i
ii
SHIFTING THE DEMENTIA PARADIGM
A FUTURE-RESISTANT NURSING HOME FOR SMALL VILLAGES
EVELIEN FLORIJN
i
ii
DO NOT ASK ME TO REMEMBER Do not ask me to remember, Don’t try to make me understand, Let me rest and know you’re with me, Kiss my cheek and hold my hand. I’m confused beyond your concept, I am sad and sick and lost. All I know is that I need you To be with me at all cost. Do not lose your patience with me, Do not scold or curse or cry. I can’t help the way I’m acting, Can’t be different though I try. Just remember that I need you, That the best of me is gone, Please don’t fail to stand beside me, Love me ’til my life is done. – Owen Darnell
iii
COLOPHON This book is the master’s thesis for the completion of the master Architecture, Building and Planning at Eindhoven University of Technology.
Author Evelien Florijn 0764139
Date of graduation August 25th, 2017
Supervisory committee prof.ir. Juliette Bekkering ir. Maarten Willems AndrĂŠ Walraven arch. AvB ir. Kristel Hermans
Publisher Eindhoven University of Technology
Press-work Gildeprint, Enschede
Copyright Copyright 2017 by Evelien Florijn All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission. For permission requests, please contact the author at eflorijn@gmail.com
iv
PROLOGUE One of my favourite books is “The man who mistook his wife for a hat” by Oliver Sacks, a neurologist, who describes some of his patients in his book. One of them is a man who is stuck in time due to Korsakoff’s syndrome, and truly believes it is 1945. Other cases include people who are unable to recognise faces, or familiar objects, like the man who mistook his wife’s head for a hat. I find these mental peculiarities intriguing. I am fascinated by the psychological mechanisms behind behaviour. How do people respond to others, and to situations? Why? This fascination also extends to the realm of architecture; I’m curious as to how a building can influence behaviour, mood and well-being. In this project I was able to combine these two fascinations, by designing a building that helps people with dementia feel secure and maintain their autonomy, while receiving the care they need. Though much more prevalent than the cases described by Oliver Sacks, dementia continues to have its mysteries. How do people with dementia experience life, social interaction, and their physical environment? I had no previous experience with dementia, but after someone suggested I should change my topic as “designing for dementia was very challenging”, I was determined to learn as much as I could, and design a fitting home for people living with dementia.
Evelien Florijn v
SUMMARY There is a knowledge gap in the field of building design
The number of people with dementia will continue to rise
for people with dementia as most research focuses on
until 2050, due the ageing of the baby-boom generation
superficial (interior) design elements. This work aims
and an increasing life expectancy, resulting in an increasing
to contribute to this field by answering the following
demand for intramural care facilities. Currently, care
research question: How can the architectural design of a
facilities are designed from a medical perspective,
small-scale care facility in the Dutch countryside support
focussing on the limitations rather than the capabilities of
people with dementia by promoting independence and
people with dementia. A paradigm shift is required, from
maintaining relations with their community, and be flexible
the medical model to the social model, which focuses on
enough to accommodate the future?
the remaining capabilities of people with dementia.
A combination of primary and secondary research
Concept
methods, including literature review, visits to care facilities,
Small villages in the countryside seldom have an intramural
interviews, attending symposia, data analysis, case studies,
care facility, as these are often located in larger villages
urban analysis, a survey, and research through design,
and urban areas. This book proposes a concept in which
forms the basis for the research and design proposal.
each village has one or more small-scale care facilities. This will enable people with dementia to continue to be
In general, people with dementia are not included in
a part of their community. The high level of social control
the design process, or their perspective comes from a
in these small communities also mean that residents can
secondary source. There is improvement though, as care
verge out independently for a longer time, as community
facilities have transformed from large institutions with
members can help them find their way back.
dorms to end stations for the (chronically) ill, as elderly are
When designing for people with dementia, certain
encouraged to live at home as long as possible. However,
design considerations should be taken into account. This
this is not always possible for people with dementia.
book proposes four different plot concepts, which vary
Dementia is a collective term that encompasses over 50
in the placement of the building towards the garden, a
degenerative diseases which affect the brain, the most
back garden typology, a detached typology in which the
common of which is Alzheimer’s disease which causes
building is completely surrounded by a garden, a courtyard
memory impairment and a decrease in daily functioning.
typology, and a combination of the last two.
vi
For the building design it is most important that it
means that residents in need of care will have to move to
supports the residents, and compensates for their
the mainland, making it the ideal location for an innovative
limitations. Stimuli are essential, but should be controlled
small-scale care facility that requires community
as people with dementia experience them in a more
integration.
intense way. Spaces should vary in their level of stimuli, and be unambiguous to prevent residents from getting
The plot concept has been completed with location based
lost. Ideally, an environment designed for people with
factors. As the shape of the plot has a bottleneck and is
dementia can be navigated without thinking, which can be
enclosed by a hedge, this forms an ideal location for the
achieved by creating visual connections. Safety features,
main building with a back garden typology, housing five
though very important, should be unobtrusive and not
people with dementia. The bottleneck itself forms a
impair the mobility of the residents. There must be a safe
transition zone between the public and private domain.
outdoor space which is freely accessible to all residents.
The front of the plot, near the road, offers space for a
There should be space in the garden for residents to
smaller building, which is comprised of two short-stay
wander. Both the garden and building should encourage
revalidation/hospice apartments.
residents to engage in activities, especially those that are related to the previous life roles of residents. The building
For the building concept, four additional points are
design should also include the future scenario, in which
included, as the main building has to follow the path of the
the demand for small scale facilities decreases and could
Sun in order to support the daily rhythm of the residents,
render the building useless. Reuse, (partial) relocation,
as well as taking the direct sight-line to the lighthouse into
and recycling are proposed as solutions. Together, the
account, there must be space for relatives, and the building
design considerations form the general building concept,
design must be flexible, as it will be partially relocated in
which in turn form the foundation for the design proposal.
the future when the demand for care facilities declines.
Design proposal
For the main building, individual rooms surround a shared
The design proposal aims to give a more concrete
living room and kitchen in an open layout without hallways.
answer to the research question, rather than lingering
The building design follows the path of the sun, allowing
on the conceptual level. The location for the proposal
light into the kitchen in the morning and evening, whereas
is De Cocksdorp, on the island of Texel, as the village is
sunlight enters the living room during the afternoon.
somewhat isolated from the other villages on the island
The shared spaces and short-stay apartments are
both historically and geographically. Currently, there are
permanent, whereas the individual rooms are flexible
only two care facilities, neither of which are located in
and will be relocated in the future which manifests itself
De Cocksdorp, and both of which have waiting lists. This
in every aspect of the design. One of the main design
vii
challenges is that the flexible and permanent building
Each building part has its own autonomous construction,
parts work together, but can also function well separately.
meaning that wherever building parts meet, there are two
To achieve this, the flexible building parts have three
constructive layers next to each other. The permanent
equally dominant faรงades and one transparent one by
building parts have a wooden I-joist frame structure
twisting the ridge line so it runs from one corner to another,
that spans the entire width of the building. The large
rather than in the centre. The exterior is completely clad
glass openings have a secondary structure in the form
in anthracite natural slates with an interior gutter running
of a glass facade. The flexible building parts require a
along each side of the roof. The permanent building parts
construction that can be taken apart, be transported, and
both can be divided into two sub-components, each of
reassembled. A steel frame construction using C profiles
which has a slanted roof in a mirrored direction in order to
has been designed in such a way that it can be taken
match the height of the flexible building parts. These parts
apart in elements and then transported. An impermanent
are completely clad in wooden slats, which alternately
foundation of concrete deck blocks and screw piles has
continue over windows that face close neighbours or have
been applied to prevent the building from being affected
a more private character.
by the wind.
On the interior, the design follows the strong architectural
The installations in the permanent building part include a
shapes that are visible from the exterior. This is done by
special floor heating system that can be applied on wooden
hiding smaller spaces behind double walls creating large
floors. For the flexible building parts, air heating has been
open spaces without architectural clutter. The mirrored
selected as it can be located in one of the elements.
sloping roofs in the kitchen and living room create the
For electricity, it is important to avoid electrical outlets
illusion of it being split into two spaces, both visually and
in the floor as the residents may trip and fall. Therefore
acoustically. The height of the roofs both in the permanent
the construction should be prefabricated with holes for
and flexible building parts make it possible to create
wiring, so the wires can be transported as part of the floor
storage space on the first floor, accessible by a ladder. In
element, and later be pulled into the wall.
the short-stay apartments this height has been used to create an extra floor for relatives to stay over, which is in
A general garden design has been made to compliment
direct contact with the space below where their relative
the building. Instead of creating stimuli inside the building,
resides. Each of the flexible apartments has an individual
there will be exterior stimuli that can be experienced from
bathroom that is accessible for a wheelchair user and
the interior. These stimuli include animals, such as sheep,
caregiver, as well as enough space to include a bed, a
and chickens, as well as plants to attract butterflies and
wardrobe and a small seating area.
nest boxes to attract birds, a vegetable garden, water feature, and an aspen tree, which rustles in the wind. Each
viii
of these elements provides addresses multiple senses. The
A future concept should be completely embedded in the
garden is accessible to all residents, and has a borderless
building design, to prevent it from becoming obsolete over
connection to the interior. It also includes a wanderpath,
time as the demand for care facilities changes. The design
which enables residents to walk freely.
proposal shows that partial relocation is an effective way to accommodate the future.
Future scenario In the future scenario, the five flexible apartments will
Discussion
be relocated to another location on Texel and function
Though there are some limitations to this research, as it
as small apartments. In order to do so, the slate cladding
is mostly based on qualitative research methods which
will be removed and transported separately, the building
are subject to biases and interpretation, and does not
will be disassembled into smaller elements which will
include the direct perspective of people with dementia,
be transported by truck. The building will then be re-
it still is a valuable contribution to the field of designing
assembled on the new location. Some extra insulation
for dementia, as well as how to deal with future changes.
material, slats and slates are needed to cover the building parts that were previously adjacent to the permanent
The proposal is applicable nationwide, and could even be
building. A small kitchen is added, and the storage space
applied internationally. The strength is that it combines a
above the bathroom is transformed into a bedroom,
general concept focused on dementia with extremely site
accessible via a ladder.
specific factors. This means that if the design is copied and placed somewhere else alterations will have to be made
The permanent building parts will remain on the location.
to make it successful, especially internationally. Therefore
The short-stay apartments need little to no adaptations
it is advised to use this proposal as an inspiration, rather
to accommodate new users. The remainder of the larger
than an exact blueprint.
building will need new slats on parts of the faรงades, which were adjacent to flexible building parts, as well as
Further research is required into how people with
interior walls to subdivide the spaces into a two-bedroom
dementia can be involved in the design process, as well as
apartment, and include a bathroom.
in-depth research into the feasibility of networks of smallscale care facilities. Finally, architects should research
Conclusion
whether the desired effects of an architectural design
To ensure that people with dementia feel safe and
actually work, and document this so they can learn from
secure, and can continue living in their own communities,
this, as well as creating a knowledge base that is accessible
architects should look to architectural elements to
to all.
support residents and compensate for their limitations.
ix
CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION
II. RESEARCH
III. CONCEPT
001
005 - 006
017 - 020
The motivation, aim and scope of the research, including the research questions.
A description of the current state of research, and the historical development of elderly care.
Discusses the current situation and introduces the overarching concept that is applicable nationwide.
I. RESEARCH
I. INTRODUCTION
I. INTRODUCTION
002 - 004
007 - 009
021 - 022
Description of the research methods that were used.
The definition, progression and prognosis of dementia, as well as the existing paradigm.
Describes the vision which will form a guide for both the concept and the building design.
II. METHODOLOGY
II. DEMENTIA
II. VISION
010 - 016
023
Results of the research that are related to architectural design decisions.
Proposes a plot concept based on four types of plots, depending on the location and size.
III. DESIGNING FOR DEMENTIA
III. PLOT
024 - 025
IV. BUILDING
Introduces the building concept, using clear elements that can be used in the design. 026 - 028
V. FUTURE
Proposes three future concepts based on the expected scenario.
x
IV. DESIGN 029
V. CONCLUSION 086 - 088
113 - 114
Discusses the different construction types, and the reason they were chosen.
Answers the research questions based on research and the design proposal.
I. INTRODUCTION
VII. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
030 - 043
089
115 - 116
Discusses the different installations, especially in relation to the future concept and flexibility.
Critially reflects on the research, discussing the limitations, and its contribution to the field.
Provides an overview of the topics that will be discussed in the subchapters.
II. LOCATION
Discusses the choice of location for the design proposal, and includes the analysis of the location. 041 - 045
III. PLOT CONCEPT
Combines the general plot concept with location-bound factors to formulate the specific plot concept.
VIII. INSTALLATIONS
II. DISCUSSION
090 - 095
IX. GARDEN DESIGN
Presents a garden design that strongly relates to the building, and its residents.
046 - 049
096 - 112
Combines the general building concept with location-bound factors to formulate the building concept.
Discusses the building design in the future scenario, as well as the (technical) transition to get there.
IV. BUILDING CONCEPT
I. CONCLUSION
X. FUTURE SCENARIO
050 - 073
V. EXTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
Discusses the considerations that went into the exterior design and materialisation.
123 - 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY
074 - 085
126 - 128
VI. INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
LIST OF FIGURES
Focuses on the interior architecture and materialisation, relating design elements to the building concept.
129 - 135
APPENDIX
xi
xii
I INTRODUCTION. i research
DEFINING THE RESEARCH
To ensure that people with dementia feel safe and secure, and can continue living in their own communities, architects should look to architectural elements to support residents and compensate for their limitations. Furthermore, a future concept should be completely embedded in the building design, to prevent it from becoming superfluous over time. This research is part of the graduation studio Countryside
Research
Revised, in which the Dutch countryside played a
For an architect, it is key to use existing research from
central role. Four months of intensive research by nine
multiple disciplines, but also do research through
architecture students accumulated to an overview of
designing, in order to become successful. When dealing
the Dutch countryside, a book of more than 600 pages.
with a specific type of user, in this case, people with
One of the topics in this research was (health)care, and
dementia, it is essential to understand what these people
its presence in the countryside. The research revealed
need, what makes them tick, and what makes them feel at
that care facilities are moving to larger villages and cities,
home. The aim of this research is to answer the research
forcing people in need of care to leave their communities,
questions not only using written text, but also through a
or not receive the care they need. It also indicated a steady
design proposal. The main research question is:
growth in the number of elderly in the countryside, due to the ageing of the baby-boom generation, but also because
How can the architectural design of a small-scale care
young people often move to cities. This will lead to a
facility in the Dutch countryside support people with
higher demand for care facilities. However, as the ageing
dementia by promoting independence and maintaining
will reach its peak and the demand for care facilities will
relations with their community, and be flexible enough to
decline, it is also important to consider a future scenario
accommodate the future?
in which the building becomes superfluous. This can be subdivided into three questions: Together with a personal interest in psychology, these findings form the motivation for this research. The specific
In what ways can the architectural design of a small-scale
focus on psychogeriatric conditions, such as dementia, is
care facility support people with dementia in their daily
also because people with such conditions will continue
life?
to need suitable facilities. This is not to say that people with somatic conditions are not entitled to care, but as
How can a care facility enable its residents to maintain
technology advances, these people are more and more
relations with their community?
able to continue to live at home and receive care at home. With dementia, there often comes a time where living at
How can a small-scale care facility be flexible enough to
home becomes impossible. For these people, a suitable
accommodate the future?
new home should be designed which takes into account their specific needs.
001
I INTRODUCTION. ii methodology
CONDUCTING THE RESEARCH
Using different research methods and combining existing research from different disciplines results in a broad knowledge about a certain topic. However, it is also key to be aware of the limitations of certain methods, and individuals biases or ulterior motives. This research results from a group research into the Dutch
Visits to care facilities
countryside. Preliminary research was done to define the
Four facilities were visited during which interviews
aim and scope, by reviewing current care institutions in
were conducted and observations were made. This
the countryside, literature studies and meetings with
gives an impression of the residents, staff, and building
experts from the field. After this, multiple research
requirements. The facilities are:
methods were used to gather more specific information, combining primary and secondary research. All methods
××
De Hulst, one of the locations of the Warm Thuis
will be discussed shortly, describing both advantages and
foundation with 24 residents: a care farm that focuses
disadvantages. The results will presented per topic, rather
on small-scale care in a home-like environment. A
than per research method. Results of the general research
visit to one of the houses for coffee provided a great
will be presented in chapter II Research on p.005. The
opportunity for observations of the disease and its
results which are related to the specific location can be
different manifestations. ××
found in chapter IV.I Design - location on p.030.
Gollards, one of two elderly care homes on Texel which comprises 105 apartments, and has a long
Literature review
waiting list.
A wide range of literature has been consulted. Scientific
××
Topaz Vlietwijk, in Voorschoten, which houses 63
publications were used to find existing research on the
residents with dementia. This care facility uses
topic, and to provide in-depth information on dementia.
technology to create different living circles, which
An initial search using basic keywords such as dementia,
vary from the residents apartment to the entire
nursing home, design, and architecture, formed the basis.
building, including the offices of managers. Access
References of these articles and recommended articles
to the different circles is specified for each resident,
based on these were also gathered. Then, the articles
and unique wristbands determine whether doors
were assessed based on a few criteria. The research had
open or stay locked on an individual basis. There are
to either help defining dementia, or it had to discuss a
also sensors in each room which can alarm nurses if
relationship between architecture and dementia.
residents leave their bed at night for a long period of time.
Aside from articles, books formed an important source for
××
Eugeria, located in Almelo, which houses 108
the literature review, providing information on dementia,
residents with dementia, 32 with somatic conditions
architecture and dementia, and the location for the design
and 25 rooms for revalidation. All floor plans have
proposal.
been designed to be flexible, playing into the current
002
ageing trend. Apartments can be transformed from housing somatic residents to people with dementia.
parents had to move to a care facility in Den Burg. ××
K. van der Vlerk, manager of the two care centres
Also, all apartments within residential units have
on Texel, who also provided information about the
a meter box, so they can function as individual
demand on Texel.
apartments in the future.
××
L. Rijk, coordinator of the Alzheimer’s café on Texel, case manager and dementia advisor for Geriant
Interviews
in the province Noord Holland, and resident in De
One of the key problems in researching dementia is
Cocksdorp.
that people with dementia have difficulties expressing
××
J. Boon, active community member in De Cocksdorp.
themselves verbally, especially in the later stages of the
××
M. Dol, coordinator of Topaz Vlietwijk, on the applied
disease. In order to grasp what people with dementia need, interviews were conducted with people who are
technology and working of the building. ××
close to those with dementia in a personal or professional
Almelo, a short conversation with a nurse in one of
way. During a week long trip to Texel, interviews were conducted with people and organisations who could
P. Siepel, district manager of nursing home Eugeria in the homes and one of the more lucid residents.
××
J. Nillesen, architect and senior partner at Wiegerinck
provide location-specific information. The following
architectuur stedebouw, and author of the book
people and organisations were interviewed:
‘Dimensie Voor Dementie’ [Demension For Dementia].
××
××
××
××
H. van Amstel, manager of the Warm Thuis
Events
foundation, and H. Houweling, visionary behind the
Two events provided information on the current
foundation.
developments and state of the art in the field of elderly
I. Meester, location manager of ‘De Hulst’; one of
care. The symposium Nieuwe buren: Langer thuis
the Warm Thuis locations, and one of the more lucid
met dementie [New neighbours: Longer at home with
residents was able to answer some questions related
dementia], by Aedis-Actiz Kenniscentrum Wonen-Zorg and
to the building, as well as the nurses who were
Stichting Zet in ‘s Hertogenbosch on the 24th of January
present.
2017, focussed on dementia care both at home and in
M. van der Knaap, social worker in De Cocksdorp,
care facilities. The conference Discon 17: Zorg & Innovatie
who hosts a community meeting every week, and the
[Discon 17: Care & Innovation], by Rotary Nederland in
eight elderly attendees who were present.
Almelo on the 18th of March 2017, focussed on technical
J. van Andel, manager of Woontij, the housing
innovations in the care sector.
corporation on Texel. ××
××
Texels Welzijn; B. Verhoeven, B. Pieterse, R. Harbers
Data analysis
and M. van der Knaap, social workers in the different
Datasets were used to determine the prevalence of
villages on Texel.
dementia, but also provided information on demographics
H. Schreurs, resident in De Cocksdorp, and yoga
of the (potential) location(s) for the design proposal.
teacher for elderly in Den Burg. ××
C. Hooijschuur, resident in De Cocksdorp whose
003
i introduction. ii methodology
Case-studies The case studies provide information on various themes: providing small-scale care, community integration, applying domotica, and give feedback on architectural elements. The following case studies were used: ××
Care farm De Hulst, in Oterleek
××
Care facility Eugeria, in Almelo
××
Care facility Topaz Vlietwijk, in Voorschoten
Site visits and interviews formed the basis for these case studies. They will not be discussed separately, but the findings are included in the results of the research.
Urban analysis An architectural and urban analysis of the chosen location provide insight in the existing typologies.
Survey A survey with questions on the current situation in care facilities and wishes of residents was set up to be filled in by residents of care facilities, informal caregivers, and professional caregivers. It was sent to multiple (smallscale) care facilities throughout the country. Unfortunately, the response was limited, and only caregivers responded. Therefore the results have no statistical value, but give an impression of different care facilities and the perspective of caregivers.
Research through design The design process included research such as studies into different variants, both in footprint design, as well as in the design of volumes.
004
II RESEARCH
i introduction
WHAT IS DEMENTIA, AND HOW SHOULD WE DESIGN FOR IT?
It is only recently that researchers and other professionals have become interested in the perspective of people with dementia, and are willing to look beyond the cognitive decline and existing paradigms. Currently, the main aspiration is to have people live at home for as long as possible, making a care facility a final solution for the (chronically) ill. Environments, including buildings, can mean different
dementia, often comes from a secondary source. This
things to different people and have a significant impact
makes the results of such types of research debatable.
on someone’s health and well-being (Davis, et al., 2009).
Additionally, researchers often approach dementia
Therefore, as an architect, it is important to focus on
from the medical paradigm perspective, which regards
the needs of the users. Unfortunately, the perspective
dementia as a degenerative disease of which negative side
and subjective experience of people with dementia has
effects should be minimised. Observation is often used as
been overlooked in research, care practice and policy
the main type of research, as it is non-verbal. But, as this
formulation until the 1990's, as the focus was on their
is a qualitative research method, it is easily influenced by
cognitive decline (Hubbard, et al., 2003). The general belief
the paradigms and biases of the researcher. Furthermore,
was that people with dementia no longer possessed a sense
multiple observations should be made at different times,
of self, rendering their personal statements meaningless.
as the communicative ability of people with dementia
Today's inclusion of people with dementia can mainly be
varies during the day (Hubbard, et al., 2003). Therefore
attributed to a growing interest into the psychosocial and
the observations made during the visits to various care
biographical aspects of their life experience (Hubbard, et
facilities only provide an impression of the different
al., 2003). However, there are still gaps in understanding
manifestations of dementia.
the experience of people with dementia, and what makes
Historical development
life meaningful for them (Moyle, et al., 2011).
In the last century, the Dutch elderly care has changed In most research, the perspective of people with dementia
tremendously. A documentary by Dutch tv-show Andere
is not described, nor is it mentioned as a limitation to the
Tijden shows this development (Jansen Hendriks, 2010). In
research (Innes, et al., 2011). Research into dementia often
the 18th century, the government provided bread and peat
focusses on the quality of life of people with dementia,
for the winter, but elderly had to work until they could not
and how this is affected by certain factors. Hubbard, et
do so anymore. Only then would they go to a care home,
al. (2003) define quality of life as a dynamic interaction
as their children had no time to take care of them.
between external conditions of an individual's life, and the internal perceptions of those conditions. According
Footage from the early 1960's shows someone exclaiming
to this definition, a lot of intimate information is required
that people over 65 serve no use for society. Doctors
to determine the quality of life, which, for people with
were not treating elderly, and an age of 75 is regarded as
005
ii research. i introduction
extremely old. At this time, elderly who could not afford better slept with up to 60 people in one dorm, and only had a bed and a cupboard. Men and women slept in separate dorms. One of the men explains that you get used to the limited space and become inventive. In this period, geriatrics, the branch of medicine specialising in elderly, was introduced. A key player in this was Jo Schreuder, an internist, who believed that elderly should be able to age in a healthy way. The first changes took place in the mid 1960's, when elderly centres were built offering 12-14m2 per person. In 1965 a law was passed which provided money to those without an income. This enabled the elderly to move into the centres, as they did not want to burden their children. However, in 1970 there was a large housing shortage for the elderly, as the demand kept growing. In December of 1971 the last large dorm closed down. Nowadays, care homes have become end stations for people who are (chronically) ill, and/or have no money to receive care at home. Another change is that the elderly continue to be part of society.
006
II RESEARCH. ii dementia
WHAT IS DEMENTIA?
The term dementia encompasses over 50 diseases which have a degenerative effect on the brain. Though all of these manifest themselves in different ways, they share similarities. As there is no cure, and the number of people with dementia is evermore increasing, it will become one of societies main challenges to overcome in the (near) future. The high prevalence of dementia implies that most
patients are well aware of their illness, which can cause
people have heard of it and/or have someone in their
depression. The progression of the disease is incremental,
environment with the disease. The stereotypical image
as opposed to the more steady decline seen in Alzheimer's
is that people become increasingly forgetful, but there
disease.
is much more to the disease. Ageing, compared with a higher life expectancy will cause a rise in the number
Frontotemporal dementia, also known as Pick's disease,
of people with dementia. The large scope of the disease
often occurs at a younger age and is caused by dying
means it is something society as a whole has to deal with,
braincells in the frontal lobe. Often this results in speech
including designers.
impairment, character, and behavioural changes. For people aged between 40-60, it is the second most
Diseases
common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease.
Dementia is a collective term that encompasses over 50 degenerative diseases which affect the brain. Alzheimer
The fourth most common type is Lewy body dementia.
Nederland (n.d.) describes the most common types of
Some symptoms are similar to those of Parkinson's
dementia. About 70% of people with dementia have
disease, such as tremors, rigidity, slow movements, a
Alzheimer's Disease, which causes memory impairment
bended posture and an altered gait. Initially, the disease
and a decrease in daily functioning. It can also lead to a
manifests itself through a lack of concentration and
change in character and expression. Early in the disease,
possibly visual hallucinations. Symptoms vary strongly on
symptoms can be obscured, but these grow clearer as the
a daily basis. The disease is caused by protein deposits in
disease progresses. Eventually death will be caused by
the brain, called Lewy bodies.
general weakness, balance problems causing a fall, or a
Progression
respiratory infection.
Van Der Plaats and De Boer (2014) describe how dementia Vascular dementia makes up 16% of the total. This type
affects the brain structure. It mostly affects the layers in
is caused by problems with blood circulation in the brain.
which a person makes complicated decisions, and can use
This type can often be related to earlier cardiovascular
rational logic. With these layers impaired, it is impossible
diseases and/or strokes. Symptoms depend on the area in
to make decisions, even one as simple as: 'Would you
the brain affected by the disease and vary from a lack of
like coffee, yes or no?'. It also causes raw emotions to
concentration and slower speech to physical complaints
come out, such as anger or sadness, as the brain cannot
such as paralysis. Because there often is no memory loss,
censor these emotions anymore. On top of this, dementia
007
ii research. ii dementia
also affects our procedural memory, which is part of our
In research, activities are split up into two categories
unconscious memory where we store information on how
(Giebel, Sutcliffe & Challis, 2015). The first is instrumental
to execute daily tasks such as getting dressed and eating.
daily activities (IADL's), which comprises activities like
These tasks are comprised of many different movements
finances, household tasks, laundry, telephoning, transport,
that have to be executed in a certain order, e.g. you do
meal preparation, medication, management and shopping.
not put on your jumper before your underwear. On top of
The second is basic activities of daily living (ADL's), which
that, you have to think about which way is front, is it inside
include bathing, continence, dressing, feeding, toileting
out, et cetera.
and transfer. IADL's decline from an early stage, and often are indicators of dementia. ADL's deteriorate to a greater
One way to measure the severity of dementia is by using
extent in the later stages, and have a crucial impact on the
the Global Deterioration Scale, developed by Dr. Barry
quality of life of people with dementia.
Reisberg (see Appendix 1 on p.130 for the complete scale). Dudchenko (2010) summarises the scale as follows:
Throughout life people fulfil different roles in their work,
1.
No cognitive deficits
family and free time, but for people with dementia, as
2.
‘Age associated memory impairment’ patients report
the disease progresses, these major life roles disappear
problems with memory, and this includes forgetting
(Davis, et al., 2009). This can be quite traumatic as it is a
where one has placed objects
vital part of a person’s identity. Moving to a care facility,
‘Mild cognitive impairment’ clear-cut cognitive
out of the familiar context where previously these roles
deficits are observed and one of the first of these is
were fulfilled, is also traumatic, and often results in shock,
getting lost when travelling to a new location
withdrawal and anger. However, when people move
‘Mild dementia’ patients may still know where they
together with their partner, they seem to suffer less from
are and what time it is, but they may have difficulties
the impact (Hadjri, et al., 2015). An ideal situation would
with travel
be that when people are diagnosed with dementia, they
‘Moderate dementia’ there are severe problems with
immediately move into a care facility to avoid stress and
memory and patients may frequently have difficulty
confusion at a later stage.
3.
4.
5.
recognising where they are 6.
7.
require
Like any other person, people with dementia need to
assistance getting around, although they are
express their feelings, make choices and live a familiar
sometimes able to travel to familiar locations.
lifestyle. However, their ways of expression might change.
Generally, people at this stage are unaware of their
Until very far in the disease progression, sometimes even
immediate surroundings and also, for example, the
until the end of life, a sense of selfhood remains (Davis, et
time of year
al., 2009).
‘Moderate
severe
dementia’
patients
‘Severe dementia’ verbal abilities and the ability to
Prevalence
walk are lost Levels 1-3 are described as the pre-dementia stages, levels
The estimated number of people with dementia in the
4-7 as dementia stages.
Netherlands in 2014 was 260.000, of which a large part is yet to be diagnosed (RIVM, 2017a). On average, it
008
takes one year and three months between the onset of
Prognosis
dementia and diagnosis (Alzheimer Nederland, 2011).
