An Auxiliary Kindergarten in China

THe

Auxiliary Kindergarten Dan dorocic Alaleh Navaii

1. Introduction

2

2. Precedents

12

3. Approach

28

Marco Casagrande Teddy Cruz Ken Isaacs Jamie Lerner Victor Papanek martin Pawley

Informal Dwelling Water Quality Improvised Garbage collection

4. Amplifications

40

Design Strategy Insertions The Flux of Voids The map

5. Conclusion

50

The auxullary kindergarten MODELS THE MAP

6. References

90

URBAN ACUPUNCTURE is an urban environmentalism theory which combines urban design with traditional Chinese medical theory of acupuncture. This process uses small-scale interventions to transform the larger urban context. Sites are selected through an aggregate analysis of social, economic, and ecological factors, and developed through a dialogue between designers and the community. Acupuncture relieves stress in the body, urban acupuncture relieves stress in the environment. Urban acupuncture produces small-scale but socially catalytic interventions into the urban fabric.

This strategy views cities as living, breathing organisms and pinpoints areas in need of repair. Sustainable projects, then, serve as needles that revitalize the whole by healing the parts. By perceiving the city as a living creature, thoroughly intertwined, “urban acupuncture� promotes communitarian machinery and sets localized nucleus similar to the human body’s meridians. Satellite technology, networks and collective intelligence theories, all used to surgically and selectively intervene on the nodes that have the biggest potential to regenerate.

The main approach of this project is to utilize a new ecological corridor system with urban catalyst programs inserted into the existing urban issues, especially at an urban village and its voids, in order to open up, like urban acupuncture, the blockages of urban development. The whole system intends to serve as the starting point for the self reparation of the urban issue.

Urban villages act as the blockages of the sustainable development of China’s megacities. However, these kinds of blockages are not as bad as cancer cells which need to be eliminated, but challenge points need to be opened up.

By opening up blockages along “urban meridians,� just as acupuncture and other forms of bioenergetics healing open blockages along the energy meridians of our bodies, this approach can liberate chi, or the life force of a village and its dynamic community.

Opening urban meridians in this project will be applied to an existing urban village, Shigang, and its voids.

They take the form of vital hubs of activity, a quality civic space or green space, easing movement or facilitating connections, or other appropriate responses according to the local needs.

CLASSIC KINDERGARTEN IN CHINA

ACTIVATORS

The aim of this project is to create different types of insertions to create and organize diverse areans and activities for migrant children.

These zones could be divided into 3 main genres:

TEMPORAL ENVIRONMENT: time & space daily routines routes/paths food making (ex. mobile kitchen)

INTERACTIONAL ENVIRONMENT: emotional & social zones flow of movement creative expressions & specific programs

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT:

indoor & outdoor learning centers experimental spaces playgrounds / games / toys / sleeping zone and units

The Metabolism of Voids The architecture of the “void” is born of the interplay between the urban morphology and the architectural typology.

building

urban space

urban morphology

architectural typology

“void”

Public Space The leftover ‘voids’ act as public spaces although they are not programmed as such. These public squares are very important for the ecology of the city and cover a range of flexible programs.

When the voids fall into disuse, or when their owners consciously close them off, they turn into private voids, garbage dumps, moats, and abandoned spaces. The flexible program is lost and when the public becomes private.

Informal Program There is a dialectic in the use of these voids. On the one hand it is important to make the migrant-specific program visible to establish/ welcome the migrants living in the village, but on the other hand the program can’t encroach on the “rights “ of the village landowners. Since the landowners would not approve a permanent project, the existence of the voids depends on the informal program of the public use.

“void”

Amplifications Of course the physical “void” is not a vacuum but a patchwork of programs which need to be amplified. Proposed are several individual solutions to amplify specific programs depending on the nature of the existing “void”. Programs such as learning, napping, eating and playing.

“void” patchwork

Precedents

Marco Casagrande Teddy Cruz Ken Isaacs Jamie Lerner Victor Papanek martin Pawley

Teddy Cruz

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Marco Casagrande ( 1971 - )

´What is real is valuable.There is no other reality than nature.´ In search for subconscious architecture, real reality and connection between the modern man and nature. He believes that one shall not be blindfolded by stress, the surroundings of economics, the online access to entertainment or information.

