y. Ku, Anant A. Setlur, and Johnathan Loudis, addresses the question of possible shortages of critical rare earth elements. While the articles in this issue emphasize SSL, it should be noted that our LDM Division does (and should) provide a forum for all aspects of light-emitting processes and techniques for their implementation, and I find that advances in the different research areas often profit from the intellectual cross-fertilization among our members at the ECS meetings. Thus I hope to see you at PRiME 2016 in Honolulu.

About the Guest Editor Uwe Happek is a Professor of Physics in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at The University of Georgia. Prior to his move to Georgia, he spent five years in the Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics at Cornell University as a postdoc/research scientist. He is a recipient of the Feodor Lynen Fellowship (Alexander von Humboldt Society), the Erskine Fellowship (University of Canterbury, NZ), and the UGA Creative Research Medal. In the LDM Division he has served as Treasurer, Vice-Chair, and Division Chair. His research interests cover many aspects of condensed matter physics, and his preferred experimental technique is optical spectroscopy, from mm-waves to the ultraviolet. He may be reached at uhappek@hal.physast.uga.edu.

References 1. For more information, visit the web page of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Building Technologies: http://energy.gov/eere/buildings/building-technologies-office 2. http://www.cree.com/News-and-Events/Cree-News/PressReleases/2014/January/200-LPW-fixture 3. www.nobleprize.org

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Impact of Light Emitting Diode Adoption on Rare Earth Element Use in Lighting Implications for Yttrium, Europium, and Terbium Demand by Anthony Y. Ku, Anant A. Setlur, and Johnathan Loudis

everal rare earth elements are used in phosphors for fluorescent and LED lighting. In 2012, a significant fraction of global demand for yttrium (40 to 60%), europium (>70%), and terbium (40 to 60%) came from lighting applications.1 These materials were used primarily to produce red (Eu and Y), green (Tb), and blue (Eu) phosphors for fluorescent bulbs. Solid-state lighting products based on light emitting diodes (LEDs) are in the process of taking over the general illumination market.2 Interest in LEDs is driven by the higher energy efficiency, lifetime, and packaging flexibility, coupled with comparable light quality to incandescent and fluorescent technologies. The transition to LEDs carries significant implications for the supply-demand balance for rare earth elements. While LED phosphors also use yttrium and europium, the quantities required are one to two orders of magnitude lower than what is needed to produce an equivalent amount of light using fluorescent bulbs. This dynamic suggests that rare earth oxide demand for lighting will peak and then decline off of current usage levels. This paper presents a simple order of magnitude analysis to estimate when this peak is expected to occur, based on projected LED adoption rates in different regions.

Approach

Table I. Composition and rare earth element use in fluorescent lighting phosphors.

Use in blend

YEO

LAP

BAM

50%

40%

10%

Y (wt%)

Eu (wt%)

75%

4.0%

YEO

Tb (wt%)

LAP

8.7%

BAM

2.2%

Blend

38%

2.2%

3.5%

YEO = (Y1.94Eu0.06)O3; LAP = (La0.60Ce0.27Tb0.13)PO4; BAM = (Ba0.9Eu0.1)MgAl10O17 Table II. Composition and rare earth element use in LED phosphors. LED

Silicone

YAG

CASN

Use in blend

87%

10%

Y (wt%)

Eu (wt%)

Tb (wt%)

Silicone

The annual demand for yttrium, europium, and terbium through 2022 was estimated using data published by the U.S. Department of Energy.2,3 Forecasts for annual total light production were used to estimate the number of bulbs in use each year. Aggregate in-use stocks of Y, Eu, and Tb were calculated from the types of bulbs and their specific rare earth usage. The net annual demand for each rare earth element from 2011 to 2030 was computed by difference. Several assumptions were used in the analysis. Specific phosphor use4 Tables I-III summarize the specific phosphor use by bulb type and element. The following assumptions were used to determine the phosphor use in fluorescent bulbs: • Phosphor blend = 50% wt. YEO (red) + 40% wt. LAP (green) + 10% wt. BAM (blue). • The same blend is used for all LFL and CFL bulbs. • LFL bulbs contain between 1.5 to 2 g phosphor/bulb and generate 3000 lumens. • CFL bulbs contain 0.9 g phosphor/bulb and produce 1000 lumens. • Mature manufacturing implies 100% phosphor yield in manufacturing. The following assumptions were used to estimate phosphor use in LEDs: • Phosphor blend = 87% silicone + 10% YAG + 3% CASN phosphor. • Each mid-size package produces 20 to 30 lumens and a bulb equivalent to a fluorescent bulb contains 150 to 200 packages. • The phosphor amount is dependent on the package cavity dimensions: o Lower bound = 1W power package: 1 mm x 1 mm x 0.3 mm o Intermediate = Mid-power 3030 package: 3 mm x 3 mm x 0.3 mm o Upper bound = Industry 5630: 5.6 mm x 3 mm x 0.3 mm (continued on next page)

YAG

44%

Red

2.2%

Blend

4.4%

0.1%

YAG = (Y0.98Ce0.02)3Al5O12; CASN = Ca0.98Eu0.02AlSiN3 Table III. Amount of rare earth elements used in different bulbs. LFL

CFL

LED

Type

MSB

1W power package

Midpower 3030 package

Industry 5630

Output (lumens)

3000

1000

50 to 150/ package

20 to 100/ package

20 to 30/ package

Phosphor (mg/package)

0.36

3.24

Packages/ bulb

150 to 200

Total fill/bulb (g/bulb)

1.5

0.9

0.072

0.65

1.2

Mfg yield (%)

100%

50%

0.56

0.75

0.34

0.0063

0.057

0.106

0.03

0.04

0.018

0.0001

0.0008

0.0016

0.05

0.07

0.03

Phosphor use (g/bulb)

LFL = Linear fluorescent bulb; CFL = Compact fluorescent bulb; MSB = Medium screw base

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Ku, et al.

(continued from previous page)

• Density of the fill is 1.2 g/cc, which is a blend of silicone (1 to 1.1 g/cc) and phosphor (3 to 5 g/cc) • Manufacturing yield is 50%. That is, the actual phosphor required is twice what is actually used to fill the cavity in the device. • There have been some notable LED lamps, such as the Philips L-prize bulb, that use a remote phosphor configuration, where the phosphor is placed away from the LED package in order to improve light extraction and thermal performance. These lamps could have phosphor usage similar to that of fluorescent lamps. However, these remote phosphor systems currently are not a significant portion of the LED market, and the potential flexibility in LED systems enable optical designs with much lower phosphor usage versus typical fluorescent lamp form factors. Therefore, at this time, these initial estimates have not taken remote phosphor LED systems into account. Conversion factors for different sectors4 The lighting forecast data in the U.S. DOE study is segmented into four sectors: residential, commercial, industrial, and outdoor stationary. The conversion factors for lighting to number of installed bulbs must take into account the different usage profiles for each sector. Tables IV and V list conversion factors calculated using the 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization and LED package data in Table III.3 The conversion factors were computed by dividing the annual lumen production for a given bulb type and sector by the bulb inventory.

Table IV. Conversion factors from teralumens-hour (Tlm-hr) to bulbs (Tlm-hr is tera lumens-hour, which is a standard unit). 1000 bulbs/ Tlm-hr

LFL

CFL

LED

Residential

855

1696

1458

Commercial

86.3

246

Industrial

71.5

Outdoor stationary

38.8

211 175

241

240

Table V. Conversion factors from teralumens-hour (Tlm-hr) to bulbs (Tlm-hr is tera lumens-hour, which is a standard unit) to rare earth element and rare earth oxides. Sector

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Outdoor stationary

Bulb type

Y (MT)

Eu (MT)

Tb (MT)

Y2O3 (MT)

Eu2O3 (MT)

Tb4O7 (MT)

LFL

482

28.2

44.8

612

CFL

573

33.6

53.3

728

LED*

82.8

1.2

105

1.4

LFL

48.6

2.8

4.5

3.3

5.2

CFL

83.0

4.9

7.7

105

5.6

8.9

LED*

12.0

0.2

LFL

40.3

2.4

3.7

2.7

4.3

LED*

9.9

0.2

LFL

21.9

1.3

2.0

1.5

2.3

CFL

81.5

4.8

7.6

103

5.5

8.7

LED*

13.6

0.3

0.2

*Assumes Mid-power 3030 package with 2 LEDs with 200 emitters per bulb. Use of higher power and smaller packages such the 1W power package will lead to even further reduction in RE usage.

The following assumptions were used to determine the conversion factors: • The usage profiles in the U.S. in 2010 are representative of global patterns, and will remain so through 2030. Although this is unlikely to be completely true, the absence of data makes it impossible to develop conversion factors for every region of interest. • The 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization did not have sufficient data to directly estimate conversion factors for Residential and Industrial LEDs. Conversion factors were computed by assuming that the ratio of residential LED to CFL bulbs was the same as the ratio of commercial LED to CFL bulbs. Similarly, the ratio of industrial LED to LFL bulbs was the same as the ratio of commercial LED to LFL bulbs.

Results Figure 1 shows the U.S. DOE projections for the total lighting market, and its four constitutive sectors, from 2010 through 2030. This data was used to estimate the total number of in-use LFL, CFL, and LED bulbs for the residential, commercial, industrial and outdoor sectors using the conversion factors in Table IV. Figure 2 shows the estimated in-use rare earth oxide equivalents based on the data in Fig. 1. Estimates are shown for three types of LED packages, representing low (1W power package), moderate (Mid-power 3030 package with 2 LEDs), and high (Industry 5630) rare earth use. The annual demand for Y, Eu, and Tb was estimated by taking the year-over-year difference of the in-use stock. Figure 3 plots the demand curves for three cases, corresponding to the three LED packaging sizes. In all three cases, the in-use stocks increase through about 2015, and then decline. The inflection point occurs as early as 2019 or as late as 2022. This corresponds to LED market share of about 15 to 20%. The timing of the inflection point provides an estimate of when the demand for rare earths is expected to peak for the U.S. market. While this approach provides an indication of the general trend, care should be taken to avoid over-interpretation of the demand curves. The main feature of this analysis is the trend towards a peak usage of rare earth elements in lighting. Caution is needed in further interpreting the yearto-year peaks and valleys around the dominant trend. It should also be noted this analysis does not account for how the transition to LED lighting will occur. The high capital cost associated with the installation of fixtures may delay the inflection point, as consumers may choose to postpone the replacement of legacy nonLED luminaires until after they have fully depreciated or based upon their typical retrofit cycles.

Discussion Based on U.S. DOE projections for LED adoption rates, domestic demand for rare earths in lighting is expected to peak between 2019 and 2022. Through 2016, continued market growth is expected to drive near-term demand for Y, Eu, Tb and other rare earth elements in fluorescent lighting. Other factors that are expected to favor tight markets between 2013 and 2016 include high concentration of supply in China and actions by the Chinese government to curtail illegal production, and the gradual depletion of industrial stockpiles. Longer term, the adoption of LED lighting technologies is expected to reduce the net demand from lighting. This will be most pronounced in Eu, as phosphors are the dominant application of this rare earth element. Similar benefits are expected for Y and Tb, but existing alternate applications may absorb some of the available supply. For example, Y is used in ceramics, coatings, and metal casting.

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Fig. 1. U.S. DOE projections for lighting market growth from 2010 to 2030.

The creation of new demand may also occur. For example, most “white” LED used today are for the mobile electronics display market. Depending on the ultimate size of the market and the specific phosphors used for mobile applications, this could further delay the peak in Y and Eu usage for lighting applications. New mining projects may also come online within the next decade. Assuming they remain on schedule, these mining projects have the potential to increase the supply of rare earths, further improving the market balance. A potential decline in rare earth demand for Y, Eu, and

Tb could pose a challenge to the financial viability of some mining projects. The repercussions on the overall rare earth market are outside the scope of this analysis, but should be considered in the future. A final note concerns phosphor recycling. Historically, fluorescent lamp recycling has been driven by policy restrictions concerning the recovery of mercury. Interest in rare earth supply has prompted a number of companies to implement or consider processes for the recovery and recycling of rare earth phosphors. This supply stream would also impact the supply-demand dynamics around Y, Eu, and Tb, with the effects dependent on the recycling rates. (continued on next page)

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Ku, et al.

(continued from previous page)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 2. Projected in-use rare earth oxide for the U.S. market.

Conclusions

About the Authors

In the near-term, the demand for Y, Eu, and Tb will mirror the vitality of the global economy. Longer-term, the underlying dynamics resulting from the lower specific rates of rare earth use in LEDs relative to fluorescent lighting are expected to drive an inflection point in demand. A simple analysis was performed to estimate the timing of this transition for the US market. Similar analyses can be performed for other markets to obtain a global forecast for rare earth usage in lighting.

Anthony Ku is a Senior Engineer in the Manufacturing, Chemical, and Materials Technologies organization at GE Global Research. He received his PhD in chemical engineering from Princeton University and his MS degree in chemical engineering practice from MIT in 2004 and 1997, respectively. Since joining GE, he has worked on advanced materials development projects in support of GE’s Water, Energy, Aviation, and Healthcare businesses. He has led several projects centered on the themes of energy, water, and materials sustainability, including a corporate-level assessment to identify and address GE’s supply chain exposure to critical materials. His current focus is supporting the introduction of new materials into a variety of next generation GE products. He may be reached at kua@ research.ge.com.

Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge Ashfaq Chowdhury, Bill Cohen, Steven Duclos, Jane Lo, Wende McLinko, and Lisa Quirk for helpful discussions.

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 3. Annual increment/demand for Y2O3, Eu2O3 and Tb4O7 in the U.S. market.

Anant Setlur is a Principal Scientist in the Manufacturing, Chemical, and Materials Technologies organization at GE Global Research, joining GE in 1999 after receiving his PhD in materials science and engineering from Northwestern University. Since joining GE, he has focused on the invention and development of luminescent materials for lighting, display, and medical imaging applications. He has also served as the chair of the Luminescence and Display Materials Division in ECS from 2006-2008 and 2013-2015. He may be reached at setlur@ge.com.

to support his graduate work while at Dartmouth, which was related to microstructural and mechanical characterization Fe-Ni-Mn-Al-based intermetallic alloys. He may be reached at johnathan.loudis@gmail.com.

References

1. D. Kingsnorth. Rare Earths Quarterly Bulletin #3. CurtinIMCOA, 2013. 2. Energy Savings Potential of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications. Solid State Lighting Program, U.S. Department of Energy . January 2012. Available online at: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/ssl/ssl_ energy-savings-report_jan-2012.pdf. Johnathan Loudis is currently pursuing a PhD in 3. 2010 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization. Solid State Lighting financial economics at The University of Chicago Program, U.S. Department of Energy. January 2012. Available where he holds the Drumheller Family Foundation online at: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/ Setlur_Anant-01.NEF Setlur_Anant-02.NEF Setlur_Anant-03.NEF PhD Fellowship. His current research interests pdfs/ssl/2010-lmc-final-jan-2012.pdf. include empirical and theoretical asset pricing. He holds MS, BA and BE degrees in engineering sciences from Dartmouth College with a focus in materials science. Johnathan received a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship

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Allen J. BArd

Among Dr. Bard’s many awards are The Electrochemical Society’s Carl Wagner Memorial Award (1981), Henry B. Linford Award for Distinguished Teaching (1986), and Olin Palladium Award (1987); Priestley Medal (2002), the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2008), and the National Medal of Science (2013), one of the highest honors bestowed by the U.S. government upon scientists, engineers, and inventors.