Though the life expectancy of people with dementia
Likely, this average is much higher, as early symptoms
depends on the type, in general it is lower than of
often go unnoticed. In 2013, roughly 82.000 people (32%
people without the disease (RIVM, 2017a). People with
of total) with dementia lived in an intramural care facility.
Alzheimer's disease live eight to ten years after the onset of the disease. However, this differs strongly per person
Fleming and Purandare (2010) state that the number of
and can vary from thee to twenty years.
people affected by dementia will double every twenty years. Seventy-nine percent of people with dementia
The DALY [Disability-Adjusted Life Year) is a tool to
aged 65 to 74 will live in their communities, as opposed
measure how many healthy years a person loses due to a
to thirty-six percent of those over 85. The numbers also
disease or early death. Between 2015 and 2040, dementia
differ, based on the severity of the dementia. Of people
grows from the 10th to the 1st position due to its high death
with mild dementia 96% lives in the community, whereas
rate (RIVM, 2017b). In 2014, 63% of the disease burden is
91% of people with severe dementia live in care facilities.
caused by an early death.
The trend scenario of RIVM (2017b) shows a tripling of dementia as a cause of death, from 14.000 in 2015 to
Paradigm
almost 40.000 in 2040. As dementia is an age related
Within care facilities, dementia is often viewed from a
disease, the ageing population mostly explains this
medical perspective, where all functional difficulties and
increase, combined with a decrease of deaths related
emotional states are attributed to brain damage (Davis,
to cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the
et al., 2009). The focus is on the limitations rather than
average life expectancy in 2040 will increase with 4.2 years
the capabilities of people with dementia. Moreover,
for women and 4.4 years for men, resulting in an even
generalised care is often inadequate, not only because
larger elderly population.
dementia is a term used for many different diseases, but also as the diseases are located in the brain and affect
Eventually, the number of people with dementia will rise to
every person in a different way.
its peak of 565.000 people in 2050 (Alzheimer Nederland, 2011). Though most future scenarios stop at 2040-50, it is
There is a problematic paradigm in society as a whole. In
likely that afterwards the prevalence will steadily decrease
the Netherlands, people with dementia are often called
until it stabilises in a slightly increasing slope. This decrease
‘demented’, which implies that they are the disease, rather
will be caused by the deaths of the baby-boom generation.
than being a complete person who happens to suffer from
The following stabilisation and increase is then caused
a particular condition. At the symposium Nieuwe buren:
by an increasing life expectancy and available treatment
Langer thuis met dementie [New neighbours: Longer
for other diseases. If at one point dementia can either
at home with dementia] this negative paradigm was
be prevented or treated, these predictions will change
discussed and it was stated that ‘people with dementia’ is
dramatically. How dramatically depends on which type of
the preferred term (De Bie, et al., 2017).
dementia it can cure and/or prevent.
009
II RESEARCH. iii designing for dementia
PARADIGM SHIFT: FROM CARE-CENTRED TO HUMAN-CENTRED
Designing for dementia requires a paradigm shift. Instead of trying to control people with dementia and suppressing undesirable behaviour, buildings and environments should be designed in such a way that they provide support, a sense of security, and independence. A human-centred approach as opposed to the current care-centred approach. Unlike other users, it is often difficult, if not impossible,
space, therefore not only the quality of care, but also the
for people with dementia to express what their spatial
environment impacts on their well-being and experience
needs are, especially in the later stages of the disease.
(Innes, et al., 2011).
Furthermore, they may experience space in a different way, making it more difficult for designers to relate
Design process
(Nillesen and Opitz, 2013; Van Hoof, et al., 2015).
The communicative limitations often cause people with
Instead of articulating how they experience a space,
dementia to be left out of the design process. There
they express themselves in different ways, commonly
are however researchers who do involve people with
through behaviour. This cumbers the designing process
dementia in the design process. Van Hoof, et al. have tried
as it affects the communication process. The behaviour
to use art and creativity to overcome the communicational
of the person with dementia has to be interpreted, which
differences. During a mood-board session, a design
can only be done by someone who knows the person
method often used in architecture, people with dementia
well, such as a caregiver or family member, who functions
were asked to make mood-boards and clarify their
as an intermediary. The intermediary is also influenced
choices. During the three-hour session, participants were
by his or her own bias. In the final communication step,
repeatedly reminded of the goal of the session and asked
the designer interprets the description given by the
to explain their choices, as this is difficult for them to do in
intermediary person, resulting in a large margin of error.
hindsight. This gave rise to four important themes: colours, (function of) furniture, decoration in private room, and a
Paradigm shift
sense of home. One of the participants stressed that the
A paradigm shift is required from the medical model,
environment was forced upon them because they have to
focusing on the disease and the limitation it causes, to the
live here, which was seen as unpleasant.
social model, which focuses on the remaining capabilities. This new paradigm should extend to all disciplines
There is a strong stigma surrounding care facilities. Innes,
that interact with people with dementia. This moves
et al. (2011) state that care facilities feel like institutions,
the emphasis from the condition to the experience of
and the experience for residents can be very restrictive
people with dementia, which will encourage people with
and confining. During a community meeting, a lady spoke
dementia to actively participate in life, rather than being
up and exclaimed that she would rather die than go to
a passive recipient of the structured life in care facilities
such an institution, referring to the nearby care institution
(Davis, et al., 2009). This shift should extend to the design
in a neighbouring village. One interviewee described how
of care facilities. People with dementia use the physical
her late parents had had the ability to make up fantasies
010
like a seven year old when it came to care facilities,
Stimuli
describing them as madhouses. She expressed a need for
People with dementia can experience stimuli in a more
clarity towards people in need of care, showing them how
intense way. The deteriorating cognitive ability causes
a care facility works and what it looks like. Including them
experiences to become more sensory than intellectual
in the design process can be a good solution, especially in
(Hadjri, et al., 2015). Therefore, it is important to control
the beginning stages of the disease.
stimuli, especially noise (Fleming & Purandare, 2010). Other important factors are lighting, visual contrast,
Design considerations
acoustics, colour and (wayfinding) cues (Innes, et al.,
Research has been done into how external factors affect
2011).
people with dementia. However, little research focuses specifically on architecture. Nillesen and Opitz (2013)
Small scale care facilities, or small units, are more desirable
combined literary research and 'inspiration tables', where
as they minimise over-stimulation caused by noise and a
they discussed how architecture can influence the quality
large number of people that come into contact with the
of life of people with dementia in care facilities. They
residents (Hadjri, et al., 2015).
concluded that there are limited truths and hard facts. Mostly, design elements are preferences based on a
Spaces
certain vision.
As stimuli affect people differently, it is important to create different spaces with varying levels of stimuli. Residents
Davis, et al. (2009) describe a dementia friendly
should have a choice between a quiet place to retreat to,
environment as a cohesive system of support, which not
or a place to join activities (Innes, et al., 2011).
only recognises the experience of people with dementia, but also provides assistance so they can engage in daily life
The care facility should resemble a house. Nillesen and
in a meaningful way. Design should prevent falls, make it
Opitz (2013) describe the building blocks that make up
easier to find the toilet at night and enable people who like
a typical Dutch house: a hallway, living room, kitchen,
to walk at night to do so. An environment should support
toilet, bedrooms, bathroom and a garden. These are the
the remaining abilities of a person with dementia and the
same for people with dementia, but the level of access
development and maintenance of relationships (Innes,
varies. Normally, the boundary for visitors is somewhere
et al., 2011). Professor Mary Marshall of the Dementia
between the living room and bedroom. This boundary is
Services Development Centre at the University of Stirling
not as determined in a care facility, as fellow residents can
in Scotland adds that residences should maximise
bring in unfamiliar visitors. Creating different zones with
independence, reinforce personal identity, demonstrates
different levels of privacy is key.
care for staff, and welcomes relatives and the local Private rooms of residents should be flexible enough to
community (Fleming & Purandare, 2010).
accommodate personal furniture and items (Innes, et al., The following paragraphs cover different themes which
2011). Not only does this make the space more familiar, it
should be taken into account when designing a facility for
also helps maintaining a sense of individuality.
people with dementia.
011
ii research. iii designing for dementia
Design recommendation
Authors
Use wayfinding cues
Davis, et al. (2009); Dudchenko (2010); Fleming and Purandare (2010); Hadjri, et al. (2015); Innes, et al. (2011); Nillesen and Opitz (2013)
Compensate for disability
Davis, et al. (2009); Dudchenko (2010); Fleming and Purandare (2010); Innes, et al. (2011)
Reinforce personal identity
Fleming and Purandare (2010); Hadjri, et al. (2015); Innes, et al. (2011)
Care for staff
Fleming and Purandare (2010)
Connection with community
Fleming and Purandare (2010); Hadjri, et al. (2015); Innes, et al. (2011); Moyle, et al. (2011); Nillesen and Opitz (2013)
Control stimuli
Fleming and Purandare (2010); Nillesen and Opitz (2013)
Enhance visual access
Dudchenko (2010); Fleming and Purandare (2010); Innes, et al. (2011)
Unobtrusive safety features
Eugeria; Fleming and Purandare (2010); Topaz Vlietwijk
Unambiguous spaces
Fleming and Purandare (2010); Innes, et al. (2011)
Domestic and home-like
Fleming and Purandare (2010); Innes, et al. (2011)
Scope for ordinary activities
Davis, et al. (2009); Fleming and Purandare (2010)
Provide safe outdoor space
Eugeria; Fleming and Purandare (2010); Innes, et al. (2011); Warm Thuis foundation
012
There is an interesting debate whether residents should
Dudchenko also describes a study in which people who
have individual bathrooms, or share one with other
have Alzheimer's disease level 3-4 showed that they
residents. One of the residents of De Hulst, in Oterleek,
were only able to lead people through a highly familiar
said he did not mind sharing the bathroom with others.
environment, but were unable to do so in an environment
Innes, et al. (2011) found similar results in their research,
they only experienced three times (see "Progression" on
as residents said they never had one before and did not
p. 007 for further explanation on levels). Learning new
see it as important now. Relatives take the opposing
environments seems to be slow. When lost, people exhibit
position, as they focus more on the environment and
a variety of behaviours which express anxiety, confusion
autonomy of the person with dementia. They value
and panic. These behaviours range from mutism, to talking
individual bathrooms much more. Caregivers are split
non stop. Some will walk excessively, incapable of saying
between the two positions. At De Hulst, both caregivers
that they are lost. These difficulties appear to vary within
and management stated that shared bathrooms are more
a typical day, and seem to be more prevalent in the late
suitable, as (almost all) residents need help from staff to
afternoon.
bathe, and there is less cleaning to do. At Eugeria however, each resident has an individual bathroom, partly so the
Ideally, an environment designed for people with
rooms can be transformed to apartments in the future if
dementia can be navigated without thinking. This can be
necessary.
realised by enhancing visual access, or even creating total visual access, where there are no hallways, but all rooms
Wayfinding
are accessible from one space (Dudchenko, 2010; Fleming
In his book, Why people get lost, Dudchenko (2010)
& Purandare, 2010). Another way is to provide cues which
describes how wayfinding works, and it includes a chapter
help residents to find their way by enhancing architectural
focussed on Alzheimer's disease. According to Dudchenko,
richness, like 'landmarks', paintings or architectural
spatial orientation appears to require: a recognition of
features such as personalised doorways, changes in
one's surroundings, an ability to use familiar landmarks
lighting levels and floor surfaces (Davis, et al., 2009). It is
to decide which way we need to turn, or a maintenance
important that these cues can be processed in the 'low'
of orientation by keeping track of previous experience.
brain, where emotions are regulated, as this part of the
A failure of any of these may result in getting lost.
brain becomes increasingly important as the disease
Furthermore, part of a person's spatial experience is
progresses (Nillesen & Opitz, 2013). Innes, et al. (2011)
formed in the brain, and this can err when this person is
add that leaving the door to the bathroom open can help
in an ambiguous environment or distracted. As dementia
finding it. One manager of a care facility described how
affects the brain, it hinders the requirements mentioned,
leaving a light on in the bathroom could also aid residents
and intensifies the effect of ambiguous environments,
at night, keeping them from wandering. Fleming and
causing a person to get lost more easily. In Alzheimer's
Purandare (2010) state that the use of objects is preferred
disease, having difficulties in wayfinding is one of the first
over colours, as the latter exclude people with limited
symptoms.
visibility.
013
ii research. iii designing for dementia
Safety
The building design is key to maintain safety. However, the
One of the biggest concerns surrounding people with
building should be safe, but also maintain mobility (Hadjri,
dementia is their safety. Interestingly, safety features
et al., 2015). Innes, et al. (2011) stress a need for access
seem to please relatives most, whereas they often are a
to the outdoors in any weather, which was also mentioned
source of frustration for people with dementia. The main
during the visits to Warm Thuis and Eugeria.
concern is that people will wander off, get lost or even run over (Fleming & Purandare, 2010). A well grounded
Activities
fear, especially since most residents of care facilities have
One intriguing question is whether activities positively
moved there from other villages, making the environment
affect the quality of life of a person with dementia, when
unfamiliar. However, the quality of life of the person with
he or she cannot remember the activity the following day.
dementia should also be taken into account. Innes, et al.
During the interviews, relatives of people with dementia,
(2011) describe that residents in two homes expressed
as well as managers and caregivers stated that it did affect
a feeling of being controlled, and had to "be allowed"
the person, as the positive feelings remained. Hubbard,
to use space, go outside or just move around. This left
et al. (2003) found similar results, and add that activities
them with the feeling they were just sitting there, wasting
are not only a source of enjoyment, but can also be an
away. Interviews with care providers at the Warm Thuis
opportunity to learn something new and to improve skills.
foundation indicate the importance of a safe outdoor
Torrington (2006) describes a wish list of activities based
space, which residents can use freely.
on conversations with people with dementia, including activities that focus on access and a connection to nature,
Whenever safety features are inevitable, it is important to
community participation, creative activities and support
make them unobtrusive, so residents are not continuously
with routine (Innes, et al., (2011).
confronted with them. Such measures can include camouflaging exits, and the use of electronic locks
As the disease progresses, major life roles disappear. It is
(Fleming & Purandare, 2010). Topaz Vlietwijk and Eugeria,
important for care staff to determine these previous roles
two of the care facilities visited for this research, use
and experiences that were important to each resident,
living-zones which can be set for each individual resident
and create opportunities for these activities (Davis, et al.,
using a bracelet they wear. The level of access depends
2009). All people have a need to accomplish something
on the resident, and varies from the individual room and
meaningful, to feel useful and of value to society (Moyle,
shared living room, to the entire building complex, and
et al., 2011). The building design should be flexible enough
in the case of Eugeria, the garden and other buildings.
to help create these opportunities (Fleming & Purandare,
Some residents cannot find their way back, or become
2010). The experience of a meal can start well before
panicked whenever they leave the familiarity of their own
eating. Collecting vegetables and herbs from the garden,
apartment and shared living room. Depending on what
finding a recipe, helping in preparation, setting the table,
the resident is able or unable to do independently, a living
and afterwards cleaning up, are all activities that can
circle is determined. Doors will only open for residents
be linked to a meal and provide a meaningful way to be
who have a wider living circle, and remain locked for those
involved in daily life.
who do not.
014
But, activities are not only meaningful, they are also
the familiar social environment (Van Liempd, et al., 2009).
important for physical fitness levels. In their research, Den
This will maintain the connection to the community and
Ouden, et al. (in press) have found that people in nursing
also enables informal caregivers to continue to have
homes see a decline in physical fitness and become more
close contact to the person with dementia without
care dependent. During observations, most residents
having to travel long distances. During an interview with
were inactive; watching TV, sleeping or doing nothing,
the daughter and granddaughter whose (grand)parents
in a sitting or lying position. Furthermore, the residents
had to move into a care facility in another village, the
were rarely active in IADL activities, such as setting the
daughter explained that the location of the facility was
table or preparing food. Their research also indicated that
problematic. The distance made it impossible to pass by on
participation in daily activities helps to improve physical
a spontaneous visit, resulting in longer, but less frequent,
fitness, and lessens the decline in mobility. However, a
planned visits. Creating care facilities in each village can
key limitation in this research is the lack of explanation
encourage relatives and friends to visit more often.
as to why people are not participating in daily activities. Perhaps the building design and care management do not
Organisational structure
encourage residents to participate in these activities.
In common practice, a care institution building is designed, built, and then the organisation moves in. However, the
Community integration
benefits from the environment can be undermined by
Hadjri, et al. (2015) describe how a community-based
an incompatible organisational structure and vice versa
model of supported housing could ensure that people who
(Davis, et al., 2009; Hadjri, et al., 2015). Therefore the
need care can continue to live relatively independently.
organisational structure and building design should be
However, research is needed to determine whether this is
integrated. An open and mobility promoting building
also feasible in the long term. But in general, connections
combined with a strict and controlling organisation causes
to the community should be encouraged. Having children
friction.
and animals around is also seen as positive, as both are part of a regular community (Innes, et al., 2011). In their study
Small-scale care facilities aim to emulate a regular
into factors that influence quality of life for people with
household. Nurses and caregivers wear their own clothes
dementia, Moyle, et al. (2011) found that participation
instead of uniforms and are part of the household.
in social activities may be the key to a higher quality of
Administrative work is done on a laptop at the dining room
life. Having no contact with the community reinforces the
table or at a desk, as an office does not fit within the house
stigma of living in an institution as opposed to a home.
atmosphere. Care facilities are integrated in the building
When family and friends no longer visit, some residents
as much as possible, but it will never be a completely
look towards staff to fulfil a need for companionship
natural homelike environment. There is evidence that
(Moyle, et al., 2011).
small-scale care facilities are related to a higher quality of life, but it is impossible to distinguish this from other
Secretary of State Mrs Bussemaker sent a letter to the
possible influencing factors such as home-likeness, safety,
House of Representatives in 2009 stating that for people
familiarity and staff (Fleming & Purandare, 2010).
with dementia, it is desirable to have a care facility nearby
015
ii research. iii designing for dementia
016
III CONCEPT
i introduction
A CARING COMMUNITY
A future in which each village has its own intramural care facility, so that inhabitants who need care can receive this and remain a part of their community. A network of care which enable family, friends and neighbours to continue to interact with residents. This chapter translates the research into a concept
The reformation of the Long Term Care Act in 2015 aims
that can be applied nationwide. It aims to answer the
to keep people living at home for as long as possible,
research question on a conceptual level. First, the current
bringing the care to the people. Only people with a need
situation is introduced, as well as recent changes in the
for intensive, 24-hour care are accepted into intramural
legislation concerning care. This forms the foundation for
care facilities. Care facilities have become places for the
the proposed overarching concept. A vision, based on the
(chronically) ill to reside and eventually pass away. These
overarching concept and the conducted research, provides
facilities are mostly located in larger or in urban areas,
guide for the concept and building design. This is followed
forcing people to move out of their community (Figure 1).
by the plot concept and finally, the building concept.
Proposed concept Current situation
In the concept proposed in this book there will be a more
In an ideal world people grow old in their own house,
even distribution of care facilities in the countryside
surrounded by their family and friends, and some
(Figure 2). Each village will have small scale care facilities in
cultures do encourage this. The Dutch culture is focused
which people with dementia or somatic conditions can live
on independence, and the elderly do not want to be a
and still be part of their community. This prevents social
nuisance to their children. Children often work full-time,
isolation, and in the case of people with dementia, can
and do not have time to take care of their parents. Often it
encourage them to take control of their own lives. The small
is the spouses taking care of each other, and when this is
size of the villages means that most inhabitants know each
no longer possible, the person(s) move into a care facility.
other and there is a lot of social control. When a person with dementia gets lost, a community member can help
Care facilities are limited in the countryside, and patients
to bring this person back to their home. Furthermore, the
often only have direct access to a general physician. For
familiarity between inhabitants also means that people
other facilities, they have to travel a larger village. This is
are more likely to help or volunteer at the care facility. The
increasingly problematic for the ageing population, as their
number of care facilities depends on the size of the village
mobility decreases and they are faced with the choice to
and the number of people with dementia. One of the main
either move to a larger village and leave their home, or
challenges for small scale care facilities are the high costs
not receiving the care they need. Especially for people for
for nursing staff, especially the night shift. Having multiple
whom receiving care at home is no longer an option.
small care facilities in close proximity to each other can
017
iii concept. i introduction
Figure 1. Current situation intramural care facilities: only located in large villages
make this solution more affordable, as one qualified
more people. However, they should form different houses
nurse can oversee two to three locations. During the day,
of 5-7 people on the farmstead, to create a familiar family-
one nurse can oversee 5-7 residents, with the help of a
like atmosphere. A care farm is especially suitable for
volunteer during peak times such as dinner.
people who have lived their entire life on a farmstead or people who love to be outside. A farmstead enables them
In addition to the care facilities in villages, there will be
to continue the life roles they had prior to their dementia.
more care farms. These can be located strategically
The exact location of the farm is less important, as there
between multiple villages, and can provide a home for
are no facilities within walking distance.
018
Figure 2. Concept intramural care facilities: small villages and care farms
019
iii concept. i introduction
020
III CONCEPT. ii vision
A TAILORED CARE SOLUTION
A vision for a small-scale care facility that suits all residents on an individual basis, maintains and encourages their connections to the community and compensates for their disabilities. A Place where residents can move freely within their own home and garden. A place where residents will want to spend the rest of their lives. Nillesen and Opitz (2013) found that there are limited
As it is located within the community, existing contacts
truths and hard facts on how to design for people with
remain, and informal caregivers, family members, friends
dementia, and most choices are actually preferences
and former neighbours can still be an active part of the
based on a vision. It is therefore important to define a
residents life.
vision, prior to designing a building. As this book not only proposes a building design, but a nation-wide concept for small-scale care facilities, the vision also forms the foundation for the concept. A care facility with 3-5 residents located in a community. The aim is to maintain the autonomy of the residents as much as possible, and compensate for their disabilities. The residents share a communal kitchen and living room, but also have their own room where they can retreat. Whenever possible, residents can still venture out into the community. As the community is small, other members can help the resident to find his or her way back home whenever he or she gets lost. If going out independently is too stressful, residents can only be given access to an enclosed garden. Access to the outdoors at all times is essential. The building has to be flexible enough to be a cohesive support system on an individual basis. Both the building and the garden should provide opportunity for meaningful activities, and enable residents to actively participate in the daily household. The design should focus on the capabilities of the residents, rather than the limitations. Nursing staff becomes part of the household, as they work at the dining room table, and equipment is integrated in the building design.
021
iii concept. ii vision
“In the most literal sense, the space in which I roam, delimited by the physical boundaries within I live my life, has grown very small. It’s not just that I can no longer drive, save to those two or three places where the route is etched into memory; it’s also because I have lost the ability to navigate in unfamiliar places, and some places that were once familiar seem like foreign terrain. I am often lost in space, unsure of where I am and how to get to where I need to go… - Grayboys and Zheutlin (2008)
022
III CONCEPT. iii plot
CREATING A SAFE HAVEN
The ultimate ambition is to create a safe haven. A place where people with dementia can feel safe, at home, or at least say `I do not know where I am right now, but I feel safe`. A place where they can live as independently as possible, go outside in the garden, or when it is still possible, into the village itself. The largest part of the plot should accessible to the residents. Key is the placement of the building(s), especially in relation to the garden. The building(s) can function as a barrier between the public domain and the private domain of the building(s) and garden, depending
Back garden
on the location of the plot and its surroundings. Figure 3 shows the different types within the plot concept. When located in the centre of a village, plots may border with houses or other buildings, or can be a semi-detached or terraced houses. In such cases there is often a back garden, with a building placed on the building line. The second type is that of a detached building. This especially
Detached
works on a farmstead, where there is a lot of space around the buildings. Also, the more isolated location guarantees the private character of the outdoor space. This is also why this type is less suitable for a location in the village centre, because the private outdoor space then directly borders the public domain.
Courtyard
The courtyard type can be applied in village centres where there is no back yard possible. However, it can also be applied in any other location, with the addition of a backyard or other outdoor space surrounding the building, as illustrated in the second courtyard type. This would create an internal safe outdoor space within the courtyard, and a slightly more public space on the exterior of the building.
Courtyard Figure 3. Plot concept typologies
023
III CONCEPT. iv building
DESIGNING A HOME FOR DEMENTIA
Creating a home where residents can feel safe, find their way intuitively, and are encourage to participate in meaningful activities. Though safety is key, it should not consciously limit the residents causing frustration. A safe garden enables all residents to go outside whenever they like. The research and vision provide handholds for the building concept. Figure 4 shows an overview of the important elements of the building concept. Each will be discussed shortly.
Walking circuit
Walking circuit
Unambiguous spaces
Too much, or a lack of stimuli can cause certain people with dementia to start wandering. The building design
living
should enable them to do so safely, either within the building itself, or in a safe, enclosed garden.
care Integrated care and living
Accessible
Unambiguous spaces Especially for people with Alzheimer’s disease, who have
public
difficulty with finding their way, it is important to avoid ambiguous spaces. Each space should be defined and have a clear function.
private
Accessibility Because dementia (eventually) also affects the physical
Clear gradation
capabilities of residents, it is important to make the entire
Figure 4. Building concept
Safe outdoor space
building accessible to wheelchairs and walkers. This will enable residents to move as freely as possible.
Clear gradation Integrated care and living
It is important to create different levels of privacy, as being
The building should first and foremost be a home to its
around strangers in their own house can be confusing for
residents. Though care is essential, it is integrated in the
people with dementia. Therefore private rooms should be
building design. Bathrooms, for example, should be large
large enough to also fit a small seating area where people
enough to accommodate a resident in a wheelchair, and
can retreat to if they require privacy. Visitors then only
a caregiver. Nurses do not work from an office, but at the
have acces to the ‘shared spaces’ and the private room of
dining table, to create a home-like atmosphere.
the resident they are visiting.
024
Safe outdoor space
architecture should open up towards the private garden,
Creating a safe outdoor space is key, especially for
and have a more closed appearance towards the public
residents who cannot go out into the community on their
realm. This also helps preventing residents from wandering
own anymore, because it has become too stressful. A
off, or becoming frustrated if they can see people passing
garden then gives them the opportunity to be outside and
by, but cannot go there themselves.
feel safe.
Clear routing Residents should be able to navigate the building
closed
intuitively, using wayfinding cues that they are able to process. Ideally, cues stimulate multiple senses.
open Visual access
Scope for activities
Facade character
The building should encourage residents to participate in activities to give them a sense of usefulness. Though these are mostly non-architectural objects, the building should be flexible enough to accommodate these.
Control stimuli
Clear routing
Scope for activities
As people with dementia become more sensitive to stimuli, it is important to control these. However, there is a false notion that there should be no stimuli at all. A certain level of stimuli can be calming. This is especially important in the private rooms, whereas the need for controlling and decreasing stimuli is more important in the shared spaces.
Control stimuli
Unobtrusive safety features
Unobtrusive safety features In order to prevent residents from getting hurt, or unintentionally hurting others, it is important to have a certain level of safety features in place. However, to avoid
Visual access
frustration, these should be as unobtrusive as possible.
Visual access does not only support residents with
Medicine cabinets can be camouflaged and locked, like
wayfinding, it can also encourage them to engage in
doors to utility rooms. But safety features also include
activities. It also helps the caregiver to keep an overview
hand railings in the bathroom, and lights that guide
without residents having to be in the same room.
residents at night. These should be unobtrusive to create a more home-like atmosphere as opposed to an institutional
Facade character
atmosphere.
To make the building and plot a true safe haven, the
025
III CONCEPT. v future
ACCOMMODATING THE FUTURE
Designing a building that can accommodate the future following different future scenarios in which the demand for intramural care facilities stabilises or decreases. Plans for future use should be taken into account when designing a building, not when the future scenario has arrived. Three strategies are proposed to accommodate future changes. is a demand for other functions
The number of people with dementia will continue to rise until 2050, after which it will steadily decline. As the care
4.
The demand for intramural care facilities specifically
system proposed in the previous chapters is comprised
for people with dementia declines strongly, and there
of many small scale facilities, some may become useless
is no demand for other functions
due to the declining demand. Innovations in home care and domotics can decrease the demand even further, as it
The first scenario would result in no change, and should
enables people to live at home for a longer period of time.
be possible within each of the solutions proposed below.
It is important to anticipate change and bring flexibility
This would mean that the building would continue to
into the design, as opposed to designing rigid care facilities
function as a small scale care facility aimed at people with
which cannot accommodate future changes. A general
dementia.
building does not necessarily work well for people with dementia. However, a building specifically designed for
Reuse (scenario 2-3)
people with dementia, also works well for other users.
A small scale care facility, as proposed in the previous chapter, can relatively easily be reused for other
The solutions can be placed on a spectrum ranging from
(intramural) care functions, such as care for somatic
non-invasive to invasive changes. The most suitable future
patients, people with other mental disabilities, et cetera,
design concept depends on local factors such as demand in
or even a combination of these.
care and other functions, other facilities and demographic trends. Three future resistant design solutions will be
The building should be designed so that non-structural
discussed which are based on the following future
internal walls can be added to subdivide the spaces in
scenarios:
the future. But even then, it has limited opportunities
1.
The demand for intramural care facilities specifically
for adaptive reuse for a non-care related function.
for people with dementia declines slightly and then
When designing a building with this future scenario, it
stabilises due to people reaching an older age
is important to have future functions in mind. However,
The demand for intramural care facilities specifically
being certain of the future demand is difficult, and could
for people with dementia declines strongly, but there
render the building useless.
2.
is a (growing) demand for other intramural care 3.
facilities
(Partially) relocated (scenario 3-4)
The demand for intramural care facilities specifically
Designing a building that can be split up and (partially)
for people with dementia declines strongly, but there
be re-located can work well, provided that the elements
026
can house a new function. This comes with a few
the architecture of a care facility should be an exact copy
design challenges. Depending on whether there are
of the local architecture, but it should have a home-like
any permanent elements, the building is completely or
and familiar atmosphere. In general, the identity should
partially flexible.
depend on the current location, and future scenario: where will the elements be re-located to, and what will
The main challenge is to design a building that not only
their function be? A specific location is not required, but
works as an ensemble of multiple elements, but also works
it is important to know what scale should be taken into
as individual elements in a new environment. To design
account when determining the level of identity of the
a building specifically for a location and function, but
design. Is it within the community, regional, national, or
ensure that all the elements are strong enough to work
even global?
independently without a known context: the elements have to be contextless.
