MANTHO THE URBAN SECTION: AN ANALYTICAL TOOL FOR CITIES AND STREETS
EMMA LUCKHURST OLLIE PIKE ANNA BAXTER ANNA E-K
INTRODUCTION
ROBERT MANTHO - Born in America, Detriot
1. Urban design: An additional tool
Stage 1: Mantho theory
2. The City Section
- Degree in Architecture and Architectural associations - 1991
Stage 2: Applying theory
3. The Street 4. Cities and Streets: The Data Set
- Lecturer at Mackintosh School of Architecture at the Glasgow School
Stage 3: Developing and Critiquing theory
of Art
- Collaborative practice, spatial
5. Analysing Street: The methodology 15 TH CENTURY Re-Emergence of Classical Renaissance
18 TH CENTURY: The Baroque City
6. Conclusion
• • •
Le Corbusier, ‘Architecture or Revolution’
Political Agendas Altering physical fabric of the city Creation of ordered relationship of new settlements Construction of new settlements (Versailles) and re-organise existing (Paris)
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES • •
Geometry Orderly and harmonised visual entity • Directs views and shapes dramatic civic places 15 CENTURY • TH Radial road patterns (Rome) Re-Emergence of Classical • Connected significant monuments, places and public buildings Renaissance
•
15th Century Re-emergance of Classical Renaissance
• • •
Geometry Orderly and harmonised visual entity Directs views and shapes dramatic civic places Radial road patterns (Rome) Connected significant monuments, places and public buildings
Improving aestetic experience Alberti, ‘Art of Building’, Sixtus V, Rome
Alberti, ‘Art of Building’, Sixtus V, Rome
Rise in density & Industrial activity: • •
18th Century The Baroque 18 TH CENTURY: The Baroque City City
• •
Haussmann, Paris City Model:
Alberti, ‘Art of Building’, Sixtus V, Rome
• •
20 TH CENTURY:
analysis.
Improving the aesthetic experience:
Improving the aesthetic experience:
definition, digital processes in the generation of space and urban
19 TH CENTURY: Industrialisation
• • • •
Political Agendas Altering physical fabric of the city Creation of ordered relationship of new settlements Construction of new settlements (Versailles) and re-organise existing (Paris)
Rise in density & Industrial activity: • •
Construction of new settlements Haussmann, Paris City Model:
Increase health & quality of life Overcrowding & sanitation problems Assert importance of nature Natural Forms: Essential to relieving stress of chaotic city life
RIse in Density and Industrial Activity
1960-1970s
• • •
•
Re-build and re-shape post-war cities Increase ill health & mortality rate. Result of unregulated & unconsidered growth.
• • • •
Increase scholarly activity lead to increase quality of life for city centre residents.
Ian McHarg, 1960s:
Jane Jacobs: Traditional Streets
19th Century Industrialisation
Le Corbusier, ‘Architecture or Revolution’
• • Haussmann, Paris City Model:
Increase health & quality of life Overcrowding & sanitation problems Assert importance of nature 19 TH CENTURY: Natural Forms: Essential to reIndustrialisation lieving stress of chaotic city life
WW2 (1939-1945)
• Ecological thinking was used to analyse urban impact Social cohesion in many communities damaged. • Minimise energy consumption 20 TH CENTURY: Slum clearance programmes & urban renewal. • Climate change, resource depletion and increase urbanisaEfficient movement of vehicular traffic tion of world population Mass production techniques • Parametric urbanism: Addresses urban issues using strategies & processes of consumption
20th Century
WW2 (1939-1945)
1960-1970s
• • •
•
Re-build and re-shape post-war cities Increase ill health & mortality rate. Result of unregulated & unconsidered growth.
Jane Jacobs: Traditional Streets • • • •
Social cohesion in many communities damaged. Slum clearance programmes & urban renewal. Efficient movement of vehicular traffic Mass production techniques
WW2 (1939-1945) Re-shape and re-build post war cities
Increase scholarly activity lead to increase quality of life for city centre residents.
Ian McHarg, 1960s: • • • •
Ecological thinking was used to analyse urban impact Minimise energy consumption Climate change, resource depletion and increase urbanisation of world population Parametric urbanism: Addresses urban issues using strategies & processes of consumption
1960 - 1970s Ecological thinking used to anaylse urban impact
CITY TYPES - Organic city: irregular organisation from unplanned growth over time. Formed heavily through interaction between built form and natural features.
