ERIC FUTERFAS ARC 581 Pat Rand Fall 2015
RALEIGH URBAN GARDEN CENTER
PROJECT BRIEF
statement of intent This project offers a prime opportunity to develop a building that has a real chance at positively impacting the consciousness of the local community and possibly even further. To communicate the imperative of a sustainable lifestyle, I intend to implement as many sustainable strategies as possible in the construction and life of the project in order to tie the narrative of sustainable urban gardening in with the architecture itself. Much like a gardener cultivates crops, I intend to cultivate a building that responds to many of the same elements that plants do: earth, water, wind, and light. In order to do this thoroughly, the project will have to respond to these elements at the macro and micro scales, providing me an opportunity to develop the tiniest details from the largest context along with all of the important steps in between that will reinforce the narrative and purpose of the project. Another important consideration of organic life is the component of time. I’ll have to critically consider how an organism physically adapts and survives through the changing seasons in order to inform the project. Humans have evolved into a species that’s capable of augmenting the world around us in order to satisfy our every request for comfort, but in that desire to protect ourselves from the environment, we’ve developed an ironic habit of mentally shutting ourselves off from that which we depend so much upon. So, in an effort to rehabilitate the human spirit with a sense of our symbiotic relationship with nature, I intend to develop a project that becomes a mediator and mentor between people and the environment, showing how we can responsibly handle and cultivate plants in order to cultivate ourselves, creating a feedback loop of happiness and sustainability.
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IDEA
quotation commentary precedent analysis
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SITE documentary diagrams aerial photos 15 vicinity map 16 grain 17 current zoning 19 future zoning 20 circulation 21 setbacks, height limiits, parking 23 site photos 27 summary diagrams built natural
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PROGRAM
general statement architectural aspirations precedent analysis spatial requirements spatial relationships massing diagrams code compliance
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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IDEA
quotation (by Tadao Ando) “ The presence of architecture – regardless of its self-contained character – inevitably creates a new landscape. This implies the necessity of discovering the architecture which the site itself is seeking… The architectural pursuit implies a responsibility to find and draw out a site’s formal characteristics, along with its cultural traditions, climate, and natural environmental features, the city structure that forms its backdrop, and the living patterns and age-old customs that people will carry into the future. The serious designer must question even the given requirements, and devote deep thought to what is truly sought. This kind of inquiry will reveal the special character latent in a commission and cast sharp light on the vital role of an intrinsic logic, which can bring the architecture to realization. When logic pervades the design process the result is clarity of structure, or spatial order – apparent not only to perception but also reason. A transparent logic that permeates the whole transcends surface beauty, or merely geometry, with its intrinsic importance. The elements of nature – water, wind, light and sky – bring architecture derived from ideological thought down to the ground level of reality and awaken man-made life within it. The Japanese tradition embraces a different sensibility about nature than that found in the West. Human life is not intended to oppose nature and endeavor to control it, but rather to draw nature into an intimate association in order to find union with it. This kind of sensibility has formed a culture that deemphasizes the physical boundary between residence and surrounding nature and establishes instead a spiritual threshold. While screening man’s dwelling from nature, it attempts to draw nature inside. There is no clear demarcation between inside and outside, but rather their mutual permeation. When water, wind, light, rain, and other elements of nature are abstracted within architecture, the architecture becomes a place where people and nature confront each other under a sustained sense of tension. I believe it is this feeling of tension that will awaken the spiritual sensibilities latent in contemporary humanity. We have to realize that the ‘age of discovery’ has brought with it a disruption of the environment. Now architects are facing the ‘age of responsibility.’ When you design and build something, you have to consider what you are taking away from the earth or the environment in order to make something new. ”
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commentary An architect cannot rely solely on the task that he/she’s been given, but has to probe deeper into a commission to discover what is truly being sought, even if it isn’t entailed in the given requirements. This line of inquiry requires immersing oneself in the environment of the project to best understand all of the contextual influences: topography, environmental features, climate, cultural traditions, and the site’s place on a more macro level as part of a community and further. This sort of architecture creates not just an addition to a place, but an extension of that place, and a progression in its narrative. This sort of evaluation can open up potential for architecture to transcend mere visual beauty by incorporating metaphysical aspects into the design for a more holistic project that appeals not just to the senses, but to the mind. The basic elements of nature – water, wind, light, and sky – can awaken a sense of connection that man inherently has to the environment. Instead of trying to separate ourselves from it, architecture can be used to reinforce this connection with nature and create a sense of tension by distorting the boundaries between inside and outside. Striving for harmony with natural forces will spawn an organic architecture that simultaneously relates to the sensitivities of both human and nature. The practice of architecture must no longer ignore the imbalance that’s been created when destroying land and consuming resources for construction. A project’s material resources must be responsibly considered so that what we take from the earth is reconciled as much as possible by the resulting function, performance, and inspiration generated by a project in order to integrate itself with a place’s ecology and create a feedback loop for the earth and affected community.