The location, and perhaps function (as the function requires a certain size) also determine how the elements
In his essay “The Generic City” Koolhaas states that only a
will be transported. For shorter distances, exceptional
generic city is free of the straitjacket of identity (Koolhaas,
transport is an option, though regular trucks would be
1998). It is nothing but a reflection of present need and
preferred. The transportation method also sets size
present ability, a city without history and without a future.
limitations, and determines whether elements can be
He also raises an interesting question: “What are the
transported as a whole, or have to be subdivided into
disadvantages of identity, and conversely, what are the
smaller components and transported in that manner.
advantages of blankness?” (Koolhaas, 1998). Though his essay focuses on the city, this question is also valid for
It is important to note that the elements do not have to
buildings. The disadvantages of identity depend on what
be modular per se, as they only have to be moved once.
level the identity resonates. If the identity is extremely
This creates an interesting tension. As a certain level of
context specific, it would result in a building that could
modularity is required, does that mean that all connections
not be moved at all. However, if it resonates on a slightly
should be truly modular, using impermanent connections
higher level, the building matches for instance with the
such as bolts? Or is it also acceptable to use screws, which
identity of a village and could be relocated within. This can
can be removed and leave a small scar? True modularity
be scaled up until you truly create a contextless building
often defines the architecture, using repetitive elements.
which could be placed anywhere in the world. The identity
Of course modularity can be disguised, making it appear
determines the flexibility of the building. Hence, blankness
permanent, but this would be a deception. The main
leads to a higher flexibility.
question to answer is: should the building be modular? The answer is, “No.” Arguably, the building has a certain
However, the question Koolhaas poses neglects the
level of modularity, but only to break it up into different
disadvantages of blankness and thus the advantages of
elements and to relocate these once. Therefore there is
identity. Especially for people with dementia, familiarity
no need for true modularity, not in the construction, nor
is of paramount importance. Dementia becomes an
in the architectural expression.
essential part of the context. This does not mean that
027
iii concept. v future
When part of the building is permanent, the resulting
be safe to use for a longer period of time, and perhaps
tension between permanent and impermanent elements
only decompose under certain circumstances (i.e.
becomes interesting. Is the building made up of elements
when combined with a certain chemical or substance).
that share a construction and thermal insulation? Or is
This challenges the concept of temporary. Temporary,
the building an ensemble of completely autonomous
especially speaking about (bio-)degradable materials,
elements which are connected? Neither is correct or
means months, perhaps a few years. As this building is
superior, but they both affect the architectural expression.
expected to function well within its current function for
Should there be a different materialisation of permanent
30-40 years, the concept of temporary seems unfit, as
and impermanent elements?
it is more permanent than “temporary� suggests. The materials must be durable enough to last for this period.
Recycling (scenario 3-4)
Furthermore, it often happens that temporary buildings,
Designing a building that can be (partially) recycled is
designed to last 30 years, remain in use for many more. In
future proof in the sense that there is no unusable building
this case, the safety and durability of the materials must
or waste left after demolishing. Three general types of
also be ensured.
recycling can be distinguished, each with its own design challenges. All three can be combined in one building design. The first, and perhaps most reserved option is re-using all materials as they are. The challenge here is that (construction) elements should be as standardised as possible and have little damage from its previous usage. Also, all materials should be selected with the purpose of re-usage in mind, in order to minimise waste. The second option is to use materials that can be recycled. This has the advantage that elements do not have to be standardised, but materials should be chosen carefully. Also, recycling is regarded as very sustainable, but the energy needed to recycle the material into something that can be used again is often not taken into account. Something that is conceptually sustainable thus does not actually have to be sustainable. The third option is perhaps the most extreme: using materials that are fully (bio-)degradable. This poses an interesting design challenge as the materials should
028
IV DESIGN
i introduction
DESIGNING FOR DEMENTIA
The design proposal introduced, and elaborated in this chapter, provides a concrete manifestation of the concept when it is applied in a specific context. It is examined on different scale levels using maps, drawings, pictures and renders, as well as guiding texts, and forms an important part of the answer to the research question. This design proposal aims to answer the research question
The design proposal is introduced in the following chapter:
by combining the research and overarching concept,
exterior architecture, which focuses on the architectural
and adding a specific context. Though the concept offers
shape of the building, as well as the materialisation. It is
multiple future scenario, one is chosen and elaborated in
followed by a chapter on the interior architecture, which
the design. This chapter is somewhere in between research
elaborates on the architecture, and materialisation of the
itself, and the conclusion, as it is partially based on the
interior. It also describes how the building functions, and
results of the research, but the design process should also
connects design decisions to the conceptual elements.
be regarded as a form of research. The chapter starts on a larger scale before focussing on a more technical level.
After introducing the design on a superficial level, the next
The chapter then returns to a larger scale, discussing the
two sub-chapters focus on technical aspects, such as the
garden design and future scenario.
construction and installations, as well as technical details. Even here, there is a strong connection to the concept as it
The first sub-chapter describes the context, as well as the
reaches through to the smallest design elements.
motivation for this location. It analyses the specific site, and provides statistics to determine the current and future
The next sub-chapter zooms out to the garden design.
demand. It concludes with the programme.
Even though this is not directly part of architecture, the setting and users require a strong connection between the
The next sub-chapter focusses on the plot concept, which
architecture and garden to help them thrive. Therefore
flows directly from chapter III Concept, and discusses the
the design proposal extends to the design of the plot.
plot typology and chosen concept. This chapter also forms the basis for the fourth sub-chapter: the building concept,
The chapter concludes with the future scenario, which
which adds to the general concept and forms the basis for
shows the steps required to transition from the current
the design proposal. This chapter discusses the chosen
scenario to the future one, but also the final result. And
future scenario, as well as conceptual elements that are
provides a more concrete answer to the third research
related to the context.
question.
029
IV DESIGN. ii location
ISLANDERS
The limited number of intramural care facilities, combined with the increasing demand, makes Texel the ideal location for a design proposal focused on small-scale care facilities. The most northern and independent village, De Cocksdorp, will be the breading ground for this new concept. Texel is the most western island of the Dutch Wadden
Historical overview
Islands, and the largest one. Though its architecture,
Figure 1 shows the origin and development of Texel, which
especially that of farms, has Frisian influences, the island
initially was separated into different islands. Van Der Vlis
is part of the province of Noord Holland. It is a popular
(1977) describes in his book how Texel was formed. In
tourist destination, especially among Germans. Texel is
the thirteenth century, the formation of new dunes on
famous for its wide variety of birds, which draws many
the west coast caused the fairways to become fordable,
bird-watchers. A ferry between Den Helder and 't Horntje,
closing them off. Only the deepest fairways remained, and
at the southern tip of the island, connects Texel to the
formed the straits between the islands as they are today.
mainland. It is one municipality comprised of seven villages (Figure 2). The largest of these is Den Burg, which had
When comparing the maps in Figure 1 and Figure 2, it
7075 residents in 2016 (Gemeente Texel, 2017). The other
becomes clear that a large fairway between De Koog and
villages are Oudeschild (1340), De Koog (1315), Oosterend
the island ´Eierland´, where nowadays De Cocksdorp is
(1295), De Cocksdorp (1190), Den Hoorn (985), and De
located, was closed by the formation of dunes. Eierland
Waal (380). Even though the villages are located near each
[Egg Land] was named after the many eggs that could
other, they have slight cultural differences. These can be
be gathered daily due to its large bird population. The
partially attributed to the origins of the different villages,
closing of the strait below De Koog led to the formation
varying from fisher villages to agricultural settlements.
of a long, wide beach between De Koog and Eierland. In
1250
1500
1650
Figure 1. Origins of Texel
030
1850
1900
DE COCKSDORP
DE KOOG
OOSTEREND DE WAAL DEN BURG
OUDESCHILD
DEN HOORN
0
Figure 2. The island of Texel
031
1
2 KM
iv design. ii location
water source and all water had to be brought in by horse carriage. The large distance to Den Burg, Texel's main village, made it difficult to provide adequate support to the people living in the north.
The people Texel is among the municipalities that has to deal with an increasing number of elderly, due to ageing, and a decreasing number of young adults as they move to the mainland. Figure 4 shows the age pyramid for Texel in 2000 and 2017. In the past seventeen years people have not only started to reach older ages (80+), but the graph also shows the ageing of the baby-boom generation. Furthermore, it suggests that young adults move to the
Figure 3. De Cocksdorp on a map by Kikkerts, 1854
mainland to study, stay there to work, and come back to a cartography book dating from 1628, this terrain was
either settle down, or to retire, as their age categories show
described as a smooth sandy terrain which only flowed
a stronger decrease than expected. Multiple interviewees
over during high floods. At the beginning of the 17th
made a distinction between Texelaars: people born on
century, Cornelis van Neck proposed to build dikes on
the island, and people who moved there later. Clearly,
this strip of land, to protect Texel from the sea. Later, to
people take pride in being an islander. The same can be
the west of this main dike, drift-dikes were formed which
said for the different villages. Especially De Cocksdorp, as
supported the formation of dunes by drift-sand.
it is further away from the other villages, regards itself as a separate entity. Historically, it was separate from the rest
In 1835 the land reclamation between Eierland and Den
of the villages, and this mentality is still present today. The
Burg started under the leadership of Nicolas Joseph de
village is almost completely independent as it has its own
Cock. A small harbour had formed where the Rogsloot
facilities such as a supermarket, a pharmacy and a general
[Rog ditch] flows into the Eierlandse Gat (Figure 3), which,
physician.
before the sluice, was used to transport construction materials, fodder, et cetera. A new village was formed
For many people, tourism is a (partial) source of income.
here in 1836 named Nieuwdorp [New Village], but after
This is especially so for De Cocksdorp and De Koog, which
a few months it was named De Cocksdorp after Nicolas
both have a large park with vacation homes that is (almost)
Joseph de Cock. On the 1 of June 1836, the village had
larger than the village itself. For the islanders, tourism is
323 inhabitants. The reclaimed land was mostly sand, and
almost paradoxical, as it is essential as a source of income,
the living conditions were harsh. During the autumn and
but it is a large nuisance as well.
st
winter, the grounds became muddy. There was no sweet
032
2017 2000 95+ 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Figure 4. Age pyramid for Texel in 2000 and 2017
033
100
200
300
400
500 600 NUMBER OF PEOPLE
iv design. ii location
106
48
UR NB
9
D
2 15 18 0
OUD
DE
7
12
ESCH IL
61
78
93
G
7 9
17
39
14 11
19 OOG DE K
3 4 5 6
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
3
2015
2
OO
OO
RN
STE R
15 1 3 11 9 7 5
NH DE
11 14 17 19 7 9
number of people with dementia needing intramural care
DE WAAL
RP DE COCKSDO
Figure 5. Prevalence of moderate to severe dementia in villages on Texel
034
18
16
13
11
8
7
END
Elderly care on Texel
statistically, need intramural care, which is around 30%.
As of January 2016, Texel had two intramural care facilities
The results have been visualised in Figure 5. As the age
specifically for elderly. Gollards is the care home which
pyramid already suggested, the number of people with
houses 105 residents, and the Hollewal is the nursing
dementia will increase steadily. The prognosis does not
home with 25 places for psycho-geriatric residents and
look beyond 2040, but the growth is expected to reach its
18 somatic residents. However, the location manager
peak in 2050, after which it will decline (see "Prevalence"
explained that Gollards is becoming more like a nursing
on p.008).
home due to the increasing demand for intramural care. Dutch regulations enable elderly with a care-status
When looking at the different villages on Texel, it becomes
to choose their own care facility. However, there are
clear that the highest number of people with dementia
waiting lists, causing people to (initially) move to another
in need of intramural care is in Den Burg. However, as
facility. On Texel, this is even more stress inducing and
there are already care facilities available, it is ruled out
problematic, as it means that people will have to move
as a potential location for the design proposal. De Waal
off the island to a care facility on the mainland. Figure 4
is also ruled out, as the care facility would house 5-7
clearly shows the number of elderly is increasing, and this
residents, and currently there are only two people in
trend will continue for the coming decades, increasing the
need of intramural care. This leaves Oudeschild, De Koog,
demand for care facilities. With that, it also increases the
Oosterend, De Cocksdorp and Den Hoorn.
demand for care facilities aimed at people with dementia. Based on online communication with a few of the
Choosing a location
interviewees, it became clear that the highest demand is in
The increasing demand, and lack of desirable alternatives,
De Cocksdorp, as it is more separated from Den Burg than
makes Texel the ideal location to innovate in care, and
the other villages, both geographically and historically, as
realise small-scale care facilities in the different villages.
described in "Historical overview" at the beginning of this
On top of this, the culture is one in which people help each
chapter. During a visit to the weekly community meeting,
other out, and where interdependence is key. This comes
one resident dramatically stated that she would rather die
from the isolated nature of being on an island and having
than have to move to a care facility in Den Burg. Therefore
to make ends meet. The close knit villages make it possible
De Cocksdorp has been chosen as a location for the design
to create networks of small scale care facilities, reducing
proposal.
the costs, as care provided by professionals is the largest
De Cocksdorp
cost factor for care facilities.
Historically seen, the village has always been separated In order to determine the demand in the different villages,
from the other villages. First, because it was a small
statistics for Texel as a whole provided by Alzheimer
settlement on the other side of the island which could
Nederland (2016) have been used, combined with the
only be reached via a long, sandy path. And after,
dataset of Gemeente Texel (2017), to determine the
because geographically, it is further away. This historical
number of people with dementia per village. The final
development has had an impact on the culture in the
step was to calculate how many of these people would,
village. Everyone seems adamant to make De Cocksdorp
035
iv design. ii location
Figure 6. Aerial view of De Cocksdorp
as self-sustainable as possible, and apart from Den Burg,
When zooming in on the actual village, and looking at
it is the only village that has a large supermarket, and
its functionalities (Figure 7), the hotels, B&B's and other
its own general physician. As mentioned previously, one
holiday homes make up a much smaller component. This
of the main sources of income is tourism. The impact
is because most houses are located on De Krim. Functions
of tourism on the village can be clearly seen in Figure 6.
other than housing are centred around the main street.
Three parts can be distinguished, the triangular grouping
The road that it morphs into to the bottom left of the map
on the right, a large group in the middle, and a smaller
is the main route to Den Burg and the other villages.
more organically shaped group above. The latter two are parks with vacation housing, called De Krim, and have no
The only functionality that is unavailable in De Cocksdorp,
permanent residents. Only the smaller triangular part to
but can be found elsewhere on the island, is a nursing
the right makes up the village, plus all the farms in the
home. One interviewee stated that the general physician
polder, which are not visible on the aerial view. The road
said there was also a need for revalidation care, which can
between the village and De Krim goes north towards the
be incorporated into a nursing home. On top of that, it can
lighthouse, one of Texel's landmarks, which can be seen
be combined with a hospice, which also requires intensive
from the northern side of the village. To the east, the
nursing care, and stays are impermanent.
village is bordered by a high dike, which separates De Cocksdorp from the sea. To the south-east there is the Roggesloot, and to the west it borders De Krim.
036
Figure 7. Function analysis of De Cocksdorp
037
iv design. ii location
Different factors influenced the choice for a plot. Not only
Context analysis
should it be located in the village, it should be large enough
The buildings bordering the Langeveldstraat are similar
to accommodate a building with a footprint of 200-300m2,
in their size, with 2-3 floors, and all have a pitched
with a royal garden. But it should also fit the surrounding
roof, though the expression varies (Figure 10). Their
functionalities, and have the opportunity to create a safe,
materialisation is brick, in different colours ranging from
and peaceful garden. Though officially it is a care facility,
white to a dark brown, with roof tiles in either orange or
it has the character of regular housing. A location on
dark blue. The orientation of the roof ridges varies, but
the main street is not very suitable, as the residents are
either is parallel to the road or perpendicular to it. Many
more strongly affected by stimuli, like the commotion of
of the houses have extensions with flat roofs. The area
the various restaurants and cafĂŠs. When looking at the
behind the buildings is dominated by smaller structures,
other streets in the village, a (partially) vacant plot on the
such as sheds, of which many have been converted into
Langeveldstraat (the road on the north) was discovered,
holiday homes.
and chosen as the location for the design proposal. When looking at the building rhythm (Figure 10), there is a
Langeveldstraat 45
large open space where the Teenstrapad and location are,
Originally, the plot and that of its left neighbour were one.
disrupting the rhythm. By placing a building on the location
Now, however, the plots have been separated, resulting in
only the Teenstrapad would be open, and emphasized as a
the somewhat odd shape that can be seen in Figure 9. The
short-cut to the main street.
shape starts evenly, compared to other plots in the street, but has a bottleneck in the middle before opening up to a
Existing buildings
large enclosed garden. In length, the plot is roughly 80m,
As stated before, there are currently two holiday houses
and at its widest point it is 27m. Currently, the garden has
on the plot. There are also multiple sheds in different
been split up into two smaller plots, with respectively two
sizes. The size and layout of the buildings make them
chalet-inspired holiday homes (Figure 11 - Figure 13).
unsuitable for reuse as a care facility. Therefore they will be demolished. The large house can be relocated as it
A continuous hedge closes off the plot from the south
is build using a Finnish log-house construction method.
and east, and prevents passersby from looking into the
Both the hedge and existing trees should be maintained,
garden (Figure 14). To the west, wooden fencing provides
if possible.
privacy, though at the top of the plot, near the road, there is no separation. From the front of the plot, there
Programme
is a direct sight line to the lighthouse, which can be seen
The care facility will have place for five permanent
on clear days (Figure 8). Currently, there are three large
residents, who will also have the option of bringing their
trees on the plot (Figure 9), and there are a few smaller
partner, as both literature and personal communication
trees incorporated in the hedge. Behind the hedge is a
found this important. A qualified nurse can take care of
grass road that leads to the field behind the plot, and the
5-7 residents, with some extra support during meal times
Teenstrapad; a pedestrian and cycle short-cut to the main
by informal caregivers or volunteers. Based on interviews
street.
with local care providers, there will also be two apartments
038
Figure 8. Sight line from the plot to the light house
STRAAT
LANGEVELD
D PA RA ST
EN
TE 0
Figure 9. Situation
Figure 10. Building rhythm
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10
20 M
iv design. ii location
Figure 11. Front view of the plot
Figure 12. Backside of the plot
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Figure 13. View from current building towards the road
Figure 14. Backside of the plot
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iv design. ii location
Figure 15. Programme relationship diagram
042
for short-stay care, such as revalidation or hospice care. This leads to the following programme: ɮɮ
Five rooms of ~15-20m2 excluding an en-suite bathroom suitable for wheelchair users
ɮɮ
Shared living room of ~40m2 with multiple seating
ɮɮ
Shared kitchen and dining room of ~40m2 with direct
areas and direct access to the garden access to the garden ɮɮ
Hallway as a buffer zone between public and private
ɮɮ
Toilet for caregivers and visitors
ɮɮ
Storage and laundry room ~10m2
ɮɮ
Two revalidation apartments with additional family bedrooms and en-suites of ~50m2 each
ɮɮ
Garden with animals, plants and wander path
Figure 15 shows the relationships between the different elements of the programme. Various elements require storage, which will be provided per element, rather than one large, shared storage space.
043
IV DESIGN. iii plot concept
CREATING A SAFE HAVEN
The uniquely shaped plot not only fits the back garden typology, but also provides space for a second building which can house short term residents for revalidation or end of life care. Existing features like the hedge that borders the plot on the east and south help to create a safe haven for the residents, where they can live as independently as possible. The street that borders the plot on the north automatically causes the upper part of the plot to have a more public character, as it is in direct sight of passers-by. In contrast the narrow part of the plot forms a bottleneck and creates a more private space at the lower side of the plot (Figure 17). The existing hedge on the east and south side of the plot forms a natural barrier between the bicycle and pedestrian route to the main street. The building rhythm of the street demands a building on the upper part of the plot, as the current open space disrupts the rhythm (See "Context analysis" on p.038). The size and shape of the building should match that of its neighbours, and make this building very suitable for the two revalidation apartments. Whenever there is a temporary vacancy, it can be rented out to tourists, or family members of residents can stay over, without disrupting the residents. The five permanent residents will live in a larger, second building, which will form a barrier between the narrow part and the private space, transforming the bottleneck into a transition zone (Figure 17). The space behind the building forms a safe, enclosed garden towards which the building is oriented, following the back garden typology described in chapter III.II Concept - plot on p.023 (Figure 16).
Figure 16. Plot concept typology
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Figure 17. Plot concept
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IV DESIGN. iv building concept
SUPPORTING PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA
A building designed in such a way that it enables people with dementia to live as independently as possible, and takes into account their limitations. A warm home that supports its residence in their daily rhythm, and provides opportunities to continue their major life roles and be engaged in meaningful activities. People with dementia experience a cognitive decline. Deterioration of their abilities to recognise familiar objects, situations and people can cause anxiety and unrest. Therefore the building has to be designed with care, so it becomes a safe haven for the residents. A place where they might say “I don’t know where I am, but I feel
Follow sun path
safe”. As described previously, the shape and boundaries of the plot help create this safe haven (Figure 17). On top of being a safe environment, the building should also support people with dementia, and make up for some of their limitations. Figure 18 shows several key points for the building design,. which are additional to the elements described in chapter III.IV Building concept on p.024. For the long-stay building, sunlight is used to support the daily
Space for relatives
rhythm. The building for short-term residents has to be flexible in its layout, to accommodate people with different levels of disability. Furthermore, it should provide a space for relatives to stay over and be with their loved ones.
Design concept The main building is designed in such a way that it allows natural sunlight in at certain times to support the daily rhythm of the residents. In the morning and evening, sunlight enters the dining room and kitchen (between
Flexible building design
08:00-10:00 and 18:00-20:00), whereas in the afternoon (12:00-16:00), sunlight enters the living room. The required angles are based on the solar path for the exact location of the building (See appendix 2 on p.132 for the complete table). Another design element is the direct sight line from
Figure 18. Additional points for building design
046
Figure 19. Building concept sketch based on the path of the sun and visual lines
the kitchen to the lighthouse three kilometres away. These
The individual rooms are situated around the shared
parameters were translated into lines and used to design
living room and kitchen, creating the openings for the
the building volumes.
sun in specific places, and at the same time form a clear interior layout without hallways. They each have a gross
A Z-shape has been introduced to create more uniformity
area of ~30m2, which determines the placing of the walls,
in the floor plan (Figure 19). All horizontal lines are
together with the sizing of the living room and kitchen
parallel to the two lines of the Z-shape, whereas all vertical
(both ~50m2).
lines are perpendicular to these. The two angles that do not adhere to this are the horizontal line in the Z, and the
The footprint for the short-stay building follows the building
direct sight line to the light house. Shifting the two parts
rhythm of the street. This building will function completely
of the shared central room helps to create two spaces,
separate from the main building.However, It will refer to
though auditively they are one.
the main building through its architectural expression. A
047
iv design. iv building concept
Figure 20. Building users and their access levels
split level on the interior provides a connection between
Figure 20 shows possible different users of the building,
the person in need of care, and a bedroom for relatives on
and whether they would be regarded as part of the
the first floor.
household, or would be seen as visitors. Both formal (nurse) and informal (family or community members)
Users and access levels
caregivers will play an important role in the daily life of
The building is to be the house of the five permanent
the residents, and can be regarded as part of the ‘family’.
residents, who will all have access to their own room,
They can enter the shared space and individual rooms of
the shared spaces and the enclosed garden. Ideally, all
the residents. Visitors such as family members who live
residents will also have access to the front door and be
further away are guests, and can enter the shared space
able to go into the village independently. However, for
and individual room of their family member. Community
some residents this might be too stressful, and for them a
members that come to visit are somewhere in between,
smaller life circle is more suitable.
as they are likely familiar to the other residents as well.
The research stressed the importance of privacy, and
This is not applicable to the short-stay residents, as they do
creating different levels of access for different people.
not share any space other than with their relatives, nurse
048
Figure 21. Left: current scenario, right: future scenario.
and volunteers who help out. As short-term residents
with dementia is relatively low due to the small size of the
often have somatic conditions or receive end of life care,
village. This fits the second future scenario as proposed
having unfamiliar people around is less stressful.
in chapter III.V Future concept on p.026. This makes it essential to design a building which not only works as an
Future concept
ensemble, but also works as deconstructed elements,
As the baby-boom generation ages, the relative number of
placed in a new context. The challenge is to make it very
elderly will continue to grow until 2050, after which it will
specific and tailored to the needs of people with dementia,
slowly start to decline again. The prevalence of dementia
but at the same time strong enough in its architecture so
will show a similar curve, and might even increase more as
it can function independently in the future. An innovating
people pass away at an older age. This means that there
concept which has (almost) never been applied before.
will be an increasing demand for care facilities between now and 2050, not only for people with dementia, but
The rooms of the residents can be detached from the
also somatic patients. After 2050, when the demand starts
main volume and be placed somewhere else on the
to decline, some of the buildings will either have to be
island. As Texel is a popular destination for tourists, the
reused and adapted if necessary, or demolished. There
rooms will be transformed into tiny houses that can be
is also the possibility that by that time, we have found a
rented out as (holiday) apartments (see Figure 21). For
way to either cure or prevent one or more types dementia.
this transformation, only small changes need to be made
This would strongly affect the demand, making the care
to the interior layout. The central, shared space will be
facilities redundant.
transformed into a large bungalow style house. The two short-stay apartments will remain as is and can either be
The building is designed in such a way that it can be
used as permanent residence or rented out as holiday
partially relocated in the future, as the number of people
apartments.
049
IV DESIGN. v exterior architecture
PLAYING WITH OPPOSING THEMES
The essence of the building design can be found in the tension between the building parts, as they have to function well when combined, but are strong enough to function autonomously in a completely different context. This is the main challenge, which manifests itself strongly in the architectural expression. This chapter discusses the building design based on two different divisions (Figure 22). The first is that between the long-stay and short-stay buildings, of which the former is
PERMANENT
the large building at the centre of the plot, and the latter is the building at the top of the plot. The second is the division between the permanent building parts and the flexible parts, of which the flexible parts can be re-located in the future. SHORT-STAY
Exterior form and materialisation flexible elements The
form
and
materialisation
follow
the
same
differentiation: that between permanent and flexible elements. What both have in common is that they are fully clad in one material, which is to strengthen the sculptural quality of the different building parts. One of the main design challenges is that flexible and permanent building parts work together, but can also function well separately. PERMANENT
As the flexible building parts have to be able to function as separate entities on a different location, the shape has been designed to have three equally dominant façades, and one transparent one. To achieve this, the roof-line goes diagonal, which gives each facade a similar shape (Figure 23). The pitch of the roof is determined by the slate cladding, which requires a minimum slope of 30°. Indirectly, this also affects the height of the different
LONG-STAY
elements, which vary from 5-6 metres, as the lowest points of the roofs have been set at 2.5 metres. The direction of the ridges are the result of a design study, using foam models to determine the best composition.
Figure 22. Building divisions
050
FLEXIBLE
Figure 23. Flexible apartment design
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iv design. v exterior architecture
The material for cladding has been chosen based on the
path-concept as described in "Design concept" on p.046.
following characteristics:
The northern facade will have a more closed appearance
ɮɮ
Applicable on facade and roof
and will have a window, instead of a large glass surface,
ɮɮ
Warm, familiar material
as the building opens up to the garden, and away from
ɮɮ
Re-usable after 30-40 years
the (semi-)public domain. The open façades have (folding)
ɮɮ
Little deterioration and discolouration
doors which can be opened to access the garden.
Slate soon turned out to be the best material. However,
The choice of material is based on the following
there are also new types of fibre-cement slates which
requirements:
are lighter in weight and all slates look the same as it is
ɮɮ
Applicable on facade and roof
a fabricated product. A major downside is the limited
ɮɮ
Applicable to roof slope of 20°
durability, and after comparing samples of fibre slates and
ɮɮ
Warm, familiar material
natural slates, a choice was made for the latter. Natural
ɮɮ
Contrasts with slates
slate is a durable material that can be reused and that only
ɮɮ
Can be combined with new material after 30-40 years
slightly discolours. The specific type of stone used in the
ɮɮ
Can be removed in certain places to access
design is China Slate Emperor, an anthracite stone which is
connection points
extremely durable and has a dark, even colour. The slates
The requirements favour panelling of some sort, which
are 200*300*5mm, clad in the triple lap system, based on
can be removed, is not made of stone-like material, and
the construction requirements by SKG-IKOB Certificatie
can be applied on the roof.
(2011). This results in a visible stone of 200*88mm. They will be attached using slate hooks, rather than nails, so
This led to the choice for wooden slats by Platowood.
they can be reused for the future scenario.
Platowood uses hydro-thermal modification to improve the lifespan and stability of wood through a sustainable
The roofs will have a gutter along each side, running down
process (Platowood, n.d.). The dimensions of the wooden
into the corners where the water is led through a pipe
slats will be 18*52mm, made from Fraké. The dimensions
located behind the cladding. This maintains the clean look
are smaller than the height of the slates to increase the
of the elements.
contrast between the materials. Furthermore, smaller slats are more suitable to create window coverings with
Exterior form and materialisation permanent elements
alternate slats continuing in front of the glass. Initially, the
The permanent part of the long-stay building has two
wood will have a warm, brown colour, which will slowly
mono-pitched roofs in opposite directions (Figure 24). This
fade to grey. If slats have to be replaced, or new slats
divides the building into two parts, both on the exterior
have to be added after removing the flexible apartments,
and interior. The roof slope is 20°, as this makes the height
a varnish can be applied to the new slats which gives
similar to that of the flexible apartments. The parts of the
them a grey appearance immediately. The varnish slowly
façades which are not bordered by a flexible apartment,
deteriorates while the wood itself turns grey, minimising
with the exception of the northern facade, are completely
the differentiation between old and new slats.
made out of glass to let the sunlight in. This follows the Sun
052
Figure 24. Permanent building design
053
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 25. The short-stay apartments viewed from the street
The short-stay building also has large glass openings on
Visual impressions
the north and south facade, plus smaller windows facing
Figure 25 and Figure 26 give an impression of the short-stay
east and west, but neither follow the path of the Sun. The
building viewed from the road and the long-stay building,
walls are higher, to create space for an extra level on the
including the sight-line to the light house. The private
interior. The two building parts and faรงades have the same
character of the front facade of the long-stay building can
rhythm on the exterior, but face opposite directions, with
clearly be seen in Figure 27, whereas Figure 28 shows the
only the doors on the same side of the building. Alternate
contrasting, open facade oriented towards the garden.
continuing slats cover the window openings of private
Here, the sliding doors can be seen, which enable the
spaces, such as bedrooms, and those that face the road
entire facade to open up, creating a border-less transition
or the direct neighbours, in order to create a more private
between the interior and exterior. This accessibility is
atmosphere and limit the peeking of passersby. The front
key to enable the residents to go outside independently.
doors and sides of window openings are made from the
The middle windows in the flexible apartments can tilt
same type of wood to create a consistent appearance. The
inwards, and, whenever possible for the resident, also
gutter is hidden behind the facade, to maintain a clean and
open as a door to the enclosed garden. Detailed drawings
clutter-free expression.
of all faรงades can be found in Figure 29 till Figure 34.