- Labyrinth: Associated with Islamic culture and sacred shared space. A protective form serving the ‘intimate needs of privacy’. - 18th Century: Response to organic city. Seeks to bring order to chaotic cities of Europe. Systematic planning and capital formation and investment. - Baroque: Uses rhetoric of order, balance and dignity, as well as wide avenues and monumental public spaces to express power of a centralised government. - Grid city: Uniformity and extendibility provides a clear lattice to control unruly locale and be filled over time.
Newark - Organic and Labyrinth Hybrid
Sheffield - 18th Century
THEORY
SPATIAL CONTINUTY
SOCIAL - Streets are vital for creating Community - Supports Jane Jacobs and Jan Gehl social theory SPATIAL CONTINUTY - Streets seen as a series of linked spaces. - Streets should be seen as a room the building connects to - Blur of Interior and Exterior relationship - intergration of ground floor and street - This results in Active Streets ELEMENTS of STREETS Primary elements: - Road - Pavement - Street wall - Street furniture Divison Street
ELEMENTS OF STREETS
PAVEMENT Zoning of pavement 1. Transition 2. Circulation 3. Amenity 4. Curbside
Zone 4 Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1 Pinstone street
ELEMENTS OF STREETS STREET FURNITURE Main Components
Other Components
Trees Lighting Seating
Bollards Planters Parking meters Street signs Retail stalls
Leavygreave Road
STREET Wall - Base of street wall - Street Facade - Roofscape
Moor Market
MANTHOS METHOD for ANAYLSING STREETS SCALE
Orientation
Proportion
Scale of Parts
SPATIAL DEFINTION
Hortizontal Layers
INTERIOR EXTERIOR
Vertical Layers
STREET WALL
Base of street wall
Public and Private Characteristics
Facade Articulation
Spatial Definition
Transparency & Opacity
Enclosure & Exposure
Volume Interaction
NEWARK - Chain Lane
SPATIAL DEFINITION
Vertical Layers
Horizontal Layers
Spatial Definition
Enclosure and Exposure
Transparency and Opacity
Interior & Exterior
Scale
Street wall
RUA DES FLORES - LISBON
Horizontal Layers
Vertical Layers
Spatial Definition
Enclosure and Exposure
Sharrow Vale - Shefffield Horizontal Layers
Vertical Layers
Enclosure and Exposure
Spatial Definition
CULLEN’S SERIAL VISION
BIBLIOGRAPHY Mantho, R (2015) The Urban Section: An Analytical Tool for Cities and Streets. Larco, N. (2016) Book Reviews Mantho: The Urban Section: An Analytical Tool for Cities and Streets. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/019 44363.2016.1218734 [Accessed 23 February 2020] Fitzpatrick, M. (2015) Book Reviews: The Urban Section: An Analytical Tool for Cities and Streets. [online] Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02665 433.2015.1029262 [Accessed 23 February 2020] Gehl J. (2010) Cities for People. Island Press. 1st Edition. TedX Talks., (2014). The Happy City Experiment – Charles Montgomery. (TedX Talks) Vancouver. [11th November 2019] Available from: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=7WiQUzOnA5w IKEDA, S., 2006. Jane Jacobs. Freeman, 56(7), pp. 20-22. [Viewed 6th March 2020] Available from: https://search.proquest.com/docview/196612876?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo Montgomery C. (2015) Happy cities: Transforming lives through urban design. Penguin DATA REFERENCE AND IMAGES - GIS INFO AND TIMELINE Bricoleurbanism, ‘Urban Fabric & Form Comparison’ [Online]. 20 January 2008. Available at: https://www.bricoleurbanism.org/category/urban-design/page/2/ [Accessed: 6/03/2020] Daniels, L. Thomas, ResearchGate, (The Architectural Archives, University of Pennsylvania), ‘The Plan for the Valleys (1964)’ [Online]. December 2016. Available at: https:// www.researchgate.net/figure/The-basic-amenity-of-the-valleys-the-valley-floors-and-the-forested-walls-Source-The_fig2_312640850 [Accessed: 6/03/2020] EDINA Digimap (2020). Ordnance Survey DSM (Digital Surface Model) 1m Resolution. Available at [online] https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os. [Accessed on 23.02.20] Kirkman, Emily, The Art History Archive, ‘Architecture in the Era of Napoleon III’ [Online]. 2007. Available at: http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/architecture/ Haussmanns-Architectural-Paris.html [Accessed: 6/03/2020] Snowden, Dave, ‘Industrialisation of the Craft’ [Online]. 30 December 2014. Available at: https://cognitive-edge.com/blog/industrialisation-of-the-craft/ [Accessed: 6/03/2020] The Gaurdian, ‘Where are the world’s most war-damaged cities’ [Online]. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/dec/17/where-world-most-war-damagedcity [Accessed: 6/03/2020]