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Polymeric Materials in Phosphor-Converted LEDs for Lighting Applications Outlook and Challenges by Maxim Tchoul, Alan Piquette, and Alexander Linkov

he introduction of light-emitting-diode (LED)-based technology into lighting products has dramatically changed the landscape of the lighting industry over the past years. The market share of new LED lamps and luminaires is steadily increasing, displacing traditional technologies such as incandescent and compact fluorescent lamps. According to a McKinsey report, the market share for LED-based products is projected to be 37% in 2016.1 In 2014, LED-based products constituted 36% of the overall sales of OSRAM Licht AG.2 LED, or solid state lighting (SSL) products, being up to five times more efficient than incandescent lamps, bring with them the promise of significant energy savings. According to U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) statistics, switching from traditional lighting products to SSL products could reduce lighting-based electricity consumption by about 40% by 2030. This would also reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 180 million metric tons, which is the equivalent of taking 38 million cars off the road.3 Unlike any previous lighting technology, SSL is characterized by the extensive use of polymers and polymer-based materials. Figure 1 outlines the use of polymers in different parts of the LED package. In this article we will focus primarily on the materials for the light emitting parts, namely polymers for phosphor encapsulation or conversion layer adhesion. The most abundantly used technology in producing white light with LEDs is phosphor conversion, where the blue LED chip (typically emitting at 440–475 nm) is encapsulated with a polymeric resin mixed with luminescent phosphors. Early LED packages were “volume-cast,” as shown in Fig. 1, where the blue chip was located

Fig. 1. The use of polymers in LED packages.

at the bottom of a cavity filled with the phosphor-polymer mixture. As the power of the package increased, this design started presenting thermal challenges. Therefore different types of phosphor application were developed. These types are briefly described in Table I. (continued on next page)

Table I. Main types of the geometry of wavelength conversion layers in LED packages. Conversion layer geometry Remote Phosphor

Description

Advantages

Disadvantages

Conversion layer is separate from the LED die. Layer thickness 1–5 mm. Fraction of phosphor: 3–10 %.

Omnidirectional light distribution, surface emission, no glare, ability to use low cost thermoplastic matrix, high efficiency.

Excessive use of phosphor; fast degradation of the thermoplastic matrix.

Volume cast

Conversion layer is cast in the cavity over the LED die. Layer thickness: 0.5–1 mm. Fraction of phosphor: 3–10 %.

High throughput low cost process, efficient use of phosphor.

Poor thermal management and overheating of phosphor – need to limit the power of the LED; color over angle non-uniformity.

Chip Level Conversion

Conversion layer is made separately as a phosphor-polymer platelet and glued on the LED die. Layer thickness: 50–200 µm. Glue thickness: 5–10 µm Fraction of phosphor: 50–70%.

Good thermal management - high LED power is achievable.

Wide bin distribution in the platelets with large fraction outside of specs; more expensive assembly process.

Inorganic Conversion

Conversion layer is made of inorganic material only and glued on the LED die. Layer thickness: 50–200 µm. Glue thickness: 5–10 µm

High LED power is achievable.

High cost of the inorganic phosphor layers and assembly.

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Tchoul, et al.

(continued from previous page)

Silicones as Encapsulating Materials for Phosphor Conversion Layer Initially, epoxy resin was used as the matrix for phosphor encapsulation. The convenience of using epoxy is based on the fact that it starts as a viscous liquid easily miscible with a phosphor powder, which is then cured into a transparent solid material. The increasing power of LED packages resulted in rapid thermal degradation of the epoxy resin, leading to its eventual replacement by silicones or siliconeepoxy hybrids. At present, most of the mid-power and all of the high power LED packages use silicones for encapsulation of phosphors. Advantages of using silicones include high thermal stability compared to most commercial polymers, high optical transparency, mechanical softness for preservation of wire bond, and good adhesion to surfaces. Because of their similarity to epoxy resins (in undergoing a liquid-solid transition upon cure), silicones were introduced into LED technology without requiring any dramatic changes to the manufacturing process. Silicone polymers are typically liquids at room temperature. They are converted into rubbery solids via cross-linking by stitching the polymeric chains together through chemical reaction. This process is also called “curing.” For LED and electronics applications, a platinumcatalyzed addition cure is preferred. It is achieved by the reaction of vinyl groups at the ends of the polymer molecules with the hydride groups of the cross-linking molecules in the presence of ca. 10–30 ppm of a platinum complex catalyst. The reaction produces no byproducts and can be well controlled by temperature. In the LED industry, two general types of silicones are used. One is based on low refractive index poly(dimethyl siloxane) (“LRI silicones” or “methyl silicones”), having a refractive index of 1.40–1.43. The other is based on polymers containing phenyl groups attached to silicon atoms, otherwise known as “HRI silicones” or “phenyl silicones,” with a refractive index in the range of 1.5–1.55. Some materials with branched molecules and very high phenyl content can reach a refractive index of 1.57. A new addition to the family is ultra-low refractive index fluorosilicones (1.37–1.39), which are being introduced for specific applications.

Table II. Properties of commercial optical silicones and the desired values for LED products. Property

Value for optical silicones

Desired for LED

Transmission at 450 nm, 1 mm thickness

>98 %

Temperature stability (RTI per UL 746)

Up to 150 °C

Up to 200 °C

Stability to discoloration (phenyl silicones)

Up to 150 °C

Up to 200 °C

Refractive index

1.39–1.57

Up to 1.7

Moisture permeability, g*mm/m2*day

10–100

Oxygen permeability, Cc*mm/ m2*day

200–40,000

<100

Thermal conductivity

0.15-0.2 W/m*K

Up to 1.0 W/m*K

With all of the advantages of silicones as matrix materials for phosphor conversion, a number of drawbacks are presenting new challenges to further advancing the performance of LED-based lighting products. These issues are outlined in Table II, and we would like to describe them in more detail.

Thermal Stability and Discoloration The fluorescent light conversion in the phosphor material produces a significant amount of Stokes heat. Typically, about 15–25% of the blue light absorbed by the phosphor is converted to heat. The second major source of waste heat is efficiency loss in the LED die, which can reach as high as 80% of the electrical power applied to the die. All this thermal energy is localized in a very small volume of typically less than 10 mm3 and contributes to the high operating temperature of LED packages and to the gradual degradation of the components. In a typical retrofit LED lamp, the operating temperature of the LED package is 90–110 °C. The LED packages for general lighting applications are expected to last for 20,000–50,000 hours of operation. Automotive LED packages experience temperatures in the range of 125–150 °C, with local hot spots reaching 170 °C in some of the newest products, and the life expectancy in automotive headlamps is around 3,000 hours or longer. In the emerging high illuminance projection applications, the temperatures surpass even those of the automotive products. The hottest spots of the LED, however, are localized in the grains of phosphor surrounded by thermally insulating silicone, where the temperature could be as high as 200 °C. Naturally, thermal stability of the encapsulating polymeric materials is very important. In the present context, thermal stability implies maintenance of the optical and mechanical properties of the material throughout the life of the lamp. Decomposition temperature, measured by thermogravimetry, is not by itself an adequate measure of stability. Although silicones do not decompose until 350–380 °C, they become brittle and develop cracks in a matter of days upon exposure to temperatures above 250 °C. Most methyl silicones retain their flexibility for thousands of hours at temperatures below 200 °C. Phenyl silicones, however, become brittle and develop yellow coloration rapidly at temperatures above 150 °C. A good standard to assess thermal stability is the Relative Thermal Index according to UL 746B, Standard for Polymeric Materials–Long Term Property Evaluations, which evaluates long term retention of mechanical (tensile strength) and electrical (breakdown strength) properties of a polymeric material at a certain temperature.4 Currently available UL-listed optical silicones have RTIs in the range of 105–150 °C.5 While this can be acceptable for general lighting, the automotive and projection applications require greater thermal stability. Many high-power LED products are not used at their maximum capacity in order to ensure reliability. Because the phosphor conversion layer is subjected not only to high temperatures but also to high levels of blue light, it must retain its transparency throughout its lifetime. LRI methyl silicones typically experience only mechanical failure without loss of transparency. HRI phenyl silicones develop yellow color due to accumulation of chromophores as a result of thermal decomposition. These chromophores absorb blue light, resulting in loss of brightness, shift in color coordinates and color temperature, and, most importantly, in increased overheating. For example, if a blue LED emits 500 mW of light into the conversion layer, and 10% of this light is absorbed by the discolored polymer matrix, the package will accumulate 50 mW of excess heat, effectively increasing the temperature by 1 °C and speeding up the degradation further by about 7%, in accordance with the Arrhenius Law. Discoloration and consequent overheating builds up slowly until it reaches a tipping point, where the optical properties of the polymer deteriorate rapidly and abruptly. Figure 2 presents the change of optical transmittance of a 3 mm sheet of commercial HRI silicone subjected to 13 W/cm2 of 450 nm light at a temperature of 160 °C. This decomposition behavior is very common for polymers and plastics in LED products.

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Refractive Index Light scattering and total internal reflection (TIR) are two other major contributors to efficiency losses in LED. All of the light generated in the LEDs does not escape due to TIR at the interface between the LED die and the conversion layer. The same happens for light generated by the phosphor due to TIR at the interface between the conversion layer and air. GaN, used for blue LED dies, has a RI of 2.4, so the light exiting at angles greater than 34° into the LRI silicone layer, or greater than 40° into the HRI silicone layer, is reflected back into the die. Currently, the surface of the dies is roughened or patterned to break the TIR symmetry and improve light extraction. However, increasing the RI of the phosphor encapsulating matrix will provide an additional boost in efficiency. Another source of light loss is light scattering from the phosphor particles within the conversion layer. Light scattering arises in the conversion layer due to the RI mismatch between the polymer matrix (1.40–1.57 for silicones) and phosphor particles (1.82 for YAG:Ce). Part of the light is scattered back to the chip and lead frame, and eventually is absorbed. Bringing the RI of the matrix close to that of the phosphor will reduce the scatteringrelated light loss. Ray-tracing calculations show that, depending on the package and conversion layer geometry, an increase of the phosphor matrix RI up to 1.7 can minimize the TIR and scattering effects.6 For RI higher than 1.7, the TIR losses at the interface between the conversion layer and air start to cancel out the efficiency gains at the phosphor-polymer interface. The refractive index of polymers can be increased either by incorporation of atoms and functional groups with high polarizability into the chemical structure or by addition of inorganic nanoparticles with high refractive index. As the first strategy, polysiloxanes with phenyl groups are currently used to produce HRI silicones. Most of phenyl-containing polysiloxanes have a RI up to 1.54, and a few novel products with RI as high as 1.57 are available. The disadvantages of high phenyl content compared to all-methyl silicones include increased hardness leading to mechanical failure during thermal cycles, faster stiffening after exposure to high temperatures leading to delamination and cracks, and faster discoloration (yellowing) over time induced by heat and light. Polymers incorporating large polarizable atoms, for example sulfur and bromine have shown significant increase in refractive index.7 Such materials have not been used in LEDs so far, and careful evaluation of stability to discoloration against heat and light is needed to assess the applicability of such materials for LED applications. The second strategy, incorporation of nanoparticles to increase RI, has not been implemented in commercial optical polymers at the moment. However, composite materials containing nano-sized titania

Fig. 2. Deterioration of transmittance in a 3 mm sheet of HRI silicone under exposure to 13 W/cm2 of 450 nm light at 160 °C.

and zirconia with higher refractive index have been demonstrated in the literature.8 To maintain transparency, the size of the nanoparticles has to be very small, preferentially less than 20 nm. The refractive index of a two-phase system can be predicted by the Maxwell-Garnett equation:  X v x′  ε c = ε m 1 + 3  1 X v x′  − 

(1)

where εc and εm are the dielectric constants of the composite and matrix, respectively; Xv is the volume fraction of the filler; and x′ is defined by the following equation: x′ =

1 (ε f − ε m ) /  ε f − 13 (ε f − ε m )  3

(2)

where εf is the dielectric constant of the filler material. The refractive index of a non-absorbing non-magnetic material may then be estimated as the square root of the dielectric constant: na = ε a

(3)

Figure 3 presents the experimental data for the refractive index (nD, by Abbe refractometer) of the epoxy resin (nD = 1.53) filled with zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (diameter of 3–5 nm) coated with a layer of organic ligand, as a function of the volume fraction of the inorganic component. The data follow the Maxwell-Garnett model for an nD of 1.87 for the ZrO2 nanoparticles, which is lower than the value for bulk ZrO2 (nD = 2.16).

Thermal Conductivity In most phosphor conversion layers, light emitting phosphor particles are embedded in a polymer, which is unfortunately a thermal insulator. As a result, the Stokes heat generated by fluorescence cannot be efficiently channeled away, leading to sometimes severe local overheating as discussed above. The overall range for thermal conductivity (K) of polymers is 0.1–0.5 W/m*K.9 All optical grade polymers, including silicones, have an amorphous structure, and therefore exhibit lower values, 0.1–0.25 W/m*K. Commercial optical silicones have K in the range of 0.16–0.2 W/m*K. The most thermally conductive polymers are semicrystalline and are not suitable for optical applications due to scattering of light by the microscopic crystallites. Thermally conductive silicone-based greases, adhesives, and potting materials are produced commercially by incorporation of inorganic (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. Refractive index of epoxy composites containing ZrO2 nanoparticles.

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fillers. The most common non-metallic fillers include aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, aluminum nitride, and boron nitride, which produce white or grey composites with K in the range of 1–3.5 W/m*K. Silicones filled with metal powder (aluminum or silver) or graphite can reach up to 10 W/m*K for adhesives and greases and up to 50 W/m*K for thermal interface material (TIM) sheets. These materials are grey or black in color and also electrically conductive. All commercial filled thermal silicones are not transparent and therefore cannot be used as a phosphor encapsulation matrix. Transparent thermally conductive polymeric materials are not available, yet highly desirable in the industry. Figure 4 presents the computer simulation demonstrating how the temperature of the phosphor particles in a volume cast LED package can be reduced if the encapsulating matrix with higher K is employed.10 The simulation predicts that significant temperature reduction is possible by increasing the matrix’s thermal conductivity up to 1 W/m*K, with a much lower effect produced by increasing it further. A number of effective medium theories exist to predict the thermal conductivity of two-phase systems, the most commonly used are the Bruggeman11 and Lewis-Nielsen12 models. Both models and experiments show the non-linear dependence between the fraction of the thermal filler and K of the composite, with a greater increase at higher loadings. However, even at the highest possible filler content, the K of the composite is still much lower compared to that of the filler. For example, the highest thermal conductivity achieved for boron nitride polymeric composites was 37 W/m*K in a composite containing 83 % vol. (89 % mass) of the filler in polybenzoxazine.13 This is still only a small fraction of the 600 W/m*K reported for boron nitride. For the same reason, luminescent phosphors in a conversion layer (for Ce-doped YAG, K = 4.8 W/m*K) contribute very little to the overall thermal conductivity: the chip level conversion platelets containing 50% of phosphor have a K value of only 0.38 W/m*K.14 One possible way to improve the thermal conductivity of filled composites in the future is to move from randomly embedded fillers to composites with strategically aligned fillers that are structured by the use of external fields.15

Conclusion The rapidly growing solid state lighting technology is an exciting playground for innovative materials and solutions. It requires a large variety of highly specialized polymeric materials to increase efficiency and reliability of the LED products. In many cases, performance is

Fig. 4. Calculated maximum temperature in the grains of phosphor in a volume cast LED package operating at 350 mA at ambient temperature of 80 °C with increase of thermal conductivity of the conversion layer. 54

more important than price. A number of new materials, especially silicones, have been developed recently just for the SSL industry, but some, such as transparent thermally conductive polymers, are yet to be developed and continue to be studied with great interest. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F05154if.

About the Authors Maxim Tchoul is a Principal Scientist at OSRAM SYLVANIA in the Polymer Group of the Advanced Technologies Materials Department. His research focuses on polymers and polymerbased materials for LED packages and SSL lighting products. He may be reached at maxim. tchoul@sylvania.com.

Alan Piquette is a chemist at OSRAM SYLVANIA in the Polymer Group of the Advanced Technologies Materials Department. He holds the position of Senior Key Expert– Innovative Materials and Composites. His current research focuses on solid-state lighting and involves optical polymers, luminescent ceramics and light extraction techniques. He may be reached at alan.piquette@sylvania.com. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5362-7187

Alexander Linkov is a Key Expert for Modelling at OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH in the Group of Advanced Concepts and Engineering. His current research focuses on novel concepts for solid-state lighting. He may be reached at alexander.linkov@osram-os.com.

