Standfor Evolution | High school

HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENT BOOK

NOW AND THEN

B1.1

HIGH SCHOOL

NOW AND THEN TEACHER BOOK

B1.1

STARTER #1 How does the video relate to the image?

#2 How different is society ’s relationship with information nowadays compared to the past?

#1 P ersonal answers. Suggested answer: The video is related to the image because they both talk about how any kind of media and devices can affect people’s life, especially with the rapidly spread of information in the digital era. We need to check whatever we read and see.

6 #2 Personal answers. Suggested answer: Nowadays there is much more information, and everyone can share it. In the past, information was more controlled by media.

1. Complete the sentences with the verb in parentheses in the appropriate form. listens (listen) to the radio every a. My grandma morning. like (like) to watch TV b. When I’m on vacation, I all day. c. Netflix wasn't (be – neg.) very popular in 2013. d. She understands (understand) the shows on TV without reading captions. love (love) to listen to podcasts e. Fiona and Sally while going to school. think (think) that Chinese shows are the best. f. I 2. Rewrite the sentences in the negative form of the simple past. a. I read the paper in the morning, when I get to the office.

I didn’t read the paper in the morning, when I got to the office.

b. My brother watches TV at night.

4 . Read the quotes and complete them with may, might, or must. a.

“How many Indigenous languages can you name?

Linguist Greg Dickson tells SBS that he often asks this question of University students in class and says, might be lucky if someone knows one or two.’”

‘I Johnson, Lauren. “What Is Language Extinction and Why Should We Care?”

NITV. October 06, 2016. https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/my-grandmothers-lingo/ article/2016/10/06/what-language-extinction-and-why-should-we-care.

b. may “Websites that include fake news also try to link unrelated events together to prove that there is a conspiracy. They often rely on the argument must that ‘It hasn’t been disproved, so it be true.’ Find corroborated evidence before believing these types of claims.”

“What Is Fake News?” University of Maine. November 16, 2021. https://libguides.library.umaine.edu/fakenews.

My brother didn’t watch TV at night.

c. Carol and Joe get information from the family group.

Carol and Joe didn’t get information from the family group.

d. You have to believe his story.

You didn’t have to believe his story.

e. We like to get the news from that popular TV channel.

We didn’t like to get the news from that popular TV channel.

5. Match the words to their meaning. a. accuracy d. slang b. jokes e. texting c. misinformation f. tweet f c

f. I think everybody believes fake news.

d

I didn’t think everybody believed fake news.

b e

3. Complete the sentences with a word from the box and the appropriate future form (going to or will). be • call • download • meet • repost • watch a. I think I b. Luis

will repost

a photo from my sister.

is going to watch

the new DC movie this weekend.

will download c. Anna heard it is available.

the new episode; she has just

d. Look at the snow! It beautiful day.

is going to be

e. I think I is true. f. Tatiana

will call is going to meet

a cold

Jess and ask her if the story her internet friends this Saturday.

a

A very short social media post.

False information spread regardless of intent to mislead.

Very informal words and phrases.

Funny things someone says to entertain other people.

The action of sending text messages.

The state of being correct.

6. Use the words from activity 5 to complete the sentences below. texting people from other countries; a. I love it’s a good way to practice writing. accuracy and cohesion. b. News articles must have c. My dad can’t understand everything my brother says, but slang . he enjoys listening to his talk full of d. Johnny’s uncle is so funny! He likes to tell jokes . tweet . e. I decided to fact-check that I couldn’t believe it was true!

Misinformation is a challenge for scientists and f. journalists nowadays.

STARTER 7

UNIT

1

THE POWER OF LANGUAGE

LES SON 1

working with text

1. Read the title and the subtitle of the news article below. Check what you think it will be about. Then read the text to verify your answer. a. How languages can change with time. b. How teens are responsible for most changes in a language. x c. How people in different age groups influence linguistic changes. reading

TIP

The title and the subtitle of a text can say a lot about its content.

