Strategy for the Øresund by Erika Kauffmann

STRATEGY FOR THE ØRESUND

DION VAN DIJK ERIKA KAUFFMANN JUNE 2011

AIM ØRESUND AS A COMPETITIVE METROPOLITAN REGION IN 2040

AIM ØRESUND AS A COMPETITIVE METROPOLITAN REGION IN 2040 More then 5 million inhabitants 2.5 - 5 million inhabitants

Glasgow Edingburgh The Oresund region Manchester-Liverpool Leeds-Sheffield Nottingham-Leicester London AmsterdamRotterdam

IMPRESSIONS OF THE ØRESUND

IMPRESSIONS OF THE ØRESUND COPENHAGEN

IMPRESSIONS OF THE ØRESUND MALMÖ

IMPRESSIONS OF THE ØRESUND LUND

IMPRESSIONS OF THE ØRESUND HELSINGBORG

CURRENT PROBLEMS ØRESUND REGION

CURRENT PROBLEMS ØRESUND REGION ...insufficient connectivity

HAMBURG BERLIN

CURRENT PROBLEMS ØRESUND REGION ...unequal economical situation

UND ØRES

commuters starting point destination

source: IBU-Øresund - Öresundsregionens byutveckling och infrastruktur (2010)

CURRENT PROBLEMS ORESUND REGION ...expired urban structure GOALS FINGER PLAN 1947

Copenhagen is growing out of proportions, leading to urban sprawl and traffic congestion.

industrialization mobility migration health energy nature preservation food waste drinking water global war

“Better city rather than more city” source: regionplan 1989

Principediagram for byområder og grønne kiler source: Fingerplan 2007

source: Ministry of Environment

FROM MONO- TO POLYCENTRIC STRUCTURE

ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ŶĞǁ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐͬǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ ǁŝůů ƉůĂǇ Ă ƌĞ ŐŝŽŶĂů ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ǁŽƌŬ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ƉŽůǇĐĞŶƚƌŝĐ ŵĞƚƌŽƉŽůŝƐ

ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ ďƵƚ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŶŽĚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ

ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŵĂŝŶ ǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ ǁŝůů ƉůĂǇ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐĞŶ ƚƌĞƐ ǁŝůů ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ KƌĞƐƵŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƐĞůĨ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ƚĂŝŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĂƐ ;ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĞŶĞƌŐǇ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ Ğ͘Ő͘Ϳ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ dŚĞ ͚ŶĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͛ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͕ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĂ ďǇ ƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚĞŶŝŶŐ ,ĞůƐŝŶŐďŽƌŐ ĂŶĚ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ĂƐ ŶŽƚ ƐĞĞŶ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĞ͕ ďƵƚ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĂƌĞ Ğ͘Ő͘ ĂƐ Ă ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ ŵƵůƟƉůĞ ŶŽĚĞƐ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ŝŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ŵŽŶŽĐĞŶƚƌŝĐ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ǁŝƚŚ ŽƉĞŶŚĂŐĞŶ͕ ƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶ ƋƵĂůŝƚǇ ǁŝƚŚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ Ă ƉŽůǇĐĞŶƚƌŝĐ DĂůŵƂ ĂŶĚ >ƵŶĚ ĂƐ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŝƟĞƐ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚ

ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐͬǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ

ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚĞĚ ŶĂƚƵƌĞ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĂƌĞĂƐ ǁŝůů ďĞ ĂƐ ĮŶŐĞƌƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĞƌ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͕ ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐ ƚŚĞ ƐĞĂ

ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ƉƵďůŝĐ ƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ƐƟŵƵůĂƚĞƐ ƚŚĞ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ŶĞǁ ĂŶĚͬŽƌ ĞǆŝƐƟŶŐ ĐŝƟĞƐͬǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ

ǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ ǁŝůů ƉůĂǇ Ă ůŽĐĂů ƌŽůĞ ĂŶĚ ŶĞǁ ŐƌĞĞŶ ĐĞŶƚƌĞƐ ǁŝůů ŵĂŬĞ ƚŚĞ KƌĞƐƵŶĚ ƌĞŐŝŽŶ ƐĞůĨ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐ ;ĨŽŽĚ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ ĞŶĞƌŐǇ͕ ƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶ Ğ͘Ő͘Ϳ dŚĞ ͚ŶĞĐŬůĂĐĞ͛ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐ ŝŶ ĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͕ ŚĞĂůƚŚ ĐĂƌĞ Ğ͘Ő͘

... WHERE IS THE ORESUND REGION DEALING WITH UNTIL 2040?