References 1. McKinsey & Company Lighting the Way: Perspectives on the Global Lighting Market 2nd edn; (2012); www.mckinsey.de/sites/mck_ files/files/Lighting_the_way_Perspectives_on_global_lighting_ market_2012.pdf 2. OSRAM Licht AG Annual report 2014, available online at http:// www.osram-licht.com/publications/financial_reports/annual_ reports/ 3. DOE SSL Program, “Energy Savings Forecast of Solid-State Lighting in General Illumination Applications,” prepared by Navigant Consulting, Inc., Aug. 2015; http://energy.gov/eere/ssl/downloads/ energy-savings-forecast-solid-state-lighting-general-illuminationapplications 4. UL Standard for Safety for Polymeric Materials–Long Term Property Evaluations, UL 746B, Fourth Edition, Dated April 4, 2013. 5. UL online certification directory; http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/ XYV/cgifind.new/LISEXT/1FRAME/index.html 6. Ray tracing simulations performed at OSRAM Optosemi-conductors using LightTools. 7. H. Tomoya and U. Mitsuru, Macromolecules, 48, 1915 (2015). 8. Y. Li, L. Wang, B. Natarajan, P. Tao, B. C. Benicewicz, C. Ullal, and L. S. Schadler, RSC Advances, 5, 14788 (2015). 9. J. E. Mark, Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook. 2 ed.; New York, 2007. 10. Simulations performed at OSRAM Optosemiconductors. 11. R. Prasher, Proc. IEEE, 94, 1571 (2006). 12. L. E. Nielsen, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 17, 3819 (1973). 13. H. Ishida, S. Rimdusit, Thermochim. Acta, 320, 177 (1998). 14. Measurements by OSRAM Corporate Innovation. 15. J. E. Martin and G. Gulley, J. Appl. Phys., 106, 084301 (2009). The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Phosphors by Design Approaches Toward the Development of Advanced Luminescent Materials by Martin Hermus and Jakoah Brgoch

ighting the residential and commercial sectors in the United States currently requires an estimated 412 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity or 11% of total annual energy consumed.1 Replacing inefficient incandescent light bulbs with energy-efficient light emitting diode (LED) technology is one of the best opportunities to dramatically reduce energy use due to their outstanding efficiency.2 LED lights have additional advantages of longer lifetimes compared to incandescent bulbs, they are compact in physical size, and they are composed of environmentally benign materials, unlike compact fluorescent bulbs that contain toxic heavy metals. This has led to the use of LEDs in a range of applications from indicator lights to display backlighting; yet, to truly impact global energy use, their use is necessary in homes as general white luminaries. There are three principle strategies for creating a useful broad spectrum white light from a monochromatic LED.3,4 One employs multiple LEDs, e.g., red, green, and blue, in a single device, as illustrated in Fig. 1a. Although viable, the low efficiency and shorter lifetime of green LEDs along with the need for complex circuitry prevents the current widespread use of these devices. Another solution uses a UV (or near-UV) LED in combination with three (red, green, and blue) inorganic phosphors (Fig. 1b). Here, the narrow LED emission is completely converted to longer wavelengths by three rareearth substituted inorganic phosphors that when blended in the correct ratios produces white light. The third, and industry standard approach, is to generate white light by using rare-earth substituted (usually Ce3+ or Eu2+) inorganic phosphors in conjunction with a single LED. This comparatively simple design yields high efficacy and improved aging, allowing long-term applications. These phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs) often rely on partially converting a blue (450 nm) LED emission using a yellow emitting inorganic phosphor, as illustrated in Fig. 1c). The canonical yellow phosphor is Ce3+-substituted yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG:Ce3+) due to its strong absorption of blue light and high photoluminescent quantum yield (Φ).5,6 Certainly, pc-LEDs produce a functional white light; however, their color quality is poor, often having a harsh, unpleasant blue-hue. This is particularly evident when considering color-correlated temperature (CCT), where higher color temperatures correspond to a more blue (“cold”) color and lower temperatures are a more red (“warm”) color. Additionally, the color-rendering index (CRI) of pc-LEDs, which specifies how well a light source can illuminate or render, is critical to determine how the true color of an object is reproduced.4 Ideally pc-LEDs should reproduce the optical properties of incandescent bulbs where the CRI is 100 and CCT ranges between 2700 K and 3000 K. Yet, historically, pc-LEDs perform dismally, having a CRI between 75 and 85 with the CCT ranging from 4000 K to 8000 K.7 Such low CRI values often preclude these luminaries from extensive use in color sensitive applications, namely museums and retail, while the CCTs hinder in-home and office use where people prefer warmer (lower CCT) lighting. Beyond color quality, pc-LEDs also suffer from thermal quenching of the photoluminescence. Phosphors encased in LED packages experience elevated temperatures (>150 °C) and light fluxes (>10 W/cm2), making them susceptible to degraded performance under long term operation.8,9 The emission peak also significantly blue-shifts with elevated temperature, thereby negatively impacting the CRI and CCT values critical to pc-LED development.

Fig. 1. Schematics of common methods to generate white lighting from a LED. (a) Multiple (red, green, and blue) LEDs can be used; however, it is more common to use (b) red, green, and blue emitting phosphors with a UV producing LED chip or (c) a yellow phosphor with a blue emitting LED chip.

Improving the current generation of pc-LEDs and identifying next generation technologies will require a focus on new materials discovery, in particular inorganic phosphors, to mitigate these concerns. Conventionally, phosphors are identified through anecdotal evidence that suggests potential for chemical substitutions of known compounds.4 However, the pressing need to develop materials with increasing speed means that alternatives like combinatorial approaches, high-throughput screening, data mining, and computational proxies must be considered to aid the design of phosphors and improve their rate of discovery.

From Classic Combinatorial Chemistry to Computationally Assisted Techniques The success of combinatorial screening and optimization in the fields of pharmacology and organic chemistry have led to the discovery of numerous new compounds10 and have become an integral part of chemical synthesis.11 The methods require the design and fabrication of arrays that can be synthesized as well as analyzed in (continued on next page)

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situ in a fully automatic process to efficiently examine large libraries of samples. Through modern improvements in parallelization, the time and risk associated with materials synthesis using these ideas can be dramatically reduced. Even experimental costs can be decreased, making this method extremely valuable.12 The first applications of combinatorial screening in the field of solid-state chemistry and materials science were in the perennial search for novel superconductors13 and magnetoresistance materials.14 Creating combinatorial libraries using thin film deposition and physical masking techniques, the cation composition was varied in the oxide phases. Analysis of the reacted sample arrays relied on physically contacting the samples to measure the temperature dependent conductivity, highlighting the ability to not only prepare samples but also adapt characterization techniques to a large number of samples. Combinatorial synthesis in material science15-22 has since expanded to include physical vapor deposition, e.g., molecular beam epitaxy, and also by ink-jet type methods23 where the dissolved reagents are brought together in the assay wells and subsequently dried. In all of these examples, strict control of the different elemental ratios can be achieved. Employing combinatorics has also led to the successful design of novel phosphor hosts.24-31 One of the first investigations of a vanadate library screened up to 25,000 different compositions prepared by electron beam evaporation on a silicon wafer followed by characterization and analysis using optical spectroscopy. Once the optimal compounds were identified, the most promising phases were directly synthesized and analyzed by conventional solid-state techniques ultimately leading to the discovery of (Y0.845Al0.070La0.060Eu0.025)VO4 as a red luminescent compound.32 Through a similar approach, Sr2CeO4 was identified as a promising blue emitting phosphor with a structure motif of one dimensional, edge-sharing CeO6 octahedra.33 Furthermore, inkjet printing has been shown as a viable route and was used to optimize the phosphor, GdmAlOx:Euy3+.23 The ability to develop novel phosphors using these ideas is clearly valuable, nevertheless, many industrial phosphors consist of four or more elements. The increase in the number of variables (degrees of freedoms) results in an exponential increase in the number of experiments required to find new materials. Including other experimental variables, such as temperature, pressure, or other reaction conditions, further increases the number of variables. More recently, computational tools have been implemented in conjunction with classical combinatorial studies to reduce the number of required reactions. Another approach combines combinatorial methods with the Taguchi method for the discovery and optimization of luminescent materials.27,34 These computational and statistic algorisms are all applied to minimize materials synthesis.35-38 In phosphor development, genetic-algorithm-assisted combinatorial chemistry (GACC) is used to significantly reduce the number of samples by focusing the search through genetic algorithms. Incorporating the evolution of species (inheritance, mutation, selection, crossover) from a random starting generation, each subsequent generation is improved while the overall number of required syntheses is reduced.39 For example, using GACC, a new phosphor was identified in a complex phase space containing seven cations (Eu, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Si).38 Employing a scanning multiinjection delivery system, a library of 108 compositions was created as the first generation. After the non-ordered, randomized first generation was optically characterized, GACC was applied to compare the resulting luminance and then inform subsequent generations. In this example, the second generation already had a noted improvement in luminescence while the sixth generation showed a 100% increase in luminescence intensity compared to the first generation. The ≈700 compounds prepared for the development of this phosphor are far less than the 25,000 samples required in the pure combinatorial work indicating the efficiency of this hybrid approach.38This approach was also used in other systems.40,41

With the initial success of these techniques, their effectiveness has been further enhanced using the multi-objective optimization process (MOP), for example non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms (NSGA),42 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO),43 and elitisminvolved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms (NSGA-II).44 Multi-objective optimization strategies are not limited to optimization of just one property such as photoluminescent intensity; multiple properties, e.g., the photoluminescent intensity and color chromaticity, can be optimized concurrently. For example, using a non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to optimize these two properties in an eight-dimensional system, MgO–ZnO–SrO–CaO–BaO–Al2O3– Ga2O3–MnO, a promising green Mn2+-phosphor was identified.42 The development of a viable phosphor from such a complex phase space demonstrates the remarkable power of these modern combinatorial methods.

Design by High-Throughput Computation, Informatics, and DFT Accessible Proxies Beyond combinatorial techniques, stand-alone computational techniques are also becoming useful for novel phosphor development. In particular, advances in computing power allow high-throughput (HT) calculations to design new materials. The implementation of computational high-throughput computing requires three components.46 The first is the calculation itself; highly sophisticated thermodynamic and electronic structure calculations are necessary to predict the structural and physical properties of compounds.47,48 The second step is the storage of all produced data that also allows easy access for the eventual data analysis in the third and final step. (See Fig. 2.) Some of the most successful implementations of integrating this process into a complete framework for automatizing calculations are the AFLOWLIB project49,50 and the Materials Project.45,51 In both of these examples, quantum chemical calculations, which in the solid state are normally based on density functional theory (DFT), produce the electronic ground state of a given structure by minimizing the total energy of the system. These calculations yield the density of states, band structures, electronic properties, and through additional calculations, the elastic properties, and even thermodynamics; all of which are essential to understand the simulated materials. For example, in the AFLOW framework, the ab initio calculations are conducted automatically on a large number of possible compositions and structures. Because of the automation, all steps including choosing the k-point grid, cut-off energies, and convergence criteria are chosen automatically so that no user input is necessary.49 Evolutionary algorithms can also be used in conjunction with HT calculations to optimize compositions and crystal structures.52,53 In combination, materials development can now occur almost entirely in a theoretical manner. Nevertheless, current implementations of HT calculations specifically for phosphor development are limited due to the inherent complexity of these calculations. They require a combination of high-level theory such as hybrid functions or GW-type calculations to determine the positions of the virtual orbitals and host matrix supercells to account for the dilute concentrations (<5 mol%) of the active luminescent centers. Most current phosphors are also based on the electronic transitions of rare-earth elements, e.g. 4f r 5d in Ce3+, requiring the use of computational methods capable of reliably determining the energy of the highly correlated, pseudocore 4f-orbitals. These transitions can only be calculated by treating the open shell configurations by an extended version of the ligand field theory, which includes crystal field interactions and spin-orbit interactions for the 5d electron as well as Coulomb interaction between the 4f and 5d electrons.54-57 These calculations have been done for trivalent lanthanides55-57 as well as for divalent.58 Recently, advances have been made by using ligand field density functional theory (LFDFT) to describe the 4f 7 r 4f 65d 1 luminescence in CsMgBr3:Eu2+ with the calculated absorption spectrum of CsMgBr3:Eu2+ modeled from first-principles reproducing the experimental data with very The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Structure Databases (ICSD, ...)

1. Input generation

Data generation (Calculations)

2. Data storage

3. Results

Data analysis

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of a high throughput computational screening, highlighting the important steps (for the AFLOWLIB project, adapted from Ref. [45]).

good agreement.59 Although useful, the computational cost of these calculations preclude HT computations from predicting the optical properties on a large scale. Calculating the electronic structure using high throughput DFT provides the information necessary to predict some optical properties of phosphors, but it is not capable of determining a materials photoluminescent quantum yield (Φ). Instead, DFT in combination with the development of materials descriptors (proxies) has been shown to be an alternative approach to predict materials properties. One descriptor suggested as an indicator of a high Φ is structural rigidity.60,61 Yet, in the solid-state, it is often difficult to identify compounds that are more structurally rigid than others by simply comparing crystal structures. For example, the yttrium aluminum garnet structure is composed of two sub-lattices, one composed of [AlO4] tetrahedra and [AlO6] octahedra and a second from the Y−O interactions. These interpenetrating, three-dimensionally connected networks no doubt make YAG a very rigid structure.4 On the other hand, the connectivity of other known phosphor hosts such as the orthosilicates, e.g., Ba2−xSrxSiO4, are not self-evident, apart from the [SiO4] tetrahedra.9 Thus, analyzing inorganic phosphor hosts even qualitatively can be difficult. A more tractable method for determining structural rigidity is to evaluate a material’s Debye temperature (ΘD).4,62 Using diamond as a prototypical example, its ΘD is 1860 K compared to graphite with an in-plane (sheets) ΘD ≈ 2500 K and an out-of-plane (between sheets) ΘD near 950 K.63,64 The known differences in structure rigidity between these two allotropes, even in this simple example, are clearly reflected by the magnitudes of their respective ΘD. Fortunately, ΘD can be easily calculated using first principles electronic structure calculations allowing this proxy to be used as a screening tool. In the initial work, ΘD was calculated for a number of well-known phosphors like the orthosilicates and YAG:Ce3+ and plotted against the experimentally measured Φ resulting in a striking correlation (Fig. 3a);62 the highest ΘD corresponds to materials with the best Φ. This can be rationalized based on a reduction of non-radiative (vibrational) relaxation pathways that arise from rigid, highly connected structures.65 Although searching for highly connected structures with a large ΘD can yield potential new phosphor hosts, it is not enough to produce an excellent phosphor. The band-gap (Eg) is also an essential material parameter because it must be wide enough to accommodate the electronic transitions (4f r 5d) of the rare-earth luminescent center. However, a large ΘD arising from highly connected structures and a wide Eg are often contraindicated. Following band dispersion arguments, increased atomic interactions (bonds) generate greater dispersion of band structures, often resulting in a narrow Eg. Thus, the connectivity in any potential host must be carefully balanced with the band gap ensuring it is sufficient for photoluminescence. Our research finds that calculating the Eg using a hybrid functional provides the perfect balance of accuracy and computational cost, allowing for materials screening.

Plotting ΘD as a function of Eg (and a symbol size representative of Φ), illustrated in Fig. 3b, creates a sorting diagram that is ideal to optimize these two properties leading to the best potential phosphor hosts. The compounds with the highest Φ tend to fall towards the topright corner of the plot indicating they are not only structurally rigid but that they also have a wide band-gap to support photon emission. Such a close empirical correlation between a computable parameter and experimental data is rare and often difficult to obtain. The power of this analysis arises from combining this sorting diagram with HT calculations capable of screening vast crystal structure repositories, like the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD), for materials with an ideal balance of ΘD and Eg. It is possible to further decompose the crystal structures into their fundamental components and learn from the resulting metadata. As illustrated in Fig. 4, a number of trends are apparent when examining something as simple as the compositions. Silicates tend to have wide bandgaps but they also have a range of ΘD values; nitrides have outstanding Debye temperatures owing to their highly connected crystal structure but they also have limited bandgaps, which have implications in their thermal stability. This information also highlights that compounds such as borates may also play a significant role in the next generation of pc-LEDs with sufficient Eg and surprisingly high ΘD. The ability to (continued on next page)

Fig. 3. (a) The experimentally measured photoluminescent quantum yield (Φ) shows a positive trend when plotted as a function of the calculated Debye temperature (ΘD). The dashed line is shown as a guide for the eye. (b) Plotting the ΘD against the HSE06 calculated bandgap (Eg) with the circle size representing measured Φ for Ce3+-substitution indicates efficient phosphors are found in the top-right corner of the diagram. Adapted from Ref. [49].

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About the Authors Martin Hermus is a McElrath post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Houston in the Department of Chemistry. His primary research focuses on using first-principles calculations to screen and target novel, highefficiency phosphors for use in solid-state lighting devices. He may be reached at mhermus@uh.edu.

Jakoah Brgoch is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Houston with a focus on using experiment and computation to develop functional inorganic materials ranging from phosphors to superhard materials. He may be reached at jbrgoch@uh.edu.

