Juana Cattunar
StandFor
Grammar
Practice On the Contents page you can look up a specific grammar topic and explore related subtopics. There are nine chapters in this grammar resource with a different function presented in each one. An easy-to-understand explanation is available in the introduction of each new topic and is illustrated by example sentences. Tables show you all the forms you need to know. The activities are classified into three different difficulty levels, indicated by icons.
StandFor Grammar Practice
StandFor Grammar Practice is a practical guide that presents you with numerous possibilities for improving your English in ways that best fit your needs. By providing you with an overview of English grammar in context, StandFor Grammar Practice aims to facilitate your learning process and thus allowing you to put into practice what is meaningful to you within the context of actual communication.
Juana Cattunar
StandFor
Grammar
Practice
Every chapter contains listening activities so that you can improve your oral comprehension skills. The audio is available on the website.
ISBN 978-85-322-9434-0
www.standfor.com.br
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The Key pages at the end of the book allow you to check your answers.
3/27/15 12:07 PM
Juana Cattunar
StandFor
Grammar
Practice
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Unal Ozmen/Shutterstock/Glow Images (flour); Analia Valeria Urani/ Shutterstock/Glow Images (pizza); ANATOL/Shutterstock/Glow Images (bread); pp. 41 Pressmaster/ Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 43 bullet74/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 44 Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 45 Kamil Macniak/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman); Ivonne Wierink/Shutterstock/ Glow Images (clowns); pp. 46 Luciano Mortula/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Statue of Liberty); Antonin Vinter/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Ben Nevis); Eve81/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Loch Ness); Kiev.Victor/ Shutterstock/Glow Images (English Channel); Songquan Deng/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 48 Carlos E. Santa Maria/Shutterstock/Glow Images (basketball); renkshot/Shutterstock/Glow Images (formula one car); ArtFamily/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman); Mihai Simonia/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Hi-Fi system); Edhar/Shutterstock/Glow Images (African American man); pp. 53 Timof/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 54 Iofoto/Shutterstock/Glow Images (children); Picsfive/Shutterstock/Glow Images (blackboard); pp. 55 Rob Wilson/Shutterstock/Glow Images (car); Gelpi JM/Shutterstock/Glow Images (little girl); Fotoluminate LLC/Shutterstock/Glow Images (girl); Fotokostic/Shutterstock/Glow Images (soccer field); Ingvar Bjork/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Europe map); pp. 56 RM/Shutterstock/Glow Images (Amazon River); pp. 59 Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock/Glow Images (cheetah); pp. 60 Indigolotos/ Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 63 Ollyy/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 64 Vikulin/Shutterstock/Glow Images (girls); Daria Filimonova/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman); Maridav/Shutterstock/Glow Images (athletes); MaxyM/Shutterstock/Glow Images (kitty); PIO3/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy and girl); Sudheer Sakthan/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock/Glow Images (school library); pp. 71 William Perugini/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 72 rmnoa357/Shutterstock/Glow Images (bus station); Guroldinneden/Shutterstock/Glow Images (ferryboat); Art Konovalov/Shutterstock/Glow Images (bus); Yusef El-Mansouri/Shutterstock/Glow Images (subway); Oleksiy Mark/Shutterstock/Glow Images (train); Martin Lehmann/Shutterstock/Glow Images (motorbike); pp. 73 Marlee/Shutterstock/ Glow Images (motorhome); Aleshyn_Andrei/Shutterstock/Glow Images (girl on a bike); Maksim Toome/ Shutterstock/Glow Images (car); Ifong/Shutterstock/Glow Images (plane); Viorel Sima/Shutterstock/Glow Images (business man); pp. 76 Andresr/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 78 Absolute-India/Shutterstock/ Glow Images (twins); Onigiri studio/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 79 Mangostock/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 80 Panom Pensawang/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); Lightpoet/Shutterstock/Glow Images (scientist); pp. 85 Vladitto/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 87 Syda Productions/Shutterstock/Glow Images (screaming woman); Hurst Photo/Shutterstock/Glow Images (party); pp. 88 Imtmphoto/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 89 Lightpoet/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 91 RPM.Photo/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 94 S_Oleg/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy and girl); Rainer Plendl/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); pp. 96 Pio3/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 102 PathDoc/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 104 Yuganov Konstantin/Shutterstock/Glow Images (hungry girl); Jaimie Duplass/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman and girl); Photobank gallery/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); pp. 105 Rob Hainer/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 106 photo.ua/Shutterstock/Glow Images (backpack); GTeam/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman and her dog); pp. 107 Carlos E. Santa Maria/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman and her fish); auremar/Shutterstock/Glow Images; YanLev/Shutterstock/Glow Images (teens); maxim ibragimov/ Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); Africa Studio/Shutterstock/Glow Images (girl); pp. 112 Angela Waye/ Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 114 Jiri