Φυσική Β' Λυκείου

Ynoypruo EourrHr lhmnnr ru OpnrKEYMATeN llnrmrormo INrrrrovro

rdtTl

Evtstou Auxefuu

0prmuuorEmornorArmrrrroNBrg,{toN

B'tdlr1 Evn[ou Auxebu

ro 6l6rKrtKdFt9l\iqrou Meon6<9oor1 mCeMnvrxiqxuFepvrioecoq run6vovroton6 rov Auxelou Tou Arlporrro0,rou l-upvoolouKqt 6opedv' xqt dtqrr6uovrq BrpAltlv A6oxrr6v Ex66oeoq Opyovrop6

YnoupyeioE0vtK{qlloldeiqq KqtOpqoxeupdrov fl o l6oytoyrx6lvorlro0ro

NIKO>AANONTE: KA>:ETA: IOANNOY ANAPEA>

B'td\r7 Evn[ou Auxebu

BIBAION EKAO>EO:AIAAKTIKON OPI-ANI>MO: AOHNA

npoq ro tolrlov flp6ypo1lgoEnou6civytq ro To ptpl(o qur6 e(vqtevop;.tovtop6vo EvroioArixerorot dler npor6rpeton6 rr1pt(xri ovopr6p9oonrou oXokxorjeyXep6tou Ouorrflyro rrlB' AuxefoufEA EnA TEArcrlvN. Aqn6vre,A. Kqoo6toxot I. Moup(rq,6x6ooqOEAB1997.

Eropdrq Moup(r4 - ev6q c,n6toug oqpowx6repoug H oupgeroXrjrou xo0r1yr1rr1 bdoxdrouqrnq guorxriqornv Ellt6do - orq ouyypogfl r:ounponyo6UevoueYxeptroOoptonrd crrqvnot6rqro rou Btplfou ctuto0.

6(ou,ouv6Bolr,e ExnoiEuloprororiperouq 6exd6egouvo66)rgougprogxoo4yryCgAewepop6opuoq 6euonqror rdroireporoug unefOuvouqrtrlv EpyoorqptoxtirvK6wp<ovOuotxtivEntmrlv re\x[ 6toorr;gdrvor ono(orpe rrg e0oroxeqnopornpfoetg toug ouv6Bo]r.ov rou ouyKeKptpt6vou U6peoon Btpliou.

Kotrrl!' x. Agpo6fur1ZepBoUmtg EuXoprmo0peenfo4grov x. Bqo0\qEu0upriou gpow(6egrov ono(urvoqeileror, oe peydlo po0g6,11xcdroroOqo(o rqg 6r66oqq.

Erouyary{ 7 Hlerrpoorurr rdg ollrllenr6ptior rg 'Htrex'rpo rar payvqrqs 10 H iworq ne6io 27 Htrexrprop6g rcr 6opr1rqg 6trqg 43 To qtrerr-prrd gopr(o onoOrlreferor 49 Eporrloergror npoptrrlporo 54 Nrorcoupiv'ro 61

To 4lexrprxri pcripo

.63

To garv6peva 64 H 0eopia yro ro qtrexrprr6pefpcx 70 'Evrcro4rou rltrexrprro6pedporog

75

H 6rc9opd 6uvoprrr<o6 79 To rllerrprr6 rfxlopo Avrrordre5

82

86

H yewrlrpro (rrqyr1)mo qtrerrprrd x6rlorpo Eporrrloergror npoplrlporo Nroroupivro

1O2

112

119

Muyvqn rdg oll4lern6pdo€r5 Eni6pooqpcryvrlrrrofrre6iouo€ p€uForog6pocry<oy6 122 To rltrerrprrdpefpo cosrrny4 payvqrrxodne6iou 129 ror n 6op4rq5 6trqg 14O O prcryvqrrop6g To pcryvqrrr6ne6iorrls fns

144

Epcorqoer5 rar npoplr;poro

146

Nroroupdvro 153 oG ffi0& & & *es& cfr& s& s& s&o s & s & s &

121

To npdplqpo rrls pâ&#x201A;Źrqqopdgevipyerog 156 To rporv6pevo rllerrpopcyvrprr4 encryoyrl 159 Or vdpor 165 Aurencry<oyq 169 H c{ronofqoqrrlg rllerrpoFcryvrlnKrl5 errayoryqg 174 Ep<orqoerg ror npoplrlporo

189

Nroroupivro 196

EpyomqproKds o6qyd5

199

A'pipo5 Epycmqprord5oorrloerg199 B'pdpogApoorrlpr6rqreq226

Brplroypagio........

Euper{pro............

...............

......231 ........233

O qtrerrpropd5ror o pcryvrlrrop6g,66o dworr;gprepuOrrdnopel06v, qrroritreoov, yrd €Korovrd6eg lp6vro, 66o 6rorpoperrrdrre6fo petrirrls rq orroio prilpr rov 6irqro fvoro or<rrvqcvorrr6ooovrov {e1<oprord rord rpdno trou i6erXvedrr 6ev eilo'r perc{6 rou5 rovevd5 ei6oug ouvdgero. H evorroiqorl roug unrlp{r: npoT6vrr15ovordluqlqg evtoi<ovvdp<ov,rpuppiv<ov xdrco qrr6 rqv rrorrrtriorov gotvopivcov rar o6rlyqoerq guorrq o€ Fltororvof,cylo orivOeorl,rr1 trey6pevrl qlerrpopcryvrlrrrq odvOeoq.

Kord rr1 porpdlpovq rropeio rrpos rrlv ev,onoir1or1, fvo o<op6dvOporror 6rog6prov eOvrrorrlrcov irror {cxvouorqorr rd p6lou g (pqr€urrlpcov rrou rrdp€upiorovro oe cxvorr6cp€uKrous rorero65> oMd, eirs ps rn Oe<opqrrrqroug rardprlorl, eire Fe -rrsr€XVrKigrouq lrqv6rrlr€S Kqr rrlv {e1<oprorq<pavrooio rou5, ouvdpotrov oro vq €firrdXuv0ofv or rorerof qurof onoreleopqrrrd. Or 6peuvegrou fdAlou Coulomb, (Kouldp) tou lrqlo6 Volta (B6lrcr), rou Aovo6 Oersted, ('Eporevr), rou enioqg fdlAou Ampdre (Aprrip), rov feppovc6v Causs (frdou5) rqr Ohm (OF) rqr r6pra rov Ayylcov Faraday(Oopcvrir) rar Maxwell (Md{youel) unrlp€ov ouverogopig, or onoieg oov rous lefpcppoug rrou xcrepoivouv qrr(i ra pouvd, 6rlprofpyqoov ro rrlqr6 rrordprrr4g qlerrpopuyvqrrrq5 odvOeorlg.

Boorro( oroOpoi rqg 6rc6popiS npoS rr1', refuxq o6v0eoq urr4p{ov I npayprororroiqorl rou rrelpdForos O':rsted, r1eroayroyrlr45 iworcg rou rreEiou ror q avordtrurpq rrlg q)terrpopcryvqrrrrlgerroytoy4s, evc6ro 0ecopqrrx6urrdpoOporrlg re,\rr4g oriv0eorlgunrlp€e ipyo rou JamesClerkMaxwell.

Irq 1820 ro rreipcpro Oersted arrordlurpe rqv 6rrop{4 o}lr1leni6pooqg ovdpreoooe pcryvrjre5ror qtrexr6rrxdpedporo xor 6qprotipyqoe rr1 pdorpq urro\Ufoyro rdrroro rorvti ororleio avdpeoa orov rllerrpropd ror rov Fcryvrlrlop6.H dpeuvc r<ov qtrercrpoptryvqrrrr6v oMqtrerrr6pdoe<rrv rrou srolod0qoe, qrovipoo€ Ftcxor6pq c6uvapriorou v€uro)vrrof rrp6rurrou. O Far;rday,urrorc0rorcirvro5 rqv dworo <66vopq o116srrooroorl) F€ rqv eu<puiororrl od}rlqrpq rou rre6iou 6uvdpe<ov,urrqp{e ouorqorrrd o rrpc6rogrrou o;rgroprlrrlo€ rrl veuratvrr{ 6uvoyrrq. Iro errirre6or(DVerpoppoyr6v,qvufiol6yrorqg o{iog unrlp{e r1ovordluqrn oro tlB31, and rov Faraday, 'Hrqv pto ovorou gqrvopivou rqg rllerrpoprcryvqrtrrl5en<ry<oyqg. rdlurpq rrou i6er{e orov dvoprorro rov rp6rro vo rrapdyer q}errpropr6oe peydtrq xliparo, dvo yeyovris rrou ftr rillo(r prftxri 6Xr p6vo rov rprirro rpyooiog xor 6ropialo45 alki ror curliv ar<i;,ro rr1 I

e HAEKTPOITATIKEI AMHAENIAPAIE IT

voorpolrio rou. M€prKig6erceriegapydrepoo Maxwell,6ivovrog ro orivotror4g voporilero5rou pioo cnd riooepr5p6voe{ror6o€rs qtrerpoprayvqrropo6, rrou ouvrorofv ro evtf6er{edrr or 6roropcq:ds oio qlerrpopayvrlrrr6ne6io 6ro6i6ovrororov yopo pe r6poro, ro orroiq ilouv rqv i6roraXfrqro KGrrov i6rolcpoxr{po pe ro qos.

'Eroro rltrexrprop6s Koro poyvqrropdgaqro6<oppopovrdorrlKov) pero(rj roug, evc60qKcxv orq ouviXeroKdrl"r€ro gos. l-pdrgope ro prplio curd pe rqv eniyv<ooq dr-rro prplfc cpuorxrlg rdOeenop;g 6evnpiner vo rqpdooouvr,) rilo5 rr15roropfogrq5 ovopconrvq5 orcdrpl5Kqrrrlv onordtrurfrlprro5olryoerogorrirvrog ror ovavrippqrr;5.Tov6irqro 6y6ooor<6vqq enrmrlprqe(agdvroeoprorrxd ro <1dprrou Aiq>qrr6 rqv orrio rou K€pduvorl. l-lprvorrd peprrig 6eroerie5e{orpdvro€ rrs ;.rcryvrlrrri5'noo6rqreg ror dpole orrl 0fo4 roug qtrerrprrdrpoprioxrvoripevo.

[1crogpnopeivoroXuprorei 6rr ro 4trexrpr16cpoprio0o undple r onroo6rlnor€ord le{rldyro rtov qrtov<ov fiou iplowor;

Irrl 6r6ooratrio r4g nepaop6vrlSrd€nS ruprdplqoe q veur<ovrxq o6v0eo4, 11Oeppo6uvaprrxrl xcxrol ovrimorX€S lrporcycoviorpreg ivvore566vopq rcr evipyero.Irrl 6eurripo'rd{q rou Aureiou, ro K€vrptr<6Odpo0o eivor 11qtrerrpopayvqrrrrl <r6v0eoq.

Flrorerjoupedrr o€i(e r rov x6rro vo aol1olr1Oe i rovei5 prerov qtreKrpopcyvrlrropr6.frorf 6ev eivor pr6voo 6urr6rrr4g rrou nordpe yra vc ovdtl.rerro grrls. O qlerrpopoyvqrropd5 eivar ivq npdypo ruprolerrrrd ouvucpaopivope rov rpdno nou (o6preror q e{dprr1or1 pog crr'out6v pdoo o116To q<osrrou FoS 6iverr'arroyedporo., F€oa qrrd rqv rqtreonrrrrl errdvo, ro ovfprxopo rtov oocvofp 11rrlv evepyerorcqrpogo6ooic rr15proprllcvic5 pcrg,6qproupye i fvc rrerorrrd errrXeip.ltro yrq rrlv ovcryrcrcirrlTovs rov lruopiooupe. Aev eivor pdparo to 1.rovo6rx6. l-ro 6oou5 routrirXrorov vr<60ouvrrlv ovdyKrl vo avoporq0o6v yra rq 6opq Kor rrs trerroupyie5rqg 6Iq5 ror va ern6rr6{ouv vo rrlv Korovo{oouv, q yvcoprpioxar 11e{orreiotorl p€ rd qlerrpopcryvqrrrd gorv6yevc ouvroro6v rrpoOrro0io€rSorropoirqreg.

I

e

La

A^^Fr^rr'A'A:E -^EKTpo>Ta-rKrr :

NPOTO KEOAAAIO

HrtEr{rpocrcil umtqt

urtrtrTif,emtdp,donS

'Hlexrpo xal poyv{r4ge O rl}errproFfs. To qtrerrpr16 <poprio une6r To qlerrptr6rpoptiodyerorr rV,ro Ouvoyrotr5 ollqtrenr6pdoerg pq(TTqpcryoy(> o o rrlv cpopriou. yra v6pos O rou Coulomb O Xovq Uqo H dworc re6io o l-leiiior<or yvqrro;rdgo Or r6r<irqres rtov pcryvrlrtov 6pdor1 on6 ondorooqo [-leprypocprl evd5ne$iour To rl}errptrd'ne6io . 'Evrqorlrllerrprro6ne6(ouo Tonoypqcp(q ev6gne6iouo [r.,voprrcd o Muyvqrrrdne6for To 4lrxrprxrigoprio xor q 6oprir4g ril4g o o Torltrerrpr16 Htrerrpdvro <poprio otq 6opqrou ordpou.o H 6rrlrrlprlo orl rou rllerrprro6gopriou Hlerrp<jvrq ele60epoo To llelrrplxd r o o goprio anoOqxederct O nurvorqg Orjprrorlror errpdp'-ro4 o o rpoprropivou Evipyetc nur<vtorq Enine6os nurvorqg H Xtr:F,rlrrrde No kiooupr rpopf{. rnro . Na 0up40oripro Nq ovupalrqOod;rr .

Nroxou;rdvro.

Ftrro

O rltreKrpropos HAercrpxf0o ner rdrr rrou d1er oXioq pr;qler<rpo.[lpdyporr orqv rorvrldrcpqrou vqporog5tr<rrv rov qlerrltrr<<6v yeyov6rcov undpXel ro xelprprndpr, ro rlpr6rogovdg orepe6ulrr6 ro onoio mqv opXoio ellr;vrrq ytrcOooo trey6rov r1Aexrpov. l-1pot:pXercr o116perofvrKovog6prov6dv6p<rrv ro orroioorq 6rdpr<erq orc6vrov orlqpuve.Ie ro0qprl rordorooq eivorn 6popqnnirpo rrou Xprlorporroro6pre oro Koprrotr6yropog.

Or 'lorveg*0o rrpirrer vo qrov or mp<irorrrou 6rorr(orooov rq yvcoorrlnopd{ev4 r6rdrqrcrfiou ofioKrd'ro rllerrpo - 6orepc orrd rqv rprBrl rou p€ ivcr ro;rpdrr drpooprc-va ftrrer prrrpdetrocppdovrrreipeva. flop6tro fiou rl Pl{doSp Nw tttEtu,fm D! oqpooio rr15ld{q5 qAercrptoltdg iXer oqpepo 6reupuv0ei;rnopo6pevo 6e1ro6;recu5apXrxq Magneticifq; corporibus & magno oqpooio rqs rrlv 1616111ro fiou rropouo6(et Mrgoctcrclluc, fc librir comprchcofus. r Gvtr r :r r o Gr r r r r r o Col+ ro relprpndpr dorepa ond rprpry.

Or 'Ellqve5 cpoive'rorrror5c6racpdprlocvyro rov qle rrprop6. Altrri ror ol6rlrlpq q ovOpor6rrlro rord rrg 66c,lheries rrou orotro60qocv 6ev 66er(evo ou1'rrveiroro116our6v. To en6prvo op6oqpo orrlv e{ifu{rl rcrlv r6e<6vyro rov qtrexrpro;r6 epcp<rviorqre p6lrg oro 1600 'Hrav ro rrepigq;.roo6ypoppo ;rerd Xpror6v. tltpi ltuyvqru-ty -De A4agnete-pdoo oro orroio o William Cilbert(OuiXropfrrnpnepr),o ouy8 8 Dr l{ t, ypo<piogrou, roXupf(erqrdrr q rrapdlevq r6rdT tfi Go T ztANt3 , rnro rou qlerrpou er<64lc6veror rqr oe dllo Arro lL DC. Errt. oc6;.rarodrr<o5ro yucili ro Oeldgr,ro peroivr, ro pouloripr, ro 6roprdvrrKdro opriOuorog.O Cilbert 0o 611;rroupy4o€l Kol rrlv rcrvoripyrolf{q qAercrprcd yro v(xloporcrqpioer 6}o ro u-

MAGNETE, lE6.g.d6fddqf.

+ (Dctivtrar 6n o nputrog dv9ponog rrou i6er{e ev|,o,gts>ov yn ng eAxnx(c, \ovar6rrlreq rou 4)txrpoo qrav o O<xA4so MArlaroq,. IloAAoi roroptxoi :r1c,tmorrllLrlq'ro anooronoiv.

O lohn Bernal ypdgu oXe'n<d <O qAexrprcp6q eiXt tva paxpt xat po9rxd naptAo6v. An6 roug nch6rtpouq lpdvoug noo yvu;pi(ou1tt. ot av9pu.tnot 9qoatpr(av ro 1Aenpo xar taLug tiXctv naparrlprloer 6n pnopo6oe 6artpa anr6 rp$tj va iAxu pxpa o<byara 'Hrcv guorx6 va 6oov xcttrqv avaAoyia avdyeoa o'aurryv xat n1v noAt rcXupdrepry 66vay4 rou 'Hrav urio4c cpoorx6 va evoayarti;vouv rs 6Lio u6yv4rq Ecttv6ywct orrl yevtxrl poyrxrl ox(lql4 rav apyaiav yp6vavr.

I

e IAPAIEI: HAEKTPO:TATI KE: AAAH^EN

ono

6rr<o9ro qtrerrpo. furd nou ouprr€prqdpovrdl 'Evogoqpeprvdg rordtrc,yos0o Frropotio€vo oupnlqpcoOef Fs rrlv rropo€Idvrl,ro vdrlov, ro ldro rrtroortrd, ro Koouorrxo/ ro ntre{,ryr<trd5, oMd rr 6Xrprdvope rootiKtrr1prfro,rc xepcrprrrd, qurd. fro vo eivorrrtrqp'qg 0o irrperr€vo oupfi€prtroppdver 6lq ro ocirpororrou oqpepotrdyovror 6rrltrerrprrdr1provcrlrig.

H xoOqptprv{ epnerpic. H or<dvrlrrou po(€6€rol oro 6foxo xoO<ri5 rroi(er ro nrrdn, ro rfvoypo rrou vrc60eto o6qydg oyyi(ovrog ro opd{opo rou ouroKrvqrou,or yv<loroi ere ivot Odpupornou orodpe ror or prrxpigoniOe5nou pldnoupe ra0c65pyd(oupe ro vdttrovnouvq rol der oro oorpropo5, rdpro6 pog ev6 rourdXpovo ro vrcilOoupe rrou ou;rpoivouvperd aourti yeyovdro rllerrprrd, 611lo611 oqv eivor Kot rov opo qA(.116rqv rprprl rou qlerrpou. Av lprlorporror4ooupre Krprcq <og6ro6rrooiq rqrd rqv orroio ivc rrri;.roorrorrd qle rrprop6 ;rnopo6pevo rro6pe drt oro 6ioro rou fitrtirt, oro ;reroMrrd opd(crlpo rou ourorrvrlrou Kororo vdrtrovrrourdptoo ouvdprl qldrrprorl pe rprpq.

Or rpuorrofpipcro 6evpivouvorqv ruloio ncpor4pnorl.Avcnapdyouvro y€y()v6rooto epyoorrlpro, opyavr6vouv rlS fiqpcr4piloergrouS,<prrdXvouv dvrorvodpyreg ouoreuig,6qpro.rpyo6vrcrvoripyreg vor€S/ epnlouri(ouvrq ytroooqrous/ errtorporefouv rq poOrlparrrd, ovorp6Xouv orq yrc6orl rrou rrpoOrrdpler, exrelodv rrerpdporc, perpo6v, roroyp,d<pouvKor orro6elrrt6vouv rq prlv6trraroror rcrotrr;youv oc ouprrepdoporq ro orroio rotrprodvrsr yevrre6ouvqrrorqlcd',rrdgrc vripoug.

lotr-r6v,{eriv4oe arroH eplcm4prcr{ epnerpio. O r1trexrprop55, x.trerorrrdror ;rdvo pe fl{er5 oov cur6g rr,ru ovccpipope.'Orrcogr<dvouv Koror <puorroipnopofpe vo rrs cvrrrrcpcydyouFsoro spyoorqpro, vo rrS noporrlpqooup€ fi€prood-repope0o6rrdKol vo ovo(qrrlooupe rot rdnoto nooortrr1 npooiylrroq. lro vo ro r<ororpipoupre Ocrlperooro(,pe e16rrdgouoreudgrot enrornFovrKd5ivvoreg.Or ouoreudg0o pr<x5 e{urrqperqoouvoro vo ovcrropdyoups rq yeyovdro p€ Tov rp6no rrou Oitroupreepeig. Or iworeg pd5 eivor onopoirqrss oro vo nr:prypdqoup€ ourd nou 0o 6rorrrororooup€orrl ytrc6ooorr;5 errrorqpr15.H iworo 11orroic rrpo5 -e HAEKTPO:TATIKEI AAAIiAENIAPA:EI:

ro fiopdv 0o pa5lperoorei eivorq (v€urar\,tK4) 6rivopr1.

H rflexrprrcq ilqn eg eivorprio66vopr1 nou 0o prropioorlrsvq rrl ouyr<pivoupe pe dMeg6uvdperg yvarrig. A4rqouoreuqrrou 0o prog errrrpirpelvo ovrXvedooul.J€ ov iva oc6par,ivcrr;lexrpiopivo,oitrd Korvo erporedooup€ TrooorlKdouprrrepdopdro efuq,,o ley6pevoq_ lerrpr 16 (r1rller<rpoor_arr rd) errpepdg.Eivrxivo elagpd o116.rourpo{utrrd, ",p",pfS,b gefu(61,eire otroupivro/ l:p€poopivopetrenrd pe_ ro{dvro vrlpc-cn6 povcorrr<d unoorrlpry;.ro.'Av nlqordoouperqv dKpnplos'yudtrrvrlg rllexrpropiv4gpdp6ou,11y<rrvro xord rqv onoio 0q srrordiverro vrlproorrd rr;v rorox6pu<po,r<o0c65 ro ogorpi6ro poon rrls qtrerrprr45fl{qg _66vo-

xil;;il?#J;;:,;txfi":l;

Epeuvrivros fi€rpqporrr<drqv qlirrproq rrov ourpdrov Kor rtS popgis otrlqleni8poo_q5 rorcl rlyoupre os ()uyK€Kprpivo ou pne pd_ op0r0 ro orro(o yevrrerjoupe.

-l. Mnopo1lte va ryAxrpiooupe tva o6pa q. tdv ro rpi,qtoupepe tva xo;tp6rt lgaopa tftt p.. axouprryooulr€ o€.iva 1.,617 q,\exrprcp€vo orulta.

3dv -ro ^ Atio 2. ryAercrprcptvaocapara aAAr1Lendpolv.H aAAr1Atniipao4 roug txirlArbvtru dre pe tA€,r1 eire pe <inusor1.

I

e HAEKTPOITATI KE>AAAHAFTIIAPAIE II

ToqtreKrprr6 goprioune0Buvo yro rrgotr\rltrenr8pooerg Or 66o qilexrpropoi.Xperd(eroriocogvq roviooupedrr n dl€n ror q drr<ooqeivor66o yeyov6roevrel<696rorpoperrx6.

Avr6 el vor rdrr nou 6evouppoiverF€ rrs popurrrig oltrqlerrr6pdoer5, or onoieg eivor p6vo elrrrxi5. H naporrlprlorl yrq 6t1o6ro<poperrxo65r6noug 4lerrprr<6vollqlenr6pdoecovydvvrloerar rqv r6dc yrCIrrlv ro{rvdpqoqr<ovocopdrovor 6rio opd6eg.Idpcpcovope curqv ro oc6pcro,6rov rllerrpf(ovror, o) egdoovorroOodvror ovrlxouvorrlv i6ro op66o p) egdoovitrxovror6evovrlrouvorrlv i6rc opd6o.

Tov 18o orc6voo l-dllog Dufay(Nrrgi) 6roreiverordl oe xsOeprd orr' ourig rrg oprd6eg eprcpovi(eror iv,r 6rq(poperrr<i ei6o5qlexrproprod.

Mrtrder, 641a6r1, yro 66o r1lerrpr,rpo65, roug orroiougovop6(er uaA<1s64 ror pqnv<it64,evcdnopdll,qlo Oe<opef oniOcvqr4v drrcp€nev6grpirou ei6ougqtrerrpropo6.

Auvdpergpera{ri qlexrprxtiv gopriarv. Iov i6roqrc6voyewrjOrlre xor 4 r6do6t xo.rdrqv qlixrpwq onotou\ryrrortocopcrogeprgcvi(eru <xdn>ro onoio ovopd(erorqlexrpr16rpoprio.

To goprio eivqr<rdrr>,ro orroio6evr,l ei6errorCxcvei5.AeviXerpdpogo6re 1pc6poofre 6rqordoerg.).ro epc6rrlpo<n ovoltd(erat qAexrpxdgoprio> 6evprropodpevo 6ciooupre orrdvrqorl. Orrcog ouppaiverrcr ;r'dlleg iwore5 6eveivqr6uvor6vvo ro opiooul.t€, vo ro rreprypdgoup€,6qtro6r1, pre6pou5orr),o6orepoug. l-lpogro rrdpdv, ro goprio 0o eivoryrCIFCIS rdrr ro orroio eprpcvi(eroror-o rllextproprdvo o<oporoKdrro orroioeu06vercrr yto rts qtrerrprrigotrlqtrerrr6pdoer5.

Avri vo 0e<opo6pe drr ro drrqqtrerrpropivoocirpoooref 66vapqoro dMo, 0c lipe drr ro golrrio rou ev65soref 66vopn oro rpopriorou dllou o<6porog.Kdrr qvdloyo iyrve Kql F€ rts popurrrig otrtrqlenr6pdoer5, o'rrgorroie54 euOrivrl cno6604reorrl popurrrq pd(o'rou rd0e oc6poro5.

Ooprio 0errx6xar goprio cpvqnr6. H r[,dqrou Dufayyro 66o ei6r1 rllerrpropof pere{eli10r1xe oe r6doyro 66o rdnoug 4trerrprro6 gopriou, ro 0enx6 Korro apv4nrc6,oe 'rpdrror6ore rq opcovupc goprio vo grrtoOofvrorKorro erepcovup(r vq dtrrovrot.

To Oerr16cpoprioeivol o rlrlpov6po,;rou uolc66ougrllexrpro;ro6.@errr6ovoyd(ou1tero Eoprio nou eygdvi(erar oro yuaAi,6rdv ro rpi,tpoupe ye peraf<nr66gaopa.

To cpvqtrr6 goprio eivor,perr1oerpdrou, o rlqpov<ipo5rou prlrrvc66oug4trerrpropro6.

Apvqnx6 ovol.td(ou1te ro goprio rrou eygdI

e H^EKTPOITATIKEI AMHAENAPA:EI>

pt pdAfuvo6gaoya. viC,erat orov tpovirrl,6rdv rov rpi,tl,touye Btrinoupe6rr yro va opioouperq OernrdrrlrdKdrrrlv opvqrr16rqrq rou gopriou Xprlorpofiorodpe 66o o6rropivoultrd rt qurd 6ev eivornopd prioodppcorlq onoio dXerenrrlrarqoer. yro ro 66o eiOr li€erS0enx6 ranapvqnxdrrou XpqorFonorotipre gopriou eivcr,guorrd 6crveropive5 orrd rrlytrcbooorcovpo0rlpro611 rrrciv. H errrtroyq6eveivorrulcio. Booi(ttor rrdvo orrlv eprrrerp(o -rr d1 pdvoo' ourrlv- ofycp<ovo F€rrlv o'noiopio rroodrqro Oerro6 rpoprfouror prioioq rroodrqro opvrlrrKo66rqv ouvundplouv ro onoio rpipver oro i6rooc6;roeprpavi(ouvono'rileopro<prr16iv>, ev65Oerrrodopt0po6pe rrls npdoOeorlg oro vou ro crrrorftreopo rov qv'ri0er6 rou. :ipoupe errioq5 <itr qv 66o oc6poro,yuotrfror perd{r,ytq rro-

pd6erypro, rprgrofv pero{6 rous Frorro<popriouperoprpd(eo6rrlro r1trerrprrc,6 ror orrd ro ivc oro dllo Korrl qpxrK4ntr.rrp r rc 1o1u 6 e re p 6 rrlroK o rd o rp irp e t o r. rrepinroorl ro yuclf eprErqv rrporerpdvrl govf(e, or -e{ opr,rpo6-pe Oerr16rpoptio Korro perd{r pe ioo opvrlrrrdcpoprio.

{ \ t

qoprio oy€rol ToqtreKrprKo Mro dtrtrqoq;rcvrrxrl r6r6rrpc rou rllerrprrof gopriou eivqt n oyoy{.'H6n o116rov 1Bo qr(6vqor epeuvrlrfgovrtper<rrrrr(ovrov q}errpropd ocrv iva o6paro fipdypo rrou Frropodoe vs pier prioo crr6 6rdrpopc oorporo -6rro4 or uypo( orrdyror Kqr ro pdrollo- Xtopis 'Hrov, {iqtro64,fvc apcpig peuvo rropdrnpeiror percrivqoq 6trr19. ord rrou ro dtreyovprdfuoro qAexrpx6 peuor6. Mro ovdloyq ovrfiqqrrl sfirKporodoe rqryro rrl 0epp6r1ra.

Ero epyaorripro. A5 orprlooupe6pog va pog roOo6qyrloerror rrdlt ro neipol.ro. fldvcrr oe pdoq o116rrtroorrr6 Bd(oupe pro pdp6o 1dtrrrvq.

Irrl yrc rqq dr<pqiloupe gpovrioer vo'ronoOerrlooupeivo rllerrprr6 ro orroio 0a orroreldo€r yro FqS r()v ovrlveutrl qtrerrprr<rtv erc<pepri5, pdp6o epovirrl. rpoprirrrv.Irqv dM4 crouprndpreprrcqtrexrpr<4rivr1 (o)

I

e HAEKTPO:TATI KEI MAHAENIAPAIEII

Apio<oqptr6noupero ogcrpi6rovo ikerqt ctrrdtq ldlrrvq pdp6o. rq pdp6oepovirqq il{r1 6rarqpeiror.H nopoAv orroparpdvoupe r4prlon pdg o6qyeio' €va,troyrrdoupnipcopo. To ldtrrrvo qv'rrreirqv pevoqtrerrpiorqr<e ;reenorpq.Mnopo6pevq XplorForrorrloou;re fworo Eoprb Korvo trtpeEoprioqre. H pd[]6o5epov(rqro6 peropfpooerltrerrprrd<poprio.Htrerr-prrd rpoprioepgoviorqreotqv dtrlr1 drpq ror rrpordtrror rrlv itr{q oro ogorpf6rorou exrpeporjq.

(Dqiverqr6rr q Xdtrxrvrlpdp6o5entrperperq yeraxivqoq r1trercrpxoti rov ovrxvturrl;rnopo6Eopriou pdooorr' ourrlv.Xprlorponorc6vrog pe vo 6ronrorrirooupe 6rr ro qtrerrprr6goplio rrou ;rercprpdo'r4re oto Xdtrrrvoorilpo eivqrqrrlopdvo o' 6trqrqv drroorl rou. Av ovrtprirolpdp6o pe dllq o'n6 6rc<popetr16 rcroorqooup€ rrl 1dtrrrvr1 tro,ro rparvdpevo 0o errovatrqgOef. iAv dprco5 orrl 0ior1rrlg perolfurrlgpdp6ot),XpnorForrorqooupre vqv rrlqo'rrr6 Xdpora, ro prqvuporrou rroipvoupepd5 trdetdrt oro qlerrpt16 rpopdtrlo drpo rou rrtroottrodldporo 6evovrlS,srjeror rio. Eivoroov ro rrlqorrrd vo eprro6i(srrrl FsraKivrloqrllerrprrod rpoprioupioo on6 qur6. Mrq yudhrvrlpdp6og,ivo loprdvr/ ro F€rd{,r, q nopoetrdvrl,rrcpouord(ouvrrop6pc'roFt ro rr}qorrrd ouprreprcpopd.

Mnopodpre va xdvoupeprrorrp6lerprlro€rvdpqorlrov ocoprdrcov qlepe rprrqproro ov €rnrpinouv q 6everrrrpinouvrq preror(vqoq rrprro6 gopriou prioaorrd qurd.

