INDEX

Note: Page numbers in bold indicate photograph captions.

Allies, the 1 Anschluss 4, 64, 68 anti-semitism 43, 56, 57, 119 Aryan race 50, 56, 122

Baldwin, Stanley 83, 84, 85, 85, 88, 94, 116 Beria, Lavrentiy 25 Berlin Olympics (1936) 52, 57, 72, 115 Bolshevik Party 8, 9, 11, 17, 18, 119 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 55, 55 Bourgeoisie 8, 10, 119 Britain 3, 81–88 British Union of Fascists 87 Brooke, Sir Alan 117 Brownshirts 47, 48, 49, 124, 125 Brüning, Heinrich 47, 48 Bukharin, Nikolai 17, 33, 33, 34, 35, 36

capitalism 8, 119 Catholic Action 55 Central Powers 1 Centre Party, Germany 44, 55 Chamberlain, Neville 88, 88, 116 Cheka 8, 12, 13, 14, 110, 119 Churchill, Winston 84, 116–117 Clemenceau, Georges 3, 3 collectivisation 17, 18, 22–23, 111, 119 Comintern (Communist International) 13, 110 command economy 19 Commissar 8, 11, 17, 111, 119 communism 8, 10, 14, 120 Communist Party (Britain) 87 Communist Party (KPD, Germany) 44 Communist Party (Russia) 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 119 concentration camps 13, 49, 51, 111 Confessing Church 55 Conservative Party 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 91, 116, 120 Constituent Assembly 8, 11, 109, 120 Council of People’s Commissars (Sovnarkom) 11 counter-revolution 12 counter-revolutionaries 8, 31, 120 cult of personality 14, 17, 19, 59, 60, 114, 121, 125 Czechoslovakia 4, 5

Danzig 4, 68 Davis, Joseph E. 35 demobilisation 83 democracy 43, 120 Democratic Socialists 10 Depression 43, 82 see also Great Depression Der Führer 43, 47, 52, 120 dictatorship 43, 120 Duma (parliament) 9

East Prussia 4 Ebert, Friederich 43 Enabling Act 49, 50, 113, 121 enemies of the people 15, 16, 25, 28, 121 Estonia 4 Europe, in 1920 4 exports 81, 121

fascism 6, 8, 10, 43, 121 February Revolution (1917) 2, 9 Ferdinand, Archduke Franz 1 Final Solution 57, 113, 119 Five-Year Plans 19, 20, 22, 29, 111 France 1, 3 free trade 81, 121 Frick, Wilhelm 49 Führer principle 59, 60, 121, 125

General Strike 81, 84–85, 116, 121 George V, King 87 German Christian Movement 54–55, 125 German Labour Front 51, 52, 53 German Workers Party 112 German Young People 53 Germany 1, 5 1933–1939 43–58 churches in 54–55 hyperinflation in 5, 45–46 impact of the Great Depression on 46–48

Weimar Germany 43–45, 46, 87, 112 women in 53–54 young people in 53 Gestapo 49, 51, 55, 113, 121 Gleichschaltung 49, 51, 121 Goebbels, Joseph 51, 57, 59, 59–61, 62, 71, 113, 114 Gold Standard 81, 82, 84, 87, 116, 122 Göring, Herman 49, 49, 51, 121 Great Depression 22, 91, 112, 122 in Britain 86–88 in Germany 46–48 see also Depression Great Terror 24–25, 28, 111, 125, 126 Gulag 16, 22, 25–26, 111, 122

Herrenvolk 50, 122 Himmler, Heinrich 52, 52 Hindenburg, President 44, 47, 48, 52, 112, 113 Hitler, Adolf 5, 43, 51, 60, 60, 68,

71, 88, 88, 112–113 and Germany (1933–1939) 43–58 and the Nuremberg laws 69 and the Nuremberg Rallies 64, 65, 67, 70 Hitler Youth 53, 57, 59, 63, 69, 122 Holocaust 49, 57–58, 122 Housing Act 83 Hungary 4 ‘Hunger marches’ 91 hyperinflation 5, 43, 45–46, 123

Imperial Preference 82, 87, 125 imports 81, 123 industrialisation, of Russia 16, 18, 20–22, 111, 123 inflation 9, 43, 45, 82, 83, 123 Italy 1, 3, 5, 6

Jarrow March 89–107 Jews 47, 51, 56–58, 69–70

Kamenev, Lev 17, 29, 30, 31, 35 Kerensky, Alexander 9 Keynes, John Maynard 84, 118 Khrushchev, Nikita 23, 112 Kirov, Sergei 24, 29, 30, 111 Kolyma Gulag, Siberia 25–26 Kremlin, Moscow 8, 26, 123 Krestinsky, Nikolai 33, 34, 34 Kristallnacht (night of broken glass) 49, 57, 114 Kronstadt naval base 14, 110 kulaks 16, 22, 123

Labour Party 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 91, 123 Land Decree 11 Latvia 4 Law, Andrew Bonar 83 League of German Maidens 53, 59, 63, 122 League of Nations 3, 4, 5 League of Young Girls 53 Lebensraum 50, 124 Lenin, Vladimir 2, 8, 11, 16, 19, 109–110 cult of personality 17 and Russia (1917–1924) 8–15 Leningrad 14, 110 Liberal Party 81, 124 Liebknecht, Karl 44 Lithuania 4 Lloyd George, David 3, 3, 82, 83, 83, 124 Luxemburg, Rosa 44 Lvov, Prince 9