Miklo/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 116 Goodluz/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 118 bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 119 LiliGraphie/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 122 Maksym Gorpenyuk/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 125 Konstantin Chagin/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 127 Zatletic/Dreamstime (Mother Teresa); Nickola_Che/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman); pp. 128 bikeriderlondon/Shutterstock/Glow Images (team); panco971/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boy); Elena Sikorskaya/Shutterstock/Glow Images (couple); pp. 129 rSnapshotPhotos/Shutterstock/Glow Images (bus); Lisa F. Young/Shutterstock/Glow Images (boys); wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock/Glow Images (woman); Rob Marmion/Shutterstock/Glow Images (sick girl); pp. 132 Hasloo Group Production Studio/ Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 133 Hung Chung Chih/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 138 pio3/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 140 kosmos111/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 141 LingHK/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 144 Laszlo Szirtesi/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 147 gosphotodesign/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 150 michaeljung/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 152 Viorel Sima/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 155 Jill Chen/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 160 Sergey Lavrentev/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 163 Jacek Chabraszewski/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 167 prudkov/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 168 Renata Osinska/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 178 Eugenio Marongiu/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 185 Stephen Coburn/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 190 Maya Kruchankova/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 192 Tyler Olson/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 193 michaeljung/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 195 wavebreakmedia/ Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 197 Lisa S./Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 200 michaeljung/Shutterstock/ Glow Images; pp. 201 Sean Locke Photography/Shutterstock/Glow Images; pp. 204 bikeriderlondon/ Shutterstock/Glow Images.
Introduction
C
ongratulations! You have taken an important step in furthering your knowledge of the English language! In your hands, you have a grammar resource that can help you to delve deeper into the English language and increase your understanding and knowledge of today’s lingua franca. Whether you will be using StandFor English Practice in a classroom setting or as an independent study resource, you will discover aspects of the English language that will enhance and bolster your communication skills. Through clear explanations, in-context examples, accompanying practice exercises, and listening activities recorded by native speakers, StandFor English Practice is designed to help you build confidence through knowledge as you continue your language studies. In addition to its extensive coverage, you will find that StandFor English Practice is structured differently from many grammar resources. Here, English grammar, with its nuances and exceptions, is presented in functions rather than topics. In this way, you are given the freedom to move throughout the book at your own pace and as your needs and interests require. You are provided with possibilities for independent learning and discovery of the language. The book’s structure and the fact that the answer key is located at the back of the book help you to tailor your learning in the way that most benefits you. The division of the book, with each chapter dealing with specific functions, also allows you to quickly locate the resources you need in order to communicate. You will find it easy to go directly to what you are interested in, thus enabling you to broaden your understanding of the English language and the way it is actually used. StandFor English Practice is a practical guide that presents you with numerous possibilities for furthering your understanding of English in ways that best fit your needs. By providing you with an overview of English grammar in context, StandFor English Practice aims to facilitate your learning process. This thus allows you to put into practice that which has meaning for you within the context of actual communication. As you move through the book, notice the icons being used. They were purposely chosen to be symbolic of your journey on the path to a fuller understanding of the English language. Your journey is already underway. Take advantage of all that StandFor English Practice has to offer in order to climb to new heights in your language learning and development!
How to use this Grammar Book
How should you use this grammar book?
CONTENTS
You can use it as a resource in different ways! It can be used in a classroom setting, with the guidance of a teacher. It can also be used as an independent learning or study resource at home. If you are looking for a specific grammar topic, look it up on the Contents page and then go directly to what you are searching for. You can also look for specific functions; just have a look at the title of each chapter to help you find the appropriate section. In addition to the main topics, there are also many related subtopics.
CHAPTER 1 NAMING AND IDENTIFYING Articles
9 10
Definite Article
11
No Article
12
43
A Little / A Few
44
14
45
Exclamations
47
Adjectives
48
Position of Multiple Adjectives
Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns 13 Plural Nouns
Much / Many / A Lot of How + Adjective
10
Indefinite Articles
49
Adjectives Ending in -ed / -ing
50
Nouns as Adjectives
51
14
Adjectives with a Preposition
Irregular Plurals
15
Comparatives and Superlatives
Singular or Plural?