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precedent analysis
Iranian Art Museum Alvar Aalto Shiraz, Iran 1969
Aalto uses the natural contours of the site to influence the shape of the walls, whose entropy is diffused through the rest of the plan into the galleries where it becomes progressively more rigid. This irregular shape also doubles as a reference to vernacular architecture of the area. The bays of the gallery stack up in section to create a visual extension of the hill that the museum sits on, overlooking the city. The project as a whole was conceived as an extension of the landscape, both in plan and section. Because of this conceptual approach, the morphology spawned from the natural environment, creating an intentional confusion, or tension, between the two. Unfortunately, the project had to be terminated after the revolution overthrew the Shah in the mid 70s. 2
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precedent analysis
Museum of Ocean and Surf Steven Holl Biarritz, France 2011
The museum assumes many aspects of its site and genus loci. It conveys the sense of the nearby ocean beautifully by framing the sky between two stone waves on the roof, whose curves become enticing to navigate by their challenge, much like you might find a mountain enjoyable to hike. On the interior, the gallery is submerged under the curves of the roof, giving the impression of being under a wave in the ocean. The roof is directly accessible from the front entrance where it slopes down to create a seamless transition with the site, and includes an outlook for the ocean, itself. The museum serves as an icon that reinforces the feeling of the place in which it’s situated and captures the culture and atmosphere of its surroundings with explicit beauty.
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precedent analysis
Despite its simple ambition, the aviary at the Munich zoo is one of Otto’s proudest accomplishments. The structure uses an incredibly light weight steel mesh that’s so thin it’s barely visible, blending in seemlessly with the environment around it, and the flexibility of the tensile system allows the mesh to flex and blend in formally where it contacts the ground. This system also imitates nature’s means of production with its properties of economy and efficiency, where it achieves the maximum possible effect with the minimal amount and types of materials. This strategy of biomimicry lays out an enticing strategy for natural integration, both functionally and conceptually.