Casagrande's works and teaching are moving freely in-between architecture, urban and environmental design, science,and circus adding up into cross-over architectural thinking of commedia dell'architettura, a broad vision of built human environment tied into

social drama and environmental awareness.

Casagrande utilized the tenets of acupuncture: treat the points of blockage and let relief ripple throughout the body.

Casagrande views cities as complex energy organisms in which

different overlapping layers of energy flows are determining the actions of the citizens as well as the development of the city. By mixing environmentalism and urban design Casagrande is developing

methods of punctual manipulation of the urban energy flows in order to create an ecologically sustainable urban development towards the so-called 3rd Generation City (post industrial city).

The theory of the Third Generation City views the post industrial urban condition as a machine ruined by nature including human nature and architects as design shamans merely interpreting what the bigger nature of the shared mind is transmitting. This organic machine is kept alive through continuous and spontaneous ruining processes performed by citizens, to whom Casagrande refers to as anarchist

gardeners by means of urban farming, illegal architecture and urban acupuncture. The element of Ruin is viewed as some-

thing man-made having become part of nature.

Teddy Cruz

" I believe in zoning; I am against stupid zoning."

Teddy Cruz has been working on the boarder between the United States and Mexico as a political project "to radicalize the

local." Here, the architect begins by mapping social processes and outlining inequalities to develop new strategies that are not only spatial, geographical, or politically radical – but are architectural. Cruz's practice redefines the role of the architect by

locating a crisis: social segregation, political marginalization, and economic disintegration. The architect's methodologies here become political. Cruz has identified the international "political

equator" and worked on his local equator and in the spaces of political conflict, between top-down and bottom-up, between

legal and illegal, and between social mapping and struc-

tural tools.

At a philosophical scale, Teddy’s work focuses on urban projects that engage what he calls the Public Imagination. Some of his big questions are: “Can we imagine infrastructure differently?”

The answer is yes and parts of the solution involves electing the right political leadership and “radicalizing the local.”

Cruz’s design may not push enough buttons in formal architectural terms. But his great achievement has less to do with aesthetic experimentation than with creating a bold antidote to the depressing model of small-town America embraced by so many suburban developers in recent years. In its place he proposes a

complex interweaving of rich and poor, old and new, public

and private, a fabric in which each strand proclaims a distinct identity.

Ken Isaacs Living Structures (1974)

Ken Isaacs (born 1927 in Peoria) is an American designer.

Isaacs was Head of Design at the Cranbrook Academy of Arts from 1956.

He is known for his creation of a Matrix based modular system to build

“living structures”.

He described in 1974 how to build these living structures in a book called “How to build your own living structures that’s now out of print.

How To Build Your Own Living Structures explains on how to build furniture, small houses and even vehicles using basic tools and materials. It’s a DIY architectural manual created by American architect Ken Isaacs from 1974.

“This book is a beautiful guide about how to make a variety of flexible experimental indoor interiors, storage units, and a microhouse.

The microhouse is a flexible creation of architect, Ken Isaacs. The modular design is based on stacked tetrahedrons, which can be moved in and around each other providing shelter and dividing living space in a creative way. The book gives you step-by-step instructions with plans for many different versions of Isaac’s original designs interspersed with ideas about simplicity, and getting rid of our personal possessions. The book is type written and spiral round in a nice Do-It-Yourself aesthetic, and Isaacs writes in a genial manner as if he were sitting across the table from you. He muses on the philosophical meanings of surplus and uses the designs as a means of addressing life as whole; a simple place to raise a family and house extended family that has a low impact on the surrounding natural environment – by the The Library of Radiant Optimism for Let’s Re-Make the World”. from http://www.triangulationblog.com/2011/08/ken-isaacs.html

Jaime Lerner

“Urban acupuncture is not limited to physical interventions. Sometimes urban planning is too slow. The idea is to

create energy.”

Jaime Lerner, former mayor of Curitiba, has over the past 40 years made the city into one of the world's most livable urban spaces – using only massive creativity and tiny budgets.

Recycling in Curitiba is perhaps the most radical reform of all. In 1989, residents in a nearby favela were dumping their trash in surrounding rivers and fields, as there were no collections from their narrow streets. Lerner arranged for a truck to visit the favela at fixed times each week, and residents' rubbish was exchanged for bus tickets, football tickets and shows. Soon, the locals were cleaning the rivers and fields of old rubbish to sell. Schoolchildren were given new plastic toys for old bottles and bags in a scheme called "Garbage that's not garbage".