15
Comparatives: Adjectives and Adverbs
16
As... as
55
17
Comparatives: Nouns
56
Comparatives: Verbs
57
Regular Plurals
This / These / That / Those This / These That / Those
17
As Adjectives
18
As Pronouns
19
Subject Pronouns
20
53 53
Superlatives: Adjectives and Adverbs
58
Less / The Least
61
Superlatives: Nouns and Verbs Adverbs
Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns 22
52
61 62
Possessive Adjectives
22
Adverbs of Manner
62
Possessive Pronouns
24
Adverbs of Degree
64
The Possessive ’s
Prepositions
25
Prepositions of Place
67 67
Basic Use
25
Special Cases
28
Prepositions of Movement
68
29
Prepositions of Time: in / at / on
71
31
Prepositions and Verbs with Means
Whose Double Possessives
32
of Transportation
One / Ones
33
What…? / Which…?
34
CHAPTER 3
Object Pronouns
CHAPTER 2 QUANTIFYING AND QUALIFYING Quantifiers Countable and Uncountable Nouns
VERb TENSES I Simple Present – Verb Be
72
75 76
35
Affirmative Form
76
36
Negative Form
77
Wh-questions
79
36
Yes / No Questions
80
There is / There are
38
Some / Any / No / None
39
How much…? / How many…?
41
Spelling Rules
84
Yes / No Questions about Quantities
42
Reflexive Verbs
86
Verb + -ing / Verb + Infinitive
83
StandFor Grammar Practice
You will find nine chapters, each containing different functions. Together, these chapters provide you with a complete overview of the main English grammar topics. A list of topics is available on the Contents page as well as on the first page of every chapter. This way, you can see in advance what you will find in each chapter.
Chapter 1 Naming and Identifying
9
Verb Tenses I
Chapter 3 Verb Tenses I 75
Chapter 2 Quantifying and Qualifying 35
4
Verb Tenses II
5
Expressing Possibility, Necessity, and Desire
CONTENTS Modal Verbs Can / Could May / Might Should Must Need Have to Will Shall Would Wish Summary of Meanings Degrees of Certainty
7
6
CONTENTS Reported Speech Reporting with the Present Tense Reporting with the Past Tense
Linking Words and Conditional Clauses
CONTENTS Linking Words for Sequences Relative Pronouns – Clauses Relative Pronouns – Defining Clauses Relative Pronouns as Subjects or Objects Whose Relative Pronouns – Non-defining Clauses Present Conditional Conditional Sentences Zero Conditional First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional
Talking about What People Say
8
Talking about Passive Tenses and Word Order
Chapter 5 Expressing Possibility, Necessity, and Desire 159
9
chapter
Have got – Simple Present Affirmative and Negative Forms Expressions with Have Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Simple Present Affirmative Form Negative Form Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Frequency Adverbs Expressions of Frequency Present Progressive Affirmative and Negative Forms Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Future Meaning Simple Present vs. Present Progressive Simple Past – Verb Be Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Simple Past – Regular Verbs Affirmative Form Spelling and Pronunciation Rules Simple Past – Irregular Verbs Affirmative Form Negative Form – Regular and Irregular Verbs Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Past Progressive Affirmative and Negative Forms Yes / No Questions and Short Answers Wh-questions Past Progressive vs. Simple Past When / While Talking about the Future Simple Present for the Future Present Progressive for the Future Going to Future Simple Future Present Perfect Affirmative and Negative Forms Present Perfect with For / Since Present Perfect vs. Simple Past Present Perfect Progressive Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Affirmative and Negative Forms Chapter 4 Verb Tenses II 101 Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
chapter
Quantifiers Countable and Uncountable Nouns There is / There are Some / Any / No / None How much…? / How many…? Yes / No Questions about Quantities Much / Many / A Lot of A Little / A Few How + Adjective Exclamations Adjectives Position of Multiple Adjectives Adjectives Ending in -ed / -ing Nouns as Adjectives Adjectives with a Preposition Comparatives and Superlatives Comparatives: Adjectives and Adverbs As... as Comparatives: Nouns Comparatives: Verbs Superlatives: Adjectives and Adverbs Less / The Least Superlatives: Nouns and Verbs Adverbs Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Degree Prepositions Prepositions of Place Prepositions of Movement Prepositions of Time: in / at / on Prepositions and Verbs with Means of Transportation
CONTENTS
chapter
Simple Present – Verb Be Affirmative Form Negative Form Wh-questions Yes / No Questions Verb + -ing / Verb + Infinitive Spelling Rules Reflexive Verbs Get + Adjective vs Get + Past Participle Multi-word Verbs Prepositional Verbs Phrasal Verbs Verb + Object + Infinitive Causative Verbs Make / Let / Get (Active) Have / Get (Passive) Easily Confused Verbs Make / Do Bring / Take Lend / Borrow Say / Tell Speak / Talk Infinitive
chapter
CONTENTS
chapter
2
Quantifying and Qualifying
CONTENTS
3
chapter
Articles Indefinite Articles Definite Article No Article Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns Plural Nouns Regular Plurals Irregular Plurals Singular or Plural? This / These / That / Those This / These That / Those As Adjectives As Pronouns Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns The Possessive ‘s Basic Use Special Cases Whose Double Possessives Object Pronouns One / Ones What…? / Which…?