Ta o<6;lororrou errrrpirrouvrrl ;rerorivrlorlrpopriou,ro ocopogoprio dyerat, ro -p€ dtrtrotr6yro-pdooorrd ro onoic ro r7,\ercrpx6 pc trdyovrcr r1ilercrptrcoi ay<nyoi.Qopr((ovror pro orrtrq enorprlo116 odrpaKdrro <popr(orrou qrroKrodvorrtrc6vedva dllo rpoprroprdvo ror o'6111rqv irrco4 rou5.To prdroMo,ro uv0pcorrrvo o<opa,11yq, eivorcrycoyoi.

Movur€q,triyovror rc ocbpcrarrou 6eve'nrrpirrouvrq prerorivrlp' dllo trd,yro, ro qopor1gopriou pioo on6 aurd. Arropovc6vouv, r-io,6nou epgovi(eror/o€ pro rreproX(rou;. To yuotri ro rllextpo Kqrrq dtrIo ufurd trou ovacpipcpeeivar;rovrrrrd5. ..

YUo Ii Aooflxo "

{ ,l^o

nuprflo

YepFovl0

oidqpoq

1otrxdq

\$'rUq-!oryo.s

KqrFovorig, rrou H 6rdrprorlaurq rov orrrpdrcovoe crycoyotls rrpord04reya npc6rqgopd rord rr5 opXi; rou lBou orc6vc,orqv orrtrouoreurrrrl.Irlpepo Ai;re6116trqra utrrerropl pog Oe<opeircr rd e;.rcpavi(ouv rdnorq qtrerrprxrlcryoyr;rdlqro.Tc 6rdrpopcutrrrd I

e HAEKTPOITATI KEI MAHAE II IAPA:LI:

Tol6lrrvoxoppfuppireror n6vor oe p6oqpovornr{ roroppx6eivor qoprropdvo.

Todeflver rou 4 ondxfuo4 errpepo{g-ovrlveurti.

Avxdnoroq pero ldprrouro pdrollo,ro oroupnfoer rouerrpepo0g oqorpi6ro enovdpleror or4vxoroxdpugrl 060q.

Oeoporjpe drr pdoo rwf04xe ondro llerrprrdgoprio ov0p6nrvo o6uo||posTnfn.

vq ro xor-ord(oupepe rprrrlprorrlv FrropodF€ rF4S rrls cryoyrF6rn'rds rous. Oo ilou;.reFroliorq, orrl Ftd dKprlrtls oTroros0c rrpfrrervo urrdpx€rouooop€uorlqurc6vrrou ovopd(oup€oytoyods €vc6orrlv di\lr1drp4 0o ppioxovrorol ev6gperdltrou,yro Fovorrfs. H oy<oyrpr,5rqro nopd6erypo, 0o eivorrrevrdxrgexoroppfprogopig peyotrrlreprl cnd sK€fvrlrou yuCIfuod.

Ie pro ypcptr4percgopdgro rll€KrprK6 goprio rrveiror notr6nro edrolq pricroorrd erorovtd6eqptrrdl.l€Tpoperolfurododllporosrrqpd prfooorrd ro trryc exo'roord rou povcor4o orrofoslopi(er ro odppo o116rov n6pyo rrou rov orqpf(er.Iro pera{6, oro pioov nls li'orqs eprrpovi(ovror ro <rpopepdrror6rd>rqg rllerrpovrxr;g€fiqvdorooqs rou 6efrepoupr,rodrou 20ouqrc6vo,ol 4tildY(|)Yoi. H [q xcr o riv0pornos. H frl eivor aycoy6gdrrr<o5

ror o dvOpronog.

Aur6 dllore pog epnc,6f(er oe opro;rivegenr6rr6xor pc5 dl}ore e{unqperei.

Av, yro rrcpd6erypc, our6 ro {e1d{erg rar vo ooupr€ Oel4ooupe rltrerrpiooupre iva roppdrr pirollo rpcrc6vrqs ro pe ro lipr rar rpipovrdgro ndv<rloe 6qooprc,ypqyopo0o roroldpoupe 6rr eivarpdroro.Auvardrrlro vd nerdlou;re xdrt r{.roro Oo iloupe pdvoov ego6rdooupero priratrlo F€ prq povorrrq tropr1ror ro rrrdooupeorr' ourrlv. Av 6evgpovriooupevc xdvoupe xdrr ovdloyo, q qlCrrproq0o pororc6veror, yrori ro rpoprionou <epgcvi(eror)F€rqv rprpq peroxrveirorprCo<o rou cry<oyrpou oc6pro169pogrrposrnv ay<6ypr1 fr1.

O odptrg.'Evorltrerrpropivocvrrrefpevo,CIpyd4 ypiyopo rrquervo eivarqtrerrprqrdvo.

Yne60uvog yr' ourd r;ivoro oipoq, o orroio5rupicogdrav iler uypooioeivcrcryoydgrou qler<rproproU. qnd ro rllerrprMnopodpevo trdpe6n ra goprio 6porrrerefouv o;rivo ovrrreipevoorov oipo r16rr ro ovrrxefpevo exEopri(erat.Ta goprropivo pog rlAerrpoox6rrro, 6rov oge0o0vorov oipo, ergopri(ovror.

To 4trerrpoox<irrno.

To rllerrpoororr16 exrpeprig,ro onoio pog porlOder vo ovrXve6ooup€rqv (rropouoio qtrerrprrodgopriou 6eveivorpdpcrc xqvdvq<ipyovor6roirepo euoiooqro.To qtrerrpoor.6rro, o yvroor65ovrlveurrlgrrou urrdpX€roro o1ofurd epycxorqpro, 6ro0drerrrotrf peyoldrepeg6uvar6I

K

e HAEKTPO:TATIKEI AAAHAENIAPA:EI:

rrlr€S. Evvoeiror6rr rcorqurd eivor oXe'rrr6,5e6opdvou6rt orrlv enopl pa5 undplouv rllerrpovrrd 6pyavo fiou rl euoroOqoioroug rdver or6pro Kor ro qtrerrpoox6firo vo 6eilver ouyrptrrrd rrprrrrd,yovo.

1su18ouortirvo 6r00Ke60(er 0 "x0tr6$xriopogu [s TovqleKrptold.

Mropnxovnyrqrrlv(nol)oycryrl, goPri(l)v Arrd ro pdoo rou 17ou orr6vqor Euporroiorcippoav rno vo yoqre6ovrqr crr6 rov rlle xrproprd.Apxtrof qrcv tK€ivorfiou rrpoorrdOqoov vo KorooKeuooouv prlxovq rrou 0o prropouoevo nopdysr <qtrerrprop6>oe peydtregnoodrqreg. H npcirq Fnxcvi suro6 rou ei6ou5-qle r<rpoororrrcrl Fnxov{- roroore udorrlK€ oro 1662 orq [e pproviao116rov Otto von Guericke('Orro <povlrdprxe).Boorxdg rqg rpqpo qrov pro orporpo orr<i Oerdrproov K€cpdtrrrro16ro6,rrou orpeg6rov ytipo crr6 d{ovo ror qtrerrpr(6rov. O n€rpoporrorqg dyyr(e rqv enrrpdvsro rrpoKotrc6vrogqldr<rproqpe rprprl.

H rllexrpoorcrlx{ p41cv{ VVhimshurst,rrou ouvqo1ofu16epyaorqpro, eivot 0<og6rcx0irerdva etrtrqvrr<6 orr6yovoq rqq pq1ovr15rou Crttovon Cuericke.

'E1er66o orpo6ir<'regor orroior,drov 11p41ovr1trerI

h

e IAPAIEI> HAEKTPOITATI KEI AAAHAETI

roupysi,qoprf(ovrot p€ gopri'o6rogoperrro6r6nou. Mnopod;re vo XprlorFonorqooupe pro rirorc ;rqXcrvq yro vo naipvoupe6oe5 rroodrqre5gopriou Odloupe,eire Oerrro6€iT€opvlrrKo6,Xtopi5vo vo rpi'poupsyudtrrvo4 r<eXprpnopdvro ocbporoos Fdl rXp€rdqsror vo q pera{corducpdo;roro.

O v6posrou Coulomlb Ko0r65{eruhyeroro lBog orc6vog, o q}er<rpropdg -oe ovriOeoqpe rq Neurcovrrq 6uvoprrq-Oeorpeiror errrorqpr4 ef rolq Xopfsxo0dlou poOq;rorrrd.fro rov nol6 r6oproervoror6po prcryrx65, er<Ooppcorrrdg, 6roore6oorrrd5 ror nopd{evog.Og errrorrlpqnopoprfver o16;rooro errirre6oFrCIS fisrpCIForrrc6v 6e6opivrov ouooc6peuorl(; Kqrrroporqprloeov,or orroiegfipcypor()fiorofvrorpreouoxeui5,6rrcrrsor 4lerrpoororrrdg ;.rq1ovfq rcoror rrurvorig.

'Otroourd rrou ouppoivouvrreproodreporreprypdgovrorrropd eppqve6ovrcrpfoc o116fwore5 rrou iXouv oro prera{rierrrvoqOei. H orrouoio ro)v fiooorrrc6vouprrepoopr,ircov opXf(erva yiverororo0r1rq.Kovivogvdpog6eviXer ordpo 6rorurro0ef.Trlvi6roenoXrl ot <puorrof<rrror€6ouv)orov v6prorrlq noyxdoprrog il{45 nopdlo rrou 6evdXe r pilpr r6re qrro6erl0e f rrrr6loparrxd.

H vsur<rrvrrrl ouOevrforupropXe i rrdvo orrlv €upcrrrrolxrl errrorqpovrr<r1 oriqlr1xor rrepr0<6pro yro cgrprop4r4orl.

6evorpr;ver Avdpeoooe 66o orrorro6rlrroreHd(eSrrrorerierqrorr orroo6qrore cxore irqr pro itrfr1ond orr6oroo4 ovdloyrl rrposro yrv6pevorov po(c6vroug r<orovriorpoqo ovdtroyqfipos ro rerpdy<ovorrlg on6oroo4groug.

F -- c

mlT' K'

To 1785 o fdtrloq CharlesCoulomb (Irrpl Koul6pr){e rivqoe rrlv npc6rq fi€rpopqrrKq rrooorrr<r1 dpeuvo ndvcrrorrg 4trer<rprr<d5 oltrr1q oTroior<apnogdpqor Korri6<ooerov rrpc6ro v6po rq5 trerrr6pdoerg, errro-( ;rr1grou qlerrproprorj.

To epdlrrlpa. flprv o11614 6rarrlrrolorl r;vd5rpuorrof v6prouundp1er ouv(O.u5dvo epc6rqpofiou 6ev iler crrd;ro onovrrlOei. Irqv rrepirrr<oor1cu'rr1ro ep<6rqpc qrov: Or nl€.l<rpKi.qaAAqAernipdoeq uT o epy or o u C h a rl e s -ns,xo6or.tvdpag ot xdnoto nooortx6 v6yo; Ilotoq eivcxto vdyoq, aoA ugus lin d e C o u l o mbr6e;

{1736-1806) Xoponq0i(srorondproevrunororor{ l- H yl6ooc rorv evvordrv.fro vo o6r1y40c'tiv6pco5or rpuorr<oi oe rdoopponio ovdpeoo oroporroro orrdvrrlorl rlrav q rou ovoyroia 6rordn<oorl €porrlporo5 pe S 4por rlo x dy ro pxtio rro neipopo. rq poq0eroeworc6v.H 6orcpoopivq iworo 66vapr7i6elXverrovq vo I

e

HAEKTPOITATIKEI AAAHAEN APA:EII

ivvoto r1Axrpxd rrs CIllrll€nr6pdosrs.

H r<orvoripyto rrsprypdqr€r rporv6rov xor Kor nopouoia(e dvo ooourq rordtrtrr1trq ov Eoprio pop6 perovdrr4po.To Eoprio ryrav<xdn> nou 6ev eiyeax6pa perpr70ti. i o Coulomb,o AyylogeH unor;rio.Aiyo lpdvro rrprv€vspyonor40e (T1o1eql-lpiotre 0) 6rer6ncooe prorotrpqp4 peuvqrqgJosephPriestley iuvdpeg iouq,va nefiapp€rrlv onoio or r1Aexrgrctg r6doo6prprovo yo1oav ot tva v6po avdAoyope exeivovrrlg nayxdoltdc,ii{4q. O iporc6oer H urrorpio ourrlv rqv un60eor1.

6ro9o6uvoro6oevo errrpe guorro65vo ro €rIIXstrou, <lporg, evOdppuve dlloug eupconoiou5 prloouv.O Coulombqrov dvogond ouro65

(uyriq 0 "qlexrpoororrrdq rouGoulomb mPeueog" (1785).

PdIoduvolrop6rpou xor;r6trroro trioveuoioe[Tou rovfpoUe14p6060 noi(er oroxdrto ondyuoli,6cpev4 pepoq rou.Hp6F6oq edpel peroAtrrx{ proUrKpri orpoipo yro oro6xporqg.flpdxerror .(uyd TovtreydUevo orprueoq'perovonoio o rordqepe vo Coulomb perpo ro o;1err16 unotroyi(er duv6petov. rtovqtrerrprxrirv floprigroro ouoreuf ro 1798 Xpqorponorti0qxc ondrovHenry Cavendish yro14p6rpqo4 duvripeorv noyxrjuproq dAEIq.

H rrerpoporrr{ ernpepairrro4.

To rrp6rurrr),}orrr6v,urrqple ror r1rov orro6e116. O Coulomb, ercxr6 rrepirroulpdvro ;rt'rd tov Ne6r(DVo,XprlorForroiqoercrourdg rqv ivvotrr 66vapr7Fs rov rpduo rrou rrlv er1elpqorporrorqoerror o Nedr<rrv,H nprirq rou errr6i<o{,r1 qrov vc epeuvrloerov or qtrerrprr<dg6uvdpilrsrrou ovorrr6ooovrov oqafpsg nerOoplorioov -6rro5 avdpeocxoe 66o prrpi5 <poprroprdvtg rcr or popurrrdg- oro vdpo rou ovrrorp6rpou 'rtrpcycirvou.Aur6 pero{6 rorv rpoprirov,orr6orooq r q orlporve5rr qv yro opro;rdvr1, 6uvopq qrov F, yro o'ndorooq 6rrrldoro (2r')0o qrav (Fl4)yro ondoroorf rprrrldoro (3r) 0o qrcrv Fl9 ror, yevrcdr€poyro orrdorooq pr I

o AAAHAETIIAPAIEI: HAEKTPOIT.ATIKE>

0o 4rov Fl1i.O 4ty6q orp(.rpeuqrov onoiovlpqorponofqoei6erXve npdyparr vo ro;'6er. <irrxdrr riroro rporvdr-ov Xpero(6rcvar6po va epeuvqoaqv rl 66vopr1rlrav ovdtroynrrpos rdrroroyrvd;revo m1m2/rcDVpopurrrcov ovriororXope ro yrv6p€vo m1Kdrm2,or opc(c6v.H ordq-rq rou (rov 6rr orq 06oqrcrrv;ro(c6v rroiegrlrov une60uvegyrq rS popurrrdgotrlqtrenr6pdoerg, rinperre ro rltrerrprrdgoprio q1Korq2ro orroio r1rov,pe rr1 vcxOe<oprloer oerpdroug,urre60uvo yrq rS rllexrprrdg rrMqlenr6pdoer5. fro vq rarctrq{er,dp.S, oro avdAoyqnpos ro ytv6yevo1pero(drqv rroodrqregrpopriou.O Co_ulonb, yrcrvo ro rrer61er,Xpnorporroirloepro reXvrr49gg'qUrytg_,€_.Ugloy,Kq oupperpicg.A{f(ervo ndpoupep c perolhrq rpoprroprivq rrlv rropoKolouerlooutr..AS eiorpoiparuog urroOdoou;r€ drr q rroo6rrlrcrrpoprioufiou rreprdXer vqr q. Av rqv orou;rrrrloouFs o€ pro evrelc6gdporoocp6prrorrl rdOepi'o0o i1er ocpoiporor ;rerdrqv enorprlrrs ofiopoKptivoupe noo6r4ro qlz. U ncpo6opl rou o4pepoOe<opeiror ooorrl. Av orq rrdfu rrl Flo orr' ourdg rrg ogoipego€ Fro ouviXeroorou;rrr4oou;.re rpirq ogdprrorq nopdporoogoipc, pe,<irrlv oropdrpuvoq0o ilouv -16oo q pio 5oo ror 11dllq- <poprloql4.

@O=+O@O:+@ O O Togopr[0,xd0eoqoipogperdrqv ettogi 0o eivorro protirou oplrxori

Iuveli(ovrc5 p'aurdv rov rpdrro 0o prrc,po6pevo 6ro0iroups rroodrrl'reg goptiou j, ql2, ql4, ql\, q116,q132,c<ourotrrig cpopr(ou>, rrg orroieg;.rnoporipe vCIXprlorHonorqooupe yro vq errrpeporc6ooupre 6rr npdyporr q 66vapq ovdpeoo oe 66o rroodrqreg <popriouq, r<or q, eivor ovdtroy4 pe ro yrv6prevo grgz.

H 6rqrdrrtooq rou vripou. I-lopdlo rrou 6r:vneprerXovpeydlrl oxpipero,ro nerpdpora rou Coulomburrqp{ov d;reoo rqr rrerorrrd. Me ogerqpio pro epc6rqorlKqrrn Srcrdrr<rroqprog undOeoqgnpol<rrprloe orrlv errrv6rlorlfi€rpoForrKc6v6rordl,eov Kororqv rorcrypog( perprloe<ovyro vo o6r1yq0efoe ivo ouprrripoopo fiou 6Xerevoroporo0ef orq <puor14agv6pog Coulomb. Avogipercr ornv rllerrpoororrrq ollrltrenibpooq ovdpreooos qop'nopiva oqpercrd svrrreiprevo(oqprercxd rpoprio).

H elxnr{ { ontoorrxri 66vcp4 avd;.rroo oe 66o o4perorri goprio eivqr qvdloyn rpos ro yrvri;.levorov <popritov xqr qvriorpogCI CIvritoy4 rrpos ro rerpriyovo rqg pero[ri rou5 ontimqorls.

I

e

|j|1=

rwlKEtA^^H^Enr^PA:Er:

lr, q' is"*-.l{'

!"lq ' -

/

h

F =kn r

'll

f2

l F, qr '+"

--

'EXouvrr€pdosrrrdvo orrd 6rqr6orq Xp6uor:oro v6posrou Coulomb elorotrou0eivoeivqrorro6errd5.H eprrrorocrfvq r<ovrpuorrc6v o' our6v 6evorqpi(erororo fi€rpdFororrou ircxveo CoulombF€To (uy6 orpdrpeog.flerpdporopoor(6pevoorq oUyXpovq reXvoloyio6efppioreror drr o er<Ofr4s rou r ornv rropqfidvo eiiioroor; cvdpeXvouv l:ivqrouverrogefloyo vo oq oro 6pro2,000000002ran1,999999998. ioogpre<2>,drr<og 0ecopeirar eryeurroorrlpi{r:r o Colomb.

Iro Are0vigljorrlpo (Sl)povd6oqtrerrprrc6gopriou 0e<opeirorro rrou ouppotri(erqr 1C.H rrprlrrlg oroOepdgkniyra ro ivo Coulomb, rev6 eivqr910'Nm'/C'. Xprlorporror€fror enfoq5q orogepdeo: : 1 l4rknx 8,85 10'" C'lN m' 11ley6prevqanrcAurrlfitq\txrpxr1ors)epd rou xevo6.

O poyuqnop6s ...<opno6oooAac eivarrou orpEgu4 ro xapdfu;> NfxogKoppa8fog Xrtrrd6eg q rru{i6o yro rov rrpoocrvolpdvro rrporo6XprlorForrorrlOef rolrop6'ndvcl orq fr1,or dvOporrror yvc6pr(cxv rov ltdyvqflop6,tqv r 6r6rqro 6rglc6rlrou guorKo6pcryv4r4(yoyv4rdfuOou) va iker or'Orr<og 6epivroovrrxeipevc. q dvou;rBoiverKorlJ€rov rltrercrproyd, vo'c Fqyvqrtoy6q,€yeror]peparrotrd peyoldreprl euprirqro, orroo6qnore dpcoSq etrrrrrqr6r6rqrorou (puorr<o6 poyvrlrrlorroretrei rrlv rrp<oroplrq oqpcoia r4g.

Or oplriq noporqpqoergrrdvo orc Foyvrlrrrdgcrv6pevoqrov 66o ror f6erlvov 6ro<poperrxig.

H rrpr6rrl rirov q puorqprc6645 elrrrrcr1 6uvor6rqro rou Fcryvrlrdtrr0ou.

H 6e6rep4 rlrav q e{ioou puor4pro6rlgernpovrlev65ele60epoupcp6opq,v4rn vq 6e(Xve r rov <poiveror cxrr6 rrg pdXpr q rrporrr'1 crr' o4pepo ipeuveg Foppd.'Orrog

r e

AMHAENIAPA:EI: HAEKTPOIIATIKEI

ourds rrs rroporqp4osrs rrpirrsrvo fyrvr, Kupiosoe 66o rr€proxis rou r6opourrou oniXouv FsrCIq6 roug 4rhd6egltrrdperpo.:rnv Kfvorqr orqv Elld6o.

Avri0eroon6 roug Krvd(ou5, or 'Etrlqvr:5 -dnoq ouvipq KorH€ro

j

(lexrpo- 6ev n pdnervo i6coocxvr6roireprl npoooXq orrg rropo{evri5 rov payvrlrc6v.

Tr5 6rdrpopt:gpoprupieg rrdvcoo' ourofg goiveror 6rr ouoroorrrd rrg cl'v6noov. Ardprl ror o Aprorordlq5, our6 ro cporvdpevono),upd0ero5,evc6ooXolq0q re pre16oo nclld (rlrqporo 6ev efle r1 rirrorc oXe6dvvo fi€r o6re yro 6ev Odtrqoe rou5 poyvqre<;o6re yro ro rlle rrpo. Or Krvi(or dpog {iev o6rorpdp4oqvyro rov ipqoov vG rov e{4yqpoyvqrrop6. E'nr1e qlAd oouv Korrov o{ronofqoov. Bcor(6F€vororrlv 16rcir4tarou pop6opoyvqrrl vo rrpooovoro\i(eror d<prro{cvFcryvnrrToKopdpr nouPpioKeTor oprfispd,T0qr60Uer XopiqKivduvo Xripq rd5 nu{i6eg or lrroi'€S0a ro0o6qyo6oov orqvnu[(60 rou.Totillo xoptift6e{r6, rou. l6verro dpripo opydrepo ro xrvi(rra nloio ora ;rorprvd (MrvroroUpo 016floltinoir6lerpdyporpo) rous yrq ro poro(i6ro rou5. Ctryv<rloer5 yvqrropd pc(i pe ro Spyovo <rru{f6a>i(proocrv rdrrore Kororrlv Eupc6nq.

Irov eup<onoir61c6porord ro rflo5 'rou peooiorvoerXereOef errf;rovc ro epc6rrlpo<<nouogeiA€rcr rl enrpovryrr1cro{i6ag vo 6eiXvEtro Poppd;, ror q ondvrnorl rrou rcuprrplodoe qrav 6t <r7ania rou yeyov6roc ppioxerat orov oupsvcj> rqr ouyre rprpriva orov flofurd oordpo. H dnoq.rqdrr o flotrrrd5 cori6ng -r'ooripr rou poprdaorofoe payvrlrrrcqdtr[q oe 6leg rrg ru{itieg er1eyiver dva ei6ogneuoi0qorlg.

Irq oriyXpovrldprogenopl q petrir4 rc)u pffyvqrropof oplf(er pe rq 6qpoofeuorl rou prptrfouDe Magneterou William Cilbert ro orroio, 6rrco5eirrope, qrorileoe op6oqproKcr yrd rqv e{dtrr{qro)v r6e<ovrrdvco orov qtrerrprop6. To rrpc6ro fipdypCI rrou rrporeiver o Cifbert €i'vol (vd {ava\otpe Ko,rvG avnptt-<orriooupep€ xptnrc5pdrt on\qnore fyer ypagrei Sttypt r<itpayrct rov payv4nop6>.

To rrro oqpcvrrrc6oq;reiorou prptrioue 'vcr 11dnoq,rrlrrou er<rppd(er olerrrd p€ rqv orrio npooovorotrro;ro(irqs pcryvnrrrrlgpel6vog. fr'our6v, q crric 6ev ppior<erororous oup'ovo6g,olld eivqr q i6ro 11 fr1, otr5rlr1pn rl l-n alld r<orqrroxlerorrrd rior pr6von fn, n orroiq ouprreprcpdperor oov dvog repdorro5 payvr1rr15.

O i6rog,yrq vq evroXrio€r rov roluprop6 rou fipoyporonoirloe ivo oXe66vpeyaloguig rreipoprc.Xpqorporror<rrvrag ivo preydtrorrrporprrdFoyvrlrrl, rov o-

e

A^^H^En,^DA:E : E*r.TP.:TATTTFI

terrela(oro )'orlvrKd,PrKprll-q),f6errro(oov6pCIo€ petr6'ro rrou 0c ppe0e(rovrd {,edrr rcdOe ;royvqrrrcq rou rrpooqvorotr((erotF€ rov rp6no fiou rrPooqrr1; rru{i6c5Yfp<rlan6 rq vcrolf(ovror or petr6veg ourrl cvoxdluqrqeivoriocoSrot q fr1.H 0epetrrc66qg pdvqoqpovrrrqrrou iyrve<rqv roropicrou Pcr\/rlcxve(dprqrrl' rropof doo ordpo qrov proenrorrlprq

MrotenelaovfloYnPt ouninouefie o Gilberl rorooxeu6oet

Or r6l6rrlrss'ro)v FCrl,vnr(DV

lp4orponoi4oeo Cilbert.

re1vr1ro65payvqre5 t:ival e6rotro vo oPYov6Xpqor;rorrorc6vro5 ooufr€rls fioporrlprloelS pqs Kcl vcl rls ouvorgiooupe: i) Ot ltuyvrlregtAxouv optolttva p6vo d'xd' ErrdS orrd ra ot6epivro rcorro 1ofuip6rvo itrrouv erriorlSovrrxefpevo rrou nept€1ouv vrxdtrro,eire ropdlro, eire opropfvo rcpdpto'to. ii) Ot payv4reg aAAqAentipoiv Strra{6 r<>oq. pnopotjv Ko,tlruyvrlri(oov optoptva avrtxtiltwa, il) Or Stayv1req oe pcyvqre5. H 6rc6rrooia perorpotrlg ro ;rerorpffiouv, 6r1tr46r1,

I

e KE: AAAHAENIAPAIEI: HAEKTPO>TATI

liyeror yayvqnoq.Mnopeivc lrpcryporonorrlOei eire peencgq eire orrd orr6orcoq.

6evavo roviooupe6rr ro rpicrnprirro gcrv<ipreva Oo Xperooref qMd ouvtnoretrodvrpic 6rogoperrrdxor ave(dprrlro gorvdprevo, rrou Frrooro6v rper5nleupig ev65evroiouguorrod cporvoprivou, podpevq ro )r(.yepa.yvr1nxr1 Ko0<o5 64tro6r1, o poaAAqAenifipcroq. ro dXer iker fvq or6epivro cvrrreipevo, cvrrreipevo 46n FqW{rqS yvrlrroref.'Ooo yro rl FtryvqrrKrlpel6vo, o rrpooqvorohopd5tq5 rrls pcryvrlrrxrl5 oltrqtreni6pooqg o6evanorelef nopd er<6r1loor1 vdpeoao'ourrlv xarorrl [q. prioocOeropieg.flporof npolcoprlooup€Koroe dllo rporv6peva T(Dvpayvrlrriv,0o orq0o6rrd ro orroio epgovi(ovraror r6r6rqr€S p€yrCIfuyooe 66o Oecopie5, or onoie5e{urrqpirqocvrous cpuorrorjg rov pcryv4rc6v.

Eivor va rreprypdqrouv rno edrolq rq ouprr€prqropd q Oeolpiorcov66o rrdlov ror q Oeorpioyr(rrrlv 6nop{q nooorrlr<ov pcryvqrro;ro6.

H oeorpiortov 66o n6lov. To 66o drpo rou pop6opayvrlrr;eprpavi(ovrorvo noi(ouv ivo pdtror6roirepo, 16o<lmrlv oMqleni6pooq6oo Tc 66o qurd dr:pcovoprd(ovrorn6Aot. Kcforov rrpoocvorotrro;.r6.

I

orrlv r6ia H er6rllcooq16oo dtr{e<ov 6oo ror onc,ioeovo6rlyr1oe yro 66o ei6r1n6lcov rord rp6no c6orer; d,\{r1vo cvrrororXefoe erriKqrrl drrcoorl<reoM4lerri6poorl rrdltrlv 6poor1rr6lorv erep<6vupcov Ei6cpedrr oe pro rrcp6porolc'yrrq pcoior4re Korrl fiooprc6vuptrrv. po6opl yrd rd 66o ei6qrltrerrprrodrpopricu.O ivog arr<iroug rrdtrouqovopd(erorp<iperos Koro dtrlo5v6rro5.Or opropoipooi(ovror 'Orcxvo<prlooupre vo er6r1tr<rrorqv 161614T0 rou rrpoodvorofuopori.

0ei o npooovorotrroprd5 rou pop66popgouFqyv4rn,ro drpo nou <Bliner>rrposro poppdovo;rd(erorB6perog, ev<rr o dMog ovopd(eqrr6 pcqrur1rr15 ror vdrrog.Ave{dprrlrc ro crX{Fq1es,,xdOe iXer66o rr6lou5 orr<oo6rlrrore 11dvovdprro opr0pdrrd,trcov yevrrdrepo.

H Oeropioyro noorirqrrs ltoyvqrro;rod.Krrrdrov 18oor<6vo€pqocvrfototXqF€ro rlviorqre ror iyrveorro6errrlprro6wora evrel<r65 rroo6rrlro Fcyvrlrropori,6vc ei6og lerrprrd goprfo, 11trey6pevq I

e HAEKTPOITATI KE: AAAHAENIAPA:EI:

(FcryvrlrrKo6 cpopriou>, evrornopdvooe rd0e ndlo ;royvqrrl,ro oIe orroio qrov urre60uvoyro rrs ctrtrqlenr6pdoetg rorv ;rcryvr1tc6v.

66o ei6r1 vcloyia pe ro 4trerrprrdrpoprfo0e<opqOr5e 6rr undpXouv (opvrplr4), p6pero (Oerrxr1) xot 11vdrto nooorqrcovFtryvnnopof,q or ono(egppforovtcv orous ovriorotloug n6troug,rov p6peroxor rov v6rro, oe rp6rro <ilore,oe rd0e Fcr!,v4rrlpe 66o n6loug, q p6perorroo6rrlro vo eivor(oqprerq v6rro.

H dwors noo6rqra yayvqrrcyoi e{unqpdrqoeerrppo<rrrrdrr1guorxrl entorqpqyro evoi4 fvvoro 4Aercrpx6 66o or<6ve5 nepfnou.Irqv enopl pog,dprcog, Eoprio KuPlqpO r6pro516Xei,q dworanoo6r4ra payvqnoyoriiXerouotoortrd eyxo'ratrergOei. pe rr5 Cworegrllerrprr6 yo5 eivordrr orlpepornq o Hcryvrlrroy<i5 ovrrper<on((ercn goprfo ror riv4oq.

Eivor s6rivqro vtr crropovt6oouF€ TouS 66o ;rcyvr;rrKori5 rr6lous. fro nollo6g orcivego qlexrprop6g ror o Fofvrlrrop6g orolo60qoov 6pdprou56rorpoperrro69rcorove{dprqrou5. 4116ro 18o otc6vo,doproFiveg o;ror6rqre5 ;.rerc{6 roug eilov oplioet vo rpoivoF<rrS, vrqr. T6oo elxrrxi5 6oo xor orrcoortxdg6u'rdperger6qlc6vowor o) ovdpeoo oe poyvqrsg rcr p) ovdpeoo ot rll€Krpropr6vcoc6;roro.

Ario ei6q rltrerrprxodgopriou 6eldpoore, ro 0errr6 Korro opvrprr6 oMd rqr 66o ei6r1poyvqrrx<6vrr6trcov,rov l36peroKot rov v6rto rot o'rqv (6ro,pdtrrorc, orprpc65loyrxrl, drr ro oyc6vupoqnoOofvrol Kqrro etepcovupoitrrovrqr. Av {ercvrlooupelotrrdv qrr6 ro yeyov6g 6rr eivor 6uvqr6v vc urrdp€er dvc pr6voei6o5 rpopriou -yro rropd6erypoOerr16-orropovorpivo,troyt16eivo vo ovop<orq0o6peprtn<o5rdrr ovdtroyo,pnopeivc ouppef Korot ivqv ndlo pcryvqrrrd.

