2. Chapter Conclusion

The case studies are a representation of sustainable off-grid houses that uses either traditional or modern techniques to structure a whole system of an Off-grid home. They are brieflya community of Off-grid housing that is built with some similar sustainable techniques.

The way house is a standard housing model of Earthships. Earthships are considered an innovative direction for living sustainably with not only avoiding harming the environment but help heal it. The way house uses car tires as bearing walls for the house which acts as thermal mass and structure strength, which is considered to be an innovative way to use waste as a building material and making the best use of there life cycle. Similarly, the windship, house in the Philippines is a modified version of the standard Earthship off-grid home but with the focus of being resilient of Philippines yearly typhoons, the windship resists the strong winds due to its unique form and besides its form, it fully functions as an off-grid home that is self-reliant to and can produce its food and water which is considered to be a bonus in a time of disastrous typhoons that can cut electricity among many things in some villages in the Philippines. As for Egypt a known traditional home in Siwa the kharshif house, the Siwan house in the case studies is a standard home in siwa, which is known to use kharshif as the main building material. The haj ali house is not considered to be a full off-grid home but the house is a representation of sustainable vernacular architecture. Which uses local material and simple plan functionality to the benefit of human comfort.

Every off-grid system can be different in different locations, although Earthships are designed to withstand any country context resilience to environmental disaster can be a problem, since natural disasters are hard to predict its level of impact (Reynolds, 2017). Off-grid homes in general can be the most effective in times of disasters since the living resources are produced by the house so no help is needed. Especially in countries that are the most overpopulated. Egypt's housing system is considered to be the most vulnerable to natural disasters since everything is controlled by governmental networks that cannot always provide to all people (Reynolds, 2017). Wayne house winds the Philippines, and Siwan house all meets certain living requirements that can be suitable for either one place, a certain number of people, certain environmental consideration but they all share the same benefits of successful sustainable independent living. Combining all the building techniques of the case studies can all contribute to forming a whole self-reliant housing system that can withstand the negative impact of overpopulation and the vulnerability of being on a government grid. To sum up, the mutual and unique building techniques used in the cases studies provided a general overview how a sustainable and off-grid home should and could operate in different conditions, by eliminating noncompatible techniques and identifying the suitable ones will help to conduct the design guidelines for off-grid homes that can solve the problem of being vulnerable to overpopulation.