chapter
Naming and Identifying
CONTENTS
chapter
chapter
1
CONTENTS The Passive Form Simple Present Passive Simple Past Passive Other Tenses in the Passive Form Need + -ing Have Something Done Question Tags Word Order Affirmative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Negative Sentences Negative Questions Direct and Indirect Objects Indirect Questions
Functions
Chapter 7 Linking Words and Conditional Clauses 183
Chapter 6 Talking about What People Say 177
?
4
my old in-line skates.
2
Chapter 8 Talking about Passive Tenses and Word Order 199
?
3
? my school books.
5
my cap.
? a funny T-shirt.
?
6
a knife!
? my backpack.
Subject Pronouns
•
We use subject pronouns when a pronoun is the subject of the sentence. Subject pronoun I you he she it we you they
20 StandFor Grammar Practice
Person 1st 2nd singular 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd
plural
Hi, I’m Peter! And you?
Functions Introducing oneself Meeting someone Talking about school Talking about future careers Talking on the phone Expressing opinions Talking about the weather Asking for clarification Talking about likes, dislikes, preferences Describing people and objects Talking about health At the drugstore Making suggestions and plans Offers and invitations Asking for and giving directions Shopping Ordering food: at a restaurant At the train station At the bus station At the movies Making offers
Chapter 9 Functions 213
Every chapter provides a clear explanation of how English works as well as all of the nuances of the main topic. Directly after each grammar explanation, you will find example sentences that illustrate the point being discussed.
1
CONTENTS
Colored drawings and photos with speech bubbles provide you with grammar in context.
The ‘!’ table indicates exceptions to the rule or other important information about the explanation provided.
Tables are included to clearly show you all the forms you need to know.
After each grammar explanation, there are different activities that allow you to put into practice what you have studied. Three different icons indicate the level of each activity (easy, medium, or difficult).
easy
medium
difficult
3 Rewrite the following paragraph using the Simple Past. Gabriel gets up at seven o’clock. He has a shower and gets dressed; then he has breakfast. He drinks a glass of milk and eats some cereal. At half past eight, he goes to school. Classes start at nine. Gabriel has lunch in the school cafeteria. He comes back home at half past four. After dinner he watches TV, and then he goes to bed early. Yesterday Gabriel got up at...
Every chapter contains listening activities, which have been recorded by native speakers, so that you can improve your oral comprehension skills. A specific icon makes these activities easily identifiable.
4 Listen to the short biography of Mother Teresa and complete the chart about her. 1910
19
1931 1948
was born in the capital of the Republic of Macedonia her religious vows the convent to live amongst the poor her first home for the dying
1952 1965 1979
her society
an International Religious Family
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
1997
in India
2003
formally beatified
Negative Form – Regular and Irregular Verbs
I didn’t enjoy the party last night.