Hellabrun Zoo Aviary Frie Otto Munich, Germany 1980
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SITE
aerial photos
general statement The Dorothea Dix campus was popular as a mental health hospital, but is being transformed into a public park after being sold to the city of Raleigh. The campus sits in a peculiar part of Raleigh because it’s very close to downtown, however it’s fairly vegetated. The selection was made of the northernmost plot of land on the campus to build on because it’s the most vegetated and topographically interesting area, providing some enticing opportunities to integrate a facility in a way that demonstrates how to balance the dynamic contrast between built and natural like Ando spoke so eloquently about. Basically, the built environment of the existing Dorothea Dix campus and the sight of the downtown skyline are sandwiching this well-kept piece of nature. 9
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vicinity map Fred Fletcher Park
Isabella Cannon Park
JC Raulston Arboretum
Rose Garden NC State Horticulture Department
Edna Metz Wells Park
Logan’s Garden Shop
Forest Park
Gardner Arboretum Pullen Park
Museum of Natural Sciences
Nash Square
Moore Square
Site
1”=3000’
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Highlighted are some of Raleigh’s more prominent public parks, green spaces, and horticulturally related sanctuaries in the vicinity. Along with these existing places, the proposed site would help promote and inspire public interest in horticulture, which may be necessary to counteract the inevitable expansion of hardscaped earth that comes with a growing city, let alone the fastest growing city in the country. These two environments can be seen as mutually inclusives opposites, because what is a city without green space to contrast it (and vice versa)? It’s for this reason that a balance must be achieved, and so we must seek to expand the resources and information on horticulture to not only keep up with the growing demand for vegetation, but to generate the demand, itself. 8
grain
1”=1000’ 17
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Immediately recognizable is the rigid grid layout of downtown Raleigh to the north east of the site. Between downtown and the site is a suburban neighborhood whose footprint is a lot more fluid, conforming with the topography, in contrast with the downtown area. Immediately across Western Blvd is the site itself, whose adjacent grain does a little of both. To the southwest, the main facilities of the Dix campus are laid out in an more irregular grid than that of downtown, while the smaller buildings to the north-west and south-east appear to bend out of the grid in accordance with the topography. The grain helps to reinforce the dynamic between natural and built that the site finds itself at the crossroads of. The geometry of the context is not a significant consideration for this site because the site doesn’t contain any buildings to establish a geometric orientation, while the adjacent structures’ geometry is buffered by meandering topography and roads, essentially creating a clean slate of geometry for the site.
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current zoning The Dorothea Dix campus is currently designated under “Office and Institution- 1” zoning, although despite it’s name, this can accommodates many mixeduse buildings. NC State’s central campus, for example, is zoned as O&I-1 as well. It’s surrounded mostly by relatively low-density residential zones, despite its proximity to downtown.
Conditional
Special Residential- 30 Industrial- 2
Residential- 10 Shopping Center Neighborhood Business Office and Institution- 2
Office and Institution- 1
Residential- 20
Industrial- 2 Residential- 6 1”=1000’ 19
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future zoning Dorothea Dix is being re-zoned as “Public Parks and Open Space” after the property’s aquisition by the City Government. This zone is designated for spaces intended for recreation, natural resource conservation, hazard protection, watershed management, and the protection of important visual resources.
Central Business Disctrict
Regional Mixed-Use
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1”=1000’ 20
circulation
ROCK
Y BRA
NCH
TRAIL
1”=500’ 22
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main roads secondary roads tertiary roads unnamed roads greenway public transport stop
Most of the traffic to the site is provided by Western Blvd to the north, due to its, speed limit, and connection to the rest of the city. Adjacent to the north entrance to the site are two stops for public transit busses, and another stop on South Saunder St a block into the Boylan Heights neighborhood across Western, which is close enough to walk as well. Perhaps the most interesting piece of infrastructure connected to the site is the Rocky Branch Trail greenway that defines the northern boundary of the site, bringing bikers, joggers, long boarders, or just walkers through the site. On the campus property, itself, a few specific roads meander with the topography to definte the southern and western boundaries of the site. S Boylan Ave brings you onto the site from Western and does an “S” motion south until it collides with Umstead Dr, which does a double “S” motion heading east until it collides with Lake Wheeler Rd where the other site entrance is. 23
setbacks
50’ setback from stream
15’ setback on both sides from center of power line
20’ setback from roads and parking lot
1”=250’ 24
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Special Residential-30 The greater of 15, or within 10 Dorthea Dix site. leigh Unified Development Ordinance 2013: Section percent 4.7.5 - “General Design Principles” of the median setback - p. 99
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SIDE YARD 5 SETBACK
CORNER LOT 20 SETBACK
REAR YARD 20 SETBACK