CHALLENGES URBANIZATION

Worldwide more people will live in cities. Metropolitan areas are growing tremendously.

ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY

Worldwide the population is increasing. This development can be used by creating new economical centres to maintain or increase the current level of welfare.

MIGRATION

Everywhere the population is aging. To fill the gaps, migration occurs. Measures must be taken to maintain or increase the current level of welfare.

MOBILITY

The world is losing its non-renewable resources. More sustainable alternatives must be stimulated.

WATER

While 70% of the earth is covered with water, only 3% is used for human consumption. Drinking water need to be used thrifty.

BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity is serious declining. Therefore, not only in the rural areas, but also in the urban areas, the conditions for biodiversity needs to be re-established.

FOOD

Many products are imported from abroad. This process could be more sufficient to become less dependent.

PROSPERITY

The general well-being of individuals and societies is the core ambition for every competitive metropolitan area.

TOOLS URBANIZATION

Densifying urban areas to overcome an endless urban sprawl, so the difference between the city and landscape can be maintained.

ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY

Improving existing centres and developing new economical centres at strategic locations. This will create job opportunities and attract high educated work force.

MIGRATION

Attracting (high educated) immigrants to fill the gap caused by the aging population.This will maintain or increase the current level of welfare.

MOBILITY

Stimulating the use of public transport by situating education, employment and facilities near public transport stations will make commuting more sustainable.

WATER

Filtering (waste) water and re-using it for several purposes. For example energy can be gained from waste water.

BIODIVERSITY

A well balanced amount of connected green in urban areas will improve the biodiversity. Also green roofs improve biodiversity by absorbing water during heavy rain falls.

FOOD

Local food production can reduce the dependency of large scale farming and import products.

PROSPERITY

Engage every group in society, creating communities to bring people together, stimulate international development and make education and health care easily accesible as a strong basis for a prosperous society.

HOW CAN WE USE THESE SOLUTIONS IN THE NEW PLAN FOR 2040 TO SOLVE THE CURRENT PROBLEMS AND CHANGE THE ORESUND BECOMES A COMPETITIVE METROPOLITAN REGION?

ØRESUND REGION current situation

ØRESUND REGION international high speed connection by public transport

ØRESUND REGION local transport network connected to the regional and (inter)national public transport network

ØRESUND REGION villages without any potential (by location, job offer e.g.) will fade away during time and will turn into nature or transform into ‘providing centres’: - agriculture - high-tech farming - clean tech industry -

ØRESUND REGION strategic master plan flexibel increase of urbanization

WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES FOR COPENHAGEN?

2 NEW CENTRES AS EXAMPLES ...

KNOWING SYDHAVN

BRØNDBY FRUITFUL LIVING

KNOWING SYDHAVN

CURRENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK

NEW INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENTS IN COPENHAGEN

LIGHT RAIL

METRO LINE

INTERNATIONAL TRAIN LINE

STRENGTHEN EXISTING CENTRES AND DEVELOP NEW CENTRES AROUND THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATIONS

SYDHAVN AREA AT THE INTERSECTION OF MULTIPLE TRAIN LINES

SYDHAVN AREA AS A STRATEGIC LOCATION BECAUSE OF ITS PROXIMITY TO MULTIPLE TRAIN STATIONS AND NEW METRO STATION

POTENTIAL FOR A ‘KNOWLEDGE AREA’ BECAUSE OF ITS PROXIMITY OF BUSINESS AND RESEARCH CENTRES

source: Københavns Kommuneplan 2009

BY EXTENDING THIS CHARACTER OF A KNOWLEDGE AREA WITH MORE BUSINESS AND EDUCATIONAL FUNCTIONS IT WILL ATTRACT HIGHER EDUCATED WORK FORCE AND MAKE COMMUTING SUSTAINABLE

migration

SYDHAVN AREA WITH ITS PROXIMITY TO MULTIPLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT STATIONS, BUSINESS AND RESEARCH CENTRES