Check for clues in them that will help you understand the text.

w w w. t heatlanti c. com

Teens Aren't Ruining Language People of all ages influence linguistic change, and it's always been that way

By Adrienne LaFrance

“Don't grill, dude,” was a thing the boys I knew in high school would say to each other a lot. It meant, essentially, stop hassling me.

There was also “budge,” short for “budget,” […] a way of saying that something was cheap, in a bad way. […]

I have not heard these terms […] since maybe 1999. I’m pretty sure that’s because no one outside of a cluster of schools in my Philadelphia-area hometown uttered them in the first place. […]

As language evolves and new terms enter the mainstream, teenagers are often blamed for debasing linguistic standards. […] But teens don’t actually influence language as much as is often claimed. That’s one of the key findings in the latest linguistic research by Mary Kohn, an assistant professor of English at Kansas State University. How much a person’s vernacular changes over time may have as much to do with personality and social standing as it has to do with age. […] The same factors that prompt teens to experiment with new language are applicable to people at many stages of life.

“There may be strong social motivations to craft an identity towards a specific social group, and changes in social structures can prompt linguistic changes as a result,” Kohn told me. “We also have fairly linguistically-stable individuals—people who just don't show much change over the lifespan. This may be expected for individuals who speak a prestige dialect or are in positions of power.”

That’s likely because people in positions of privilege don’t face the same social pressure to adapt their language, Kohn said. […]

Because language patterns are so wrapped up in larger expressions of identity, Kohn believes that people’s word choices evolve in concert with other life changes—you might adopt new words when you start attending a new school, or take a new job, or have a baby, for example. The endurance of some slang terms over time, she says, has to do with how people navigate individual life changes against an also-changing social backdrop. […]

LaFrance, Adrienne. “Teens Aren't Ruining Language.” The Atlantic. January 27, 2016. https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/blatantly-budge-and-other-deadslang/431433/.

IN THE GENRE

Some news articles can include the writer’s personal experience and are written in the first person. In the article you have just read, the journalist resorts to her personal experience as a teenager to better contextualize the topic of the article (the research about slang).

8 UNIT 1

2. Read the article again and write T (true) or F (false). In your notebook, correct the statements that are false.

T

a. T he writer quotes slang used when she was young.

F

b. T he slang the author mentions were popular all over her country. The slang were popular only in a cluster of

F

c. Teens and adults adopt new language for completely different reasons. The same factors that prompt teens to experiment

T

d. The professor who conducted the research believes that social position may influence the way a person speaks.

T

e. L anguage and choice of words can change over time.

schools in the author's Philadelphia-area hometown.

with new language are applicable to people at many stages of life.

3. Check the word or expression that has a similar meaning to the one in bold. a. "[…] no one outside of a cluster of schools in my Philadelphia-area hometown uttered them in the first place." x group selection language students b. "How much a person’s vernacular changes over time may have as much to do with personality and social standing as it has to do with age." x spoken language personality slang place c. "[…] changes in social structures can prompt linguistic changes as a result […]." x cause stop end understand d. "Because language patterns are so wrapped up in larger expressions of identity, Kohn believes that people’s word choices evolve in concert with other life changes […]." distant from separate from x together with related to 4. Read the article again and write a short paragraph in your notebook summarizing what influences linguistic changes.

5. Discuss the questions below in pairs. Personal answers. a. Do you agree that language and identity are closely related? How? Suggested answer: yes, language is a fundamental

aspect of a person's culture and values, which means it is closely related to identity.

b. The author says that the slang she and her friends used in school stayed local. Can you give examples of language you use with your friends that people outside your group wouldn't understand?

c. Which slang terms you use today would you like to incorporate into the "standard" language? How would you define them in a dictionary?

TIM E TO REFLECT

With the advance of technology, language needs to continuously adapt to our needs. How do you think the English language may change within the next 50 years as technology evolves? Do you think the impact may be positive or negative? Discuss these questions in pairs. words and meanings

Speech Verbs vocabulary

TIP

Whenever you look up a word in the dictionary, make sure you read the examples provided. They show the word being used in context.