AGGREGATE SIDE10 YARDS
established by buildings on the Table 3. Setback Requirements Residential Structures setbacks/ building heights For same side of the block face of the
leigh Unified Development Ordinance 2013: Section 4.7.5 - “General Design Principles” - p. 99
ZONING DISTRICT* Residential-30
Residential Business, Office BUILDING TYPESOffice and Institutional-1, Rural Residential
proposed building FRONT YARD 20**SETBACK
4020** feet*Building Code 2012: 10 2020 feet 3020 feet Areas” - P.20 feet 5feet 5 - General 14) North Carolina “Chapter Building Heights and 7610
Residential-2 30* 10 20 30 20 and Institutional-2, Buffer elevant information is highlighted pertaining to general-use buildings for the site. The Business designation most closely approximates that of the buildings inte Commercial, Shopping Center, or the site. Neighborhood Residential-4 Business, 30* 10 20 30 20 Business, Thoroughfare* 14 Special Residential-6 20** 5 20 30 15 Setbacks for single residential structures in mixed use zoning districts are the same as setbacks for R-30. Setbacks for multiple residential Code(10-2103) 2012: “Chapter 5 - General20Building Heights20 and Areas” - P. 7615 structures on the same lot determined by14) theNorth groupCarolina housing regulations Residential-6 20** Building 5 * 20 feet for lots fronting on streets platted after 10/3/89 Manufactured Homepertaining to general-use buildings 20** 5 20 20 15 elevant information highlighted ** 10 feetisfor lots fronting on streets platted after 10/3/89for the site. The Business designation most closely approximates that of the buildings inte or the site. Residential-10 20** 5 20 20 15
BUILDING TYPES
Residential-15
20**
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Residential-20
20**
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The greater of 15, or within 10 percent of the median setback established by buildings on the same side of the block face of the proposed building
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Residential-30
20**
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Residential Business, Office and 16Institutional-1, Office and Institutional-2, Buffer Commercial, Shopping Center,
20**
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Special Residential-30
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setbacks/ building heights
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parking requirements
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photos
1”=250’ 27
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summary- built
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road/significance greenway site entry point parking The site is defined by the shape of the meandering roads on the Dorothea Dix property to the south and the Rocky Branch Trail greenway that runs parallel to the creek and Western Blvd to the north. The only built structure on the site is a pretty insignificant (but cute) gazebo close to the parking lot near the north entrance, which shouldn’t get in the way of anything. The parking lot near the east entrance is incredibly insignificant, but there’s also room for expansion. The site is sandwhiched between the two main access points of the Dix campus, so it’s very accessible to traffic, pedestrians, and bikes. The surrounding building footprints are essentially rendered physically irrelevant by the way the site is warped from their geometry by the winding roads on the Dix campus. Regardless, their lingering presence will have a conceptual effect on the project in terms of the intended urban/suburban audience targeted by the program.
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summary- natural
1”=250’ 31
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The site has an incredibly dynamic topography, which is the main influence of it’s overall dimension, creating bulges in the road that define its boundaries. The topography is at its highest point at the south-west corner and the lowest is at the north, where it becomes a relatively flat field, creating a flood plain which is suseptible to 100 and 200 year flooding from the adjacent creek. The soil in this floodplain is also pretty consistently moist. The vegetation appears to be clumped, creating brief pockets of open interstitial space. There are two patches of incredibly densely vegetated areas that are very diverse in species but inaccessable, most likely serving land-erosion prevention purposes, as they consume the most dramatically sloped portions of the site and are adjacent to the floodplain. An exception to this is the patch on the most eastern corner of the site, which is creating a buffer from the street. Similarly, a narrow but dense strip of vegetation that follows the creek is visually and sonically cutting the site off from the traffic of Western Blvd.
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PROGRAM
general statement This facility will serve to inspire people to take up horticulture as a practical, spiritual, and therapeutic hobby by educating visitors on the importance and urgency of converting our society into one that is healthy and sustainable. It will do this by providing interactive demonstrations and exhibiting not just the plants, but the newest technology that can promote their successful growth. Several attractions will encourage more visitors to the site such as a hydroponic farm-to-table restaurant and exterior gardens to revitalize the Dorothea Dix property. The complex will, hopefully, inspire a local grassroots movement of people bringing more plants into our living environments, working together to blend natural and artificial, as Ando emphasized. Metaphorically, the complex is like a bed of flowers, and visitors are like bees, bringing inspiration (pollen) from the facility and carrying it back with them into the city where they can help foster new growth.