054
Figure 26. View from the long-stay building to the short-stay apartments.
Figure 27. Front view of the long-stay building
055
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 28. View of the open, southern facade facing the garden
056
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iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 29. Northern facade of the short-stay apartments, 1:100
058
059
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 30. Eastern facade of the short-stay apartments, 1:100
060
061
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 31. Southern facade of the short-stay apartments, 1:100
062
063
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 32. Western facade of the short-stay apartments, 1:100
064
065
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 33. Northern facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
066
067
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 34. Eastern facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
068
069
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 35. Southern facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
070
071
iv design. v exterior architecture
Figure 36. Western facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
072
073
IV DESIGN. vi interior architecture
SUPPORTING PEOPLE WITH DEMENTIA
Using interior architecture, rather than only superficial interior design elements, to create a home-like, safe space for people with dementia to live and thrive. A place which encourages them to engage in activities, be independent and enjoy life to the fullest, by compensating for their limitations. The interior follows the strong architectural shapes that
Materialisation
are visible from the exterior. This is done by placing
Like the exterior design, the aim of the interior is to use
smaller, enclosed functions behind double walls, creating
a limited number of materials. The permanent building
large open spaces, without architectural clutter, as can be
parts have a white stucco finish (Figure 38). To help
seen in the sections in Figure 41 and Figure 44. The long-
residents with wayfinding, a distinction has been made
stay and short-stay buildings will be discussed separately,
between doors to the private rooms, and others. The
beginning with the former. Design elements will be linked
doors to the private rooms are set back in the double wall,
to the building concept, as described in chapter III.IV
which creates a small alcove in which a wooden finishing
Concept: Building on p.0.24, And chapter IV.IV Design:
is applied to create a contrast, as can be seen in the floor
Building concept on p.046 through a note such as this:
plan (Figure 39) and the render in Figure 42 clear routing. Doors
. Superficial features, for example locks on drawers,
which are locked, for example the one to the storage
concept
room, blend in with the wall unobtrusive safety features.
and other elements that solely concern additional elements to the space will not be discussed.
The private rooms, or flexible building parts, have an interior The permanent part of the long-stay building houses the
finishing of light plywood, giving them a warm atmosphere
shared functions, like the living room and kitchen, around
(Figure 37). Each room has a private bathroom, which has
(Figure
been designed to accommodate a wheelchair user and a
39). Though technically it is one large space, it will be
caregiver integrated care and living. The bathrooms are fitted with a
experienced as two, both visually and acoustically visual access.
sliding door, which not only takes up less space, but also
The sloping roofs, facing in opposite directions ensure
enables residents to make use of it individually accessible. This
that most of the sounds stay within that part of the room,
is even more encouraged as the door is facing the room,
(Figure 42). This
and thus is directly visible from the bed. The rooms are
separation also creates different places for residents to sit,
large enough to have a small seating area which can be
and/or engage in activities scope for activities, unambiguous spaces.
used whenever a resident wants to retreat, or has visitors
which the private rooms are situated
and differentiate the spaces
control stimuli
clear routing
.
space for relatives, clear gradation public-private
A hallway between the front door and kitchen forms a buffer zone between the interior and exterior unobtrustive safety
There is no office, or nurse station, as the nurse can
features
. The high roofs make it possible to create storage
work from a laptop at the desk in the kitchen or at the
space on the first floor, which can be accessed by a ladder,
dining table, which is important to create a home-like
and function like an attic (Figure 40 and Figure 41).
atmosphere integrated care and living.
074
Figure 37. Interior perspective of a private room
Figure 38. Interior perspective of the shared living room
075
iv design. vi interior architecture
Figure 39. Floor plan long-stay ground level, 1:200
076
Figure 40. Floor plan long-stay level 1, 1:200
077
iv design. vi interior architecture
Figure 41. Section of long-stay building, 1:100
078
079
iv design. vi interior architecture
Figure 42. Interior render of the living room with a view to the kitchen
080
081
iv design. vi interior architecture
Figure 43. Interior render of short-stay apartment
The short-stay apartments can have two care-related
Materialisation
functions: either for revalidation or as a hospice. In both
The materialisation is the same as the permanent part
cases, but especially the latter, it is important for family
of the long-stay building. White walls with soft, wooden
members to be able to be nearby. Adding a floor with an
accents provide a clean, but warm and homelike
open connection to the ground floor enables relatives to
atmosphere, which can be both a place to rest and recover,
stay over
space for relatives
(Figure 44 - Figure 46).
and a place to spend the final days.
The two apartments have a bedroom, bathroom, small
Care
kitchen and living room on the ground floor
. Sliding
The integration of care is key to create a home-like
wall panels can separate the bedroom if desired, but
atmosphere. Unlike the long-stay building, short-term
when left open, provide direct connection to the living
residents will receive care a few times a day, and do not
room flexible building design (Figure 43). The windows behind the
need constant surveillance. Therefore caregivers and
wooden slats open inwards, which also makes cleaning the
volunteers are a guest in someone’s temporary home,
windows easier.
rather than an integrated part of the household.
accessible
082
Figure 44. Section of short-stay apartment, 1:100
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iv design. vi interior architecture
Figure 45. Floor plan short-stay ground level, 1:200
084
Figure 46. Floor plan short-stay level 1, 1:200
085
IV DESIGN. vii building construction
AUTONOMY IN CONSTRUCTION
Each building part is completely autonomous in its construction. Essentially, the long-stay building is comprised of six individual buildings, each with its own construction and foundation. Prefabricated steel frame construction elements can be connected, and disassembled for relocation without any problem, which is vital for the future scenario. This chapter will give a general overview of the
The ground floor has been placed on wooden beams which
construction principles used, whereas technical details of
are attached to a concrete foundation. The wooden beams
the construction can be found in the newspaper that has
can be levelled, as the attachment to the foundation can
been attached to this book.
be altered slightly.
The future scenario, in which the flexible apartments
The roof construction, comprised of 400mm high I-joists
can be relocated, has been crucial in the construction
distributes its weight along the walls. In the long-stay
design process. Structural elements have been highlighted
building, the largest span is slightly more than the
with darker colours in the floor plans and sections in the
maximum span indicated by suppliers. Calculations by the
previous chapter. They show the construction concept in
construction engineer should reveal whether this span is
which each building part, both flexible and permanent, has
possible. If not, the interior wall, currently designed as a
a completely autonomous construction. Wherever parts
100mm wooden frame construction, can be replaced by
meet, only the exterior layers and excessive insulation
a structural wall.
have been left out. Essentially, there are two buildings side by side, which are connected through a door on the
For the large glass openings in the facade, a secondary
interior. The autonomy of the different building parts
construction is needed. Therefore the frames have been
extends to the foundation, and to the materialisation. For
executed like a glass facade, and are self-supportive.
each building part, the floor, wall and roof construction is
Flexible construction
made from a single frame method.
Because the flexible construction elements have to be
Permanent construction
transported, it is key that the construction is demountable.
The permanent parts have a wooden I-joist frame
Because the future scenario is focussed on Texel, the
structure that spans the entire width of the building, and is
elements should be transportable by truck. This limits the
comprised of prefab elements. Because the ground floor is
size to a maximum of 12x2.5x3m (l x w x h).
made from wooden elements, ventilation and protection against rodents is key. Ventilation shafts at the edges of the
The flexible building parts are made from a steel frame
building together with openings in the foundation beam
construction using C150 profiles (Figure 47). The choice
provide ventilation, whereas a layer of steel mesh on the
for steel, rather than wood, has to do with the weight of
outside of the floor provides protection against rodents.
the construction. With a lighter construction, it is possible
086
to use a temporary foundation. Another advantage of steel is that elements are less likely to change in shape as the material sets, and the elements are made to measure in a highly controlled environment, minimising errors. Prefab elements, like those in Figure 48 are connected by screws, which, as the building only has to be moved once, will only leave a few small holes after relocation. For the floor elements, two large C profiles of 250mm are joined to create an I profile. U profiles form connections between the C and I profiles and enable different elements to be connected. Figure 47. Sketch construction system flexible building parts
The steel profiles form thermal bridges. Therefore an extra layer of insulation on the exterior is required to minimise these. A steel plate, covering the bottom of the ground floor provides protection against moisture and rodents. For the faรงades and roof, a wooden batten and slats structure forms the construction for the slates. As the building has a light construction, a foundation is needed that pulls the building down, preventing it from being affected by strong winds. Concrete deck blocks, with screw piles form the flexible foundation. The length of the piles should be calculated by a construction engineer as this depends on the total weight of the building and the soil type. To be able to level the foundation, a connecting element using beams, screwthread and bolts has been designed, as sketched in Figure 49. A short description of
Figure 48. Prefab components of a floor
the building order can be found below, as well as how the flexible parts will be demounted.
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iv design. vii building construction
Figure 49. Sketch of flexible foundation
Construction order
Disassembly
1. 2. 3. 4.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
Place concrete tiles and deck blocks Place screw piles through the deck blocks Connect beam to screw piles Assemble floor structure by placing the elements vertically and sealing the steel plates together 5. Attach U-profile to threaded tube 6. Place entire floor on foundation 7. Place pin through U-profiles and wooden beams 8. Connect window frame to floor (place compriband in between) 9. Place glass 10. Place exterior window sill by clicking it under the frame and over the hooklet on the steel plate 11. Place vapour control layer on top of floor* 12. Place acoustic insulation and gypsum boards* * Leave seam for deconstruction so materials only have to be removed locally 13. Place interior floor finishing (laminate)
088
Remove floor finishing Remove gypsum boards and acoustic insulation locally Remove exterior window sill Remove glass Remove window frames Remove pin from wooden beam Lift floor from foundation and place vertically Remove U-profile from threaded tube Cut sealing between steel plates loose Remove cement-fiber board locally Remove insulation locally Remove screws from C-profiles Separate floor elements Remove beams from screw piles Remove screw piles Remove concrete tiles and deck blocks Place all elements on trucks for transportation
IV DESIGN. viii installations
INVISIBLE INSTALLATIONS
Installations are essential, however they are often very functional and can easily clutter a clean architectural design. Special attention has gone into finding installations that are unobtrusive, without comprising in functionality, and into finding flexible installations that can be applied in the flexible building parts. The differentiation between permanent and flexible building parts also affected the choice of installations for both. This chapter will discuss the solutions applied for rainwater, electricity, and heating. As one of the main aims is to keep the (interior) architecture as clean as possible to accentuate the sculptural shapes, installations have to be as unobtrusive as possible. Both the permanent and flexible building parts have individual gutters and downpipes which have been hidden behind
Figure 50. VarioComp compact floor heating system by Variotherm
the facade, and in a few cases, within the construction. The location of the rain water pipes can be found in the
As both the floor and walls will be disassembled into
technical details.
elements when moving, floor and/or wall heating is not applicable. Therefore the choice for air heating has been
Permanent installations
made, which can be placed in the space for installations.
For the permanent building parts, the most critical factor is
With air heating, the temperature in the room can be
the construction method. The wooden frame construction
changed quite quickly. A further advantage is that the
has a low thermal mass, compared to stone-like materials,
system can also cool the air. This quality is especially
which makes it less suitable for floor heating systems.
important for the residents, who can suffer from the heat
Radiators would create visual clutter in the space, and
in summer.
are therefore unsuitable. Variotherm offers a solution: their 20mm thick VarioComp floor heating system can be
For electricity and other cables, it is important to take the
applied on existing floors and is also suitable for wooden
different construction elements into account. It would
constructions (Figure 50) (Variotherm, n.d.).
be easiest to have electrical outlets in one of the floor elements. However, this is extremely dangerous for the
Flexible installations
elderly residents, as it may cause them to trip and fall. The
As described before, the flexible building parts will only be
steel frame construction can be prefabricated with holes
relocated once. Therefore, true modularity is not required,
for wires and pipes. Wires can be transported as part of
but clever solutions are. In each flexible apartment, there
a floor element, and be pulled into the wall elements and
is a meter box and space for installations.
connected to a socket to make them accessible and safe.
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IV DESIGN. ix garden design
A PLACE TO EXPLORE
The garden changes with the seasons, providing meaningful activities and cues in each season. Different elements provide stimuli such as sounds, fragrances, tactile sensations, tastes and visual movement. These elements also create opportunities for meaningful activities and interaction. There are two gardens, the one in front of the plot and
create opportunities for activities and follow the seasons.
buildings, and the enclosed garden at the back of the plot.
Figure 52 and Figure 53 show an overview of the different
The gardens have a very different concept and function.
design elements and their sensory characteristics, which include:
Front garden The front garden is a semi-public space, which provides
Animals (A, B, C, J, K)
access to both buildings. It has a more formal character,
A grass field provides space for three Texel sheep. As this
and only the space next to the short-stay apartments is
breed is native to Texel, it is familiar to the residents, and
meant for recreational use. The sight-line towards the
provides opportunities for meaningful activities, such as
lighthouse is emphasised through materialisation and use
feeding, clearing out the stable, and petting the animals.
of natural elements such as plants. Figure 51 shows the
They also help to indicate the seasons as sheep are
final design of the front garden. The main access route
sheared in the spring. The fencing has an open structure
goes straight to the main building, with a small path to
so that residents who are in a wheelchair can also see and
the short-stay apartments. A larger space in front of the
pet the animals.
main building can be used for off-loading when residents move in, or an ambulance if needed. There will be bicycle
Additionally, there will be five chickens walking freely
parking next to the building. Cars can park alongside the
through the garden, and have a coop in the same shed as
road.
the sheep. The chickens create meaningful activities such as collecting fresh eggs, feeding and petting the chickens.
Concept back garden
An additional benefit is that chickens can help keep the
The enclosed garden envelops the main building. Together
garden free of weeds, especially the vegetable garden
with the building it forms a safe haven, and is accessible to
during the winter months.
all residents. It is important for people with dementia to have a certain level of stimuli. Instead of creating stimuli
Nest boxes and nectar plants aim to attract birds and
inside the building, there will be exterior stimuli that
butterflies, which will add to the liveliness of the garden,
can be experienced from the inside of every room. The
and create visual stimuli. A raised pond with fish does the
garden should also include a wander path with at least two
same. These also create opportunity for activities during
different routes, and use landmarks at the end of paths to
certain seasons when the animals need extra food. The
encourage the residents to walk around. Different design
sheep, chickens, birds, butterflies and fish all provide
elements have been applied to create sensory stimuli,
stimuli for the residents to either look at from their room
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Figure 51. Detailed plot design 1:500
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iv design. ix garden design
or the shared spaces, or even to go outside and engage with the animals.
Vegetable garden and fruit trees (I) Many people in De Cocksdorp grow their own vegetables and herbs. Providing a vegetable garden enables the residents to continue this role and familiar task. The garden also includes a raised herb garden, which not only provides stimuli through smell, but also is accessible to residents who are wheelchair bound. The fruit trees have a double function, as they also provide shading in the afternoon.
Water feature (D) Additionally to the pond, other (shallow) water features will be placed in the garden. The features create soft sounds, can be touched and the moving water makes it interesting to look at.
Aspen tree (E, F, G, H) There will be one aspen tree on the grass field with the animals, as the tree is supposed to catch the wind.
Figure 52. Design elements garden and their sensory characteristics
Its leaves rustling in the wind make a very distinctive rattling sound. Its
to engage in activities. It can be
As the access points have been
distinctive colours also help indicate
accessed via the kitchen, as well as
designed in such a way that there is
the season.
the living room which opens up to a
no difference in height, the residents
south facing terrace. For those who
are able to go outside independently.
Users
cannot engage physically, there are
The wanderpaths enable residents to
The garden is accessible to all
visual stimuli, such as the animals.
walk freely. The seating areas form
residents, and provides different types
Figure 54 gives an impression of the
an opportunity for relatives to spend
of stimuli, as well as opportunities
garden and the south facade.
time with their loved ones outside.
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e
a
i
b f
j
g
c
d
h
k
Figure 53. Design elements
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iv design. ix garden design
Figure 54. The building exterior as seen from the garden
094
095
IV DESIGN. x future scenario
PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE
A design for a future in which there may be a declining demand for small-scale care facilities, but where smart innovation enables building parts to be detached and relocated to create new houses for local residents or tourists. Houses where residents can recharge, rest and enjoy life. This chapter shows what the buildings will look like in the future scenario, as described in "Future concept" on
on a truck for transportation. 4.
A breather membrane is added to the open side of
p.049, and how this future scenario is realised. It has
the permanent construction, as well as a supportive
been touched upon in every chapter, as the future scenario
construction for the slats and new slats that have
has impacted every design decision. Conceptually, it
been treated with a special varnish to minimise the
required an architectural shape which is strong enough
difference between existing and new slats. The newly
to function in a new context and could be separated from the main volume. The exterior design required a
added parts are indicated with a darker colour. 5.
The flexible elements are reconnected at a new
strong architectural language and materialisation. On the
location by connecting the C profiles, replacing the
interior, the building had to be flexible in order to also suit
insulation and the interior panels. A supportive
a new function. The construction had to be flexible, as it had to be disassembled at some point, and transported by
construction for the slates is placed. 6.
The final step is the (re-)placement of the slates.
truck. The same goes for the installations. The next step is
Permanent buildings
describing the actual disassembly.
The permanent building parts, now two separate buildings,
Separating the building parts
will function as housing, either for permanent residents
Figure 55 shows a horizontal detail where a permanent
or for tourists. The short-stay apartments need little
part (brown) meets with a flexible part (grey), and the
adaptation in order to accommodate new users, mostly
transition from the current to the future scenario. It
focussed on the bathroom (Figure 56 and Figure 57).
requires the following steps: 1. 2.
3.
The current scenario, in which the two blocks are
The long-stay building requires changes in the interior.
next to each other.
Figure 58 and Figure 57 show the floor plans for a two-
The slates are removed from the facade and stacked
bedroom apartment, which has been visualised in the
for transport. A few of the wooden slats are removed,
renders in Figure 60 till Figure 62. Two of the openings
as well as part of the supporting construction that
where doors used to be have been transformed into
fixed the breather membranes. On the interior of
windows. The former dining room and kitchen now also
the flexible part, two panels are removed in order
include the living room. The view from the hallway that
to access the C profiles. The connecting screws are
leads to the bedrooms into this living area still highlights
removed to separate the two elements.
the architectural shapes, as the two roofs cross each other,
The flexible elements are then removed and placed
as can be seen in Figure 61.
096
1
2
Gypsum board 9.5mm Damp-proof membrane MDF 18mm I joist 240*90*39 c.t.c. 600mm Kooltherm insulation 240mm Breather membrane Vertical battens 22*50mm c.t.c. 600mm Horizontal battens 22*50mm c.t.c. 600mm Platowood FrakĂŠ 52*18 rounded 10mm spacing
3
5
Plasterboard vapour control 2*12.5mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Insulation 150mm OSB board 15mm Kooltherm insulation 80mm Breather membrane Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 88mm China slate emperor slates 300*200*5 triple lap system
Figure 55. Horizontal detail 1:20 showing the transition from the current scenario to the future scenario
097
4
6
iv design. x future scenario
Figure 56. Floor plan apartments ground level, 1:200
098
Figure 57. Floor plan apartments ground level 1, 1:200
099
iv design. x future scenario
Figure 58. Floor plan permanent building ground level, 1:200
100
Figure 59. Floor plan permanent building level 1, 1:200
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iv design. x future scenario
Figure 60. Exterior render permanent building in future scenario
102
103
iv design. x future scenario
Figure 61. Interior render permanent building in future scenario
104
105
iv design. x future scenario
Figure 62. Evening render permanent building in future scenario
106
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iv design. x future scenario
Figure 63. Floor plan of flexible apartment, ground level, 1:100
Figure 64. Floor plan of flexible apartment, level 1, 1:100
Flexible apartments
As Texel is known for its tourism, the apartments can be
The five flexible apartments require slight alterations to the
rented out to tourists, but they can also function as tiny-
bathroom, in order to use the space more effectively and
houses. A concept in which people live in a small space,
include a washing machine (Figure 63). A small kitchen is
and which is gaining popularity. Often, this concept is
added, and a ladder to the first level, which is transformed
combined with living "off-grid". This could be partially
into a bedroom (Figure 64). By placing the bed on the first
realised by collecting rain water, and placing solar panels.
level, more space becomes available for a seating area, as can be seen in the render in Figure 65.
The apartments have been designed to have three equally dominant faces, and one open face, and have an
By the time of relocation, the slates will have aged, and
expression that is strong enough to work in a new context,
have a very beautiful and distinctive appearance. Grouping
or a context without building such as a landscape. Figure
the new slates will emphasize this contrast. Therefore the
66 and Figure 67 show the apartments in a possible future
old and new slates should be mixed randomly.
location.
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Figure 65. Interior render of a flexible apartment
Figure 66. Exterior render of a flexible apartment near the lighthouse in De Cocksdorp
109
iv design. x future scenario
Figure 67. Exterior render of flexible apartment in the south-west of Texel
110
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iv design. x future scenario
112
V CONCLUSION i conclusion
CONCLUDING THE RESEARCH
This is where the results from the research and design proposal come together in order to answer the research question on different levels, ranging from the generic, to a conceptual level and finally to a specific design proposal within the context of a small community. This study set out to determine how the architectural
to be directly familiar to each resident. But it emphasises
design of a care facility can support people with dementia
the importance of having relatives and friends coming
in different ways, and how it can accommodate the future.
to visit, which is being encouraged as the care facility is
First, the secondary research questions will be answered
located within the community of the residents. Being able
as these form the basis for the main research question.
to perform familiar activities, and continuing certain life
The first question then is:
roles is of paramount importance for the quality of life of the residents. For the short-stay residents, and especially
In what ways can the architectural design of a small-scale
those requiring end-of-life care, having relatives nearby
care facility support people with dementia in their daily
is key to feeling safe and secure. This has been made
life?
possible by creating an extra bedroom on the first level which is directly connected to the residents room through
The most obvious thing to emerge is the importance of
an open connection.
safety. Not necessarily in the sense of physical safety, but more as a psychological state of mind: feeling safe.
The second major finding is the importance of support.
The degenerative nature of the disease can create
Though this partially overlaps with the previous point as
much confusion, and a familiar environment with clear
it will also help creating a feeling of safety, it is of such
boundaries can help. This can be incorporated in the plot
importance that it should be addressed individually as
concept by creating an enclosed garden. For both the
well. This research argued that a paradigm shift is required
building concept and design it comes from many different
from the current medical model to the social model,
factors that work together. Creating spaces that can be
where the focus is on the opportunities rather than the
navigated intuitively, and designing a home, as opposed
limitations caused by the disease. The design proposal is
to a care institution, are factors that strongly impact the
completely based on this new paradigm, which starts at
feeling of safety for a resident. Other design elements
the concept. Residents who are still relatively well can go
include having a private room with enough space to retreat
out into the community on their own, as other community
to during daytime, but also having unlimited access to the
members can help them find their way back if necessary.
garden, and creating as much freedom of movement as
The building itself supports the daily rhythm of residents
possible. In this context, safety is almost synonymous
as its design is based on the path of the sun. Also, it is
with familiarity. This does not mean that everything has
accessible for wheelchair users and people with walkers.
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v conclusion. i conclusion
Bathrooms have been designed in such a way that there
The concept applied in the scenario; (partially) relocating,
is space for wheelchair users and a caregiver to assist
accommodates the future through its unique architectural
them. But visual connections to the exterior and different
design. It is exactly because it has been designed
interior spaces also encourage residents to engage in
specifically for this context, but with the future scenario in
different activities independently.
mind, that the different building parts have such a strong architectural expression, enabling them to also function
How can a care facility enable its residents to maintain
well in a new context. The future scenario is incorporated
relations with their community?
in every element of the design, from the materialisation, to the construction and installations. And it is exactly this that enables a building to accommodate the future.
The key factor here is location. By creating a care facility in the community of the residents, the threshold to maintain contact decreases. Also, as (some) residents can
This leaves the main research question:
go out in the community independently, they continue
How can the architectural design of a small-scale care
to interact with community members. However, for
facility in the Dutch countryside support people with
those who cannot go out, the influence of the size of the
dementia by promoting independence and maintaining
facility and the staff should not be overlooked. A small-
relations with their community, and be flexible enough to
scale care facility with a home-like atmosphere is more
accommodate the future?
inviting than an institutional complex. The building design includes spaces for residents to have visitors, and be with
This question requires a more abstract answer on a
them privately, in the individual apartments, but also in
conceptual level. Two factors are of paramount importance:
the garden. Community volunteers who help during peak
embracing the paradigm shift, and incorporating the
times also help maintaining these relationships with the
future concept in the design from the start. Both factors
community.
have a profound impact on the design, as they determine everything from materialisation to construction details, et
How can a small-scale care facility be flexible enough to
cetera. It is because of this that it also strongly impacts the
accommodate the future?
experience of the residents, and thus is crucial in creating a safe, homelike atmosphere, without creating a rigid
Three different future concepts have been developed;
structure that is unable to adapt to future changes. It is
(adaptive) reuse, (partially) relocating, and recycling,
also these factors that will help create a unique building
which can all be applied to adapt to future changes. For
design, with a strong architectural expression.
(adaptive) reuse, it is key to design a flexible building, or have similar users. This is however difficult to predict. Recycling has much potential, but the difficulty is in finding the right materials that do not deteriorate if the building remains standing longer than planned, and are truly recyclable. Many materials can be (partially) recycled, but it costs a lot of energy, making it unsustainable.
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V CONCLUSION. ii discussion
DISCUSSING THE FINDINGS
Limitations in the research methodology should be taken into account, as well as a level of subjectivity, as the design proposal follows a certain vision. However, both the research and the design proposal contribute to the field of work, and is relevant for architects, designers, care professionals and others who are interested in small-scale care facilities. The nature of this research makes it difficult to state
an online interview, which gives an impression rather than
whether the results are successful or unsuccessful, as a
clear answers.
key point in the design is using a vision to make decisions. The results of this work are in line with a vision on small-
A key limitation is that the perspective of people with
scale care facilities, which have a social paradigm. For
dementia is not included, even though the research
those who prefer the medical paradigm, this project will
mentioned different methods to do so. Information has
have many flaws, by giving residents too much freedom,
been obtained from secondary sources, such as caregivers
and caregivers too little control. However, what can be said
and relatives. With this, it is important to be aware of
is that the paradigm and future concept are completely
existing biases of these sources, as the observations are
engrained in every element of the building, from
tainted by their own interpretation.
architecture to construction and installations. Therefore, regardless of one’s own paradigm, it can be used as an
National implications
inspiration for others. For those who adhere to a similar
As a research project, the information provided in this
point of view, the conceptual tools can be used as such, for
work adds to the, rather thin, body of work on architectural
those who have an opposing view, it is possible to create a
design for people with dementia. As for architectural
new conceptual tool using a similar structure.
applications, the overarching concept has been created to be applied in rural villages throughout the country. By
Limitations
providing tools to design the plot layout and the building,
There are some limitations to the research. The first of
designers have handles which they can use, without having
which is the nature of the research. Much of the cross-
to perform this extensive research. What is key however,
disciplinary information comes from qualitative research
is that local traditions should be taken into account. This
methods such as interviews and observations, both of
is also the reason why the final design proposal cannot be
which are influenced by the presence and interpretation
copied directly and placed just anywhere. The strength of
of the researcher. This does not render the results useless,
the proposal is that it is extremely site specific. If desired,
but it is essential to keep this in mind when looking at the
the design concept can be copied and applied elsewhere,
results.
such as the orientation to the sun, the materialisation and the construction method. The only difference should
The limited response to the survey does however alter the
be that the building is specifically designed for its new
research method, as it completely removes the statistical
location, which will require a different footprint design, if
significance. Therefore the results can only be regarded as
not a completely different architectural design.
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v conclusion. ii discussion
Though the graduation studio only focused on the Netherlands, this project can arguably be an example for other countries as well. However, the same applies here: the concept is applicable, the design would require alterations. Furthermore, the architectural expression and building physics standards are based on Dutch standards, and therefore are not necessarily applicable in international locations. It is therefore suggested that this design proposal is used as a source for inspiration, rather than an example to replicate exactly, and that the design concept is compared to the local culture and standards, and adjusted where necessary.
Contribution to field This research not only combines the insights of various disciplines, it also transforms the research into a design proposal. Combining information from different disciplines creates a synergy that manifests itself in the conceptual tools and design proposal. These form an interesting contribution to the field of small-scale care facilities, but the future concept also contributes to a broader field in architecture. It deals with a changing future, and what kind of responses are possible.
Further research Further research should be done into involving people with dementia in the research and design process, as their perspective is crucial for a successful design. Secondly, in-depth research into the feasibility of networks of small-scale care facilities is essential, in order to convince stakeholders to realise such facilities, especially from a financial perspective. Finally, more research should be done to determine whether the desired effects of an architectural design actually work. Therefore designers should monitor their previous designs, so they can learn from these results, and also document this process, in order to create a vast knowledge base accessible to all.
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v conclusion. ii discussion
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EPILOGUE I can only describe the past year as a marathon of relentless hard work, falling down hard, and struggling to get back up and find motivation to push even harder than before. As someone who sets (extremely) high standards for herself, I can say that it has been exactly this mentality that has brought me this far and create something that I truly believe in. However, it has also been my Achilles heel, as I kept wanting to add and do more. Initially, it was my goal to spent about three months doing intensive research before starting to design, including a mood-board session with people with dementia to obtain their insights. The latter of which unfortunately turned out to be impossible in the limited time span as it requires consent from many different people and organisations. However, I was surprised over and over by the generosity and kindness of both strangers and friends who wanted to help me with my research in other ways. And as all the new findings fascinated me, I kept doing more research. After about two months, my tutors started to first subtly, and then strongly suggest that I really should start designing. This led to a period of about a month in which I was struggling to design, as I felt I did not have enough knowledge on the topics to design something successful. Then, everything came together in the origins of the design that I have presented in this work. From that point on my motivation and level of production were steady and
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I felt very positive and confident in my design. I was able to relate all my design decisions to the research and focus on creating the best design project of my career so far. Unfortunately, at the green light presentations, my Achilles heel showed itself again through my choice for a minimal presentation method that only included aesthetically pleasing images, leaving most of the information to remain in this book. This led to me having to re-do this presentation in order to visually show the work I had done on posters, rather than in text. Not passing at once came unexpected, and the following two weeks were by far the most challenging of this year, and of my entire career as an architecture student. Coming back to the marathon metaphor I started with: this was the big fall. In those two weeks, I had to come to terms with the fact that I, from my perspective, had failed, and had to see this as an opportunity to learn, and grow both as a person and as a designer. I passed the re-sit, though it still felt like my work was not yet at the level I had envisioned, after which I continued working relentlessly in order to create the work you see before you. I am proud of what I have achieved, what I have learned and how this project has helped me grow as a person; teaching me how to handle failure. It has also taught me what I love about architecture, and what I want to continue working on in the future.