• •
In the Simple Past, we use an auxiliary verb (did) to form the negative of all verbs (except be and modal verbs). In the negative form, the sentence pattern is subject + didn’t + base form of the verb. We didn’t have breakfast. Chapter 4 Verb Tenses II 127
Key CHAPTER 1
-ies
families stories strawberries
Articles
-ves
lives loaves shelves
Naming and Identifying 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 3 6 1 2 3 4 7 1 2 3 4 8 1 2 3 4 5 6
a an the
4 an 5 the 6 the
a an an a
5 an 6 an 7 a 8 a
a an
3 an 4 a
X The
3 the 4 the
the X X/X
4 X
a X the an
5 an
5 The
6 a / the 7 the
X 5 The The 6 X the 7 X X 8 The [Track 02] the 7 X a 8 The an an a the
Plural Nouns
1 1 lamps 2 sandwiches 3 tomatoes 4 dictionaries 5 buses 6 watches 2 -s
chairs doors holidays oranges shirts sweaters sweets
-es
boxes brushes churches classes dresses glasses tomatoes
irregular men
mice teeth women
This / These / That / Those
1 1 That 3 These 2 This 4 Those 2 1 These T-shirts are new. 2 That soccer player is famous. 3 These watches are expensive. 4 This teacher is friendly. 5 Those girls are very pretty. 6 This book is great! 3 4 This 1 These 5 These 2 Those 6 Those 3 That 4 1 What are these? These are 2 What is this? This is 3 What is that? That’s 4 What are those? Those are 5 What is that? That’s 6 What is this? This is
Subject Pronouns 1 1 they 2 it 3 they 2 1 he 2 you 3 we
4 he 5 we 6 she 4 it 5 she
Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 3
his your their
4 your 5 our
my / our 4 their 5 His Your 6 your her [Track 03] 4 his His 5 It He 6 mine His
7 We 11 his 8 Our 12 they 9 his 13 He 10 His 14 they 4 1 Their 5 mine 2 yours 6 her 3 ours 7 our / theirs 4 hers 8 your 5 1 That ball isn’t ours. 2 Is that house hers? 3 Is this smartphone yours? 4 Those photos are theirs. 5 These headphones aren’t mine! 6 Is this key his?
The Possessive ’s
1 1 It’s Jack’s cap. 2 They’re the children’s bikes. 3 It’s James’s computer. 4 It’s my parents’ car. 2 1 That is our teacher’s car. 2 She has worked as a teacher since her graduation. 3 That is my dog’s basket. 4 Amy’s brother has got green eyes. 5 She is Ms. Robinson’s daughter. 6 Emily’s best friend has got a hamster. 3 [Track 04] 1 dogs’ 2 Peter’s? 3 neighbor 4 1 These women’s dresses are smart. 2 Those boys’ skateboards are cool. 3 Lucy’s and Claire’s sons are best friends. 4 Bianca and her brother Pedro’s parents are in the garden. 5 Today’s news is impressive. 6 Those are Emily’s photos. 5 1 Claire’s 2 St. Andrew’s 3 Granny’s 4 Dad’s 6 1 The Smiths’ son 2 Henry’s girlfriend 3 Amelie’s job 4 that boy’s new bike 5 children’s magazines 6 my brother’s birthday
7 1[F] 4[A] 2[E] 3[B] 5[C] 8 1 A Whose is that camera? Is it Alicia’s? B No, it isn’t Alicia’s. It isn’t hers. 2 A Whose is this photo album? Is it Jessica’s? B Yes, it’s Jessica’s. It’s hers. 3 A Whose are these headphones? Are they Henry’s? B No, they aren’t Henry’s. They aren’t his. 4 A Whose is this room? Is it yours? B Yes, it’s mine. 9 [Track 05] 1 Judy’s 2 Peter and Claire’s 3 Samantha’s 4 Melanie’s 10 1 some friends of Gina’s 2 two classmates of yours 3 that book of your father’s 4 an old colleague of my parents’ 5 a friend of mine 6 A friend of Julia’s 11 4 of yours 1 of his 5 of hers 2 of his 6 of hers 3 of ours
Object Pronouns
1 4 me 1 them 5 her 2 us 6 us 3 him 2 1 She is in the garden with him. 2 Who’s that girl with her? 3 These ice cream cones are for you. 4 Close it, please. 5 Let’s invite him! 6 These postcards are for us.
One / Ones
1 1 the blue one 2 the red ones 3 the tall one 4 the pink one 5 the blue ones 6 The black and white one
What…? / Which…? 1 1 What 2 What 3 Which
4 Which 5 What 6 Which
CHAPTER 2
Quantifying and Qualifying Quantifiers 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 6 1
7 U U C - photos 8 C - tablets C - knives 9 C - eggs 10 U U 11 U U C - toys 12 U [Track 06] One / coffee Three / chocolate A / flour Four / sugar Two / water A few A little Some 4 X / some an 5 a an X / some 6 some There is 5 There is There are 6 There are There are 7 There are There is 8 There is a any any some
5 a 6 any 7 some 8 an
My brother doesn’t have any friends. 2 There isn’t any chocolate on the table. 3 She doesn’t have any sweets. 4 There aren’t any computers at my school. 5 I don’t have any friends in London. 6 She doesn’t have any cookies in her bag. 7 1 Do we have any knives? 2 Do you have any homework? 3 Are there any sandwiches? 4 Do we have any flour? 5 Does he have any sports magazines? 6 Are there any cookies? 8 1 How many 2 How much 3 How many 4 How many 5 How much 6 How much
Key
To give you more independence in your study of English grammar, there is an answer key located at the end of the book. The key includes answers to all the activities, including the listening activities.