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architectural aspirations The program will be split into several pavilions, each containing related pieces of program. These pavilions will be scattered across the landscape as “seeds” that fill in the bare parts of the land outside of the flood zone. This creates intermissions in the full experience of the facility to give visitors time and space to experience the natural environment and cultivate an appreciation for it, while also lessening the presence of the built environment to diminish its dominance over the landscape, reducing (if not avoiding) the removal of existing vegetation. The pavilions themselves will be related to each other by their materials, but will also possess a language that creates a harmonious dialogue with the landscape and the skyline to the north. Being an “urban” gardening center, the morphology will have to adapt from the curves of the natural topography into the rigidity of a standard apartment building found in Raleigh for symbolic and functional purposes, such as demonstrating technology. This sort of morphological demand will require a flexible and earthy material like concrete or terra cotta, although wood will be also considered to diversify the material palette and create more references to the natural environment from which the building came, both physically and conceptually. Contrasting the static qualities of these materials, the facility should also be able to adapt to the changing seasons to suit the organic matter that it harbors and welcome more visitors, opening itself up like a flower in the warm season and shutting itself in the cold. This flexibility will require experimentating with degree and gradient of separation to create the most appropriate enclosure for each component of the program, perhaps entailing some sort of kinetic system. An extreme degree of biomimicry will have to be employed, or at least explored. The pavilions should lend themselves simultaneously to the program inside and elements outside while capturing the beauty of plants in ways that inspire visitors to become better stewards of our planet.
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precedent analysis
The Getty Center sits on a hilltop in the Santa Monica Mountains, just off the San Diego Freeway, overlooking the gridded city, which is a very analogous context to the site of Dorothea Dix, as it sits just off of a fairly active road (Western Blvd.) and the skyline of our rigidly gridded downtown can be observed from the site. Inspired by the relationship between these elements, architect Richard Meier designed the complex to highlight both nature and culture, bringing them into harmony.
Getty Center Richard Meier LA, California 1997
The plan itself is more of a campus plan, as opposed to a singular contained volume, composed of several disjointed pieces of program so that visitors navigate between inside and outside. Fluid egress is achieved through sunken gardens, terraces, glass walls, and open floor plans. Curvilinear design elements and natural gardens soften the grid created by the travertine stone squares, whose presence reflects humanity’s interaction with the landscape through natural materials processing.
Program: Museum Gardens Auditorium Library Research Cafe/Restaurant Shops
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precedent analysis
Maggie’s Centre Heatherwick Studio Yorkshire, England 2015
“The site is a small patch of green surrounded by the huge volumes of the existing hospital buildings. Instead of taking away the open space we wanted to make a whole building out of a garden.” Soft volumes act as massive garden pots that are used to define the public and private spaces by enclosing a series of spaces between them through a careful strategy of compression and release. The “pots” vary in proportion, orientation, and positioning, bringing the plants into and over the building itself, creating dynamic and well vegetated spaces. Between them are minimal sheets of glass necessary to protect internal spaces for conditioning purposes while still allowing views out of them to connect with the exterior. This sort of serene environment harnesses the therapeudic quality of plants to facilitate comforting psychological responses for visiting cancer patients from the adjacent treatment center.
Program: Psychological Rehabilitation Meeting Meditation
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precedent analysis
Tartu Nature House KARISMA Architects Tartu, Estonia 2013
North + West Wings: workshops classrooms laboratories kitchen library South Wing: greenhouse classrooms
“The Tartu Nature House is a symbiosis between a zoo, botanical garden and school inspired by tree stump.” The “stump” that’s mentioned is referring to the way that the building is anchored to its site, with its wings spread out like roots, each containing a logically grouped program. The facility serves mainly as a didactic tool for teaching children about nature, which subliminally does so by incorporating as many natural materials in its construction and expression as possible. Expanding on this concept, the double-story green house can even be opened up to invite birds inside. The reaching motion of the wings creates inherent interstitial exterior spaces, providing room for activities such as concerts, horticulture demonstrations, and lectures, so the building is simultaneously programmed inside and out.