Mrc orrlrl r6dq eivor va r6rgouprero pcryvrirr;oe 6rio xoppdrra pe rrlv elrribo vo iloupre lcopioer fvo Bdperorr6lo ror ivq v6rto. H epnetpio, 6lr.5, pog 6ror.;,re66el.

Iro oqpeio nou Xotpiorrlre o ap1l165

t-El <epgcxvi(ovror> 66o t6tror ereptivupor.Av errtlerp4oou;re Fcrl,vnrns nou 6qprroupYqooroug xotvodpyrous vq KopForrdooupe Fcr\,\,rlres pe,0o <p'rdooupe oro i6roorrordleopro.'Ooo KotcxvnpoorrcOqoouI

h

NI EI> KEIAAAHAE H^EKTPOITATI ^PA:

rnv dpvnonrrls 6InSoro vo 6e1rei rrlv 6H€eq qvrry€rtrlrrf4oup€ rropqnevdqpayvqnKo6rr6lou, fiou 0o eivorpdvogrou. H noporrlpnon FCIS 6eilverprro0epetrrc66q 6rorpopdavdproa oe qlerrprrd rpopriorcorn6trou5pcryvqrrro6q.

+

) )l +

Moyv{re5 rur qkrrplrri gopric. Eivqrioro5troyrr<6 vo ovsporrl0o6pe: <<or yayvryreq, aAtrryAcnt8po1v pe rTAercrpxd Eopria;> frcxvq ro 6ror-rrorr6oouF€ oro epyoorqpro. lperd(erorvo errrorpdrpoup€ o. Or ;royv{reg6evollr;lcnr6podv ;reorivqru 4krrprrd goprio. Mnopo6pevq ro qvrrlqgOofpeXprlorporrorc6vrogqlerrpoorolr r<der<rpe d(ou;.rig. l-ltrqor -y s ,,, ilro rov rrdtro poyv4rn ev65 rll€Krpropfvoorporpi F€ 6ro,ro orroioeivqro116povcorr16 uhrd. floporqporipred,rrove{dprrlro orrd ro ef6ogKol rrlv rroodrqro rou rpoprfourrou eprpovfZierqr oro orpcrpf6ro, 6ev ouprpoiver rovev6gei6ou5d'lqtrenibpaor1. p. Or poyv{rrg oll4lenr6poriv pe rrvodpevqgopriq. To gcrvd,pevoro XCIpCIKrrlpi(oupe rrpoxoropofuxd og r6roirepo oqpovrrrd. f1po6i6errrlv rinop€q ev656eopo6 cvdpeoo orov HAer<rproprd Kor rov Moyv4rrop6 oe 66o 6r1),a6qrre6fq pretrir4gro onoio yrc rrotrtro6gorcirve5avonr610r1rcv oveldprqro Xropigol dvOprorrorvo rrroredouv drr ilouv prero{6rous rnv nopoprrcprlouyyivtt0.

Mrc rolq r66cryro vo Srqrrrorrioouprecxurrlrqv cltrqleni6pcxoq eivcl vo rdvoupe ivo rreipopo rrop6prorop' cvr6, fiou ytq npc6rq cpopd npaypororro(r1oeo Apeprrovd,5Rowlarrd,ora 1876, o€ ptq rfioXrl drrou q 6ro6rraoio yro rqv evorrofqoq qlercrpropro6rcoryuyvrlrropo6 rrpoXropodoerrpos rnv otroxlrlpcoo4tqS.

,IA \

l l * +' tl

Nr/d

4 ll

Xpero(dpoore dvqv 4lerrprcr;.r6vo 6ior<oo116govorr16 utrrxd,rov onoio vo ;rnopofge vo pd(oup€ os fi€prorporpq y6p<rlo116ivcv d{ovo. Xpera(dpoore rcrfvqv euo io0qro ovrXveurq pcryvrrr xc6voll4trerrr 6pdoerrrv.

Mrcrpcryvqrrrqpetr5vcprrropref vo ovrorroKpr0ei o' au16 ro pdlo Ocuprdoro.O r1,\e rrpropivo5 6iorog ppioK€ror r<ovrdorrl pel6vo. t)oo eivor ariv4rog, ovdpreoo o' our6v Korrrl peldvo fiev gaiveror vo er6qtrc6veror roprd otrlqtrenibpooq. 'Orov, dpcrrs,rov Oiooupe,

o€ rrsprorpoq{,q ouFrr€prqopdrnS peA6vog govepcbver rqv 6rroppe ro qAtrcrpx6Eop€4 ollrlleni6pcxoqg.O yayvrlrrlCo.AAqkrr6,pd rio eESoov-xo; pdvov eE6oov-Bpioxovrcuoe oytnxrl rcivryory.

h

-e HAEKTPOITATKEI AAAHAENIAPATE LI

I

fle6ioror 6poorlon6 on6oroorl Mra r6dq noArri. O Cilbert itreye r<dnore6rt rd0e payvrlrrls rr€prpdlleror ond prroogofpo enrpporlg.Oovro((ircv, drt ivo or6epdvro ovrrxefpevo0o 6e16rov rrlv enf6poorl rou proyvqrqp6vo eg6oov <eroXcopo6oe> pioo o' ourq rq orpoipo enrppoqg.Ie odyXpovq6rordncooq 0c trdyope6rr rd0e Fq'l^/nrnsrreprf]dllerqr qrr6 iva poyvrlrrrd rre6io.

Axaplciu 6prio4 qn6 qrdorooq. Kord rou5 6rio orc6ve5rrou oKoIro Frlxovrortlo60qoov q r6dorou ne6iou rripooe oro rrepr0c6pto. r<6rrp6rurro rou rdopou/ ro orroio rrpordOrlre orrd rov Nedr<Dvq r<ordyrveorro6ercr6 qrrd ro oUvolo oXe6dvrcrv Eup<orroicovoroXoepprlvefovrcr Hsrrl rreprypdcpovrorKCxt orr6v, rc rpuorrd <parv6;revo porlOerar<rlv6uvdpeo)vrtou ooro6vrqt o116orrrdorcoq.

Irrl veurovrrrl 6uvoprrq ot ndvrore etrr<rrri56uvdpergpopdrqro5 6pouv arcapnia xu str6 anr6orcoq. H 6p,doqAerroupye(o' dvo X6po oroerpd rqr qvqtrtroi<rrroo orroio5 rropapr6veronc0r15. O 6l{erg 6oo r<ctrtg qCoulomb neprypdcpovra516oo rrg r1trer<rprrcd; trercrprrdg orrc6oer5rrvrlOqrepfoo orc rrlaitrts rqs v€urc,lvrrq5ovril4rgr1g.Kcr yr' qur6v q 6pdor1qrr6 orrSorcro4trerroupyefo) oroprcx(oror p) ocpqvovrosorov nopeppolld;rtvo y6po povdlo dvo pdtro Oecrq. Me ovdloyo rpdno ovtrtro;rpdvEror KGrrrg allqtrerrr6pdoergpayvqrc6v.

O Faraday rcr 11dvvora re6io. Kord rqv rpirrl 6eroeriq rou 19ou q r6dorou rre6iou errovqtrOeavave<rrpivrlrcor6prprrirepq.Iro orcirvcx Oopovrdt, npoorqvro rqv errcvdrpepe o Michael Faraday(Mdrr<tr quro6iEqxrog Ayytrogepeur,qrq5,o onoiog ipeMe 1791-1867),dvos vo e{etrrX0ef oro peyotr6repofi€rpoporrK6guorrd, 6trorvr<overroX6V. H cvcvecl;rdvq ivvora nt6io {,erivqoe arrd tqv otrlqlerliEpaoq pro1ruqrc6v, aplrd org rivog evotrtrorrt165rprirrog rreptypogqg ourc6v rov otrtrqtrenr6pdoecrrv.

O Faradayrolupr(drov drt rqrd rqv €rrf6paoq ev65 pcyvqrrl o'rivov d)rlo poyvrlrrl, o ono(o5 pp(or<eror oe on6oroorl, q 6pdoq rrpoXcopderota6rorcd. M' dtrlo tr6yro perorpiperor orov Xrrpo Trou nop€ppdlleror ror oTrotref 1p6vo Ytd rrl perd6ooq rrls. H r6io opvrdrov ro oKcpraio r r15<6pdoqgorrd on6oroon> rsr d6rvsorov 1c6poivo p6tro<rrpdrcropo>.fprlyopo enerrdOrp<eKororo dtrtra yv<oord el6r1cllrltrenrtipdoeov.

I

e HAEKTPOITATI KEI AAAH^ET'IAPA:E:

O Faraday 0ec6pqoe drr o Xc6pog avcipeocoto oc6poronou qtrlqlenr6podv-popurrxd, qlerrprrd, pqru4rrrd- q'raviva ne6io 6uvdpeov Kofro govrdor4re 6n e{utrrlpErEioro va \nppd(erat 11 6pdoq an6 €va o<itpaoro dAAo. H dvvorqnc6fo o{pepo. I-lop6lorrou rl troyrrrlrrlg 6pdoqgon6 qn6oroorl 6eviler qn6truro eyrccrclerrpOei, q r6ic rou ne6iouor;pepo Kuprqpxef.

Idpgcovo pe aurqv, rorri rrlv n€prypqrprlr<ovq}ilrllerrr6pdoe<ov, rou 1c6pou.H eprpd4 iprpooq6iverqrorr5 r6rdr-r1r€S vrorlev6grllerrprxodgopriou q yro no6rd6erypro, ldpe drr rrpoo6i6er orov Xc6popio r6r6rqro,rqv orroio 6ev6rd0srenpoqyoupiv<og.

Tov e{ouoto6ore f vo aorei 6uvdpre 15os ofic,ro64noredtrlo goprio ppeOeipioo o' qurdv.X<opi5 ro q o X6poS6ev0o erleaurrlv rqv r6rdrqro. Mnoporlpevo nodpe 6.n q rapouoiq, rou q aMonbvetro ydspo rl6116qproupye i dvo rre6io6uvdperov.Aiveror enio4g ipgoorl oro yeyov6gdrr q ctrloi<rror1 perc6i6eroro116oqpefooe orlpre(o pe TcrXdrqro. rrerrepooprCvq

Oprop65,6r,cp€q KqrqviXveuoq sv6srre6iou6uvdprccrlv Oprol.rrig.Aipe 6rr o' i,vc Xd)po undpyu ne6io 6uvdyeuv eE6oov ndvu o' iva rcaralilr1Aoun60eya, ro onoio 0a ppe1ei oe onoro\rlrrore o4yeio rou, aoxtirdt 66vo1t4.

'Vrraptq. fraT guorrrl q 6rrap€q cv6<lne6iou 6uvdpre<ov oyer((t4 rcr orrcoo6{rrore c. pe yn nqyry o.n6 rrlv orrofa errroprederor ror p. pe pn oprcytvry \nvuoparrrcq noo6rrTra q orroio ovrrororXf(eror oe rdOe or;peiorou Korro rreprypriger.

H pcpurrrq pd(o onoretref nqyrl ev,5gne6iou popdrrpog. To nlerrprrd rpoprio orroretrefnqyrl ev6g q,\errprrod ne6fou. OS nrly4, rdtrog, evd5 yoyvqrrrod rre6iou prropodpe vo Oeorporiperrpo5 ro rrcxpdveire iva pq'v4Tn eire (o6pgalvo F€ To prlvupa rou rrerpdporog Rowland)rc rllexrprrd <popriooe rivqoq. Apydrepo, 0o pnopioouF€ vo rorovorloou;tr our<j rrou 6eldpoore orqv enoXq pa5 6rr oe rdOe Fdl,vrlrrl <xp6povrcrr>4lerrprrd gopric oe x(vr1o4Kor ouverrr6gnqy{ rdOe ;lcryvqrrxo6rre6iou rivqt ro qtrerrprrd rpoprio, e<p6oovourd ppiorovrot -tos npog xdnolo odmqpo cvogopdg- oe xfvr;o4.

To 6rovuoprorrx6pdye0osfiou rreprl,pdgerro rre6io pcp6rrlrc5 triyeror iwooq rou ne6fou pcp6rrlrog (d). frq ro qtrerrprrd ror ro I

H

e HAEKIPOITATIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII

qler<rprro6ne6iou p-oyvrlrtrdne6io XpqotForrotodvrot ldvrocrrl (E)ror 4 ivroorl payvrltrxo6rre6iou(B),avtiororla. Me rous opt0o ooXolq0o6opo65Kqrrn cpuorrqoq;rdo'roou'rriv r<ovpre'ye0r6v perd. peopdo<oq Avf;6vtuoq.H ovilveuorlev6grre6iououv8ierutpreivo <rordMqlo> un60qto. Yn60epo yro rqv ovflveuoqev65nr6iou papdrqro5 eivor fro ro r1treguorrd, q papurrrqprd(oev6gonorou6(rrort:oc6porog. <poprioapxeiyrq rrlv ovilveuoq. rrprrd ne6io ivo orroro6rlrro're 'Ooo yra rqv oviXveuorl rre6iorv,0o oprceorod;re rtov poyv4rrrc6v rrpos ro rrop6v orous poyvqte5rot r6ptc orrl FoYvrlrrrrlpetr5vc, d'rre(votrivogr6roirepoeuoio0rlyro rrlv orroio floupe errrorlprdver xcilvoMqtrenr6pdoeorv. ros ovrxvâ&#x201A;Źurq5rorv pcryvqrr nrprypaq{ 'Ewoorlne6ioupoprirpoq 'Ewooqrltrerrprrorjne6iou

Ewooqpayvrprrodnt:6iou

'0rovIerroupyef Wimshursl, 4 pIXovri oroltirpoyripoondrovorpoddrrq Il4yri epgovl(rlror llerrprxdncDio. ro goprio rou rounediou eivor gepet Tooqotpi6to oxpoder,r4. qoprio qtrerrprrrd nounoi(er ropdlo ovrpeut'ti.

q frorn uioondrrgpoprovdneg rouerxpepoUg ondxtrro4 ogeitreror oe rdrdrqro roultirpou. rdnoro T

e IAPAIEII KF' AAAHAETI HAEKTPOITAT

,

,

Fl

c,

I leptypognevosn€olou 'Evo npriypoppo. H nepryporprl evd,5qlertprxo6 ne6(ou0o rrpfrret vo ovcgdperol o€ xo0dvoond rq orlpeiorou ollot<o;rivou1<6pou Korvo pnopeivo 6ivetorrcvrrloet5oro tpolrrlporq rou rfrrou' n6oo toyup6eivativa ne6iooro or1yeioaur6; xard rq 6pdor7rou reiiou o' tvs goprlo undpXetxdnon optoy(vq xare60uvorl; eivqtva ronolerrloouyt fva goprio mo or\peioaur6 n6oo 66orcoAo

ep<orqpo. rpiro ' Ie rdOe,lotrr6v, o4preioev55rre6iou0o ovrtororlf(oupe ;rroid;rog crn6 ro 66o ourd peyi0q, 4 vrdoll rot ivc 6uvayx5. Ercr65, rou rre6(ou0o elunqperq0r:fpioo on6 opropiveSetx6neprypccprl rov ooporo vo GlrJerl'rorrot(oouv vrs, or orro(e5dXouverrrvorlOeiylo 6ovapx('q rre6rqr6Xciporor triyovror YpaHp€s. ,

t

\

_ -?t

n€olo To rlAeKrptro[qAeKrPoororlKo) \

- 'I

-

xrprrd 0o ewoodpe rc r1trer<rpoorortxd.

'bvroorlrlA€KrPtKou neolou IF

\

,

?,

rrlv rrpooox{ FoSo' dvoopropivooqpeiorou 1c6Iuyrevrpc6voup€ I

e A^^H^Enr^PArEr: H^EKTP.:TATTKEI |,||,

pou, ro M. Oipvoupemo M ro yrxp6ogcrlti6rorou rllerrpoororrrod errpepods.ASurroOiooultedrt ro ogo pi6ro<piper0errrd goprio q. Arorror<6voupe 6rr oro goprio coreirqr 66vapq,xr ourd or1proiver 6rr ro M eivoroqpeioqlerrprro6 neDiou.To oXerrrdnerpdproropd5 o6rlyo6voe ouprnepdopdro rrou (xgopo6vro orlpefoM. o H 66voFrl,rqv orroioqoxeiro ne6ioiler pirpo ovdloyo npos ro etcdorore.M'dMq trdyro, 6orrpoorrr6rpopriorrou Xpqorporrotefrqt (F), ro rrqlfxo rrlg 66vcprr1s rrou coxeirqt c/ ivq 6ortpoortx6goprio, rrpo5rrlv rroo6rqro (q)rou rpopriouqurof eivororoOepd,' o H 66voFrlrou rre6iourrdvo oe rdrroto 0ertx6<popriodler rrdvrorr rlv i6rorore60uvo4.

To oqpeioM epgcvi(ercrlorrr6v,vo XqpoKrrlp(erct r) on6 ivo opropivonooonx6 orotyeio,cirro5 eivcl ro rrrllfrcoF/q K0r rr) o116prc oproprivqxare60uvoql Tqv rorvq rareriOuvorl 6pdoq5 dtr<ovr<ovqlerrprr6v 6uvdpeov, nou 0q o<rrq0o6vegdoov oro orli onoro6rprore urr60epc -gop'rio 0ert16. peio M ppeOe rqre60uvoq 6ev eT6oo ro rrqtriro, doo rar rl XCIpoKTnprorrrrl {oprr6vrcr arr6 rrg rrpri5 r<ov Oertxt6v rpopri<ovKqr r<ov 6uvdpe<ov, rou orlpeibuM. otrtrdouvOirouv rdrroro 1616111ro Iupg<rlvorlpe, rdlog ro oto0epd rrrllfr,r F/q va ro ovopd(oupe y€rpo rr1stvraoryq roo ne\iou oro o4lttio ,V, 14 6e rore60uvorl vo rri Oetopodpe rcare60uvoq rr1q,tvraonq rou ne\ioo oro o4peio M. rou 6rsvuoparrrod peyiOoug H o6v0eo4 ;rog o6qyei orov oproprd, €vraoryrou ne\iou oro or1;reioM. Ewoeirqr 6rt, ov coXolrl0odpe pe dvo dMo o4peio M',0o gOdooupe oro oupnipcopc 6tt ru our6 Xoporr4pi(erqr o116prrooproprivrlivroorl, yevrrd 6tagoperr14 o116erefv4 rou or;peiouM. 'Evrooq

4lerrprrod nediou (4, qrrtrd, rltrerrpL16rre6io E-)o' dvq oqpeio rou oc ldpe ro n4lixo r4g 66vapr4g (F),nou qoxeirct oe goprio q (ro onoio ppioxercr oro o4;reio) rrpos ro goprfo.

Xpqorporrorc6vro5 o6pBolo ilou;re, ri E= ; Y

e{io<ooqopropo6 rqg ivrooq,; qtrerrprro6 rre6iou

Movd6o 6vrooq5rllerrprro6 rre6iou oro Lre0vigl6orrlpa efvqrro nou Xprlorpolror€irqt sul Newtonsvd Coulomb(1N/C).H povd6c,dprcc'5 vr10<o5 eivqrro ivo Voltwd pirpo (1Ylm),n on()i'G, 6nco50a 6odpe,oupnirrr€rp€ rr;v rrporlyo6pevq.

AEikt vo npooi{oupre 6rr: I

HAEKTPOITATI KEIAAAHAE NIAPAIEII

o. H xqre60uvorl'rrlsivrooqg eivarove{riprnrnorrd ro np6orlpo rou rpopriou-urroOiproros/ ro orroioXF)rlorFofiotrloope . p. H rore60uvorlrrls 66vopr15 oupr-irrrerps rrlv rore60uvoq rqg ivraorls ov ro goprio -un60epcreivqr 0errrd,evc6eivorovriOerqps rrlv roretlOuvoqrqg dvrrroqsov ro cpoprio-urr60epoeivoropv4rr16.

H e{ioororlopropodrqg ivrooqg yp<icperor ror F : qE.Auro5 o rp6no5 ypoq4s ernoqpoiver drr r1yv6on rrlg E oe xdnoro oqpreiopog enrrpdnervo npoplirrouprerr166vop4,rrou 0o oorr1Oe i oe rdnoro goprio (q),ov our'6ppe0eioro oqpeio,oro onoio ovocpep6poore.

Mrropotpe,p' dtrlo tr6ylovo unoloyi(oupr 6uvdpergXtopfsvo oololoripoorr rcdOe rpopdp€ rnv nqyrl rou rre6iou,ro orroiorrs ooK€i. H 6uvor6rqro aurq anoretreiivo o116To ntreovercrrlporo rqg ne6rorrlgnporrrrq5.

To ne6io evrigo4prenxodgopriou (ne6io(loulomb).H nlo onlq nepinrcooqqlercrprrod ne6ioueivorourq mrp'onoio n finy{ rou eivqrdvcxor1;rerord goprio (Q)or<iv4ro.H ivraoq orrlv rrepirrroorlourr1prrropei erirotrova unotroyrore i (1,ror<dOe orlpeio)cprei vo ouv6udooupe rqv e{rocooq opropotirqs p€ro vdporou Coulomb.

To gdrporq5 eivor:

E:k.' 'r r 8 ] 'Evo rrs8io opoyevdg.Arp(voupehyrt rq Oeotpioyro vo {cvayupiooupe Xpqorporroro6pe oro neipopro.

66o dporegperolfuri5 ntrdreg,Korrrs rpopri(oupre p€rc)usor<po6ircre5 rrls Frlxov(g Wimshurst.

H prionldro orrorrd Oer-rrd<popr(oror 11dl\r1 opvrl'rrx6,aMd ra rpoprio roug eivoronohjrco5 ioo. M'ivo qlercrprr<6 errpe;.rdg avrlve6ou;.re 'Orqv ro ocpolrpi6ro ppioxercxr ro rre6ionou 6q;roupyry0ry<e. oro 16po pera{6 rcov rrtrorc6v,ro vrlpo orror}iver orr<i rqv rororcdpugo, evc6cxv I

e

HAEKTPOITATl KEIAAAF]AEII IAPA>E I

ppeOef i{o ond ou'r6v,ro ogorpi6rofiopoJsvstorivqro.Odpvoupe pero{6 rov rrlorriv ro orporpi6ro oe 6rdgopooqpeiorq5 neproXrl5 ror ouyrpivouFrrrs evrdoergrorv oqpeiov qurc6v.Av 11on6oroorl rou5 11odyrprorl rorv ntroxr6veivqrprrpqoe oxiorl pe rr5 6roordoer5 6eilver6rr o q rrp4 rqg iv'rooqgeivati6cyc 6Aara oqyeiarr1qneptoyqc. o r76rc60uvor7 rrTSeivatrcd]err\orc enftre\,aru)v 66onAarcdx. o r7Eopd rrTSeivatndvrc an6 rq )enrcr\n)'drcarrpoq,rqv apvqnx(. r1dwoMnopodpevo no6pre6rr oro ne6io nou 6r1;rroupytl0qxe orqOepi 6lrqqt:l oq eivorloprxd oraOep4.

Korro vo Oeoprlooup€ . Opoyevi5rre6ioprnopodpe pop6rrlrog yrlrvone6io oe rreprol{ o4preiovrclv orroiov or ofioordoergqrr6 ro i6crpo5eivoroe oxiorl pe rr1yqrvrlorrivo, opxerd prrpfg.

To o4prrox6 goprfo tog unriOe;ropdoc ori ne6io opoytvdg.Av pii dvcroqpre rord goprio p€ Frloq or opoyevigqtrexrprrdne6io ppeOe 6evrrqaplxq rcXfrqro, 0o rrvqOef eu06ylrppoKorp€ oraOepqerrrrdXuvorl.

Erpdoov ro rpoprioeivorOerrx611rore60uv(rrlrrls rivqorlgoupnirrret rore60uvoq rr15ivroorlgevcircxveivorcpvqrrrde(varov'riOerr1. rrlv Fe

Torroypogiuev6gns6ibu Auvc;rrrdg ypaFFdS.H neprypcrpqrou odporou rre6iou 6ev rrepropiorqxe orr5 6uvordrrlr€S r<rrv6rcvuopdrcov.H cvdyr<qyro etr6vo ouv6udorqKs F€ rq govrooio rou Michael FaradayKor pos i6<ooe pro rroparripo 6uvor6rqro.

'Otrorpc5 dXoupre cxvdyKnyro err6vo. fro vo rorworlooupe ro dropo grrdXvoupeerrdvegprenupryve5ogorp ro65, (<oypocpi(oupe xor ypqppis ps rrs rpoxrdgrov qlerrpovitrrvyiprrr orr' ouro6g. H etx6vo pd5 poqOdelvo Kqrqvorlooupero odpcro. Aurd nou rrpdretve o Faradayrqv rpirq 6erqer(s rou 19ou orrilvo qrav vo errovoypcrprlooupe ro adporo rre6io pe ypoppdg.H orperqp'o rqg r6iog pprordrov oe pro erx6vonpcryporrr4.Aurq fiou pos 6ivouvro or6qpoprvfoprora6rqv ro pflc,upendvor o' 6vo rpfllo lapri rcu dloupreorrd r<drorfva payv4rq. To prvioporo 6rqrdooovror Korgrrd;vouv pro erxdvops ypoljpfg rr5 orroiego Faraday6v6rproo€ 6ovayx(.qypapyts.

Kdrr ovdloyo pnopofpr€vo Korcgipoupe Kqrorrlv rrepirrroor; rou qlerrprrof rre6[ou.Ie yro trer<dvr1 F€ povtorrKd,uyp5, oro orrofo errrtrtrfouvetrogpoi orrdpor XtrdnS,rorro0erodl.rerordllqtro ivo qoprrI

e IAEKTPOTTATIKE' ONNNN'N'O'O"'' 9

oFivo orirpor1dvoo6ornpo goprtopiv<ovocopdrcov.

Aqploupyo6pe,6qtro6r1, rrpoDno0ioers, yro dnqp€qr1),errprro6 ne6iou.

Blirroupe drr or an6por 6reuOerofvror rc pog 6ivouv pro err6vo pe qtrerrprrig 6uvoprrig ypCIFpis,q onoia liyerar qlerrpr16 gdopo.

Aev eivar 6riorotro vo errrprrlooupe6rr orr(; Tr€proxigdrrou ro rre6io eivor ouyrprrrrd roXup6repo€Figqvi(ercr ror peyatr6reprlnurv6rqra ypappc6v.H errfp4orl progevroXderorr,rr crrr6rrlv errdvo (d) rrou pog 6iver dvq rre6io o;.royevigoro orroio or 6uvoprrr<ds ypoppis €Fqovi(ovror o' dtregrrg neprolis rou F€ rqv i6ro rrurvdrqro.

Auvaprrdg ypopFds rcr dvrooq. To 6do rrcoqyo6prevo ouprrepdqroro 0q po5 rcOo6rlyrloouvoro vo ouv66oouperqv err6vo r<ov6uvoplrc6vypoppc6vp€ rrl Oecopio,11onoio neprl'pdcper ro 4trer<rprrd ne6io (,vraory. rrlv dworo fro vo rorovorlooupe rq ourq Xpqolpofiorc6vrog oriv6eoq0o enrorpirpoupsmo qlerrpr16 ne6io Coulombpe nqyrl0errr<6rpoprio. Av eilope rrlv ulropov4 vo urroloy(ooupe rrlv ivroorl rov 6rocpdp<ov oqpreirovKot vo crXe6rdoorrpe 6vc ivo, rrdvrrr o' ivo rpriMo 1opri, rq ovriororlc 6rov6oporo, l)o grrdlvopre dvo oXi6ro, rrou 0q 06pr(erqv rrporlyori;revq erx6vo(c) r<ov6uvqrrrc6vypoppc6v.

Or ypcxppi5trou 0q 6rlprroupyqOo6v arr6 ro o6volo rcov 6rcvuoprdrarvE 0a eivqr euOeiegrol 0o ilouv rrxre60uvoqqr6 ro 0erlrd goprio -rrqyq rrpos ro drrerpo. Ko0cig Ocronoproxpuv6;rooreorrd to cpoprio- il1y4, or ypol-rpig0c opcrc6votrvKorro p6rpo rqg 6vrooqg 0o elorrc6veror.

I

e HAEKTPOITATIKE: MAHAENIAPAIEI:

rrlv rrpoorrdOerq p' ivrx dllo ruXoio qlexrprAv enqvoldpoupre irar oXi6lo pe ypo1.t1.ti5 16 ne6io 0o 6rorrrorr6ooupe 6116qproupye rrap6poregrrpogereivegrqg erx6vqsrou rrergdporog,aprei vo 6elrodpe 6rr oe rd0e oqpeiorous ro 6rdvuopoE 0o egdnr€,roto'quri5. Iro pero{6 or ypcppi5 ouri5 0o dlouv rore60uvoqrrdvro o16 Oerrxdrrpos opvqrrxd, q 6e rrurv<ir4ro rous (fiopdrotrou0ei> dl<ovGur,fv pa5 poq0dervo ourrg rr;rig rrlg ivrooq5. H o6v0eor1 voqriooups.

Or 6uvoprrigypopprigeivorypcrgpigpe tt5 orrofegar16oo o)ryronorcirat(.va ne6io\uvdpeuv. Mo5 6ivouvrrtrqpogopie5 yrd rrlv rore60uvoq6oo xoryrcro pirpo rq<;ivrooqg.

Or ntrqpogop(eSourig pcoi(ovror orrs rropqKdr<onopo6o1i5. o To 6tdvuoFa E(M) rqg dvrco4g egdrreror oe rdOe oqpeio (M) onorao6{nore 6uvo;rrr{S ypqFFrig. Ewoeiror drr qv 11ypoptp4eivor euOeio,o gopdog ro-uE(M)oupninret p'curr1v. o H rareri0uvon rou E 6ivel Kqr rqv xcreri0uvoq r4g 6uvcFrKris

YpoFFris. o EexdOeo4peiorou rrediouq rruxvdr4rorov 8uvoplxrirv ypopp6v eivar ovriloy4 rrpos ro pdrpo r4g dvrooqg oro o4;reio qurd.

Ag rpcwoorod;re pra nol6 prxpqerrrgdveroxdOerrlorr5 ypop;ri5. 05 ro rrrltrfrovrou oprOporirorv nuxvdrqro rov ypoyp<6v0o 0e<opo6pe rrpos ro eppc66v ypoppo6v,or onoie5 nepvdve o116rqv errr<privero, rqg enrgdvero5.M'dllc lciyro 11nurvdrrlro ypopprr6ver<ppd(errov rrou Gvnororlef otq povd6crenrgdverog. aprOpdypopprc6v

o or 6uvqFrrdgypupydg6ev Fvovtor. And rri0e o4peio u rre6iourrepvderpfc pdvo KrlYpcpF4. o or 6uvqprrdg ypuppdg (exro116Oerrrri goprfc xcr o€ crpv4TrKo. I

e KE: AAAHAE II IAPA:EI: HAEKTPO:TATI

tltripru nou <pldrrouv>pe r1)\errprxrirre6iq q,6pr0 pero onoio ro ovrrxeipevo rou 0propfvo 6r08610uv nedio, ovr;lvcriouv 4trexrprrd goprio xriopou rouqrorenrxorvtovoriv.

Tonedio d4proupyeiror ond4lexrprro nouun6p;1ouv m4vouprirorororeqdhroug.Hnopouoio oyt0yrprov ourrerpdvrrrv dqproupyei oronedio perq poli0ero yivovror droropoleq, oronofeg rouqoprori xordl}rqlov ovrrl4meg ondro otopo pri04, oto04rqpiov.

M'6Motrriyro r0 {,6pro our6(6vrogoepey6tro dnouousroorrrd 6ev unfplergtog,uplfnouvu ro qtrexrprx6 rredio roug. lpqorponortivroq

AuvoprKo Eivor'1rucoor6 rrcog6rov or <puorrcoi prloiiv yro rrs otrlrltrerrr6pdoerg XprlorFonororjv66o ytr6ooeg 6rorpoperrrf5.Irq pio otr' ourf5 rupropXei q veur<ovrrq66vayr7evc6orqv d,lq o rrlprog pdtro5rrepvder orq oletrr<d ve6repq iwora 6uvayxrl utpyua.

H pdXprrc6po rreprypagq rou qlerrprro6 ne6iou pooiorqre oro Sravuoporrr6 prdyeOog tvraoq ro onofo dler og orperqpfc rrlv 6vvora 6tivc1.rr;.