219
Expressing opinions Perhaps you’re right, but… I can’t agree with you. So am I./Neither am I. So have I./Neither have I. So can I./Neither can I. So will I./Neither will I. So must I./Neither must I. So do I./Neither do I.
What do you think of/about…? In my opinion… I (don’t) think that… I agree./I quite agree./I don’t agree. That’s true. I suppose so. Personally, I believe that… I’m not sure.
Talking about the weather It’s/It was raining/snowing. It rained every day. The sun is/was shining. The forecast says it will be warmer tomorrow.
What is/was the weather like? I wonder what the weather will be like tomorrow. It’s/It was cold/warm/hot. It’s/It was cloudy/rainy/sunny/windy/foggy.
In the chapter 9, you will find tables with useful expressions for a variety of everyday situations.
I’m sorry, can/could you repeat that? Can/could you speak more slowly, please? Excuse me, how do you say…? What’s the meaning of…, please? What’s the English word for…? What do I have to do?
Asking for clarification I’m sorry, but I don’t understand. Sorry, I didn’t get that. Sorry, I don’t really follow you. I don’t know where… Well…/I’m not really sure…
Talking about likes, dislikes, preferences I’m crazy about sports. I’m interested in foreign languages. My favorite sport/program is… In my free time I like hanging out with my friends. I prefer doing my homework to watching TV. I’d prefer to go out than to stay at home. I’d rather go to bed than see that boring film.
Do you like fish/pasta/soccer/English? Do you like dancing/listening to music? What’s your favorite sport/program/kind of music? What do you like doing in your free time? I like jeans and T-shirts. I love/like/hate walking. I like/don’t like doing homework.
What’s your new skateboard like? It’s black. It’s made of Canadian wood. What was the film like? It was great! It’s set in Scotland.
Describing people and objects What’s your sister like? (personality) She’s cheerful and patient. What does she look like? (appearance) She’s tall and thin. She’s got long hair and blue eyes. Chapter 9 Functions 215
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 NAMING AND IDENTIFYING
Much / Many / A Lot of 43 A Little / A Few 44
9
Articles
10
Indefinite Articles
10
Definite Article
11
No Article
12
Plural Nouns 14 14
Irregular Plurals
15
Singular or Plural?
15
45
Exclamations
47
Adjectives
48
Position of Multiple Adjectives
49
Adjectives Ending in -ed / -ing 50
Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns 13 Regular Plurals
How + Adjective
Nouns as Adjectives
51
Adjectives with a Preposition
52
Comparatives and Superlatives
53
Comparatives: Adjectives and Adverbs
53
This / These / That / Those 16
As... as 55
This / These 17
Comparatives: Nouns
56
That / Those
17
Comparatives: Verbs
57
As Adjectives
18
Superlatives: Adjectives and Adverbs
58
As Pronouns
19
Less / The Least
61
Subject Pronouns
20
Superlatives: Nouns and Verbs
61
Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns 22
Adverbs
62
Possessive Adjectives
22
Adverbs of Manner
62
Possessive Pronouns
24
Adverbs of Degree
64
The Possessive ’s
25
Prepositions
67
Basic Use
25
Prepositions of Place
67
Special Cases
28
Prepositions of Movement
68
Whose
29
Prepositions of Time: in / at / on
71
Double Possessives
31
Prepositions and Verbs with Means
Object Pronouns
32
of Transportation
One / Ones 33 What…? / Which…? 34
CHAPTER 2
72
CHAPTER 3 VERB TENSES I
75
Simple Present – Verb Be
76
35
Affirmative Form
76
Quantifiers
36
Negative Form
77
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
36
Wh-questions
79
There is / There are
38
Yes / No Questions
80
Some / Any / No / None
39
Verb + -ing / Verb + Infinitive
83
How much…? / How many…?