6. Match the pictures below with the speech verbs that best represent them. agree • deny • explain • shout a.

c.

explain

shout

b.

d.

agree

deny

7. Read the sentences below. Check the speech verb that best replaces the verbs or expressions in bold. a. "Why don't you write an article about your research?", Julie said. x suggested reported b. "It is not true that only teenagers use slang!", the students said. x disagreed reported c. The teacher told students to stop writing and leave the class immediately. x ordered insisted d. Today the university is going to say which students will write the articles for the news section of its website. x announce express

Personal answers. Suggested answer: Languages evolve, and people experiment with new language at different stages of life. People who speak dialects or are in positions of power don’t often change their language use. People’s language varies according to changes in life, such as getting a new job or having a baby.

LESSON 1 9

UNIT

2

MANIPULATIVE LES SON 1 NEWS

working with text

1. Read the news article quickly. Which of the sentences below is the best subtitle for the text? a. Questioning too much can be stressful for people who read the news. x b. People who do not question the source of information experience physical and mental stress. c. Readers who do not believe the news tend to suffer from heart problems. d. Individuals who read too much tend to experience more heart problems. w w w. mmu. ac. uk

Fake news is “bad for your heart and health” […]

People with low “information discernment” (ID) – who do not question the source or reliability of information – demonstrate unhealthy symptoms of physical and mental stress, a pilot study led by Manchester Metropolitan University has found. […]

Researchers found that people with low ID have a flawed “threat” response when presented with misleading information in a stressful situation, producing a stress response and bringing about unhelpful cardiac responses […].

In an era of “fake news” and the mass proliferation of unverified information online, the findings show that being able to make informed, balanced judgements is crucial for a person’s wellbeing. […]

Dr. Geoff Walton, Senior Lecturer in Information and Communications at Manchester Metropolitan University and principal investigator on the study, said: “Those who aren’t very good at making judgements about information they read or see in newspapers, TV, or social media, especially misinformation such as fake news, experience a negative physical response to it.” […]

“However, our previous research has shown that we can change this through teaching and training so that people get better at making judgements about misinformation such as fake news.” […]

“This shows it is now time for school teachers and lecturers to be given the right tools, devised in our previous research, to develop ID in their learners.”

The results will be presented at the European Conference on Information Literacy (ECIL) later this year. [...]

“Fake News Is ‘Bad for Your Heart and Health’.” Manchester Metropolitan University. June 20, 2018. https://www.mmu.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/story/7949/. (Adapted)

IN THE GENRE

Sometimes a news article reports the results of scientific research and studies. Such articles usually mention the names of the scientists involved in the study, as well as the college or institution where the research took place.

They also mention how the study was conducted, the most important findings, and possible future outcomes.

16 UNIT 2

reading

TIP

Making inferences means “reading between the lines” or “using the context to figure out meaning.” When you make an inference about a text or the meaning of some words, you gather the clues in the text or in a specific extract and your own knowledge to understand what the text says.

2. Check the alternative that presents the main idea of the text. x a. A study conducted by a university has shown that people who believe the news without questioning what they read tend to have more mental and physical issues caused by stress. b. Scientists have found out that people who have physical and mental health issues usually don’t believe the news they read or watch on TV. c. According to a recent survey, most scientists don’t believe the news they read or hear. d. According to recent research, people who go to good schools are less likely to believe fake news.

3. Match the words in bold in the extracts from the article with their meanings. a. “[…] the source or reliability of information […]”

e

design

b. “[…] people with low ID have a flawed ‘threat’ response […]”

a

accuracy

c. “[…] when presented with misleading information […]”

d

unchecked

d. “[…] the mass proliferation of unverified information online […]”

c

false

b

weak, defective

e. “[…] it is now time for school teachers and lecturers to be given the right tools, devised in our previous research […]”

ARE YOU A FAKE NEWS FIGHTER? Answer yes or no to the sentences below.

I have never page(s).