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spatial requirements program inside/outside
square feet
dining pavilion lobby/waiting i indoor seating i outdoor seating o kitchen i hydroponic farm i compost o overhead i
500 2000 1000 1500 1000 100 1500 7600
education pavilion lobby w/ info desk i indoor classrooms (2) i outdoor classroom o auditorium i research laboratory i teaching kitchen i 1000 library/lounge i/o outdoor demonstration w/ bees o overhead i
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500 1500 700 2000 1000 5000 1000 3000 15,700
program inside/outside
square feet
exhibit pavilion lobby/info desk i local produce garden o other local plant garden o herb garden i/o exotic plant garden i/o technology exhibit i greenhouse plant, supply, and book shop i maintenance supply storage i staff space i overhead i
500 1000 2000 600 1500 600 2000 500 700 1200 10,600
admin pavilion lobby/reception i offices i staff kitchen i meeting i mail i lounge i/o overhead i
200 1000 200 300 100 600 500 2900
site program drop-off o 1000 parking o 10,000 soil plot rental o 10,000 21,000 total 57,800
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spatial relationships Already chunked into individual pavilions, all that’s left is to find the appropriate proximities between the pavilions, themselves. However, this is heavily restricted and influenced by the landscape, which only offers a few openings for building footprints, some of which won’t be large enough without building taller, which isn’t necessarily desireable. It’s reasonable to anticipate classes in the education pavilion taking trips over to the exhibit pavilion for some lessons, but the admin pavilion would cater more to the education pavilion because that would house more staff activitie. The dining pavilion is the lowest priority on the list of heierarchical adjacencies because its program doesn’t explicitly tie in with the other pavilions in any critical way. Because less people are expected to travel to other pavilions when dining is their priority, the dining pavilion may be set closer to an entrance so that it’s more accessible.
The admin building serves both the education and exhibit pavilions equally. The education building occupies the largest open space outside of the flood plain while the exhibit pavilion is adjacent to the field which would allow the exhibits to spill out there where they would receive the most light. The dining pavilion is closest to an existing parking lot with the east entrance of the site.
education
dining admin
exhibit
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massing diagrams The education building occupies the largest open space outside of the flood plain while the exhibit pavilion is adjacent to the field which would allow the exhibits to spill out there where they would receive the most light. The dining pavilion is between the education and exhibit buildings, as a way of creating interest in the rest of the program for people that may only visit the site with the intention of dining. The admin pavilion is off on the smallest portion of open space, as it is the smallest pavilion.
The education building occupies the largest open space outside of the flood plain and is directly accompanied with the admin pavilion for convenience. The exhibit pavilion sits on one of the most topographically interesting regions of the site, providing opportunities for a variety of exhibit shapes. The dining pavilion is adjacent to the field, offering a more public connection to people who may be doing recreational activities there.
education
dining
exhibit
admin
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education admin exhibit dining
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code compliance
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with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1029. b. This table is used for R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units. For R-2 occupancies consisting of code compliance sleeping units, use Table 1021.2(2). TABLE 1021.2(2) STORIES WITH ONE EXIT OR ACCESS TO ONE EXIT FOR OTHER OCCUPANCIES STORY
First story or basement
Second story Third story and above
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OCCUPANCY
MAXIMUM OCCUPANTS PER STORY
MAXIMUM EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE
A, Bb, E, Fb, M, U, Sb
49 occupants
75 feet
H-2, H-3
3 occupants
25 feet
H-4, H-5, I, R-1, R-2a,c, R-4
10 occupants
75 feet
S
29 occupants
100 feet
B, F, M, S
29 occupants
75 feet
NP
NA
NA
For31SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm. NP – Not Permitted NA – Not Applicable a. Buildings classified as Group R-2 equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 or 903.3.1.2 and provided with emergency escape and rescue openings in accordance with Section 1029. b. Group B, F and S occupancies in buildings equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.3.1.1 shall have a maximum travel distance of 100 feet. c. This table is used for R-2 occupancies consisting of sleeping units. For R-2 occupancies consisting of dwelling units, use Table 1021.2(1). 1021.2.2 Basements. A basement provided with one exit shall not be located more than one story below
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
Organic Farming Blog. organicfarmingblog.com
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Alvar Aalto. Ray, Nicholas. New Haven: Yale University Press, c2005.