References

Fig. 4. Plotting Debye temperature (ΘD) against the HSE06 calculated bandgap (Eg) highlights the compounds with the best potential for high efficiency. This provides a reliable tool for phosphor screening.

discriminate potential high Φ phosphor hosts a priori is unprecedented in inorganic phosphor synthesis and certainly has the potential to lead to novel materials discovery faster than ever before. Finally, researchers have also turned directly to establishing structure-property relationships in phosphors by using quantum chemical calculations combined with data mining.47,66 Specifically, employing data mining techniques on current literature, a library of 75 europium-doped known phosphors was produced. From this data, up to 32 descriptors were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis based on a structural equation model to describe the materials with one single Wyckoff site for Eu2+.67 This work highlights the ability develop reliable descriptors based on data already present in the peerreviewed literature, allowing researchers to focus their efforts and aid materials discovery.

Conclusion / Outlook Expediting novel phosphor discovery is necessary to enhance the next generation of solid-state lighting by improving device color quality as well as decreasing cost. This article is a brief overview of the most prominent, non-conventional methods used in phosphor development today. The work highlighted herein is essential to transition beyond chemical substitution or phase-space searching by turning to a synergistic approach that relies on advances in DFTbased HT computing and improvements in combinatorial algorithms. Additionally, co-development through computation and experiment is essential to reduce the complex composition-space of rare-earth inorganic phosphors into manageable research programs. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F06154if.

Acknowledgments The authors are generously supported by the Department of Chemistry and the Division of Research at the University of Houston as well as the R. A. Welch Foundation through the TcSUH Robert A. Welch Professorship in High Temperature Superconducting (HTSg) and Chemical Materials (E-0001). 58

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The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

T ECH SEC TION HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Canada Section The fall 2015 meeting of the ECS Canada Section was held on October 24, 2015, at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. The topic of the meeting was “Advances in Materials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion.” It featured the W. Lash Miller Award Lecture by Federico Rosei from INRS-EMT, Univ. du Québec, Varennes. The W. Lash Miller Award is an award of the ECS Canada Section that honors an eminent Canadian chemist. Two

keynote lectures were given, one by Axel Gross from the University of Ulm in Germany, “Equilibrium coverage of electrodes from first principles,” and the other by Andrei Kulikovsky from the Research Center Jülich in Germany, “New analytical models and tools for analysis of PEM fuel cell impedance.” There were an additional eight speakers and in the evening there was a poster presentation that had twenty presenters.

Chile Section The ECS Chile Section is sponsoring a summer course in electrochemistry in January 2016. This is the third time the course is being sponsored by the Chile Section. The course will be offered at the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH) from January 11 to 15, 2016. In the past, this course has been very successful and has involved graduate students from Chile, Spain, Argentina, and Peru. USACH is very strong in electrochemistry and has several research groups in the areas of electrochemical remediation (R. Salazar, C. Berríos, M. S. Ureta-

Zañartu); electrocatalysis, molecular electrochemistry (J. H. Zagal); bioelectrocatalysis (F. Tasca); electrochemical sensors (J. F. Silva, M. J. Aguirre); corrosion (M. A. Paez); batteries (J. L. Gautier, F. Herrera, D. Ruiz); and molecular electronics (J. Pavez, J. F. Silva). The course will be presented by several faculty members and posdocs of the Faculty of Chemistry and Biology and will cover a wide spectrum or electrochemical topics. The course will involve both lectures and laboratory work. The course is completely free of charge and interested students can contact escuela.electroquimica@gmail.com.

Faculty and students of the electrochemistry summer school offered January 2015 at the University of Santiago de Chile.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

T ECH SEC TION HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Europe Section The ECS Europe Section was pleased to have an award presentation scheduled at the Phoenix meeting on Tuesday, October 13, 2015. The award presented was the Heinz Gerisher Award and the winner was Adam Heller (University of Texas, Austin). He gave a talk entitled, “A Perspective of Photoelectrochemistry: Past Expectations and Present Realities.” Professor Heller was unable to attend the spring 2015 meeting, where the section award presentations are usually given. However, the fall presentation worked very well. Heller was, by coincidence, the ECS plenary speaker at the fall 2015 meeting. Therefore, the reception in his honor hosted by the Europe Section offered a more intimate setting to meet with the speaker of both the plenary and the Gerisher Award lectures.

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Section News

Nomination for the Section Alessandro Volta Award The Europe Section supports two awards, the Heinz Gerisher Award and the Alessandro Volta Award. The nominations for the Volta Award are now open and the deadline will be soon — January 1, 2016. Consider nominating a colleague for this prestigious award. The Europe Section Alessandro Volta Medal was established in 1998 to recognize excellence in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology research. The granting of the Alessandro Volta Medal shall be based on outstanding achievements in either electrochemical science or solid state science and technology. The Award shall be made for the excellence of the candidate’s publications and/ or technical contributions to these fields. The nominating form can be found at the ECS web site at http://electrochem.org/images/pdf/ general_awards_application.pdf. Any suggestion or question dealing with the Volta Award should be directed to the Section Vice-Chair at Europe@vanysek.com. The award nomination can be submitted electronically to http://www.electrochem.org/submitaward.

We welcome the opportunity to share with our membership, the scientific advances and activity news from your Section. Send your news to: beth.fisher@electrochem.org

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ECS Awards & Grants Program:

Call for Nominations

Through our Awards & Grants Program, ECS recognizes outstanding technical achievements in electrochemistry and solid state science and technology. ECS awards are held in high esteem by the scientific community. Nominating a colleague is a way of highlighting an individual’s contribution to our field and shining a spotlight on our ongoing contributions to the sciences around the world. ECS Awards are open to nominees across four categories: Society Awards, Division Awards, Student Awards, and Section Awards. Specific information for each award, and information regarding rules, past recipients, and nominee requirements are available online. Please note that the nomination material requirements for each award vary. Email questions to: awards@electrochem.org. For more about the ECS Awards & Grant Program go to:

electrochem.org/awards

ECS Society Awards

ECS Division Awards

Fellow of The Electrochemical Society was established in 1989 as the Society’s highest honor in recognition of advanced individual technological contributions in the field of electrochemical and solid-state science and technology, and active ECS membership. The award consists of an appropriately worded scroll and lapel pin. Materials are due by February 1, 2016

The Sensor Division Outstanding Achievement Award was established in 1989 to recognize outstanding achievement in the science and/or technology of sensors and to encourage excellence of work in the field. The Award will consist of an appropriately worded scroll and the sum of $1,000. The recipient is required to attend the Society meeting to receive the award and to give a lecture on topics for which the award is made. Materials are due by March 1, 2016

The Allen J. Bard Award was established in 2013 to recognize distinguished contributions to electrochemical science and recognition for exceptionally creative experimental or theoretical studies that have opened new directions in electroanalytical chemistry or electrocatalysis. The award consists of a plaque, the sum of $7,500, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and Life Membership in the Society. Materials are due by April 15, 2016. The Gordon E. Moore Medal was established in 1971 for distinguished contributions to the field of solid state science and technology. The award consists of a silver medal, a plaque, the sum of $7,500, complimentary meeting registration for award recipient and companion, a dinner held in recipient’s honor during the designated meeting, and Life Membership in the Society. Materials are due by April 15, 2016

The Battery Division Research Award was established in 1958 to recognize excellence in battery and fuel cell research, and encourage publication in ECS outlets. The award recognizes outstanding contributions to the science of primary and secondary cells, batteries and fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2016. The Battery Division Technology Award was established in 1993 to encourage the development of battery and fuel cell technology, and to recognize significant achievements in this area. The award is given to those individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the technology of primary and secondary cells, batteries, and/or fuel cells. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2016.

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(continued on next page)

NE W AWA MEMBERS RDS (continued from previous page)

The Electrodeposition Division Research Award recognizes outstanding research contributions to the field of electrodeposition and encourages the publication of high quality papers in this field in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society. The award shall be based on recent outstanding achievement in, or contribution to, the field of electrodeposition and will be given to an author or co-author of a paper that must have appeared in the Journal of The Electrochemical Society or another ECS publication. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $2,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2016. The Electrodeposition Division Early Career Investigator Award recognizes an outstanding young researcher in the field of electrochemical deposition science and technology. Early recognition of highly qualified scientists is intended to enhance the scientist stature and encourage especially promising researchers to remain active in the field. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by April 1, 2016.

ECS Division Student Awards The Battery Division Student Research Award recognizes promising young engineers and scientists in the field of electrochemical power sources. The award is intended to encourage the recipients to initiate or continue careers in the field. Eligible candidates must be enrolled in a college or university at the time of the nomination deadline. The award consists of a certificate and the sum of $1,000. Materials are due by March 15, 2016.

Travel Grants Several of the Society’s Divisions and Sections offer travel assistance to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals presenting papers at ECS meetings. For details about travel grants for upcoming ECS biannual meetings and to apply, visit the ECS website at www.electrochem.org. Please be sure to review travel grant requirements for each Division or Section. Formal abstract submission is required for the respective meeting you wish to attend in order to apply for a travel grant. For questions or additional information, please contact travelgrant@electrochem.org. Submission deadlines for upcoming ECS biannual meetings: • 229th ECS Meeting, San Diego, CA – February 12, 2016 • PRiME 2016, Honolulu, HI – June 10, 2016

Fellowships The ECS Toyota Young Investigator Fellowship was established in 2014 to support young professors and scholars with a research focus in green energy technology. The Fellowship begins September 1, 2016 and will be awarded to a minimum of one candidate. To qualify, candidates must be under 40 years of age and working in North America. The winner(s) will receive a restricted grant of no less than $50,000 to conduct research outlined in their proposal. Visit www.electrochem.org for more information. For questions, please contact awards@electrochem.org. Materials are due by January 31, 2016.

Volume 68– G l a s g o w , S c o t l a n d from the ECS Glasgow meeting, July 26-July 31, 2015 The following issues of ECS Transactions are from symposia held during the Glasgow meeting. All issues will be available in electronic (PDF) editions, which may be purchased by visiting http://ecsdl.org/ECST/. Some issues may also be available in CD-ROM editions. Please visit the ECS website for all issue pricing and ordering information. (All prices are in U.S. dollars; M = ECS member price; NM = nonmember price.)

Available Issues Vol. 68 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells XIV (SOFC-XIV) No. 1 Editors: Singhal, Eguchi

Vol. 68 Batteries No. 2 Editor: Fergus

CD-ROM................................. M $215.00, NM $269.00

Soft-cover ................................ M $96.00, NM $119.00 PDF ............................................ M $35.30, NM $44.13

PDF ........................................ M $195.99, NM $244.49

Vol. 68 Low-Temperature Fuel Cells, No. 3 Electrolyzers, and Redox Flow Cells Editors: Jones, Schmidt, Herranz, Gasteiger, Fergus

Ordering Information To order any of these recently-published titles, please visit the ECS Digital Library, http://ecsdl.org/ECST/ Email: orders@electrochem.org

1/14/2016

Soft-cover ................................ M $96.00, NMThe $119.00 64 Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org PDF ............................................ M $74.84, NM $93.55

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Known for his achievements and breakthroughs in process modules for future miniaturization of integrated circuits, Deleonibus realized what was the world’s smallest transistor, early in his career.

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From his esteemed research on electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells to his position as Associate Editor of the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Gorte has made a major impact on the scientific community.

With more than three decades of research in the field of functional ceramics for the energy sector, Tiffée has touched many areas of both academia and industry with her innovations in electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.

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With a dedication to innovation in fuel cell and electrolyser materials, Jones has spent the past 20 years introducing new concepts for fuel cell membrane compositions.

Often recognized for his groundbreaking work in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems, Kostecki’s work has helped bridge the gap between fundamental science and applications of significant technological importance.

Mishra is engaged in the R&D of luminescent materials, collaborating with phosphor research groups, within academia and with national labs. He serves ECS as a technical editor.

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From materials science to electrochemical kinetics to reversible fuel cells to energy conversion and storage, the research conducted by Mogensen has had a great impact across the scientific community.

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Best known as the inventor and developer of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) model for nonaqueous alkali-metal batteries, Peled’s deep exploration of battery throughout his career yielded him much recognition.

Turner

At NREL, Turner’s research topics include the direct conversion systems for hydrogen production from sunlight and water and corrosion studies of fuel cell metal bipolar plates.

CONGRATULATIONS

2015 ECS FELLOWS

With 35 years of experience in industrial electrochemistry, Taylor has focused on developing innovative electrochemical technologies at both R&D laboratories and his own company, Faraday Technology.

Steven Visco

As the Founder and Chief Executive Officer of PolyPlus Battery Company, Visco has been featured by TIME magazine for his innovations in battery technology.

NOMINATE someone to be a FELLOW TODAY! www.electrochem.org/fellow

NE W MEMBERS ECS is proud to announce the following new members for July, August, and September 2015.

Active Members

Rafik Addou, Richardson, TX, USA Alexander Agapov, Elkton, MD, USA Susmitha Appikatla, Owensboro, KY, USA Arash Ash, Burnaby, BC, Canada Hidetaka Asoh, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan Maridass Balasubramanian, Troy, MI, USA Bryan Boudouris, West Lafayette, IN, USA Wade Braunecker, Golden, CO, USA Ludovic Briquet, Sonning Common Berkshire, UK Marisa Buzzeo, New York, NY, USA Stephanie Candelaria, Seattle, WA, USA Lei Cao, Golden, CO, USA Mangesh Chaudhari, Albuquerque, NM, USA Gang Chen, Shenyang Liaoning, P. R. China Xiaorui Chen, Waltham, MA, USA Guangjun Cheng, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Richard Chin, Cupertino, CA, USA Kevin Dahlberg, Midland, MI, USA Brian DiSalle, Little Falls, NJ, USA Tom Dory, Mesa, AZ, USA Hui Du, Tucson, AZ, USA Sergey Dubin, Sherman Oaks, CA, USA Prabir Dutta, Columbus, OH, USA Akram Eddahech, Chambery Le Bouget du Lac, France Giorgio Ercolano, Montpellier, France George Fern, Uxbridge Middlesex, UK Sven Gielis, Hasselt, Belgium David Go, Notre Dame, IN, USA Jaime Gomez Rivas, Eindhoven, Netherlands Justin Gusphyl, Milwaukee, WI, USA Xavier Hansen, Lausanne, VD, Switzerland Wataru Hashimoto, Kanagawa, Kanagawa, Japan Sondra Hellstrom, Palo Alto, CA, USA Brian Henslee, Beavercreek, OH, USA Justin Hill, Rockledge, FL, USA Kevin Huang, Columbia, SC, USA Won Bin Im, Gwangju, South Korea Hiroyuki Iwai, Miyoshi, Japan Juliana Jaramillo Fernandez, Kista, Stockholm, Sweden Alnald Javier, Pasadena, CA, USA Joseph Jernigan, Kingsport, TN, USA Suho Jung, Pasadena, CA, USA Thomas Kadyk, Vancouver, BC, Canada Tae Hyuk Kang, Daejeon, South Korea Byung-Jae Kim, Gainesville, FL, USA Kentaro Kinoshita, Tottori, Japan Kiran Kumar Kovi, Uppsala, Sweden Jae Myung Lee, Incheon, South Korea Jaeho Lee, Irvine, CA, USA Dongmei Li, Laramie, WY, USA Guosheng Li, Richland, WA, USA Meicheng Li, Beijing, P. R. China Wen Li, Changxin City, Zhejiang Province, P. R. China Ao Lin, El Monte, CA, USA Zong-Hong Lin, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Taiwan

