Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) by Anna Egerton-King

LVIA Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Anna Egerton-King - January 2020

Howbrook Cobex Ltd. Open Cast Mining

Contents 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4

Methodology Desk Study Field Study Landscape Baseline Visual Baseline Landscape and Visual Effects Sensitivity Magnitude Significance of Effect in Combination

Introduction Environmental Impact Assessment Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment Purpose of LVIA Objectives

3.0

Setting and Site

4.0

Project Specification

4.1 4.2 4.3

5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

Cobex Ltd. Size and Scale Project Phases

Policy Context National Planning Policy Framework Conserving & Enhancing the Natural Environment Conserving the Natural Environment Protecting Green Belt Land Barnsley Local Plan Local Character Mineral Extraction Facilitating the Sustainable Use of Minerals Allocations and Access Map

Landscape Baseline Scope Landscape Features National Character Assessment National Character Area 37 and 38 Local Character Areas Historical Characteristics Landscape Character of Site and Immediate Area Existing Landscape Conditions Landscape Value

7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Assessment of Landscape Effects Terminology of Landscape Effects Landscape Sensitivity Landscape Magnitude Predicted Landscape Effects Effects on Regional Character Area Assessment the Sgnificance of Effects Final Statement

8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8

Visual Baseline Scope Zones of Theoretical Visibility Zones of Visual Influence Importance of ZTVs ZTV / ZTI of Proposed Soil Mounds Representative Viewpoints Recording Data Viewpoints

9.0 7.1 9.1 9.2 9.3

Assessment of Visual Effects Terminology of Visual Effects Predicted Visual Effects Assessment the Significance of Effects Final Statement

10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3

Cumulative Impacts Cumulative Impact Terminology Cumulative Landscape Effects Cumulative Visual Effets

11.0 Mitigation 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5

Mitigation Purpose Prevention Reduction Offset Unavoidable Impacts

12.0 Restoration 12.1 12.2 12.3

13.0

Importance of Restoration Restoration Plan - Cobex Ltd. Map of Proposed Restoration Plan

Final Statement

14.0 Glossary 15.0 References

1.0 Methodology Professional judgement GLVIA3 is central for the compilation of this body of work. It is key that the reasoning behind the judgements herein are clear, fair, without bias or prejudice, and easily explained and understood, whatever the readerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s professional background. 1.1

Desk Study

Early work on the initial elements of the LVIA comprised of computer and physical research as part of a desk study to collect material on visual baseline studies, landscape baseline studies and influential policy. 1.2

Field Study

Visiting the area for the proposed development will be required to make sure that the findings in the desk study are current and remain applicable at to this document. Viewpoints are also recorded on site. The site visit was undertaken in November 2019. 1.3

Landscape Baseline

The baseline of the landscape sets its character, its perceptual and aesthetic influences, and existing conditions from which it is formed (Landscape Institute, 2013) 1.4

Visual Baseline

The visibility of the development, including each separate viewpoint and corresponding receptor, will be established by the visual baseline (Landscape Institute, 2013) 1.5

Landscape and Visual Effects

By conducting an analyse of the landscape and their visual effect, a systematic assessment can be made so that the significance of these effects can be determined and evaluated against those impacts most likely to create a detrimental effect on the landscape. 1.6

Sensitivity

The first stage of the appraisal is to define each receptor and understand their significance.

1.7

Magnitude

The second stage of the assessment is to understand the magnitude of the impact. For simplicity, the categories will be put into a table. The process of assessing the signifigance of the effect is shown below, using the GVLIA. Receptor/Effect

Assess Susceptibility

Assess Value

Assess Size & Scale

Sensitivity

Assess Duration

Assess Assess Reversibility Geographical Extent

Magnitude

Final Statement of Signifigance

Figure 1: Flow diagram to show the process of assessing signifigance of an effect (Egerton-King, 2020)

1.8

Significance of Effect in Combination

In conclusion, effects and their significance determined by proposed magnitude and sensitivity effects, will be used in combination. The descriptors in the table set out below will be applied to guage the significance of each event using GLVIA 2 and 3.

Significance of Effect Negligible Low

Medium

High

Description An effect that is noticeabe but has no discernible significance to the landscape or visual amenity An effect that may be more noticeable at a local level but still retains many of the existing charcteristics An effect that will retain some existing charcteristics but will recognisably change the pattern of the landscape An effect that will be a direct contrast and that is detrimental to the existing landcsape and views

(Landscape Institute, 2013)

If it is judged that the significance of effect lies between two descriptors, the assessment will be indicated as High-Medium or Medium-Low, showing that effects of some criteria are shared.

2.0 Introduction 2.1

Environmental Impact Assessment

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process so that the possible effects of a proposed project on the environment can be considered prior to a decision being taken on whether the project should be given approval to proceed. It should aim to anticipate and prevent adverse environmental impacts of the project. The European Commission (2011) states that “the objective of the EIA is for states/countries to adopt necessary measures to ensure they are granted development consent”. 2.2

Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment

The Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) is a significant section of the EIA. The Landscape Institute (2016) defines LVIA as “a tool used to identify and assess the significance of and the effects of change resulting from development on both the landscape as an environmental resource in its own right and on people’s views and visual amenity”. 2.3 Purpose of LVIA The LVIA is undertaken to assess and identify the proposed effects of changing the landscape’s resource and as a visual amenity. 2.4 Objectives 1. To identify the character and elements of the landscape for the area of development. 1. To describe and predict the effects of the proposed project on the landscape character and assess the quality of the views and visual amenity.

1. To help to mitigate against effects and enhance the restoration of the landscape.

3.0 Setting and Site The site lies approximately 300 metres to the northeast of the village Howbrook and 1.8 km to the north-west of High Green village in the northernmost suburb of Sheffield. The landscape is mainly agricultural with some scattered settlements. Figure 2: Site Location Plans (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King 2019] Not to Scale N

MAP 1

MAP 2

4.0 Project Specification 4.1

Cobex Ltd.

Cobex Ltd., based in Wakefield, is a private opencast coal operator and operates mainly in Yorkshire. Cobex Ltd. want to apply for planning permission to extract coal from a site near Howbrook north of Sheffield by opencast mining. 4.2 Size and Scale The proposed site includes an area of 47 hectares, but only 18 hectares will be used for mining. The remainder will remain unchanged or used for access, soil storage or coal processing. Cobex hope to extract approximately 160,000 tonnes of coal and 15,000 tonnes of associated clays from Howbrook site. The proposed development will be conducted over 4 phases and have different levels of disturbance at each phase. The work will take 1 year, 8 months.