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Dwell. http://www.dwell.com/photo/304611/iran-museum-modern-art-alvar-aalto. Iran Museum of Modern Art, Shiraz, Iran (1969–1970)
4
Arch Daily. http://www.archdaily.com/135874/museum-of-ocean-and-surf-steven-holl-architects-in-collaboration-with-solange-fabiao/
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Ruben Bodewig Blog. http://www.efectosespaciales.net/portfolio-items/aviarium-tierpark-hellabrunn/#!prettyPhoto
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ZooLex. http://www.zoolex.org/zoolexcgi/view.py?id=276
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The Pitzker Architecture Prize. http://www.pritzkerprize.com/2015-images-download
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Uncube. http://www.uncubemagazine.com/sixcms/detail.php?id=15508949&articleid=art-1429002390616-2eee820c-596c-4dec-a94e-e7738704d92b#!/page49
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Google Earth Pro export. http://www.google.com/earth/
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Classtore. Lydia’s Grain Diagram.
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IMAPS zoning export. http://maps.raleighnc.gov/iMAPS/
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Classtore. City of Raleigh online map viewer: http://maps.raleighnc.gov/remapping/
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Classtore. Circulation. Road Names. Public Transit.
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Raleigh Zoning Handbook: Department of City Planning 2012 - p. 95
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Raleigh Unified Development Ordinance 2013: Section 4.7.5 - “General Design Principles” - p. 99
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North Carolina Building Code 2012: “Chapter 5 - General Building Heights and Areas+ - p. 76
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Raleigh Unified Development Ordinance 2013: Section 3.2.6 - “Mixed Use Building” - p. 67
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Raleigh Unified Development Ordinance 2013: Section 7.1.2 - “Required Parking” - p. 176
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IMAPS flood plain export. http://maps.raleighnc.gov/iMAPS/
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State Climate Office of North Carolina. Wind Rose. http://climate.ncsu.edu/windrose.php
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Classtore. Natural Systems. Azimuth Chart
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Weatherspark. Average Weather for Raleigh, NC. https://weatherspark.com/averages/31452/Raleigh-North-Carolina-United-States
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Living Well Naturally blog. Product Profile of the week: Bee Pollen. https://livingwellnaturallyblog1.wordpress.com/2013/03/29/product-profile-of-the-week-bee-pollen/
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Personal Project. Fall Semester 2014. Prague Studio. Professor: Adam Gebrian
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Arch Daily. AD Classics: Getty Center / Richard Meier & Partners. http://www.archdaily.com/103964/ad-classics-getty-center-richard-meier-partners-architects
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Time Out. Los Angeles. Getty Center. http://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/art/getty-center
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Arch Daily. Heatherwick Wins Planning for Maggie’s Centre in Leeds. http://www.archdaily.com/771267/heatherwick-wins-planning-for-maggies-yorkshire-centre
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Arch Daily. Tartu Nature House / KARISMA Architects. http://www.archdaily.com/589007/tartu-nature-house-karisma-architects-2
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North Carolina Plumbing Code 2012: Chapter 4: Fixtures, Faucets, and Fixture Fittings - “Minimum Number of Required Plumbing Fixtures” - p. 19-21
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Classtore. IBC 2012. Section 601 and 602. Fire Resistance Rating For Building Elements. http://www.madcad.com/library/135051/368124/
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Classtore. IBC 2012. Section 1021. International Building Code. http://www.madcad.com/library.135051/368122/
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Classtore, IBM 2012. Section 1004. Occupant Load. http://www.madcad.com/library/135051/368105/