MacDonald, Ramsay 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 Magnitogorsk, Russia 20 Marx, Karl 10, 10, 120 May Commission 87 Mensheviks 109, 119 Moscow 9, 11, 14 Moscow Trials see Show Trials Mosley, Sir Oswald 87 Mussolini, Benito 6, 121

National Shipbuilders Securities 90 National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) see Nazi Party National Unemployed Workers’ Movement (NUWM) 91 Nazi Party 44, 47, 48, 54, 62, 63, 64, 112 control of film 61–62 control of literature 61 control of newspapers 60, 61–62 control of radio by 60–61

Nuremberg Rallies 64, 67 Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 111 New Economic Policy (NEP) 8, 13, 14, 18, 110, 124, 127

newspapers control by the Nazis 60, 61–62 in Russia 19 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia 2, 9, 9 Niemöller, Martin 55 Night of the Long Knives 49, 51–52, 113, 124, 125 NKVD 16, 24, 25, 29, 30, 33, 124 November Criminals 44 Nuremberg Laws 57, 69–70 Nuremberg Rallies 57, 63–79 October Revolution 8, 19, 110 Old Bolsheviks 16, 25, 28, 124, 125, 126 Orlando, Vittorio 3, 3

Paris Peace Conference 2–3 Peace Decree 11 People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs see NKVD Permanent Revolution 17, 124 personality cult see cult of personality Petrograd 9, 11, 14 Petrograd Soviet 9, 11, 126 Pius XI, Pope 55 Poland 4, 45, 88, 113 Pravda 17, 110 proletariat 8, 10, 125 propaganda in Nazi Germany 59–62 in Russia 19 protectionism 82, 87, 125 protective custody 49, 125 Purges 16, 24, 32, 111, 112, 125 Pyatakov, Yuri 32

Radek, Karl 32 radio control by the Nazis 60–61 in Russia 19 Red Army 12, 14, 32 Red Guards 10, 11 Red Terror 12–13, 110 Reds 12, 110 Reichskirche 50, 54, 125 Reichsparteitag (National Party Convention) 64 Reichstag (German parliament) 47, 48, 50, 69 Reichstag Fire Decree 49, 125 Riefenstahl, Leni 64, 71, 71, 72, 115 Röhm, Ernst 51, 51, 112, 113, 124 Roosevelt, President 116 Ruhr, Germany 45, 46 Russia 1, 2 1917–1924 8–15

Civil War in 12, 14, 110, 111 famine in 14, 23

industrialisation of 20–22 propaganda in 19

Provisional Government in 8, 9, 11, 109, 125 see also USSR (Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics) Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 109 Rykov, Alexei 29, 33, 34

SA (Sturmabteilung/Brownshirts) 49, 51, 52, 112, 124, 125 St Petersburg 9, 110 Schacht, Hjalmar 52 self-determination principle 3 Shaw, George Bernard 22 shipbuilding 89, 90 show trials 16, 21, 36, 28–41, 126 assessment of 36 format of 29–30 purpose of 28–29

Trial of the Sixteen 30–31

Trial of the Seventeen 32

Trial of the Twenty-one 33–34 Social Democrats (SPD), Germany 44 socialism 16, 84, 126 Socialism in One Country 16, 17, 18, 126 Soviet 9, 126 Spartacus League 44 Speer, Albert 67, 68 SS (Schutzstaffel/Protection Squadron) 50, 51, 52, 112, 126 Stakhanov, Aleksei 21 Stakhanovite movement 21 Stalin, Joseph 11, 13, 16, 29, 110–112

Show Trials (1936–1938) 28–41 and the USSR (1924–1939) 16–27 Stalingrad 112, 113 Strength through Joy 53 Stresemann, Gustav 46

Third Reich 50, 126 totalitarian regime 13, 15, 126 totalitarianism 50 Trades Disputes Act 85 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 84 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) 9, 11, 109, 126 Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 5 Treaty of London (1915) 3 Treaty of Neuilly (1919) 5 Treaty of Sevres (1920) 5 Treaty of St Germain (1919) 5 Treaty of Trianon (1920) 5 Treaty of Versailles (1919) 3–5, 44–45, 112 Triumph of the Will (film) 71–72, 115 Trotsky, Leon 11, 11, 14, 17, 19, 28, 29, 30, 32, 111 and the Comintern 13 as Commissar of War 12 murder of 36 Tukhachevsky, Marshal 32

Ukraine 22–23 Unemployment Assistance Board 89 unemployment benefit 83, 89 United States of America 2, 46 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 9, 16–27, 110, 126 see also Russia

van der Lubbe, Marinus 49 Victory of Faith (film) 115 volk 50, 127 Volksempfänger 59, 60, 127 Volksgemeinschaft 50, 52, 63, 127 von Papen, Franz 48, 49, 52 von Schleicher, General Kurt 48, 52 vozhd (Stalin) 19 Vyshinsky, Andrei 30, 30, 31, 31, 34

Wall Street Crash 46, 82, 86, 99 War Communism 9, 13–14, 110, 127 War Guilt Clause 5, 45 Wells, H.G. 22 White Sea–Baltic Canal 26 Whites 12, 110 Wilhelm II, German Emperor/ Kaiser 2, 43 Wilkinson, Ellen 90, 93, 93 Wilson, Woodrow 3, 3 World War I 1–2, 9, 43, 82–83 World War II 21, 50, 51, 54, 57, 67, 113, 118

Yagoda, Genrikh 25, 33, 34 Yezhov, Nikolai 25, 34 Yezhovschina (rule of Yezhov) 25 Yugoslavia 4

Zinoviev, Grigory 13, 17, 29, 30, 35, 84