Vincenzo Liso, Aalborg East Jutland, Denmark Yingjun Liu, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK Daxin Mao, San Jose, CA, USA Dario Marra, Fisciano (SA), Italy Yury Matulevich, Waltham, MA, USA Zetian Mi, Montreal, QC, Canada Hamish Miller, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy Yuji Mishima, Sanyoonoda, Yamaguchi, Japan Anja Mudring, Ames, IA, USA Krishna Muralidharan, Tucson, AZ, USA Stuart Murdock, Portland, OR, USA Joyeeta Nag, Clifton Park, NY, USA Takumi Okuyama, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan Wyatt Olson, Portland, OR, USA Yoshiaki Oshima, Wakayama City, Wakayama, Japan Nareshkumar Patel, Canton, MI, USA Dirk Poelman, Gent East-Flanders, Belgium Jason Porter, Golden, CO, USA Reza Pourdarvish, Camarillo, CA, USA Maxwell Radin, Santa Barbara, CA, USA Ryan Reeves, Rockledge, FL, USA Pouya Rezai, Maple, ON, Canada David Rich, Northborough, MA, USA Philippe Rodriguez, Grenoble, France Jennifer Rupp, Zurich, Switzerland Donald Siegel, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Andrew Smeltz, East Hartford, CT, USA Jean-Charles Souriau, Grenoble Isere, France Charles Stone, Cedar Park, TX, USA Michael Stoukides, Thessaloniki, Greece Ming Su, Boston, MA, USA Yun-Mo Sung, Seoul, South Korea Yogesh Surendranath, Cambridge, MA, USA Yuya Tachikawa, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan Masayuki Tada, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan Kiyoharu Tadanaga, Sapporo, Sapporo, Japan Yosuke Takahashi, Miyoshi, Aichi, Japan Toshima Takayuki, Koshi City, Kumamoto, Japan Yang Tang, Waltham, MA, USA Mark Thompson, Perth, WA, Australia Sarah Tolbert, Los Angeles, CA, USA Hiroaki Tsuchiya, Suita, Osaka, Japan Ahmet Uysa, Lemont, IL, USA Sreeram Vaddiraju, Bryan, TX, USA Liwen Wan, Berkeley, CA, USA Han Wang, Beijing Xicheng District, P. R. China Zhongchun Wang, Tucson, AZ, USA Julia Weaving, Chatteris, UK Wenzhuo Wu, West Lafayette, IN, USA Takeaki Yajima, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Juanyu Yang, Beijing, P. R. China Nan Yang, Rome, Italy Yuh-Shyong Yang, Hsinchu, Taiwan Joseph Yourey, Wilmington, DE, USA

Xin Zhao, Newport News, VA, USA Dong Zheng, Milwaukee, WI, USA Victor Zhirnov, Durham, NC, USA Jiahua Zhu, Akron, OH, USA Xiuping Zhu, State College, PA, USA

Member Representatives Kathi Allen, West Lafayette, IN, USA James Cervera, Bethel, CT, USA Connie Dougherty, West Lafayette, IN, USA Anthony Ferrer, Sparks, MD, USA Dianne Hall, West Lafayette, IN, USA Morioka Hiroyuki, Bodio, Switzerland Gloria Holbrook, West Lafayette, IN, USA Shelly Hughes, West Lafayette, IN, USA Lidiya Komsiyska, Oldenburg, Germany Patrick Lanz, Bodio, Switzerland Flavio Mornaghini, Bodio, TI, Switzerland Nadine Pilinski, Oldenburg, NI, Germany Abbey Wangstrom, Bethel, CT, USA

Student Members Amane Abdoun, St Andrews, Fife, UK Simon Abendschein, Munich, BY, Germany Raul Acevedo, San Juan, PR, USA Bobby Adams, Cookeville, TN, USA Mohammadreza Aghaaminiha, Athens, OH, USA Hamed Akbari Khorami, Victoria, BC, Canada Zakiya Al Amri, Bristol, Somerset, UK Zainab Al Mubarak, Stillwater, OK, USA Musa Alaydrus, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan Hamid Almasi, Tucson, AZ, USA Maryam Arbabzadeh, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Ludwig Asen, Garching, BY, Germany Marwa Atwa, Calgary, AB, Canada Lavina Backman, Earlysville, VA, USA Samira Bagheri, Kuala Lumpur WA, Malaysia Ouldooz Balazadegan, Calgary, AB, Canada Charles Banas, Norwich, CT, USA Krishna Barakoti, Reno, NV, USA Heather Baroody, Vancouver, BC, Canada Victoria Basile, Los Angeles, CA, USA Reza Behrou, Boulder, CO, USA Christopher Berhaut, Tours, France Ali Berkem, Akron, OH, USA Maximilian Bernt, Garching, BY, Germany Syahir Bin Samsuddin, Petaling Jaya Selangor, Malaysia Wilfred Binns, London, ON, Canada Lindsey Blohm, Charlottesville, VA, USA Ryan Borman, Charlottesville, VA, USA Rowena Brugge, London, UK Clifton Bumgardner, Charlottesville, VA, USA Giselle Calaça, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil Tianyu Cao, Beijing, P. R. China Deniz Cetin, Brookline, MA, USA Sakineh Chabi, Exeter, Devon, UK

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NE W MEMBERS Ching Chaing, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Taiwan Xin Chang, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada Yao-Feng Chang, Austin, TX, USA Tariq Chaudhary, Edinburgh, UK Xiying Chen, Tempe, AZ, USA Junfang Cheng, Wuhan, P. R. China Njoku Chima, Durban, South Africa Joshua Cisco, Cookeville, TN, USA Samuel Cooper, London, London, UK Julien Couderc, Chatou, France Andrew Crothers, Berkeley, CA, USA Morteza Dejam, Calgary, AB, Canada Sascha Dobrowolny, Duisburg, NW, Germany Hongxu Dong, Charlottesville, VA, USA Leslie Dos Santos, Nashville, TN, USA Peter Dudenas, Berkeley, CA, USA Sebastian Eberhardt, Villigen PSI, AG, Switzerland Anna Enrico, Genova, Italy Reza Esfahani, Torino Piemonte, Italy Afrooz Eshraghian, Calgary, AB, Canada Umer Farooq, Calgary, AB, Canada Tayebeh Fatemipouya, Atlanta, GA, USA Yee Wei Foong, Toronto, ON, Canada Antoni Forner Cuenca, Villigen, AG, Switzerland James Gallagher, Tempe, AZ, USA Yuan Gao, Kowloon Hong Kong, Hong Kong Stormi Gardner, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Ke Geng, Chandler, AZ, USA Linxiao Geng, Riverside, CA, USA Sourov Ghosh, Munich, Germany Sai Gautam Gopalakrishnan, Cambridge, MA, USA Maduraiveeran Govindhan, Thunder Bay, Canada Fabio Greco, Sion, VS, Switzerland Jordan Greenlee, Vienna, VA, USA Lucas Griffith, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Kateryna Gusieva, Charlottesville, VA, USA Gregor Harzer, Garching, BW, Germany Johannes Hattendorff, Garching, BY, Germany Ran He, San Diego, CA, USA Lucas Herweyer, Charlottesville, VA, USA Zachary Hoffman, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jason Howard, Winston Salem, NC, USA Jinbo Hu, Minneapolis, MN, USA Wenjiao Huang, Atlanta, GA, USA Da Huo, Orsay, France Jessica Hüsker, Münster, NW, Germany Innocent Ike, Johannesburg Gauteng, South Africa Corbin Ingram, Lancaster, CA, USA Lisa Janes, Romeoville, IL, USA Ahmed Jasim, Columbia, MO, USA Beibei Jiang, Atlanta, GA, USA Jisong Jin, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Amit Joshi, Storrs, CT, USA Saya Kaneko, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Rohit Kanungo, Auburn, AL, USA

Diana Khusnutdinova, Tempe, AZ, USA Seo Young Kim, Gainesville, FL, USA Michael Klein, Austin, TX, USA Matthew Kok, Montreal, QC, Canada Martin Kolek, Muenster, NW, Germany Terumasa Kuge, Hatoyama, Hiki-gun, Saitama, Japan Johannes Landesfeind, Garching bei Muenchen, BY, Germany Ethan Lawrence, Tempe, AZ, USA Jinhwan Lee, Seoul, South Korea Terri Lin, Los Angeles, CA, USA Yuanjing Lin, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Yuxiao Lin, East Lansing, MI, USA Changhong Liu, Lawrence, KS, USA Lisha Liu, Atlanta, GA, USA William Lo, Raleigh, NC, USA Felipe Augusto Loureiro, Vitória Éspírito Santo, Brazil Jeffrey Lowe, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Yangzhou Ma, Belfort, France Ganesh Madabattula, Bangalore, India Pankaj Madkikar, Garching near Munich, BY, Germany William McCulloch, Worthington, OH, USA Matt McMahon, Charlottesville, VA, USA Michael Melia, Charlottesville, VA, USA Raul Mendoza Macias, Orlando, FL, USA John-Paul Milton, Knoxville, TN, USA Amy Mlynarski, Romeoville, IL, USA Boaz Moeremans, Hasselt, Belgium Yury MonZon, Uryupinsk, Russia Jeremy Moon, Reno, NV, USA Jaimilla Motay, Kingston, ON, Canada Jacob Murray, Romeoville, IL, USA Tasleem Muzaffar, Burnaby, BC, Canada Gaia Neri, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK Rajasekhara Nerimetla, Stillwater, OK, USA Hai Dang Ngo, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Andrew Nguyen, San Diego, CA, USA Katherine Ong, Cambridge, MA, USA Nabamita Pal, Ruston, LA, USA Cory Parker, Charlottesville, VA, USA Brian Patterson, Las Cruces, NM, USA James Pikul, Urbana, IL, USA Travis Plank, Reno, NV, USA Cameron Pope, Buckley, Victoria, Australia Allison Popernack, Charlottesville, VA, USA Tyler Pounds, Baltimore, MD, USA Yatian Qu, Stanford, CA, USA Gobinath Rajarathnam, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Gopalakrishnan Ramalingam, Charlottesville, VA, USA Jatinkumar Rana, Jersey City, NJ, USA O’Rian Reid, Whitby, ON, Canada Samuel Reid, Calgay, AB, Canada Xiaodi Ren, Columbus, OH, USA Mahboobeh Rezaeeyazdi, Malden, MA, USA Giorgio Rinaldi, Sion, VS, Switzerland Malachy Ryan, Tempe, AZ, USA Shibely Saha, Laramie, WY, USA Mann Sakbodin, College Park, MD, USA

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Sina Salari, Burnaby, BC, Canada Atul Saraf, Raigad Maharashtra, India Marshall Schroeder, Sykesville, MD, USA Nicole Schulte, Muenchen, BY, Germany Lukas Seidl, Garching, BY, Germany Srishti Shrivastava, Charlottesville, VA, USA Johannes Sicklinger, Garching bei München, BY, Germany Silas Simotwo, Philadelphia, PA, USA Mark Sivak, Romeoville, IL, USA Theis Skafte, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark In-Seop So, Seoul, South Korea Sophie Solchenbach, München, BY, Germany Ningning Song, Charlottesville, VA, USA Sarah Stariha, Albuquerque, NM, USA Benjamin Strehle, Rostock, MV, Germany Abdurazag Swesi, Rolla, MO, USA Yuan Tan, Wuhan, P. R. China Colin Tattersall, Charlottesville, VA, USA Alison Thompson, Southampton, Hants, UK Sriram Thoppe Rajendran, Malmö Skäne, Sweden Bibek Tiwari, Cookeville, TN, USA Lina Troskialina, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK Julianne Truffa, Manhattan, IL, USA Siu on Tung, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Manu Patel Ubrani Mruthunjayappa, Munich, BY, Germany Jonathan Valenzuela, Charlottesville, VA, USA Ronald Vali, Tartu, Estonia Jose Vargas Badilla, Charlottesville, VA, USA Vikrant Venkataraman, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK Brian Wadsworth, Tempe, AZ, USA Patrick Walke, Augsburg, BY, Germany Ruocun Wang, Raleigh, NC, USA Yang Wang, Austin, TX, USA Rebekah Webster, Charlottesville, VA, USA Anna Weiss, Tempe, AZ, USA Bohua Wen, Somerville, MA, USA Jeffrey Wheeler, Golden, CO, USA James White, Princeton, NJ, USA Travis White, Columbus, OH, USA Zachary Widel, Romeoville, IL, USA Richard Wiencek, Tinley Park, IL, USA Penny Williams, Charlottesville, VA, USA Ashlee Wingersky, Phoenix, AZ, USA Xiaofei Wu, Pokfulam Rd, Hong Kong Liangchen(Denice) Xu, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA Yin Xu, Charlottesville, VA, USA Yan Yan, Los Angeles, CA, USA Jin Yi-Chun, Taiwan, Taiwan, Taiwan Anicet Zadick, LENS, France Christian Zelger, Graz, ST, Austria Xingxing Zhang, Auburn, AL, USA Fu Zhao, Charlottesville, VA, USA Chengzhou Zhu, Pullman, WA, USA

2015 ECS Summer Fellowship Reports 2015 Summer Fellowship Committee

Summer Fellowships

Vimal Chaitanya, Chair New Mexico State University

Each year ECS gives up to five Summer Fellowships to assist students in continuing their graduate work during the summer months in a field of interest to the Society. Congratulations to the five Summer Fellowship recipients for 2015. The Society thanks the Summer Fellowship Committee for their work in reviewing the applications and selecting five excellent recipients.

Peter Mascher McMaster University Kalpathy Sundaram University of Central Florida

The 2015 Edward G. Weston Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report FeOOH (Goethite) Nanorods with Carbon Nanotube Network as Energy Storage Materials by Gen Chen

he ever increasing energy consumption in our day-to-day life has led to rapid depletion of fossil fuels.1,2 Researchers are now seeking opportunities from the solar and wind energy, which are regarded as environment-friendly and clean energy sources. However, these renewable sources are not stable in nature and cannot be directly integrated into the grid. Therefore, electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been extensively explored and applied. In addition, they can potentially be power sources for electric vehicles due to their long lifespan, and high energy and power density. The performance of LIBs is mainly determined by the electrode material. Hence, the development of EES techniques is largely limited by the development of electrode materials with tailored structure and high performance. Transition-metal compounds typically deliver high energy density by the reversible conversion reaction through formation of metallic clusters embedded in a Li2O matrix through fast redox reactions on the surface. With the rapid advances in materials design strategies and synthetic techniques, remarkable progress has been made in the preparation of transition–metal compounds with nanoscale heterostructures and enhanced electrochemical performance. Nanostructured transition–metal compounds have been repeatedly demonstrated to deliver superior electrochemical performance over their bulk counterparts because of the unique properties associated with decreased size, such as large surface area, and favorable morphologies. The nanoscale structure can effectively improve electrochemical reaction efficiency and utilization of active materials, leading to improved energy and power densities.

Here we present a facile hydrothermal synthesis of FeOOH (goethite) nanorods with a carbon nanotube (CNT) network as anode materials for LIBs. In a typical synthetic procedure, FeCl3·6H2O, triethylamine, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and CNTs were dissolved into deionized water at a given temperature of 160 °C for 18 h. Figure 1a shows typical TEM images of the as-synthesized FeOOH nanorods and the inset reveals that they

(a)

could be prepared on large scale with uniform morphology. The high resolution TEM image in Fig. 1b displays the singlecrystalline nature of the nanorods. The bulk FeOOH structure can be interpreted as a distorted hexagonally close packing of O and OH groups with Fe3+ occupying half of the octahedral interstices. As shown in Fig. 1c, each of the six-coordinated Fe3+ sites has three short Fe–O bonds and three long Fe–OH bonds. There are four repeat

(d)

(e)

(b) (f)

(c)

Fig. 1. (a) TEM, (b) HRTEM images, (c) Crystal structure, (d) XRD pattern of FeOOH nanorods, (e) Scheme of FeOOH nanorods with CNTs network, and (f) the corresponding TEM characterizations. 68

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

(a)

Acknowledgments

(b)

G. C. gratefully acknowledges 2015 ECS Edward G. Weston Summer Fellowship and Prof. Hongmei Luo for her guidance in conducting this research.

About the Author

Fig. 2. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) scans of (a) bare FeOOH nanorods and (b) FeOOH with CNTs in the potential range of 0.01–3 V (vs. Li+/Li) at a scan rate of 0.2 mV s–1.

formula units (FeOOH) present within each unit cell.3,4 The XRD pattern (Fig. 1d) demonstrates that all the diffraction peaks can be readily indexed as the orthorhombic FeOOH (JCPDS 29–0713) with the lattice constants a = 9.956 Å, b = 3.022, and c = 4.608 Å (space group: Pnma)). Upon adding CNTs, we successfully obtained FeOOH nanorods with a CNT network, which is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1e. The network structure is confirmed by corresponding TEM results (Fig. 1f). The cyclic voltammograms obtained on bare FeOOH nanorods and FeOOH with CNTs are shown in Fig. 2. In agreement with previous work,5,6 a pair of strong redox current peaks with a separation of over 1 V can be clearly observed. The difference in the first and second cathodic curves has been attributed to solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and irreversible phase transformation during lithium insertion and extraction in the initial cycle.7 The oxidation peak between 1.5–2.0 V in the anodic scan can be attributed to the formation of Fe3+ from Fe0. It is very evident that the

electrochemical performance of bare FeOOH nanorods deteriorated upon cycling. On the contrary, the FeOOH with CNTs worked as an integrated network and showed better stability and higher peak current, which was attributed to the fast electrochemical response and enhanced conductivity as a consequence of the introduction of CNTs. Superior cycling capacity and better rate performance of the FeOOH with a CNT network over the bare FeOOH nanorods are anticipated based on these results. To conclude, FeOOH nanorods with a CNT network have been successfully prepared by a facile hydrothermal route. The stability of FeOOH with CNT network was greatly enhanced compared to the bare FeOOH nanorods. This synthetic strategy is very promising and can be further extended to other CNT based composite electrode materials for high performance energy storage. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F07154if.