Insert close up Location Map and site image? to fill space

Figure 3: Site Boundary and access point. OS Maps, 2019 [Edited by Egerton-King 2019]

4.3

Project Phases

Figure 4: Development map of mineral extraction base map (Cobex Ltd, 1995)

Cut Overburden Mounds Overburden Mounds Special Seed Mix Topsoil Mounds Subsoil Mounds Topsoil Removed Water Treatment Areas Site Entrance

N Not to Scale

Phases

Description

Time Frame

• • • • • •

Site preparation occurs Top soil & sub soil stripped from all areas Top soil placed in screening mounds around the site (3m high) Field 5 topsoil stored as separate mound (300mm deep) Removed subsoil will be stored in mounds (10m high) Access into site created

8 weeks

• • • • • • •

Excavation of coal begins in Area C One excavator will be used to remove the coal in two block halves The overburden removed will be used to create a screening mound The outer face of mound will be graded and seeded to grass Mound (10m high at western end) and 20m high at eastern end) Coal is cleaned, lifted and loaded into articulated dump truck where it will be screened

8 weeks

• • • • • • • •

Excavation of coal in Area B - series of 40m wide dip cuts Maximum void: cut 5 (400,000m3) Overburden from Area B will be used to backfill Area C to extend mound (15m high) Graded even tops and slopes facing Howbrook and High Green will be graded and seeded to grass. Coal is cleaned, lifted and loaded into articulated dump truck where it will be screened

Excavation: 24 weeks Fill void to restoration level : 8 weeks

• • • • •

Excavation of coal begins in Area A - series of 40m wide dip cuts Overburden will be used to fill the void in B Maximum void will be at cut 14 and approx. 650,000m3 Area B is backfilled overburden will be stored in mounds Graded even tops and slopes facing Howbrook and High Green will be graded and seeded to grass.

40 weeks

Strip Soil

Excavate the over burden (the layer of soil and rock between the coal seam and topsoil) to expose the seam

Coal Excavation

Once all voids have been excavated, any remaining OB is replaced and so too are the soils; replaced to match the original contours of the site or new contours of the restored pro-ject.

Replace Overburden and Soils

Replacement of soils in sequence is followed by usually a 5 year period of aftercare to rehabilitate the land.

Restoration

Options for land use change: OB will be used to backfill previous irecreational facilities;, infrastrucutre, excavated voids; any surplus will be Nature Reserve, Country Park, Golf placed in storage mounds. The Coal Processing Area and Course or prepared for industrial or site offices will be dismantled and residential development. *Temporary suspend *The top 150mm from the Coal will be transported to the Coal removed footpath via Carr House unimproved grassland will Processing Area where it is screened * Cobex Ltdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original application Farm be stripped to conserve and reduced in sized to meet *Site Entrance will re-main to proposed a new golf course. and protect seed stock for customer requirements. serve possi-ble restoration plans. *Water Courses to be restoration It is now proposed that it be reprotected but allow for Transported to customers stored to parkland in keeping with vehicular access aims of the Community Forest. *Eggsborough Power Station *Footpath by Storrs * Footpath via Carr House Farm to Dike will remain open *Blasting not necessary be reinstated.

Strip topsoil and piled for use as screening mounds Construct Coal around the perimeter of Processing Area and Site the site Offices Subsoil will be separately Construct Water stripped and stored in Treatment Areas mounds

Construct Site Entrance

Site Preparation

5.0 Policy Context 5.1

National Planning Policy Framework

The National Planning Policy Framework, instigated in 2019, determines the Government’s planning policies and how these should be applied. The focus is on sustainable practice. 5.2 Conserving and Enhancing the Natural Environment Chapter 15: Paragraph 180 declares that throughout the preparation of plans the aim should be to minimise pollution and “any adverse effects health, living conditions and the natural environment”. Chapter 15: Paragraph 178 delares that consideration should be given to ground conditions and “any risks arising from land instability and contamination”. Including “former activities such as mining”. (National Planning Policy Framework, Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, February 2019, Page 49-52)

Chapter 15: Paragraph 175 states that “development resulting in the loss Sustainable development is or deterioration defined as “development of irreplaceable that meets the needs habitats (such of the present without as ancient compromising the ability of woodland and future generations to meet veteran trees) their own needs” should be refused, unless (United Nations, 1987) there are wholly exceptional reasons”.

5.4 Protecting Green Belt Land The proposed site is situated within the nationally designated Green Belt. Any project needs to take into account restrictions set out in the National Planning Policy Framework to preserve Green Belt land by preventing urban sprawl and to keep the land free from development. However, there are a few exceptions. Chapter 13: Paragraph 146 states that certain forms of development, such as mineral extraction, are not inappropriate in Green Belt land, as long as they preserve its openness and do not conflict with the purpose of the land within it. This is only permitted if the openness of the Green Belt is preserved and the proposed work is environmentally acceptable and/or it is beneficial for the local community and outweighs the impacts. (National Planning Policy Framework, Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, February 2019, Page 43) Areas of Conservation Greenspace Greenbelt

Figure 5: Map of Landscape Designations (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2017) [Edited by Egerton-King 2019]

5.5 Barnsley Local Plan The above document sets out planning policy for the future development of Barnsley up to 2033. The Local Plan contains core elements of Barnsley’s planning framework and its ideas for its future physical development and how to achieve the Council’s vision of the type of community Barnsley is striving to become. (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2011) 5.6

Local Character

Policy states the following:

• “Protecting important landscapes both directly and indirectly by ensuring thier settings and key views are respected and not subject to inappropriate development”. • “Development will be expected to retain and enhance the character and distinctiveness of the individual Landscape Character in which its located”. • “Development which will be harmful to the special qualities of the Peak District National Park will not be allowed”. (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2019, Page 151-154)

Surface Mining (Past and Current) BGS Coal Resources Areas

Figure 6: Map of Barnsley District showing surface mining (past and current) - (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2017) [Edited by Egerton-King 2019]

5.7

Mineral Extraction

Local policy states that it is important that “coal is not sterilised in the borough” as exploitation of coal reserves is expected to increase in the future. “Proposals for mineral extraction must not have unacceptable adverse impacts on the natural and historic environment or on human health” (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2019, Page 271)

5.8

Facilitating the Sustainable Use of Minerals

Chapter 17: Paragraph 203 states that “it is essential that there is a sufficient supply of minerals...that the country needs. Since minerals are finite natural resources, and can only be worked where they are found, best use needs to be made of them to secure thier long-term conservation”. Chapter 17: Paragraph 211 states that “planning permission should not be granted for the extraction of coal unless”: A) “the proposal is environmentally acceptable, or can be made so by planning conditions or obligations”. B) “If it is not environmentally acceptable, then it provides national, local or community benefits which clearly outweigh its likely impacts (taking all relevant matters into account, including any residual envionmnetla impacts)”. (National Planning Policy Framework, Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government, February 2019, Page 58-61)

5.9

Conclusion

These policies stated above strongly applies to the development during the restoration and mitigation phase of the project. The LVIA will identify and explore the extent to which these factors have been affected.