Separation of organic and non-organic waste improved efficiencies further. Local homeless people and alcoholics were employed at the recycling plant, where they also retrained on computers they rescued from the city's bins.

Curitiba's fishermen were paid to fish for rub’bish.

To combat the city’s litter problem, he created an innovative recycling program: the city bought food and traded it with citizens for recyclables, which were then sold to fund food purchases.

Victor Papanek (1927 – 1999)

Important aspect in Victor Papanek’s philosophy was to design to the most simplistic and functional point where the

use of resources where taking into count and where the

product wouldn’t use fancy packaging in order to make it look more expensive. Victor Papanek ethical driven design was deeply connected to the ethical manage of resources and the

products impacts on the environment.

Decentralization was one of Victor Papanek’s proposals for an environmental solution, thinking that the decentralization

would led to a better local autonomy, which was discouraged by modern technology, and also would mean an easier way to implement renewable energy for a small town.

By a decentralized design, the final product would be more

adequate for the climate of an specific location, size

of the city, it would make better use of the recourses in that area such as materials and energy.

His thesis was based on the deliberate, purposeful utilization of the processes of nature and society to obtain particular

goals. The content of a design must reflect the times and

conditions that have given rise to it, and must fit in with the general human socio-economic order in which it is to operate.

His methods were based on the interaction of tools,

processes, and materials, an honest and optimal use of materials.

Martin Pawley (1939 – 2008)

"Waste can be good" Martin Pawley, one of the most insightful and provocative international commentators on contemporary architecture and design, had developed an idea that he called "garbage housing" using industrial and consumer wastes and by-products as inexpensive building materials - he experimented with structures built out of soft-drink cans, rubber tires, and cardboard cartons.

Buckminster Fuller's concept of ephemeralization, which turns out to be about Pawley's concept of ephemeralization, a rather different matter. Fuller used this term to denote the technological trend of achieving more

and more mechanical advantage from devices requiring less and less material. He

did this despite the Greek root, ephemoros, which Pawley cites as meaning "lasting only a day". Construing the term this way, Pawley spouts on about "shelf-life", "timelessness" and the vagaries of art history.

Garbage Housing (1975) was both an attack on the financing and construction of housing at the time and a proposition for specially developing countries that they must start building out of customized building

materials, like bottles, tins, cardboard and car panels from the west.

Approach Informal Dwelling Water Quality Improvised Garbage collection

Analysis a urban vill Strength

Cheap Cheap servic A mor Weakness

Unsafe Lack o and en Low so Lack o Lack s

Studies suggest water flowing into city homes is too dirty, while new rules seem flawed from the get-go and residents are kept firmly in the dark. China’s urbanites use a lot of water. Every day, more than 4,000 water-treatment plants supply 60 million tonnes Opportuniti of water to 400 million people living in Chinese cities. Despite the impressive figures, the water industry is grappling with wideConve spread criticism as concerns grow about the quality of its prodhigh in uct.

The vi lifesty The extent of the problem of China’s “dirty taps” remains elusive, however. While almost all academics in the field argue the coun-Threats try's urban water supplies pose a “potential safety hazard”, practically no water-treatment plant rates its own water as below stand- Lack o tr ard. When it comes to the water flowing into Chinese homes, the The Loc its cul situation is looking rather cloudy. much On top of that, water-quality testing in China largely focuses on Typi the water flowing out of treatment plants – there is no way of knowing the quality of the water by the time it is piped into homes. Even if the water churned out of the treatment plant is up to standard, old-fashioned plumbing systems make it difficult to and ensure clean water flows from a household tap.

Som

One issue

Analysis according to the interests of residents in urban villages Strength Cheap rental housing Cheap living expense because of the cheap commodities and service provided in the villages A more livable community life and social interaction Weakness Unsafe, unclean living environment; Lack of transportation infrastructures and resources like water and energy Low social status leading to segregation and discrimination Lack of community facilities and public space.

Lack stable jobs and working places Opportunities Convenient public service and facilities is also attractive to the high income groups The villages are usually the places which inherit the traditional lifestyle, culture and identity of the whole Threats Lack of power in the decision-making The transformation usually clears up all in the villages including its cultural diversity and traditional identity by introducing too much commerce

What's coming out of China's taps?