NEW DEVELOPMENTS - ENGHAVE PLADS METRO STATION - SYDHAVN EAST - CARLSBERG - ISLANDS BRYGGE SOUTH

(PARTIAL) TRANSFORMATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREA

NEW LANE STRUCTURE AND NEW BRIDGES TO IMPROVE THE ACCESSIBILITY FROM THE WEST AND NORTH

FACILITIES OF THE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS TO THE OUTSIDE TO MIX WITH ITS DIRECT SURROUNDING AND CREATE SYNERGY

CURVED PATHWAYS FROM THE OUTSIDE INTO THE CAMPUS AREA TO MAKE IT ACCESSIBLE FROM ITS SURROUNDING

SLOPE PARK

UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

STUDY TRAIN CARS

BUSINESS PARK

ENTRANCE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

VISUALIZATIONS

SLOPE PARK

BUSINESS PARK

ENTRANCE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

STUDY TRAIN CARS

densification

migration

life quality

REGENERATING BRØNDBY STRAND...

COPENHAGEN RAIL TRACKS WITH AN AREA OF 600 METER PROXIMITY

INTRODUCING THE NEW LIGHT RAIL

600 M PROXIMITY NEW RAIL TRACK

NEW (PROVIDING) CENTRES

PROVIDING THE ØRESUND

...ONE OF THE CENTRES AT A STRATEGIC POSITION...

BRØNDBY STRAND

IMPRESSION OF BRØNDBY

CURRENT TRAIN STATIONS AND THEIR 600 M PROXIMITY

densification

migration

life quality

NEW STATIONS: INCREASING MOBILITY

ZOOM ANALYSIS

CURRENT SITUATION WITH NEW STATIONS AND RAIL TRACKS

LARG INCOME DIFFERENCES

ANTI-SOCIAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY

low middle high

LOST-SPACE

? BUILDINGS ABOVE 20 METERS "LOST SPACE IS THE LEFTOVER UNSTRUCTURED LANDSCAPE OF THE BASE OF HIGH RISE TOWERS OR THE UNUSED SUNKEN PLAZA AWAY FROM THE FLOW OF PEDESTRIAN ACTIVITY IN THE CITY [...]" TRANCIK, R. (1986). FINDING LOST SPACE: THEORIES OF URBAN DESIGN.

HOUSING IN THE AREA IS DOMINATED BY NON-PROFIT HOUSING THE HOUSING AREAS ARE CHARACTERISED BY LARGE HOMOGENEOUS HOUSING ESTATES WITH FAIRLY MODERN APARTMENTS. PHYSICALLY THE AREA IS BUILT IN CLOSED FORMATIONS, NOT OPENING UP TO THE OUTSIDE WORLD, THIS CREATES A NON WELCOMING ENVIRONMENT.

SOCIAL AND SPATIAL ISSUES

• CONTRAST IN HIGH RISE AND LOW DENSITY FAMILY HOUSING

URBANIZATION densification

ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY MIGRATION migration

• HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT • LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES • GENERALLY LOW INCOMES

• 75% OF THE INHABITANTS ARE 1ST OR 2ND GENERATION IMMIGRANTS • LACK OF INTERACTION BETWEEN IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVE DANES