5.9 Allocations and Access Map Site Boundary

Public Right of Ways

Conservation Areas

Bridleways

Barnsley Boundary

Bus Stops

Figure 7: Map showing land use allocations and access (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King 2019]

6.0 Landscape Baseline 6.1

Scope

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The landscape baseline is the part of the report that establishes the character of the landscape, its existing conditions and its perceptual and aesthetic influences that contribute to thisâ&#x20AC;?. (Landscape Institute, 2013) The landscape baseline include the following: 1. Landscape Features - Features in the landscape that help create the special character of the area, which may also be part of the receptors which are to be affected by the development. 2. Landscape Character - This is defined as distinct elements which separate and distinguish one landscape from another, and will be identified by using current landscape character assessments. 3. Landscape Designations - Areas of landscape which it is believed to hold significant value, recognised as such and documented in order to preserve their special quality which can be assessed and agreed through desk and field work. 4. Landscape Value - Field work assesses and identifies the perceptual and aesthetic values attached to the landscape, particulary by the local community.

6.2 Landscape Features

Vegetation and Field Mature Trees

Topography: Contour Lines

3 Waterways: How Brook, Storrs Dike and unnamed tributary

Connectivity and Access Roads

Field Boundaries

Figure 8: Diagrams showing landscape features [Egerton-King 2019]

Land Use: The area is mainly agricultural comprising of fields and a few farmsteads. Surrounding the immediate site are small settlements such as High Green. The fields are large and irregular in shape. History indicates that the field pattern is determined by landowners rather than the Parliamentary Enclosure Act. Field Boundaries: Field boundaries are predominately historic stone and hedgerows. This is a key feature in the landscape. However, some areas of hedgerow are sparse and in poor condition due to lack of maintenance. This has resulted in a disjointed wildlife corridor. Species of hedgerow mainly include Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna), with the occasional Elder (Sambucus nigra) however, some field boundaries are composed of a varied shrub composition. Vegetation: Other than the hedgerows that make up field boundaries as well as separating fields and road edges, there are a few isolated trees. These species are Oak (Quercus robbur), Common Alder (Alnu glutinosa) and Ash (Fraxinus exceisior). These trees dominate the stream course as thrive in damp conditions. There is also a significant woodland area located North of the site. Streams: There are 3 streams that flow through the site called The Storrs Dike, How Brook and one other which does not have a name. Dense vegetation along the waterways creates an effective wildlife corridor. Built Environment

The immediate area consists of High Green, which is located to the south east of the site boundary and scattered dwellings such as farm buildings and houses.

6.3

National Character Assessment

The definition for Landscape character is â&#x20AC;&#x153;a distinct, recognisable and consistent pattern of elements in the landscape that makers one landscape different from another, rather than better or worseâ&#x20AC;? - (Natural England 2014) The site lies within National Character Area 38 - Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire & Yorkshire Coalfield. However, as shown in Figure 8, the site is near to the edge of boundary area 37 less than 2km away - and therefore this area will also be taken into consideration when accessing National Character Area. NCA 37 and 38 Site Location

Figure 9: Landscape Charcter Areas [Edited by EgertonKing, 2019]

Figure 10: Map of Landscape Charcter Area 38 (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by EgertonKing, 2019]

6.4

National Character Area 37 and 38

National Character Area 38: Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire & Yorkshire Coalfield • Low lying landscape of rolling ridges, sandstone slopes and valleys. • A mixture of built areas, industrial land, with sections of dereliction and farmed country. • Small fragmented parts of pre-industrial landscapes and semi-natural vegetation, including many woodland areas and river valley habitats. • Strong cultural identity arising from the coal mining and steel industries. (Natural England, 2013)

Figure 11: Map of Landscape Charcter Area 37 (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by EgertonKing, 2019]

National Character Area 37: Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe • A landscape with steep sided valleys which creates an important setting for industrial towns and villages. • Rivers cut deep into the valley creating high plateaux and spearding out in across the valleys of NCA. • Treeless hills at the top with broadleaved woodland on valley sides. • Predominately pastoral farming in the west with arable land in the dry eastern areas. • Boundaries feature dry stone walls on the hills to hedgerows fields in the east. • Dramatic views from higher land over low lying land in the east. • Compact network of roads, canals and railway. (Natural England, 2013)

6.5

Local Character Areas

“Development will be expected to retain and enhance the character and distinctiveness of the individual Landscape Character Area in which it is located”. (Landscape Character Assessment of Barnsley Borough 2016) Site Boundary

Figure 12: Landscape Character Area E1 (ECUS & Landuse Consultants, 2002)

Local Character Area E1: West Barnsley Settled Wooded Farmland • Soft, rolling landscape with broad valleys. • Small to large sized woods, mainly deciduous with some coniferous. • Large areas of working agricultural land, used for arable and pastoral. • Irregularly shaped fields, small and large, surrounded by hedgerows, stone walls and fences. • Stone farmsteads, sometimes with large modern outbuildings. • Villages and hamlets in open countryside. • Urban encroachment is visible to the east, but remains outside the character area.

(ECUS & Land Use Consultants, 2002)

6.6

Historical Characteristics

• Small, rounded fields, mainly with hedged boundaries. • Areas are predominately former woods, and some medieval woodland existing. • Mostly characterised as lower and middle coal measures geology. • Bands of weathered sandstone, shale and coal seams, producing a rolling landscape with hills. • Settlements alternate in character, but a large proportion are medieval farms. • Historic coal mining going back in time to the medieval period, although little evidence of it exists in the landscape. (South Yorkshire Historic Envionment Charcterisation, 2007)

Agglomerated Enclosure Assarted Enclosure Extractive

Figure 13: Historical Landscape Charcter (South Yorkshire Historic Envionment Charcterisation, 2007)

There is evidence of historic and existing coal mining in the local character area. The site has previously been used for coal extraction and so the process is an inherent part of the site’s character.