Studies suggest water flowing into city homes is too dirty, while new rules seem flawed from the get-go and residents are kept firmly in the dark. China’s urbanites use a lot of water. Every day, more than 4,000 water-treatment plants supply 60 million tonnes of water to 400 million people living in Chinese cities. Despite the impressive figures, the water industry is grappling with widespread criticism as concerns grow about the quality of its product.

The extent of the problem of China’s “dirty taps” remains elusive, however. While almost all academics in the field argue the country's urban water supplies pose a “potential safety hazard”, practically no water-treatment plant rates its own water as below standard. When it comes to the water flowing into Chinese homes, the situation is looking rather cloudy.

On top of that, water-quality testing in China largely focuses on the water flowing out of treatment plants – there is no way of knowing the quality of the water by the time it is piped into homes. Even if the water churned out of the treatment plant is up to standard, old-fashioned plumbing systems make it difficult to ensure clean water flows from a household tap.

Make a Water Filter at Home

A homemade water purifier can be made in two ways: firstly,by purchasing the commercial filter element and placing it in some sort of containers and secondly, by making the filtration media from locally obtained low cost materials. Here are the instructions for the homemade water purifier: 1. Purchase two 15 liters plastic buckets with lids.

2. Arrange a ½” drill machine and use it to perforate the bottom of one of the bucket.

3. Similarly perforate one of the lids, as shown in the picture.

4. Drill another ½” hole to the side wall of the second bucket.

This hole will be used to attach a tap for draining the drinking water.

5. Purchase a food grade plastic tap. The thread end of the tap should be suitable to fit into the ½” drill hole of the second bucket 6.Tighten the nut of the tap properly, so that there is no leakage of water from the hole. You can use locktite for making the joint leak proof.

7. Next, you have to create the so-called filter element by using gravel, charcoal, sand and excelsior.

8. Clean all the materials properly. Take the first bucket (which has perforated bottom).

9. Place one layer of clean gravel at the bottom of the bucket.

Keep the layer thickness around two inches.

10. Place a charcoal layer over the layer of gravel.

11. Put one layer of sand now.

12. Again put another charcoal layer. This way put three layers of charcoal and three layers of sand alternatively. Keep all the layer thickness around two inches.

13. Finally place the excelsior layer at the top. Total thickness of all the materials should be around half the depth of the first bucket.

Local utilization and sorted collection Typical features: Lack of collection Lack of transport Lack of processing facilities and therefore severe pollution.

Some thoughts on how to manage these issues : One potentially useful strategy for dealing with the waste issue is to focus on landfill-to-energy generation, which could help address two pressing challenges—abundance of garbage and shortage of energy.

Organic waste should be locally utilized; construction waste should be processed locally; key is to collect packaging waste Conversion of organic waste into fertilizer Conversion of flammable waste into fuels Villages near each other should build facilities and offer services that they can share. It is unnecessary for one village to build their own complete waste disposal system, and it is much more effective to focus on establishing complementary facilities with a nearby village.

Services and day-today operational duties can also be run together, with different villages’ committees responsible for their own tasks.

Analysis of current urban village waste process FACT : “Garbage pool� collection method has brought serious sanitary issues FACT: Open garbage dumping sites pollute the environment FACT: Open-air incineration emits large quantities of dioxins

According to current standards on urban domestic waste managemnet, urban village domestic waste : - Is smaller in scale - Is more lacking in staff management - Centralized processing and pollution problems - Still needs collection and transport systems and costs for such systems are eventually higher Domestic waste collection sites should be at least 50 km apart from one another, but because transport costs are borne by the local city and township government, many localities claim that even transporting waste to a distance of about 20km is too expensive to maintain.

Furthermore, due to potentially large differences in levels of economic development, there are great obstacles to urban villages collaborating to build shared domestic waste processing facilities.

Amplifications Design Strategy Insertions The Flux of Voids The map

Play

eat

1 the architecture(the physical)

2 the map (the conceptual)

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eat

The Production of Space It is important to work within these voids because the socialization of the local community happens within the whole site of the village of Shigang. The empty lots in between the spaces of the village have the power to regulate social behaviours. Currently the creative users of Shigang have found many different ways to use the unused spaces, becoming active agents in the creation of their informal public squares.

The issue is that the uncontrolled, unregulated voids can quickly be taken away from the migrant users by the local villagers in acts of privatization. If the architecture could be embedded naturally, into these rhythms of village, it could activate feedback loops to keep the voids a visible and active part of village life.