• COMMUTING OFTEN BY CAR

MOBILITY • TRADITIONAL WATER TREATMENT

WATER BIODIVERSITY

• URBAN SPRAWL INCREASES ONTHE EXPENSE OF THE GREEN FINGERS • LARGE AMOUNT OF UNUSED (PUBLIC) SPACES

• AGRI CULTURE IN THE GREEN FINGERS PRODUCES MOSTLY FOR EXPORT

FOOD PROSPERITY

CHALLENGES FOR BRØNDBY STRAND

• ANTI-SOCIAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY • LARGE AMOUNT OF UNUSED (PUBLIC) SPACES • BIG GAP BETWEEN IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVE DANES

URBANIZATION

• CONTRAST IN HIGH RISE AND LOW DENSITY FAMILY HOUSING • A MORE BALANCED DENSITY AND SPREAD OF BUILDING HEIGTS CAN GIVE THE AREA A MORE HUMAN SCALE • DENSIFYING BRONDBY TO SATISFY THE DEMAND FOR HOUSINGDEVELOPMENT IN THE WHOLE REGION

ECONOMICAL SUSTAINABILITY

• HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT • LACK OF JOB OPPORTUNITIES • GENERALLY LOW INCOMES • MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS CAN INCREASE THE JOB OFFER AND MAKE THE AREA MORE ATTRACTIVE FOR PRIVATE INVESTERS TO SET UP BUSSINESSES

MIGRATION

• 75% OF THE INHABITANTS ARE 1ST OR 2ND GENERATION IMMIGRANTS • LACK OF INTERACTION BETWEEN IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVE DANES • ENGAGE EVERY GROUP IN SOCIETY, NO MATHER THE BACKGROUND, BY CREATING STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS THAT MAKE PEOPLE INTERACT MORE

MOBILITY

• COMMUTING OFTEN BY CAR • THE NEW PUBLIC TRANSPORT LINE WILL CONNECT THE PROVIDING CENTRES • THEREFORE COMMUTING BECOMES MORE SUSTAINABLE

WATER

• TRADITIONAL WATER TREATMENT • ESPECIALLY PROVIDING CENTRES PRODUCE OFTEN POLUTED WATER AND WASTE • USED WATER AND WASTE CAN BE FILTERED AND RE-USED IN ALL SORTS OF FORMS

densification

migration

BIODIVERSITY FOOD PROSPERITY

PLAN AND DESIGN TOOLS

• URBAN SPRAWL INCREASES ONTHE EXPENSE OF THE GREEN FINGERS • LARGE AMOUNT OF UNUSED (PUBLIC) SPACES • CLEAR TRANSITION BETWEEN URBANIZED AREA THE GREEN FINGERS SHOULD BE MAINTAINED AS NATURE • UNUSED SPACES AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIIES CAN BE USED TO INCREASE THE BIODIVERSITY • AGRI CULTURE IN THE GREEN FINGERS PRODUCES MOSTLY FOR EXPORT • FOOD PRODUCTION AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT CAN GROW IN TANDEM • ON A LARGE SCALE IT PROVIDES JOBS, INCREASE THE LOCAL WELFARE AND ENHANCE THE DISTRICTS SELF-SUFFICIENCY • ANTI-SOCIAL HOUSING TYPOLOGY • LARGE AMOUNT OF UNUSED (PUBLIC) SPACES • BIG GAP BETWEEN IMMIGRANTS AND NATIVE DANES • INTRODUCING NEW HOUSING TYPOLOGIES TO ENHANCE THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT • ENGAGE EVERY GROUP IN SOCIETY, NO MATHER WHAT BACKGROUND, BY CREATING STRUCTURES OR FUNCTIONS THAT MAKE PEOPLE INTERACT MORE