6.7 Landscape Character of Site and Immediate Area Site Boundary Walking route from which the site and surroundings were observed

Figure 14: Site Boundary and supporting area (Ordanance Survey 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

Figure 15: Irregular shaped field pattern (Google Earth, 2016) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

The landscape around the site is intensive agricultural farmland. It consists of ten irregular shaped fields, is mainly flat with a few fields which slope gently but without any significant landform.

6.8

Existing Landscape Conditions

• Fields are bound with hedgerows of generally poor quality because they lack species richness (Cobex Ltd). The outer site boundary is of much higher quality and size. • The site has 3 major waterways. These are: The Storrs Dike, How Brook and another unnamed tributary running directly through the site. • Vegetation beside the How Brook is particularly valuable as it is lined with 100 year old trees. • Storrs Dike is not within the site boundary, so should remain unencumbered by the development. • The site is set within rolling hillls. The area gradually slopes from Hollinberry Lane to Storrs Dike. • The Barnsley Boundary Walk cuts through the site. This is in poor condition as areas are cut off by crops.

Figure 16: Site photo taken from Barnsley Boundary Walk (Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019)

6.9

Landscape Value

The human value attached to the landscape is part of aesthetic and preceptual influences in the landscape and will require field work to identify. However, the site lies in three areas of currently designated landscape value: 1. Green Belt 2. South Yorkshire Community Forest 3. Barnsleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Metropolitan Borough Council Area of Borough Landscape Value Barnsley Councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Unitary Development Plan (2000) states that the factors that characterise the Area of Borough Landscape Value are: 1. Traditional stone farm houses 2. Informal recreation 3. Gently rolling landform

Figure 17: Site photo of footpath (Barnsley Boundary Walk) and vegetatation growing alongside Storr Dike. (Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019)

Rolling hills and arable land is a distinctive feature and is part of the aesthetic and cultural value of the area.

7.0 Assessment of Landscape Effects 7.1

Terminology of Landscape Effects

Now that the scope of assessment and landscape baseline has been undertaken, I can begin to identify and describe likely landscape effects. Landscape effects deal with the changes to ‘landscape as a resource’ and are ‘recognised and valued by society as a whole’. This can be broken down into two sections, landscape sensitivity and magnitude. 7.2

Landscape Sensitivity

The first stage of the assessment is to understand the nature or sensitivity of the receptor. To determine the sensitivity, the receptor is judged against two criteria put forward by the GLVIA3: 1. Susceptibility of a receptor to the specific site proposal changes. 2. The value attached to a receptor. For example, if the receptor is considered to be highly susceptible to change and allocated high value, then the likely effect will have strong significance. (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg. 38)

Sensitivity Value High

Moderate

Low

Suceptibility High

Moderate

Low

7.3

Landscape Magnitude

The magnitude is determined by the scale of the proposal which is found by predicting the loss of the existing landscape and degree of character alteration, the duration of the project and whether the proposal is of irreversible nature. (Landscape Institute,2013

Magnitude of Change Size & Scale Major

Moderate

Minor

No Change

Duration Long-term

Medium-term Reversibility

Short-term

High (Irreversible)

Medium

Low (Reversible)

Following guidance, a short term in this instance is 0-5 years, medium 5-10 and long 10-25 years. The effects can be divided into three cateogories to consider thier positive or negative contributuon to development. Adverse (Adv)

Negligible (Neg)

Beneficial (Ben)

7.4

Predicted Effect

Phase

Solution

Whilst making way for extraction cuts, stone boundary markers will be lost

Site preperationa and operational phases of development

Stone marker is kept safe and returned to its origional location which will be plotted on a map.

All hedgerows removed from site

Site preperation

Regrown in restoration phase

Irregular field pattern will be completley lost resulting in loss of local landscape character Eight mature trees will be lost on site

Site construction and operstion

Surviving field boundaries will be reinforced with new hedgerow

Construction phase

Complete loss of arable farmland as top and subsoil striped.

Construction phase

Completre loss of arable farmland as top and subsoil striped. Screening mounds (20m high) will impact local character immediately.

Construction phase

More vegetation can be planted during restoration phase. Could be regrown in restoration phase. Limited effect on visual aesthetics due to rolling hills. Agriculture can be returned during restoration phase

Construction phase

Impact is less severe if screening mounds werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t to be put in place.

Creation of voids (maxdepth of 40m)

Construction phase

Only temporary as voids will be backfilled once finished.

The Barnsley Boundary Throughout Walk will have to be development closed for health & saftey

Only temporary as it can be reopened once operations have been completed.

7.5

Predicted Landscape Effects

Effect on Regional Character Area

The proposed development will impact the E1 regional Character Area and will have a huge impact on the rural landscape character. This is partly because of the removal of mature trees and arable land on green belt land. The overburden mounds (see ZTV) can be seen from a significant distance and will affect the surrounding countryside. However, the scale of proposal is not significant enough to have any detrimental long-term effects on the landscape.

7.6 Assessment of Landscape Signfigance

7.7

Final Statement

To summarise, the landscape receptors and their effects do not combine to form any changes of adverse significance. This is due in large part to the short term nature of the proposal with the total workings taking 1 year and 8 months. Although some receptors are regarded as high in sesceptibility and value, the effects can be reversed.

8.0 Visual Baseline 8.1

Scope

The visual assessment will determine the effects of development and change regarding to the available views. 8.2

Zones of Theoretical Visibility

The Zones of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) identifies the visibility extent for a development. A set of elevations, the heights of all soil mounds from proposed development on site, is combined with terrain data. This set of data is the highest point in the development. The map is a bare-earth model; it does not feature vegetation or buildings but establishes where viewpoints exist. 8.3

Zones of Visual Influences

The ZTI is similar to the ZTV but also allows for obstacles to views such as trees, buildings, landform etc. 8.4 • • • • •

Defining area of interest Planning your site visit Identifying viewpoints Locate visual receptors Test design proposal or mitigation measures

8.5

Importance of ZTVs

ZTV / ZTI of Proposed Soil Mounds

The ZTV / ZTI demonstrates the extent of visibility of three main screening mounds created during the construction phase of development. The highest of the proposed screening mounds is 20m high. Figure ? shows the varying visibility of the mounds on site.