Irc rropordrro rl fisprypo(pr1rou ne6iou 0o e;rnlourror-efpre6vo ordpro priyeOo5,ro orrofo neprypd<per ro ne6io orq yk6oocxrq5 evdpyerog.To pdye0o5liyer<l 6uvc;rlr6 rou ne6iou oe xdrroro oqp€io M r<oroe ovri0eoq F€ rlv dvrooq eivar paOpor5.

Mnoporipe rrpororopofur<dvo no6pre6r excppd(€rrrlv avd provd6o <popriou6uvoprrq evdpyerorqv onofo Ocronorrqoer ivo <poprioav ppeOe i oro ouyKsKprpdvo oqpeio (M) rou ne6iou cxuro6.

I

h

e HAEKTPOITAT KEIAAAHAETIIAPAIEII'

Enrorpigoupe oe ivo rrohd epc6rqpo:I-l6ooc,x6rog anstreirat va oqrcdtooup€prd papd ntrpa Ko'rvs rq Eipoupe oe xdnoto 6qog; Irrl ytrc6ooorrlg guorr<r1g ro epc6rq;.ro'/verar: tl6oq ev€pyua rpi.net va perappdoottltt orqv ntrpa yru va avuteue€f; H ondvrrloq eivor yvtoor(. H noo6rqro peroprpa(dpevqgevdpyerog perprdror l.rsro dpyo rqg 66vupr1sfior,)0o lperoo'rei vo oorqoouF€ ylo vq rrlv qvuq;6ooups. E{unoro6cror 6116lo ourd ouppoivouv ener6rlurrdpler ro ne6io poprlrqro;.

Oeropodperc6po ivo qlexrprr6 ne6io ro onoio nqyd(e r on6 dvo -og urro0iooups- 0errrd cpoprropivouvrrre ipevo rcr €xreiv€rdr p€ordq.rqKor ovrrXpr ro drrerpo.To drrerpo avqrer orrl 0eco5l11rrrrl ororXeioro <i€or on<j ro ne6io> rrls fi€rpCIporrr4geynerpicg.Iuyrevrp6voups rnv rrpooopl FoS o€ fvo orlpeio M rou ne6iou. Osvro(6poore ivo Oerrrd orlpercr<6<poprioq vo ppior<eror<i{ro> arrd ro rre6io qur6.

Avoporr6pocrr€: I-l6ooq,rc6noqansneirat yrs vs E€poupe ro goprio q oro orly{o M rou re6ioo; Irq ylc6ooo rq5 <puorrcqg ro epc6rqproyiverar: 116o11 evtpyen rpi.rer va peraB$doou,ue oro Eoprio q yn va tA?etoro orTpeioM; Xperd(erartrorrrdvvo urroloyiooup€ ro ipyo rqg 6rjvoprlgrrlv orroio rrpirrer vo qorodye r6ore, e{ou6erepcSvovrogrq 6rlvopq rou ne6iou oro cpoprioq, vq ro gipoupe oro crqpeioM. Eivordporgo{roorlpei<ororo yeyovdgdrr I 6rivopq rrlv cnoio ooxef ro ne6io oe rpoprio q eivorovdtroyqrrpos rrlv rrprqro6 q (F : Eq).Aur6 orlprcxiver 6rr ror ro ipyo rqg 0o eivor ovdloyo npos rrlv rrprl rou q. Av ern6qtro6qvo rdvoupe ro i6ro pre6rntrdorogoprio orrd rqv Xerpqoou;-re i6ro 6ro6pop11 ro dpyo 0o eivqr 6rrrldoro. 'Onrog dpog xcr orrlv rrspirrrororl rou rre6iou pop6rqrcg, ro 6pyo €o eivor 6rrrldoro or<6po Kor dv 11preroxfvrlon(on6 ro drrerpo oro oqpreio M) yiver orrd 6rqcpoperrrrl6ro6popr1.

Egdoov trorn6v ro dpyo eivar ovdtroyo'rou gopriou ro nqtriro rou 6pyou rrpos ro cpoprio (dpyo ovd povdfia gopriou) 0o eivor pro rroodrrlro cve{dprqrq o116ro preroxrvoriprevo rpoprio oltrd xar qn6 ro ei6o5rqg 6ro6popr1g.

H rroo6rqro ourq crroretreilopoKrrlprorrKd ororleio rou orlpeiou M rar trdye'ror$ovapxd rou r1Atrcrptxotr,,e6iouoro orlpeio M. Eivaro{rorrp6oerro <irr ro dpyo rqg 66vopqg rqv orroic rrpirrer vc oorrlooup€ yrCIvcr yerogipouFs ro Oerrr6 goprio qrr6 ro <drrerpo) oro oqpeio M eivqr (oo pe ro ipyo rqg 66voprqgrqv onoio 0o oorofoe ro rre6io -oro goprio q- rard rq prerorivqorlrou q o116ro oqpeio M oro drrerpo.Aur6 orprp<69ro ip'yo lpqorponorei q quor-

5 ;

-

nnr*arorror,*uronnnnrn,ororr,r.ll

K4yfo rov oprop6rqs iworcs 6uvayrc6.y',v,trorrr6v,ouppoliooupe pe V" ro 6uvcprxdoro oqpeioM, pe W"- ro dpyorqg 66vopr1g rqv onoia qoref ro ne6fo rord rq perorfvrlorlev65gop, iou q orrd ro M oro drrerpopnopodpevc ypdrpoupe: r/vM- - wMq

Iro 6re0vfgl6or4po, povd6operprloe<og rr156rorpopdg 6uvcprrof eivorro 1 Volt.Iuppol(eror pe 1 V xoreivtne{ opropodtoopt 1 JlC. H ovopooicrou npoipleror o116'ro6vopo'rouAlessandro Volta (Aleoodvrpo86lro, 1745-1827)roo lrolo6 guorxo6,o onoiog roruoxedooerrlv npc6rqqlerrpr14orrllq.

Xperd(etorvo oqprerciooupe drr qv ro -<oSrfposro dnerpo-6uvoprrrd ev6goqpeioueivorcpvqrrrd,our6 orlproiver xddrr yrovo p€roKrvrlOef rroroOerrrd<poprioond ro drrerpoo' our6 ro orlpreio, 6evlperd(eror vo preroprpdooup€ To rre6ioperoprpd(eroro <poprioevipevdpyero. yero.To ovdtroyoperq popdrqro eivordrr uv pra poprdnfrpc oplrd ppiorerorqqtrd Korrlv ogqooupevq rrr:oeroro i6c9og, ro rre6io poprirqrogrq5 yeraprpd(erevipyero.To 6uvoprr<6 rou e6d<pou5 eivor q-rql6repa. opvr;rrrdoe oXioq peereivorou oqpreiou rrou ppior<eror H 6worc/pdye0o5 6uvo;ltx6q\exrpxot tre$iou Avagiperor: oe ivo opropdvooqpeioM rou qtrexrprrodrre6iou.

Opi(eror: ols ro nr'1liro rou dpyour4g i56vcpqsrrou soref 'ro ne6io oe orroro6rlrror€goprio rqrd rrlv xivrlorlrou gopriou qrr6 ro oqpreio M oro drrerpornpr<r--(,:>.\:er\c \r-r e tuypotrf(eror:pero ypdppqV orr6re:

w"q Eivqt:iwotq/piye0ogrqv orroio errrvoqoape yro vo neprypdgoup€ ro rre6ioorrl ylcOooorqg evipyercg.

'E1er<ugpovd6operprloeco5: ro 1 Volt (1V)

Arocpopd6uvqHrKod Kd0e oqpeio ev6g rllercrprxodrre6iou 0o i;1er-orr1 yevrrcrlrrepinrcoo4- ivc <6rrd rou> 6uvoprx6.Ag urroOioorrpe6116rio ouyrer<prpivo oqpeic, ro A rqr ro B, ilouv 6uvoprrrd(o4 'npog ro d'nerpo)14 V rcrr -e

l3

nnr*rrorro' *r, A^^H^EnraPArEr>

iorl pe ,i V, 0c anoretrefKotro rov 66o 6uvopttxt6v, 9 V. H 6ro<popd avd povd6cAopriou dpyotl'1966vapqgrou te6iou rord rqv orroro8rlnore perorivrlorlev6gorrotou6qrrore<poprioucrr6 ro ivo oqpeio(ro A) mo dllo. H noo<irrlro ourrl avcgdperoroe 66o -{uYK€rprpivqg6rdro{qg- orlpeioA rot B, triyercrlirogopri 6uvo;rtxodrot ouppotr(erorpeVourct dler pdporo<o5povd6opirpqoq5ro 1 Volt.

Arcgopri 6uvoprxod(ri niorl) peru(ri 66o or;peitov(A rqr B) evri5 qlerrprrori ne6iou ovopti(ercrro nqlfxo rou dpyour4g 66vopr1g rrou soxei ro rrr6io ot xdrroro goprio, rorrri tr; perax(vqoq rou gopriou qrrd ro dvo oq;reio (A) pdlp ro riillo (B) npog r4v noori. rqrc Aopdou rou unoodporog. la

Vls=Vn'Vr=+

Erp6oovrdoo ro ipyo W^, doo ror ro goprio (q) eivorOerrrdgnoodrrlr€S trdpe6rr ro rre6io (4 n nny{ o116rqv onoiq exrropederor)<Fsraprpd(er> oto rpoprfo evdpyercKqr ro ipl,o Fetpd ourrl crprpr6g rrlv evfpyero.

Kord 14 gopd rou rre6fou rc 6uvo;rxri clorrdrvovrct. Ag (pcrvroorofpe, yra ldyou5 onlorjoteuoqg, ivo opoyevdgqtrerrprrd,ne6io xcrr6rio orlpeio I ror A rrdvo orqv i6ro 6uvtrprxqypctip{, 6toreray;.rivoo116f rrpog A rurd rq gopd rq 6uvcrprrnsypotrtr4S.YnoOdTouF€6r-r<arp4voupre> dvo 0errr6 oqperox6goprio oro oqpeio l-, ondre qurd 0o errrroXuvOeipe rore60uvoq lrpos ro A. H oororipevrl oro <poprio66vopr1iler rqv rare60uvo4 rq5 dvraorl5 orr<ire rcrd rq ;rerorivqoq crr6 l- npog A, ro ipyo 0a e(vorOerr16. v, - vo =

ltrIA xat ecpdoovWro>Oxor q >0 0o eivqrvr>vo. q To ouprrripco,poeivcr yevrxd Kor fidpouord(er peydlo ev6rarpfpov:

V:10V

V:

BV

V:6V

V:4V

o Kard rr7Ec'pd rr!q, 6uva;nrc49ypsuF4q ra \uvapircd eAanr<bvovrat. o KdOt.0enn5 goprio nou agr\verot

nt6io yeranveirar r,poqpxpdrepa 6uvayxd. oe r1trercrprcd

Auvcprrr6rcqr6uvqprK4evipyero M rrpogro Ko0<69 prrorrirpc rr6grerelef0epo orrd rtirroto orltrreio d6orpog,ro 0ert16ipyo rqg 66voprqg Fdp<rspog 6(verxor r-qvrrprl rr15pcpurrr(5 6uvaprrrl5evipyerqsrnv r>rroiqeile 11nirpo (co5 I

e HAEKTPOITAIIKEI A^AHAENIAPAIEI:

rrposro d6arpo5) drov ppror6rqvoro orlpreio M. Avrio'rorXoro dpyorr1566vopq5rou q),errprrorirre6iourord rrl perar(vr1or1 evd,g<popriouq o116ro orlpeioM oro drrerpopo5 6iver (og Korrrlv rrpogro drrerpo)6uvoprrrlevdpye ro rqv onoio eiXero oqperor6rpopriodrov pprordrovoro orlprrio M rou 4lexrprxo6rle: 6iou.Mnopo6pe,trorrrdvvo ypdrpoupe V ":S t V r: ! o rro t e U= V mg q''q H rogrlpog drrerpo6uvoprrxq evdpyero rrlv onoio <dXe r>dvcrgoprropivo orlpreror6 ovrrreipevo 6rov ppioxrroror oqpeioM 4lerrprro6 neEioueivor iorl prero yrv6pevorou 6u,voprro6 rou orlpsiousfii ro rpopriorou cvrrrerpivou.

A{i(er vo npooi{oupre5rr q 6uvcprr<r1 evdpyero cvocpiperororo rpoprroprivo ovrrrefpevo evcirro 6uvoprrriavogdperoroe or1;rrfo rou rre6iou.

Mnopo6pevo no6pe drr ov dva rpoprropivoor1;.rerord ovrrxefpevoppe0eioe rcdrroro oqpeioM evdgqtrexrprxo6ne6iOU

cr) H fvroorl rou qtrtrcrpxot ne\iou oro oqpeio M eivar o ouvretreorrjgp€ rov onoio 0o Xperooref vu rrollorrloordooupe ro <popriorou ovrrK€rprivouyrq vo rrporrlper r16rlvopr1q orroio 0o oor<qOe i o' qur6.

F=Emg p) To 6uvoprrrc6 rou qAtrcrptrcotre\iou oro oq;.reio M eivqr o ouvretreorrlS p€ rov orroio 0o Xperoo'rei vc notrlqrrloordoouFr ro cpopriorou ovrrKrrpivou yro r,o rrpordrger q 6uvo;rrrcrlrou evipyero. g=Vmg

McxyvqrrKo rre6io To 8rrivuopo(Foyvnrrxrinc6io lir, H ttopouoi<revd5poyvrlrqotrtrorriverro lcirpo.Adpedrr r<dOe payvqrqg611;rroupyei pcryvqrrxd rre6io. H ovriororXqrrposrnv dvroorl E 6rovuoprorrr<r1 rroodrrlrc/ rl onoio orro6i6trorot rcdOe rre6(ouKorro rrroqprio rou pcryvrlrNo6 prypdrper liyeror tvraorl payvrynxo1neiiou B. Orro5 ror q dvrooq ne6iouergpd(err<orourq rqv rre6rorrlS6voprq uvd po4ler<rprro6 vd6q uno0iporos. x

-e HAEKTPO:TATI KFI AAAHAENiAPAiEI)

Tr eivcr, 6H<rrS, yro ro pryvqrrro rre6io, urr60epo; 'EXoupeq6q ovocpipeL6rr o 20og orc6vog16oo crlsnqyrl doo Korrrls u-rr60e;ro;rcryvqrrrorineqle rrprxti rpoptfo.

6fou 0e<lpei ra xrvo6;.re',ro flpo5 ro nopdv, Ocropxe<rrodpeorqv nopo6olq proyvqrrrcilvrr6lrrlv Kor rov cvriororXtov rrooorqrov pcryvrlrroporj(m), rrrg onoieg 0o Oecopotipredrr ooreiror q 66vaprqrou poyvlrrr<odrre6fou.

'Evogrrpooroprvdgopropdgyro rnv fvrooq rou ne6iou 0o 6o0ei orrd rqv e€ioororlB : Flm, o6ltgcovo ps rrlv onoio q oor<o6pevq oe p6perondlo (m>0) 66vopq 0o dler rrlv rore60uvorl rou poyvrlrrrorj rre6f<luevc6q aoxotipev4oe vdrro rrdtro (m<0) 66vapr10o dXer,oe oldor prero 6rdvuoproB ovrf0err1r<ore60uvoq.

H avrrprercSrrrorl ourrl po5 pol0de r vo 6c6ooup€pro eppqvefo orrl ouprr€prgopdrns Hoyvqrrrrlgpeldvo5, q onoio, drrorg{dpouye, crrorelef yro ro pcryvrlrrrdrre6io dvqv ovrlveur( r6roirepo euofo0qro.

Oecopo6pe dr-roe xd0e ;rayvqrrrcqpeldvrr undpler dvo o6orqpro 66o ovriOercovrr6lcov, 'Otov q petr6vc ppe0efo€ rrt6io (ro orroio FrorfvrlrrKd, orrlv rr€proX{rnS pnopef vo Oe<opr;Oe i opoyevig) oe rdOe ndlo rqg 0o oorrlOeipio 6rivopr1.Or 6rio 6uvdperg eivor nopdtrtrqtreg pe iocxpdrpa xor xoreu06vorrgovrfOereg r<arq eniEpooq roug reivsr vo rrpooovorotriorr rr1 petr6vo rcord rq 0ior1 rrlg euoro0o6g rorpponio5 rqg. Kor ourrl eivor 110dor1orrlv orroio q rorr60uvoq o116ro vdrro 116lo rpo5 ro pdperoouprrirrrrr p€ rrlv rcre60uvorl rou poyvqrrrori rre6iou B. H pel6vo ouverrc6g6p p6vo ovrXve6er ro pcryvrlrfKd ne6io otrld rcqr6rav ooppon{ p(.oa o' ou16 anoreAti xard rcdroro rpdro ytd K:puroypacpia>rqg Kgr€uauvonc,rou b rrlc Ir€.proxrlq,.

Tonoypotpic rou Fdyvqrrrod ne6iou. Au,,roprrdsypoFFdS.fldvor o' (.vs riidpr ronoOerqpdvoopr(dvrra pd(oupe nolld5 K0r Hrxpegpcryurlrrrdg petr<lveq.

Me roug avriOrroug nd'lou5 6uo poyvqrriv 6rlproupyo6;re dvo pa.yvqrrr6're6io pioc oro orrofo or Be}6vegrrpooovorotrf(ovrcrr. H qoroyprrqiq rrou rropoOdroupe eivor e6yAcorr4.Mog e;rrpovf(eriva odvo,\o arr6 ypc;rpiq. A5 prlv

3 e

IAPA:FII HAEKTPOITATI KFI AAAHAFTI

rqv xore60uvorlrou {eXvdpedrr rdOeFe}<iuo6eiXver pcryvrlrrrod ne6iouB rqg rre6rrox4S rqS. pel6vegXprlorponorrlAv ovrf yro prrpiqpoyvqrrxrlg ooup€or6qpoprvioporo rl errcivorrou 0o ndpoupeeivor rov or<prp<ig ereivq rrou,drrcogiloupe ner, c60qoe Faraday vo npore(verrrlv €rKovoypdqnon rou odpcrou ne6ioupe6uvoprrisypopHdS, Aur6 rrou ouvipq prero prvic'prqro e(vor6116rov ppiKdrfipoOr1rovoro pqyvrlrr16ne6fo poyvrlriorr'1Kov pel6vssrou oovorol(o'rrlKovp€ rpdno rrop6porop€rr(; Fcryvqrrx6g rrporlyo6pevou nerpdporo5.

l-loporqpc6vrosrrlv erKdvqprero prvfoproro(poyvqrrrd rpdopo) rcr yv<opi(ovrosnpoKoropofurd o€ rror€Srreprolig ro rre6(oeivot IoXupd,repo,0o pnopiooup€ vo rprdoouprecro ouyfidpoopo 5rr orrg rreproli5 ourd5 epgovf(eror peyotrfreprlnrrrvdrrlro pcryvrlrrrc6v 6uvOprK(l)v Yp0ppov.

'Olo ro rroporrdvcoprro6ro6vvo 6rrorotroyrloouv rq Oe<opqrrx4 npoodyyrorlyr(r rrs Foyvrlrrrig 6uvoprr<i5ypoppd5 o To 8rdvuopo rou ;rayv4rrxod rre6iou B egrirrreror oe rd0e o4pefo onoroo6rino:re 6uvc;rrr4S ypqFFiS. o H rore60uvo4 rou B 6fvrt rqv rorr60uvon rns Moyv4rrx6rprioyoneroloerDotiglroyvfrq. ypottptis.

I o''o"n"r'xdsypappds 11 oleorri(ovr.'r drorc6ore :i,:,1',t'Jilllir||.:'ro,',1'fiXil,lTJl,'u1n,. ' (B)

nuxvdrryqroug vc eivar avciloy4 npos ro pdrpo rou Fqyvnflrod ne6iouB. 'Orro4 ouppaiverKorFs rr5 rller<rprr<d5 ylnppiq or Fc(yvqrrKi5 6uvoprrrig ypoppds6evrdpvovror.

Ie ovriOeoq, dporg,;rerrg 4trer<rprrdg 6uvoprrigypoFFiS,or orroiegeivorovorXrf<;, or ;rayvqrrrigypoppig eivor<rtrerord9.Byoivouvqrrd ro p6peronrjtrorou pcqrur1rr1 - finyr1 ror rqrru0Uvovrqrfipos Tov6rrorr6troorov orroioero6plovror.

Iro Are0vi5o6orrlpro,11povd6oprirpqorl5rou peydOous trroyvqrrrd nedio B ldyercr Tesla(Tfolo) ror ouppoAf(eror pe 1T.

-e KEI AAAHAEIlIAPAIEI: HAEKTPOITATI

Ie 6lq rq 6rdprero rou 6drorou dvorou orc6vq16oo 11dpeuvoyro rq 6opri r4g ril4g 6oo rsr q ipeuva yro rrl grion rou 4ltrrprqrof rxoviq vo 6ev erlav rorogiper vq 6c6oouvouyrporqprive5Oecopie5, eppqve6oouvdlo ro ouvorpqrr€rpqpcrrKd p4vriporc.

H 0e<opiodrr q 6111orroretreirqr o116dropq rorqxrodo€ ouv€1<ogi6ogoS, X<opiS6progvo pnopei vo 6ooer prc ondvr4orl oro eporqpo: 'Yndpyet dpaye xdron eoutreptxrl6oyq yta xd)e dropo; To dropro rou 19ou orcOvorlrov 1.rioOeyefucrxrl noo6rrlro 61119 oe oruprotrerrt rd olg dropo, 6rdronrl rivr1or1,qvrr ptrorri(ovrov 6prcrrg 6qlo6q og ;.riooldrrlro o6rdoncorrl.

Avcrrdvrrlro ep<orqporo urrrlplov Korr/ro rq <p6or1 rou q.lexrprro6 <popriou.H ovriXqgq, rl onoio e{crolou0odoe vq ruoropXei ovrrperorrr(e rov rlhexrprop6ro5 ivo ouveXrlgpeuord.

Kord rrg c{pxis rou €rKoorodqrc6vqq ouooc6peuoqfierpoporrrc6v 6e6opivov 0o orrprir{errou5 0e<rlpqrrro69<puorro69rrpog 66o rolupro;rodg. Ifpgcovo p€ rov npc6ro, rcr riropo d;1ouvontoo6rinoro xdnoro totorsprr{ 6opti ror pd}roro rroldr}oxq. Idpcpcovo F€ rov 6e6repo, n rrny4 rou qlerrprroti qropriou 0o rrpdrrervo ovo(4r40ef o' ourriv orprpr65 r4 6op{.

To <poprioeivcr xpavrropdvo. Iro pero€6, orro(poororrrd rrerpdForq -yro ro orroio 0o ;rrlrlooup€ rno rdror- iOeoqv e1165 pdXnS rrlv drro!.rq 6rr o rllexrprop65 eivor ouve;iq peuor6 ror evioXuoov priourrorpio evrel<rrg6rorpoperrrrlgloyrrrl<;,11orroio erle ergpoorei rcr rrotrr6repo. Ifpgovo 1.r'ourqv, ro 4lerrprrri qoprio unrip;1tr privo or oouveXei5 noorirqreg. Iqprepo, '/ro vq neprypdrgoup€ou16 ro yeyovdg,lpqorponorotiperr1 6rorfrrcoorlro 4krrprxri goprfo efvqt rpcvrro;rdvo rqv orroic 0o npo<rrrcOrlooupevo 6rooacprlviooupe.

To qlexrprrd <poprioeivor ivo piye0og rrou 6ev pnopei vo rroipver 6tregrrg rrpayprorrrd5rrpi5. Yndpler rrp<irro orr' dtro dva eldloro orrg rroo6rqreg qtrexrprrodrpopriou. E(vorro treyd;.revo ororlercS6eg qtrerrprrd <poprio,ro orroio i1e r errrxpor4oervo ouppotri(eror ps ro ypdFpo e. H g6oq <poiverorvd (oncryoprrjer>rrlv 6rrop{q rpopriou rrou vo eivor prrrp6repoo116aurd. To ororleu66eggoprio perpqOqK€Kdrppdeqreioo pree: 1,6O210"C. H onoro6qrrore, lorrr6v, noo6rrlTo rltrexrprxodcpopriou(q) efvoroI

e IAPAIE I: HAEKIPOIIATIKEI AAAHAETI

Kiporonotrlontrdororou ororXerr66oug cpollrioue (q=ne).Mro rroodrqro cpoprioupnopei vo eivor80e,81e, ti2e,6evprnopei6ptrt5vo eivor80,4e.Me ro gopr(o ouppc(verrord xdrrororp6rro 6,rr xor pe ro vdprropo pro51c6pog, ro oroio 6evprrropci vo rroipver6leg rrg rrtris.

To ororlet<66e9 rllerrprrd goprio urrdpler<re66o r6nou5. Yndpler <o5Oerrrd(*e) xoroS qpvrlnKd(-e).

Hlexrptivro. Ie rdOeoXofu16epyoorrlproundpXerivcg ocotrrlvag r<o0o6rr<r6v orcriv<ov.

Tovtr6perar oarlrlvoCrookes.Av rov pdtroupe vo trerroupyrloer 0o rorovorlooupre xolfrepu doo rropcrxdror0o enrlerpriooups vo lrsprypdq.roupe.

Lra 1879ivog oqprovrrx6g Ayytrogenrorqpovosrls erroXrlg, o WilliamCrookes(foufirap Kpour5)petrerofoerqv r1tre rrprr<r1 cryoyrpr<irqra fiou €Fqqv((tranpdooo' dvo rleror6 oollqvo uq;qlo6r<evod. Ira drpo rou ootrrlvo unrlplov 611operotrfur<of oyoyof-qlerrpd6ro,orous onoiougeqdppo(zSracpopir 6uvcprro6peprr<<6v 1potrr. trrd6<ov Kord rr1 6rdprerarns oy<oyrpdrqro5ivo nopd{evo <pOopf(ov,:pos oro qrrivovrr qrrd (rd0o6og)roixtopo ro opvqrrxd qtrer<rpi,6ro trpd6r6errlv ficpouo io -pdoo oro oolrlvopro56iopqg c6porq<;.H 6iopq f6erXveva d1er rore 60uvoq crr6 ro qtrerrp66ro- r<dOo6o5 rrpog ro orr€vovrr roiltrlpo xor eu06ypoppn 6rd6oo4,dnog ro gc,ls,oe orlpreio fiou p€ rqv nope;.rBotrq o6racpovo65yr' ouTrlv ovrrrerpivou,vcr6qproupyefrororo orrivovrr roilcopo orrd. To dvoprorrou 6d04Ks orrl 6iopr1 rlrov ra0o6txi.g arcriveq.H <p6o4rrlg nop6preveivo q(vrYF0.

'Hrav dpaye pn 6i.oyr1an6 otuyari\rc; Alrlncnq,rlrav xdron axrwopoAia avdAoyrl y€. ro Eus r7xdn dtrAo e'ntA<bg6nEoputx6; Or neptoodreporAyylor errorrlpov€S/or: ovr(Oeoqpe roug dltroug Eup<onofoug,unoorrlpr{qv 6rr q 6i,rpq orroretrefroro116 orrrprorfbra.To ;rrlv6poro rrls dpeuvc5 d6erlvov drr or Ayylor ef1ov 6frro. Mdlroro, 11orr6rtrroq, rl orroio qrav 6uvordv vo errrplrleef rrdv<oorrl 6fopq e{orriog r[g nopcruoio5 payvqrrrcodnr6iou, evOdppuv€rnv oyyfur<r1 er6op1, alld ror i6erXve6rr ro ocrrpori6ro ourd rrpirre r vc eivor ocoporf6ro pe rltrerrprrd,gopr(o.

(AS pnv {eXvdpedrr ro poyvrlrr16rre6io errr6pdoro rrvotipevo <poprio).H rsre60uvon rrls 6dopqgoe ouv6uqoprdrcorps rn qopd rord rrlv orrofo orrirfuve, qrov oopapd errrlerprlpora unip I

e

HAEKTPOITATI KEI AAAHAEIlIAPA:EI:

rls drro'{ngdrr ro oorporf6loourd erlov <poprioopvqrlr<d'' ' Aeroolrc6 1p6vrocxpy6repoivog dtrtro5Ayyloq cpuorrdg'o J'J i6erâ&#x201A;Źedrl ro oorPor6ro Thomson oltrd ror pdla (m)' MerPr6vroS, ro nql(rcorou <poprioun 6dopr15, onorotr6qrerxdrt rrotr6filo orlP0 rltrerrpo<p6or1-t<ov ;'rerotrtrrrriv fru. to i6ro,ove{dptrlto ott6 tr1 ave{dPrrlrosn6'ro ei6o5rou oep(ouoro oolqvo' ovefdprqbi'cov, rr156dqrqgrrpdrervedvo ro on6 orr6rlnore.fto ro xd0eocopcxri6ro orqv efip<lrrcrYcovtorq p6trtl dvov 6vo;to,rrou errp6rtlro vo rroi{el 6voro qKolc'60qoe' flp6rerve rnorrlpovrKqe{dh{q rou olc6vorrou po r;terrp6vto(electron).

0rro0o6rx6gorriveq6not|ovolpovrtrdpritroornvovordlury4rountreKlpoviou.Bi90|0,0I0-1879' rirtrdroteg qovrooio 4herrpovtrfq enroinlovrxri Kdn0t0q Yt0v0np09ltdq,0l inprn,uodtog6rst ytovo po(lx{rtr(pox0 oerpopoxrtrd vollpnotponoroUvrot oropellov0opnoporioov ddoueq r[tre6po0nq rnq rtg etr'dveg vo 6qproupyo(v ror o0tiv4 porrboiOiqouv rpgopi(ouoo Iro

Irrlv e{dtrr{,nrtov npcrypdrov ono6erl{)qre dtt ro opvqrrrd <poprlrov ro ororXer66eg<poprioYlo ro onofo,prlqrio rou r1trer<rpov(ou 'Evre ro Xp6vro'opydrepo(1908)o A;reprrov6sR' A' Millikan' . ocxpe p' iuo .lrrru.rolriuo'nerpopo,xordrpepevo perprloerro qoprio rou qler<tpovioupe peydlrl orpfpero. rrpoTo rllerrptrr5 goprio orrl6op{ rou ardyrou' Anci no6' ti;rol5' iplovrov ro qtrerrP6vlo; " H cl",dvrqoq 6dOq<eorrd rov i6to rov J'J'Thomson'To rl^er<rp6611vro erprdpnovrov <xn6ro ;rirotrtro rqg rcr0d6ou,o'noretrodoov qurd qrov orlo Xafu<6' lo6ri ouoro'n16 rr156trqgrou perdllou, t'ire Totrpc6vrog prdrotrlo' dllo orroro6qnore cln6 eire srrd oi6qpo, eite h

e NIAPAIEI: KE: AAAHAE FlAEKTPOITATI

Frqrropofiipo yevireuorlroXup(orrlredrlro rllerrprivro eivot ouorqflxd dlarv rov arriprov rqg rilqg.

EllvtAlErO TO HAEKTPONIO YNEYOYNO flA

TIJ J(HMEIA

TIT EAA.TJKEIIAIOTHTEI

Ero provrilo rou or6pou rrou rrpdrerveo i6rog,otrtrdror orq rno (rrrrorrrd> provrftrd,rrou rrpordOqrcrvrr16e6rep11 6eroerfo qr(6vo rou FoS,ro qlerrpdvro undpXouvFs ro opvrlrrr6goprro rous Kqrqrrorelofv ro povo6rrd<popioopvqrrrodqtrerrprr<o6 goptiou pioo oe rd0e dropo. Otro rc 4trr:rrp6vrorou x6opoueivor i6rc, p€ rrlv ivvorc drr dlouv ioc cpvrlrrrd <popriorcl ioegpd(eg (qpepiog).

'Evoor6pr1ocopori6ro, ouororrrd rou ar6pou rr our5, eivqro povc8rxriggopdo5 Oerrxorigopriou. Eivcxr ro rrpordvro (p) rrou (*e). gdperro morlerc66eg 0errr6rpoprio B\fnoupre, 6r1lc6q,6t'ro qtrerrprrd<poprio6evppiorerorp6vorou, l3piorerorrrdvrq oro u116-oro;rxdorrrpori6ra,ro rller<rpdvro Kqrro rrpor6vro. A{i(er va roviooupedrr, rropdlo rrou or rroodrqreg<popriour<rrv6rjo ooForr6(orveivoranoldr<rrgioeg,rl pdlc rou rrl)oroviou eivor€vrufio)orcxrdpeycldreprl -2000 nepirrou qopis- orrd rq pd(o rou r1trexrpoviou.