BRØNDBY STRAND: fruitful living

CONCEPT

ion reg he gt in id ov pr

densification

migration

CONCEPT

diverse

life quality

leisure

green community

ion reg he gt in id ov pr

densification

migration

green community

commer cia facilities l and sport along be ach rout e life quality

CONCEPT

ion reg he gt in id ov pr

densification

migration

urban farming, a lo cal market and new ty pology of housing

commer cia facilities l and sport along be ach rout e life quality

CONCEPT

able use n i a t s u s nsive and ng and distribe t n i e r o i m e, provid r u t l district u c t i r n e i c ffi of ag ow selfsu n e h t g n i ut

densification

migration

urban farming, a lo cal market and new ty pology of housing

commer cia facilities l and sport along be ach rout e life quality

CONCEPT

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTATING DIVERSE LEISURE

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING DIVERSE LEISURE

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING DIVERSE LEISURE

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING DIVERSE LEISURE

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING DIVERSE LEISURE

IMPRESSION OF ACTIVITIES ALONG STATION TO BEACH

sport centre

wellness centre densification

migration

new and extended train station living/ livi ving/ commercial co commerci cial al

offices/ /living offices/ commercial life quality

to Arken museum & marina

restaurants music pavillion

DIVERSE LEISURE

beach park be to marina & new to be developed area

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING GREEN COMMUNITIES

IMPRESSION URBAN FARMING

n water clea

y rg

waste water

en e

solids

methane digester

composte

fertilizer

solar panels sewer

sewer

warming buildings

re-use for toilet water

green roofs

fertilizer

filter waste

electricity for cars

re-use for irrigation

heat storage

WASTE DISPOSAL AND ENERGY GAINING: A CIRCULAIR PROCESS

pipes for transport

re-use for toilet water

water/ coolingstorage

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING GREEN COMMUNITIES

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING GREEN COMMUNITIES

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING GREEN COMMUNITIES

"THE SOLUTION OFTEN LIES IN THE PARTICIPATION OF THE PEOPLE IN THE PROCES OF CREATING PUBLIC SPACE." MADANIPOUR, A. (2010). PUBLIC SPACE AND EVERYDAY LIFE IN URBAN NEIGHBOURHOODS.

semi-public public semi-public

LIVING: BUILDING TYPOLOGY & COMMUNITY LIFE

A PUBLIC SPACE THAT ALLOWS DIVERSITY TO BECOME AWARE OF ITSELF THROUGH FREE EXPRESSION CAN BE A SIGNIFICANT ASSET FOR A DIVERSE POPULATION. MADANIPOUR, A. (2004). "MARGINAL PUBLIC SPACES IN EUROPEAN CITIES

MIXED FUNCTIONS: LIVING, COMMERCE AND OFFICES WITH A “HUMAN SCALE”

densification

urban farming urban farming

migration

park

small forest

culture house

church

urban farming

high school

offices/ /living shopping street

mosque

recreational flights

life quality

GREEN COMMUNITIES

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING PROVIDING THE REGION

REFERENCES PROVIDING THE REGION

densification

migration

life quality

IMPLEMENTING PROVIDING THE REGION

agri culture solar power agri culture

agri culture

wind mills densification

migration

vertical farming

new distribution rail r track dist entr tre distribution centr centre

offices & parking

recreational flights

life quality

PROVIDING PROVIDING THE REGION

densification

migration

life quality

MASTERPLAN

existing high rise life quality

easy accessible corridor

SECTION URBAN FARMING AND MARKET

urban farming bike route

life quality

green roof

shops around market place market hall with grass roof

train track building block with semi/public garden

densification

MARKET AND URBAN FARMING

commercial centre

new train track new train station easy accessible corridors migration

life quality

SECTION NEW TRAIN TRACK AND OVERPASS

life quality

urban farming life quality densification

lower area with mixed functions (offices, commercial and living)

existing high rise

new track

existing high rise

new and improved trainstation opening up the over-pass

road to market life quality

migration

SECTION NEW TRAIN STATION AND OPENED UP RAILTRACK

easy accessible corridor

OVERVIEW INTERVENTION AREA

POLYCENTRIC STRUCTURE & ENHANCED MOBILITY

SUBSEQUENTLY IT IS NECESSARY TO DEVELOP THE INDIVIDUAL CENTER

TO SOLVE THE PROPOSED CHALLENGES ON A LOCAL SCALE TO DEVELOP THE ØRESUND AS A COMPETITIVE AND SUSTAINABLE REGION densification

migration

life quality

REVIEW THE ØRESUND