Figure 18: Zone of Theoretical Visibility and Zones of Visual Influences of three proposed mounds

GIS, Digimap, 2019 and Bluesky, 2007 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

Site Boundary Zones of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) Zones of Visual Influences (ZTI) 4 Spot Heights for 3 Soil Mounds

Viewpoints Figure 19: Map of immediate site area indicating viewpoints 1-7 locations. (Digimap, 20190 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

8.6

Representative Viewpoints

The viewpoints identify the state of different types of visual receptors in the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current condition (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg. 107). These viewpoints are based on the ZTV / ZTI which show varying visibility. 8.7

Recording Data

Photographs were taken at equal focal length, as recommended by the Landscape Institute.

Wherever possible, when taking photos on site for a visual impact assessment, cameras should be tripod mounted and levelled in horizontal and vertical axes. This was not done on site however due to the lack of equipment available to students. Panoramic photos have been taken which may influence data accuracy as the image is distorted slightly.

Figure 20: Map indicating viewpoints 8-10 locations and neighbouring towns. (Digimap, 20190 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

Public Footpath

To include the widest possibility of receptor groups, all viewpoint photographs taken are from accessible public sites. (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg107). Photographs are taken from 1.5m high viewpoint. Figure 21: Table showing number of viewpoint, direction and receptors Viewpoint

Direction of Viewpoint

Distance to Receptors Boundary (m) 0 Public footpath; local residents; farm workers

north

north-east

Public footpath; local residents; farm workers

east

Public footpath; local residents; farm workers

north

Public footpath; local residents; farm workers

west

Road users; local residents; farm workers

south-west

Road users; local residents; farm workers

north-west

Road users; local residents

north-east

400

Public footpath; local residents

south

800

Road users; local residents; farm workers

south

180

Road users; local residents

8.8

Viewpoints

Photograps of viewpoints taken by Egerton-King, 2019

SITE ENTRANCE: Viewpoint 1 is taken at the point where the Barnsley Boundary Walk meets the junction of Bromley Carr Road and Storrs Lane. This walk is accessible to the public and offers Southern views over the rolling hills and arable land. Carr House farm can be seen on the far right as well as a few trees, field boundary hedgerows and views into the adjacent field.

STORRS DIKE: Viewpoint 2 is taken from the path running alongside Storrs Dike to the north east. The views are proximately of field 6 however field 5 can be seen in the distance behind the hedgerows. The field boundary vegetation blocks any long-distance views to the South. There are only a few mature trees visible on the horizon.

BARNSLEY BOUNDARY WALK: Viewpoint 3 is taken from the corner of field 10 at the start of the path running adjacent to Storrs Dike to the north. The views offered from the path are a short distance due to the rising landform and some woodland either side of the path. Mature trees can be seen in the distance.

CARR HEAD FARM: Viewpoint 4 is representative of views from the start of Carr Head Farm (located on the left) driveway along Bromley Head Road (located on the right). The site is difficult to view from here therefore sensitivity to the receptors, this mainly being the residents to Carr Head Farm, arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t affected much by the development.

5 THE SITE

HOLLINBERRY LANE: This viewpoint represents the views into the site along Hollinberry Lane. The receptors of the view are most likely to be mobile, for example pedestrians or vehicles. This means that the sensitivity of the development is reduced. The views are long distance, reaching the tree covered hill with farmland covering the spaces in between.

CARR HOUSE FARM: Viewpoint 5 represents the views from the private settlements placed on Bromley Carr Road. The main settlement includes Carr House Farm. The viewers (approx. 10) have a higher sensitivity to the proposed development as they are fully exposed to views for the full duration of the development.

WESTWOOD COUNTRY PARK: Viewpoint 8 is taken from the top of Westwood Country Park to the north east of the site. This location is already identified as a viewpoint on OS maps. There are views over arable land, and rolling hills offer scenic walks to locals and visitors.

THE SITE

A629 MAIN ROAD: THE SITE

HIGH GREEN:

Viewpoint 9 is a representative view from High Green, a residential area. The direction offers views to arable land on site and of a main road (A61). However, the area is screened by trees, which are not visible on the ZTV. The trees are predominately deciduous, so that will impact the views significantly in the winter months.

Viewpoint 9 is taken from the A629 main road facing north-east over flat arable farmland. The site can be seen in the distance.

Residents will view the site from house windows. This will require further investigation. High Green is a highly sensitive area to proposal due to noise pollution and proximity to site.

Figure 22: Viewpoint 9 based on ZTV / ZTI

9.0 Assessment of Visual Effects 9.0

Terminology of Visual Effects

Visual effects are how people will be affected by changes in views or visual amenity at different places. 9.1

Predicted Visual Effects

1 Barnsley Boundary Walk

OBTIP 2

Screening Mound

Carr House Farm

The overburden mounds on site will be visible in the distance from the start of Barnsley Boundary Walk. OBTIP 2 is most visible as stands at 15m high. From this viewpoint you are able to see how the development effects the landscape charter, disrupting the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural rolling hills appearance.

5 Screening Mound (3m High)

Viewpoint 5 is a view from Carr House Farm where viewing from the house will be highly sensitive to change due to the proximity to the development on site. The second floor will be able to see a large range of operations taking place. On ground level, a 3m screening mound will help block most of the OBTIP 2 and southern parts of the development. These large levels of construction and excavation will hugely impact the residences.

EQUIPTMENT FOR DEVELOPMENT It is proposed to use hydraulic excavators and rigid dumptrucks to excavate the overburden and placed in storage mounds. Dumptrucks will take the coal to the processing area.

Because Viewpoint 3â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s close location to the proposed site it is very likely to be effected. Passing walkers and traffic will not be able to view the site due to the high screening mound. The Barnsley Boundary Walk runs along the lefthand side of the image.

The views from Hollinberry Lane are also very likely to be effected. Most of the proposed site will be hidden by overburden and screening mounds, however in doing so they will become a focal point in turn as depicted above. The mounds also stop views to the woodland in the distance.

The overburden mounds will change the landform. Blocked views due to overburden and screen mounds will change character area as well as loss of rolling hills. Blocked views of landscape due to overburden and screen mounds Footpath users will experience a higher level of visual enclosure as screening mounds block views of mineral extraction and surrounding landscape. Blocked views of woodland due to overburden mounds.