Gen Chen is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering at New Mexico State University, working with Hongmei Luo on the nanoscale engineering of heterostructured composites for energy conversion and storage. He may be reached at chen@nmsu.edu. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3504-3572

References 1. S. Chu and A. Majumdar, Nature, 488, 294 (2012). 2. G. P. Peters, G. Marland, C. Le Quere, T. Boden, J. G. Canadell, and M. R. Raupach, Nature Clim. Change, 2, 2 (2012). 3. E. Zepeda-Alarcon, H. Nakotte, A. F. Gualtieri, G. King, K. Page, S. C. Vogel, H.-W. Wang and H.-R. Wenk, J. Appl. Cryst., 47, 1983 (2014). 4. S. K. Ghose, G. A. Waychunas, T. P. Trainor, and P. J. Eng, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 1943 (2010). 5. Y. Sun, X. Hu, W. Luo, H. Xu, C. Hu, and Y. Huang, ACS Appl. Mater. Inter., 5, 10145 (2013). 6. T. Zhu, J. S. Chen, and X. W. Lou, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 9814 (2011). 7. S. Chaudhari and M. Srinivasan, J. Mater. Chem., 22, 23049 (2012).

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electrochem.org/student-center The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

The 2015 Colin G. Fink Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Crystal Orientation Effects on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Iridium Oxide by Hadi Khani

espite considerable efforts made in the last few decades, an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water electrolysis remains a great challenge to electrocatalysis theorists and experimentalists. Iridium oxide is a good electrocatalyst for the OER; however, its use in industrial applications is limited by its high cost.1 The electrochemical behavior of metal catalysts is strongly dependent on the structure of the electrode material.2,3 Therefore a deeper understanding of the relation between the electrode surface structure, in terms of crystal orientation, and its corresponding OER activity, is required in order to find the optimum form of iridium oxide catalysts with enhanced catalytic activity and stability. In this project, a polycrystalline iridium (p-Ir) wire (250 μm dia) was subjected to annealing and electrochemical etching to increase grain size and make the grain

boundaries visible under the microscope. Annealing treatments were performed on p-Ir wire at 700, 1000, 1200, 1400, and 1600 °C for two hours following by cooling under an argon atmosphere. The pretreated and fine polished p-Ir electrodes were then etched (at 6 V AC voltage for 200 seconds) in NaCl/HCl solution to expose the underlying well-defined crystallites (Fig. 1a and b). It was observed that the Ir grain size increased from 1–5 μm with the 700 °C treatment to 50–250 μm at 1600 °C. The crystallographic orientation of the individual grains was determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for p-Ir annealed at 1600 °C. As seen in Fig. 1d, the surface is primarily composed of (111) planes (blue color) with a minority of (001) planes (pink color). Comparing the EBSD map and optical images, it is seen that the more deeply etched regions on p-Ir surface correspond to the Ir (001) plane, showing that it has a higher etching

rate than the Ir (111) plane. This surface was then oxidized to form an anodic iridium oxide film (AIROF) by potential cycling of the electrode at 100 mV s˗1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 (Fig. 1c).4 The substrate generation/ tip collection (SG/TC) mode of a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) was applied to the AIROF-coated electrode to investigate the OER activity of the iridium oxides formed on Ir (111) and Ir (001) crystallites in 0.1 M HClO4. A carbon fiber (CF) SECM tip was used to minimize H2 evolution during O2 reduction (Scheme 1). The SECM map (Fig.1e) suggests that the edges and, apparently, AIROF-coated Ir (001) crystallites have a higher catalytic activity toward the OER. The former is ascribed to high mass transfer at the edges, and the later is related to the different orientation of AIROF formed on the Ir(001) plane compared to that formed on the Ir(111) plane. (continued on next page)

Fig.1. (a ) Optical images of fine polished p-Ir (250 μm diam), (b) etched p-Ir , (c) AIROF, (d) EBSD map of etched p-Ir, and (e) SECM map of AIROF for OER.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Scheme 1. Schematic representation of ultramicroelectrode preparation (up and left bottom) and SECM at SG/TC mode in OER (right bottom).

In summary, this approach suggests a new strategy in preparing electrochemical sensing interfaces at polycrystalline metal electrodes, facilitates electrochemical measurements–such as kinetic studies on high-index single-crystal surfaces, and provides a platform for structure-activity relationship studies of surface-sensitive reactions or electrocatalytically active metal materials. Moreover, we have developed easy to construct nanometer/ultramicrometersized electrodes and sensors which are of great importance to ECS scientists who desire to examine electrochemistry at small scales. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F08154if.

Acknowledgments

About the Author

References

Hadi Khani is currently pursuing a PhD under the supervision of Prof. David Wipf, in the Department of Chemistry at Mississippi State University (MSU). At MSU, he has undertaken a research program that includes work in Chemistry and also research activity to support a minor degree in Mathematics and Statistics. His PhD research in the Department of Chemistry is mostly focused on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and supercapacitors. He may be reached at hk316@msstate.edu.

1. E. Antolini, ACS Catal., 4, 1426 (2014). 2. P. A. Christensen and A. Hamnett, Techniques and Mechanisms in Electrochemistry. Blakie Academic & Professional: Glasgow, UK, 1994. 3. E. Santos, W. Schmickler, Catalysis in Electrochemistry: From Fundamentals to Strategies for Fuel Cell Development. Wiley: Hoboken, New Jersey, 2011. 4. E. Kinoshita, F. Ingman, G. Edwall, S. Thulin, and S. Gła̧b, Talanta, 33, 125 (1986).

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4023-5504

I would like to thank The Electrochemical Society for the ECS Colin Garfield Fink Summer Fellowship, Department of Chemistry at Mississippi State University, and my advisor, Prof. David Wipf, for his guidance and support in conducting this research.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

The 2015 Joseph W. Richards Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Tuning the Electrochemical Performance of Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs) Using Aligned 1D Bionanomaterials by Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi

ne of the most critical challenges today is to provide a sustainable, economical and environmentally friendly supply of energy. This quest has motivated intense investigations toward development of alternative energy sources. Fuel cell technology is emerging as one of the best energy conversion options for portable, stationary, and transportation

applications. Narrowing the application down to the portable electronics sector, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) offer much promise at the device level. One of the key components in a DMFC is the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), the performance of which contributes significantly to the overall performance of fuel cell. Considering the deficiencies

of currently available PEMs, extensive research has been performed towards developing alternative membranes to reduce the methanol permeability through the PEM while maintaining an acceptable level of proton conductivity. Incorporation of nanoparticles and creating tortuous pathways within polyelectrolyte matrices has emerged as an effective approach to

Fig. 1. (i) Schematic representation of proposed mechanism for enhancement in proton migration as well as mitigation of methanol diffusion pathways in the presence of cellulose nanorods. (ii) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of recast Nafion (a) and Nafion/ Cellulose whisker 5 wt% membranes without (b) and with (c) applied electric field. 72

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

lower crossover. However, the concomitantly induced changes in the size and orientation of proton transport channels and the decreased number of sulfonate groups per unit volume after inclusion of nanoparticle fillers lead to decreased proton conductivity. Based on our recent results, we found that incorporation of one-dimensional nanomaterials can reduce this conflicting effect. In this project we used cellulose whiskers (CWs) as an effective nanostructure to manipulate the microstructure of Nafion membranes for high-performance fuel cell applications. We also studied the effect of the alignment of the CWs by applying an electric field during processing. The schematic representation of proposed microstructure as well as the cross-sectional atomic force micrograph of the fabricated nanocomposite membrane are displayed in Fig. 1. The results clearly confirm a well-oriented assembly of the CWs due to the effect of the electric field. The CWs are aligned in the direction of the applied electric field and yield a wormlike geometry. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the proton conductivity of the nanocomposite membranes comprising 5wt% CWs was increased and that the higher conductivity

was also retained at high temperatures (>100 °C). Based on conductivity-humiditytemperature results, we found that there is an ion-rich interface between the CWs and the Nafion matrix that can retain the water molecules at elevated temperatures, which can explain our observation of high proton conductivity even at very low relative humidities. Moreover, we found that the inclusion of CWs into the Nafion matrix considerably suppressed the methanol permeability. A direct methanol-air single fuel cell test using 5 M methanol solution at 70 °C showed a higher maximum power output and overall fuel cell performance while using aligned CW-filled Nafion membranes. The result obtained from our durability tests suggested high microstructural stability of the developed nanocomposite PEMs under fuel cell operating conditions. Despite the leading role of ionomer domains in nanocomposite perfluorosulfonate membranes, deliberate attempts to tune them have not been successfully achieved so far, probably due to the lack of proper interaction among additives and the PEM domains. In summary, cellulose nanowhiskers were explored in this project to manipulate the ionomer domains in the microstructure of

Nafion. Some evidence has been provided for the formation of long-range, oriented conduction pathways in the vicinity of the interface with the one-dimensional cellulosic nanostructures, which resulted in improved proton conductivity and reduced methanol crossover, both of which contribute to yield high performance in DMFC single cells. This approach has promise for DMFC applications. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F09154if.

About the Author Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi is currently a graduate researcher studying bioengineering at Georgia Tech. Aside from his current studies Hasani-Sadrabadi spent time at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne, where he developed microfluidic platforms for controlled synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles. He may be reached at mahdi. hasani@gatech.edu.

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The 2015 F. M. Becket Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report In Situ NMR Study of Paramagnetic Na-Ion Battery Cathode Materials: A Challenging Experiment by Raphaële J. Clément

he search for novel, high performance Na-ion battery (NIB) intercalation cathodes requires an understanding of the underlying structural and electronic processes occurring upon Na removal and reinsertion on charge and discharge. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (ssNMR) allows the local distortions and variations in the electronic structure and in oxidation states (upon cycling) to be investigated.1 We focus on the layered P2Na0.67Mn1-xMgxO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) phases which have shown promise as NIB cathodes.2 The paramagnetic interactions in these Mn-containing compounds lead to large NMR shifts and very broad resonances. Magic angle spinning (MAS) ex situ NMR significantly enhances the resolution and allows the signals from different local environments (with different chemical and hyperfine shifts) to be distinguished.3 To follow reactions in operando, and obtain real time information on the dynamic structural changes and processes upon Na (de) intercalation, we performed in situ ssNMR experiments on the bag cell shown in Fig.

1.4-6 These experiments cannot, to date, be performed under MAS. To excite the resulting broad resonances, often spanning hundreds to thousands of ppm, we made use of the recently developed Automatic Tuning Matching Cycler (ATMC) in situ NMR system.7 A 100 kHz wide static 23Na NMR resonance was obtained for the assynthesized cathode powder and film, indicating strong paramagnetic interactions (see Fig. 2). Acquiring static NMR spectra of the as-prepared bag cell proved much more challenging due to the presence of multiple Na-components, with signals covering a very large shift range. The spectra were essentially impossible to phase due to the significantly different responses to the pulsed radio frequency (RF) magnetic field of the Na nuclei contained in the different components of the bag cell.8 In addition, the low intensity, broad cathode signal was difficult to observe due to complete overlap with the more intense signals arising from the electrolyte and Na metal anode (see Fig. 2). Preliminary 23Na in situ NMR data

Polymer bag Cathode film (Na0.67Mn0.95Mg0.05O2 + binder + carbon) Anode (Na metal)

measured upon initial charge revealed an expected increase of the Na metal peak intensity (due the formation of Na-metal dendrites) and the disappearance of the broad cathode feature. These encouraging results show that in situ NMR can be applied to even extremely difficult systems (from an NMR perspective) such as paramagnetic materials. Ongoing work is focused on the optimization of the electrochemical performances of the bag cell and of in situ NMR signal acquisition parameters. We plan to carry out NMR experiments which take advantage of the different relaxation behaviors of the various components of the bag cell to discriminate between the overlapping 23Na NMR signals. Furthermore, Na metal-free bag cell designs (e.g., using a hard carbon anode) will be tested and should overcome the issues related to 23Na signal overlap and the phasing of the spectrum. © The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1149/2.F10154if.

Current collector (Al mesh) Glass fiber separator soaked with 1M NaClO4 in propylene carbonate

Fig. 1. Schematic of a bag cell used for in situ NMR experiments.

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

Acknowledgment RJC would like to acknowledge Dr. Oliver Pecher for his guidance and assistance with the in situ NMR experiments, and Prof. Clare Grey for helpful discussions. RJC would like to thank Dr. Juliette Billaud and Dr. Robert Armstrong for providing the P2-Na0.67Mn0.95Mg0.05O2 cathode samples.

B0 = 7.05 T

About the Author

Na electrolyte

Raphaële Clément is a PhD candidate in the Department of Chemistry of the University of Cambridge, under the supervision of Clare Grey. Her thesis research focuses on layered sodium transition metal oxides for sodium-ion battery cathode applications, investigated using a combination of ab initio Density Functional Theory calculations and solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. She may be reached at rjc77@cam.ac.uk.

Na cathode

References 1. C. P. Grey and N. Dupré, Chem. Rev., 104, 4493 (2004). 2. J. Billaud, G. Singh, A. R. Armstrong, E. Gonzalo, V. Roddatis, M. Armand, T. Rojo, and P. G. Bruce, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1387 (2014). 3. R. J. Clément, J. Billaud, A. R. Armstrong, G. Singh, T. Rojo, P. G. Bruce, and C. P. Grey in preparation. 4. F. Blanc, M. Leskes, and C. P. Grey, Acc. Chem. Res., 46, 1952 (2013). 5. P. P. R. M. L. Harks, F. M. Mulder, and P. H. L. Notten, J. Power Sources, 288, 92 (2015). 6. N. M. Trease, L. Zhou, H. J. Chang, B. Y. Zhu, and C. P. Grey, Solid State Nucl. Mag. Res., 42, 62 (2012). 7. O. Pecher, P. M. Bayley, H. Liu, Z. Liu, N. M. Trease, and C. P. Grey, in preparation. 8. P. M. Bayley, N. M. Trease and C. P. Grey, submitted.

pristine bag cell pristine cathode film

Na metal

pristine cathode powder 3000

2000

1000

−1000

−2000

δ(23Na) / ppm Fig. 2. Static 23Na NMR spectrum acquired on the pristine P2-Na0.67Mn0.95Mg0.05O2 cathode powder and film and on the bag cell.

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The 2015 H. H. Uhlig Summer Research Fellowship – Summary Report Optimizing the Interfacial Capacitance of Graphene Oxide-Based Supercapacitors through Basal Hydroxyl Group Coverage by Alexander J. Pak

lectrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs), otherwise known as supercapacitors, are energy storage devices that are well-suited for high-power applications due to their large power densities and long cycling lifetimes.1,2 However, ubiquitous adoption of supercapacitors has been curtailed by their characteristically low specific and volumetric energy densities. To mitigate this limitation, graphene-based materials have emerged as a candidate electrode material; their inherent high surface areas and good electrical conductivities promote improved capacitance.3 Yet, many challenges still need to be addressed in these materials. For example, the intrinsically low quantum capacitance of graphene can limit the overall performance.4-6

In recent years, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has gained popularity as an alternative graphene-based material. Part of the attraction is the cost-effective means of producing rGO from the wet exfoliation of graphene oxide and subsequent chemical, thermal, or electrochemical reduction.7 Naturally, rGO has been explored for its use as an electrode material in supercapacitors using organic or ionic-liquid electrolytes. To date, however, experimental results probing the advantages of rGO for EDLC applications have been widely scattered. While rGO electrodes have been shown to outperform graphene electrodes,8,9 the capacitance exhibits large sensitivity to the ratio of oxygen to carbon atoms (O:C) and the reduction process.10,11 This underscores the need to understand the influence of the extent of reduction on the capacitance.