41
Spelling Rules
84
Yes / No Questions about Quantities
42
Reflexive Verbs
86
QUANTIFYING AND QUALIFYING
Get + Adjective vs. Get + Past Participle
88
Multi-word Verbs Prepositional Verbs Phrasal Verbs
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
121
89
Wh-questions
122
90
Simple Past – Regular Verbs
123
90
Affirmative Form
123
Verb + Object + Infinitive 92
Spelling and Pronunciation Rules
124
Causative Verbs
93
Simple Past – Irregular Verbs
125
Make / Let / Get (Active)
93
Affirmative Form
125
Have / Get (Passive)
94
Negative Form - Regular and Irregular Verbs 127
Easily Confused Verbs
95
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
130
Make / Do
95
Wh-questions
132
Bring / Take
96
Past Progressive
133
Lend / Borrow
96
Affirmative and Negative Forms
134
Say / Tell
97
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
135
Speak / Talk
98
Wh-questions
135
Infinitive
99
Past Progressive vs. Simple Past
136
When / While
136
Talking about the Future
138
Simple Present for the Future
138
Present Progressive for the Future
140
Going to Future
141
Simple Future
144
Present Perfect
147
Affirmative and Negative Forms
147
Present Perfect with For / Since
150
Present Perfect vs. Simple Past
151
Present Perfect Progressive
152
CHAPTER 4 VERB TENSES II
101
Have got – Simple Present
102
Affirmative and Negative Forms
102
Expressions with Have
104
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
105
Wh-questions
106
Simple Present
107
Affirmative Form
108
Negative Form
109
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
110
Wh-questions
112
Frequency Adverbs
113
Expressions of Frequency
113
Present Progressive
114
Affirmative and Negative Forms
115
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
116
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY, NECESSITY,
Wh-questions
117
AND DESIRE
Future Meaning
117
Modal Verbs
160
Simple Present vs. Present Progressive
118
Can / Could
160
Simple Past – Verb Be
119
May / Might 163
Present Perfect vs. Present Perfect Progressive 154 Past Perfect 155 Affirmative and Negative Forms
156
Yes / No Questions and Short Answers
157
CHAPTER 5 159
CONTENTS Should
164
Other Tenses in the Passive Form
203
Must
165
Need + -ing
204
Need
167
Have Something Done
204
Have to
168
Question Tags
204
Will
170
Word Order
206
Shall
171
Affirmative Sentences
206
Would
171
Interrogative Sentences
207
Wish
173
Negative Sentences
208
Summary of Meanings
175
Negative Questions
209
Degrees of Certainty
176
Direct and Indirect Objects
209
Indirect Questions
211
CHAPTER 6 TALKING ABOUT WHAT PEOPLE SAY
177
CHAPTER 9
Reported Speech
178
FUNCTIONS
213
Reporting with the Present Tense
178
Functions
214
Reporting with the Past Tense
179
Introducing oneself
214
Meeting someone
214
Talking about school
214
Talking about future careers
214
Talking on the phone
214
Expressing opinions
215
Talking about the weather
215
Asking for clarification
215
Talking about likes, dislikes, preferences
215
Describing people and objects
215
Talking about health
216
At the drugstore
216
Making suggestions and plans
216
Offers and invitations
216
Asking for and giving directions
216
Shopping
217
Ordering food: at a restaurant
217
At the train station
217
199
At the bus station
217
200
At the movies
218
Simple Present Passive
200
Making offers
218
Simple Past Passive
201
CHAPTER 7 LINKING WORDS AND CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 183 Linking Words for Sequences
184
Relative Pronouns – Clauses
185
Relative Pronouns – Defining Clauses
186
Relative Pronouns as Subjects or Objects
187
Whose
188
Relative Pronouns – Non-defining Clauses
188
Present Conditional
190
Conditional Sentences
191
Zero Conditional
192
First Conditional
193
Second Conditional
195
Third Conditional
197
CHAPTER 8 TALKING ABOUT PASSIVE TENSES AND WORD ORDER The Passive Form
chapter
1
Naming and Identifying
CONTENTS Articles Indefinite Articles Definite Article No Article Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns Plural Nouns Regular Plurals Irregular Plurals Singular or Plural? This / These / That / Those This / These That / Those As Adjectives As Pronouns Subject Pronouns Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns The Possessive ‘s Basic Use Special Cases Whose Double Possessives Object Pronouns One / Ones What…? / Which…?
Chapter 1 Naming and Identifying
9
Articles
• •
In English there are three articles: a, an, and the. They can define a noun or not. We use the indefinite articles a and an to refer to a non-specific thing or person. ➜ The article a is used before a word that starts with a consonant sound (a car, a job, a university). ➜ The article an is used before a word that starts with a vowel sound (an image, an orange, an honor).