Zrs 1932rl 6o1i4rou ordpou ou;.rntrqp,c60r1re ond,ivo ox6po ooport6rope pd(o fuyopeyohireprlKotonri rr1pd(c rou np<rlrovfou. ToTpiro our6 ooprorr6ro6eldpoore<irr6eviler qlexrprrd,gopilo. Z' cur6 orprpc6gro yeyov6gpaoi(eror Korn ovopqoiorou. Eivqrro verp6vro(n)neutron,6qlo64ou6erep6vro.

r

H 6rcr{p4on rou 4lerrprxod gopdou. Av gipoupe oe orevrlenoqtr6 gq 66o ovrrxeipevo, opropdvoqlerrp6vrot)o peroBrpoorodv ro 6vo oro dllo. Kdrr riroro ouppciver,6'rrrvrpipoupsrqv enrgdvtro rou orutrdrrdvo oro pdtrtrrvo noutrdfiepFGSKqrro qlexrpi(oupe. flpdrrere606vq rro0pre drr aur6 fiou rr€T(,Xoivoupe pe'ro rprrpr;.ro rirvrcov66o ovrrrerpieivor ;rto rrotrf orevq erracpqrtrrv €rrr(pove vorv.Eivqt6uvqrdvvo peroBrBooro6v perpiiorpeg noo6rqregCIpvn-

e

H^EKTporTATrKEr A^^H^Efr^pA:Er: E

rrKodgopriou pero vq rrriooupepero(6 rou<;6rio6rorpoperrrd uhrd. Aeveivor,enopdvco5, crprpig vo tripe 6rr rq rllerrprxd goprio <rrcp&yovro r1<yivovror>. ilro ocoordeivqrvo tripedrr ro qlerrplx6 rpoprio<eprpovi(erqr).

Aur6 rrou ouppoivereivqrptc dvdKdrdvopq rtov 66o e66v Eopriou, rrou undpXouvcrro 6rdgopo oropcro, rirora rirorero otrrx6goprfo vo 6rorrlpeirorcrro0ep6. rdoo H undOeoqrq5 6rcrrlprlorlsrou gopriou enrpeporc60qre rrerpdpcrc6oo rqr oe oroprx6KorrruprlvrKd o€ FoKpooKorrrrd en! rre6o,lcopigva iler pilpr orlpepq,rrqpouoroorefrdrroro e{ofpeor1.

Og ofur6 goprio 0eopodpero olyepprr6d0poroprc rcovgopricov rou ouorrlporog.Avcrpepdpevor o€ ofiopovorl.rivo o6orqpo, oe o6orrlpCI6qlc6q ro onoio 6evqvrqltrdooerritrqpe ro neprpdtrtrov rou, prropotipeva nodpre6rr: Orroreo6{nore;rerapoldg xor vo ouppoivr)uvor dvo orropovro;rdvoodorqyq ro ofux6 goprio rou ntrpoFdver,or xriOeXpovrr{ firyFri, ora0epri.

H np6roorl ourrl orroretrefrqv qpx{ rq5 6ror{p4o4g rou goprfou.'Evcg dltrog tp6no5 vo 6rorunrirooLrl.r€ rq 6rcrrlpqorlrou gopriou eivqrvq rrorlpe6rt ro Eoprio 6ev\r1ptoupytirato6re xo.ro.orp(.Eerat.

q y6ro AvTpi{,oups rq y6ro!e pn po0proo, gopnopdvq 8oelvor 0enx6 ror4 poUproo opvqrrx6.

E[unoxoderor drrro 4lexrprrd goprio6ev64proupyriBqxe.

MsT0rpi{,rUo dyrve onl6dyoqdtoyt'rprogrig 0errrofror gopriou, rovonoiopnopoUpe opuqnxo0 vo rcptvpdt;,oupe l6yowoqdrrond14y6ro peroFr96srlxou npog14poUproo 4lerrpdvro.

Hlexrp6vro eled0epo. Or rrro ouvrlOropfvoroy<oyoi4trerrpropoti eivor oorpakirg or percltrrrof. 4116 FrKpooKonrrrl dnorpq ourd rrou 6rq0irouv rq pirollc ror 6ev ro 6ra€tirouv or Fovcorig eivor rc etre60epoqtrercrp6vrc.'Orr<rrgrrrorefercr oqpepo, orous F€roltrrro69 ay<oyo6g,e1169 qrr6 ra 6€opn qlerrp6vro rrou <ovqKouvDoro dropo, urrdpXouv ror qlerrpdvro eAe60epo,'ro orroio rlvodvrqt ovd;.reoo oro dropc Kor ro rdv'rc rou prerdtrtrou.Arrorelodv 6vo ei6og<rltrerrpovrro6oepiou>,r/rori r; xivrloq rou5 iler Xcpcrrrlpo droxro, cvdtroyo Hs rrlv rivqc'r1r<ov popirov rd0e qepiou ocdporo5. = € HAEKTPOITATIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII

I

4

e I-lAEKTPOITAII KEI AAAHAEiI IAPAIEII

,,

Or neproo6repor dvOporrorrrls enol(5 pog dlouv opxeri5 gopis aololqOei pe rdrrorovnurvcrrrrlrr iXouvchlri{er rrl XoplnK6rqrd rou 1<opigvc dlouv eniyvroorlyto ro rr oxprllc6grdvouv ereivrl rq liyor {dpouv6rr prerqv rivqorl nou rdvoull€o' ivo orryprl. I-lotrtrof (our6 ro orrofoyupf(ouper{dXvovragyro po6rocpovrr<6 r<ouprni oro0pr6),peropdMouF€rn Xcopnrrxdrrlro rdrrorourrurvcorq. ppfoxerorpioo oro po6r6g(Dvo O rrurv<rrrqg Kl door6evro dXoupscvoi{er,iorog,6evrov iloupe 6etrro'rd.Ar6po rrlo }ryor{dpouvrr oxprpolg efvcrpprlrr1614roKorrr fiL,KVor{S.

Or nuKvords O r rru rv<orig ouyrcoroldyovro r cxvd;.r eoa orou(; paorrori g fi porcryovtmdg rrlg qle<rpovxqS, rl onoio ) /cop(€r ourrl rqv 16oo evrurr<oororq ror olporr66q e{dlr{r1.Xolpigouro65, ioo5 ror vc Fqv unqpXen o6yXpovrl 4lexrpovrr4. H ncrpcryroyrlror 11lqrpq rltrerrpoptryvrlrtKc6vralcxvrdroe<ov,rl p€rogopd oqprdrov, q oroOeponoi4oq rqg rdoqg rpo<po6ooiogrov qler<rpovrr<ov xurclalprdr<ov eivcxropro;rivegpdvo orrd, rrou ilouv fipcyporofiorq0ei pe rq po4Oerqrrurvor<rrv. ttg ecpoppoyeg Tr eivor,6FtoS,rrurvolrqg; Mrropotipe rrp<lxoropofurd vo rro6pe 6rr eivqr dvo orjorq;rc 66o yerrovrrc6vcfycrlyr6v/ or orroior 4rlpig vo ouv6dovror ayriyrpo, eivsr 6uvor6v vc rpopri(ov'ror o ivcq tls qoprio Oertrd r<oro dtrlog pe orrotrrirrrrgioo goSrrio opvrlrrxd. Mro pcorrrl r6rorrepdrqrdrou eivol drr orroretreidvo ei6og<6e{opev4g)ntrerrprx6v <popricov.Ie 6rogoperrrrl ytrc6oooprroporlpe vo rro6;re <irr oe rdOe rrurv<orq eivor 6uvor6v vo orroO4xederqr 4lexrprrri goprio ror evipyercxqlerrprrco6rre6iou.

0toroypoqio

Il4ponrf nopdfioon

IuU0ol|opdq

Kd0enurvorrqg anoreleircxrorrd 6rJoxoppdrropirotrlo, ro oHAEKTPO:TATI KEI AAAHAENIAPA:EI:

nhoporl triyeror ror goprio rou nuKvorrl (q).

'Evo5rpdnos ytO vc 1Terfxoupe11 <p,dprrorl rou eivot vq oKoudvq onhop6, evr6 orov otirpo cpoprroprivo pnqooupe rdnoto 0errxd 0o eivot: To orrorileopo o dMog onhop6g 0o eivotyeroprivoS. Oerr16rpoprio neproo6tepo oo) O ivoq ontrrop65vo epr<povioet cryroy65. ctol'lovto1.ltvos qrcv cv 116d,oo0o eprpdvr(e opvrlrrrd <poprioanofuip) o yerotpivoSorrtrrop650o ep<povior:r rcoq ioo. utrdpler €ro<popd6uvoprrrodrrlv oMero€6 rcov 66o oyaly<-'3v To rreipoprtxpd5 6eiXverdrt: rou nurcv<orq' trdpe rdorl noio (q) t4 6rorgopri 6uvoprxod (V) dler npog To n4liro rou gopriou yro *.iet nurv<orti ;rro rr;r{ ora0ep{, uvefriptqr4 64146{ arr6 rrlv trio4 Kor ro rpoprio.

To tqliro curd }iyeror lopqnxrirrlro (C) rou rruKvo)t4' C = $

rot drro5 0c 6odpee{oprdTol crr6 rct yeoperptxomorXeio rou rof ro orro(ourrdpXetperruxvorq rot orrd rr1<p6oqrou 6rqtrerrpr ro(6 rcovorrltopc6vrou. rrls Xoprlrlrdrrrog eivqtro 1 Farad.Iu;rH povd6operprloeot5 potrf(eror pe1F. 1c 1F: 1V ELT)C'I'RO CTIEMISTRY.

Eronriplctrro FrroP

ruR. nIcHnRD$ h*dtoilt

T}b

&L

rr&

d

6td

Electricity, ercniq

..h.,,,..,,,;,,,,"

at

' -",

"r

LUYT}CN ilr

Electrical

I

e

A^^H^Eft^pAIElr H^EKT'.TTATTKE: B

hdi ,&'4 , P d , ^ r' r

BUIAL 1 !{l d n * d d t.L "r qir4

Orreryr

eiv0t yrorrgloikdgr6t,etg, o llerrptopdg tro 1829, ereivng poyrxd.'Evo n6oepr4glpovt6g dvonp6yuo (UoYtK6v> i qlerrptxt0v r4veniiier(4 6rurg4pi(er o onoiog r[ploPiroopwq, gorvopdvtov ondr,inotov -peeronfptorotreirovrdopovtrnopoxotrou0rioet qlerrptr[q nov6rprp4q rlv nopouoioo4 Pnxoviq ;rrrrq pey6lou tturvor{. rorevriq qlerrptrdg el[elqrot o'6tlrounrigleror Avdpeoo oexivt1oq' perrgonoieq ovnxeipevo 0o06oer ontloerq noupurt6verotlomdxotlom6.Ktox6;to xoudorivto r4voriorou qlerrprr6ntordlu nou0o6ei;pet undolerot gtYofpeq rot6I^0. re9ouvoti, Xopeurrrdq llrenprn69 ptodetotr{pto. pe16oo otwg.ftoronotdtti Eioodos trToUnoP. 8oPpeire Erqrripto

O6pnorl KoreKgopnorl 1. Ei6ope<irrqlerr6rf(ovrdspe enogq rov ivo p6voonfuopdrou rruKvorq ror 6rorrlp<6vrogrov dltro yeroprivopnopod;re vo ner6loupecp6pnoq.O rp6no5 ourdg Mnopodpe 6eveivor,piporo, o provo6r165. vo gopriooupeivo:vrruxv<ort1 crouprru6vros o€ xq0dvoorr5 roug ontrropotlgivcv Whimshurst, r1vo orpo6irrq rrlg pr11uvrlg ouv6iooupeoyc6yrpo roug orrfuoporlg pe roug rrdtrousprcs rllerrprrrlgor4trqgror yevrr6repo,pre66o oqpeioxdrrorouqlexrprro6 rurlc6proro5.Mio noo6rrlro qtrerrprxo6qopriou pnopeiiror xorcno04xederqr.

2.'Orov or 6rjoonfuopoiorouprrloouv ( ouv6e0o6v ayc6yrpo/ o fiurv<otr15 ergoprf(eror. H oplrrl 6rogopdfiuvoprxo6etrqrrcoverqr piXprvo pr46evro'ref.

Aur6 rrpaypororrorei:orF€ FsroKivqoqOerrr<o6goprfou o116rov ontrro;r6peydtrou6u,roprro6npo5 rov orrlrop6 prrpod6uvoprrco6 q p' dhlo l6yro, pre;leroxivqorletre60epov rrpovirovfi posrqv ovriOerqr<cre60uvrrr1. r1tre

Frrt

EVePYero 9oPnop€vou rluKv6)rrl

Arrigopor rfnor nurvor6v. o4peprv6v A{f(ervoouyxpivoupe ro p6ye0oq rorvprxptirv pero nuxvtrrrtlv pdyeOog roupoluprc0 rqggoroyporpioq.

'Orqv rpopdpe g<oroypoqio ye gldg, ro q,rDSrrou pyoiver ouv6derdr p€ evipyero rrou rlrov orro04reupivrl oe rdrrorov rruxvorrl. Ko0c6grpopdpe rn qoroypogio o rrurvorq5 ono6i6er rqv evdpyerd rou KGrexrpoprf(eror.

Ko0r6go ocpdprlorosrruKvorrl5 perorpdfi€rct oe <poprropivo, erreleiror rdmoro ipyo orroo6rlnore. Ano6erxvdercrdrr ro ipyo our6 eivqt ioo pe CV'12,n rrFr4rou 6qlo6r1, e{,cprdror arr6 rrlv rroodrqro gopriou rrou orro0rlre6rr;re oro ()uyK€Kprprivo rrurv<rrrr1 rar dXr qrr6 rov rpdrro rrou iyrve 11gdprtorl. Mrropodpreouvenr6g vo rcrxuproro6pe 6rr o goprropivos nuKvcorqqorprp<rlgerrer6qeivor rpopTroprivog,iler evipyero,evdpyero6uvoplrrl trls fipos rqv r<ordorcorl orrlv orroia qrcv og6prtoros. H evripye lo ourq orroOqre6rrlK€ oro rltrexrpr16rre6io rou fiuKv(Drr1xor d rr1 6rdprero rns g6prroq5 rou F€ rn Fopg4 (6uvc;rrr<r'1s) evipyero5qtrexrprxo6ne6iou. Eivot 6uvqrdv vc qrro6o0ef orrore6rlrrore ouppei rdrroto exgd,prroq ror 4 rrpq rrlg eivor I

h

e HAEKTPOITATI KEIAAAHAETIIAPAIEII

,= l * -4>

Ta loporrqprorrrcdev6gnuxvortq- nou r<o0op(ouvKctrrl Xtrlprlrrrdrqrdrou- eivqt: o H yecoperpio ror olerrrq Odoqr<lv 66o orou (ox4tro,pdyeOog ror ntrropr6v) o H <p6onrou 6rr1trer<rprro6 ror ovdpreoo oroug oltrtrrou ppiorce o1-rorig.

AEGttvG rrpoosx0ei6rr n qdoq rou perdtrlouro)v 66o onhAv,611oprirv6evoupperilerorqv 8ropdpqoorlrrls XoprlrrK6rqroS. ev65rrurvor4 rous XdlrrvouqontrroporiS lo611cxvrrrorcor4ooup€ ro Y€opsrptpe 6rio dtrlougorrd,oloupivro,lcrrpigvq ciltrorcilooup€ rrou rrcxpsppdlleror,4 ltopqrrr<drr1rd ororXsioKqrro 6rr1ltrcrprx6 ro 0o rlopol-ttivr iorl perrlv fiporlYoti;revr1.

nuKvcorrls Enine6os Irqv rrro onl4 popcpqrou o rrurv<orqgeivot trrirre6oS.Anoreleinldr<eg, ot onofe5 rcxr6qtro6r1ond 66o nopdllqtre5 yerotrtrrr<dg ppfor<ovrorq prfcarrdvovrr ornv dltrr1.>uv(Orog,ot rrldrcs5dlouv Irqv nepifoa eppo6d ror 6poro oplporo (rurfurcd( op0oyc6vro). rrroorl rord rqv orroio q orrdoroorl ro)v ovrtxptorc6v€rrt(pcvttrilv rorv rrlcxrc6v eivor rrolti trrrrpdre pq ond, 6leg rrq 6toordo€rs n.ou roOopf(ouv ro e;rporre6io r<rprr<6 66v roug, ro r1tre rrepropi(eratrrporrr<d oro 1drpo ovripeoo orrg rrlcireg ror eivor oproyevdq.

T h

KEI AAAHAETIiAPAIEII F]AEKiPO:IAT

rrurvolrrl rr rdrrl rq errirre6or-r Xcoprl 'EXoupefirrrrpoKoropohrd drr q prlpqrrr6rrp'o rd0e rrurcvorrqrcoOoprltro; orrd rq <cyecrlperpiorou Kororrd ro 6rr;lexrprrd rou. Irq rropordrol 0o enr6rc6{ou;rsvo epeuvrlooupero dtro(rlrqpa o'rr1vnepirrroorl fiou o rrurvcorrlg eivor errirre6o5.

1. H ntrpaporrr{ dpeuvc. Iuv6dope rov it'ov onfuop<ienine6ou nepfptrrlporou 4trerrpooronfou. O dlrrurvorrq prero (yercopdvo) log orrtrrop6gouv6ierqr ps ro 6ioro rou ql,:xrpoororriou. H o116rfuoq rov gri)rltrlv pog 6eiXverrr1 6rogopd 6u,vaptro6r<ov66o onltopcbv. o) Arroporp6vouperoug onfuopro6g,on'5re ro qle rrpoordnto cu{r1Oqre pcrg8eiXver-evvoeiror ippeoo- 6rr 116rogopd 6uvoprrr<od rqr rord ouvirre ro q X<opqrrr6rq'roetrorroiOqre.Arprpei5 Fsrp{oerg 6eilvouv 6rr q lorpqrrr<d,rqrqeivqr cxvr(6rrpoqoovdloyrl rrls qrrou ndoroorlq 0 rcrrvorrtrropc6v(rl 'rou rrdlou5 rou 6rr1trexrprro6 nope ppdlleror). p) Xprlorponoro6pe, rdrpo, rrurvcurrl pe ;reyctrfrepoepBo6d,voro ou{dveror. Arpr pei5 rrfuo;rc5v.Arornorrirvou;.redrr q Xorpqrrr<6111 perprloer5dlouv 6ef€er6rr 11Xolpqrrrdrrlro evdgenine6ounurvorq eivsr ovdloyn fipos ro eppa66v S rov ontrro;rcivrou.

1l)Irc npoqyodpevorrerpdporo 6rqtrerrpr16qrov o oipog. Av, Kor ro rr6po 6rorrlpqooupreorcxOepqrqv orrdorooq rtrrv orrAroprc6v <ye;riooupre>r rous p€ dllo rous Kor ro ovdpeod ivo eppo6dv Xc6po ptrinoupe efxolo 6114 6rcrrpopdSuvoprrorj elor;rovorrr16o<rrpro, rriveror, npdypo rrou oqpoiver drr 4 Xcopqrrr6rqrq rou rrurv<orrl ou(r10qre.

Or crprBri5 perprloerg orqv rrepirrrcoorlo:urq orrorolfrrrouv 6rt ro nSoec,gopts 0o ou[qOef q lopqrrr6rqro 6ev e{oprdror on6 rov ouyKrKprpfvorrurvcorq. Ko0opi(eror orrd 14 <p6oqror p<ivo yra 6rr1lerrprx6 rou 6rrltrerrprrori.Av, 611lo611, Xprlorpofiorrloou;re porelfrq, 11lopqrrr6rrlro rou rrurvorrq pog 0o yiver4,8 gopig peyctrrjrepq o116r4v opprrl. Ero&yovrog,orq ouviXero,poretrirrl o'ivov ofiolov6rlnore dtrlov rrurvorrq 0c 6orjpredrr q ltrlpqrrrdrqrd rou yivercr xor rrdtrr 4,8 <popigpeyoldreprl. Aurd o4poiverdrr o oprepdg4,8 ogopd qrroKlerorrxdror pr6vorr> poretrfrrl.Arrotetrei p' dllo ldyrc, pro guorrrloroOepd ouroJ rou utrtro6.

Kd0e yovor(g loporrqp((erat on6 prcrrdroto guorrrl oroOepd, oupq orofo ldyeror &r1Aexrprcr1 ora)epd roo pov<nrr1ror ouvr1O<os polf(eror pe ro ypdppo <e>.O opropdgrqg 8ivetcr arr6 rqv e€ioororl s : C/Co,6rrou C q Xorpqrr1614roevdgonorou6rlrrore rrur<vcotrl pe ourd ro 6rr1trercrprrd rot Coq lcoprlrrr6rqro rou (6tounurvcorrl I

e I-lAEKTPOITATIKT: AAAHAEIIIAPA:EI:

pe6r4lerrprr6ro rev6,11rcrd ;,reydlqrrpooiyyroqrov oipo. l-rqro xev6,6qlc6q, wy6er,e{ opropo6,€ : 1, r:vc6yro ro dMq 6rqlextprrd eivore>1.

2. Oeoryqrrxdqrro6erKvderqr 6rr yrq rrl ;lcopqrrrdrrlraev<iger'ir'e6ou rrurv<orrlroXfer:

c =T

Ie ne pfnrooq, p ip o ro , f io u u ndpler rdrrorodMo 6rqlerrprr6-6p revrj- 0q dloupe: tloS c = Xrop4nxr5r4rqerrine6ounuxvtor{

u

ro goprio nopcpriveroro0ep6,q rropouoio6rrllerrprxo6eEcpdoov lorrcbverrr16rogopd6uvoprroderrer6qe{ooOevf(er ro rre6io.

Mnopodprercopc va {ovcypdrgou;.rt: rqv e{iocoorlrou v<ipou Coulombiror <6mevo roXderyrc ollqleni6pooq gopri<ovrropou6rqlexrprrod oio orrorou6rlrrore

t=

I +

rcr ener6rlkqr:

1 4reo

I

Itqt i;1oupef =+rrrr"-T-

qvroxn Arqlerrprr(rl Av errrpreivoup€ vo <popri(oupeoAoivo Korrr€proodrepoivcv rrurvo.rrrl, ro qtrerrprx6 rre6io rou 0a preyclc6ver rruve1c65.

Aur6 6evprrropef vo e(orolou0qoeren'drrerpov.Ee rdrrorq orryF40o er6rllco0r:f onrvOqpcsKoro rruKv(Drqg 0o €Kgoprror€r'qrro6i'6ovrqs rrlv orroropreupivrlmo rllexrcrrdne6iorou evipyerc.H epgdvroqrou orrrv3{poqrov dvo prqvu;ro 6rr ro 6rrllexrprx6irrcnpevc trerroupyef pov<orrxd, rrcpouoiooe,6r1trc6r1, cy<oyrpdrrpo.KdOe 6rqtrerrprxdiXeropropdv4<crvropl),rrou p€rpriror pe povdOeg ivrcoq5 qlexrprro6ne6i ou. H awopl ourrl avrrororXefar4 pdyorrl ivrqorl qlerrprro6 rre6ioupflpr rqv orroio ro 'Orcv 11rr6rqtrerrprr6srrorelef ivo pov<orr1. pq aurq {,errepcoref ro 6rr1trerrpr16 orrd(er (rpurrder)rar lerrorrpyeicyciyrpa.

H 6rqtrerrprr{crrnoplrou oipo eivar8000 V/cm. Aur6 0c rrer drr yro dvqv rrurvcotq pe oipo, rou orroiou ot orrfuo;rof orrilouv 1cm, {eorrder rlkerprx:d5 orrrv0rlpc5 orrlv rdoq I

e

H^EK'P.>TATTKE: AMH^E' r^PA:Er: E

rrurvorq pe 6r4trer<ov8000V,sv6 yro ivav ncpdporosy€<opsrpria5 (eonde r ydp<ooro 140000V. Irrdorpo rrprr6 ro 1opri, o onrvOrlpog repouvt6v.

6rrllerrprrodouppoiverror xord rrlv rrrc6orlr'<rrv rov K€Franklinrlrov o npr6ro5dvOporrogrrou <ei6e> O Benzamin pauv6trls Fro errpdprroqovdpeocoro o6wego Korrrl fq. O i6ro5 avardluqre6rr ro qlexrprrd goprio nporrprirrrg ori6e5Kdrrrs qrxpdp6o,yrq vo rsrooKeudoet pig xor lprlorponoirlosFro perotrtrrxrl ro npcbrootre{rripouvo.

[livcxrcg pe rrg oraOepig oproprivrrrv 6rqlerrprrc6v Yfurri

Ar4loxrprr{ Arqkrrprxri Yfurri oro0epri owoXri or kV/mm

K€VO

1

<i'ne rprl

odpog

1,00054

0,8

vegl

80

Xapri pfr<a

3,5

1A

5,4

160

noluqr0uldvro

8

lellon

Xolo(iqs 3,8

Arqltrrprr{ mo0rpti

Arqlcxrprxri owoX{ oe kV/mm

nopoelovrl yuoli Pyrex pcrelirr;5

13 12

To qlerrprKd goprio Aoxei o1. Eu06veratyrctns qAexrpooranrctqaAAr1,\tn6pdoerq,. nwo\qnore 66vapr1-eire eAxnxrT EirEcrruortxq-oe qAexrpx6 goprio.

2. EpEavi(eratye 66o r6nooq,' 0enx6 xo'to,pvr1nx6.

3. Eivat6uvsr6v va ytrap$aarei aTr66vc otispa o' tva dAAo. 4. Meraxueiru pi.oa oe aytbyrpa uhxd.

5. Oeapeirot roo6r4ra r4v oroia pnopo6pe va ptrpqooupe.

5. Eg6oovppioxerat ot xivr1or1, a))qtremDptlpe payv4rtg.

7. E(vstxpavnop€vo,eivar 6r7Aa64'rrdvrorlax(.patonoAAanAdoto u 5q oro tyetclrdouqEopr iou. yeraE€perat sn6 66o ouyrexpry(.va ousyori8. f)q, ororyercb&eq, xu ro np<ur6vrc.

6n'ro r1),ercrp6vto 9. Aev\rlptoupyeirat o6re xaraorp(.guat.

10. Eivat6uvar6v va ano9rlxtttru.

o. Oeopo6vroryvroord: H oroOepd rou v6pouCoulomb kqr= 9'10'Nm'/C',11ondlurl6rrllerrprrqoro0epdrou K€vodeo= ll4rkny=8,85.10'"C'/Nm',ro ororXerdr6eg goprioe = 1,6.10'"C, 11pd(orou qle= .10o' rrpov(oum" 9,11 kg,rl Fd(q rou np<.oroviou ffio= 1,67.10'"kgrar q popurrrcq enrrdxuvonS=10m/s'. p. Kd0erpoprropdvq orpoiponou XopcKrqpi(eror prrprlvo ileorprl0ei orlperocdrllerrprr<d <poprio. y. Orov yroro 6rrller<rprr<6 evd5nurvorrl 6evovogiperorrirrrro, Oeolprlore drr undpXcr odpo$pee=1.

1.8.To irog 1600rr6d0qrero prpliorou Gilbert'DeMagnete', ivo op6oqpoyrorrlv s{,ifu{4r<ovr6et6vndvo orov qlerrpropdrar ro Foyvrlroprd.

To nro oqpovrr16, oqpeio rou eivqr11drogrl yrorrlv orrio npooovo'ropetrdvog. hoporirns poyvnnKqg floroeivor11 noro nerpopo npayporonoirldnoqq our4; 1.1.l-loroeivor11opXrrqorlpooior1g 16(119 or yrqvc rqv ,lnoorqpi{e r; qkxrptop6q; rtrlvpo1.9.l-loreg €iv(nor poorri5r6rdrqre5 1.2.Avogipereriooepo rporv6pevo nop6- lvrlrcirv; r drov rpipoupe ForoH€ourd nou ouppoive 1.10.Trtriyer,rqlertpr16ne6io;l-lo56qprto r1trertpo. oupyeiror; Menore5iwore5neprypdgeror; 1.3.IE rr page{unrlpsrsi ro rller<rprrd errpe- 1.11.Trliyererivrooqrllerrprxod ne6iou; Pis; florqeivqrq povd6opirpqoq5rou ;.rey60ou5; 1.4.l-loro goprioovopd(oupe Oerrrd; lloroovopd(oupe opvqrrrd;

T

1.12.Ic5 4qro6pevo neprypdq.rere ro 4trerrprrd ne6iorrou6rlproupye iror ond orlpaord qoprio.

1.5.l-leprypdqreivo nerpoyoond ro onoio vo pnoporipe vo oupnepdvoupe drr proXdI- 1.13.Or 6uvoprrig ypqFpisevd5qlerrprrod rrvrlpdp6ogenrrpinerrq ;rerar(vr1oq r1tre- nebiou;rdg6rvouvnlqpogopfe5yro rrlv fvrool rou ne6iou.Ie nore5nopo6olig porrprrorj<popriou pioo ond,ourrlv. oi(ovrorornlqpocpopieg ourig; 1.6.Ie rr po5e{unrlpereiro rller<rpoordnro; 1.14.I1e6rdore rrg6uvoprri5 ypoppiqev6g Ie rr r1rllerrpoororr14UnxCIv4; rllerrprr<ori nr;6fouro onoio<n4yd(er> ond 1.7.H nopeiorou Coulomb rr16ror6no- 66oor1;rerord ;rd1pr rpoprio+3pCror -1pC. on rou oXerrro6vd;-rou qrov ivog ouyrepoqlexrprrorjne6iou 6uvoprrr6 opdg0e<opqrrr15 unoq,,iog rornerpcyorrr45 e- 1.15. Trtr6yer<rr rou; floro 11povd6opeoc dva oqpe(o e(vor nrpepoioorlg. floro rlrw 11Oeopqrrrq unorl.rio; rp4oeo4 rou peyiOoug; I-lrrr5 xcrdrpepe vo perprloe r noodrrlregqtrerrprrodgopriou;f1rr46rmunc6veror o v<ipog; 1.16.Kordrr1<popd ypoHU{S ;rruq6uvoprx4S

o HAEKTPOITATIKE: AAAHAETIlAPAIEI:

ru 6uvo;lrrdelortcbvovrar.flto5qno6etrvderur; 1.17.tloregonovr4oergi6rvovot rpuolxoi rou 1880oro eptor4poro 6opq I[c cvcptrl$orilre... o) Yndpxerdpoyt rdnoro eootreprx4 pioo oe rd0edropo; 9) flora eivorq cprio4tou rllerrptroti<popriOU;

1.25.Oeopqorerrdvregoprropivoorirgoro rou [1ore5 onovr(oergi6rvovot <puotxoi A, B,f, A, E.Av eivuryvcoor6drr ro A dtrrelto 1920ora i6raeprrlrrjparo;Tt ewootioovlfB,ro f fke r ro E,ro B on<lOefro E,ro A fl' yovrosdrr ro rllerrpr16rpoprioeivotrpavrrrerro B rot 6rt ro A eivorOerrrdcpoprropdvo, ouivo; rr eiboug<poprioqripouvrq dl a oc6poro; cvordlurpe 1.18.To 1879o WilliamCrookes 1.26.frjproorq 1730o rrg ro0o6rxri5 orrive5,rl g6on rctv orrofrov CrayrpoonoStephen onorileoe ivo oivrypc.flora qrov q ondov 0o6oeva epeuv4oet xcrd tc evrnorlfiou d6ooovor epeuvrlrd5 oc(tpaefro ov0pc6nrvo eve0dppuve ndpevoXp6vro;floroyeyov65 vorayriyrpo.Aiyerct drqv ondvrqorlourrl; rr Kdnorqpipa qlirrprprcydro peprraporiproa o€ Hrcyudfuvqpdp6o 1.19.Avrprrgoupe Kcrrrlv orodpnqoemo q ydro 0o eivqr 0ettr<igoprropdv4ror 11 poriprooopvqrrrd<popropfvq, Io5 (qto6pe n66ro rou unqpritrl rr16tortinororl:<AqyroupyqTou/ rov onoio eiXe va oXofudoere pe66oyepdyerd<xpepdoer> goprio>. npoqyoul.rivcog Oqrerllerrprr<6 qn6 H p6rr1rou uro ropdvr. rop6dvra qlerrp6vro;[to5 lrvo 1.20.Treivorro ele60epo rpdpq€e t6re prrpd nrlpirq Xaprdrronou eivorro rllerrpdvranou 6eveivorele60tpo; ppioxovrcvndvoro' ivo rpond(r. Mnopeirt pe rprrqptorov opt0p6rov fkogpnopoJpe ro <2otvdpevo; vo e(qyrloere vo 6rorp(voupe ta qtrerrpovi<rlv eleriOepolv otilpcra oe ayoyorig,oe ;rovordqKolo€ n- 1.27.Kpaftr€ ro Fr: Xiprproperollrxqpdprcry<oyori5; p6oror rqv rpfperendvoroe pdlhvo 6<poro oos vo rqv <poprioere opo.H npoond{)e 1.21.And rr onoreleirqrivog nurvorq5; frcrrfdpaye;Menotovrpdno onoruyXdver.