Suggested answer: Education can be a tool to help prepare a person to discern what is fake and what is fact.

working with gr ammar

Present Perfect with already, ever, GRAMMAR REFERENCE never, and yet

P. 45

6. Read the quiz sentences and complete them with the words in the box. Then answer them with your own ideas and check your results. been • blocked • questioned • removed • reported • shared Personal answers. Suggested answer: The article suggests teaching and training people so they get better at making judgments about misinformation such as fake news. I think this solution is good because with information people won’t believe in fake news and will learn how to detect them.

fake news on my social media

I have already blocked people who spread fake news.

I have already questioned the legitimacy of news and images that other people posted.

My friends have already removed news and picture from their pages because I told them they were fake.

I haven’t I have

been

fooled by fake news yet.

reported

fake news to news sites.

Read the quiz again and check the sentences that are true about the present perfect.

1. W e use the present perfect when we want to talk about past events. x

2. We use the present perfect when we want to talk about past experiences that have an effect in the present.

x

3. The present perfect can be accompanied by the words already, ever, never, and yet.

4. The article suggests a solution for people to make better judgments about news. What is it? What do you think of the solution they give? Write your ideas in your notebook.

5. Discuss the questions in pairs. Personal answers. a. Do you think that the results of the study make sense?

Why or why not? b. How do you usually feel when you read/watch the news? c. How do you think education can help people develop information discernment?

shared

4. The present perfect can be accompanied by time expressions such as a long time ago, in the past, last year. x

5. T he present perfect is formed by the auxiliary have/ has and the main verb in the past participle.

x

6. Questions in the present perfect are formed by the auxiliary have/has + subject + main verb in the past participle.

7. Rewrite the sentences adding the words ever, never, already, or yet in the appropriate place. a. Have you posted news without checking beforehand?

Have you ever posted news without checking beforehand?

b. I haven’t written my article about social media manipulation.

I haven’t written my article about social media manipulation yet.

c. I have received the same fake news three times.

I have already received the same fake news three times.

Suggested answer: Yes, the results make sense because a person’s well-being is close related to how they will react to negative experiences (such as fake news).

LESSON 1 17

UNIT

3

REFURBISHED LES SON 1 CLASSICS

working with text

1. Match the pictures with the names of the stories. Then, in your notebook, write what you know about these kinds of stories. a. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs b. Hansel and Gretel c. The Ugly Duckling d. Cinderella

b

a

d

c

Personal answers. Suggested answer: They are fairy tales.

Fairy tales are classic stories aimed at children and usually present magical creatures, princesses, princes, etc., and a happy ending.

2. Read the fanfic below. Which of the fairy tales in activity 1 does it refer to? What makes you think so?

Geekerella: A Fangirl Fairy Tale […] “Sweetie, a little faster this morning.” She snaps her fingers for me to hurry up.

I shuffle over to the counter and pry open the coffee tin. The smell is strong and cheap […].

Catherine—my stepmom—picks up another magazine to cut.

“No carbs this morning. I’m feeling bloated and I have a meeting with a couple this afternoon. Big wedding plans. […]” […]

I glance up at the clock on the microwave. 8:24 a.m. […] I say a silent prayer to the Lord of Light or Q or whoever is listening: Please, for once, let the stepmonster and the twins leave the house on time. […]

Catherine is a wedding planner. […] You’d think she does it because of her own happily-ever-after cut short, but that’s a lie.

She wants her weddings in Vogue and InStyle […].

“I want to at least look like I shop at Tiffany’s,” she says, talking more to herself than to me.

It’s the same spiel again and again. How she used to shop at Tiffany’s. […] How she used to be happily married with two wonderful daughters. She never mentions me, her stepdaughter.

[…] “But that was all before. Before your father left me and the twins here in this dreadful little house.” […] And then, when the neighbor dog lets out a sharp howl, she sets down her cup. […] “If it doesn’t shut up soon,” she goes on in that cool, detached voice of hers, “I’ll muzzle it myself.”

“His name’s Franco,” I remind her. “And he doesn’t like being tied up.”