Evelien Florijn
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would not be able to present this work without the generosity of others, who gave me their time, information and support. Thanks to my tutors, whose input, and critical comments have helped me to lift this project to another level. I am also grateful to the rest of my graduation studio for being such great company this past year, spending so many hours together. And in particular Sjef, for being my informal tutor when I really needed it. Thank you, to all the people I met during my research for investing time in me without even knowing who I am. I am especially grateful to Hans and Liesbeth, who shared their network with me for this project. Thanks to all the people who helped me with my research, sharing, and filling out the survey, providing references, and answering my questions during interviews. A special thanks to all the people I met on Texel, for giving me such a warm welcome. Last, but certainly not least, a big thanks to my close friends and relatives. Especially to Marc, for his relentless support and love; Loes, for listening, and reminding me what really matters; and mum and dad, for always believing in me, no matter what. It means a lot to me, and I love all of you to bits. Thank you. I could not have done it without you.
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Nillesen, J., & Opitz, S. (2013). Dimensie voor dementie. Arnhem: Wiegerinck architectuur stedenbouw.
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Van Liempd, H. M. J. A., Hoekstra, E. K., Jans, J. M., Huibers, L. S., & Van Oel, C. J. (2009). Evaluatieonderzoek naar de kwaliteit van de huisvesting van kleinschalige woonvormen voor ouderen met dementie. Eindrapportage. Utrecht: Vilans & Akta. Variotherm. (n.d.). Modular floor heating 20mm. Retrieved from https://www.variotherm.com/en/products/ floor-heating-drywall/technical.html
125
LIST OF FIGURES I. INTRODUCTION
https://texel.incijfers.nl/jive/jive/ Figure 5. Prevalence of moderate to severe dementia in
II. RESEARCH
villages on Texel (p.034). Figure 6. Aerial view of De Cocksdorp (p.036). Based on
III. CONCEPT
Bing Maps. (2017). De Cocksdorp. Retrieved
Figure 1. Current situation intramural care facilities: only
on July 25, 2017 from https://www.bing.com/
located in large villages (p.018).
maps
Figure 2. Concept intramural care facilities: small villages
Figure 7. Function analysis of De Cocksdorp (p.037).
and care farms (p.019).
Figure 8. Sight line from the plot to the light house
Figure 3. Plot concept typologies (p.023).
(p.039).
Figure 4. Building concept (p.024).
Figure 9. Situation (p.039). Figure 10. Building rhythm (p.039). Figure 11. Front view of the plot (p.040).
IV. DESIGN
Figure 12. Backside of the plot (p.040).
Figure 1. Origins of Texel (p.030). Based on Ecomare
Figure 13. View from current building towards the road
(n.d.). Land reclamation on Texel 1250-1900,
(p.041).
Ecomare. Retrieved from http://waddenbieb.
Figure 14. Backside of the plot (p.041).
waddenzeeschool.nl/en/encyclopedia/man-
Figure 15. Programme relationship diagram (p.042).
and-the-environment/water-management/
Figure 16. Plot concept typology (p.044).
coastal-protection/sea-dikes/
Figure 17. Plot concept (p.045).
Figure 2. The island of Texel (p.031).
Figure 18. Additional points for building design (p.046).
Figure 3. De Cocksdorp on a map by Kikkerts, 1854
Figure 19. Building concept sketch based on the path of
(p.032). Obtained from Van Der Vlis, J. A.
the sun and visual lines (p.047).
(1977). t Land van Texsel (pp. 377). Den Burg:
Figure 20. Building users and their access levels (p.048).
Uitgeverij bv/vh Langeveld & de Rooy.
Figure 21. Left: current scenario, right: future scenario.
Figure 4. Age pyramid for Texel in 2000 and 2017
(p.049).
(p.033). Based on Gemeente Texel. (2017).
Figure 22. Building divisions (p.050).
Inwoners - Texel [dataset]. Retrieved from
Figure 23. Flexible apartment design (p.051).
126
Figure 24. Permanent building design (p.053).
Figure 39. Floor plan long-stay ground level, 1:200
Figure 25. The short-stay apartments viewed from the
(p.076).
street (p.054).
Figure 40. Floor plan long-stay level 1, 1:200 (p.077).
Figure 26. View from the long-stay building to the short-
Figure 41. Section of long-stay building, 1:100 (p.078).
stay apartments. (p.055).
Figure 42. Interior render of the living room with a view
Figure 27. Front view of the long-stay building (p.055).
to the kitchen (p.080).
Figure 28. View of the open, southern facade facing the
Figure 43. Interior render of short-stay apartment
garden (p.056).
(p.082).
Figure 29. Northern facade of the short-stay apartments,
Figure 44. Section of short-stay apartment, 1:100
1:100 (p.058).
(p.083). Figure 45. Floor plan short-stay
Figure 30. Eastern facade of the short-stay apartments,
ground level, 1:200 (p.084). Figure 46. Floor
1:100 (p.060).
plan short-stay level 1, 1:200 (p.085).
Figure 31. Southern facade of the short-stay apartments,
Figure 47. Sketch construction system flexible building
1:100 (p.062). Figure 30. Eastern facade of
parts (p.087).
the short-stay apartments, 1:100 (p.060).
Figure 48. Prefab components of a floor (p.087).
Figure 32. Western facade of the short-stay apartments,
Figure 49. Sketch of flexible foundation (p.088).
1:100 (p.064).
Figure 50. VarioComp compact floor heating system
Figure 33. Northern facade of the long-stay building,
by Variotherm (p.089). Adapted from
1:100 (p.066).
Variotherm. (n.d.). Drywall floor heating.
Figure 34. Eastern facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
Retrieved from https://www.variotherm.
(p.068).
com/en/products/floor-heating-drywall/
Figure 35. Southern facade of the long-stay building,
advantages.html
1:100 (p.070).
Figure 51. Detailed plot design 1:500 (p.091).
Figure 36. Western facade of the long-stay building, 1:100
Figure 52. Design elements garden and their sensory
(p.072).
characteristics (p.092).
Figure 37. Interior perspective of a private room (p.075).
Figure 53. Design elements (p.093).
Figure 38. Interior perspective of the shared living room
A. www.natuurpresentaties.nl. (n.d.). Vader
(p.075).
Koolmees bij zijn chalet. Retrieved from http://
127
www.harenerweekblad.nl/blogs/8615/groen-
Figure 57. Floor plan apartments ground level 1, 1:200
haren-jong-leven-in-een-nestkast/
(p.099).
B. Adapted from Tuinseizoen.com. (n.d.).
Figure 58. Floor plan permanent building ground level,
Retrieved from http://www.tuinseizoen.com/
1:200 (p.100).
vissen-in-de-vijver-op-de-spaarstand/
Figure 59. Floor plan permanent building level 1, 1:200
c. Grabowska, K. (2014). Butterfly on flowers.
(p.101).
Retrieved from https://www.pexels.com/
Figure 60. Exterior render permanent building in future
photo/butterfly-on-flowers-6032/
scenario (p.102).
D. Aalto, K. (2015).Water element. Retrieved
Figure 61. Interior render permanent building in future
from http://www.kathrynaalto.com/design/
scenario (p.104).
hospice-therapeutic-garden/
Figure 62. Evening render permanent building in future
E-H. ESERO NL. (n.d.). Bomen in de
scenario (p.106).
seizoenen. Retrieved from http://www.
Figure 63. Floor plan of flexible apartment, ground level,
ruimtevaartindeklas.nl/lespakketten/bomen-
1:100 (p.108).
in-de-seizoenen
Figure 64. Floor plan of flexible apartment, level 1, 1:100
I. Kaak, P. (n.d.). Goede moestuin kost veel tijd.
(p.108).
Retrieved from https://www.dailytrend.nl/
Figure 65. Interior render of a flexible apartment
trends/goede-moestuin-kost-veel-tijd/
(p.109).
J. Apels, J. (n.d.). Chickens at feeding time.
Figure 66. Exterior render of a flexible apartment near
Retrieved from https://www.shutterstock.
the lighthouse in De Cocksdorp (p.109).
com/nl/image-photo/chickens-feeding-
Figure 67. Exterior render of flexible apartment in the
time-458883121?src=Ca35Bl-DyRBE_
south-west of Texel (p.110).
ruwSNFHQA-1-46 K. Proborc. (2010). Sheep on Texel (NL).
V. CONCLUSION
Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Sheep_Texel.JPG Figure 54. The building exterior as seen from the garden (p.094). Figure 55. Horizontal detail 1:20 showing the transition from the current scenario to the future scenario (p.097). Figure 56. Floor plan apartments ground level, 1:200 (p.098).
128
APPENDIX 132 - 133
1. THE GLOBAL DETERIORATION SCALE 134 - 137
2. SOLAR PATH AND ANGLE FOR DE COCKSDORP 2017
129
1. THE GLOBAL DETERIORATION SCALE FOR ASSESSMENT OF PRIMARY DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA 1 No cognitive decline
anxiety accompanies symptoms.
No subjective complaints of memory deficit. No memory
4 Moderate cognitive decline (Mild Dementia)
deficit evident on clinical interview.
Clear-cut deficit on careful clinical interview. Deficit
2 Very mild cognitive decline (Age Associated Memory Impairment)
manifest in following areas: (a) decreased knowledge of
Subjective complaints of memory deficit, most frequently
current and recent events; (b) may exhibit some deficit
in following areas: (a) forgetting where one has placed
in memory of ones personal history; (c) concentration
familiar objects; (b) forgetting names one formerly
deficit elicited on serial subtractions; (d) decreased ability
knew well. No objective evidence of memory deficit on
to travel, handle finances, etc. Frequently no deficit in
clinical interview. No objective deficits in employment
following areas: (a) orientation to time and place; (b)
or social situations. Appropriate concern with respect to
recognition of familiar persons and faces; (c) ability to
symptomatology.
travel to familiar locations. Inability to perform complex tasks. Denial is dominant defence mechanism. Flattening
3 Mild cognitive decline (Mild Cognitive Impairment)
of affect and withdrawal from challenging situations
Earliest clear-cut deficits. Manifestations in more than one
frequently occur.
of the following areas: (a) patient may have gotten lost when traveling to an unfamiliar location; (b) co-workers become
5 Moderately severe cognitive decline (Moderate Dementia)
aware of patient’s relatively poor performance; (c) word
Patient can no longer survive without some assistance.
and name finding deficit becomes evident to intimates; (d)
Patient is unable during interview to recall a major
patient may read a passage or a book and retain relatively
relevant aspect of their current lives, e.g., an address or
little material; (e) patient may demonstrate decreased
telephone number of many years, the names of close
facility in remembering names upon introduction to new
family members (such as grandchildren), the name of
people; (f) patient may have lost or misplaced an object of
the high school or college from which they graduated.
value; (g) concentration deficit may be evident on clinical
Frequently some disorientation to time (date, day of week,
testing. Objective evidence of memory deficit obtained
season, etc.) or to place. An educated person may have
only with an intensive interview. Decreased performance
difficulty counting back from 40 by 4s or from 20 by 2s.
in demanding employment and social settings. Denial
Persons at this stage retain knowledge of many major facts
begins to become manifest in patient. Mild to moderate
regarding themselves and others. They invariably know
130
their own names and generally know their spouses’ and
an individual cannot carry a thought long enough to
children’s names. They require no assistance with toileting
determine a purposeful course of action.
and eating, but may have some difficulty choosing the
7 Very severe cognitive decline (Severe Dementia)
proper clothing to wear.
All verbal abilities are lost over the course of this stage.
6 Severe cognitive decline (Moderately Severe Dementia)
Frequently there is no speech at all -only unintelligible
May occasionally forget the name of the spouse upon
utterances and rare emergence of seemingly forgotten
whom they are entirely dependent for survival. Will be
words and phrases. Incontinent of urine, requires
largely unaware of all recent events and experiences
assistance toileting and feeding. Basic psycho-motor skills,
in their lives. Retain some knowledge of their past lives
e.g., ability to walk, are lost with the progression of this
but this is very sketchy. Generally unaware of their
stage. The brain appears to no longer be able to tell the
surroundings, the year, the season, etc. May have difficulty
body what to do. Generalized rigidity and developmental
counting from 10, both backward and, sometimes,
neurologic reflexes are frequently present.
forward. Will require some assistance with activities of daily living, e.g., may become incontinent, will require travel assistance but occasionally will be able to travel to familiar locations. Diurnal rhythm frequently disturbed. Almost always recall their own name. Frequently continue to be able to distinguish familiar from unfamiliar persons in their environment. Personality and emotional changes occur. These are quite variable and include: (a) delusional behaviour, e.g., patients may accuse their spouse of being an impostor, may talk to imaginary figures in the environment, or to their own reflection in the mirror; (b) obsessive symptoms, e.g., person may continually repeat
Source: Reisberg, B., Ferris, S.H., de Leon, M.J., and Crook,
simple cleaning activities; (c) anxiety symptoms, agitation,
T. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary
and even previously non-existent violent behaviour may
degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry,
occur; (d) cognitive abulla, i.e., loss of willpower because
1982, 139: 1136-1139.
131
coo: 53.1574253_4. 8713851 01/01/2017 02/01/2017 03/01/2017 04/01/2017 05/01/2017 06/01/2017 07/01/2017 08/01/2017 09/01/2017 10/01/2017 11/01/2017 12/01/2017 13/01/2017 14/01/2017 15/01/2017 16/01/2017 17/01/2017 18/01/2017 19/01/2017 20/01/2017 21/01/2017 22/01/2017 23/01/2017 24/01/2017 25/01/2017 26/01/2017 27/01/2017 28/01/2017 29/01/2017 30/01/2017 31/01/2017 01/02/2017 02/02/2017 03/02/2017 04/02/2017 05/02/2017 06/02/2017 07/02/2017 08/02/2017 09/02/2017 10/02/2017 11/02/2017 12/02/2017 13/02/2017 14/02/2017 15/02/2017 16/02/2017 17/02/2017 18/02/2017 19/02/2017 20/02/2017 21/02/2017 22/02/2017 23/02/2017 24/02/2017 25/02/2017 26/02/2017 27/02/2017 28/02/2017 01/03/2017 02/03/2017 03/03/2017 04/03/2017 05/03/2017 06/03/2017 07/03/2017 08/03/2017 09/03/2017 10/03/2017 11/03/2017 12/03/2017 13/03/2017 14/03/2017 15/03/2017 16/03/2017 17/03/2017 18/03/2017 19/03/2017 20/03/2017 21/03/2017 22/03/2017 23/03/2017 24/03/2017 25/03/2017 26/03/2017 27/03/2017 28/03/2017 29/03/2017 30/03/2017 31/03/2017 01/04/2017 02/04/2017 03/04/2017 04/04/2017 05/04/2017 06/04/2017 07/04/2017 08/04/2017 09/04/2017 10/04/2017 11/04/2017 12/04/2017 13/04/2017 14/04/2017 15/04/2017 16/04/2017 17/04/2017 18/04/2017 19/04/2017 20/04/2017 21/04/2017 22/04/2017 23/04/2017 24/04/2017 25/04/2017 26/04/2017 27/04/2017
A E 05:00:00 05:00:00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A E 06:00:00 06:00:00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
E 07:00:00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.81 -0.46 -0.12 0.22 0.55 0.88 1.22 1.54 1.87 2.19 2.51 2.82 3.13 3.44 3.75 4.05 4.34 4.64 4.92 5.21 5.49
A 07:00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77.34 77.17 77.01 76.84 76.68 76.52 76.35 76.19 76.03 75.86 75.7 75.54 75.38 75.21 75.05 74.89 74.73 74.57 74.41 74.25 74.09 E 08:00:00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------0.77 -0.42 -0.06 0.3 0.66 1.02 1.38 1.74 2.1 2.46 2.82 3.18 3.54 3.9 4.26 4.62 4.98 5.33 5.69 6.04 6.39 6.74 7.09 7.44 7.78 8.12 8.46 8.8 9.14 9.47 9.8 10.13 10.45 10.77 11.09 11.4 11.71 12.02 12.33 12.63 12.92 13.21 13.5 13.79 14.07 14.34
Bron:
E 09:00:00 ----------------------------------------------0.56 -0.26 0.03 0.33 0.63 0.94 1.25 1.57 1.89 2.21 2.54 2.86 3.2 3.53 3.87 4.21 4.55 4.9 5.24 5.59 5.95 6.3 6.65 7.01 7.37 7.73 8.09 8.45 8.81 9.18 9.54 9.91 10.27 10.63 11 11.36 11.73 12.09 12.46 12.82 13.18 13.54 13.9 14.26 14.62 14.98 15.33 15.68 16.03 16.38 16.73 17.08 17.42 17.76 18.1 18.43 18.76 19.09 19.42 19.74 20.06 20.38 20.69 21 21.3 21.6 21.9 22.19 22.48 22.77 23.05 23.33
Coordinaten gebruikt: 53.1574253, 4.8713851
A A A A A A A A A 09:00:00 E 10:00:00 10:00:00 E 11:00:00 11:00:00 E 12:00:00 12:00:00 E 13:00:00 13:00:00 E 14:00:00 14:00:00 E 15:00:00 15:00:00 E 16:00:00 16:00:00 E 17:00:00 17:00:00 E 18:00:00 --0.23 130.22 5.97 142.57 10.59 155.72 13.28 169.55 13.81 183.74 12.13 197.8 8.4 211.31 2.91 224.04 ---0.2 130.08 6.01 142.43 10.65 155.59 13.35 169.43 13.9 183.63 12.24 197.71 8.52 211.24 3.04 223.98 ---0.17 129.94 6.06 142.3 10.71 155.46 13.44 169.31 14 183.53 12.36 197.63 8.65 211.17 3.17 223.93 ---0.13 129.8 6.11 142.16 10.78 155.32 13.53 169.19 14.11 183.43 12.48 197.54 8.78 211.11 3.31 223.89 ---0.09 129.65 6.17 142.02 10.86 155.19 13.63 169.07 14.23 183.32 12.61 197.46 8.92 211.05 3.46 223.85 ---0.04 129.5 6.24 141.88 10.95 155.06 13.73 168.95 14.35 183.22 12.75 197.38 9.07 210.99 3.61 223.81 --0.02 129.35 6.32 141.73 11.04 154.93 13.85 168.84 14.48 183.13 12.89 197.31 9.22 210.94 3.77 223.78 --0.09 129.2 6.4 141.59 11.15 154.79 13.97 168.72 14.62 183.03 13.04 197.24 9.38 210.89 3.94 223.75 --0.16 129.05 6.49 141.44 11.25 154.66 14.09 168.6 14.76 182.94 13.2 197.17 9.55 210.85 4.11 223.73 --0.24 128.89 6.59 141.3 11.37 154.52 14.23 168.49 14.92 182.84 13.37 197.1 9.72 210.81 4.29 223.71 --0.33 128.74 6.69 141.15 11.49 154.39 14.37 168.37 15.08 182.75 13.54 197.04 9.9 210.77 4.47 223.7 --0.42 128.58 6.81 141 11.63 154.26 14.52 168.26 15.24 182.67 13.71 196.98 10.08 210.74 4.65 223.7 --0.53 128.42 6.93 140.85 11.76 154.12 14.68 168.14 15.41 182.58 13.9 196.93 10.27 210.71 4.85 223.69 --0.63 128.25 7.05 140.7 11.91 153.99 14.84 168.03 15.59 182.5 14.09 196.87 10.47 210.69 5.04 223.7 --0.75 128.09 7.18 140.55 12.06 153.85 15.01 167.92 15.78 182.42 14.28 196.83 10.67 210.67 5.24 223.71 --0.87 127.92 7.32 140.4 12.22 153.72 15.19 167.81 15.97 182.34 14.49 196.78 10.88 210.66 5.45 223.72 --1 127.76 7.47 140.24 12.39 153.59 15.38 167.71 16.17 182.26 14.69 196.74 11.09 210.65 5.66 223.74 --1.14 127.59 7.63 140.09 12.56 153.45 15.57 167.6 16.38 182.19 14.91 196.7 11.31 210.65 5.88 223.76 --1.28 127.42 7.79 139.94 12.74 153.32 15.76 167.5 16.59 182.12 15.13 196.67 11.53 210.65 6.1 223.79 -0.77 -1.43 127.25 7.96 139.78 12.93 153.19 15.97 167.4 16.81 182.06 15.35 196.64 11.75 210.66 6.32 223.83 -0.55 -1.59 127.08 8.13 139.63 13.12 153.06 16.18 167.29 17.03 181.99 15.58 196.62 11.99 210.67 6.55 223.87 -0.32 -1.75 126.91 8.31 139.48 13.32 152.93 16.4 167.2 17.26 181.93 15.82 196.59 12.22 210.68 6.79 223.91 -0.1 -1.92 126.74 8.5 139.32 13.53 152.8 16.62 167.1 17.5 181.87 16.06 196.58 12.47 210.7 7.03 223.96 0.14 -2.1 126.57 8.69 139.17 13.74 152.67 16.85 167 17.74 181.82 16.31 196.56 12.71 210.73 7.27 224.02 0.37 -2.28 126.4 8.89 139.01 13.96 152.54 17.09 166.91 17.99 181.77 16.56 196.56 12.96 210.76 7.51 224.08 0.61 -2.47 126.22 9.1 138.86 14.19 152.41 17.33 166.82 18.24 181.72 16.82 196.55 13.22 210.79 7.76 224.14 0.85 -2.67 126.05 9.32 138.71 14.42 152.29 17.58 166.73 18.5 181.67 17.08 196.55 13.48 210.83 8.02 224.22 1.1 -2.87 125.88 9.54 138.56 14.66 152.16 17.83 166.64 18.76 181.63 17.35 196.55 13.74 210.87 8.27 224.29 1.34 -3.08 125.7 9.76 138.4 14.9 152.04 18.09 166.56 19.03 181.59 17.62 196.56 14.01 210.92 8.53 224.38 1.6 -3.29 125.53 9.99 138.25 15.15 151.92 18.36 166.47 19.31 181.55 17.9 196.57 14.29 210.98 8.8 224.46 1.85 -3.51 125.35 10.23 138.1 15.41 151.8 18.63 166.39 19.59 181.52 18.18 196.59 14.56 211.04 9.06 224.56 2.11 -3.74 125.18 10.47 137.95 15.67 151.68 18.9 166.32 19.87 181.49 18.47 196.61 14.84 211.1 9.33 224.65 2.37 -3.97 125.01 10.72 137.8 15.93 151.56 19.18 166.24 20.16 181.46 18.76 196.63 15.12 211.17 9.61 224.76 2.63 -4.21 124.83 10.98 137.65 16.21 151.44 19.47 166.17 20.45 181.44 19.05 196.66 15.41 211.24 9.88 224.87 2.89 -4.46 124.66 11.24 137.5 16.48 151.33 19.76 166.09 20.75 181.42 19.35 196.7 15.7 211.32 10.16 224.98 3.16 -4.71 124.49 11.51 137.35 16.77 151.21 20.06 166.03 21.06 181.41 19.65 196.73 16 211.41 10.44 225.1 3.43 -4.96 124.31 11.78 137.2 17.06 151.1 20.36 165.96 21.37 181.39 19.96 196.77 16.29 211.49 10.73 225.22 3.7 -5.22 124.14 12.06 137.05 17.35 150.99 20.67 165.89 21.68 181.39 20.27 196.82 16.59 211.59 11.01 225.35 3.97 -5.49 123.97 12.34 136.91 17.65 150.88 20.98 165.83 22 181.38 20.58 196.87 16.9 211.69 11.3 225.49 4.24 -5.76 123.8 12.62 136.76 17.95 150.77 21.3 165.77 22.32 181.38 20.9 196.93 17.2 211.79 11.59 225.63 4.52 -6.03 123.63 12.92 136.61 18.26 150.66 21.62 165.72 22.64 181.38 21.22 196.99 17.51 211.9 11.89 225.77 4.8 -6.31 123.45 13.21 136.47 18.57 150.55 21.94 165.66 22.97 181.38 21.54 197.05 17.82 212.01 12.18 225.92 5.08 -6.6 123.28 13.52 136.33 18.89 150.45 22.27 165.61 23.3 181.39 21.87 197.12 18.13 212.13 12.48 226.07 5.36 -6.89 123.11 13.82 136.18 19.21 150.35 22.6 165.56 23.64 181.4 22.2 197.19 18.45 212.25 12.78 226.23 5.64 -7.18 122.94 14.13 136.04 19.54 150.25 22.94 165.51 23.98 181.42 22.53 197.27 18.77 212.38 13.08 226.4 5.93 110.51 7.48 122.78 14.45 135.9 19.87 150.15 23.28 165.47 24.32 181.44 22.87 197.35 19.09 212.51 13.38 226.56 6.21 110.32 7.79 122.61 14.77 135.76 20.2 150.05 23.63 165.42 24.67 181.46 23.21 197.43 19.41 212.64 13.68 226.74 6.5 110.13 8.1 122.44 15.09 135.62 20.54 149.95 23.97 165.38 25.02 181.48 23.55 197.52 19.74 212.78 13.99 226.91 6.79 109.95 8.41 122.27 15.42 135.49 20.88 149.85 24.33 165.34 25.37 181.51 23.89 197.61 20.06 212.93 14.3 227.1 7.08 109.76 8.72 122.11 15.75 135.35 21.23 149.76 24.68 165.31 25.73 181.54 24.24 197.71 20.39 213.08 14.6 227.28 7.37 109.58 9.04 121.94 16.08 135.21 21.58 149.67 25.04 165.28 26.09 181.58 24.58 197.81 20.72 213.23 14.91 227.47 7.66 109.39 9.37 121.77 16.42 135.08 21.93 149.58 25.4 165.24 26.45 181.62 24.93 197.92 21.05 213.39 15.22 227.67 7.95 109.21 9.69 121.61 16.76 134.94 22.29 149.49 25.77 165.22 26.81 181.66 25.29 198.03 21.39 213.56 15.54 227.87 8.24 109.02 10.03 121.44 17.11 134.81 22.65 149.4 26.13 165.19 27.18 181.71 25.64 198.14 21.72 213.72 15.85 