Viewpoint 1: Site Entrance

Skyline is changes as overburden mounds alter landform. Views of woodland are blocked and open up direct views of operational site and equiptment. Viewpoint 6: Carr Direct views into the House Farm operational mineral extraction with a few blocked views due to overburden and screen mounds. Extraction machinery can be seen and loss of rolling hills. Viewpoint 7: Small visual effect of site from Westwood Country a distance. Partial loss of viual Park greenery. Viewpoint 8: A629 Visible overburden mounds Main Road which change landform. Partial loss of visual greenery. Viewpoint 9: High Residents with second storey Green windows may have some visual of site. Views partially screend by slightly permeable row of trees.

Viewpoint 5: Hollinberry Lane

Viewpoint 4: Carr Head Farm

Viewpoint 3: Barnsley Boundary Walk

Viewpoint 2: Storrs Dike

Effect

Viewpoint

Assessment of Visual Significance

Low Moderate High Low

Susceptibility

Sensitivity Size and Scale

Irreversible

Duration and Reversibility

Reversible

Geographical Extent of Landscape Change

Reversible

Moderate High Major Moderate Minor No Change Permanent/ Long-term Medium-term Short-term Large Medium Small Negligible

Value

Magnitude

Low-Medium

Medium

Low

Medium-High

Medium

Low-Medium

Medium-High

Signifigance

9.2 Assessment of visual signifigance

9.3

Final Statement

To summarise, the closer the viewpoint is to the site the visual significance becomes more adverse. The sensitivity of receptors is high at these viewpoints but becuase of the short timespan of the proposal the visual amenity effects wil be present for a short time only and will be reversible in full.

10.0 Cumulative Impact 10.1

Cumulative Impact Terminology

“A review of cumulative effects is required by the EIA directive and must be explored in LVIA” (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg120). Cumulative landscape and visual effects can be best described by a definition created by the Landscape Insituute and IMEA (2002) as “those that result from additional changes to the landscape or visual amenity caused by the proposed development in conjunction with other developments (associated with or separate to it), or actions that occurred in the past, present or are likely to in the foreseeable future”. “Cumulative landscape effects impact either the physical fabric or character of the landscape, or any special values attached to it” (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg120). The propsed site would impact both the character and physical fabric of the landscape. 10.2

Cumulative landscape effects

As noted above, uninterrupted views across agricultural land will be disrupted, effecting rural landscape character including tranquility. The existence of the open cast coal mine, and in particular the overburden and screening mounds, gives the landscape a more industrial perception. However, the significance of effects from the development are moderate, as it is of short-term nature, but the impacts are increased at a local scale.

10.3

Cumulative visual effects

As identified, the representative views of the proposal show that the effects are mainly moderate. Where effects are significantly worse, is where the overburden mounds are more visible at a sequential viewpoint.

11.0 Mitigation 11.1

Mitigation Purpose

“Having identified the significance of effects, measures can be introduced to provide mitigation, where possible options for prevention, reduction and offsetting both landscape and visual effects should be described” (Landscape Institute, 2013, pg41). EIA Regulations define this as “compensating” the effects (Landscape Institute, pg. 43). Three definitions explain mitigation: 1. PREVENT - simply not to allow any change whatsoever at the proposed site. 2. REDUCE - alterting the proposed specification of the site plan so that the significance of the effects are of less consequence. 3. OFFSET - compensating for the effects of the proposal by the introduction of additional positive aspects. Cobex Ltd. have suggested some positive mitigating elements to counter adverse effects, however the mitigation aspects introduced do not fully compensate for all the effects resulting from the proposal. 11.2

Prevention

As mentioned, although Cobex Ltd. have strived to keep as many mature trees as possible by including them in the proposed design, several will be taken out during construction. For the reamining trees a 10m stand-off around each tree will ensure there is no danger of damage. To avoid detrimental loss, and in order to provide extra screening, an attempt could be made to transplant trees to the site edge.

11.3

Reduction

OVERBURDEN & SCREENING MOUNDS: Further consideration could have been taken in integrating the soil mounds with existing landscape to better restore the site’s character. Maintaining the landscape’s naturally undulating landform will reduce impact of development. This could be achieved by rearranging soil placement from OBTIP 1 and 2 and placing on top of fields to mimic the existing landform. This would not only reduce the size of the mounds and increase surrounding long-distance views for visual receptors but also wouldn’t disrupt the distinctive rolling hills. USE OF VEGETATION: The overburden mounds could be seeded so as to reduce their impact on the surrounding area, accommodating them within the green aesthetic. However, the topsoil taken away during the construction harms the rural nature of the area significantly. Using vegetation such as tall trees to screen the mineral extraction will make the site considerably less noticeable.

Figure 23: Existing mature field trees on site. (Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019)

11.4

Offset

Planting trees at the site edge will shield the mining works in addition to reducing the effect of the screening and overburden mounds. This should be completed during the development restoration phase. 11.5 Unavoidable Impacts • Imapct of industrial machinery (hydraulic excavators and rigid dumptrucks) on the tranquility of the landscape. • Effect on character area due to significant loss of agricultural land and hedgerows. • The views over mining extraction, the A629, the overburden mounds and site offices.

12.0 Restoration 12.1

Importance of restoration

A restoration proposal has been designed to return Howbrook coal mine site to its baseline condition through enhancement of its visual amenity and the landscape on completion of exploration. 12.2

Restoration Plan - Cobex Ltd.

Cobex Ltd. outlines a site restoration scheme designed to resolve any residual adverse effects that remain post mitigation. There is opportunity for a change in land use after development completion. Cobex Ltd. have provided an alternative to the original application for a golf course. The restoration proposal will need to adhere to the appropriate policies and guidance if it is to be successful. Below are some of the restoration phases that Cobex Ltd. plan on implementing: • REPLACEMENT IN SOILS in sequence is usually followed by a 5 year period of rehabilitation of the land to allow for its planned future use. • LAND USE: Opportunities for a change in land use include recreational and infrastructure facilities; Golf Course, Nature Park, Country Park or preparation for a residential or industrial development. In the original application Cobex Ltd. proposed a new golf course, but have now suggested restoring it to parkland in keeping with the objectives of the Community Forest. • FOOTPATH: Footpath via Carr House Farm reinstation.