“Well, we all must get used to disappointment,” she replies, and takes another sip of coffee. Her blood-colored lips turn into a scowl and she shoves the mug back at me. “Too bitter. Try again.” […] “Girls!” Catherine calls […]. “Hurry up or you’ll be late for Mr. Craig’s lesson! Girls? Girls! You’d better be awake or so help me I’ll . . .” […]

My summertime morning routine goes like this: Wake up— coffee, extra scoop for Mondays. Catherine stoops over the morning papers, cutting out coupons. Lingers too long on purses and pretty dresses. Says something passive-aggressive about her old life. […] Catherine goes upstairs to yell at the twins for “forgetting” to set their alarms. I still don’t fix breakfast. Ten minutes later, the twins are fighting over the shower […]. […] Chloe and Calliope are starters on the varsity tennis team.

Organizers of the homecoming committee. Prom leaders. And they don’t mind using their popularity to remind everyone at school that I’m practically dirt. That without their family, I’d be an orphan.

Thanks. Like I could forget that.

Poston, Ashley. Geekerella (Once upon a Con) Volume 1. Philadelphia, PA: Quirk Books, 2017.

24 UNIT 3

3. Read the text again and write T (true) or F (false).

F a. Catherine is Geekerella’s mom.

F b. Catherine sees Geekerella as her daughter.

F c. Catherine likes dogs.

T d. The twins are teenagers.

F e. The family is rich.

IN THE GENRE

Fanfic (short for fan fiction) is literally “fiction made by fans.” It consists of a story created by using characters, settings, or plots from another story, be it from a television show, a fairy tale, a comic book, or a novel.

c. How do you think the rest of the story goes?

Personal answers. Students should predict how the elements in item b fit into the rest of the modern version of the story.

working with gr ammar

Giving Advice: Had better GRAMMAR REFERENCE

P. 46

6. Complete the sentences based on the story of Geekerella using the words and phrases in the box. There are two extra options. be • better • better not • fix • hurry • not be

reading

TIP

Whenever you come across words or expressions you do not know or understand, look for context clues that can help you guess their meaning.

4. Read the fanfic again and write the parts of the story that show the following situations. a. Catherine is worried about her appearance.

“No carbs this morning. I’m feeling bloated and I have a meeting with a couple this afternoon.”

b. Geekerella’s stepmom is not nice to her.

“She never mentions me, her stepdaughter.”

c. Geekerella likes to be alone.

“I say a silent prayer to the Lord of Light or Q or whoever is listening: Please, for once, let the stepmonster and the twins leave the house on time.”

d. Geekerella does not have a good relationship with her stepsisters.

“And they don’t mind using their popularity to remind everyone at school that I’m practically dirt. That without their family, I’d be an orphan.”

5. Discuss the questions in pairs. Then write the answers. a. How is Geekerella different from the original story, Cinderella?

It happens in modern times, sisters are popular at school, the stepmom is as a wedding planner, and it mentions famous modern magazines.

b. Think about the other characters and elements of Cinderella. How would you fit them into Geekerella?

Personal answers. Students should think of modern versions for the fairy, the pumpkin that turns into a carriage, the crystal shoe, and the prince.

a. She had better

fix

breakfast quickly.

b. “You’d better not be sleeping, girls!”, said her stepmom. c. They’d better

hurry

or they will be late.

better d. “I’d be quiet and pray for them to leave soon,” she thought to herself.

7. Read the full sentences in activity 6 and circle the best option in the Deductions box.

1. We use the expression had better / better when we want to express that something is strong advice; if not done, there can be negative consequences.

2. The negative form of better / had better is better don’t / had better not.

3. The verb form after had better is to + infinitive / base form.

4. The contracted form ’d stands for would / had.

8. Complete the sentences below using had better or had better not and the verbs in the box. accept • be • come back • cut off • let had better come back a. Cinderella before midnight.

b. Snow White (neg.) apple from the witch. c. The Beast (neg.)

from the ball

had better not accept had better not let

the the rose die.

had better be d. Hansel and Gretel witch in the gingerbread house.

aware of the

had better not cut off e. “You (neg.)