This visibility could be achieved by a two pronged spatial design strategy, first into the principles of the architecture(the physical) to make the public uses visible and second, that of making the phenomenon of voids themselves visible (by making maps).

Mobile Playground

Insertion(s) By adding an amplifier into these lots of disuse, we can change the urban fabric on the micro scale and kick the cycle of the space back into the hands of the public. Although the current ownership of the space is debated, we can amplify the temporary life in these spaces.

In the case of the Yellow house (Nap/Art site) in Shigang, a small mobile playground insertion can bring the now disused courtyard back into a childfriendly public sphere. These simple squatting mobiles operate outside of the existing system and therefore bring into focus a larger debate.

Who owns the residual spaces in between? Why should the absent villager have more rights to these unused spaces than the actual users of the voids.

The Flux of Spatial Practices When introducing the temporal process of a building into the design equation, and all the overlapping rhythms of the village uses, the design itself has to become an integrated part of the village ecosystem.

Through the combination of these two temporal processes, a hybridized void spawns to create an organic auxiliary space flowing through cycles from primary bungalow ,to vernacular typology, to ruin,to a garbage dump and back to a void and maybe to a dense housing development or even a playground.

By inserting the proper program/ intervention, we can grow the voids into a more stable public space. In this way we nurture the ecology of the urban village of Shigang.

the map (the conceptual)

Play

eat

The Map We do not propose to make a map of the healthy and unhealthy voids of Shigang, instead we wish to investigate the different types of voids and diagnose what sort of spatial intervention could be undertaken by the villagers/ the users to make the space “work� for them.

If we could embed temporal information in the map, we could show the behavior of the cycles of the village of Shigang. The waves of rebuilding and subdividing of the lots leading to proliferation of high-rises, as well as the smaller and smaller lots constitute the urban language of Shigang.

The many different typologies of buildings and many different types of urban voids thus become inextricably linked into mutually dependent typo-morphologies in the village.

Conclusion The Auxiliary Kindergarten Model exploration REFERENCES

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Johan Kure, Kemo Usto and Thiru Manickam - Favela Cloud (Brazil 2012)

Mass Design Group (Boston)- Butaro Hospital (Rwanda 2011)

Workshop Architects (NTNU) - Tacloban Children’s Study Center (Philipines 2012)

The Auxiliary Kindergarten Why is there a need for a Kindegarten in Shigang?

It is because the invisible dwellers of Shigang are not given the necessary infrastructure to both work and watch their children. Why are they not factored into the village? There is an invisible political border created by the huko system around the village, which separates them from the urban dwellers. Designing under these auspices of illegal or invisible children, the architecture has to either make these users visible in a clever way, or fly under the radar.

Architecture for social change : The surroundings The informal peripheral settlements develop faster than the urban cores they surround. A disadvantaged site cannot simply be removed from the problems concentrated there, in reality, all architecture plays part in negotiating the terms of all the diverse surrounding communities. ( D.Sanders)

Decent Public architecture is just a dream when there are no basic necessities such as: Rights to food Potable Water Shelter Working Sewage systems Making impossible architecture simply leads to the problems of romanticizing the slums. One can just as easily make a landmark for the urban village an icon of identity or pride without a multi-million dollar building.

(Favela Cloud etc) We need a bottom – up working model for change.

Eg. Workshop Architects (NTNU) Mass Design Group (Boston)

QUALITIES CHINA URBAN VILLAGE

MIGRANT FAMILY CHILD VOID TRASH

play eat learn sleep

DEFICIENCY Transport Infrastructure Stable jobs public space community facilities Waste management Water quality Living environment Power in decision-making

SIMPLE FUNCTIONAL EASY TO READ LOCAL AUTONOMY DECENTRALIZED

URBAN

ACUPUNCTURE

Money Time

APPROACH

Whole-group approach Teacher oriented

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QUALITIES DEFICIENCY 辅助幼儿园

APPROACH

Transport Infrastructure

Stable jobs The Auxiliary Kindergarten

public space community facilities Waste management These “voids” are informal public squares andWater very quality important for the ecology of the city and cover a environment Living range of flexible programs.

Power in decision-making

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The individual solutions propose to amplify specific kindergarten programs depends on the nature of the existing “void”.

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