1.22.Trldyerorlcoprlrrrdrqroev6grruKVo0o pnopo6oart\/0r0 rororpipere; rrl; And rr t{aprdror; vo 1.28.Mnopefre va goprfooupeivav 1.23.flc65;rnopodpe re 6 rro rotroyrloe nurvorq; l-kogpnoporjFsvo rov ercpopriourd nou ouypaioouF€; v€rorq polrfudrq5 vq ronitroq; 1.24.Menoro el(oooq0o pnopodoqp€ onavrrlooupe mo tpr6rrlpo<undr e[oprd1.29.A6oopvnrev6gnurvcorq;> ror rl XcoprpKdrqro rd o4perordrpoprfo q, ror q, PpioKovroroe opropivr1ondoroorl rot I A

e IKE: AAAHAFNIAPA:EI: HAEKTPOITAT

(qroriyevo ouyntrqgiuereto revd: ollqlenr6po6v.Iog (rlroripela rdveredvo 1.36.Io5 ne6iou rllerrprxod ....'.......'.... nou o- H ivroorlevd<; rr166vopr1 oXqporar vo orlperr6oere re 66o N/C' 40 ye ia ioq t'r oqpe oxeiro q1oro q2rot oe dvqdltro oXrlyovo eivotoedlo rq 66vopqnou sorei ro q2oro oq;rercboete ye ro 6rt <qv gr. Iupqc,lveireq 6rocptlvefre yrodtr1s. oro rpoprio ro 66o ntrrlordooupe 6tnlootoore( 0o ondorooqS nporlyotipevrl5 11rrprlrqg 6rivoPr15>; fiou 0s roXdrrlra 1166vapr1 oq;rtfoA Xc,tpiS rns xot rt5 6to- oorrlOefo'ourd rqv rore60uvon 0o dXer 1.30.Iu(qrrlors rls opordrqre5 Kcrd tq penoyroopto5 ........Kqt0o eivoriorlpe'....'....' rqg v6po oto cvdpeoa eopds goprfou-cndro A rorivrlorlrou orlFtlGKoti ftrlr1qror oro vdPorou Coulomb. rou ne6iou,11nofns 66vcpr15 ...... ro B oro ond rt5 nopcrdr<onpordoer5 1.31. l-loreq """"' 64lot;qrr15peroprpo(dpevqg odrrlto 0eopeiteoorri5; eivot 0o <poprio, orlperord oro ne6io ro ovrr- on6 ikouv pdvoor6epdvro o) Or pcryvrlre5 120pJ. refyevo. pop6oyofvo qlerrprxone6io<oqqrordtrlrltro p) Av rpepdooupe 1.37,Ltivo o;royevdS Iag ndvrore ocrlpcrf6ro' 6efXver 0c <poprropdva drprl rou yv4rrlrl pfa voup€)0ertrti poppd. rov 'ro y) 'Evo5Fcrl'virrlsynopeirot vo onoOef or611Pou. prviopcrc '6) opr'ruos pcrl'v4rrls pnopei vo payvrlri(er rst e(re enog4 pe ire e o;rivo ovrtreipeva tvi.PYen. enocpq.

6ova1txr1 Xcopi5 plne6(o<orprlvouF€D ollrllenr6porivpe qle- 1.38.Ie fvs c,Poyevi5 1.32.Or ;royvrlre5 ouppef; Tr 0o rpoorontrd5[]eldve5.

1.39.Me nort:5ond rt5 nopordtol npotdoetgou1.tg<oveire; oYttlYrporrlro o) To ldorrXcrdXerprrp6rcprl qrr6ro oloupivro. vo nt' 1.34.Menolousrp6nou5pnopoupe g) Le rd0e rupr16erqroor6 [6trouunop6doyqg oqtrerrp6vto rfXouperqv ondrltorl;rroglenrrl5 €tr€6eepo Xouvfieplooc,r€po opytipou' qtrerrpovicov; eraroor6 ruprrd rdt)e oe trOdoo rou5ar6' y) Ie rdOerupr16erotoordXakof gtdp1.35.EnrBeporc6ore 4 onoppitl-rre youvlTtplooc,rspo t^€deeporllerrpdvtaoroXuProPo65 trouOouq tKoroordyuotrrod ruBrrd ne6fo rct0e oe rllerrpr16 trOOoo oore(ro o) H 6rlvayrl'nou ayo'l11rltrexrptxq ro drr <popd rr1 ndvro epprrlve6er iler ourd ror goprio oeivo or1;teroxd eivur rou yrp6rrlro ;reyol6tepqand rqq dvrco4g.

Xatrrori nou otlpori6ro yurrho6. <poptropdvo rou exeiv4 9) 'EuoOerrxd ppioreroropXrrdorivrlro0o peroronrotef nr,'xvotr15: 1.40.'Evoq rord rq rpoPdrq5 iwoor15. ot crycoytilv q) Efvqroforrlpo 66oyerrovrrcov 'EvcqlerrpdvroopXrrd 0o peroe fvot ]) oyrilyryc, vo ouv6iovror -orivrlro rou 6uvopr' ono(otXcopiS 'rontoreircrd rq <popd o6[qor15 o ivo5 pe Oertrd' 6uvordvvo <popri(ovrot ro6.

I

e

tr

A^^H^EntApA:Et: B^EKT'.:TATTKET

qoprio Koro dI oSH€qrroldros ioo opvrlrr16goprio.

B) Ileprop(erdvc roXuprirllerrprx<ine6ioprillc f,0ooupe lpopLlpctc oo oe prrpddyro. y) Iuvrord cno0rSqqlerrprrrlgevipyerog. oyto- 1,44. Loo prrrpi5ogafpe5,pe ioo goprio, 6) Eivororiorrlpc6docnopovr,lpdv<rlv ppiorovroroe oprogrivq yriv. ondoroorlror oMqou[dver q lrrpqrrr6rq- lenr6po6v4lexrprri. Tr0c ouppe(mqv lpq 6) Ko0toS<poprf(eror rd rou. rqg 6dvoprlgnou crorei q pio orrlv dtrlr1ov l rlvandmooqrougp. ArMenoroond qurd oup<poveire; o. Arntrqordoouy€ y. Yno6rro rpoprio rdOeprrog nloordooupe 1.41.Togoprioevdgnur<vror(: r4v,:ndorooq, 6rnloord(onlcordooupe q) loodrqrprero dOporopo r<r.lv gopriarvtorv vro5rour6Xpovorc AopriordOepro5. rou.

66oontrropc6v 1.45.Iro pdprorou NaClro rdvrou No* d9) Eivarovdtroyorrposrqv rdo4 rou. |) Eivorioo pero nqliro rrlg rdoq5npo rrl niXerond ro rdvrou Cl-2,3' 10''om. lldorl 66vopq; eivurq perc{6rouqooxotipevq Xropqrrrdrrlro. r rord rr1gdprroq.

6)Au€dve pero{66rjoq1.46.I-l6o11 sivor11,1nd,s1ooq iror rord rq gdprrorl. e)Arorqpe lerrpovirov,drov 11perc{,6roug qtrerrpr14 Merrorcand ourd ou;rrpoveire; oncoorrx4 66vcpqcivoriorl pero pdpogrou (g=9,81m/s'). ev6genfne6ou nu- qtrerrpoviou; 1.42,HXropqrrrdrrlrc rvcorrlodpo: 1.47.Lro povrilc, rou Bohryrq ro dro;ro o) Arnloord(eroregdoov6rnlqorqorefro rpo11<lrrivor4g rurtrrrr15 rou u6poydvou <popriorou. rov rou rllerrpovirru ydpo on6 nuprlvo p) Yno6rnlood(eratecpdoov 6rnlooroorei 11 1d5 rq 66vo;.rr1 nou eivor5,3'10-"m.Yrroloyiore rdorl rou nurv<orr1. oorei o nupqvogo'rorllerrpdvro. y) Eivoravdloy4npos ro eppc66vr<ovonltgoprio rono0ero61.48.Tpioioo orlpr;roxd opr.riv. vror or rpergond, 6) Elorrcbverorov yera(ri rcov66o onfurrq ropugig ev6g i 1opri. opr6vnopepplrl0e Av 11 rerpaycdvou, Meilors snd ourd ou;,rrprrrveire; 66vop11;rero16 1.43.Av ouv6ioou;re oyriyrparougonlrrcDvq1Korq, oivor opodgev6gnurvorrl: F,, rcr pero{d o) Elorrc6verorro goprio rou. r<ov q1Korq, eivor p) Elcrrciverorq Xoprlrrr<drqrd rou. a^ F,.. noro ond rr5 y) Elomrivercr11ono0rlrtupfv4evdpyero. nopcrdr<orrp65 6) O nurvolrrl5ercpoprf(eror. roo6rorpero ldyo F.,rlFr r; t. 112p. 2 y. 1l^'12 Menorosnd ourd ouyrpcoveire;

6.{t.

1.49.ToGymnarchus miloticus eivoriva qdrr15A<pprrr1g.

Iro pr lTou(er oro n<xpdfuc regdtrrrou (A)cpiper 0errr6goprio10-'Cev<irorrlv oupd rorr (B)cpiperonohlrcogioo goprio opvqrrxd.'fo<poprioaniXouvperoI

h

HAEKTPOIIATIKE>AAAHAENIAPA' EI:

neleu0epriveror evdpyero 3'10').1, Av 11 rdorl rou nuxvorq rlrav2 '100V,uopXrr<r1 nou noloyiore rov cpr0p6rov qtrerrpovitov perorrvrl04xuv.

1.56.'Evoodvverpo enrcpdve rcg S=1 km'? ppioreroroe 6qo5h=500m ror 611;.roupye i 1.50.'Evo orlperord ovrrrefpevo dlerpd(o perq l-qnuKvrllr4,rov onoio pnopodpeva enine6o.H 6rogopd6uvopr0,04kg 0errrd,goprio3pCror ppioreroroe Oeopqooupe ro6 ror fq5 eivor5 ' 10sV. pero[6 ofvverpou oqpeio A 4tre xrprrodne6iou.H oorodpevrl Ynoloyirrs rou fiuu. rrl oro ovrrreipevo 66vapr1 eivor6.10'N. Ia5 Xtrlpr1rrrdrrlra rvorq ror rqv rllerrprrrl rou H evdpyero.p.

(11ro6pe vo npoo6ropfoere a) rrlv ivrooq rcpriprro4 i re pouvri nou 6ropre i e nporole rou qlexrprrodne6iouoro oqpeioA ror p) 1O-us. nou fldoq eivar q pioq roXrig ono6frqv enrrdXuvorl rou ovrrrerpivouror-drr1 6eror; mryprlereivq. ev65enine6ounurvcor4 1.51.'Evqoqperord avrrreipevo I dXe r <pop- 1.57.Ot ontrropoi orrivog 5 cm rct on6rio 3pCrsr oorsi 66vopr1F oe ivq dllo o4' eivqrruKfuxoi6ior<or rq Xopqrrr6rqrd perordovrrrefpevo I' rpopriou1pCro onoio Xouv1 mm o. Ynotroyfore eivorpira (r=8). p. Av pp(orerororo orlpeioB oe ondoroorl12 cm rou sv ro 614lerrprrd eivor500 V ono ro L Eo5(qroripeo) vo npoo6ropioere q rdorl ;.reru{6r<rrvonfuopc6v noro fvcr qoprio rou e ro fiuKvorn; rr166vopr1F p) Oerrrp<ilvrcq t. H ro I nrlyq rou 11npoqyo6pelq rdorl 6rorrlpeiror oroOeprl xor rrprrori vo npoo6ropioere le ne6fou rrlv ipyd(oupero 6r4lerrprr6.Togopriorou nuvrcorlrou ne6ioumo orlpeioB. rvorrl percrpdlleror;Av vcr,noro efvcr4 1.52.Lt proprrprloroydvoveporjundpler vfc rou rrprl;6. fldoq evipyerofXerrc6poo <nepiooero> 50 qlerrpovicov.

Av q orcydvo nurvorrqS; ppe0eioe rorordpucpo opoyevd5 qlexrpr16 qrro oc6poonoretreirqr ne6io50Vimeivur6uvor6vvo 6rorqpq0e i o- 1.58.To ov()p<6nrvo 10" ne pirou rdrrcpo.

Kd0e rdrropo p'rTorivqrq;Mnopeirevc npoo6ropioere rr1pd(o peivo 0eopqOe f orgenine6o5nurvorrl5, errls; rou eivornol6 peycl6g<5oov q 6rciperp<ig 1.53.'Evqnp<ordvro eivorele60epo vo rcvei- repqand rr ndXogrqg pepppdvrl5 rou. Or ror oe oHoyEVi5 qtrer<rprr<d ne6foE=200V/m. onfuopofrou 0q eivorond oyc6yrpo peuord Yrro0droupe drr oro np<rrrdvro ooreirorp6- utrr16nou pioo ror ano ro i{o []piorceror vo q rllexrprrrj66vopr1.

I' fvo oqpefoA rou r6rropr,. H rurroprrrl yepppdvqeivor;.rdne6iou4 roX6r4rorou nporovioueivarpr1- rpro6rr1le rrprrd.Zqrefror o. ro ouvoh16 6iv. Ynotroyfor€ rnv roX6rrlrdrou o€ orl- goprio q d)t<ov'r<ov rurrdpcovrou ov0prr;peio Bnou oniXerond ro A 2cm. nivou oc6prrros Korp. 11ouvotrrrrl ono04reupdvrl qle rrprrr'1 o' rxurd evipye ra. fro rd1.54.O nurvcorqg rougglag FrqSgroroypo0e rurropn:q r<ord npo6iveror, ;repppdvq grr45prlXov4q dXrrlop4rrr6rqro150pFror oiyyrorl, ro eppo6dv rq5 enrrpdverog q. <popri(eror ye rdorl 200V. Ynoloyimer4v ro ndloq (8' 10''gm), 4 6ra<poevdpye ro nou ono0rlre6erqrorov rrur<vorr1 (1,8' 10''m'r, (9mV) pd 6uvoprrod ror q 6rqlerrprrq oro'l nopdyeroroe ms,uno0. Au n crrpdprroq (8).

0epd qno6r6erur. troyimerr1yiorl roXdnou {,6roug20 cm.Ynoloyiorero pfrpo Korrrlv rore60uvorl rrlg 66vop45 nou qoreirar oei(OH'), vov r6vu6po[utriou nou pp(oreror orrl peoordO€rorou AB xor oe cn6oroorl rrprrqoroOepd 1m.Tq 6rr1le rou vepod0o rr1ppeire oro oXerrr6nivqro,

1.55.Kord r-qverrptiprro4evd5nuxvorrrjc-e H^EKT'.TTATTKE: A^^H^Eri^pArErr E

Anoornaoparaano ro o@uorxrTE AnavBrcpe> TouP4Vo r'O payvrlrrlg eivat pia o6qprb6,tS rirpa, etpioxerat lttoo rou aAagxai Aa& ivapiva, eigra oroiq xeirq n pqrynnKq |uvapry, xai 6y eig rryv nerp66q ouoiav ,Kd9e xoypdn lrdyvrpou tyet 6uo noAoug,eig loug onoioug eivat

r7 peyaAurEpa i)xuortxrT 60va1ng, xoi ro0g yvcopi(et nvdg xtvcbwag tva yayvrTrrl on-otov8rTnoreeig ptendver>Ma "EA,nca, viopara o6r7pc,u, 6Ao rd p6pn Air.rle dy7ha1! ol*opc0die l((oau tie W$nt Et lqpatrir nads rrbv ptvtoydrav otro1 npooxgA' d tlagd tE Acbvrq cig qurovt 6rcu00vowat ,PHTA Trpos r6v tvav i np6S r6v dMov r ga es r t x r r i eE TTAAToT, noAov, xqi it':eivq oro0 eivqt ohme bat'tiltrcn i(zDifie, aeie $i6cw trdva eig16 Aom6v oayta rou, oqtfu 6poya&. xcbvovrat op9d cbg ayxd9n. flpootrt rd neptoo6repa ptviopara rpa0o0vrat yt neproooripav ray0rqra eig rou5 n6Aoug, napd eig rd oAAa ptpq rou. >Atd ro0ro civoltd(opev d{avo ' E N s l E l tI,rR . ro0 ltayvrTrou rrTv eu9eiqv ypdltpqv oro0 \tip1ieror qn6 r6v tva &t rit T'aalgagbe ti *.y*b TPA TTNEP. n6Aov rou, tag eig r6v dMov, ioq| 7 9o. peptv6v rou 6i, 16 xqrd xdQerov 'H i;torqg Aotrrov irilne\ov onou \ntpei eig 6uo r6v a{awd rou. aurq ro0 payvqrou (16 vd trl roAous) dvat tstQu'rogeig oAoug to09 xcxiqv toi r(axion nvds eig oo<t xoypdna xqi dv payvrTrag,'inti4 '0tAr1,'naAw oi 6uo roAot 7tAouv upe1rl tavta etg xa9e xopydn' ,!iE6-oo, rrlv ovopaoiav rdtv r6Aav riE yiS xcri tig roug noAoug ro0 1-tayvqrou, ineiirl otav duros efvu iAeu1epog, tyet Quotv vd 6rcu0uvr1ravrs roug noAouq rou >Auo xopyana ltaYvrTrouioa, 6r aQr1ptva eig vePov otro} va r1Pe1 aAAd )tAouv rPaBtY?rlaPotBaiog, oov 'ro0 ipoltou ro:v, Sti rqv \nQopav raurqv 6Sta9,,6n o apxnx6g iolog ro0 tvog, 1tAetrpa\'iTet ro,vdvrdpKTtK6vrou aMouvo1, ine6q

OT > IK FIE

I

e

IAEKTPOITATIKE' ONNNN'N'O'0"'' .!j.l

oi n6Aot ro0 i6[ou ov6parog, ouvqna9oivra't r6oov yAuyapa, 6oov av1iAxovrar oi ivaAAaâ&#x201A;Ź, eis rp6rov otro1 el'vat v61togro0 ltdyvqrr opou rourog. >T6 "Hkxrpov (xeyptStnap) elvar q opuxr6v, 11prltlttvov ano rryv 9dAsoosv eig 16 neprynh. 'AltQorepa tlvat ei6og pu(ivryg 11vaQ9q; rqyyivryg, r1ngrpiyouoa eig rrTv 9dAaoodv, dQ' oi anoxrqorl yiav aAarco8ci;v poroo6rqra p(av, nq(et. Eupfoxerat eig rd neprytdAru rrlg llpouofag, oi iyxdrotrcot 6rqv eivot Qoupro1va nryyalvouv rai 16 pa(6vouv tpo6o0ltevot va prTvrpaBifet nfoa q 9aAaooa rd xoppdna, ono1 tppttpw tf,o eigrryv fr1pav, 16 opuxr6v euyaivet navro}, eiE rqv 'lraAiav, eig rrTv lloAaviov, tis ,l|,4. rqv fepyaviav, xcl eig rryvAarl'A.trn,^Ph,"t*ath<s'-I\"fr, ,/ vrltdpxa. T6 xaAAirepov xoi neprco6repov ebyaivet eig rqv r4E inapyiav Ilopepaviav Ilpouoiag, aQ' o0 oxdrpouv rqv yfiv xoltpdn. >'H rTAexrpxrybAq Qaiverat vd dvat ixeivq orro0, orav rpi$apw tva xoltltdn xeygltndg eig tva ocopa tbg t,d (ema91, xai rpaSQ rpiya r7 ayupov. Eivat yia riArT'peumordrq xai Aerrrordrq, 6nQopenx4 an6 xd9e aAAqv 6d rq aM6xors ncpelropevq onol tyet, elvat ixavr\ va iva1fi yt 6Aa oye,ov td o6pata, nAtlv yt' 1vd ptv neprcoorEpov p6. nv:d 6i 1Atycbrepov. Td raper6pevd rt1q ivepyolwal pt nona piydAr,v ray1rqra 66 feyapordg airlag, airweg mroreAo1v Qaw6lteva nePrcPY6rara.

I

e IAPAIEI: AAAHAETI HAEKTPOIIATIKEI

AEYTEPOKEOAAAIO

F

t5 To tpotvripevso Atrlrllenr6pdoe o H OstlrPia ror poYvqr<6v peupdr<ov yo ro qlertptrri Pe6;roo OoPdrou rltrerrprrofpedPoroS' To PttiFo r orous perotrlrro6SoY<rlYoti5. o 'EvruoqqltxrPrxoriPe6Pcrog To o l6rdrrlreS rq5 ivroo;rnepd;rerpo o Mf. 6uvoPrxori 6ru<popd orls H e rdrq5 l6rdrrlre5 rprlonrns rdor15 o . xdxltoPo olS To 4ltxrprxri rurdc6Hlerrprrrl evipyeraoe rprlpo pqros . AvrlorrireSo Hlerrplr<4qwforoon o o vdFosrou ohm o An6 rr e[dprdrar11ovrioroorl;o Pu0Ft' orrrrl ovriorcorl . AvrtordrrlsKolrlevipyero ' EqqPFoYdS trerrprrcq ' I6v6eor1ovrtorort6v o H Ysvv{rplu mo 4lexrptxrixrixkrpu o Hlexrpe' p6yeprrrrl66vopq. O tvâ&#x201A;ŹpYtrord5 o tro5rq5 yew(rPrag HEArqt 6ro<Popd 6uva;rrrodo KrirlolFopeyevvrlrpro Kotovrtordr4 o liv6eorl nqy6v o Nq ouFn0oripeo Nu ovcPtorq' 0o6pt o No ldoouPenPoPl{Pura o Nroroupdvro.

Z4xtugttXr1 pou66oepe6pa Arov6oq5 Iopp6noutrog rrpo;.royvqrrr<ig'H routrdlorov rar rlleO xdoprog;.rogefvor r1tre rd,g.To releurqio exor6 1p6',,ro KTpopcryvrlrr o nofurrop6gor1po6e6ovdpeoo erqr qrrd ro qtrerrprrdpedporo KqrrS <rtrtrr1trenr6pdoer5 orous pcyvrpegror o' ourd. Irlpepo or ayoyof rrlg AEH6racrXi(ouv rr5 rrdtrerqKorrrlv 6rror0poperogfpovrc(Sro ayoOd,evr6or KoroH vql<orrxoiloyoprcoprof rrlg evoltrodvro pqvrofopo5 erod6qpCI. rrordrrlro rorqvdlororl qlerrpropodcnorele f nror;.rdrpoyro rrlv roupirrls (<o4S. To 4lerrpr16pedpoepr<pavi(errxr orrg rccOqpeprvi5 vr€Spqs rr iXer rrro nepdoerF€rCIgoptKdr, orcipc Kororrlv rroirlorl.

Treivorqtrerrprrdpe6po; A{f(errov rcdrrovo rprdooupso€ prd otroxlrlp<opivq ondvrrloq. fro vcxro rorocpipoupre flopo0o {errvrlooupe<rrrdro gcxrv6pevo. vq pepi(ovragfipos ro rrapdv,ro rltrerrpo',,rrd oS errrlerprlooup€ rqv fipoooX4pcS oe yeyov6rc,orrd rq orrofo ouyrevrp<6ooupr npo6i6eror11fncp€rl qtrerrprrorj pe6;.rorog.

I Bpo6drr orrl Aeog6po Apalia5 rr15rrpor-erjouoos. Op.S rurlogoprorqq orXF4S.To trecrrcpope io iXouv ovdrper ro peooio <pc6roroug. Tc' i6ro orcprpc6g ror ro ro(i. f tTl 'Olo perarrvofvrcr opryderr6g o116ro FrlxovdKrq/ rrou rorocpipvou'r/ Kdr yfuorpofv cvdpreoo.

'Evo oroporrlpivo yr<r:ro1frpoiveror rrcogiperve V o116prnoropfo rcorro 6rpogrou o6rlyod npo6(6er orr6yvcoorl.'Evo,rr<6pq oKrvnrorrorqpdvo rpdlei 6uoXepoive t rq"' rordoroorl.

Iro rrporrooitrr6o rtov ofioy€uporrvcilv e<pqpepi6cov o Odvoro< ond, rllerrporrlq{ia rou 7 veopo6 gorrrlrq. <To peripa ordrooe 22ypovo>. H (ror1,dpcrl5,rrF,oxorpderX(l)pfsvo oltrd.r urt J rYv\ry (e r o pu0p6s rrls o€ 'rirrorq. Tqv f6ro r6po oe EEEEAAONIKH,5 orrirrc, pcyc(rd Ksr r:pyoordorq erccxrovrd6eg KEPAYNOBOAHAHXEofl6 qfn?Aoqn Odpq trd &an prirro cro lmngi rou 1trrd6e5perpqrig rq,; AEH 6outre6ouvraur6orrnoti lou, focqtfu tqE llotwqvtrt{g l1o[9, a0cvilrcrc c:d, 6gonr*$rforrc Xpovo. Koroypdrpouv rrs xrtroporcipesrrou Korou :rpl4{fixt oto Oqlmi*no. rsvql<rrvovrq r qrrd ;gl rd6e g 0ep proofg<rrveg,

t o Qsupa

<02t0T00t> oTo tr,finrilo

I

o TO HAEKTP KO PEYM A

roorripes, qtrerrprrdgorodrre5,or€Yvo< t v q rrl1 4 p e Sp o lh c o v ,p ro p q X o v t x o 6t g pe5,rou(iveg,aoovoip, loprrrrrlp€Sgtrrr{uye(o,qlerropro6,{uprorrxig prr11ovd5, rTprxd xotroprgip,pntror evr vrire p, r6pvoug,qtrexrpr<dof6epo,qtrexrprrd nluvrqpro. H notrrreio(er pioo ond rov pivrl otr6 o pd. E{opr11 qle rrpo;,royvrlrr qurdv {elvder Kqrvo ro opoloyqoet.To OupdrorrdOegopd rrou rl FIdPn oe rdnot,l unoorc0p6 rrlv ovoyrd(e r vo ro 0uyr10ei. dlet To i6ro orr<iyeupooe o1otrr16epyoorl;proo rc0qyr1rr15 pnpoord rou dvq o<op6ovrtxeipevo.Ie liyo 66o orrltregrcovi€r polr, ivog 6ror6rrrqg,prrooerpdo116rqk66ro, ivo prrp6 traprrdrrror ivo qleAeN =CP ANbtA/\4 o{fo5 ouv6iorrpolurx6 DrdlupruOetTxod MIAIO A>XHMH >TITMH H €IJAN At${MO vrqr oe oelpdrcr Sqproupyo6v 4trertprxri 'Orcrvo roOqyr;rr]grtrefverto rdrctr<rrpa.

6rar6nrq, rpia 6ragoperrxdpqv0porcr pe6;rarog. npo6i6ouvrlnop€r1qtrerrprr<of To lopndrc cvdptt, rl FcyvqrrKrlpeldvo, nou ppror6.rovrrirco qrr6 ivo xotr<66to, oe prcv dllrl peroxrveirorKorroopporref Odoq,oro 4trerrp,rlurrrd6rdlupa rroPqo{uy6vootrlv dvo6oxor u6porr;peircr rltrerrpdluorl'cvrXverlercr y6vo or4v rd0o6o.

Oo pnopofoe roveigvo prtrrloeryro Hrqrrol6 peydlqrrorrrtriorfpo5 rrou eivorouvugcopivd H€TrlvxaOqpeprv4 rorov yeyov6r<ov, (ror1.And pro dllq dno{rrl, 6lr.5, q rrornlio eivot<potvopevlrrl.

I' dlo qurd ro yeyov6ra undpler ivog roulrrXtorov rotvds rropovoTov {dpoupe.Eivot pcrorr]g.Aevlperd(€ror vo rov ovo(qrr1oc,upre. ro qlexrprx6 peri;rc.1-oyeyov6roeivor,dlrrs, rrotrtrdxr ilouv ovdyxq qrrd rdnoto opo6onoi4or1.Oo rqv errrXerprlooupe.

Ap6rq opri6agarvopdvov.Ie pto rotvrlopddrror511ler6o ouyrorctr€yovrorrporv6pevo, rou oi6epou,TrlS roupyio rou Oeppooirptovo, roorripog, r4g rou(ivos Kol rou rltrerrprrod rctroprrpip.Itrlv i6roopd6c ovtlrerrqt ourd ro gr6ro rov rrou ouppoiver6rqv ovdq.rouv rcr curorrvq,ov, ro troprrdKloro epyoo'rrlpro rqt orrirtq ors ruporrc6o€os or Aopnr(pe5 oro poyo(rd. Arorpfvovrqt/pdporo,orr<ir-o

I d

TO HAEKIPIKO PEYMA

fipoqyo6psvoKord ro drr o'ourd nopdyerorKqlqos.'Evo t<otv6 6troorrlv i6rcopd6o.Aqproupyo6vrcl ororXeio, dF-S, ro 'ronoOeref oe perotrfuro65cryolyodsKorot dtro er61lk6vtror Oep;roxpuoluxti oe r1trer<rprr6 6rl 11nopaycrry4cpcor6S ori{qoq. ASpn FrsS6rarpedyer rq5 Oepporcpoproo6{11o11 npoUnoOdrer lopnrqpo rruporrc6oecog oia5 rou vqporog,rrou 61ero5 ouvdrretc'rr1vrrupdrrcoorlrou.

'Otro,lorrr6v, ro gorv6psvorrls npr6rr15ourrlg opd6o5pnopodpe vo ro laporrqpiooul.rs<oSgcrvripevaOtSrplxri. gorvdpeIe pro dtrlrl opd6oovtlt<ouv Aerirep4opri6a <parvopdvov. vc, drrog 11qlerrpontrq{io,ro d6erooltoptcs Frroropiogr<orrl qI€epyoorrlpto.To ouvrrp6luorl Oeiirodo{io5 nou dyrveoro oXolrr<6 roug 6qproupyorivroryqprxdg 6derro yeyovdg6rr r<ordrqv e{6fu{r1 -6Xrprerclfurodq-ayoyo65.Mnopo6pe ovn6pdoergoe opropdvou5 vo ro Oecoprlooupe gulvri;revop1;.urd.

Tpfrrl opri6o gorvopdvtov.Ie pro rpirq, rdlog, opd6o pno<porpo6prrvo rorro0erqooupe v6pevo,6rrrog4 lerroupyiorou o o o r, o ip ,rq g o x o u rro s /T o u prrrlarevr vr6rep,tou rrtruvrrlpiou,rqg {uprorrrrlgFnxcv(S, ro u [ ] ro p r1 1 o v rrorrv 6 q rrlp a , rou q-ruyeiou Kol rou rp6trel.I' 6la clurd urrdplerivog xrvrlrrlpog c onoiog6oulederpe pdorl rqv crll4treni6pooqqtrerrprrr6v peuprirc)vKur goyv4rt6v.

Irqv i6roopd6arrpirrerv0 K0cporv6pevo rord{oupreKorrrlv errponq rqs poyvnrrrqgpetr6voS, :r45 otrtrqlenibpooqg. ourq5 oro onoio er6qlrSverorq priodr4rq Mrropo6peouvoqf(ovrosvq rrorjpe6'rrurrdpXouvrpas rouldcrrd ro onoirr rrpo6i6etcrq rinop{q 4Xrorovopd6eg<porvoprdvcov, trerrprro6pedporoq. rcovpe'rolhrcc6v cryroyr6v o. Arl{qoqrqg Oepporpooio5 p. Xq;rrrig cvrr6pdoer5rov r1trer<rpotru'rc6v rat y. Allqtrerrr6pdoerg peupdrcov ror pcrp,qrc6v.

T

€ TO HAE KTP KO PEYM A

\

o

,

.l

A An^€nroPoo€ts P€uH()rov KorpoYvrlTov ^ \\

To 4lexrprxri peripa 64proupyeipoyvrprxr5nt6io. H pio ,iq,l ttlS ollqlenf6poons. ec iva Eq,rrlv@pdvr(av(.r,eoexepauv6s onin... xot rivraq exeitva oevro1xt 1tt payoipn xu rrlporjvtct, pepxd pev avtAuoav, yepxd 6e anr6xrryoavpiav payvqnxrlv 66va1tu 6noo t:oir<uvav yovrpd xapgd.