Rapunzel!”, said the witch.

your braids,

LEESON 1 25

UNIT

4

THE FUTURE OF WORK

working with text

1. Read the title and the first paragraph of the blog post below. What is the post’s main purpose? a. To alert readers to the dangers offered by some professions. b. To list the highest-paying jobs in 2021. x c. To show high-demand careers for the near future. d. To list the most interesting jobs of the moment.

LES SON 1

IN THE GENRE

A blog post is a digital text genre that can be similar to newspaper articles, diary entries, or even random scribbles in a notebook, depending on the writer’s purpose. They sometimes contain simple links to other sites, narrative commentary, or embedded or linked media components, like images, videos, and audio files.

Posts can have longer or shorter texts, but they are often not very long.

www.careerfitter.com

These Careers Are Your Best Chance to Get a Job

By Troy Norton […] These are the jobs with the highest demand for hiring. Some of them […] require no college degree, some of them have online courses, and some of them allow you to work from home. […]

Solar Photovoltaic Installer […] If you like to work outside and you like working with your hands and tools, this job could be perfect for you. […]

It’s one of those high-paying jobs you don’t need a college degree for, and most companies will train you. Companies offer on-the-job training that could take up to a year. […]

Occupational Therapy Assistant […] As an occupational therapist, you will help patients develop the skills they need to do a range of daily activities, from getting dressed to working, learning, and playing. […] You could work with premature babies at a pediatric hospital or in schools with children who have developmental, learning, or behavioral disorders. You could also work in nursing homes helping patients recover from strokes or manage Alzheimer’s Disease. Many occupational therapists even help accident victims regain the skills they need to live their best lives. […]

Home Health & Personal Care Aide […] Want to keep your feet on the ground, stay out of the wind,

and do meaningful work with people? Home Health or Personal Care Aide might be your cup of tea.

For this purposeful job, you will travel to people’s homes, group homes, and other settings to provide daily care to patients. You will administer medication and check patient pulse rates, temperature, and blood pressure readings. […]

Information Security Analyst […] Love computers and problem-solving? This job might hit the spot for you. As an Information Security Analyst, you will help companies secure critical data by coming up with solutions that prevent cyber attacks. Using a brilliant combination of logic and creativity, you’ll assess security issues companies might face, innovate defense plans, and build company awareness. […]

Derrick Operators | Oil and Gas Industry If you are more of a “hands-on” person who likes to work out in the field in all types of weather, you might like being a Derrick Operator for the Oil and Gas Industry. […]

If this career sounds like a good fit for you, then the best news is you are ready to get started because this job has its own training program, no formal education is required, and you might find a way in by becoming an apprentice first! […]

Norton, Troy. “These 12 Careers Are Your Best Chance to Get a Job in 2021.” Career Fitter. February 11, 2021. https://www.careerfitter.com/career-advice/12-best-careers-jobs-for-2020-2021.

reading

TIP

When reading a text, underline the expressions and words you don’t understand, but don’t stop your reading because of them. Then go back and read the text one more time. Are they still confusing? If the answer is yes, then it is a good idea to look up their meaning.

2. Read the job descriptions in the blog post again. What jobs would you suggest for each person below? a. Nicolle: “I think I’d like to do something related to health care. I like to be with people and having a job where I would be helping them sounds perfect to me.”

Home Health & Personal Care Aide.

32 UNIT 4

b. Havana: “I like to work outdoors, and I would prefer a job that does not require a college education and pays well. Not because I don’t want to go to college, but because I have to make money if I want to continue my studies in the future.”

Solar Photovoltaic Installer.

c. Luke: “I would love to have a job where I could work with numbers and computers. I am a logical person who is really good at analyses and helping to solve problems.”

Information Security Analyst.

d. John: “I like working with children with disabilities, so I would probably look for a job in health care, to help the little ones.”

Occupational Therapy Assistant.