12.3

Map of proposed restoration plan

Figure 24: Restoration map (Egerton-King, 2019)

Gaps in hedges restored and revived

Site Entrance

Barnsley Boundary Walk

Expansion of Woodland Area Proposed Wildflower Meadows

Opportunities for Recreational Activities

Better connectivity of green infrastructure

Less fragmentation

Proposed Ecological Car Park Hedgerows composed of Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) monoculture, with the occassional Elder (Sambucus migra).

EXPANSION OF WOODLAND The expansion of the woodland area is a predominant feature to the proposal designed to help enhance and expand the South Yorkshire Community Forest. This is to comply with NPPF Policy 9 by enhancing the visual amenity and building upon existing designations. RECREATION The woodland will provide opportunity for recreational activities such as cycling, walking, picnic area, adventure playground as well as bird watching areas, where several footpaths connect to the Barnsley Boundary Walk. BARNSLEY BOUNDARY WALK The Barnsley Boundary Walk is a public footpath that crosses the site from Carr House Farm by the north eastern boundary where it joins a second path which runs adjacent towards Storrs Dike. While mining operations take place, the footpath has been temporarily suspended. In the restoration phase it is proposed that the footpath will be upgraded. With the proposed golf course, the reinstated footpath does not cross a fairway. ECOLOGICAL DESIGN Following NPPF Policy 9, the proposal includes a new ecological car park enhancing biodiversity and providing new access. REPLACEMENT OF SOILS: During the construction phase of development the subsoil and top soil will be stripped. Field F5, which contains unimproved grassland, will b stripped of soils carefully and instead of dumped will be stored as a thick layer on an unused field, and subsequently used to enhance the restoration as a golf course. By quickly establishing a mature appearance it will not detract from the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall character.

HEDGEROWS Existing hedgerow have been neglected so can no longer function as effective wildlife corridors becuase of frequent gaps and lack of cover as a result of over enthusiastic flail cutting every year. The hedgerow growing beside Barnsley Boundary Walk can not be preserved during construction, so new hedgerows will be planted throughout the site to address lost the distinctive rural character and lost field patterns (policy GS23). TREES Retention of some of the landscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s valuable landscape features such as field trees which lie on the edge of the site as part of policy GC22. In addition, a mature tree to the south of the site will be given protection by a 10m stand off to ensure there is no danger of damage to the tree. LANDFORM In line with policy M9F, the landform will be restored to its original rolling hills once mineral extraction has been completed and voids have been backfilled.

13.0 Final Statement In summary, the effects of the proposed Cobex Ltd. mine have been explored and the effects on the landscape as a resource on visual amenity examined. Using appropriate practice guidance, the overall effect is judged as moderate, as there will be some significant damaging effects. These include overburden mounds and operational equipment which are damaging to the local character because of their visual impact on a local scale within national policy guidlines. The resulting sensitivity of the identified receptors, the perception of the surrounding tranquil qualities and the rural will also be affected. The removal of mature trees and arable farmland will have an impact. But because of the short term nature of the proposal, effects of any significance will not be prevalent for an extended time. The restoration phase as well as the proposed mitigation methods integrated will reduce the effects on the character of the landscape and will further improve the landscape as a visual resource.

Figure 25: Photo taken on site of rolling hills. (Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019)

14.0 Glossary All terms within the following glossary have been extracted from the guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment 3, as they are established definitions that have been written in the simplest form (Landscape Institute, 2012, pg. 156-159) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - The process of gathering environmental information; describing a development; identifying and describing the likely significant environmental effects of the project; defining ways of preventing/avoiding, reducing, offsetting or compensating for any adverse effect; consulting the general public and specific bodies with responsibilities for the environment; and presenting the result to competent authority to inform the decision on whether the project should proceed. Feature - Particularly prominent or eye-catching elements in the landscape, such as clumps, church towers or wooded skylines or a particular aspect of the project proposal. Geographic Information System (GIS) - A system that captures, stores, analysis, manages and presents data linked to location. It is links spatial information to digital database. Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) - The identification and interpretation of the historic dimension of the present-day landscape or townscape within a given area. HLC is used in England and Wales, HLA is the term used in Scotland. Key Characteristics - Those combination of elements which are particularly important to the current character of the landscape and help to give an area its particularly distinctive sense of place. Landform - The shape and form of the land surface which is the result of the action and interpretation of natural and/or human factors. Landscape - An area, as perceived by people, the character of which is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment (LVIA) - A tool used to identify and assess the likely significance of the effects of change resulting from development both on the landscape as an environmental resource in its own right on peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view and visual amenity.

Landscape Character Assessment (LCA) - The process of identifying and describing variation in the character of the landscape and using this information to assist in managing change in the landscape. It seeks to identify and explain the unique combination of elements and features that make landscapes distinctive. The process results in the production of Landscape Character Assessment.

Landscape Effects - Effects on the landscape as a resource in its own right. Landscape Receptors - Defined aspects of the landscape resource that have the potential to be affected by a proposal. Landscape Value - The relative value that is attached to different landscapes by society. A landscape may be valued by different stakeholder for a whole variety of reasons. Magnitude (of effect) - A term that combines judgements about the size and scale of the effect, the extent of the area over which it occurs, whether it is reversible or irreversible and whether it is short or long term in duration. Perception - Combines the sensory (that we receive through our senses) with the cognitive (our knowledge and understanding gained from many resources and experience). Sensitivity - A term applied to specific receptors, combining judgements of the susceptibility of the receptor to the specific type of change or development proposed and the value related to that receptor. Susceptibility - The ability of a defined landscape or visual receptor to accommodate the specific proposed development without undue negative consequences. Visual effects - Effects on specific views and on the general visual amenity experienced by people. Visual receptors - Individuals and/or defined groups of people who have the potential to be affected by a proposal. Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) - A ma, usually digitally produced, showing areas of land within which, a development is theoretically visible.