• •
We use the definite article the to refer to a specific or particular thing or person (the bag you have, the vacation of your dreams). We don’t use indefinite articles to refer to plural nouns. We can use the or we can use nothing in some sentences with plural nouns. Where are the girls? Olivia has blue eyes.
1 Complete the sentences with a, an, or the. the balls 1
girl (non-specific)
2
umbrella (non-specific)
3
cups
4
eraser (non-specific)
5
pencils
6
bus (specific)
Be careful: We never use articles before possessive adjectives (my, your…) as it happens in some other languages. (Wrong: Wash the your hands!. Right: Wash your hands!)
!
Indefinite Articles
•
We use the indefinite articles a/an before singular nouns and before an adjective + a singular noun when we talk about something for the first time and when we refer to a non-specific thing or person. I have a map. (a + singular noun)
• •
I have a big map. (a + adjective + singular noun) We use a before consonant sounds and also before u when it sounds like you. a boy
a yellow cap
a jet
a hamburger
a window
a uniform
We use an before vowel sounds. an orange
an hour
an American girl
an eye
an umbrella
10 StandFor Grammar Practice
•
In English there are not many words where h is silent. Some of them are here below an hour an heir
!
an honor an honest man
•
With abbreviations, we use an when the first letter has a vowel sound.
I need an MP3 player. (The letter M is pronounced em.) We also use a/an in the following examples: ➜ with jobs.
There’s a squirrel in the garden.
Ms. Willis is a teacher. ➜ with some illnesses. I have a headache. ➜ with parts of the body. She has a long nose. ➜ to refer to a category. A computer is a useful device.
2 Write a or an before the nouns. an
elephant
4
woman
a
dog
5
idea
1
unit
6
hour
2
uncle
7
house
3
object
8
hobby
3 Complete the sentences with a or an. Is it 1 It isn’t
a
red pen? skateboard.
2 The soap opera is 3 She’s 4 It isn’t
hour long.
Italian student. European country!
Definite Article
•
In general we use the definite article the before singular and plural nouns when we talk about something specific or particular. The dog is in the garden.
•
The children are at school. We use the before the following ➜ rooms in the house (and garden, too!). Mom’s in the living room now. Chapter 1 Naming and Identifying
11
➜ places in town. They’re at the bank. ➜ the words mountains, beach, country. We’re in the mountains. ➜ names of oceans, seas, rivers. The Amazon is a long river.
4 Complete the sentences with the or X (no article). Is it
the
pen I gave you?
1 She isn’t 2
my dentist. Statue of Liberty is in New York.
3 I saw
Thames when I was in London.
4 Grandma is at
beauty salon.
No Article
•
There is no article before the following: ➜ non-specific plural nouns. Children like games. ➜ names of most countries, regions, mountains, islands, and lakes. Mount Blanc is in Italy. Scotland is beautiful! ➜ names of languages, school subjects, sports, meals, colors. Soccer is a popular sport. Dinner is ready! Science is an interesting subject. Blue is my favorite color. ➜ days, months, years, festivals, time. Christmas is in December. Lunch is at 12:30. He was born in 1998. ➜ people’s singular names, titles, family names. Mr. Robinson Uncle Tom Queen Elizabeth ➜ places and transportation. I go to college. I go to school by bus.
12 StandFor Grammar Practice
5 Complete the sentences with the or X (no article). X
Is she
Queen Elizabeth?
1 He isn’t
king.
2
President Dilma Rousseff is on TV now.
3 All my friends go to 4 When is 5
school by
bus.
Mother’s Day? girl next to you is pretty.
Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
•
We use articles with countable or uncountable nouns according to the following chart. Indefinite article (non-specific thing) I have an English book.
Noun singular countable
Definite article (specific thing) The dog’s in the kitchen.
No article
plural countable
Where are the students?
Peter likes computers.
uncountable
“In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends”. (Martin Luther King)
I love soccer.
6 Complete the sentences with a, an, the, or X (no article). a
Is there
blue pen in
1 The movie is 2
the pencil case?
great success.
Salads are good for your health.
3 They’re in
fridge.
4 The student has
amazing uniform.
5 It isn’t
appropriate time for that.
6 There is
house across
7 Where are
street.
books I bought?
7 Write the definite article the or X (no article). The X
water in this river is clean. Water is important for people.
1
Yellow is a nice color.
2
eggs are in the fridge.
3 We are in
mall.
4
Dogs are loyal animals.
5
dogs are on the sofa. Chapter 1 Naming and Identifying
13