1. We use the zero conditional for facts and things that are generally true.

F

2. We use the zero conditional for hypothetical situations.

T

3. To form the zero conditional, we use the verbs/ modals in the simple present in both clauses.

F

4. To form the zero conditional, we use the main verb of the if clause in the simple past.

T

5. When the if clause of the sentence comes first, you need a comma to separate the clauses.

5. Complete the sentences below in your notebook with information about yourself. Use the zero conditional structure. a. If I am late for class, I usually

.

b. I usually ask my friends for help if

e. Natan: “The only thing I know is that I don’t want a job in an office. I like doing things with my hands, preferably outside. Oh, and I don’t mind the weather. I could work outside on cold days, too.”

Derrick Operator | Oil and Gas Industry.

3. Answer the questions below in your notebook and share your ideas with a partner. a. Which job from the list would you choose? Why? b. In your opinion, what are other careers to be added to this list? c. This list is based mostly on the demands in the USA. How do you think this list would be different in Brazil?

Personal answers. Students should give their opinions about the content of the blog post.

working with gr ammar

Zero Conditional GRAMMAR REFERENCE

T

P. 47

4. Match the sentence halves to create sentences about the blog post. Then read the sentences in the Deductions box and write T (true) or F (false). a. If you like to work helping people,… b. If you don’t want to work inside,… c. This job is for you… b b ecoming a Solar Photovoltaic Installer is an interesting option. a you can be happy working as an occupational therapist. c if you love computers and problem-solving.

.

c. If we know what we want to do with our lives,

.

Personal answers. Students should complete with a clause in the simple present or with a modal such as can and may.

First Conditional

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

P. 47

6. Circle the clause in bold that best reflects your opinion.

Then read the sentences in the Deductions box and circle the best choices. a. If I become a doctor, I will have to work long hours / won’t have to worry about money. b. If I choose a career in the Arts, I won’t be successful / will be happy with my career choice. c. I will be happy and fulfilled if I decide to follow my true passion / choose a career that pays well.

Personal answers. Students should circle the options according to their own opinion.

1. We use the first conditional for things that are certainly going to happen / are possible future conditions with likely results.

2. To form the if clause in the first conditional, we use if + subject + simple present / if + subject + future.

3. To form the result clause in the first conditional, we use future with will / simple present.

7. Complete the sentences in your notebook with your own ideas. Use the first conditional structure. a. If I have the chance one day,

.

b. If I don’t follow the career I want to, c. I will choose a job in

if

. .

Personal answers. Students must use the simple present or future accordingly to complete the sentences with their own ideas.

LESSON 1 33

PROJECT ign a game?

Driving question: What does it take to des Personal answers. Students should answer based on their own experiences.

40 PROJECT

PROJECT 41

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

43

GRAMMAR REFERENCE UNIT 1 PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST The present perfect is used for the past and the present, for events that started in the past and continue until now.

• To form the present perfect, use the present tense of have + the past participle of the main verb.

• To form the past participle with regular verbs, add -ed to the base form of the verb.

2. Write sentences in the simple past. a. Jeff/listen/to his mother (–) Jeff didn’t listen to his mother.

b. the car/crash/into a wall (+) The car crashed into a wall.

+

I have (I’ve)/You have (You’ve)/ eaten all He has (He’s)/She has (She’s)/It has (It’s) the cookies.

We have (We’ve)/They have (They’ve)

c. the bus/stop/at the bus stop (–)

–

I have not (haven’t)/You have not (haven’t)/ He has not (hasn’t)/She has not (hasn’t)/ seen that It has not (hasn’t) movie.

We have not (haven’t)/They have not (haven’t)

d. you/see/your friends/at the party (?)

Have I/Have you/Has he/Has she/Has it Have we/Have they

ever played baseball?

e. Naomi/buy you/a birthday present (– ?)

What have I/What have you/ What has he/What has she/What has it What have we/What have they

done today?

?

Haven’t I/Haven’t you/ Hasn’t he/Hasn’t she/ ever tried –?

Hasn’t it/Haven’t we/Haven’t they sushi?

1. Circle the appropriate option to complete the sentences. a. b. c. d. e. f.

Have / Has you ever ridden a horse?

Kyle haven’t / hasn’t done his homework.

Has Erica start / started her science project?