228.07 8.53 108.84 10.36 121.28 17.46 134.67 23.01 149.31 26.5 165.16 27.55 181.75 26 198.26 22.06 213.9 16.16 228.28 8.83 108.66 10.7 121.12 17.81 134.54 23.37 149.23 26.88 165.14 27.92 181.81 26.35 198.38 22.39 214.07 16.48 228.49 9.12 108.48 11.04 120.96 18.16 134.41 23.74 149.14 27.25 165.12 28.29 181.86 26.71 198.5 22.73 214.25 16.79 228.71 9.41 108.29 11.38 120.79 18.52 134.28 24.11 149.06 27.63 165.1 28.66 181.92 27.07 198.63 23.07 214.44 17.1 228.93 9.71 108.11 11.73 120.63 18.88 134.15 24.48 148.98 28.01 165.09 29.04 181.98 27.44 198.77 23.41 214.62 17.42 229.15 10 107.93 12.07 120.47 19.24 134.02 24.86 148.9 28.39 165.08 29.42 182.04 27.8 198.9 23.75 214.82 17.74 229.38 10.3 107.75 12.43 120.31 19.61 133.89 25.24 148.82 28.78 165.06 29.8 182.11 28.16 199.04 24.09 215.01 18.05 229.61 10.59 107.58 12.78 120.15 19.97 133.76 25.62 148.74 29.17 165.05 30.18 182.18 28.53 199.19 24.43 215.21 18.37 229.85 10.89 107.4 13.14 119.99 20.34 133.64 26 148.66 29.55 165.05 30.57 182.25 28.9 199.34 24.77 215.41 18.69 230.09 11.18 107.22 13.49 119.83 20.72 133.51 26.38 148.58 29.94 165.04 30.95 182.33 29.26 199.49 25.12 215.62 19 230.33 11.48 107.04 13.85 119.68 21.09 133.38 26.77 148.51 30.34 165.04 31.34 182.41 29.63 199.64 25.46 215.83 19.32 230.57 11.77 106.87 14.22 119.52 21.46 133.26 27.16 148.43 30.73 165.03 31.73 182.49 30 199.8 25.8 216.05 19.64 230.82 12.07 106.69 14.58 119.36 21.84 133.13 27.55 148.36 31.12 165.03 32.11 182.57 30.37 199.96 26.15 216.26 19.95 231.07 12.36 106.51 14.95 119.2 22.22 133.01 27.94 148.29 31.52 165.03 32.5 182.66 30.74 200.13 26.49 216.48 20.27 231.33 12.66 106.34 15.31 119.04 22.6 132.88 28.33 148.22 31.92 165.04 32.89 182.75 31.11 200.29 26.83 216.71 20.58 231.58 12.95 106.16 15.68 118.89 22.98 132.76 28.72 148.14 32.32 165.04 33.28 182.84 31.48 200.46 27.17 216.94 20.9 231.84 13.25 105.99 16.05 118.73 23.36 132.63 29.12 148.07 32.71 165.05 33.67 182.93 31.85 200.64 27.52 217.17 21.21 232.1 13.54 105.81 16.42 118.58 23.75 132.51 29.51 148 33.11 165.05 34.07 183.03 32.22 200.81 27.86 217.4 21.53 232.37 13.83 105.64 16.79 118.42 24.13 132.39 29.91 147.93 33.52 165.06 34.46 183.13 32.59 200.99 28.2 217.64 21.84 232.64 14.12 105.47 17.16 118.26 24.52 132.26 30.31 147.87 33.92 165.07 34.85 183.23 32.96 201.18 28.54 217.87 22.16 232.91 14.41 105.29 17.54 118.11 24.9 132.14 30.7 147.8 34.32 165.08 35.24 183.33 33.33 201.36 28.88 218.12 22.47 233.18 14.71 105.12 17.91 117.95 25.29 132.02 31.1 147.73 34.72 165.09 35.64 183.44 33.7 201.55 29.22 218.36 22.78 233.45 15 104.95 18.28 117.79 25.67 131.89 31.5 147.66 35.12 165.11 36.03 183.55 34.07 201.74 29.56 218.61 23.09 233.73 15.29 104.78 18.66 117.64 26.06 131.77 31.9 147.59 35.52 165.12 36.42 183.65 34.44 201.93 29.9 218.86 23.4 234.01 15.57 104.61 19.03 117.48 26.45 131.65 32.29 147.53 35.93 165.14 36.81 183.77 34.81 202.13 30.24 219.11 23.71 234.29 15.86 104.43 19.41 117.33 26.83 131.52 32.69 147.46 36.33 165.15 37.2 183.88 35.18 202.33 30.58 219.36 24.02 234.57 16.15 104.26 19.78 117.17 27.22 131.4 33.09 147.39 36.73 165.17 37.6 183.99 35.55 202.53 30.92 219.62 24.33 234.85 16.43 104.09 20.15 117.01 27.61 131.27 33.49 147.32 37.13 165.18 37.99 184.11 35.91 202.73 31.25 219.87 24.64 235.14 16.72 103.92 20.53 116.86 27.99 131.15 33.88 147.25 37.53 165.2 38.38 184.23 36.28 202.93 31.58 220.13 24.94 235.42 17 103.75 20.9 116.7 28.38 131.02 34.28 147.19 37.93 165.22 38.77 184.34 36.64 203.14 31.92 220.39 25.25 235.71 17.29 103.57 21.27 116.54 28.76 130.9 34.68 147.12 38.33 165.24 39.16 184.46 37.01 203.35 32.25 220.66 25.55 236 17.57 103.4 21.64 116.38 29.14 130.77 35.07 147.05 38.73 165.26 39.54 184.59 37.37 203.56 32.58 220.92 25.85 236.29 17.85 103.23 22.01 116.23 29.52 130.64 35.46 146.98 39.13 165.28 39.93 184.71 37.73 203.77 32.91 221.19 26.15 236.58 18.13 103.06 22.38 116.07 29.91 130.51 35.86 146.91 39.52 165.3 40.31 184.83 38.09 203.98 33.24 221.45 26.45 236.87 18.41 102.89 22.75 115.91 30.29 130.39 36.25 146.84 39.92 165.32 40.7 184.96 38.45 204.19 33.56 221.72 26.75 237.16 18.69 102.71 23.11 115.75 30.66 130.26 36.64 146.77 40.31 165.33 41.08 185.08 38.8 204.41 33.89 221.99 27.04 237.45 18.96 102.54 23.48 115.59 31.04 130.13 37.03 146.7 40.7 165.35 41.46 185.21 39.16 204.63 34.21 222.26 27.34 237.74 19.24 102.37 23.84 115.43 31.42 130 37.42 146.62 41.1 165.37 41.84 185.34 39.51 204.84 34.53 222.53 27.63 238.04 19.51 102.2 24.2 115.27 31.79 129.86 37.8 146.55 41.49 165.39 42.22 185.46 39.86 205.06 34.85 222.8 27.92 238.33 19.78 102.02 24.56 115.11 32.16 129.73 38.19 146.48 41.87 165.41 42.6 185.59 40.21 205.28 35.17 223.07 28.21 238.62 20.05 101.85 24.92 114.94 32.53 129.6 38.57 146.4 42.26 165.43 42.97 185.72 40.56 205.5 35.49 223.34 28.5 238.91 20.32 101.68 25.27 114.78 32.9 129.46 38.95 146.32 42.64 165.44 43.35 185.85 40.91 205.72 35.8 223.62 28.79 239.2 20.59 101.5 25.63 114.62 33.27 129.33 39.33 146.25 43.03 165.46 43.72 185.97 41.25 205.94 36.11 223.89 29.07 239.49 20.86 101.33 25.98 114.45 33.63 129.19 39.7 146.17 43.41 165.48 44.09 186.1 41.6 206.16 36.42 224.16 29.36 239.79 21.12 101.15 26.33 114.29 33.99 129.05 40.07 146.09 43.79 165.49 44.45 186.23 41.94 206.38 36.73 224.43 29.64 240.07 21.39 100.98 26.67 114.12 34.35 128.91 40.44 146.01 44.16 165.5 44.82 186.36 42.27 206.6 37.04 224.7 29.92 240.36 21.65 100.8 27.01 113.95 34.7 128.77 40.81 145.92 44.53 165.52 45.18 186.49 42.61 206.82 37.34 224.97 30.19 240.65 21.91 100.63 27.35 113.78 35.05 128.63 41.18 145.84 44.91 165.53 45.54 186.61 42.94 207.04 37.65 225.24 30.47 240.94 22.17 100.45 27.69 113.62 35.4 128.49 41.54 145.75 45.27 165.54 45.9 186.74 43.27 207.26 37.95 225.51 30.74 241.22 22.42 100.28 28.03 113.45 35.75 128.34 41.9 145.66 45.64 165.54 46.25 186.86 43.6 207.48 38.24 225.78 31.02 241.51 22.68 100.1 28.36 113.28 36.09 128.2 42.26 145.57 46 165.55 46.6 186.99 43.93 207.7 38.54 226.05 31.29 241.79 22.93 99.92 28.68 113.1 36.43 128.05 42.61 145.48 46.36 165.56 46.95 187.11 44.25 207.92 38.83 226.32 31.55 242.07 23.18 99.75 29.01 112.93 36.77 127.9 42.96 145.39 46.72 165.56 47.3 187.23 44.57 208.14 39.12 226.58 31.82 242.35 23.43 99.57 29.33 112.76 37.1 127.75 43.31 145.29 47.07 165.56 47.64 187.36 44.89 208.35 39.41 226.85 32.08 242.63 23.68 99.39 29.64 112.59 37.43 127.6 43.65 145.2 47.42 165.56 47.98 187.48 45.21 208.57 39.7 227.11 32.34 242.9 23.93 99.21 29.96 112.41 37.76 127.44 43.99 145.1 47.77 165.56 48.32 187.59 45.52 208.78 39.98 227.37 32.6 243.17 24.17 99.04 30.26 112.24 38.08 127.29 44.33 145 48.11 165.56 48.66 187.71 45.83 208.99 40.26 227.63 32.86 243.44 24.42 98.86 30.57 112.06 38.39 127.13 44.66 144.89 48.45 165.55 48.99 187.82 46.14 209.2 40.54 227.88 33.11 243.71 24.66 98.68 30.87 111.88 38.71 126.98 44.99 144.79 48.79 165.54 49.32 187.94 46.44 209.41 40.81 228.14 33.37 243.97 24.89 98.5 31.17 111.71 39.02 126.82 45.31 144.68 49.12 165.53 49.64 188.05 46.74 209.61 41.08 228.39 33.62 244.24 25.13 98.32 31.46 111.53 39.32 126.66 45.63 144.57 49.45 165.52 49.96 188.16 47.04 209.82 41.35 228.64 33.86 244.5 25.37 98.14 31.74 111.35 39.62 126.5 45.94 144.46 49.77 165.5 50.28 188.26 47.33 210.02 41.62 228.88 34.11 244.75 25.6 97.96 32.03 111.17 39.92 126.33 46.26 144.34 50.09 165.48 50.59 188.37 47.62 210.22 41.89 229.13 34.35 245 25.83
https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php?lang=en#annual
A 08:00:00 -----------------------------------------------------------------------93.7 93.51 93.33 93.15 92.97 92.8 92.62 92.44 92.26 92.08 91.91 91.73 91.56 91.38 91.21 91.03 90.86 90.68 90.51 90.33 90.16 89.99 89.81 89.64 89.47 89.29 89.12 88.95 88.77 88.6 88.43 88.25 88.08 87.91 87.74 87.56 87.39 87.22 87.04 86.87 86.7 86.53 86.35 86.18 86.01 85.84
A 18:00:00 ------------------236.09 236.15 236.21 236.28 236.35 236.43 236.52 236.61 236.7 236.81 236.91 237.03 237.14 237.27 237.4 237.53 237.67 237.81 237.96 238.12 238.28 238.44 238.61 238.79 238.97 239.15 239.34 239.53 239.73 239.93 240.14 240.35 240.57 240.79 241.01 241.24 241.47 241.7 241.94 242.18 242.43 242.68 242.93 243.18 243.44 243.7 243.96 244.23 244.5 244.77 245.05 245.32 245.6 245.88 246.16 246.45 246.73 247.02 247.31 247.6 247.89 248.19 248.48 248.78 249.07 249.37 249.66 249.96 250.26 250.55 250.85 251.15 251.45 251.74 252.04 252.33 252.63 252.92 253.22 253.51 253.8 254.09 254.37 254.66 254.94 255.23 255.51 255.78 256.06 256.33 256.61 256.87 257.14 257.4 257.66 257.92 258.17 258.42 258.67 E 19:00:00 ---------------------------------------------------0.58 -0.3 -0.02 0.25 0.53 0.81 1.09 1.37 1.65 1.93 2.21 2.5 2.78 3.06 3.34 3.62 3.9 4.18 4.46 4.74 5.02 5.3 5.58 5.85 6.13 6.41 6.68 6.96 7.23 7.51 7.78 8.06 8.33 8.6 8.87 9.14 9.41 9.68 9.94 10.21 10.47 10.74 11 11.26 11.52 11.78 12.04 12.3 12.55 12.81 13.06 13.31 13.56 13.81 14.06 14.3 14.55 14.79 15.03 15.27 15.51 15.74 15.98 16.21 16.44 16.67 16.9
A 19:00:00 --------------------------------------------------252.82 253.06 253.3 253.54 253.79 254.03 254.29 254.54 254.8 255.06 255.33 255.59 255.86 256.14 256.41 256.69 256.97 257.25 257.53 257.81 258.1 258.39 258.68 258.97 259.26 259.55 259.85 260.14 260.44 260.73 261.03 261.33 261.62 261.92 262.22 262.52 262.81 263.11 263.4 263.7 263.99 264.29 264.58 264.87 265.16 265.45 265.74 266.03 266.31 266.6 266.88 267.16 267.43 267.71 267.98 268.25 268.52 268.78 269.04 269.3 269.56 269.81 270.06 270.31 270.55 270.79 271.02 E 20:00:00 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.63 -0.36 -0.09 0.18 0.44 0.71 0.98 1.24 1.51 1.77 2.03 2.3 2.56 2.82 3.08 3.34 3.59 3.85 4.1 4.36 4.61 4.86 5.11 5.36 5.61 5.85 6.1 6.34 6.58 6.82 7.06 7.29 7.53 7.76 7.99
A 20:00:00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------273.69 273.99 274.28 274.57 274.87 275.16 275.45 275.75 276.04 276.32 276.61 276.9 277.18 277.47 277.75 278.03 278.3 278.58 278.85 279.12 279.39 279.65 279.91 280.17 280.43 280.69 280.94 281.18 281.43 281.67 281.91 282.14 282.37 282.6 282.82 E 21:00:00 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0.74 -0.5
A 21:00:00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------294.46 294.67 E 22:00:00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A 22:00:00 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E 23:00:00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A 23:00:00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. SOLAR PATH AND ANGLE FOR DE COCKSDORP IN 2017
132
133
22/04/2017 23/04/2017 24/04/2017 25/04/2017 26/04/2017 27/04/2017 28/04/2017 29/04/2017 30/04/2017 01/05/2017 02/05/2017 03/05/2017 04/05/2017 05/05/2017 06/05/2017 07/05/2017 08/05/2017 09/05/2017 10/05/2017 11/05/2017 12/05/2017 13/05/2017 14/05/2017 15/05/2017 16/05/2017 17/05/2017 18/05/2017 19/05/2017 20/05/2017 21/05/2017 22/05/2017 23/05/2017 24/05/2017 25/05/2017 26/05/2017 27/05/2017 28/05/2017 29/05/2017 30/05/2017 31/05/2017 01/06/2017 02/06/2017 03/06/2017 04/06/2017 05/06/2017 06/06/2017 07/06/2017 08/06/2017 09/06/2017 10/06/2017 11/06/2017 12/06/2017 13/06/2017 14/06/2017 15/06/2017 16/06/2017 17/06/2017 18/06/2017 19/06/2017 20/06/2017 21/06/2017 22/06/2017 23/06/2017 24/06/2017 25/06/2017 26/06/2017 27/06/2017 28/06/2017 29/06/2017 30/06/2017 01/07/2017 02/07/2017 03/07/2017 04/07/2017 05/07/2017 06/07/2017 07/07/2017 08/07/2017 09/07/2017 10/07/2017 11/07/2017 12/07/2017 13/07/2017 14/07/2017 15/07/2017 16/07/2017 17/07/2017 18/07/2017 19/07/2017 20/07/2017 21/07/2017 22/07/2017 23/07/2017 24/07/2017 25/07/2017 26/07/2017 27/07/2017 28/07/2017 29/07/2017 30/07/2017 31/07/2017 01/08/2017 02/08/2017 03/08/2017 04/08/2017 05/08/2017 06/08/2017 07/08/2017 08/08/2017 09/08/2017 10/08/2017 11/08/2017 12/08/2017 13/08/2017 14/08/2017 15/08/2017 16/08/2017 17/08/2017 18/08/2017 19/08/2017 20/08/2017 21/08/2017 22/08/2017 23/08/2017 24/08/2017 25/08/2017 26/08/2017 27/08/2017 28/08/2017 29/08/2017 30/08/2017 31/08/2017 01/09/2017
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-0.71 -0.46 -0.22 0.02 0.25 0.47 0.69 0.91 1.12 1.32 1.52 1.71 1.9 2.08 2.25 2.42 2.59 2.75 2.9 3.04 3.18 3.31 3.44 3.56 3.68 3.79 3.89 3.99 4.08 4.16 4.24 4.31 4.38 4.44 4.49 4.54 4.58 4.61 4.64 4.66 4.68 4.69 4.7 4.7 4.69 4.68 4.66 4.63 4.6 4.57 4.53 4.48 4.43 4.37 4.31 4.24 4.17 4.09 4 3.91 3.82 3.72 3.62 3.51 3.39 3.28 3.15 3.03 2.9 2.76 2.62 2.48 2.33 2.17 2.02 1.86 1.69 1.53 1.35 1.18 1 0.82 0.63 0.44 0.25 0.06 -0.14 -0.34 -0.55 -0.75
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61.02 60.88 60.74 60.6 60.47 60.33 60.2 60.06 59.93 59.8 59.66 59.53 59.4 59.28 59.15 59.02 58.9 58.78 58.65 58.53 58.42 58.3 58.18 58.07 57.96 57.85 57.74 57.64 57.54 57.44 57.34 57.24 57.15 57.06 56.97 56.89 56.81 56.73 56.65 56.58 56.51 56.45 56.39 56.33 56.27 56.22 56.17 56.13 56.09 56.05 56.02 55.99 55.97 55.95 55.93 55.92 55.91 55.91 55.91 55.92 55.93 55.95 55.97 55.99 56.02 56.05 56.09 56.14 56.18 56.24 56.29 56.36 56.43 56.5 56.58 56.66 56.75 56.84 56.93 57.04 57.14 57.26 57.37 57.49 57.62 57.75 57.89 58.03 58.17 58.32
4.05 4.34 4.64 4.92 5.21 5.49 5.76 6.04 6.3 6.56 6.82 7.07 7.32 7.56 7.8 8.03 8.26 8.48 8.7 8.91 9.12 9.32 9.51 9.7 9.88 10.06 10.23 10.4 10.56 10.71 10.86 11 11.14 11.27 11.4 11.52 11.63 11.73 11.84 11.93 12.02 12.1 12.18 12.25 12.31 12.37 12.42 12.47 12.51 12.55 12.58 12.6 12.62 12.63 12.63 12.63 12.63 12.62 12.6 12.58 12.55 12.52 12.48 12.44 12.39 12.33 12.27 12.21 12.14 12.07 11.99 11.9 11.81 11.72 11.62 11.52 11.41 11.3 11.19 11.07 10.94 10.82 10.68 10.55 10.41 10.27 10.12 9.97 9.81 9.66 9.5 9.33 9.16 8.99 8.82 8.64 8.46 8.28 8.1 7.91 7.72 7.52 7.33 7.13 6.93 6.72 6.52 6.31 6.1 5.89 5.68 5.46 5.24 5.02 4.8 4.58 4.35 4.13 3.9 3.67 3.44 3.2 2.97 2.73 2.5 2.26 2.02 1.78 1.54 1.29 1.05 0.8 0.56
74.89 74.73 74.57 74.41 74.25 74.09 73.93 73.77 73.61 73.46 73.3 73.14 72.99 72.83 72.68 72.52 72.37 72.22 72.06 71.91 71.76 71.61 71.47 71.32 71.18 71.03 70.89 70.75 70.61 70.47 70.34 70.2 70.07 69.94 69.82 69.69 69.57 69.45 69.33 69.21 69.1 68.99 68.88 68.77 68.67 68.57 68.48 68.38 68.29 68.21 68.13 68.05 67.97 67.9 67.83 67.77 67.71 67.66 67.6 67.56 67.51 67.48 67.44 67.41 67.39 67.37 67.35 67.34 67.33 67.33 67.34 67.34 67.36 67.38 67.4 67.43 67.46 67.5 67.54 67.59 67.65 67.71 67.77 67.84 67.91 67.99 68.08 68.17 68.27 68.37 68.47 68.58 68.7 68.82 68.95 69.08 69.21 69.35 69.5 69.65 69.81 69.97 70.13 70.3 70.48 70.66 70.84 71.03 71.22 71.42 71.62 71.83 72.04 72.25 72.47 72.69 72.92 73.15 73.38 73.62 73.86 74.1 74.35 74.6 74.85 75.11 75.37 75.64 75.9 76.17 76.44 76.72 76.99
12.92 13.21 13.5 13.79 14.07 14.34 14.61 14.88 15.14 15.4 15.65 15.9 16.14 16.38 16.61 16.84 17.06 17.27 17.48 17.69 17.89 18.09 18.27 18.46 18.64 18.81 18.97 19.14 19.29 19.44 19.58 19.72 19.85 19.98 20.09 20.21 20.32 20.42 20.51 20.6 20.69 20.76 20.84 20.9 20.96 21.01 21.06 21.11 21.14 21.17 21.2 21.22 21.23 21.24 21.24 21.24 21.23 21.22 21.2 21.17 21.14 21.11 21.07 21.02 20.97 20.92 20.86 20.79 20.72 20.65 20.57 20.49 20.4 20.3 20.21 20.11 20 19.89 19.78 19.66 19.54 19.42 19.29 19.15 19.02 18.88 18.74 18.59 18.44 18.29 18.13 17.97 17.81 17.64 17.47 17.3 17.13 16.95 16.77 16.59 16.41 16.22 16.03 15.84 15.64 15.45 15.25 15.05 14.84 14.64 14.43 14.22 14.01 13.8 13.58 13.37 13.15 12.93 12.71 12.49 12.26 12.04 11.81 11.58 11.35 11.12 10.88 10.65 10.41 10.18 9.94 9.7 9.46
86.7 86.53 86.35 86.18 86.01 85.84 85.67 85.5 85.32 85.15 84.98 84.81 84.65 84.48 84.31 84.14 83.98 83.81 83.65 83.48 83.32 83.16 83 82.84 82.68 82.53 82.37 82.22 82.07 81.92 81.77 81.63 81.48 81.34 81.2 81.07 80.93 80.8 80.68 80.55 80.43 80.31 80.19 80.08 79.97 79.86 79.76 79.66 79.57 79.48 79.39 79.3 79.23 79.15 79.08 79.01 78.95 78.89 78.84 78.79 78.75 78.71 78.68 78.65 78.63 78.61 78.6 78.59 78.59 78.59 78.6 78.61 78.63 78.65 78.68 78.72 78.76 78.8 78.85 78.91 78.97 79.04 79.12 79.2 79.28 79.37 79.47 79.57 79.67 79.79 79.9 80.03 80.15 80.29 80.43 80.57 80.72 80.87 81.03 81.2 81.36 81.54 81.72 81.9 82.09 82.28 82.48 82.68 82.89 83.1 83.31 83.53 83.76 83.98 84.21 84.45 84.69 84.93 85.18 85.42 85.68 85.93 86.19 86.45 86.72 86.99 87.26 87.53 87.81 88.09 88.37 88.65 88.94
21.9 22.19 22.48 22.77 23.05 23.33 23.6 23.86 24.13 24.38 24.64 24.88 25.13 25.36 25.6 25.82 26.04 26.26 26.47 26.68 26.88 27.07 27.26 27.44 27.62 27.79 27.96 28.12 28.27 28.42 28.56 28.69 28.82 28.95 29.07 29.18 29.28 29.38 29.48 29.57 29.65 29.72 29.79 29.86 29.92 29.97 30.02 30.06 30.09 30.12 30.15 30.16 30.18 30.18 30.18 30.18 30.17 30.16 30.13 30.11 30.08 30.04 30 29.96 29.91 29.85 29.79 29.72 29.65 29.58 29.5 29.42 29.33 29.24 29.14 29.04 28.94 28.83 28.71 28.6 28.48 28.35 28.22 28.09 27.96 27.82 27.68 27.53 27.38 27.23 27.08 26.92 26.76 26.59 26.43 26.26 26.08 25.91 25.73 25.55 25.37 25.18 24.99 24.8 24.61 24.41 24.21 24.01 23.81 23.61 23.4 23.19 22.98 22.77 22.55 22.34 22.12 21.9 21.68 21.45 21.23 21 20.77 20.54 20.31 20.07 19.84 19.6 19.36 19.12 18.88 18.64 18.39
98.86 98.68 98.5 98.32 98.14 97.96 97.78 97.6 97.42 97.24 97.06 96.89 96.71 96.53 96.35 96.17 96 95.82 95.65 95.47 95.3 95.12 94.95 94.78 94.61 94.45 94.28 94.12 93.95 93.79 93.63 93.48 93.32 93.17 93.02 92.87 92.73 92.59 92.45 92.31 92.18 92.05 91.92 91.8 91.68 91.57 91.46 91.35 91.25 91.15 91.05 90.96 90.88 90.8 90.72 90.65 90.58 90.52 90.47 90.41 90.37 90.33 90.29 90.26 90.24 90.22 90.21 90.2 90.2 90.21 90.22 90.23 90.25 90.28 90.32 90.36 90.4 90.45 90.51 90.57 90.64 90.72 90.8 90.89 90.98 91.08 91.18 91.3 91.41 91.53 91.66 91.8 91.93 92.08 92.23 92.38 92.54 92.71 92.88 93.06 93.24 93.43 93.62 93.81 94.01 94.22 94.43 94.64 94.86 95.09 95.31 95.55 95.78 96.02 96.26 96.51 96.76 97.02 97.27 97.54 97.8 98.07 98.34 98.61 98.88 99.16 99.44 99.73 100.01 100.3 100.59 100.88 101.17
30.57 30.87 31.17 31.46 31.74 32.03 32.31 32.58 32.85 33.11 33.37 33.63 33.87 34.12 34.36 34.59 34.82 35.04 35.26 35.47 35.67 35.87 36.06 36.25 36.43 36.61 36.78 36.95 37.1 37.26 37.4 37.54 37.68 37.8 37.93 38.04 38.15 38.25 38.35 38.44 38.53 38.61 38.68 38.75 38.81 38.86 38.91 38.95 38.99 39.02 39.05 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.09 39.09 39.08 39.07 39.05 39.02 38.99 38.96 38.92 38.87 38.82 38.77 38.71 38.64 38.57 38.5 38.42 38.33 38.24 38.15 38.05 37.95 37.85 37.74 37.62 37.5 37.38 37.26 37.13 36.99 36.86 36.72 36.57 36.42 36.27 36.12 35.96 35.8 35.63 35.47 35.3 35.12 34.94 34.76 34.58 34.4 34.21 34.02 33.82 33.63 33.43 33.23 33.02 32.81 32.61 32.39 32.18 31.96 31.74 31.52 31.3 31.08 30.85 30.62 30.39 30.15 29.92 29.68 29.44 29.2 28.95 28.71 28.46 28.21 27.96 27.7 27.45 27.19 26.93
112.06 111.88 111.71 111.53 111.35 111.17 110.99 110.81 110.63 110.45 110.26 110.08 109.9 109.72 109.53 109.35 109.17 108.99 108.81 108.62 108.44 108.26 108.08 107.9 107.73 107.55 107.37 107.2 107.03 106.85 106.68 106.52 106.35 106.19 106.03 105.87 105.71 105.56 105.41 105.26 105.12 104.98 104.84 104.71 104.58 104.45 104.33 104.21 104.1 103.99 103.88 103.79 103.69 103.6 103.52 103.44 103.36 103.3 103.23 103.18 103.12 103.08 103.04 103 102.98 102.95 102.94 102.93 102.93 102.93 102.94 102.96 102.98 103.01 103.04 103.08 103.13 103.19 103.25 103.31 103.39 103.47 103.55 103.65 103.75 103.85 103.96 104.08 104.2 104.33 104.47 104.61 104.76 104.91 105.07 105.24 105.41 105.58 105.76 105.95 106.14 106.34 106.54 106.75 106.96 107.18 107.4 107.62 107.85 108.09 108.32 108.57 108.81 109.06 109.32 109.57 109.83 110.1 110.36 110.63 110.91 111.18 111.46 111.74 112.02 112.31 112.6 112.89 113.18 113.47 113.77 114.06 114.36
38.39 38.71 39.02 39.32 39.62 39.92 40.21 40.49 40.78 41.05 41.32 41.59 41.85 42.11 42.36 42.61 42.85 43.08 43.31 43.53 43.75 43.96 44.17 44.37 44.56 44.75 44.93 45.11 45.27 45.44 45.59 45.75 45.89 46.03 46.16 46.29 46.4 46.52 46.62 46.72 46.82 46.91 46.99 47.06 47.13 47.19 47.25 47.3 47.34 47.38 47.41 47.44 47.46 47.47 47.48 47.48 47.47 47.46 47.45 47.43 47.4 47.37 47.33 47.28 47.24 47.18 47.12 47.06 46.99 46.91 46.83 46.75 46.66 46.56 46.46 46.36 46.25 46.14 46.02 45.9 45.77 45.64 45.51 45.37 45.23 45.08 44.93 44.77 44.62 44.45 44.29 44.12 43.94 43.77 43.59 43.4 43.22 43.02 42.83 42.63 42.43 42.23 42.02 41.81 41.6 41.38 41.17 40.94 40.72 40.49 40.26 40.03 39.79 39.55 39.31 39.07 38.82 38.57 38.32 38.07 37.81 37.55 37.29 37.03 36.76 36.49 36.22 35.95 35.68 35.4 35.12 34.84 34.56
127.13 126.98 126.82 126.66 126.5 126.33 126.17 126 125.83 125.67 125.5 125.33 125.15 124.98 124.81 124.63 124.46 124.28 124.11 123.93 123.75 123.57 123.4 123.22 123.04 122.86 122.69 122.51 122.34 122.16 121.99 121.81 121.64 121.47 121.31 121.14 120.98 120.81 120.66 120.5 120.35 120.19 120.05 119.9 119.76 119.62 119.49 119.36 119.24 119.12 119 118.89 118.78 118.68 118.59 118.5 118.41 118.33 118.26 118.19 118.13 118.07 118.02 117.98 117.94 117.91 117.88 117.87 117.86 117.85 117.85 117.86 117.88 117.9 117.93 117.97 118.01 118.06 118.12 118.19 118.26 118.33 118.42 118.51 118.61 118.71 118.82 118.94 119.07 119.2 119.33 119.48 119.63 119.78 119.94 120.11 120.28 120.46 120.64 120.83 121.03 121.22 121.43 121.64 121.85 122.07 122.29 122.52 122.75 122.99 123.23 123.47 123.72 123.97 124.23 124.48 124.74 125.01 125.27 125.54 125.81 126.09 126.37 126.64 126.92 127.21 127.49 127.78 128.06 128.35 128.64 128.93 129.22
44.66 44.99 45.31 45.63 45.94 46.26 46.56 46.86 47.16 47.45 47.74 48.03 48.3 48.58 48.84 49.11 49.36 49.61 49.86 50.1 50.34 50.56 50.79 51 51.21 51.42 51.62 51.81 52 52.18 52.35 52.52 52.68 52.84 52.98 53.13 53.26 53.39 53.51 53.63 53.74 53.84 53.93 54.02 54.1 54.18 54.25 54.31 54.37 54.42 54.46 54.5 54.53 54.55 54.57 54.58 54.58 54.58 54.57 54.56 54.54 54.51 54.48 54.44 54.39 54.34 54.29 54.22 54.15 54.08 54 53.92 53.83 53.73 53.63 53.52 53.41 53.29 53.17 53.04 52.91 52.77 52.63 52.48 52.33 52.18 52.02 51.85 51.68 51.51 51.33 51.14 50.96 50.77 50.57 50.37 50.17 49.96 49.75 49.53 49.31 49.09 48.86 48.63 48.4 48.16 47.92 47.68 47.43 47.18 46.92 46.67 46.41 46.14 45.87 45.6 45.33 45.05 44.78 44.49 44.21 43.92 43.63 43.34 43.04 42.74 42.44 42.14 41.83 41.53 41.22 40.9 40.59