Priyo Beleorrvtrq,tOuorrrlgArrdv0ropo,1790

Tr oXiorl 0o prropofoe vo iXer o repauv6g pe rq pcryvrlrrorlKot ro palarponrlpouvq; Zra 179Oo repouvdg il1erndqer vo Oeopei'rot poyrrd <pcrvd;revor1r{, oupovo6 rordpc rcov Oetiv. O Benjamin Frankliniler rrro rreioerrqv avOporn6rrlto 6rt eivqt percrivqoq qtrerrprrod <popriouavdpeoc orc ofwerpo Ko rrl Fr1.Koptd oXdoq,d6ev 6Xeryiveropro4,ovdpecroorov qlexrprop6 Kqrrov prcryvqrrop6 x6proo116rqvivsv arro6errq. Aixc 1p6vro opy6repc prc nofui oqT ;rovrrrq avordlur.prl orppdyroerrlv rrqpqrrtpo e{flt{q tuv yeyov6r<rrv.'Evog lratrdg xoOqyqr4gOuorrq5 oto flovenror(pro rqg l-1cpio, o AlessandroVolta (Meoodvrpo Bdtrra),nirule vc rcrooreudou rnv np6r4 qtexrprxri or{14, pro 6rdrc{q, 6r1tr46q,r; onofo pnopo6oe vo 6rarqpef q6rdrorrq pro 6rorpopd6uva;rrxof avdpeoo orous 66o nd,loug rr15.

H <polroirrl> orr1trr1{rcv oe 0ioq vo npopq0e6oer pe drpOovo, rrtriov, pe6po roug Eupconaiougepeuvqrig avoryovtdg rou5 tror cnpdplenrou5 opi(ovres orrs rr€rpoForrKd5ova(qrrlo€rSrous.

To neipcpu Oersted. To rcpiorpoyro rrlv e{r1trr{qrou qtrerrpopcq,vnrceoro fl uverrrorrlprro rrl g Korreyrr opo6 rreipcpo fi pcrypqronor q0 11 rolorcfpr rou 1 82O, 1t'fva orjefroor opy6repo.

To 1p6vro XcrtnS vroplo refpev6 rou ypoppivo oro trctrvtrd, o Aovd,gHans Christian Oersted (XcvgKpiorrov'Eporevr, 1777-1BIi1 ) avqroiv<ooero srrorileopo ev6gtrerpdpcTos,ro orroio i6erlvr:6rr ro qtrerrprx6pe6po ouvo6ederoron6 pcryvqr-rrdcnorelio;rorrr. To rreipa;ro 0e<ope(rcr roropr16yrori dvor{e ro 6p6po yrCIrnv evonoirlorl rou rllercrproprod l-rsrov pcryv4rroy6,nou prilpr r6re eilcv'npo1<rlprloetoe povorrdrro evrek6g 6racpoperrrd.

-e TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

Koneyldy4, 21louliou1820

Avopvqonx{ nI6ro,ornvoroio nopror6ucror o HansChristian Oersted voerreleiro roroprrd neipopo,

Tonpdronerp6poro [6vo)oro ({r4po,nouonorcleiro ovilK8lpevo 0uroliTou pv4pouiou dyruov ro1614 po0qp6rtuv nou drdpxero 6rouorovncpoo[duo XerI6vo n6voorovqlexrpropd, rov yol0ovrold |(orrov HpoorKri Touq lroyvqnop6, ouvdnelo eivordn 4 poyvqrrci peldvo peroxruri0qre on6r4 0604roopponioq rqq[c ill 14gFolroixt|q 6p604 ouoreu{q rordr our6ro onordleopo nop6yeror drov ro xUxlrrl;ro eivorxlerfidxor rilrdroveivor ovor1rd...

Hans Ghrislian 0ersted

Aev eivor 66orotrovo ovqrropdyoupero rrsfpcpq sfr€ oro oXotrrr6spyoor{pro eire ror p6vorpo5.).pqorponotooriFs pio rlleKrprK4orr1trqKorivd HoKpdrclc66ro,rr<;drpe5 rou ofioi'ouqKouprndpeorous 66o ndtrousrn5. Av 6rs€irouF€Krivcx6rar6rrrr1 oro r6rtrorpq,eq eivol oxdpc Koldrepo. Tevrr6voupe r<oporo peupororp6poKCIIc66to Kot ro rorroe€rodpendv<oon6 ;.rfoproyvnrrK4pel6vo, nou pilpr €Ksi'vrl rr1orrypr;r1'rovrrpooqvoro^toFivn rcxrdro y4rvoprayvrlrrr6rrs6io IJ.Ararrrorc6voupe 6rr ov pdtrouperov cryoydoe Oioq nopdtrlrllrl rrpos rov d{ovo rns p€tr6vcg,4 peldva 0a errporrei on6 rrlv crplx( rrls edorl,0q exrelioer opropivegorpogrrd5 rolavrciroelgxor 0s roopponqoeroe

I

e

19

ro H^EKTPTKo PFYMA

edon6rogoperrrrl.To pqvupo€fvoroorpig.To rlAerrprrdpe6HrCI po enr6pdr-rdvar orrl Fqyvrlrrrrlpel6vo. Eivorq pfa 6qq rqg oIvo rrlv rr€prtrqleni6poor15peupdrorv Kqrpoyvlrc6v. lvlnopo6;.re i pqyvnypdrl-roupre triyovrogdrr ro qlerrprxri periyc 64proupye rrxri rre6io.

To poyv4rrx6ne6io enr6prioro qlexrpuiri pedyo. H dff4 dqrtl rqg allrlleni8paoqg. H qvqrofv<r>orl rou Oerstedigrooe oro p6oprd6c llopior prio cpydrepo rar ovipooe rorordpugo ro ev6rogfpov r<rrvfdll<ov cpuorrcOv yro rov qtrerlpopoyvrlrrop6.Arrd rr; ivr; exe ol errrgoviorspor guolxoi rrlg follfcg ef'rep6vor lpovrd roug eire o€ ouv€pyooicpero{6 rou5 0o rrpol<opqoouv o€ fiopcnipo nerpoporrrrlgipeuve5ndvo oTrlv q,\errpopcryvrlrrKr1 alfrlleni6pooq, 0o ovc(qrrloouv rrs sqopgo'yig,rrou unooldrov q vdo ourq ovordlurpqqlld rqr 0a enrlerpqoouvvo 6rlproupy4oouv prq 0eropqrrrrlpdoq yro rrlv xorvo6f)yrd trnorr;pq rou r1treKrpopoyvrlrro;rof.

Avdpeodrous o Andrt!MarieAmpdre(Avrpd Mcpf Apnip, 1775-1836) urrrlp{e, rord rdrrororp6ro, o €firKs(polq5. T4v eni6poorlevd5gayvr'1rrl oEp€upolog6pooyroy6pnoporjvo rrl 6ratrror6ooupre Xperd(erorvo edrotro oro epy<xorrlpro.

F€ 6qproupyrlooupe iva qtrexrprr<6 r6rlopo, rirolo c6ore6vcgcrr6 rous cy<rlyofg vo Bpe0ef vo p€roKrvriror oe Oioqrrou vo prrropei etre60epo.

Toto0erodpe6vovneroloer6rlHoyv4rnoe Oioq rirorq c6ore ivo rprlpo rou crytoyofvcxBpiore'rcrpriooro€ pcryvqrrK6 ne6io opoyevigKqrvo eivor rdOerorrpos rrg 6uvoprrigypoppig rou.

Peuproro6ororlpe ro rdrlopro ror opio<o5Sronrorc6vou;re drr o oytoy6sperarrvefrol,iv6er{,q6rr ro prcryvrl'rrr6 ne6io errr6pderrdv(r) Tou.

H eni6poorlrou Fcryvrlrrrodrre6louoro qlexrprx6pefpo eivar yeyov65.H 66vopq,F€rrlv onoic ex6qlc6veror, iXererrrrporqoervo liyeror drivopqLaplace.Oo rrpoXroprlooupe oe pc06repqpetrdrrl TrlSos dvaarrd ro err6pevoregdtroro.

Mnopodpe,lorr-r6v, yrCIrnv ovilveuoqrltrerrprro6pedporogva iloupe ivc oxdpa rprrqpro.Trlverri6pcorl/Trlvorroiq ucpiorcrora116ivq psl,v4rn. H 6iopq rllexrpovirrlv,q orrofcr6rlprroupyeirar ;.rioa o' dvoocotrqvo ro0o6trc6vGxriv<rrv, pe6po errerorroretreirltrerrprrd, rreiiio. H trerroupyicrtov rl6q ucpiorororeni6poo4and payvrlrrr<6 pcof(eraro' cur4v crprpc6grrlv erri6pco4. trerrprr<<iv r<rvqrqpcov Mioo oe rdOerltrerrpr16rrvqrrlpapp(orercrr orcoo6qrore6vogpayvrlrns ror ouppdrrvoxrvrlrdrrloioro rd c,lTofd,erp6oovp€ul.rdroLaplaceqrr6 rov poyvrlrrlon6re iror 6orr;0ofv,Eilovror 6uvdprerg ouvr4peircrrl rr€prorpogrrr]roug rivrloq.

To 6e6Tepo rcecpdlaro {erivrloe,ouoroorrrdrpe ro epc6rqyo;n eivat qAexrprcd pe6ya; H orrdv'rr1orl, rqv orroio errrlelprloopre vo 6c6ooupre<ei6e>ro (qrrlpo p6vo orrd rrlv ntreuprirtov gqrvo;rdvarv.Irq ouvdXe ro ro opo6orrorqoape eorld(ovroSrrlv rrpoooXqpog oro filo orlpqvrxd orrd dor6, rrou eivqlq qler:rpopayvrlrrrqoltrrllenl 6poor1.

Aeiner,dpolSrl evorrolqrrrqOeurpia.H ondvrqoq, 6r1tro6q, oro epc6rrlpo:non Oeupiaaord(ero; oqpepar7enorrTprlyt' curd rou ooypaivetorqv 6A17 xd1e gopd rrou -lrsKp'oorconrcd-ercir1Ati:vuat pe6pa; H orrdvrqoq aur4 0o 6p0ere6rcolqopref vo 6c64Aexrpxd ooup€rreproo6repq npoooXrloe orcdprrre(; rrqpCIrrlprloerg, orts onoiegilouprer16qcvorpepOe i ror ov errrlerpqooup€ vo ouv0iooupe rc ouprrepdoporq.

H rrp6r4 nupor{p4oq. Iro epyao-rqpro ro rller<rprrc6 peripc6qproupyrl0qxe errer6rl o. Avdpreoo orous 66o n6trou5unrlple pro p6vrpq6rarpopd6uvaprro6. p. Iuv8iocp€ rous 66o n6trougr4g orr17rr1g peccyc6yr;ro utrr16.

H dedrepqnopcr{p4o4. Kord rrlv ergr6prroq ev6gnurvorq q preroxiv4oq qtrer<rprro6 <poprfououvo6etieror,ev6e16p€vo, ond orrrvOrlpa, eire o116dvopporou <pldgrrls qoroypocprr<4g FnXovqS eire rqr o116rqv o6{qo4 Oepprorpooiog ror-rperdllou, prero onoio ouv6ioopre cyriyrpo roug 66o onllopofg. Mro roXuprl,rilog, ergdprtoq, dn<o5o repcuvdg,6qproupye i rcll prayvqrrr6 rre6ioloXup6roro.

h

e I O H A E KT P]KO

PEYM A

yeyov6gdrr q perorivrloqqlerrprrod gopr-iou, Eivor,6r1la6r1, ouvo6e6erqlqrrou ouppoiverxqrd rqv ergd,prrorlT(l)vrrurvorr<ov rroptiprotope ereivorrou oupcryvrlrrrdgorvdprevo 116OepprxdKCIr vo6e6ouvro qlerrprrd pe6poro.

H rpir4 napor{p4oq. Errrorpigoup€o'ro rreipoproRowland,ro onoio pog i6er{edrr ro rrvofpevoqlerrprxdcpoprioerrr6pdos Foyvrlreg. o116ro prlvupcrou nerpd;rord5rou o i6rogo goprio errelef ruxhxrl Rowland unotr6yroe nr.u5,drov ivo oqperorr5 -errvc6vrag peldvo,nc,uppiortror oro rdvrpo rivqoq,o€ Froprrpqpayvqrrr<r1 pe er<e ivq rrou rqg rpolrds rou, 6q;rroupye iror ercrponrlrrop6proro ecp6oov 11peo116ivq ruKfur6peuporogdpoorippo, Dqproupyeirqr ppeOeioro trovo rivrpo rou.

Or rper5ourdg uopcrrlp4oer5onorelotiv opropivoo116rq errrlerprlporo ro orroiq pogo6qyotivvo 6elroripe6rr: To qlexrprrri pedpc efvorxcreuOuvripevq xivqoq qltrrprx6v gopriov, q onoia ougpofverpdoo oroug aytoyo65e{ orriog xrirrorqs6ragoptig6uvoprxori.

A u r6 , 6 q lo 6 ri, rro u o u p rB c f vr ep io o drov erpoporous ;rerolfurori5ay<rlyorig, xat au{dvep6(oupe6ragop<i6uvoprxori rous/ ndpouord(errdrar 11Oepprorpooic rr rorvdpe our6 rrou oupBoiver oe xdOt pe oyorydKqrrov rdvervo otrtrqtrenr6pd alld r<srp' curd rrou ouprpaivsr pcryvrlreg, r<ordrrlv qtrerrp6luoq.Eivcxr 11rivrloq4trerrprrcod rpopric,upeopropdvrlrore60uvoq. H rivqorlyivr:rorprioooro qlexrprrd rre6io,ro orroio{iqproupyrirororo €oor€prx6 rorv oy<oyd,varr6 roug n6trougr4g rltrerrprxrpg orrltrqgr1ond onoro6rlrroredtrl4 orrio. goprfou oro pdrotrlo eivororroxlerorrOopef5rou rcvoupdvou xd xqr pr6vorc etrerj0epo qtrer<'rp6vra/ eivorrcx orous r1trerrpotrdreg r6vrcx, orous adprougoyoryo6gprropef vcxeivqrKcrrdvrq ror qtrrKrodvrq.

Oopo rou rltrerrprKo0 p€uporos Erno'rpigouF€ oro gorv6pevc.'Orqvav'rorp6gcpsrous n6troug rrls trrlyqs,eiSopedrr q ercrpon4rnS pcryvqrrrq5peldvogdyrverord rqv ovri0e'rr1 gopd. Av rdvoupero i6r,rrord rrlv rpogo6drrlorl u6poydvooro 6rotr6poro5Oerir<of o{dog0o 6orlpevo eArr0epc6veror qrrd ro orroionprv dpyorveo{uy6vo.Avri0ero,o laqler<rp66ro I

e TO HAEKIP KO PEYMA

Frrr4posq<oropo^sfro i6ro,ove{dpr4ro rrnd 'rqv notrrrdrqro rr15 =ipoupre6rr rpocpo66rqoq5.

F€rrlv avrro'rpogqrqg notrrrdrnros, ovrrorpd<poup€ rq qopd rou qlerrprrod :re6ioudpo ror 14 rpopd rivr1or15 r<rrvqtrerrprrr/rvgopfrov pioo orous crycoyodg.

To oupnipoopCIeivqr6rr opropivegex6r1trc6oerq rou rllercrprrodpe6poros(ro p1prrd gorvdprevo ror q 4lerrpoFcryvrlrr Krlollrlleni6pqorl) srrrlpsd(ovror o116r4 gopd xord 'rqv orroio rrvrlfvror or rltrerrprroigopei5. Aoyrr6,trorrrdv,eivqrvq Oecoprlooup€ ytd ro 4lerrprxd pedpo rdrroro gopd. Oopd rou qlerrprxo6pedprcrrog 0o prrropodoe vq efvor eire n gopd xivqorlgopvqrrrriv <poprfovon6 prrpd 6uvo;rrrd npog peyoldrepaeire rqr rl gopd rivrlorlg'r<ov 0errrc6vrpopri<rtv orrd peydlo 6uvaprrdrrpo5prrrp6repo.

'E1ererrrrpor4oer<lggopd rou qlercrprxofpefporogvo 0ecopeircr 4 <popdrivqo4grou Oerr106<poprfou.H odppaorlour4 eiXe rrporoOeiqrr6 r-ovAmp6re.Eivorpro enrtro1,q, 11onoio opy6repoorro6eilrrlre <orup15>yrori orous fito ouvq0ro;.rdvoug oyoryodg, rou5 peroltrrxod5, qopd pefporo5 eivqr ovriOerq o116 rq gopd n xivqoq5rrov <popirov, or orroiorouppciver'"'oeivor rllerrp6vra. Biporoov or <puorroi rou l Bousrc6vqr1{epov'yro qtrerrpdvrq 0o erXov, io<o5,rrpo'reiverovriOerousopropofg ror 0c ov6po(ov Oerrrdro cpopriorou epovirqKoropvrlrrK6ro goprib rou yuotrlori.I' ourrl rqv rrepirrr<ooq 0o erXope orlpepoapvqrrrd cpoprrqrdvoug nupqveg ror Oerrrd<popriooro rllerrpdvrorqr 0o trro5rlrov rrro pofu16q rpopd rivrlorlqr<ovrllerrpovi<rrv orc prirotrlavc ou;lrrirrr€tp€ rrl qopd rou pe6poro5.Ewoeirsr6rr yro rcr garv,5pevq 6ev0o dllo(e rifioro. Oa 6rorr1prlooupe lorrr6v rq ofppoorl rrou iXererrrrpcrrloer Kortrlggopd pedparog0a OeopodFsrnv ovr(0erq onri 14 gopti xivqorlg rov rllexrpovirlv.

ToqtreKrpr\or p€upo , orousperonnr KousoYa'Yous

=

'Orrrogdypcgeror o Voltaor4v fxOeo4rou, ra 66o eldoproro-rrdlor rrlg rltrerrprrrlgor4lqg ouyrreprrpfpovrqoov goprroprivorcl,toyof ror 116ro<popd orrd roug onfuopo65ev65rrurv<lrrr1 eivor6rr, rropd rn ouve14<ercgdprrorl> e{olricg rdrroror.rpqlovropo6,cvov€rivrror ro goprio rous Kor6rorqpeirorro qlercrpr16 roug rre6iorot q pero{6 rou5 6ro<popd 6uvoprxo6.Me qvdtro1,o tp6no ou;rneprgipeTor Koro ouooopsurrlg,rrou Xprlotporroro6pe oe proroorrldrrsKqr ourorivqro, 6rrrrrgrar or propr4lavrxi5 yewrirpre5.Oo Xp4orporroro6peyro 6lo ourd rov 6po <<rllerrpr14 nqy4:r.

e T O I - I A E K T PIKO PEYM A

'Orov ivoq perrrlfur<i5oycoy<ig ouv6eOefpreroug ndloug plagqlerrprrrlgrrqyrlg, rou oytoyodxct oe xdOe oro €o<or€ptr<i ne6io. rltrerrprrd, orlpeiorou 6qproupyeiror rqg 4trerrprrqg rrrl' O p6trog,trorrrciv, iiev eivorvo nopdyer11yr15oro r<6rl<rlpo 6evei6r1tro611, Ierrprrd goprio. ll nr1yr1, vor <nqyrl>qlertprxo6rpopriou.Arorqpei dFrS, ro ne6io Krfrrrl 6rogopd6uvoprro6, drrcogpe ovdloyo rp6ro, yn avrlia t,tpo1 o' i,va u6pauNrc6 yn va i'orr1peixdnots xtx)utpa 6evrapdyu vep6,o.AAd Xprloyteder \nEopd nr€oeuv Ko;vs, rporcaAeirrl po4 rcu r16qurdpyovrog ve\ngopd \uvayxoi potj. Avrbrorxo, 4 qAexrpxqnqyrl \r1ptoup,yei unapy6vruv eAt6rcarnt6io ptoa oro onoio yiveratn po4 ruv 11617 povituv roo p erdAAoo. 0 ep<uvr1trexr

t

rllexrprr< rTrl'l

clpi6croKorrTns

i 6rordrrTrls

I p€rpnrrls v€pou rrqpoxns

qprr€poHrrpo

To qlerrprrd ne6io enr6pd oro etre60tpcxrllerrp6vto rord 14 yv<oor4 xared0uvoq. Aurd, 6p.S, 6ev orlprct(ver 6114 raXfrqro rcrrv qtrerrpovicovou{dver ouvel<oqfipos rrlv i6to rcore60uvot1.

To rltrerrp6vro ouyKpo6ovrqr (otrtrqtrerrr6poriv) pe ro 6oprrcdouorqrrrd -rdvrq- rcov pe'rotrtrrrcc6v cyoyc6v, pe ouvirreta 11rrvqrtrq evdpyerortrrv €firrcxuvdprevolvqtrerrpovi<ov(ourr1 rrou 0o qrroxro6oov enrrrldov ov 6ev unrlple ro rovrr16 ntriypo) vo ;rerotpirrcTor oe ev6pyelarotrdvr<rroqs Tov r6vrrorr KGrvo ex6rltrcivercr pcrpooxorrrxd q o6{qor1 rqg Oepporpooicg'rou prerctrtrrxod crycoyof. gorvdpevo rrou ouvo6e6errr1 6ritreuTo 1ru<oor6, 611lo6r],<0epprx<i> cryoryo65ror trdyeor1qlerrprrod pedporo5 orrd, roug prerol,Trrro6g Tor KcIrcporvdpevo Joule.To arrordleopc yrf rq rltrerrpdvrceivot roOivo ond ourd vo pnv €rrrrdx6veror ouvrrXrigolld vo rrveiror pe oroOepq(oprorq)<peugcrrr(>rcrXdrrlro.

Evo cxrlpo orlpeio rrpirrer vo npooelOei r6rairepc. l-lprvcrr6 rqv I

o TO H A E K TP II.O

P E Y MA

€Fgdvrorlrou qlsKrprrorjne6iourCI€^sdespoqlerrp6vlq rou psrdllou -qlexrpovrxdoipro- €Ktvodvrodrorro, Xopi'S611lo611, <vo ex6qk6vouvrdrroronporiprr;o4 ) rrposo6rropivq rore60uvoqdror rrou qv os Fro6roroprlXdlxrvouo6pprorognepvo6vopropdvoqtreKrpdvro,rrvodpevofipos optopivqrcorerlOr)vorl, rrlv i6roorryprlrodprOpoqtrerrp6vro rrepvofvo116rrlv i6roi5roropqrrvorjprevo rpo5 rrlv avri0errlrore60uvoq.Mnopod;revo ro6pe 6rr ouvotrrrdq rivqon ralv qlerrpovirov-oro qle rrpovrr<doripro-ovorpeiror nopdtro rrou or rcrxfrrlrssrov qtrexrpovi<ov eivorrrlg rdEnsrov km/s.ASorlprerco0e f e6ci6rr or rrpig rqg rcrX6rrlrcqoXerf(ovrorp€rr1Oepporpooio rou perdtrlou,yr'our6 ror q rivqorlrov ele60epcov qherrpovirov Ifyeror ror <0epprrry> xivqoq.

'Orov, rc6po, eprcpovroref ro Kqr€6euvonrrls n^€KrprKrlS 6rivopqg rre6io, ra rllerrpdvro 4trerrprr<6 rou periporog 6ev <Xdvouw rqv rrporlyof pevq ro16rqrd rou5, alld o' ourqv rrpoori0eror 6ravuoporr<d -odprpcovoHsrrlv CIpXn rqS rxve{oprrloio5 rov xrvrlo€ov- r,rr q prrprl peuporrrrl roroug.

16rqrc'rq5 ;-rercrivrlorl5 Aurrl 11e{orperrrd <6rororr-rrcrl>6ro6rrooio,orrlv orroio rroipver pipog fvoq rpoporrrrcd peydlog cpr0p65 etre60epovqlerrpovicov eivorro qlexrprr<6pedpo 4 prdMovrl (FlKpo-uKdvo> rrou iloupe cprrdyr'our6.

Mro opyrl, 6qlo6r1,perorivqo4 rou r1}errpovrrcofoepiou {er npog opropivq, rdOeorrypq, rore60uv;lioa orov ev6ooroprrx6lc6po oq. To rllerrpdvro, lorrr6v, ;rioo oro perolfux6 o6ppo 6rv;.rerarrvo6vror F€ repouvopdlo roX6rrlrc. Mdtrlg xlei<roupre ro 6rordnrq our6 rrou rc{r6efa Hsrpop€pd peydlrl rcrXfrqro q onoio pnopef vo nlqord(er rqv ro1611110rou cpcor6g,eivqr ro <<r4poylo rnv ocprirrvroq> roug, 6r1lo6qro qtrerrprr6 ne6io, rrou 6ro6i6rtrorpioo orov cryolyd.

Xperd(eror, iorrr5,vo ouvoqrfooupe.'Orov iXoupe qtrerrpr16pe6vo 6rarpivouy€ rp€rs Irc orous perolfuxo65 oyroyori5,prrroporipre 6ra<poperr rig rcrX6r4reg.

1. T4v rcrXrjrqro rqg Oepprrrrlg rivrloqgrov ele60eporv4lerrpovi<ov,q orroicr6rorqpeiror/ trrsouvrorr6oc, rur prerdrqv epgdvrorl qtrercrprr<od rre6iou.To pdye0ogrqg eivar r4g'rd[qg rcov km/s.

2. Tqv nol6 prrxpqrcXdrrlro -;.repiyeOo,;rrlg rd{qq rou 1mm/sF€ rnv orroio perorcveirorro qle r<rpovrrdrripro rol 6qproupy€frol ro qtrertprr6 pe6gc.

3. Tqv rpopepd peydtrrlrcrl6rqro, F€ rn\/ onoio 6ro6i6erorro qtrerrprr<6ne6io prdooorov cry<oy6.

I

4

e TO H^ EK TPI KO

'EYrqoRrou rller(rprxof Pâ&#x201A;ŹuFqros Ikioo pedyc; A116rq *'yF4, trorndv,rrou 6eX6;,rcme6rr ro qlexrpr16pe6poeivqrroreuOuv6pevq <pop,iou,eivorloyrrivqoqrltrerrprxori 16 vo ouprgovrlooupe d,rrivo pdyeOog nou 0o pnopo6oevo perpder rqv nood,rqro ped;rorogeivorq avd povd6o1p6vounoo6rqro rpopriou, rrou rrepvdero116pro 6roropqrou cycoyo6,ro rrqlfro, p' dMc tr6yro,rou gopriou (q) npog rqv ovrfororlq XpovrK{6rtiprera (t).

To piyeOo5triyerordwooq ped;rcrogq orr)rdpefpa. Iuppoli(eror pero ypdppol. O opropr6g rrou pcg6iveroron6 r4v e{iooorl

r=t rcrX6er yro rrlv nepirrroorlfiou ro nqtrfroq/t iler r4v i6rorrprlylo orroro6rlrrore orr6reli;re xcrr6rr q ivroorl eivor1polpovrrcq6rdpxero, vrrd oroOepr1, loporrqpr(ovrogro peri;roco,;ouvsxisxcr orc0ep6.

--i Irq yevrrrjnepirrrooq 6rrouro pe6poeivurXpovrrdperoBoM6- i

Fsvo n ivroorl rou pe6pcroS (l) orpeiXerlro ovo<pipe'roloe prio Xpovrrrlorlyp{.O oprop6grqg poo(erorons iworeg ororyerifir1s noo6rqra gopriou xanorotytttit8rlsytowrci fil,rfprcen.Me crvdloyo Tp6rro prropodpevo opiooupexcr dMe5 ivroreg nou worpipowcr

!

l'

i

oe1pour{ onyp4 6nco5rlror;6rr1rc,4 enrrdXuvorlrar q roX6g.

Iro Are0vdg16o111po,11dvrooq peri;roro5(pe6po) arrorelef 0epefuc66eg pdye0og pe povd6o perp4oeoS ro ivo Ampire (14). loXrier1 Ampdre: l Coulomb/1seconde.

H e{focoorlourq orroretrefrqv e{iooorl opro;rof rqg povd6og poyov6xr gopriou, Ynori0eror drr160e ovrrurorlei oedvoCoulomb 0 rorolerpnrriq gerp6er gopriou perp6er, ndooCoulomb nepvoriv ond146roropti ovd6suTspdlenro, Coulomb.1C:1As. pedporog.

64Iod{, ro Amp0re 4lexrprrod Iulvd XprlorFoEwoeiror drr16rorou ei6oug xoroperpqrdq devun6p1ouv.

Onog0o6oripe opdooq I rroreirqrro-l mA : pe0porog perp6pe nopor6rto rqvewoorl rou4herrprro0 14 ri I oro0epprrd Poo(0peuot sfo poyvnnK6 rporvdpevo nououvodeUouv rqvepg6vro{ 10'A. rou, I

TO

To oprnepdperpo

Xpero(dpoort Kor 6pyovc rrou vo progperpodv ra Apndp rllexrprro6 pe6;rorog.Tdroro 6pyovo undpXouv c'e6ldcpopou5rdnou5, 6trc, 6porg,ilouv ro i6ro 6vopo. Apnep6perln. flcpeppdtrlovrqr oro qtrexrprxd xdrtr<opo,oro oqpefo orprp<69nou 0iloupe vo perprlooup€. Aror<irrroupre,6r1lc6q, ro r6rl<oprooro orlpreiocur6 rcqrro 66o drpo rrou 6rlproupyo6vrorro ouv6iouFr Ll€roug 66o orpo6i-

KT€Srou opydvou. 'Erot, cn6 ro oyrrep6p€rpo 0c 6rdpXerorqlerrprrd peripo i6rag* ivrooqg pe ourd, rrou eilope nporlyoupivrrtg.

To o;rnepdperpo, 1.r'ivo 6eirrrl rrou 6rq0drer,<6eiXver>, trorrr6v,ro pedpa (Tou)).H orrdrtrrorl rou 6eirrrl eivcr ouvirero rdrrorou rporvol.rivou,ro orroio er6r1trr6verar 6rov rr€pv,i€rpefpc prioo o116ro * H napouoia rou opydvou aAAotdlvttAiyo r7noA6 ro peipa noo onrlpye nptv anrd rr1v tapeppoAfi. H aAAoiuorTntptopi(tar, 6tuq, Oa 6oiye, av 4 eaurtprr.rl avrioraoq rou opydvou eivar oytAqrta oe oy(.oq ye rqv avrimaoq rou ayayo6, roo onoiou ro pc6pa 9tAouye va p erprlooupe.

I

4

e T

IO HAEKTPI KO PEYM A

vo eivolovdCIprr€p6p€rpo/ o€ rp6rro, pdtrrorc,<6oreq crrr6rtrrorl troyr1npo5 ro pe6;,ro(l) qur6. To gorvdpevceivorivo srrd €reivo, ro rllerrprrd pe6;.rcro.Iuvrj0og eivqreireOepprrd rrou ouvo6e6ouv (0epprrdoprnepdperpo) <porvdpevo eire oMqtreni6poorlrou pedporos l-rsrdnoro Fcrl/rlrn. I' ourqv rrlv rrepinrorrl prioooro oprr€rrtroioto/rtou p6;lerpoundpler Fcrl,v4rns oxivqrogrct orSre<pdpevo ouv6derorps rov 6efxrq.To peripo,nou 6ro;lerederor oro opnepdpeuproro6orei ro ntreupdg orpeg6pevo nlq(oro orrdre orrg Fsrpo qoro6vror qrrd l-aplace Kor ro rrtroioro rou ro poyv4rq6uvdperg orpdgeror.Mo(i rou orpigeror rar o 6eirrrlg rov orroioptrfnoupe pdvoorrlv cppl lerroupe{orreprrd.Evvoeiror drr ovocpep0qrope yiog rou opydvou.H ouvofurrltrerroupyiorou €ivcr,piparo, rrotrd rrrooriv0er4.

Yrrdplerpro nopd6oorl,fiou OfAerro oXqpcro, ;rero onoio noprordvovrorro 4lerrprrd rurlc6poro,vo ilouv co5oretrerdrdrroroopOoyrivro no6nll4tr6ypoppor(crvo rupropXo6v ypoFFiS.Tr;v nopdor euOeir;g Om6oo 6ev0o 6oo11 0o rq 6rorqprl)oul.rs. r1rov,fo<og , rr'epn6vo Oupfoou1tt6rt ra oXrlStara 6evanrerxcl i(ouv Euroy paq xd rrlv npdypartx6rryra, altrd rrl.oultpoAL (ouv. H rrpdyporrKdrqrcevdgepyoorrlprcrorl rur<trc6;roro,; pe rltrerrprxr'1 or4tr4, 6rcx6rrq xorlcpn'rr1poncprordvtror Ft ro oXrlporo onoio FoSrropqrrdprrer o'orrrrlv. To 66o duoq rqr nopdMqlo eu06ypcpparpqporo I noprcrrdvouvr;Ierrprxqrrqyq oroOepq56rc9opdg6uvoprxori.To ;reyol6, epootr6 ro 66o ouppotr(errov rr6lo ;rero peyolfrepo6uvoprx6: Av ro 66o rpqprororlrov ioo ll 0q rropiorovovdvovolorov6qrrorerrurv<rrrr1.