In this work, we investigate the effect of varying the O:C coverage of rGO electrodes immersed in EMIM/FSI ionic liquid on the overall capacitance (CT). Here, we only consider the OH functionalization of the basal surface, which is one of two commonly observed types of oxygen moieties, for simplicity. We account for the possible agglomeration of OH moieties using latticebased Monte Carlo simulations (similar to Ref. 12), yielding configurations such as the one depicted in Fig. 1, and vary O:C up to 0.3. To estimate CT, we decouple the contributions from the electrode quantum capacitance (CQ) and electric double layer (EDL) capacitance (CD). The former depends upon the electronic structure of the electrode, which we calculate from both density functional theory (DFT) and density

Fig. 1. Schematic of the EMIM/FSI ionic liquid (top) and electric double layer at the graphene oxide interface (bottom) as calculated using classical molecular dynamics. The gray sheet in the middle corresponds to graphene oxide which is shown in the magnified inset; gray, red, and white balls indicate C, O, and H atoms, respectively. Throughout the electrolyte, the gray, blue, and white sticks correspond to the respective C, N, and H atoms in EMIM while the blue, yellow, red, and pink sticks correspond to the respective N, S, O, and F atoms in FSI. 76

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functional tight binding theory (DFTB) using VASP13 and DFTB+,14 respectively. The latter depends upon the microstructure of the EDL which we explore with classical molecular dynamics (MD) using Largescale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS).15 Our findings are summarized as follows. First, increasing O:C tends to induce increasing quasi-localization of carbon pz states. As a result, the CQ of the electrodes is enhanced while maintaining its metallic state and electrochemical stability. On the other hand, we find that increasing O:C represses CD which we attribute to the unfavorable exchange of counter-ions with co-ions adjacent to the electrode surface; the electrode surface charge redistribution due to the presence of OH moieties favors a two-dimensional ordering of cations and anions parallel to the surface. Finally, our results suggest that the CT (Fig. 2) can be significantly enhanced compared to pristine graphene electrodes at an optimal O:C coverage owing to the mitigation of the suppressed CD by improved CQ. Therefore, it will be important to improve both the experimental characterization and control of oxygen functionalization on rGO surfaces in order to fully utilize these materials for supercapacitor electrodes. Nonetheless, our study reveals that rGO materials, which are particularly attractive due to their ease in processing and scalability, can serve as a superior alternative to graphene electrodes for EDLC applications.

Fig. 2. Comparison of the integral interfacial capacitances (CT) for graphene with varying OH content (O:C) at the listed excess surface charge densities (σ in µC/cm2).

References 1.

About the Author Alexander J. Pak is currently a PhD candidate in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin under the guidance of Gyeong S. Hwang. His thesis research is focused on understanding fundamental charge storage mechanisms at the interface of graphenebased materials, with a specific emphasis on supercapacitor applications, by utilizing a combined density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics computational approach. He may be reached at alexander. jin.pak@gmail.com.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-6480

P. Ribeiro, B. Johnson, M. Crow, A. Arsoy, and Y. Liu, “Energy Storage Systems for Advanced Power Applications,” Proc. IEEE, 89, 1744 (2001). I. Hadjipaschalis, A. Poullikkas, and V. Efthimiou, “Overview of Current and Future Energy Storage Technologies for Electric Power Applications,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 13, 1513 (2009). G. Wang, L. Zhang, and J. Zhang, “A Review of Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors,” Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 797 (2012). J. Xia, F. Chen, J. Li, and N. Tao, “Measurement of the Quantum Capacitance of Graphene,” Nat. Nanotechnol., 4, 505 (2009). M. D. Stoller, C. W. Magnuson, Y. Zhu, S. Murali, J. W. Suk, R. Piner, and R. S. Ruoff, “Interfacial Capacitance of Single Layer Graphene,” Energy Environ. Sci., 4, 4685 (2011). E. Paek, A. J. Pak, and G. S. Hwang, “A Computational Study of the Interfacial Structure and Capacitance of Graphene in [BMIM][PF6] Ionic Liquid,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A1 (2013). D. Chen, H. Feng, and J. Li, “Graphene Oxide: Preparation, Functionalization, and Electrochemical Applications,” Chem. Rev., 112, 6027 (2012). Y. Chen, X. Zhang, D. Zhang, P. Yu, and Y. Ma, “High Performance Supercapacitors Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide in Aqueous and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes,” Carbon, 49, 573 (2011).

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10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

T. Kim, H. Chang Kang, T. Thanh Tung, J. Don Lee, H. Kim, W. Seok Yang, H. Gyu Yoon, and K. S. Suh, “Ionic Liquid-Assisted Microwave Reduction of Graphite Oxide for Supercapacitors,” RSC Adv., 2, 8808 (2012). L. Buglione, E. L. K. Chng, A. Ambrosi, Z. Sofer, and M. Pumera, “Graphene Materials Preparation Methods Have Dramatic Influence upon Their Capacitance,” Electrochem. Commun., 14, 5 (2012). M. A. Pope, S. Korkut, C. Punckt, and I. A. Aksay, “Supercapacitor Electrodes Produced through Evaporative Consolidation of Graphene OxideWater-Ionic Liquid Gels,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A1653 (2013). S. Zhou and A. Bongiorno, “Origin of the Chemical and Kinetic Stability of Graphene Oxide,” Sci. Rep., 3, 2484 (2013). G. Kresse and J. Furthmüller, “Efficient Iterative Schemes for Ab Initio TotalEnergy Calculations Using a PlaneWave Basis Set,” Phys. Rev. B. Condens. Matter, 54, 11169 (1996). M. Elstner, D. Porezag, G. Jungnickel, J. Elsner, M. Haugk, T. Frauenheim, S. Suhai, and G. Seifert, “Self-ConsistentCharge Density-Functional TightBinding Method for Simulations of Complex Materials Properties,” Phys. Rev. B, 58, 7260 (1998). S. Plimpton, “Fast Parallel Algorithms for Short-Range Molecular Dynamics,” J. Comput. Phys., 117, 1 (1995).

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Student Chapter News Belgium Student Chapter On July 15, 2015 the ECS Belgium Student Chapter met for their inaugural event. This event took place at the Interuniversitary Microelectronic Center (IMEC) Belgium, which is one of the largest research facilities for semiconductors, life sciences, and large-area electronics in the world. The members kicked off their meeting with an informal get-together at the company coffee bar for some delicious coffee. The first official highlight on the agenda was the presentation by Prof. Philippe Vereecke, who gave a lecture about the successful story of copper damascene plating in microelectronics, and how this process evolved from its invention to the large-scale application in industry. Afterwards, the chapter got insight into IMEC’s modern 300 mm clean room facility in which technologies for the fabrication and improvement of future integrated circuits are developed. It was very interesting to learn about state-of-the art equipment gathered in the 4,800 m2 clean room for processing 300 mm Si wafers. It allows for the research and

development of advanced sub-10 nm CMOS technology. Especially, it was impressive to see the newest generation of UV lithography. After a meal at the IMEC cafeteria, the members were given a chance to present their current research efforts and results work among the rest of the student chapter members. Topics were presented on quantum dot nanocrystals, 2D materials, lithium-ion/air batteries and electroprecipitation. The day was concluded with the official member meeting in which the board presented a report about the drafted bylaws and the organizational aspects of the group. Subsequently, the members discussed proposals for the next student chapter activity. After the meeting, the group had a social activity where they tasted a few of the world renowned Belgian beers at a local bar near the campus of the KU Leuven. The ECS Belgium Student Chapter is very much looking forward to seeing each other (and maybe some new additional faces) at its next event.

The lecture of Philippe Vereecken at IMEC.

Students looking inside an IMEC clean room.

The ECS Belgium Student Chapter, (left to right) Stefan De Gendt (Chapter Advisor), Philippe Vereecken (Chapter Advisor), Minxian Wu, Gijs Vanhoutte (Treasurer), Suzanne Bisschop, Karel Haesevoets, Sébastien Moitzheim (President), Emile Drijvers, Laxmi Kishore Sagar, Jorick Maes, and Markus Heyne (Secretary). 78

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T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Brno University of Technology Student Chapter The ECS Brno Student Chapter is in its fourth year since its reestablishment after a few years of hiatus. The group is associated with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic. Its focus is on batteries, electrochemical conversion, and storage research. During the year 2015 the group took part at conference meetings and workshops. In August, the student chapter members presented their scientific results at the International Conference “Advanced Batteries, Accumulators and Fuel Cells (ABAF 16th)” held in Brno. The 2015 ABAF is an ECS-sponsored meeting and its proceedings are published in a special volume of ECS Transactions. This past year was important for almost all ECS Brno Student Group members. T. Kazda, J. Libich, J. Máca, and O. Čech all submitted their dissertation theses. The presentations and defenses are planned for January 2016. The Brno Student Chapter would like to acknowledge The Electrochemical Society for its support and help.

Some of the participants at the ABAF 2015 meeting, from left Tomáš Kazda, Josef Máca, Jiří Libich, and Petr Vanýsek.

Calgary Student Chapter The ECS Calgary Student Chapter had a productive year in 2015 promoting electrochemically-related activities in Calgary. The chapter also gained 16 new student members and the numbers continue to increase. In June 2015, the student chapter invited Kunal Karan from the Dept. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering at the University of Calgary to deliver a chalk talk, entitled “Current Understanding of the Catalysts Layers of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells.” Dr. Karan is an Associate Professor in Engineering and also the co-founder and an Associate Director of the Calgary Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Research – Technologies (CAESR-Tech) group. Dr. Karan started the presentation with an overview of PEM fuel cell technology and then moved on to provide an in-depth description of the current understanding of the catalyst layer. The event had a very good turnout, with over 60 attendees, including both students and faculty members from science and engineering. In August 2015, the student chapter organized a visit to the NOVA Chemicals Centre for Applied Research in Calgary. The event was open only to ECS Calgary Student Chapter members, as NOVA has restrictions on the number of visitors allowed at any one time. At NOVA, the student chapter members learned that electrochemistry is quite active there, including in corrosion testing, in developing and testing protective coatings, and in solving the problem of carbonization in ethane cracking plants. Also, the student chapter visitors were exposed to a variety of characterization techniques, including tensile testing, metallography, coating analysis, crack propagation, and others.

The ECS Calgary Student Chapter, (left to right) Viola Birss (Faculty Advisor), Beatriz Molero (Vice President), Kunal Karan (Chalk Talk speaker), Anusha Abhayawardhana (President), and Mina Zarabian (Treasurer).

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The student chapter also organized a halfday workshop on electrochemical methods in the second week of October. The instructor for this workshop was Petr Vanýsek, a Fellow of the ECS, emeritus professor at Northern Illinois University, USA, and visiting scientist at Central European Institute of Technology, Czech Republic. The first part of the workshop involved a general introduction to electrochemical techniques, while the second part focussed primarily on impedance measurements, including a description of potentiostats and frequency response analyzers, electronics, circuit fitting, artifacts in impedance measurements, and troubleshooting. Students also had a chance to meet with Dr. Vanýsek to discuss their specific problems with impedance analysis in one-on-one meetings. The workshop was very successful, with more than 60 attendees, and the student chapter was able to attract 12 new members during this event. The chapter also wishes to acknowledge Calgary Advanced Energy Storage and Conversion Research Technologies (CAESR-Tech) who cosponsored this event.

ECS Calgary Student Chapter members, along with Ahmed Musa (back row, center), ECS member and Chemical Engineer at NOVA Chemicals, during the visit to the NOVA Chemicals Centre for Applied Research in Calgary.

Petr Vanýsek (workshop presenter), with attendees during the on-screen demonstration on how to do equivalent circuit curve fitting analysis of impedance data.

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T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS Illinois Institute of Technology Student Chapter ECS officially welcomed the Illinois Institute of Technology Student Chapter on May 28, 2015. Since its founding, chapter members have been hard at work making their presence known within their academic community and the ECS community. To learn more, visit the chapter website at http://www.iitecs.org/ or contact them at ecs.illinoistech@gmail.com.

Member of the newly established student chapter at ITT: (front left to right) Cheng He, Yunzhu Zhang, Zhao Ding, Yunjie Xu, Liangjuan Gao (Treasurer), Shankar Aryal (Media Director), Yujia Ding, Lin Chen (President), and Elahe Moazzen; (back left to right): Mo Li, Yue Li (Outreach Director), Vijay Ramani (Faculty Advisor), Adam Hock (Faculty Advisor), Kamil Kucuk, and Nathaniel Beaver (Secretary).

Indiana University Student Chapter The ECS Indiana University Student Chapter, led by co-advisors Professor Dennis Peters and Professor Lane Baker, brings together members from a variety of research backgrounds such as mechanistic organic, environmental, bioanalytical, and materials, to promote interdisciplinary discussions about electrochemistry and solid state science. Distinguished electrochemical researchers including Professors Allen J. Bard, Keith J. Stevenson, and Nate Lewis have been selected by students to visit campus for research discussions, to give career advice, and to present seminars on their work. The IU ECS Student Chapter works to spread knowledge of electrochemical science to younger members of the community. The year 2015 was the fourth year in which the IU Student Chapter volunteers at the Science Fest hosted a laboratory full of hands-on electrochemical experiments. Also in 2015, the chapter president presented a research talk to the general public. With over 20 student members, the IU ECS Student Chapter strives to build a better forum for students with different backgrounds to share their ideas about electrochemistry, conduct outreach activities, further their professional development, and stay connected to the organization in their future electrochemistry careers. It is because of these efforts that the Indiana University Student Chapter was received the ECS 2015 Outstanding Student Chapter Award. This is a prestigious award that is given annually at the fall ECS meeting. An ECS Outstanding Student Chapter is expected to actively participate in the ECS community, host and conduct their own community outreach programs and seminars, and have only the most devoted and hardworking members.

Indiana University Student Chapter members proudly displaying the Outstanding Student Chapter Award plaque. Standing from left to right are students: Erin Martin, Caitlyn McGuire, Lushan Zhou, Wenqing Shi, and Dennis Chen; Seated in front are faculty advisors Lane Baker (left) and Dennis Peters.

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T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS University of Kentucky Student Chapter The ECS University of Kentucky Student Chapter hosted Noel Buckley, of the University of Limerick, and former ECS President, following the 227th ECS meeting in Chicago. Prof. Buckley met with various researchers at the university and gave a talk titled, “All-

Vanadium Flow Batteries for Large-Scale Energy Storage,” on May 28, 2015. The University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research served as the convenient meeting and presentation venue.

Members of the University of Kentucky Student Chapter with guest speaker Noel Buckley, (from left to right): Fang Liu, Moushumi Sarma, Ayokunle Omosebi, James Landon, Nicolas Holubowitch, Jonathan Bryant, Noel Buckley, Xin Gao, Liangyong Chen, Zhiao Li, and Allen Flath.

University of Maryland Student Chapter The ECS University of Maryland Student Chapter had an excellent start to the 2015 fall semester with the winning of a consecutive ECS Student Chapter of Excellence Award. As a result of the award, the chapter was featured in the September News sections of the A. James Clark School of Engineering website. The increased visibility of the chapter due to this award is an excellent path to larger and more diverse membership. It is UMD’s Student Chapter’s goal to remain competitive for the Student Chapter of Excellence Award each and every year by being committed to membership growth and by encouraging its members to be active in their outreach events.

In the spring election meeting the UMD chapter elected its first webmaster, Jiaqi Dai. Since taking on this role, Jiaqi has worked to create a dedicated website for his chapter. This website is often the first impression for the chapter and an important platform for improving the visibility of ECS on the local and national levels. With information from ECS, UMD’s chapter, projects of their current members, and upcoming events, these updates better communicate their mission as a chapter. The officers are hopeful that this work will help to increase student membership and enhance their outreach. Visit the re-vamped site at http://electrochem.umd.edu/.

Munich Student Chapter On October 22, 2015 the brand new ECS Munich Student Chapter held its first workshop, which included four oral presentations. A majority of the members in their chapter were in attendance; first, to hear the good news about approval to form the chapter, and second, to actively participate in sharing some of their scientific approaches and results. The presentations were given by Lukas Seidel, Wenbo Ju, Rui Fang and Nicole Schulte. The Munich Student Chapter also

hosted their own Poster Session with some food and refreshments. These posters will be placed in their seminar room. Starting December of this year, the Munich Student Chapter will hold a journal club. This will be a biweekly event where a chapter member presents a recent piece of literature of special or general interest to other members. The topic will be known ahead of time to the club members, which will allow people to prepare themselves,

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T ST ECH UDENT HIGHLIGH NE WS TS which will enable an open informed discussion after the presentation. There is also a symposium on electromobility planned for early 2016. The Munich Student Chapter invited high-level external speakers on batteries and fuel cells. Thus, one short session with the speakers’

talks, and then a poster session with contributions from chapter members, enabling a get-to know with the speakers and presentation of own work will take place.