144.89 144.79 144.68 144.57 144.46 144.34 144.23 144.11 143.99 143.86 143.74 143.61 143.48 143.35 143.22 143.08 142.94 142.8 142.66 142.52 142.37 142.23 142.08 141.93 141.78 141.63 141.47 141.32 141.16 141.01 140.85 140.7 140.54 140.38 140.23 140.07 139.92 139.76 139.61 139.46 139.31 139.16 139.01 138.86 138.72 138.58 138.44 138.31 138.18 138.05 137.92 137.8 137.69 137.57 137.46 137.36 137.26 137.17 137.08 136.99 136.91 136.84 136.77 136.71 136.66 136.61 136.57 136.53 136.5 136.48 136.46 136.45 136.45 136.45 136.46 136.48 136.5 136.53 136.57 136.61 136.66 136.72 136.79 136.86 136.93 137.02 137.11 137.21 137.31 137.42 137.54 137.66 137.79 137.93 138.07 138.21 138.37 138.52 138.69 138.86 139.03 139.21 139.39 139.58 139.77 139.97 140.17 140.38 140.58 140.8 141.01 141.23 141.46 141.68 141.91 142.15 142.38 142.62 142.86 143.1 143.35 143.59 143.84 144.09 144.34 144.6 144.85 145.11 145.36 145.62 145.88 146.13 146.39
48.45 48.79 49.12 49.45 49.77 50.09 50.41 50.72 51.03 51.33 51.63 51.93 52.22 52.5 52.78 53.06 53.33 53.59 53.85 54.11 54.36 54.6 54.84 55.07 55.3 55.52 55.74 55.95 56.15 56.35 56.54 56.72 56.9 57.07 57.24 57.4 57.55 57.7 57.84 57.97 58.1 58.22 58.34 58.44 58.54 58.64 58.72 58.8 58.87 58.94 59 59.05 59.1 59.14 59.17 59.19 59.21 59.22 59.23 59.22 59.21 59.2 59.17 59.15 59.11 59.07 59.02 58.96 58.9 58.83 58.76 58.67 58.59 58.49 58.39 58.29 58.17 58.05 57.93 57.8 57.66 57.52 57.37 57.22 57.06 56.9 56.73 56.55 56.37 56.19 56 55.8 55.6 55.4 55.19 54.97 54.75 54.52 54.29 54.06 53.82 53.58 53.33 53.08 52.82 52.56 52.3 52.03 51.76 51.48 51.2 50.92 50.63 50.34 50.05 49.75 49.45 49.14 48.83 48.52 48.21 47.89 47.57 47.25 46.92 46.59 46.26 45.93 45.59 45.25 44.91 44.56 44.22
165.55 165.54 165.53 165.52 165.5 165.48 165.46 165.44 165.41 165.38 165.35 165.31 165.28 165.24 165.19 165.14 165.09 165.04 164.98 164.92 164.86 164.79 164.72 164.65 164.57 164.49 164.41 164.33 164.24 164.15 164.05 163.96 163.86 163.76 163.66 163.55 163.44 163.33 163.22 163.11 163 162.88 162.77 162.65 162.53 162.41 162.3 162.18 162.06 161.94 161.83 161.71 161.6 161.49 161.38 161.27 161.16 161.06 160.95 160.85 160.76 160.67 160.58 160.49 160.41 160.33 160.26 160.19 160.12 160.06 160.01 159.96 159.91 159.87 159.84 159.81 159.79 159.77 159.76 159.75 159.75 159.75 159.76 159.78 159.8 159.83 159.86 159.9 159.94 159.99 160.05 160.11 160.18 160.25 160.32 160.41 160.49 160.59 160.68 160.79 160.89 161 161.12 161.24 161.36 161.49 161.62 161.76 161.9 162.04 162.18 162.33 162.49 162.64 162.8 162.96 163.12 163.29 163.46 163.63 163.8 163.97 164.14 164.32 164.5 164.68 164.86 165.04 165.22 165.4 165.58 165.77 165.95
48.99 49.32 49.64 49.96 50.28 50.59 50.9 51.21 51.51 51.81 52.1 52.39 52.68 52.96 53.24 53.51 53.78 54.05 54.31 54.56 54.81 55.06 55.3 55.53 55.76 55.99 56.2 56.42 56.63 56.83 57.03 57.22 57.41 57.59 57.76 57.93 58.1 58.25 58.4 58.55 58.69 58.82 58.95 59.07 59.18 59.29 59.39 59.48 59.57 59.65 59.73 59.79 59.85 59.91 59.95 59.99 60.03 60.05 60.07 60.09 60.09 60.09 60.08 60.07 60.05 60.02 59.98 59.94 59.89 59.83 59.77 59.7 59.62 59.54 59.45 59.35 59.25 59.14 59.02 58.9 58.77 58.63 58.49 58.34 58.18 58.02 57.85 57.68 57.5 57.31 57.12 56.92 56.72 56.51 56.29 56.07 55.85 55.62 55.38 55.14 54.89 54.64 54.38 54.12 53.85 53.58 53.31 53.03 52.74 52.45 52.16 51.86 51.56 51.25 50.94 50.62 50.31 49.98 49.66 49.33 49 48.66 48.32 47.98 47.63 47.29 46.93 46.58 46.22 45.86 45.5 45.14 44.77
187.82 187.94 188.05 188.16 188.26 188.37 188.47 188.57 188.66 188.76 188.85 188.93 189.01 189.09 189.17 189.24 189.31 189.38 189.44 189.5 189.55 189.6 189.64 189.68 189.72 189.75 189.77 189.8 189.81 189.83 189.83 189.84 189.83 189.83 189.82 189.8 189.78 189.75 189.72 189.69 189.65 189.61 189.56 189.51 189.45 189.39 189.33 189.26 189.19 189.12 189.04 188.96 188.87 188.79 188.7 188.61 188.51 188.42 188.32 188.22 188.12 188.02 187.92 187.82 187.72 187.62 187.51 187.41 187.31 187.21 187.11 187.01 186.92 186.82 186.73 186.64 186.55 186.46 186.38 186.3 186.22 186.15 186.08 186.01 185.94 185.88 185.82 185.77 185.72 185.67 185.63 185.59 185.55 185.52 185.49 185.47 185.45 185.43 185.42 185.41 185.4 185.4 185.41 185.41 185.42 185.44 185.45 185.47 185.5 185.52 185.55 185.59 185.62 185.66 185.7 185.75 185.8 185.85 185.9 185.95 186.01 186.07 186.13 186.19 186.25 186.32 186.39 186.46 186.53 186.6 186.67 186.74 186.81
46.14 46.44 46.74 47.04 47.33 47.62 47.91 48.19 48.48 48.75 49.03 49.3 49.56 49.83 50.08 50.34 50.59 50.84 51.08 51.32 51.56 51.79 52.01 52.24 52.45 52.67 52.88 53.08 53.28 53.47 53.66 53.85 54.03 54.21 54.38 54.54 54.7 54.86 55.01 55.15 55.29 55.42 55.55 55.67 55.79 55.9 56.01 56.11 56.2 56.29 56.37 56.45 56.52 56.58 56.64 56.69 56.73 56.77 56.8 56.83 56.85 56.86 56.87 56.87 56.86 56.84 56.82 56.8 56.76 56.72 56.67 56.62 56.56 56.49 56.42 56.34 56.25 56.15 56.05 55.95 55.83 55.71 55.58 55.45 55.31 55.16 55.01 54.84 54.68 54.51 54.33 54.14 53.95 53.75 53.55 53.34 53.12 52.9 52.67 52.44 52.2 51.96 51.71 51.45 51.19 50.93 50.66 50.38 50.1 49.81 49.52 49.23 48.93 48.63 48.32 48 47.69 47.37 47.04 46.71 46.38 46.04 45.7 45.36 45.01 44.66 44.31 43.95 43.6 43.23 42.87 42.5 42.13
209.2 209.41 209.61 209.82 210.02 210.22 210.42 210.61 210.8 210.99 211.17 211.35 211.53 211.7 211.87 212.04 212.2 212.36 212.51 212.66 212.81 212.95 213.08 213.21 213.33 213.45 213.57 213.67 213.78 213.87 213.96 214.05 214.13 214.2 214.27 214.33 214.38 214.43 214.47 214.51 214.54 214.56 214.58 214.59 214.59 214.59 214.58 214.57 214.55 214.52 214.49 214.45 214.41 214.36 214.31 214.25 214.18 214.11 214.03 213.95 213.87 213.78 213.69 213.59 213.49 213.39 213.28 213.17 213.05 212.94 212.82 212.7 212.57 212.45 212.32 212.19 212.06 211.93 211.8 211.67 211.53 211.4 211.27 211.14 211.01 210.87 210.74 210.61 210.49 210.36 210.23 210.11 209.99 209.87 209.75 209.63 209.52 209.4 209.29 209.19 209.08 208.98 208.88 208.78 208.68 208.59 208.5 208.41 208.33 208.25 208.17 208.09 208.02 207.95 207.88 207.81 207.74 207.68 207.62 207.57 207.51 207.46 207.41 207.36 207.31 207.27 207.23 207.19 207.15 207.11 207.07 207.04 207.01
40.54 40.81 41.08 41.35 41.62 41.89 42.15 42.4 42.66 42.91 43.16 43.41 43.65 43.89 44.12 44.36 44.59 44.81 45.04 45.26 45.47 45.68 45.89 46.1 46.3 46.5 46.69 46.88 47.06 47.25 47.42 47.6 47.77 47.93 48.09 48.25 48.4 48.55 48.69 48.83 48.96 49.09 49.21 49.33 49.45 49.56 49.66 49.76 49.85 49.94 50.03 50.1 50.18 50.24 50.31 50.36 50.41 50.46 50.5 50.53 50.56 50.58 50.59 50.6 50.6 50.6 50.59 50.58 50.56 50.53 50.49 50.45 50.41 50.35 50.29 50.23 50.15 50.07 49.99 49.9 49.8 49.69 49.58 49.46 49.34 49.21 49.07 48.93 48.78 48.62 48.46 48.29 48.12 47.94 47.75 47.56 47.36 47.15 46.94 46.72 46.5 46.27 46.04 45.8 45.55 45.3 45.05 44.79 44.52 44.25 43.97 43.69 43.4 43.11 42.82 42.52 42.21 41.9 41.59 41.27 40.95 40.63 40.3 39.97 39.63 39.29 38.95 38.6 38.25 37.9 37.54 37.18 36.82
227.88 228.14 228.39 228.64 228.88 229.13 229.37 229.6 229.84 230.07 230.3 230.52 230.74 230.95 231.17 231.37 231.58 231.77 231.97 232.16 232.34 232.52 232.69 232.86 233.02 233.18 233.33 233.47 233.61 233.75 233.88 234 234.11 234.22 234.32 234.42 234.51 234.59 234.67 234.74 234.8 234.86 234.91 234.95 234.99 235.02 235.04 235.05 235.06 235.07 235.06 235.05 235.03 235.01 234.98 234.95 234.9 234.85 234.8 234.74 234.67 234.6 234.53 234.44 234.36 234.26 234.17 234.06 233.96 233.84 233.73 233.61 233.49 233.36 233.23 233.1 232.96 232.82 232.68 232.53 232.38 232.24 232.08 231.93 231.78 231.62 231.46 231.31 231.15 230.99 230.83 230.67 230.51 230.35 230.19 230.03 229.87 229.71 229.55 229.39 229.24 229.08 228.93 228.77 228.62 228.47 228.32 228.17 228.03 227.88 227.74 227.6 227.46 227.32 227.18 227.05 226.92 226.78 226.66 226.53 226.4 226.28 226.16 226.04 225.92 225.8 225.69 225.57 225.46 225.35 225.24 225.13 225.03
33.11 33.37 33.62 33.86 34.11 34.35 34.59 34.83 35.06 35.3 35.53 35.75 35.98 36.2 36.42 36.64 36.85 37.06 37.27 37.47 37.67 37.87 38.06 38.26 38.44 38.63 38.81 38.99 39.16 39.33 39.5 39.67 39.83 39.98 40.14 40.28 40.43 40.57 40.71 40.84 40.97 41.09 41.21 41.33 41.44 41.55 41.65 41.75 41.84 41.93 42.01 42.09 42.16 42.23 42.29 42.35 42.4 42.45 42.49 42.53 42.56 42.58 42.6 42.62 42.63 42.63 42.63 42.62 42.6 42.58 42.56 42.53 42.49 42.44 42.39 42.33 42.27 42.2 42.13 42.05 41.96 41.86 41.76 41.66 41.54 41.43 41.3 41.17 41.03 40.89 40.74 40.58 40.42 40.25 40.08 39.9 39.71 39.52 39.32 39.12 38.91 38.7 38.48 38.25 38.02 37.78 37.54 37.29 37.04 36.78 36.52 36.25 35.98 35.7 35.42 35.13 34.84 34.54 34.24 33.94 33.63 33.32 33 32.68 32.36 32.03 31.7 31.36 31.03 30.69 30.34 29.99 29.65
243.71 243.97 244.24 244.5 244.75 245 245.25 245.5 245.74 245.98 246.22 246.45 246.67 246.9 247.11 247.33 247.54 247.74 247.94 248.14 248.33 248.51 248.69 248.86 249.03 249.2 249.35 249.51 249.65 249.79 249.93 250.05 250.18 250.29 250.4 250.51 250.6 250.7 250.78 250.86 250.93 251 251.06 251.11 251.16 251.2 251.23 251.26 251.28 251.29 251.3 251.3 251.29 251.28 251.27 251.24 251.21 251.18 251.14 251.09 251.04 250.98 250.91 250.84 250.77 250.69 250.6 250.51 250.42 250.32 250.21 250.1 249.99 249.87 249.75 249.63 249.5 249.37 249.23 249.09 248.95 248.81 248.66 248.51 248.36 248.2 248.05 247.89 247.73 247.57 247.41 247.24 247.07 246.91 246.74 246.57 246.4 246.23 246.06 245.89 245.72 245.55 245.38 245.21 245.04 244.87 244.7 244.53 244.37 244.2 244.03 243.87 243.7 243.54 243.37 243.21 243.05 242.89 242.73 242.57 242.41 242.26 242.1 241.95 241.8 241.64 241.49 241.34 241.2 241.05 240.9 240.76 240.61
24.66 24.89 25.13 25.37 25.6 25.83 26.06 26.28 26.51 26.73 26.95 27.16 27.38 27.59 27.8 28.01 28.21 28.41 28.61 28.81 29 29.19 29.38 29.56 29.75 29.92 30.1 30.27 30.44 30.61 30.77 30.93 31.09 31.24 31.39 31.53 31.67 31.81 31.95 32.08 32.2 32.32 32.44 32.56 32.66 32.77 32.87 32.97 33.06 33.15 33.23 33.31 33.38 33.45 33.51 33.57 33.62 33.67 33.71 33.75 33.78 33.81 33.83 33.85 33.86 33.87 33.86 33.86 33.85 33.83 33.81 33.78 33.74 33.7 33.65 33.6 33.54 33.48 33.41 33.33 33.25 33.16 33.06 32.96 32.86 32.74 32.62 32.5 32.37 32.23 32.09 31.94 31.78 31.62 31.45 31.28 31.1 30.92 30.73 30.53 30.33 30.12 29.91 29.69 29.47 29.24 29.01 28.77 28.52 28.27 28.02 27.76 27.49 27.22 26.95 26.67 26.39 26.1 25.81 25.51 25.21 24.91 24.6 24.29 23.98 23.66 23.34 23.01 22.68 22.35 22.01 21.68 21.34
257.4 257.66 257.92 258.17 258.42 258.67 258.91 259.15 259.39 259.62 259.85 260.07 260.29 260.51 260.72 260.92 261.12 261.32 261.51 261.7 261.88 262.06 262.23 262.4 262.56 262.72 262.87 263.02 263.16 263.29 263.42 263.54 263.66 263.77 263.88 263.98 264.07 264.16 264.24 264.32 264.39 264.45 264.51 264.57 264.61 264.65 264.69 264.72 264.74 264.75 264.77 264.77 264.77 264.76 264.75 264.73 264.71 264.68 264.64 264.6 264.56 264.51 264.45 264.39 264.32 264.25 264.18 264.1 264.01 263.92 263.83 263.73 263.63 263.52 263.41 263.3 263.18 263.06 262.93 262.81 262.67 262.54 262.4 262.26 262.12 261.98 261.83 261.68 261.53 261.38 261.22 261.06 260.91 260.75 260.59 260.42 260.26 260.09 259.93 259.76 259.6 259.43 259.26 259.09 258.92 258.75 258.58 258.41 258.25 258.08 257.91 257.74 257.57 257.4 257.23 257.06 256.89 256.73 256.56 256.39 256.23 256.06 255.9 255.73 255.57 255.41 255.24 255.08 254.92 254.76 254.6 254.44 254.28
15.74 15.98 16.21 16.44 16.67 16.9 17.12 17.34 17.56 17.78 18 18.21 18.43 18.64 18.84 19.05 19.25 19.45 19.65 19.84 20.04 20.23 20.41 20.6 20.78 20.96 21.13 21.3 21.47 21.64 21.8 21.96 22.12 22.27 22.42 22.56 22.7 22.84 22.97 23.1 23.23 23.35 23.47 23.58 23.69 23.8 23.9 23.99 24.09 24.17 24.25 24.33 24.41 24.47 24.54 24.59 24.65 24.7 24.74 24.78 24.81 24.83 24.86 24.87 24.88 24.89 24.89 24.88 24.87 24.85 24.83 24.8 24.76 24.72 24.68 24.62 24.56 24.5 24.43 24.35 24.27 24.18 24.09 23.99 23.88 23.77 23.65 23.52 23.39 23.26 23.11 22.96 22.81 22.65 22.48 22.31 22.13 21.95 21.76 21.57 21.37 21.16 20.95 20.74 20.51 20.29 20.05 19.82 19.57 19.33 19.08 18.82 18.56 18.29 18.02 17.74 17.46 17.18 16.89 16.6 16.3 16 15.7 15.39 15.08 14.76 14.44 14.12 13.8 13.47 13.14 12.8 12.47
269.81 270.06 270.31 270.55 270.79 271.02 271.26 271.48 271.71 271.93 272.14 272.36 272.56 272.77 272.97 273.16 273.35 273.54 273.72 273.89 274.06 274.23 274.39 274.55 274.7 274.85 274.99 275.12 275.25 275.38 275.5 275.61 275.72 275.82 275.92 276.01 276.1 276.18 276.26 276.33 276.39 276.45 276.5 276.55 276.59 276.63 276.66 276.69 276.71 276.72 276.73 276.73 276.73 276.73 276.71 276.7 276.67 276.65 276.62 276.58 276.54 276.49 276.44 276.38 276.32 276.26 276.19 276.11 276.03 275.95 275.87 275.78 275.68 275.58 275.48 275.38 275.27 275.16 275.04 274.93 274.81 274.68 274.56 274.43 274.3 274.16 274.03 273.89 273.75 273.61 273.46 273.32 273.17 273.02 272.87 272.72 272.56 272.41 272.25 272.1 271.94 271.78 271.62 271.46 271.3 271.14 270.98 270.82 270.66 270.49 270.33 270.17 270 269.84 269.68 269.51 269.35 269.19 269.02 268.86 268.7 268.53 268.37 268.21 268.05 267.88 267.72 267.56 267.4 267.24 267.08 266.91 266.75
6.82 7.06 7.29 7.53 7.76 7.99 8.22 8.45 8.67 8.9 9.12 9.34 9.55 9.77 9.98 10.19 10.4 10.6 10.8 11 11.2 11.39 11.58 11.77 11.96 12.14 12.32 12.49 12.67 12.84 13 13.16 13.32 13.48 13.63 13.78 13.92 14.06 14.2 14.33 14.45 14.58 14.7 14.81 14.92 15.03 15.13 15.23 15.32 15.41 15.49 15.57 15.64 15.71 15.77 15.83 15.88 15.92 15.97 16 16.03 16.06 16.08 16.09 16.1 16.1 16.1 16.09 16.08 16.06 16.03 16 15.96 15.91 15.86 15.81 15.75 15.68 15.6 15.52 15.44 15.35 15.25 15.14 15.03 14.92 14.79 14.67 14.53 14.39 14.24 14.09 13.93 13.77 13.6 13.43 13.24 13.06 12.87 12.67 12.46 12.26 12.04 11.82 11.6 11.37 11.13 10.89 10.64 10.39 10.14 9.88 9.61 9.35 9.07 8.79 8.51 8.22 7.93 7.64 7.34 7.04 6.73 6.42 6.11 5.79 5.47 5.15 4.82 4.49 4.16 3.82 3.48
281.67 281.91 282.14 282.37 282.6 282.82 283.04 283.26 283.47 283.68 283.88 284.08 284.27 284.46 284.65 284.83 285.01 285.18 285.35 285.51 285.67 285.82 285.97 286.12 286.25 286.39 286.52 286.64 286.76 286.87 286.98 287.08 287.18 287.27 287.36 287.44 287.52 287.59 287.66 287.72 287.78 287.83 287.88 287.92 287.95 287.98 288.01 288.03 288.04 288.06 288.06 288.06 288.06 288.05 288.03 288.02 287.99 287.97 287.93 287.9 287.86 287.81 287.76 287.71 287.65 287.59 287.52 287.45 287.38 287.3 287.22 287.14 287.05 286.96 286.86 286.77 286.67 286.56 286.46 286.35 286.24 286.12 286.01 285.89 285.77 285.64 285.52 285.39 285.26 285.13 285 284.86 284.73 284.59 284.45 284.31 284.17 284.03 283.88 283.74 283.59 283.45 283.3 283.15 283 282.85 282.7 282.55 282.4 282.25 282.1 281.95 281.79 281.64 281.49 281.34 281.18 281.03 280.87 280.72 280.57 280.41 280.26 280.11 279.95 279.8 279.64 279.49 279.33 279.18 279.03 278.87 278.72 ---------------
-----0.74 -0.5 -0.26 -0.02 0.21 0.45 0.68 0.91 1.13 1.36 1.58 1.8 2.01 2.23 2.44 2.65 2.85 3.05 3.25 3.45 3.64 3.83 4.02 4.2 4.38 4.55 4.72 4.89 5.06 5.22 5.37 5.52 5.67 5.82 5.96 6.09 6.22 6.35 6.47 6.59 6.7 6.81 6.91 7.01 7.1 7.19 7.27 7.35 7.42 7.48 7.55 7.6 7.65 7.7 7.74 7.77 7.8 7.82 7.84 7.85 7.85 7.85 7.84 7.83 7.81 7.78 7.75 7.72 7.67 7.62 7.57 7.5 7.44 7.36 7.28 7.2 7.1 7 6.9 6.79 6.67 6.55 6.42 6.28 6.14 5.99 5.84 5.68 5.51 5.34 5.17 4.98 4.79 4.6 4.4 4.2 3.98 3.77 3.55 3.32 3.09 2.85 2.61 2.36 2.11 1.85 1.59 1.32 1.05 0.77 0.49 0.21 -0.08 -0.38 -0.67 ---------------
----294.46 294.67 294.88 295.08 295.27 295.47 295.66 295.84 296.02 296.2 296.37 296.53 296.7 296.85 297.01 297.15 297.3 297.44 297.57 297.7 297.83 297.95 298.06 298.17 298.28 298.38 298.47 298.56 298.65 298.73 298.8 298.87 298.94 299 299.06 299.11 299.16 299.2 299.23 299.27 299.29 299.32 299.34 299.35 299.36 299.36 299.36 299.36 299.35 299.34 299.32 299.3 299.27 299.24 299.21 299.17 299.13 299.08 299.03 298.98 298.92 298.86 298.8 298.73 298.66 298.59 298.51 298.43 298.35 298.26 298.17 298.08 297.99 297.89 297.8 297.7 297.59 297.49 297.38 297.27 297.16 297.05 296.93 296.82 296.7 296.58 296.46 296.34 296.21 296.09 295.96 295.83 295.71 295.58 295.45 295.32 295.18 295.05 294.92 294.79 294.65 294.52 294.38 294.25 294.11 293.97 293.84 293.7 293.56 293.42 293.29 293.15 293.01 292.87 292.73 --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------0.75 -0.64 -0.53 -0.43 -0.33 -0.24 -0.15 -0.07 0.01 0.08 0.14 0.2 0.26 0.3 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.43 0.4 0.37 0.33 0.29 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.05 -0.03 -0.11 -0.2 -0.29 -0.4 -0.5 -0.62 -0.74 --------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------311.03 311.05 311.06 311.07 311.08 311.08 311.07 311.06 311.05 311.04 311.02 310.99 310.97 310.94 310.9 310.87 310.83 310.78 310.74 310.68 310.63 310.58 310.52 310.45 310.39 310.32 310.25 310.18 310.1 310.02 309.94 309.86 309.78 309.69 309.6 309.51 309.42 309.33 309.23 309.13 309.04
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5.24 5.02 4.8 4.58 4.35 4.13 3.9 3.67 3.44 3.2 2.97 2.73 2.5 2.26 2.02 1.78 1.54 1.29 1.05 0.8 0.56 0.31 0.06 -0.19 -0.44 -0.69
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72.04 72.25 72.47 72.69 72.92 73.15 73.38 73.62 73.86 74.1 74.35 74.6 74.85 75.11 75.37 75.64 75.9 76.17 76.44 76.72 76.99 77.27 77.55 77.84 78.12 78.41
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14.01 13.8 13.58 13.37 13.15 12.93 12.71 12.49 12.26 12.04 11.81 11.58 11.35 11.12 10.88 10.65 10.41 10.18 9.94 9.7 9.46 9.22 8.97 8.73 8.48 8.24 7.99 7.74 7.49 7.24 6.99 6.74 6.49 6.24 5.98 5.73 5.47 5.21 4.96 4.7 4.44 4.18 3.92 3.66 3.4 3.14 2.88 2.61 2.35 2.09 1.82 1.56 1.3 1.03 0.77 0.5 0.24 -0.03 -0.29 -0.56 -0.82 -------------------------------------------------------------------------
83.76 83.98 84.21 84.45 84.69 84.93 85.18 85.42 85.68 85.93 86.19 86.45 86.72 86.99 87.26 87.53 87.81 88.09 88.37 88.65 88.94 89.22 89.51 89.8 90.1 90.39 90.69 90.98 91.28 91.58 91.88 92.18 92.49 92.79 93.09 93.4 93.7 94.01 94.31 94.61 94.92 95.22 95.53 95.83 96.13 96.43 96.73 97.03 97.33 97.63 97.93 98.22 98.51 98.81 99.1 99.38 99.67 99.95 100.23 100.51 100.79
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22.98 22.77 22.55 22.34 22.12 21.9 21.68 21.45 21.23 21 20.77 20.54 20.31 20.07 19.84 19.6 19.36 19.12 18.88 18.64 18.39 18.14 17.9 17.65 17.4 17.15 16.9 16.64 16.39 16.13 15.87 15.61 15.35 15.09 14.83 14.57 14.31 14.04 13.77 13.51 13.24 12.97 12.7 12.43 12.16 11.89 11.62 11.35 11.07 10.8 10.52 10.25 9.97 9.7 9.42 9.14 8.87 8.59 8.31 8.04 7.76 7.48 7.2 6.93 6.65 6.37 6.09 5.82 5.54 5.27 4.99 4.72 4.44 4.17 3.9 3.63 3.36 3.09 2.82 2.55 2.28 2.02 1.76 1.5 1.24 0.98 0.72 0.47 0.22 -0.03 -0.28 -0.53 -0.77 -----------------------------------------
95.78 96.02 96.26 96.51 96.76 97.02 97.27 97.54 97.8 98.07 98.34 98.61 98.88 99.16 99.44 99.73 100.01 100.3 100.59 100.88 101.17 101.47 101.77 102.06 102.36 102.66 102.96 103.27 103.57 103.87 104.18 104.48 104.79 105.09 105.4 105.71 106.01 106.32 106.62 106.93 107.23 107.53 107.83 108.14 108.44 108.73 109.03 109.33 109.62 109.91 110.2 110.49 110.78 111.06 111.35 111.63 111.9 112.18 112.45 112.72 112.99 113.25 113.51 113.77 114.02 114.27 114.52 114.76 115 115.24 115.47 115.69 115.92 116.14 116.35 116.56 116.77 116.97 117.17 117.36 117.55 117.73 117.91 118.08 118.25 118.41 118.57 118.72 118.87 119.01 119.14 119.27 119.4
31.74 31.52 31.3 31.08 30.85 30.62 30.39 30.15 29.92 29.68 29.44 29.2 28.95 28.71 28.46 28.21 27.96 27.7 27.45 27.19 26.93 26.67 26.41 26.15 25.88 25.61 25.35 25.08 24.8 24.53 24.26 23.98 23.71 23.43 23.15 22.87 22.58 22.3 22.02 21.73 21.45 21.16 20.87 20.58 20.29 20 19.71 19.41 19.12 18.83 18.53 18.24 17.94 17.65 17.35 17.05 16.76 16.46 16.16 15.86 15.57 15.27 14.97 14.68 14.38 14.08 13.79 13.49 13.2 12.9 12.61 12.32 12.03 11.73 11.45 11.16 10.87 10.58 10.3 10.02 9.74 9.46 9.18 8.9 8.63 8.36 8.09 7.82 7.56 7.3 7.04 6.78 6.53 6.28 6.03 5.79 5.54 5.31 5.07 4.84 4.62 4.39 4.17 3.96 3.75 3.54 3.34 3.14 2.95 2.76 2.58 2.4 2.22 2.05 1.89 1.73 1.58 1.43 1.29 1.15 1.02 0.9 0.78 0.67 0.56 0.46 0.37 0.28 0.2 0.13 0.06 0 -0.06
108.81 109.06 109.32 109.57 109.83 110.1 110.36 110.63 110.91 111.18 111.46 111.74 112.02 112.31 112.6 112.89 113.18 113.47 113.77 114.06 114.36 114.66 114.96 115.26 115.56 115.87 116.17 116.47 116.78 117.08 117.39 117.69 117.99 118.3 118.6 118.9 119.21 119.51 119.81 120.11 120.41 120.7 121 121.29 121.58 121.87 122.16 122.45 122.73 123.02 123.29 123.57 123.85 124.12 124.39 124.65 124.92 125.18 125.44 125.69 125.94 126.19 126.43 126.67 126.91 127.14 127.37 127.59 127.81 128.03 128.24 128.45 128.65 128.85 129.04 129.23 129.42 129.6 129.77 129.94 130.11 130.27 130.43 130.58 130.72 130.86 131 131.13 131.25 131.37 131.48 131.59 131.7 131.79 131.89 131.97 132.05 132.13 132.2 132.26 132.32 132.38 132.42 132.47 132.5 132.54 132.56 132.58 132.6 132.61 132.61 132.61 132.6 132.59 132.58 132.55 132.53 132.49 132.46 132.41 132.37 132.32 132.26 132.2 132.13 132.06 131.99 131.91 131.82 131.73 131.64 131.55 131.45
39.79 39.55 39.31 39.07 38.82 38.57 38.32 38.07 37.81 37.55 37.29 37.03 36.76 36.49 36.22 35.95 35.68 35.4 35.12 34.84 34.56 34.27 33.99 33.7 33.41 33.12 32.82 32.53 32.23 31.93 31.63 31.33 31.02 30.72 30.41 30.1 29.79 29.48 29.17 28.86 28.54 28.23 27.91 27.59 27.28 26.96 26.64 26.32 26 25.68 25.35 25.03 24.71 24.39 24.06 23.74 23.42 23.09 22.77 22.45 22.13 21.8 21.48 21.16 20.84 20.52 20.2 19.88 19.57 19.25 18.93 18.62 18.31 18 17.69 17.38 17.07 16.77 16.47 16.17 15.87 15.57 15.28 14.99 14.7 14.41 14.13 13.85 13.57 13.3 13.03 12.76 12.5 12.24 11.98 11.73 11.48 11.24 11 10.76 10.53 10.3 10.08 9.86 9.65 9.44 9.23 9.03 8.84 8.65 8.47 8.29 8.12 7.96 7.8 7.64 7.49 7.35 7.21 7.08 6.96 6.84 6.73 6.63 6.53 6.44 6.36 6.28 6.21 6.14 6.09 6.04 6
123.72 123.97 124.23 124.48 124.74 125.01 125.27 125.54 125.81 126.09 126.37 126.64 126.92 127.21 127.49 127.78 128.06 128.35 128.64 128.93 129.22 129.51 129.81 130.1 130.39 130.69 130.98 131.27 131.57 131.86 132.15 132.44 132.73 133.02 133.31 133.6 133.88 134.17 134.45 134.73 135.01 135.29 135.57 135.84 136.11 136.38 136.65 136.91 137.17 137.43 137.69 137.94 138.19 138.44 138.68 138.92 139.16 139.39 139.62 139.85 140.07 140.29 140.51 140.72 140.93 141.13 141.33 141.52 141.71 141.9 142.08 142.26 142.43 142.6 142.76 142.92 143.07 143.22 143.36 143.5 143.64 143.77 143.89 144.01 144.12 144.23 144.34 144.44 144.53 144.62 144.7 144.78 144.85 144.92 144.98 145.04 145.09 145.14 145.18 145.22 145.25 145.28 145.3 145.32 145.33 145.34 145.34 145.33 145.33 145.31 145.3 145.27 145.25 145.21 145.18 145.14 145.09 145.04 144.99 144.93 144.87 144.8 144.73 144.65 144.57 144.49 144.41 144.32 144.22 144.13 144.03 143.92 143.82