15.0 References ArcGIS Resource Centre (2011) Using Viewshed and Observer Points for Visibility Analysis [Online] Available at: http://help.arcgis.com/ en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//009z000000v8000000. htm [Accessed 20th January 2019] Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council (May 2002) Barnsley Borough Landscape Character Assessment [pdf] Available at: https://www. barnsley.gov.uk/media/4585/eb86-barnsley-landscape-characterassessment.pdf [Accessed 18th December 2019] Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council (2019) Barnsley Interactive Maps [online] Available at: https://www.barnsley.gov.uk/barnsleymaps/barnsley-interactive-maps/ [Accessed 18th December 2019] Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council (September 2011) Core Strategy [pdf] Available at: https://www.barnsley.gov.uk/ media/4084/adopted-core-strategy.pdf [Accessed 21st December 2019] 2B Landscape Consultancy Ltd. (No Date) Zones of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) [online] Available at: https://www.2bconsultancy. co.uk/ztv.htm [Accessed 20th January 2019] Cobex Ltd. (No Date) Ecological Study [pdf]. Available at: https:// vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/courses/_79612_1/cl/outline [Accessed 2nd December 2019] Cobex Ltd. (No Date) Howbrook Project Information [pdf]. Available at: https://vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/courses/_79612_1/cl/outline [Accessed 3rd December 2019] Cobex Ltd. (No Date) Howbrook Project Information [pdf]. Available at: https://vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/courses/_79612_1/cl/outline [Accessed 3rd December 2019] Cobex Ltd. (No Date) Some Desk Study Information for Landscape Baseline [pdf]. Available at: https://vle.shef.ac.uk/ultra/ courses/_79612_1/cl/outline [Accessed 4th December 2019] Cording, Niall, Howbrook, Issuu Published March, 2018 [online] Available at: LVIAhttps://issuu.com/simonniallcording/docs/ howbrook_lvia [Accessed 20th December 2019] Environmental Impact Assessment (May 2002) Available at: https:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/ uploads/attachment_data/file/296952/geho0411btrf-e-e.pdf [Accessed 10th January 2019] English Heritage (November 2008) South Yorkshire Historic Environment Characterisation [pdf] Available at: https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/ archiveDownload?t=arch-1040-1/dissemination/pdf/Documents/ Final_Report/01_Final_Report_Part_I_II_and_III.pdf [Accessed 3rd January 2019]

James, Emily, West Newton B, Rathlin Energy Ltd., Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. January 2016 [online] University of Sheffield, LSC336 Landscape Planning Toolkits, Student Examples. Available at: https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws. com/5c8f80ee07c44/5283382?response-cache-control=private%2C%20 max-age%3D21600&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27Paul%2520Brindley_2019-10-17_17-3537-rotated.pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algori thm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200629T090000Z&X-AmzSignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAZH6WM4PLYI3L4QWN%2F20200629%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=3ffbc0c3674e0664f7d27226f2d5b71b8e275a92882a4991a9b35169b782238d. [Accessed 20th December 2019] Landscape Institute (Third Edition - April 2013). Guidelines for Landscape and Visual Impact Assessment. London: Routledge Landscape Institute (March 2011). Photography and Photomontage in Landscape and visual Impact Assessment [pdf] Available at: https://landscapewpstorage01. blob.core.windows.net/www-landscapeinstitute-org/migrated-legacy/ LIPhotographyAdviceNote01-11.pdf [Accessed 18th January 2019] Landscape Institute (September 2019). Visual Representation of Development Proposals [pdf] Available at: https://learn-eu-central-1-prod-fleet01-xythos.s3-eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/5c8f80ee07c44/5232311?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20 filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27LI_TGN-06-19_Visual_Representation. pdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=A WS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20200127T020000Z&X-Amz-Sig nedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=21600&X-Amz-Credential=AKIAZH6WM4PLYI3L4QWN%2F20200127%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz- Signature=99944c422d06cb8221b52d2e11ad9ccb39507014688651e574c6a04e93ee052a [Accessed 27th November 2019] Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government (February 2019). National Planning Policy Framework [pdf] Available at: thttps:// assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/810197/NPPF_Feb_2019_revised.pdf [Accessed: 20th January 2019] Natural England (2014). An Approach to Landscape Character Assessment [pdf]. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/691184/ landscape-character-assessment.pdf [Accessed 5th November 2019] Natural England (2013) Yorkshire Southern Pennine Fringe [pdf] Available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ publication/5459581769613312 [Accessed 20th December 2019] Natural England (2013) Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire and Yorkshire Coalfield [pdf] Available at: http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/ publication/4743624?category=587130 [Accessed 20th December 2019] Rowmaps â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Barry Cornelius (2019) The Rights of Way Using an Ordnance Survey Map [online] Available at: https://www.rowmaps.com/showmap. php?place=Howbrook&map=OS&lat=53.479&lon=1.51026&lonew=W [Accessed 18th January 2019]

Watson, David (No Date) Zone of Theoretical Visibility or Zone of Visual Influence [online] Available at: https://davidwatson.info/zvi.php [Accessed 8th January 2019]

Figure 1: Flow diagram to show the process of assessing signifigance of an effect (Egerton-King, 2019) Figure 2: Site Location Plans (Digimap, 2019) Not to Scale [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 3: Site Boundary and access point. OS Maps, 2019 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 4: Development Map of Mineral Extraction Base Map (Cobex Ltd, 1995) Figure 5: Map of Landscape Designations (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2017) Figure 6: Map of Barnsley District showing surface mining (past and current) - (Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, 2017) Figure 7: Map showing land use allocations and access (Digimap, 2019) [Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 8: Diagrams showing landscape features [Egerton-King 2019] Figure 9: Map of Landscape Charcter Areas (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 10: Map of Landscape Charcter Area 38 (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 11: Map of Landscape Charcter Area 37 (Digimap, 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 12: Map of Landscape Charcter Area E1 (ECUS and Land Use Consultants, 2002) Figure 13: Map of Historical Landscape Charcter (South Yorkshire Historic Envionment Charcterisation, 2007) Figure 14: Site Boundary and supporting area (Ordanance Survey 2019) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 15: Irregular shaped field pattern (Google Earth, 2016) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 16: Site photo taken from Barnsley Boundary Walk (Photo taken by Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019) Figure 17: Site photo showing a footpath (Barnsley Boundary Walk) and vegetatation growing alongside Storr Dike. (Photo taken by Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019) Figure 18: Zone of Theoretical Visibility and Zones of Visual Influences of three proposed mounds. (GIS, Digimap, 2019 and Bluesky, 2007) [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 19: Map of immediate site area indicating viewpoints 1-7 locations (Digimap, 20190 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019] Figure 20: Map indicating viewpoints 8-10 locations and neighbouring towns (Digimap, 20190 [Edited by Egerton-King, 2019]

Figure 21: Table showing number of viewpoint, direction and receptors

Figure 22: Viewpoint 10 based on ZTV / ZTI Figure 23: Existing mature field trees on site. (Photo taken by Egerton-King, 31st Oct 2019) Figure 24: Restoration map (Egerton-King, 2019)