Lukas Seidl (left) explaining his poster to Thomas Mittermeier during the poster session at the ECS Student Chapter Munich Workshop. Lukas Seidl giving his workshop presentation.

University of California, San Diego Student Chapter

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The ECS University of California, San Diego Student Chapter hosted Wei Tong, a staff scientist at Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division in Energy Technologies Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on July 17, 2015. Dr. Tong’s work focuses on high capacity nickel based cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Ni-rich LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMCs) is a promising composition for cathode materials usage in Li-ion batteries considering their high energy density, low cost, and safety. High nickel content, however, causes several issues including the tendency of Li / Ni mixing and catalyzing the electrolyte oxidation. Dr. Tong explained her understanding of Ni behavior on the surface and in the bulk of pure LiNiO2 studied with the assistance of synchrotron XRD and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques. Then she discussed the development of Li2NiO2, which is a new area of chemistry with the goal of stabilizing the crystal structure as well as cycling performance by cation / anion substitution. A few chemical scientists from Wildcat Discovery Technologies came to the seminar in addition to graduate students, postdocs and visiting scholars in UCSD Nano Engineering Department. All the participants had a fruitful time learning cutting edge research of the national lab and interacting with the speaker

through a question and answer session. The seminar was followed by a casual lunch and individual meetings with the speaker and faculty. The UCSD Student Chapter hosted a workshop for the second annual Triton Summer STEM Academy on August 5, 2015. The theme of this year was “Understanding Nature & Protecting the Planet.” Twenty high school seniors from three different high schools in Los Angeles County attended the workshop. The participating high schools each run their own STEM programs for their students. The workshop began with Ying S. Meng’s presentation on “Energy Storage – The Key to Sustainability.” As the inaugural director of Sustainable Power and Energy Center (SPEC) at UCSD, Professor Meng talked about blueprint of the energy storage in the future. ECS student chapter members, Riley Yaylian, Haodong Liu, Jimmy Mac, and Judith Alvarado gave a presentation on how to manufacture certain types of batteries. The high school students also got hands-on experiences by making their own fruit batteries and electrodeposit copper with nickels following ECS student chapter members’ instruction. All of the students enjoyed the workshop and showed their interest in electrochemistry.

BioLogic....................................................................4

PAR/Solartron................................inside back cover

El-Cell.....................................................................28

Pine Research...........................................................1

Gamry.......................................................back cover

Scribner.....................................................................6

Koslow .................................................................... 35

Stanford Research Systems.............. cover tip-on, 8

Metrohm....................................................................2

Zahner............................................inside front cover

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Call for Papers October 2-7, 2016 Hawaii Convention Center & Hilton Hawaiian Village Hawaii Tourism Authority / Dana Edmunds

The joint international meeting of:

The Electrochemical Society 230th Meeting

The Electrochemical Society of Japan 2016 Fall Meeting

The Korean Electrochemical Society 2016 Fall Meeting

with the technical co-sponsoring of: Chinese Society of Electrochemistry Electrochemistry Division of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute The Japan Society of Applied Physics Korean Physical Society Semiconductor Division Chinese Physical Society Semiconductor Division

Abstract Deadline: April 15, 2016

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PRiME 2016 October 2 – 7, 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii General Information

Financial Assistance

The PRiME 2016 Meeting will be held from October 2-7, 2016. This major international conference offers a unique blend of electrochemical and solid state science and technology; and serves as a major forum for the discussion of interdisciplinary research from around the world through a variety of formats, such as oral presentations, poster sessions, exhibits, and tutorial sessions.

Many ECS divisions offer travel grants to students, postdoctoral researchers, and young professionals to attend ECS biannual meetings. Applications are available online at www.electrochem.org/travel_grants and must be received no later than the submission deadline of Friday, June 10, 2016. Additional financial assistance is very limited and generally governed by the symposium organizers. Individuals may inquire directly to the organizers of the symposium in which they are presenting their paper to see if funding is available. For general travel grant questions, please contact travelgrant@electrochem.org.

Abstracts are due no later than April 15, 2016. Note: Some abstracts may be due earlier, but none will be accepted past April 15, 2016; please carefully check the symposium listings for any alternate abstract submission deadlines. For complete details on abstract submission and symposium topics, please see www.electrochem.org/ meetings/biannual/230/.

Abstract Submission and Deadlines Submit an original meeting abstract electronically via the ECS website, no later than April 15, 2016. Faxed abstracts, e-mailed abstracts, and late abstracts will not be accepted. In June of 2016 all presenting authors will receive an e-mail notifying them of the date, time, and location of their presentation. Hardcopy letters will be sent only upon request to abstracts@electrochem.org. Meeting abstracts should explicitly state objectives, new results, and conclusions or significance of the work. Regardless of whether you submit as a poster or an oral presentation, it is at the symposium organizers’ discretion whether it is scheduled for an oral or poster presentation. Programming for this meeting will occur in May 2016.

Paper Presentation

All authors selected for either oral or poster presentations will be notified in June 2016. Oral presentations must be in English. Both LCD projectors and laptops will be provided for oral presentations. Presenting authors MUST bring their presentation on a USB flash drive to be used with the laptop that will be provided in each technical session room. Speakers requiring additional equipment must make written request to the ECS headquarters office at least one month prior to the meeting and appropriate arrangements will be worked out, subject to availability, and at the expense of the author. Poster presentations should be displayed in English, on a board approximately 3 feet 10 inches high by 3 feet 10 inches wide (1.17 meters high by 1.17 meters wide), corresponding to the abstract number and day of presentation in the final program.

Manuscript Publication

ECS Meeting Abstracts—All meeting abstracts will be published on the ECS website, copyrighted by ECS, and all abstracts become the property of ECS upon presentation. ECS Transactions—All full papers and posters presented at ECS meetings are eligible for submission to the online proceedings publication, ECS Transactions (ECST). The degree of review to be given each paper is at the discretion of the symposium organizers. Some symposia will publish an “enhanced” issue of ECST, which will be available for sale at the meeting and through the ECS Digital Library. Please see each individual symposium listing in the full Call for Papers to determine if there will be an “enhanced” ECST issue. In the case of symposia publishing “enhanced” issues, submission of a full-text manuscript to ECST is mandatory and required in advance of the meeting. Some symposia will publish a “standard” issue of ECST for which all authors are encouraged to submit their full-text papers. Please see each individual symposium listing in the full Call for Papers to determine if there will be a “standard” ECST issue. Upon completion of the review process, papers from the “standard” issues will be published shortly after their acceptance. Once published, papers will be available for sale through the ECS Digital Library. Please visit the ECST website (ecsdl.org/ECST/) for additional information, including overall guidelines, deadlines for submissions and reviews, author and editor instructions, a manuscript template, and more. Authors presenting papers at ECS meetings, and submitting to ECST, are also encouraged to submit to the Society’s technical journals: the Journal of The Electrochemical Society, and ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology. Although there is no hard deadline for the submission of these papers, it is considered that six months from the date of the symposium is sufficient time to revise a paper to meet the stricter criteria of the journals. “Instructions to Authors” are available from the ECS website. If publication is desired elsewhere after presentation, written permission from ECS is required.

Letter of Invitation

Individuals requiring an official letter of invitation should write to the ECS headquarters office; such letters will not imply any financial responsibility of ECS.

Hotel Reservations — Deadline September 2, 2016 The PRiME 2016 Meeting will be held at the Hawaii Convention Center and the Hilton Hawaiian Village. Please refer to the meeting website for the most up-to date information on hotel availability and information about the blocks of rooms where special rates have been reserved for participants attending the meeting. The hotel reservation deadline is September 2, 2016.

Meeting Registration All participants—including authors and invited speakers—are required to pay the appropriate registration fees. Hotel and meeting registration information will be posted on the ECS website as it becomes available. The deadline for discounted early-bird registration is September 2, 2016.

Short Courses A number of short courses will be offered on Sunday, October 2, 2016 from 9:00AM-4:30PM. Short courses require advance registration and may be cancelled if enrollments are too low. As of press time, the following short courses are tentatively planned for the meeting: Basic Corrosion for Electrochemists; Towards State-of-Health Diagnosis and Prognosis of Liand Na-ion Cells: Incremental Capacity and Differential Voltage Analyses; Technical Leadership & Decision Making; Fundamental of Electrochemistry; Impedance Spectroscopy; Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells; Electrodeposition for Energy Applications.

Technical Exhibit and Sponsorship Opportunities ECS biannual meetings offer a wonderful opportunity to market your organization through exhibition and sponsorship. The PRiME 2016 Meeting in Honolulu will include a Technical Exhibit, featuring presentations and displays by over 40 manufacturers of instruments, materials, systems, publications, and software of interest to meeting attendees. Coffee breaks are scheduled in the exhibit hall along with evening poster sessions. Sponsorship opportunities include unparalleled benefits and provide an extraordinary chance to present scientific products and services to key constituents from around the world. Sponsorship allows exposure to key industry decision makers, the development of collaborative partnerships, and potential business leads. ECS welcomes support in the form of general sponsorship at various levels: Platinum: $10,000+, Gold: $5,000, Silver: $3,000, and Bronze: $1,500. Sponsors will be recognized by level in Interface, the Meeting Program, meeting signage, and on the ECS website. In addition, sponsorships are available for the plenary and keynote talks and other special events. These opportunities include additional recognition, and may be customized to create personalized packages. Special event sponsorships will be assigned by the Society on a first come, first served basis. Advertising opportunities—in the Meeting Program as well as in Interface—are also available. Please contact Casey Emilius at Casey.Emilius@electrochem.org if you would like to reserve your exhibit booth or sponsorship option today!

Contact Information If you have any questions or require additional information, contact ECS. The Electrochemical Society 65 South Main Street, Pennington, NJ, 08534-2839, USA tel: 1.609.737.1902, fax: 1.609.737.2743 meetings@electrochem.org

www.electrochem.org

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

HTA / Dana Edmunds

PRiME 2016 October 2 – 7, 2016 Honolulu, Hawaii Symposium Topics A — Batteries and Energy Storage

H — Electronic and Photonic Devices and Systems

A01 — Batteries and Energy Technology Joint General Session

H01 — State-of-the-Art Program on Compound Semiconductors 59 (SOTAPOCS 59)

A02 — Challenges in Advanced Analytical Tools and Techniques for Batteries: A Symposium in Honor of Zempachi Ogumi

H02 — Semiconductor Wafer Bonding: Science, Technology, and Applications 14

A03 — Li-Ion Batteries A04 — Advances in Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries A05 — Beyond Li-Ion Batteries A06 — Failure Mode and Mechanism Analyses A07 — Electrochemical Capacitors and Related Devices: Fundamentals to Applications B — Carbon Nanostructures and Devices B01 — Carbon Nanostructures: From Fundamental Studies to Applications and Devices C — Corrosion Science and Technology C01 — Corrosion General Poster Session C02 — Oxide Films: A Symposium in Honor of Masahiro Seo C03 — High Temperature Corrosion and Materials Chemistry 12 C04 — Pits & Pores 7: Nanomaterials – Fabrication Processes, Properties, and Applications

H03 — Thin Film Transistors 13 (TFT 13) H04 — Low-Dimensional Nanoscale Electronic and Photonic Devices 9 H05 — Gallium Nitride and Silicon Carbide Power Technologies 6 H06 — Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidic and Nanofluidic Devices 3 H07 — Emerging Nanomaterials and Devices I — Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Energy Conversion I01 — Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells 16 (PEFC 16) I02 — Solid State Ionic Devices 11 I03 — Electrosynthesis of Fuels 4 I04 — Energy/Water Nexus: Power from Saline Solutions J — Luminescence and Display Materials, Devices, and Processing J01 — Luminescence and Display Materials: Fundamentals and Applications J02 — Materials for Solid State Lighting K — Organic and Bioelectrochemistry

C05 — Atmospheric and Marine Corrosion

K01 — Bioengineering Based on Electrochemistry

C06 — Metallic, Organic, and Composite Coatings for Corrosion Protection

K02 — Recent Advances in the Application of Electrochemistry to Problems in Organic Chemistry and Biology

C07 — Metallic Biomaterials D — Dielectric

Science and Materials

D01 — Photovoltaics for the 21st Century 12

L — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry

D02 — Nonvolatile Memories 5

L01 — Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis, and Photoelectrochemistry General Session

D03 — Plasma Nano Science and Technology

L02 — Molten Salts and Ionic Liquids 20

E — Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition

L03 — Electrode Processes 11

E01 — Electroless Deposition: Principles and Applications 4: In Honor of Milan Paunovic and Mordechay Schlesinger

L04 — Photocatalysts, Photoelectrochemical Cells, and Solar Fuels 7

E02 — Magnetic Materials Processes and Devices 14

L06 — Recent Trends in Electrochemistry at ITIES

E03 — Molecular Structure of the Solid–Liquid Interface and Its Relationship to Electrodeposition 8 E04 — Electrodeposition for Energy Applications F — Electrochemical Engineering F01 — Industrial Electrochemistry and Electrochemical Engineering General Session F02 — Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy: In Honor of Bernard Tribollet

L05 — Recent Progress in Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence (ECL)

M — Sensors M01— Chemical Sensors 12. Chemical and Biological Sensors and Analytical Systems M02— Microfabricated and Nanofabricated Systems for MEMS/NEMS 12 M03— Electrochemical Analysis with Nanomaterials and Nanodevices Z — General

F03 — Contemporary Issues and Case Studies in Electrochemical Innovation 2

Z01 — General Student Poster Session

F04 — Membrane-based Electrochemical Separations 2

Z02 — Nanotechnology General Session

G — Electronic Materials and Processing G01 — High Purity and High Mobility Semiconductors 14 G02 — Semiconductors, Dielectrics, and Metals for Nanoelectronics 14 G03 — Atomic Layer Deposition Applications 12 G04 — Processing Materials of 3D Interconnects, Damascene, and Electronics Packaging 8 G05 — SiGe, Ge, and Related Materials: Materials, Processing, and Devices 7

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Winter 2015 • www.electrochem.org

ECS Institutional Members The Electrochemical Society values the support of our institutional members. Institutional members help ECS support scientific education, sustainability and innovation. Through ongoing partnership, ECS will continue to lead as the advocate, guardian, and facilitator of electrochemical and solid state science and technology.

Visionary

AMETEK – Scientific Instruments (35) USA

Metrohm USA (10) USA

Benefactor Asahi Kasei E-Materials Corporation (8) Japan BASi (1) USA Bio-Logic USA (8) USA Duracell (59) USA Gamry Instruments (9) USA Gelest Inc. (7) USA

Hydro-Québec (9) Canada Industrie De Nora S.p.A. (33) Italy Pine Research Instrumentation (10) USA Saft Batteries, Specialty Battery Group (34) USA Scribner Associates Inc. (20) USA

Patron El-Cell (2) Germany Energizer (71) USA Faraday Technology, Inc. (10) USA IBM Corporation (59) USA

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (12) USA Panasonic Corporation (22) Japan Toyota Research Institute of North America (8) USA

Sponsoring Axiall Corporation (21) USA Central Electrochemical Research Institute (23) India Electrosynthesis Company, Inc. (20) USA Ford Motor Company (2) USA GS-Yuasa International Ltd. (36) Japan Honda R&D Co., Ltd. (9) Japan IMERYS Graphite & Carbon (29) Switzerland Medtronic, Inc. (36) USA Next Energy EWE – Forschungzentrum (8) Germany

Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. (9) Japan Permascand AB (13) Sweden TDK Corporation, Device Development Center (23) Japan Technic, Inc. (20) USA Teledyne Energy Systems, Inc. (17) USA Tianjin Battery Joint-Stock Co., Ltd (2) China Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc. (36) Japan Yeager Center for Electrochemical Sciences (18) USA ZSW (12) Germany

Sustaining 3M Company (27) USA General Motors Research Laboratories (64) USA Giner, Inc./GES (30) USA International Lead Zinc Research Organization (37) USA Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., (4) Japan Leclanche SA (31) Switzerland

Los Alamos National Laboratory (8) USA Occidental Chemical Corporation (74) USA Quallion, LLC (16) USA Sandia National Labs (40) USA SanDisk (2) Japan Western Digital (1) USA

Please help us continue the vital work of ECS by joining as an institutional member today. To join or discuss institutional membership options please contact Beth Fisher, Director of Membership Services at 609.737.1902 ext. 103 or beth.fisher@electrochem.org. (Number in parentheses indicates years of membership)

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