46.41 46.14 45.87 45.6 45.33 45.05 44.78 44.49 44.21 43.92 43.63 43.34 43.04 42.74 42.44 42.14 41.83 41.53 41.22 40.9 40.59 40.27 39.95 39.63 39.31 38.98 38.66 38.33 38 37.66 37.33 36.99 36.66 36.32 35.98 35.64 35.3 34.95 34.61 34.26 33.92 33.57 33.22 32.87 32.52 32.17 31.82 31.47 31.12 30.76 30.41 30.06 29.71 29.36 29 28.65 28.3 27.95 27.6 27.25 26.9 26.55 26.21 25.86 25.51 25.17 24.83 24.49 24.15 23.81 23.47 23.14 22.8 22.47 22.15 21.82 21.5 21.17 20.85 20.54 20.23 19.91 19.61 19.3 19 18.7 18.41 18.12 17.83 17.55 17.27 17 16.72 16.46 16.19 15.94 15.68 15.43 15.19 14.95 14.72 14.49 14.27 14.05 13.83 13.63 13.43 13.23 13.04 12.86 12.68 12.51 12.34 12.18 12.03 11.88 11.74 11.61 11.48 11.36 11.25 11.14 11.04 10.95 10.86 10.78 10.71 10.65 10.59 10.54 10.5 10.46 10.44
141.46 141.68 141.91 142.15 142.38 142.62 142.86 143.1 143.35 143.59 143.84 144.09 144.34 144.6 144.85 145.11 145.36 145.62 145.88 146.13 146.39 146.65 146.91 147.17 147.43 147.68 147.94 148.2 148.45 148.71 148.96 149.22 149.47 149.72 149.97 150.21 150.46 150.7 150.94 151.18 151.42 151.66 151.89 152.12 152.35 152.57 152.8 153.02 153.23 153.45 153.66 153.87 154.07 154.27 154.47 154.67 154.86 155.04 155.23 155.41 155.58 155.76 155.92 156.09 156.25 156.41 156.56 156.71 156.85 156.99 157.13 157.26 157.38 157.5 157.62 157.74 157.84 157.95 158.05 158.14 158.23 158.32 158.4 158.48 158.55 158.62 158.68 158.74 158.79 158.84 158.88 158.92 158.95 158.98 159.01 159.03 159.05 159.06 159.06 159.07 159.06 159.06 159.05 159.03 159.01 158.99 158.96 158.93 158.89 158.85 158.81 158.76 158.71 158.65 158.59 158.53 158.46 158.39 158.32 158.24 158.16 158.07 157.99 157.9 157.81 157.71 157.61 157.51 157.41 157.3 157.19 157.08 156.97
50.63 50.34 50.05 49.75 49.45 49.14 48.83 48.52 48.21 47.89 47.57 47.25 46.92 46.59 46.26 45.93 45.59 45.25 44.91 44.56 44.22 43.87 43.51 43.16 42.81 42.45 42.09 41.73 41.37 41 40.64 40.27 39.9 39.53 39.16 38.79 38.42 38.04 37.67 37.29 36.91 36.54 36.16 35.78 35.4 35.02 34.64 34.27 33.89 33.51 33.13 32.75 32.37 32 31.62 31.25 30.87 30.5 30.12 29.75 29.38 29.01 28.64 28.28 27.91 27.55 27.19 26.83 26.47 26.12 25.77 25.42 25.07 24.72 24.38 24.04 23.71 23.38 23.05 22.72 22.4 22.08 21.76 21.45 21.14 20.84 20.54 20.24 19.95 19.67 19.38 19.11 18.83 18.57 18.3 18.05 17.79 17.55 17.3 17.07 16.84 16.61 16.39 16.18 15.97 15.77 15.58 15.39 15.21 15.03 14.86 14.7 14.55 14.4 14.25 14.12 13.99 13.87 13.76 13.65 13.55 13.46 13.37 13.3 13.23 13.16 13.11 13.06 13.02 12.99 12.96 12.94 12.94
162.49 162.64 162.8 162.96 163.12 163.29 163.46 163.63 163.8 163.97 164.14 164.32 164.5 164.68 164.86 165.04 165.22 165.4 165.58 165.77 165.95 166.13 166.32 166.5 166.68 166.87 167.05 167.23 167.41 167.59 167.77 167.95 168.13 168.3 168.48 168.65 168.82 168.99 169.16 169.33 169.49 169.65 169.81 169.97 170.13 170.28 170.43 170.58 170.72 170.87 171.01 171.14 171.28 171.41 171.54 171.66 171.79 171.91 172.02 172.13 172.24 172.35 172.45 172.55 172.65 172.74 172.83 172.91 172.99 173.07 173.14 173.21 173.28 173.34 173.4 173.45 173.51 173.55 173.6 173.63 173.67 173.7 173.73 173.75 173.77 173.79 173.8 173.81 173.81 173.81 173.81 173.8 173.79 173.77 173.75 173.73 173.7 173.67 173.64 173.6 173.56 173.52 173.47 173.42 173.36 173.31 173.25 173.18 173.11 173.04 172.97 172.9 172.82 172.74 172.65 172.56 172.47 172.38 172.29 172.19 172.09 171.99 171.89 171.79 171.68 171.57 171.46 171.35 171.24 171.13 171.01 170.9 170.78
51.56 51.25 50.94 50.62 50.31 49.98 49.66 49.33 49 48.66 48.32 47.98 47.63 47.29 46.93 46.58 46.22 45.86 45.5 45.14 44.77 44.4 44.03 43.65 43.28 42.9 42.52 42.14 41.76 41.37 40.99 40.6 40.21 39.82 39.43 39.04 38.65 38.25 37.86 37.47 37.07 36.68 36.28 35.88 35.49 35.09 34.7 34.3 33.91 33.51 33.12 32.73 32.34 31.94 31.55 31.17 30.78 30.39 30.01 29.62 29.24 28.86 28.48 28.11 27.73 27.36 26.99 26.63 26.26 25.9 25.54 25.19 24.84 24.49 24.14 23.8 23.46 23.13 22.79 22.47 22.14 21.82 21.51 21.2 20.89 20.59 20.29 20 19.71 19.43 19.15 18.88 18.61 18.35 18.1 17.85 17.6 17.36 17.13 16.9 16.68 16.47 16.26 16.06 15.86 15.67 15.49 15.32 15.15 14.98 14.83 14.68 14.54 14.41 14.28 14.16 14.05 13.94 13.85 13.76 13.67 13.6 13.53 13.47 13.42 13.37 13.34 13.31 13.28 13.27 13.26 13.27 13.27
185.62 185.66 185.7 185.75 185.8 185.85 185.9 185.95 186.01 186.07 186.13 186.19 186.25 186.32 186.39 186.46 186.53 186.6 186.67 186.74 186.81 186.89 186.96 187.04 187.12 187.19 187.27 187.35 187.42 187.5 187.57 187.65 187.73 187.8 187.88 187.95 188.02 188.09 188.16 188.23 188.3 188.37 188.44 188.5 188.57 188.63 188.69 188.75 188.8 188.86 188.91 188.96 189.01 189.06 189.1 189.15 189.19 189.23 189.26 189.3 189.33 189.36 189.38 189.41 189.43 189.44 189.46 189.47 189.48 189.49 189.49 189.5 189.5 189.49 189.48 189.47 189.46 189.45 189.43 189.41 189.38 189.35 189.32 189.29 189.26 189.22 189.17 189.13 189.08 189.03 188.98 188.92 188.86 188.8 188.74 188.67 188.6 188.53 188.45 188.38 188.3 188.22 188.13 188.04 187.96 187.87 187.77 187.68 187.58 187.48 187.38 187.28 187.18 187.07 186.96 186.86 186.75 186.64 186.52 186.41 186.3 186.18 186.07 185.95 185.84 185.72 185.6 185.48 185.37 185.25 185.13 185.02 184.9
48.93 48.63 48.32 48 47.69 47.37 47.04 46.71 46.38 46.04 45.7 45.36 45.01 44.66 44.31 43.95 43.6 43.23 42.87 42.5 42.13 41.76 41.38 41.01 40.63 40.25 39.86 39.48 39.09 38.7 38.31 37.92 37.53 37.14 36.74 36.35 35.95 35.55 35.16 34.76 34.36 33.96 33.56 33.16 32.77 32.37 31.97 31.57 31.18 30.78 30.38 29.99 29.6 29.2 28.81 28.42 28.04 27.65 27.27 26.88 26.5 26.12 25.75 25.37 25 24.63 24.27 23.9 23.54 23.19 22.83 22.48 22.13 21.79 21.45 21.11 20.78 20.45 20.13 19.81 19.49 19.18 18.88 18.58 18.28 17.99 17.7 17.42 17.14 16.87 16.6 16.34 16.09 15.84 15.6 15.36 15.13 14.9 14.69 14.47 14.27 14.07 13.88 13.69 13.51 13.34 13.17 13.01 12.86 12.72 12.58 12.45 12.32 12.21 12.1 12 11.9 11.82 11.74 11.67 11.6 11.55 11.5 11.45 11.42 11.39 11.38 11.37 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.4 11.42
208.02 207.95 207.88 207.81 207.74 207.68 207.62 207.57 207.51 207.46 207.41 207.36 207.31 207.27 207.23 207.19 207.15 207.11 207.07 207.04 207.01 206.97 206.94 206.91 206.89 206.86 206.83 206.81 206.78 206.76 206.73 206.71 206.69 206.66 206.64 206.62 206.6 206.58 206.55 206.53 206.51 206.49 206.46 206.44 206.41 206.39 206.36 206.34 206.31 206.28 206.25 206.22 206.19 206.16 206.12 206.09 206.05 206.01 205.97 205.93 205.89 205.85 205.8 205.76 205.71 205.66 205.6 205.55 205.5 205.44 205.38 205.32 205.25 205.19 205.12 205.05 204.98 204.91 204.84 204.76 204.68 204.6 204.52 204.43 204.35 204.26 204.17 204.08 203.98 203.89 203.79 203.69 203.59 203.49 203.38 203.27 203.17 203.06 202.95 202.84 202.72 202.61 202.49 202.38 202.26 202.14 202.02 201.9 201.78 201.65 201.53 201.41 201.28 201.16 201.03 200.91 200.78 200.66 200.53 200.41 200.28 200.16 200.04 199.91 199.79 199.67 199.55 199.43 199.31 199.19 199.08 198.96 198.85
43.4 43.11 42.82 42.52 42.21 41.9 41.59 41.27 40.95 40.63 40.3 39.97 39.63 39.29 38.95 38.6 38.25 37.9 37.54 37.18 36.82 36.46 36.09 35.72 35.35 34.98 34.6 34.23 33.85 33.47 33.09 32.7 32.32 31.93 31.54 31.16 30.77 30.38 29.99 29.6 29.21 28.82 28.42 28.03 27.64 27.25 26.86 26.47 26.08 25.7 25.31 24.92 24.54 24.15 23.77 23.39 23.01 22.63 22.26 21.88 21.51 21.14 20.78 20.41 20.05 19.69 19.34 18.99 18.64 18.29 17.95 17.61 17.27 16.94 16.61 16.29 15.97 15.65 15.34 15.04 14.73 14.44 14.14 13.86 13.57 13.3 13.02 12.76 12.5 12.24 11.99 11.75 11.51 11.28 11.05 10.83 10.61 10.41 10.21 10.01 9.82 9.64 9.46 9.3 9.14 8.98 8.83 8.69 8.56 8.43 8.31 8.2 8.1 8 7.91 7.82 7.75 7.68 7.62 7.57 7.52 7.48 7.45 7.43 7.41 7.4 7.4 7.41 7.42 7.44 7.47 7.51 7.55
227.46 227.32 227.18 227.05 226.92 226.78 226.66 226.53 226.4 226.28 226.16 226.04 225.92 225.8 225.69 225.57 225.46 225.35 225.24 225.13 225.03 224.92 224.82 224.72 224.62 224.52 224.42 224.32 224.22 224.13 224.03 223.94 223.84 223.75 223.66 223.57 223.48 223.38 223.29 223.2 223.11 223.02 222.93 222.84 222.75 222.66 222.57 222.48 222.39 222.3 222.21 222.11 222.02 221.93 221.83 221.74 221.65 221.55 221.45 221.35 221.26 221.16 221.06 220.96 220.85 220.75 220.64 220.54 220.43 220.32 220.22 220.1 219.99 219.88 219.77 219.65 219.54 219.42 219.3 219.18 219.06 218.93 218.81 218.69 218.56 218.43 218.31 218.18 218.05 217.91 217.78 217.65 217.51 217.38 217.24 217.11 216.97 216.83 216.69 216.56 216.42 216.28 216.14 216 215.86 215.71 215.57 215.43 215.29 215.15 215.01 214.88 214.74 214.6 214.46 214.32 214.19 214.05 213.92 213.79 213.66 213.53 213.4 213.28 213.15 213.03 212.91 212.79 212.67 212.56 212.45 212.34 212.23
35.98 35.7 35.42 35.13 34.84 34.54 34.24 33.94 33.63 33.32 33 32.68 32.36 32.03 31.7 31.36 31.03 30.69 30.34 29.99 29.65 29.29 28.94 28.58 28.22 27.86 27.5 27.13 26.76 26.39 26.02 25.65 25.28 24.9 24.53 24.15 23.77 23.39 23.01 22.63 22.26 21.88 21.5 21.12 20.74 20.36 19.98 19.6 19.22 18.84 18.47 18.09 17.72 17.35 16.98 16.61 16.24 15.88 15.51 15.15 14.79 14.44 14.08 13.73 13.38 13.04 12.69 12.35 12.02 11.69 11.36 11.03 10.71 10.39 10.08 9.77 9.46 9.16 8.87 8.58 8.29 8.01 7.73 7.46 7.19 6.93 6.67 6.42 6.18 5.94 5.7 5.48 5.25 5.04 4.83 4.63 4.43 4.24 4.05 3.88 3.71 3.54 3.38 3.23 3.09 2.95 2.82 2.7 2.58 2.47 2.37 2.28 2.19 2.11 2.03 1.97 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.78 1.75 1.73 1.71 1.7 1.7 1.71 1.72 1.74 1.77 1.8 1.85 1.89 1.95
243.7 243.54 243.37 243.21 243.05 242.89 242.73 242.57 242.41 242.26 242.1 241.95 241.8 241.64 241.49 241.34 241.2 241.05 240.9 240.76 240.61 240.47 240.33 240.19 240.05 239.91 239.77 239.63 239.49 239.36 239.22 239.09 238.95 238.82 238.69 238.55 238.42 238.29 238.16 238.03 237.89 237.76 237.63 237.5 237.37 237.24 237.11 236.98 236.85 236.72 236.58 236.45 236.32 236.19 236.05 235.92 235.79 235.65 235.52 235.38 235.24 235.11 234.97 234.83 234.69 234.55 234.41 234.27 234.13 233.99 233.84 233.7 233.55 233.41 233.26 233.11 232.96 232.81 232.66 232.51 232.36 232.21 232.05 231.9 231.75 231.59 231.44 231.28 231.12 230.96 230.81 230.65 230.49 230.33 230.17 230.01 229.86 229.7 229.54 229.38 229.22 229.06 228.91 228.75 228.59 228.44 228.28 228.13 227.97 227.82 227.67 227.52 227.37 227.22 227.08 226.93 226.79 226.65 226.51 226.38 226.24 226.11 225.98 225.85 225.73 225.61 225.49 225.37 225.26 225.15 225.04 224.94 224.84 ------------------------------------------------
27.49 27.22 26.95 26.67 26.39 26.1 25.81 25.51 25.21 24.91 24.6 24.29 23.98 23.66 23.34 23.01 22.68 22.35 22.01 21.68 21.34 20.99 20.65 20.3 19.95 19.6 19.24 18.88 18.53 18.17 17.8 17.44 17.08 16.71 16.34 15.98 15.61 15.24 14.87 14.5 14.13 13.76 13.39 13.02 12.65 12.28 11.91 11.54 11.17 10.81 10.44 10.08 9.71 9.35 8.99 8.63 8.28 7.92 7.57 7.22 6.87 6.53 6.18 5.84 5.51 5.17 4.84 4.51 4.19 3.87 3.55 3.24 2.93 2.63 2.32 2.03 1.74 1.45 1.17 0.89 0.61 0.34 0.08 -0.18 -0.43 -0.68 ------------------------------------------------
257.57 257.4 257.23 257.06 256.89 256.73 256.56 256.39 256.23 256.06 255.9 255.73 255.57 255.41 255.24 255.08 254.92 254.76 254.6 254.44 254.28 254.12 253.97 253.81 253.65 253.49 253.34 253.18 253.03 252.87 252.72 252.57 252.41 252.26 252.11 251.95 251.8 251.65 251.49 251.34 251.19 251.04 250.88 250.73 250.58 250.42 250.27 250.12 249.96 249.81 249.66 249.5 249.34 249.19 249.03 248.88 248.72 248.56 248.4 248.24 248.08 247.92 247.76 247.6 247.44 247.28 247.11 246.95 246.78 246.62 246.45 246.28 246.12 245.95 245.78 245.61 245.44 245.27 245.09 244.92 244.75 244.57 244.4 244.23 244.05 243.88 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
18.56 18.29 18.02 17.74 17.46 17.18 16.89 16.6 16.3 16 15.7 15.39 15.08 14.76 14.44 14.12 13.8 13.47 13.14 12.8 12.47 12.13 11.79 11.44 11.1 10.75 10.4 10.04 9.69 9.33 8.98 8.62 8.26 7.9 7.54 7.17 6.81 6.45 6.08 5.72 5.35 4.99 4.62 4.26 3.89 3.53 3.17 2.8 2.44 2.08 1.72 1.36 1.01 0.65 0.3 -0.05 -0.4 -0.75 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
270 269.84 269.68 269.51 269.35 269.19 269.02 268.86 268.7 268.53 268.37 268.21 268.05 267.88 267.72 267.56 267.4 267.24 267.08 266.91 266.75 266.59 266.43 266.27 266.11 265.95 265.79 265.63 265.47 265.31 265.15 264.99 264.83 264.67 264.51 264.35 264.19 264.03 263.87 263.71 263.55 263.39 263.23 263.06 262.9 262.74 262.57 262.41 262.24 262.08 261.91 261.75 261.58 261.41 261.24 261.07 260.9 260.73 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9.61 9.35 9.07 8.79 8.51 8.22 7.93 7.64 7.34 7.04 6.73 6.42 6.11 5.79 5.47 5.15 4.82 4.49 4.16 3.82 3.48 3.14 2.8 2.46 2.11 1.76 1.41 1.06 0.7 0.34 -0.01 -0.37 -0.73 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
281.79 281.64 281.49 281.34 281.18 281.03 280.87 280.72 280.57 280.41 280.26 280.11 279.95 279.8 279.64 279.49 279.33 279.18 279.03 278.87 278.72 278.56 278.41 278.25 278.1 277.94 277.79 277.63 277.47 277.32 277.16 277 276.85 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.05 0.77 0.49 0.21 -0.08 -0.38 -0.67 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
293.56 293.42 293.29 293.15 293.01 292.87 292.73
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16/12/2017 17/12/2017 18/12/2017 19/12/2017 20/12/2017 21/12/2017 22/12/2017 23/12/2017 24/12/2017 25/12/2017 26/12/2017 27/12/2017 28/12/2017 29/12/2017 30/12/2017 31/12/2017 01/01/2018
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0.37 0.28 0.2 0.13 0.06 0 -0.06 -0.11 -0.15 -0.18 -0.21 -0.23 -0.24 -0.25 -0.25 -0.24 -0.23
131.99 131.91 131.82 131.73 131.64 131.55 131.45 131.34 131.24 131.12 131.01 130.89 130.77 130.64 130.52 130.38 130.22
6.36 6.28 6.21 6.14 6.09 6.04 6 5.96 5.93 5.91 5.9 5.89 5.89 5.9 5.91 5.94 5.97
144.41 144.32 144.22 144.13 144.03 143.92 143.82 143.71 143.59 143.48 143.36 143.24 143.12 142.99 142.86 142.73 142.57
10.71 10.65 10.59 10.54 10.5 10.46 10.44 10.42 10.41 10.4 10.4 10.41 10.43 10.46 10.49 10.53 10.59
157.61 157.51 157.41 157.3 157.19 157.08 156.97 156.85 156.74 156.62 156.5 156.38 156.25 156.13 156 155.88 155.72
13.11 13.06 13.02 12.99 12.96 12.94 12.94 12.93 12.94 12.95 12.97 13 13.04 13.08 13.13 13.19 13.28
171.46 171.35 171.24 171.13 171.01 170.9 170.78 170.66 170.55 170.43 170.31 170.19 170.07 169.95 169.83 169.7 169.55
13.34 13.31 13.28 13.27 13.26 13.27 13.27 13.29 13.32 13.35 13.39 13.43 13.49 13.55 13.62 13.7 13.81
185.6 185.48 185.37 185.25 185.13 185.02 184.9 184.78 184.67 184.55 184.44 184.32 184.21 184.1 183.99 183.88 183.74
11.38 11.37 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.4 11.42 11.46 11.5 11.55 11.61 11.67 11.74 11.82 11.91 12 12.13
199.55 199.43 199.31 199.19 199.08 198.96 198.85 198.74 198.63 198.52 198.41 198.31 198.21 198.11 198.01 197.92 197.8
7.4 7.41 7.42 7.44 7.47 7.51 7.55 7.6 7.66 7.72 7.79 7.87 7.96 8.05 8.15 8.25 8.4
212.91 212.79 212.67 212.56 212.45 212.34 212.23 212.13 212.03 211.93 211.83 211.74 211.65 211.56 211.48 211.4 211.31
1.72 1.74 1.77 1.8 1.85 1.89 1.95 2.01 2.08 2.16 2.24 2.33 2.43 2.53 2.64 2.75 2.91
225.49 225.37 225.26 225.15 225.04 224.94 224.84 224.74 224.65 224.56 224.48 224.4 224.32 224.25 224.18 224.11 224.04
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CLARIFICATION
Elevation
Azimuth
No rt h
E = Elevation angle
Source: A = Azimuth angle
SunEarthTools.com.
pos_sun.php?lang=en#annual.
135
(2017).
Sun
position.
Retrieved from https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/
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-
FLOOR PLAN LONG-STAY
1:100
rwp 5m2 17m2
1.5m2 mb rwp
mb
3m2
rwp
1.5m2
47m2 19m2
5.5m2
18m2
mb 0.5m2
1m2 rwp
I
mb 5m2
II
rwp
rwp
rwp
rwp rwp
1.5m2 rwp
9m2 6.5m2
mb 45.5m
2
WALL CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 351.5mm Rc: 6.92
rwp
Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 240*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
5m2
mb
1.5m2
16m2
III
17.5m2
rwp rwp
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5 China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
INTERIOR GUTTER AND DOOR
I
1:10
WALL CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 240*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
poplar plywood 12mm INTERIOR
empty space due to omitting insulation between interior walls
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL)
rwp 80mm rwp 80mm
Empty space 80mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
INTERIOR
INTERIOR CORNER SLATE CLADDING
II
1:10
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) INTERIOR
slates interleaved with stainless steel soakers
empty space due to omitting insulation between interior walls
compriband INTERIOR
Empty space 80mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
WALL CONNECTION AT FACADE
III
WALL CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 351.5mm Rc: 6.92
1:10
INTERIOR
Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 240*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
INTERIOR
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5
compriband
anthracite cover plate
overlapping breather membranes
FLOOR PLAN SHORT-STAY
Platowood Fraké board 90*18mm
-
1:100
China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
CORNER DETAIL WOODEN SLATS
IV
1:10
IV rwp
12m2
18.5m2
mb
INTERIOR
6m
2
Platowood Fraké board 300*18mm 6m2 mb 18.5m2
8.5m2 rwp
WALL CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 351.5mm Rc: 6.92 Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 240*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
SECTION
1:50
-
+5735 +4938
VI +2500
+0
V
-1314
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 480.5mm
WALL CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 351.5mm Rc: 6.92
ROOF CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 511.5mm Rc: 8.62
Fine steel wire mesh against rodents Battens 20*50 c.t.c. 400mm Breather membrane MDF 15mm I-Joist profiles 360*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Acoustic insulation 40mm VarioComp floor heating system 20mm Floor covering 7.5mm
Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 240*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 400*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
VII X
VIII
IX
XI
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 436.5mm Rc: 5.3
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5
ROOF CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 343mm Rc: 6
Galvanised steel plate 1mm Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm MDF 18mm Joined C profiles 250*50*10*1.5mm c.t.c. 400 with 250mm mineral wool Cement board 20mm Damp-proof membrane Acoustic insulation 40mm Gypsum fibreboard 2*10mm Floor covering 7.5mm
China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 100mm with Z profiles 60*100*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
CORNER DETAIL WOODEN SLATS
VI
1:10
WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5 China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm internal gutter ROOF CONSTRUCTION PERMANENT (WOOD) Total: 511.5mm Rc: 8.62
compriband
Platowood Fraké 52*18mm, 7-10mm spacing between slats Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane MDF 18mm I-Joist profiles 400*90*39mm c.t.c. 600mm with Kooltherm insulation 240mm MDF 18mm Damp-proof membrane Gypsum board 9.5mm
INTERIOR
INTERIOR
empty space due to omitting insulation between interior walls
CORNER DETAIL WOODEN SLATS
V
1:10
INTERIOR
ventilation shaft WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5 China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm threaded tube, welded air-tight to steel plate Damp-proof membrane to connect the foundation and the construction Poplar plywood 15mm
concrete deck block FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 436.5mm Rc: 5.3
concrete tiles
screw pile
Galvanised steel plate 1mm Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm MDF 18mm Joined C profiles 250*50*10*1.5mm c.t.c. 400 with 250mm mineral wool Cement board 20mm Damp-proof membrane Acoustic insulation 40mm Gypsum fibreboard 2*10mm Floor covering 7.5mm
CONNECTION BETWEEN PERMANENT AND FLEXIBLE PARTS
VII-IX
1:10
VII ROOF CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 343mm Rc: 6 China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 100mm with Z profiles 60*100*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
angled slat to maintain slope
internal gutter compriband INTERIOR
INTERIOR
empty space due to omitting insulation between interior walls
VIII FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) interior Total: 195.5mm
INTERIOR
poplar plywood 12mm
Poplar plywood 18mm Joined C profiles 250*50*10*1.5mm c.t.c. 400 with 250mm mineral wool MDF 15mm Gypsum fibreboard 12.5mm
INTERIOR
beam comprised of 2 C-profiles and 2 U-profiles
IX FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 436.5mm Rc: 5.3
adjusting mechanism for leveling
Galvanised steel plate 1mm Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm wooden beam 120*60mm MDF 18mm Joined C profiles 250*50*10*1.5mm c.t.c. 400 concrete deck block with 250mm mineral wool Cement board 20mm Damp-proof membrane Acoustic insulation 40mm Gypsum fibreboard 2*10mm Floor covering 7.5mm concrete tiles
screw pile
ROOF RIDGE AND GUTTER
X
1:10
ROOF CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 343mm Rc: 6
slates interleaved with stainless steel soakers
China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 100mm with Z profiles 60*100*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm WALL CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 323mm Rc: 4.5
internal gutter
special U profiles for connecting roof elements beam comprised of 2 C-profiles and 2 U-profiles
China slate emperor slates 300*200*5mm in triple lap system, attached with hooks Horizontal battens 28*34mm c.t.c. 600mm Vertical battens 20*32mm c.t.c. 600mm Breather membrane Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm OSB board 15mm C150*50*10*2 profiles c.t.c. 600mm Damp-proof membrane Poplar plywood 15mm
FOUNDATION AND GLASS FACADE
slates interleaved with stainless steel soakers
special U profiles for connecting roof elements
internal gutter
anthracite plate
INTERIOR beam comprised of 2 C-profiles and 2 U-profiles
anthracite plate INTERIOR
XI
1:10 anthracite window sill covering hooklet for attaching window sill covering
anthracite window sill covering hooklet for attaching window sill covering
FLOOR CONSTRUCTION FLEXIBLE (STEEL) Total: 436.5mm Rc: 5.3 Galvanised steel plate 1mm Kooltherm insulation 80mm with Z profiles 60*80*0.7mm MDF 18mm Joined C profiles 250*50*10*1.5mm c.t.c. 400 with 250mm mineral wool Cement board 20mm Damp-proof membrane Acoustic insulation 40mm Gypsum fibreboard 2*10mm Floor covering 7.5mm