I haven’t / hasn’t seen my grandparents for ages!

Hasn’t he / we brought along an umbrella?

We’ve saw / seen this TV show a few times. It’s good.

The simple past is used for an action in the past that is finished.

• To form the simple past with regular verbs, add -ed to the base form of the verb. +

I/You/He/She/It We/They

bought this T-shirt yesterday.

–

I/You/He/She/It We/They

didn’t arrive on time.

?

Did I/Did you/Did he/Did she/Did it Did we/Did they

go on vacation last year?

–?

Didn’t I/Didn’t you/Didn’t he/Didn’t she/ Didn’t it/Didn’t we/Didn’t they

come home last night?

44 GRAMMAR REFERENCE • UNIT 1

The bus didn’t stop at the bus stop.

Did you see your friends at the party?

Didn’t Naomi buy you a birthday present?

f. my dinner/be/delicious (+) My dinner was delicious.

3. Unscramble and use the prompts to write sentences using the present perfect or the simple past. a. They/their homework/last night/not finish They didn’t finish their homework last night.

b. My sister/this year/to New York/be/three times My sister has been to New York three times this year.

c. Mark Twain/write/in 1884/Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain wrote Huckleberry Finn in 1884.

d. post/a funny selfie/last night/Leah Leah posted a funny selfie last night.

e. I/this TV show/not see/since/I/be/little kid I haven’t seen this TV show since I was a little kid.

UNIT 2 PRESENT PERFECT WITH ALREADY, EVER, NEVER, JUST, AND YET

We can use already, ever, never, just, and yet with the present perfect.

• Already means that something has happened – perhaps sooner than we expected it to.

• Ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now. Ever is used when we mean at any time; never means at no time.

• We use just to talk about something that happened in the recent past.

• We use yet when we expect something to happen.

Already

I’m not hungry. I have already had dinner.

It is 5 p.m. and most of the students have already left.

Ever

Have you ever visited Berlin?

Nobody has ever done this before.

Never

I have never visited Berlin.

She has never said that.

Just

I didn’t hear the telephone ring because I have just got home.

Have you just woken up? You look sleepy.

Yet

I’m surprised that you haven’t read the blog post yet.

Has Mrs. Davis arrived yet?

1. Circle the appropriate option to complete the sentences below. a. I have already / just bought this computer. It is brand new! b. Why haven’t you eaten your breakfast yet / always?

We’re in a hurry. c. I have yet / just seen a bear in the backyard. d. It’s only 9 a.m., but I’ve already / yet done my homework and cleaned my room. e. I have never / yet seen a house so big! f. Have you never / ever studied abroad?

2. Complete the sentences using already, ever, never, just, or yet. just started doing his homework. a. He has yet . b. You haven’t drunk your tea already answered grandma’s letter? c. Have you never travelled abroad. d. He has just heard the good news! e. I have yet . f. They haven’t arrived at school ever been to Italy. g. This is the first time I have already submitted his presentation. h. Brian has

3. Use the prompts to write sentences in the present perfect. a. Danielle/graduate/from high school (just) Danielle has just graduated from high school.

b. I/be/on a diet (never) I have never been on a diet.

c. Jacob/not meet/Allison (yet) Jacob hasn’t met Allison yet.

d. We/make/my sister’s birthday cake (already) We have already made my sister’s birthday cake.

e. Kevin and Hailey/get married (just) Kevin and Hailey have just got married.

f. Ivan/not buy/tickets for the school dance (yet) Ivan hasn’t bought tickets for the school dance yet.

g. Julia/study/French (never) Julia has never studied French.

h. I/finish/high school (already) I have already finished high school.

i. Brian/submit/his presentation (already) Brian has already submitted his presentation.

4. Complete the sentences with already or yet. yet a. Have you been to the Parkview Mall ? I have heard it’s really cool. b. Camilla has already had lunch. She isn’t hungry. yet c. You haven’t cleaned your room . What have you been doing? already explained this to you several times. d. I have Aren’t you listening?

GRAMMAR REFERENCE • UNIT 2 45