To oXrlpo@rraprardverqtrerrprr6tropnrrlpo-ovrXveurrlevrirro /- 6ro,x6rlrrlcvor1r6.

Opropdvoox6pocr6Fpolueivor: Yeroorl opnep6petpo Bo116perpo

owrordr4q

ri H n

nnv(o -!ru0, -)'FperoBtrrlr6q nurvonlq

-"FL

f-] C ]L

\_z

s:

-reF

Iopnqpog

-+-\,

pooqrornq

ouoxeu4 4trerrpo^wrx4 llro^Touerpo)

6(o6oq peupo evoutooo6gevo I

e TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

l6rorqr€S rrlsdvrooqE 1. To rrp<6ro prlvupo rrou Ffiopodprevc ndpoupreorrd rrg ev6ei{erg rcDVoprrtpopirporv eivcr q <rorvrl>rtpq, -rqvorroro iler ro pe6;raoe

Erpdoov, 6qlc6r1,oe pra opropivqonyFl1rord pqrogev6gcryroyod. ot rourdXpov€S dlo ro F4roSrou ayoryod6evundpler 6r<xrld6<rloq, 0rr ouprrrirrrouv.H rodrqro ev6ef{erg oo<rlv6rlrrore opnepdperpcrrv pe rqv appl r'r1g6rctrlpqorlsrou goprir<ovev6ei{erov crnoloyeircr 'Ooo <poprfo6rqrrve(rorovd provd6oXp6voupioc ond rdrroto ou. cxvdpovd6o1p6vou 6rcropq,dllo 16oo-ioo- goprio 0o 6rqxrveirqr Ag rrpooi{oupree6ci xor prfooo116prrodllq 6rorop4,orroro6rl'nore. rrrlv rllerrpovi<ov(rou 11dr 6evprldpeyro ro<irqrorcovrcrXurrlT(D'v trerrpovrrodoepiou).Irr5 prrpiq 6roropriqor toldrqreg r<rrvqleA4rldpe,6FrS, yro ro6rqta rrpoviroveivcrouyrprrrrd peyolOtepe5. avd povd6a orrg rroo6rrlte5qlexrprrodgopriou/ fiou 6roruvodvror orov ryroy6.

Kord 1p6voutrrioc 6ev

OUT€

egdoovurrdpXer 2. To npdyporc eivor6rocpopertrd (x6ppog). yro Iro rixlorgo rou crXqprcrog, 6rortrd6c,roq g rorv'rprrirv eivqt napd6erypa, or ev6ei{er oprnepopirprDv I : 330m& lr : 110mA Korl, : 220 mA.Mog 6ei1vouv, otrroloyeiror-rqt rrd611}o611, 6rr l,+1, : l. To yeyo'v65 fu- ond rqv apXqrqg 6rcrrlprlrrrlsrou 4trerrprrofgoptip€rrlv noprxdr<rrnpdrco4. ou Koryevrrefercr To dOporoporov peuprirov rrou <nlqord(ouv>o' dvcv x6;rpo eivor ioo ;re ro ri0poroFo rtov peu;rrirov lrou (orroporpfvovrar> qrrd qurdv. rot rov6vcg errr g oMd avcrpiperar o€ Fro reXvrr{, rqv orroio prrro-

podpevq Xprloryonoro6pe drqv rdvoupeunoloyropoU5mo ruxlc6por vo urrdplerivo5 ord;.ro rcr.XaporrrlpGerq np<irog errer6rl ouprpcxive orr<;6ragopig6uvoprxo6. ravdvogKirchhoff o onoio5ovc<p6peror tdlog, o onoiog 6rar6O GustavKirchhoff(l-ro6orcp KipXorp), rro)or Korrous 6rjo rccrv6ve5, urrrpp€e ivcA ovopromdgfeppav6squorr6gnou iQlot orrd ro 182aptypt to 1\ti7.

I

HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

FI Sraryqp* Suvtlprxoti Merpqorlrrlsroorls Avd;reoooe 6rio oqpeioev65ruxlcirliqrosurrdpler-orrl yevrxrlrrer;,6nors<ruvqOi(erar vo tripe,rdpinrcoorl-prc 6rocpopd 8uvoprrro6 qrr6 rrorardor1.A6o ro 6pyovoperc orroi<r0o prrropo6oopre vaT q prerpqooupe eivoro qtrercrpovrrdg notrpoypoqosKqrro polrdperpo.

O natrpoyp,igos onoretrefrorrupirogcrn6 ivo ocolqvortvo6, pio gOopi(ouooo06vr1, prio6rdro€nyrq 6rlproupyioqtrerrpovrrrlg 6iopqg ro0c6gxor 6rord{ersyro rrlv errporrq rr156iopqg,drro5 ei vor, nopc6eiypcroqldprv, ivo (edyogond opr(6vrrorrlcri6ro, ro

orroio errpinouv rr1 6ioyr1 roror6pucpo r:r ivq (eriyo5 qrr6 xcror6pucpo rrlqriEro o116rq orroio q 6iopr1 errpineror opr(6vrra. Av oro rrponyofpevo rdrl<rlpo 0elrlooupe va gerprgooupsrqv rdoq ovdpeoo mo orlpre(oA ror l-, ouv6ioupre1c{ciqpeiaourd prero rrtrqr<i6tq rqtqK6puqns orrdrfuo45, orr6re orq'u oOdvr1ro opXr16ilvog rr15r1tre xrpovrxrl56iopr4gOo percrrv4Oef rcrrd priccrn6oroorl rrlv orroiq e6xolo pnopodpe vo ovcrydyoupre oe Volts.

To polr6perpo. O rllerrpovrrdg nolpo'ypdcpo5eivar orprpq5 otr-

ld eivarPcp6Sr<xr6tiorotropercgdperor.

Arrd our(, trorrri,v,rrlv dnorgq ro BotrrdFerpontreoverrei.Aev6rogdperond ro qpnep6perpoofre oe trerroupyioorjre oe epcpdvroq.

To rccvrpdvrou €ivor,piBoro, poOpoloy4pivo<reVolts(V).To rorv6Bolr6prerpo6ro0i'rerorivrp-oFtr!'vnrnKorqyc6yrporrtroioro.To rrlcioro peuproro6oto6pevootrtrqtrerrr6pd pe rov pcryvqrrlror orpirperor, orr(rrt orpdrperorxor o 6eiKrrlsrrou ouv6ierqrp' ourd. H er<rporrrl rou 6eirrq eivot,rvdtroyrlrou pe6pcrogpe I

4

e TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

ouvirrsro-o6l.rgovCIFs rov v6poOhm, rrou 0o pelerqooupeopy6rtpo - vo eivqrovdtroyqKornpos rq 6roqropd6uvoprxori.

To polrdperpo,lorndv, perpder rr16rrxgopd6uvc;.trxo6, rrou undpler avdpeooorous 66o orpo6iKTrs('rou)).'Orcxv Oelrlooupre vo perprlooupe rq Orocpopd 6uvcprxo6ovdpeoooe 66o oqpefoA, B evdg rurlc6porog,ouvEioupre rcu5 axpo6fxregprerq onoycSyrpro peiaourd. H rdoq ovdpeooorous 66o ar<po6iKrss -rnv orroia 6eiro Xvâ&#x201A;Źr 6pyavo-0q eivorioq ror ps rrlv rciorl ovdpeoooro A rol B. H o6v6eoqaurrl rou potrrdyerpoutriyercrroriv6eo4oe 6lsxild6ooq. Arrd ro polr6perpo 0c rrepdoer,pipcrro,peripcrar r1rdoq rqv orroioOitroupre vo perp4ooupe0o ollorcrr0ei.To oqdlpo reprop((eTorov 11ovriorooq rou polropdrpou eivrrr-oe oxion prerrlv ovrfordorl rou ayolyorlAB- oorlpovrrl.

--J

frovoperpfoouye ro pedpo o'6vooqpeio rouxurA6porog, vo(K6{,ouUeD Xpe16(eror ro rdrlopooroo4peio ourdxqrvo roopnepdperpo. nopeppdloupe

T

e TO HAEKTP KO PEYM A

fro voperptiooulre rq 6rogopd duuopnod ov6;reoo rouruxhrlporog, oe6doo4peio ouvddoupr oydryrpo rouqoxpo66rreq rou polTdpoTpou pero oqpeio, lr,rpigvo ro rfillopo, 6roxdrl,oulls

vc nodpedrr: Iuvorpi(ovrogprnopodpre Iro qlerrprxd ruxfuiprqrqrl rdorl (6rcqopd6uvoprrof)ovogiTo orroiq orror€psrqr os 66o oproyivooqpeiorou rcurl6;rc{Tos EivorpiyeOo5olyepprr6,pnopef lodv rqr drpo rdnorou rprrlprorog.

6qlo6q, n rrFrnrrls vo eivcrOerr14,opvrlTrrrl r1pr16iv.Mnopodpevo rqv prerprlooupe, efrepenotrpoypdgoeftt pe potrr<ipetpo.

rqsroorls lSrorqr€S 1. Arlpiroupyo6;.re rrprrq orqtrq,6roivo 16rl<opotrrr:r1tre r6nrr1 ror 66o lopnrqpeg, roug onoiougouv6ioupeoe potrr6perpoperpdpsrrS rdoetg oerpd.Me rcordtrtrqlo Vor,Vrr,Vor,Korpp(oroupeV^u= 2,9V,Vr, : 1,45V rot Vo,: 4,35V. To o6prrepoopscivordrt V^, : Vor+V* ror yevrreferorp€rqv e{q56tortincrlorl: H rrio4 ora rirpo evdgouv,flou cytoyr6v-o€ o€rpri- eivor foq ge ro ri0poropq r,tllvrdoetov rrou urrripXouvo€ xoOdvavorrd aurods rous oytoyodg. : 0. Er-retH npoqyoriprevq e{iocooqypdcpercrxct Vr,r+Vur*(-Var) : : 6(, 6pcog-Ver Vro,0o roXrierrot Vor+Vur*Vrn 0. Ie pio YtvrK€uvo r-rotipre 6rr: pivq 6rordrrooqFfiopo6peouverrc6g Karri trr{rogev6gxlerorori rurl6parog ro olyepprrri riOporoFtr rtrrv 6rogoptiv 6uvaprrori efvarioo pe pq6dv.H np6roorl orrorelei rov leydprevo 6erireporuvdvs Kirr:hhoff.Xaparrrlpf(eror ouoroonKd,oe pto xav6vaq-ror dXr<ogvdpo5-errer64cvacpipr;rar/ vo rdvoupeunotroyollodgoro qAerrprxd relyrxq rrou FoSporlOder vo qrrorelef rdrrotovove{dprrlro v6porqg <puxurlc6poro,X<opiS <rctrdfir€rdr) arr6 rrg yevrri5 rxp1i5yrq rrl 6rarrlpqoq orxrlg,yrori Ei6ope6rr rdrr ovdrou rpopriouKqrrq Drcrrlpqoqrrlg evipyerrrg. troyoouppaiverror Fr rov npc6roravdvq Kirchhoff,o ono(ogro16rou gopriou. rr€rorarr<irrlv opx4 rrls 6rorr1pr1oq5 2. Orrdxvoupeivo or6pcxr6xk'rpo pe r1fu;xrprr{ ot{In 4,5V, 6tordnrq ror 66o tropnrrlpe5,ro drpo r<rrvonoicovouv6iovrqt cvd 6tio

B

( 3 ,5 v)

drr<rr5mo crX4po.Arl;rrcupyorjvror iror 66o 6rocry<rryrpo rdo6c6oerg,11A xor 11B. Eivcrau'rovdqro 6rr, cxv0etrrlooupe vo perprlooupsrrgTdoerqorc drpo rdOetroprrrrqpo, OCIrrdpoupe ro i6ro orrorfleopo/ yro rov orrlodorcro l6yo 6rr or lcpnrrlpeg dlouv rorvd drpo. H odv6eorlcurr1trdyeror nopriltr4tr4 odvdeorl tos rrpos xrinoro triorl Korrq XcpcKrqpcer q ro6rrlto r<ovrdoeov. Oo pnopo6oorcoxrl. oope,6qtra6q,rq odv6eorlqur4, vo q lipre rcan

TO H A E K TP IK O

P E Y MA

To rlAer prrc6rcirtrclpo Ego6roopdvor r<opope 6pyovofiou prropo6vvo ;.rcgprerpodvqtrerrprrd pedprorcror 6rorpopig6uvoprrodprnoporipe d1r pdvovo (ovrrrpiooupe>ouvofuxd ivo rllexrprrcdrdrtr<rrpo, To rrpc6rorrpEpq olld ror vo ro pelerrlooupe. rrou 0o rrpirrervo r(ivoupeeivorvo ovoyv<opiooup€dvoiva rc 6rdrgoporprqporo(ororleio) rrou ro arroretro6v.Irrl ouviXero0o e{erdooupe rcdOe crrd ororrrd sv€py€rmorXeioXcoprord, 6qlo6r1,rq lerroupyio orr1.Oo neprypdr.poupre, rou orrlytrc6ooorq5 svdpyerog. <Erorlero>ev6gx url6Fqrog. Avoyvt6prorl.

An6 rq m4ln rou Alessandro Voltapilpr ro otrorlqpcopivoxuxlc6pror rllexrpoc rq g oriyXpovqg <arr6orooq> rrepirrou vrxq5 pio 66o orurrdpler HlerrprKriKriKlollor[AEdpoonq c6vrr;v, r<ovorroi<rrv q iwora rtirlomq 8rdpxero yvc6proe e{ifu{q.Irlpepo,o dpo5 1.ro ;rroonor6qrror€ rvrurrcoororcrl qAercpx6rc6tcAapa cvogiperor o€ pro peydlq rrorxrtrioororleiov ro ro qrroretro6v. orroiaouvoppotroyo6pevo

'Evoonldxdrlouooroepyooripro

'Evox6rtropo pnopeivo rrepriler troprrrrrlpo ,ovrrordr4, oyoyo6go6v6eons, rruKvordg,qtrerrporrvrlrrlpo,pooordrrl,qlexrpotrurrxi5ouoreuig,polrdprerpo,6io6e5lulvfeg revo6,rpuoroltroyevv4rpra, 6io6eg,6io6egZener,thermistor,rrlvio, qlexrprrrlorr1trr1, -e

tn

PEYMA ToFr^EKTPTKo

ouooopsurrl rr ivo ocop6dlleg 6ro'rd{erg preov6poto nou io<rr5, 6ev0o dXerrovei5ouvcvrrloetrrori.

Airrola. I'durd, 6FtS,'ro orotleic rou r:url6poros rlou ovo66o drpo (orpo6irpipopeurrdplerrdrt rotv6.Ko0dvorou5 dtr;el rreg, rr6loug)oro orroiq urrdpler-yevlrd- xdrrotq6rarpopd6uvqAur65 eivotrqt o trdyoqrrou ot qtrerrpovrroirq l6ve 6irro;.rrro6. lo.

H Xaparrqprmrxri ro;rndlq.'Evo 6inotroeivqt6uvor6vvo tretroupyeipe norrfie5 rrpi5 6rogopdg6uvoprllo6(rdoqs)oro dr<po rou.H roptdlq, I orroio orretrovf(etrr1ouvciprrloqrdorl5 -pefpo6inolo. H ropn6,\r1yra r<dOe rog V : f(l), trr{yeror XCIpqKrnptorlrrl poqOder 6inoro 6rdcpopa vo 8rcrpivc'up€ p6vo dp petrfrrlrns HdS 'rr1 roOevd,5 }erroupyio Ao pero{6 roug, otrtrdKqrvo npop}dq-roupre os rdrrotc,r6xlolpo. orrd ourd, 6tov ro rrcpeppdtroup€ iil Xoporrrlprorrxrl v : f(r) 11trexrprxrl5 or{1115 ,f, , r.!--:

Xcporrrlprorrrrl,_

v: fir)

peroll rori

Htrerrprrrleveflyero o€ rHrlFoKuKncDporos r6rlcopra rt ivo rti4po A5 rpovrco'ro6yte,r<bpo,,fva peupro'rorp6po 6inotro rpogo6ororiond orrorletorrrd rou ro orroio srroretreirot rYPq vo rrepriler ivc truprrrrlpc Kol prevc.Oc prropo6oeyro rropd6e 'Orrog rot rdOe 6irrotrr lcoptord, ro rpqpo eivo qlerrprrd por6p. v6g rur<Ico;rorog o. iXer 66o drpa (A,B),pe ro orroio ouv6ferot ye ro undlotno Avdpeod rou5 urrdpXer prro6to<popd6uvoprrod (V^r).

16r<lco;rcx. p. 6roppderorarr6 4trerrpr16pedpo lor. y. rpogo6oreirot pe qtrerrprrrlev6pyero. o€ Flc e{rocoArolouOc6vrosrrl Oecopio;rrroporlpeva <prdoouprs ev6pyero peroprpo(6pevr1 q povd6o rrlv onofo ovd orl, Hs 1p6vou -e I O ! 1A E K T P I K O P E Y M A

ouoxrrf(€ror 1600 p€ ro psdpo Inu6oo lior p€ rq 6rorpopdSuvcprrrod Vou. =errvdpe qrr6 rov oprop6 rrlg ivvorog \tagopd 6uvaptrco6.

'Eloupre11611 rrar drr oro qlexrprrd ne6io q pero{6 66o oqpeiarv (A,B)6rocpopd6uvoprxo6eivsr e{ oproprodioq pe ro rrqtrfr<o Wo/q, dnou W^uro dpyo rov 6uvdpeov rou nr:6iou rord rq peraxivrloq rou cpopriou(q) orrd ro ivo orlpefo (A) oro dllo (B). Av rc6po ro dpyo WouovrrKqroorq0ef ps rov dpo <peroprpc(dpevq -piocrr rou ne6iou- qtrerrprr<r1 evfpyero>pnopc6pe vo xorotrdpoup€yrori 116rogopd 6uvoprrrod(rdoq) orc drp,a rou rpqporos (A,B)0eopeiror <ogq ovd povd6o rpoprfou evdlryerorrou peroprpd(eror o'ourd.

AB

/y' poyovdrr K60e qoprio noprm6ver cv6q HTdon Coulomb. oro 6xporouABerqpd(er rpopriou r4vovrilrovti6o evdpycro nou peroprpf(eror oro rp{poAB.

'Orqv trdpre, yro napd6erypa, 6rr cvirpeoo oe 66o oqpeio peuporogdpou r<urck6porog urrdpXerrdoq 6 Volts, evvooripedrr oro rF(Fq rrou oproOerefror orrd ro orlpefcra,or6, oe rd0e Coulomb perorrvoriprevou rlAerrprrod cpoprfoupreroprpd(erolevipyero 6 lorrrdv, o€ ,f,propivolpdvo evdpyero Joules.H peroprpo(oprdvr1, (W) oE r<dOe rpqpo (AB) rurtrc6poros Orxeivor ioq pe ro yrv6prevo Vne'Qrrls Ero<popdg 8uvoprrorl errf r4v noodr4ro cpopriourrou percrrv4Orlrexord ro lpdvo qurdv. Erp<ioov ro pedpo eivor ouve: -oro0ep6, yro ro rpqpcx AB Ocx roX6r:r IAB q/t, 11q : l^rt o1161dg : r€ KGrW Vorlort.To rlqtrfr<o, ritroq, rqg peroprpo(dpevqg-oe 1p6vo t- evdpyeros npos ro 1p6vo qurd (t) qrrorelef rrlv ro16 (P). p = Vnslrs.p(Watt) : rl(Volt)xt (Ampdre). H e{fOq eivar ^orrrdv o(l)orl

T O H A EKT PIKO

PEYM A

P=Vl o' €vc rpqpo ruroX6,rrou preroprpdZeror pog6iver*rqv rltrexrprrrl 6lnd,ove{dpr4to ond rq g6oq rov rpogo6otofpev<rlv xlc6prorog tr<ov, rrou rreptiXovroto'our6.

Kord rr1lerroupyio,lotn6v, evd56rn6lou oTrdro (euydprrdorl rllevo unoloyfooup€Korrq peraprpo(6pevq - pe6poprnopo6;re errioqg,on6 rr5 rrpri; ro1uo5xor rdoqg yro rrprrq roXrj.Mnoporipre, ro pe6;rotretrouprr1trerroupyiopro5ouoreuqgvc rrpoo6topiooupe 4000W6rsv Letroupyeiurr6 tdoq** yio5 rqg. 'Evo5Oeppooig<ovo5 V : 18,18A. 220V0q 6rappierarcnd pe6po| : 4OOO1220

Hlerrprrdpedpo(l)

Hlerrpr16 goprio ovd povd6o Xpdvou

rdoq N) Htrexrprrq

Meroprpc(<ipevqevdplrsrct avd ;.rovd6ogopriou

Hlerrprrqroyrig(P)

Meroprpo(opdvqevfp'1ero ovd povd6o 1p<ivou

W q

Irov rrivqro yrropef xovei5vo 6rorpfver 6r-r{errv<ovrogarr6 rpio cpopd66o cpey60q,goprio, 1p6vo, evipyercrrot rroipvovroS r<dOe n6 ourd Xri(oupe rpio dllo peyiOr1,rqv fvrooq psfFloros, rrlv rdorl Kol rrlv roX6.Arrd rer ror rrfpo q e(iocooqP : VI ipXerot cosouvirrero rorv rptcirvoprop6v.

* YnoAoyioapeq yioq o11j P = Wlt yn rqv ntpintwory ora9epr1irdor1g xar ora9tpotj peiycroq. Ano6erxvierar6n 11i6roefiocooq P : Vt toxtet yn rq (orryynia) petap$a(6yevq rcyi ot xs9t nepirnu:oq. ** Or oxnxf.gaooxeutcrpoEo\orolvrar ye perjpa evaA)ooodyevo.

E6xdynnqOepyavrxtc ouoxtuiq, pn oytorl rqq popcpfisP = vl lJds6ivetn1 yfo1 4AexrpxtltoXrjt96oov, tvta6yutq, toq V xat I Xptlotltonoul1orivavriororya ot tworcg e rcpy5gtdoq xat evepydq, or1,nc onoftc 0a oovavrrlooultt oro xeEd/.arcYd rs evatr\aoodyevapajpara.

TO H A E K TP IK O

PEYM

HlercrprKquvri'oroorl rpsrscryoyo65,drr oe Ag unoOiooupre drr iXoupre rrlv i6rordo4 roOivqvqrr6 quro65 ecpapp6(oups ror 6rr rq qvriororlo pe6poroeivotlr : 400mA, lz : BmAxot l, = 1mr\.To ougrrdpoolioeivotdrt o npc6rognopouordilerrotrrirepqoyroyrpdr4ro arr6 roug dltroug66o evriro rpfro5 <ovrrorireror) fi€prood,repo rqr orrd rous rp€rsor4 6rdtreuoq rltrerrprxofpe6polo5.Ooiverortroyrr<6 enioqg vc 6e10oripe 6r-ro rpirog crl,toyds epgo'ri(erorrc6 gopig peyoldrepq ovriorcorl orrd rov 6e6reporor rer6nr6oreg<popigpreyotrrireprl cvriorooq orrd rov np<r5ro.

Or rpuorroforro6eldpevorourrl rq tr<lyrxrl nporeivouvdvo povd-q ovrip€rpo priyeOog, ro orroiovcx<pcOpotroyei> rrg cxvrrordoer5 orpogcxtrg cryoyrpdrrlr€Srov 6rorp6prrrv cryc,.ryc6v orq SritreuoqqAerrprro6periporo5.To piyeOogtrdyer<xr qltrrprr{ ovriorooq ayroyodrcr opi(eror rognqlfro r4g rtio45 U) nou e;rgcppri(erar orc rirpo rou, rrpos r4v dvrooq (l) rou peri;roro5rrou rov 6roppder.fra ro ou;rpoho;.r6 rou peyiOoug)(pr1orFrorroreiror 6re0vrigro ypdypoR,oplrd rqg trd{qqResistance.

V

R= T T

e{ioroo4opro;rodr4g qlexrprrrig ovrforooqg

Iro Are0vig lforrlpro, povd6o perplloeotgrrlg ovriorooqg eivor ro 1 Ohm (Opr).Iuppolf(erar pe 1O. lo16er1C) : 1Vl1A.Aurd or1poiver6tr 6vog ffl,ary6seprrpovi(er ovdpeoc oe 66o oqpeio rou cxvriordorl 1f Ohm, erpdoov,rord rqv erpcl>proy4 oro oqpeia qurd rdorlg 1 Volt, o ay<oyd56rappieror orrd perjpo 1 Amp6re.

To avriorpoqo rrls r;ler<rprrcqg ovrioroorlg trdyerarqler<rprrcr1 cyroyrp6rqro (G).

To rrpciro epcbrqpo tfuor; An6 n e€,aprdrat q avrioraory evdq ouyrcercpry€vou uyu;yori; Enqped(eror d6rcrye arrd 14 6rcrpopd6uvaprro6 rrou 0o egcrppdoou;re;Av Oilouprr:orrdvrqorl oro rpc6ro ou16 epc6r4pq 6ev iXou;re dllq enrtroyrlo116ro vo npoorp6youpe orrlv (€rupqyopio rou €pyoorqpiou, ecpo6roopivor,p6parc, pe potrr6prerpo(11nolpoypdgo) rcoropnep6perpo. Xpero(dpoor€ or<d,pro pra 6rdra[q rrou vcx;rag 6iverrrorrrtr(qrrpc6vrdoq5. Mra xordtrtrqtrr1 rir-oro 6rdro{q e(vurro rrorevor6perpo.

I

e T O HAEKT PIKO

PF YM A

1. O oytoy6g- 6inotro(AB)eivorivo roppdrr odppo 1dfu<rvo.

Eg6oov6ev6roppierqro116pefpo, 4 rdorl oro drpo rou eivor pq6iv. Egopp6(oupe rdoq 1 Volt Kqrro cpnep6perpoFdS6erXver 83 mA.Zuvelf(oupep'our6v rov rp6rro KcrKortrypdcpoupe ro ororetrio;.rcro o€ rrivoro. AvrrorpigouFs rllv rdoq, orr6re qv'rrorpirperor Kqrro pe6po.Iuprrtrqprivoup€Tovrrivoro Fs rd orrorelfopo,o rov vitov perpqoecov.

Mrropodp;tyro rrlv rdoq ror ro pedpovq XprlorForrorrloou;re rdpa opvqrrxigrrpig. vn,(v) 0 1 1,5 2 2,4 3 3,6 4 -1 -1 ,5 -2 -2,4 f^,(mA) 0 83 125 167 200 250 300 333 -83 -125 -167 -2OO 12,05 12 11,97 12 12 12 12,0112,05 12 11,97 12 R(O) Kord rq 6rdprercxr<ovperprlo€ov gpovri(ou;.revo 6ror4po6;.reyro ro pe6po riVae(V) rore5 rrpig c6ore q 3epporpcoio rou o6p4 Fqros vo fiqpouor,i(er qo4Fqvr€S H€ropolig. Aur6 ro rdvou;.reyro vq crroprovc6xqPoKTrlProrrKrl ev65 ldkrvou oouF€ ;.rc rrrOcvrle{dprqoq rrlg avrioraofpparo5 oqg orrd rq Oeppor<lrcoio.

Kdvoupe rq ypcrrprrrlnopdoroorl rd- ivrooqg. Ei'ror11XcpCIKrrlprorrrrl ons *f-ll|J rou 6rrrdlou rrou petrerrloope.Btrinoupe 6rr eivoreuOeioyp(rpp4.To ouprnrpdopo- 300 - 200 - r00 ro rc6pcx.Ta 6pyovo r<ovperpqoecovi6er3ml €ov 6rr 11ovriororrrl rou ofpprorog eivor (mA ove(dprqrq o116rrlv rrpq roi rrlv notrrr<drqro rns rdor;g rfou €gopp6(oupe. M' dMc l6yro 11ivracrq rou pef;roros €Fgqvi(eror ovdtroyq rrsos rrlv e<pappo(dpevq 6rcrpopd6uvoyrxoti.

2. Enovotroprp<ivoupe ro rreipopo pe or6epfvroodppo rur dorepo ndfu preo6ppo on6 xpdpo 1oi\xorl-vrreliou. Tq qrroretrioprcrcx 6eilvouv 6rr rqr orous dytoyorig ouro65 epgovf(eror 11ove{apr4oia rrlg ovriorooqg o116r4v rrprl rrlg rdoqq.

3. Aorrpd(oupe rc6po pe loprrqpo rrupro6lifo€os. H 6rogopd qrr6 ro npoqyof pevo rrerpdpoto iyre rror oro yeyovdg 6rr oro oyc6yrporoppdrr rou troprrrqpa 0c er6r1tro0eipeydtrrlOepporpooroxq o6{qoq. KoraypdgouF€ ro onoretrioprrro o€ rrivqrq. I1e6rd(oupe Kol rq XCIpoKrrlprorrrqrou lcpnrrlpcr. r e I O I -A ] EKTPIKOPEYMA

Vn,(V) ln,(mA) R (O)

o 0

0,1 36 2,8

o,2 61 3,3

0,5 81 6,2

0,8 100 8

4 1,5 2 2,5 6 132 155 17s 227 285 11,4 12,9 14,2 17,6 21

To oupnipoopo sfv(xrdrr orqv fi€pfrrrtooqrou H Ioprnrrlporl ovri'orqorl6evnopo;riveroroOepr1. €nqp€d(errrlv rtp4 rrls c6{r1oqrrls e€ppoKpqoiss orlFrqvrrKd. 4. floipvoup€CIvdlo]'ssFsrp{o€rSXprlor l-rorrorordn<ov.Ot vrqs rlkKrpovrKis6r6{iou56rorp6pcov Kis KoFfi(,tresTrourrpor6rrrouveivor xcpoKTrlprorr 6eveivqtovdloe6ylorrreg.Mog live dlr ro p€6pCI yo lrpos rqv rdoq 4 drr q ovrroroorl rous -ro Trrlarrd rqv rdorl rrlv otrixoV/l- 6eveivorCIv€qdprrlrn rroiq erdorore e<popp6Z,oupre.

O voposrou Ohm Or perprloers HoSo6qyo6voe ouprrepdoFororo onoio pnopo6pe H ovrimooq evrigpolulfurod oyoyof -ma0evo yevrre6ooupe. p{g Oeppoxpooiog-eivor aveQriprnrq'xrd rnv rdo4 rrou €goporrorelei ro ley6pepri(oupe.R = V/l = orq0tp6. To ouprrrip,oopo vo ro vo vtipo rou Ohm yro rous prerolhro69<ryoyofg.Mrropod;re Kor6ro<poperr xd.

6rorurrcboouF€ T.

e

ll

T oH ^E K TKPoP E Y MA

Egrioov 4 Orpporpcoio evrigperalhxod cytrlyof 6rorqpcirar orcOep{, 4 dvrooq rou periporog(l) nou rov 6roppderefvqrqvdloyr; npo5 rq 8rogopri duvoprrori (V) 4 onoio egcppri(ercr ortI dxpu rou. l-pdrpoupe: t=*U

p s R= m, u o e p d

O v6gogrou Ohm 6eveivqryevrx6gv6pogyra dtrou5rous cryoyo65.Or lupfe5 r€vo6,yro nopd6erypo,6evrrerOaplofvo' qur6v.

H crvriorooqrou5 e{oprdrcr c'nd rqv rdoq rrou egoppd(oupe.To i6roroXderKqryrq noModg dtrlougayoyo6,1,roug orroiousXprlorpronoreiq qtrerrpovrrrl oqpepo.Or xpuorotrhrofovopOotriq,ro rq thermistors, transistors, crrorelodv oproprrvo;r6vo orrd rc fidpo6eiyporc <ovurrororlg>.

Kdro€ rdrroro H oriyXpovqrltrerrpovr14 BcepdKqro Xopqxrripo5rou odyXpovou<rllerrpovrrod>rrofurropo6 oXeri(srqrFt rqv cneiOerdrrou OeiXvc,uv oro v6yo Ohm 6lor outoi or crycoyof.

A5orlprercoOe rq5 cvrif e6rildrr 4 e{ioooq oproprori : (R orCIorls V/l) 6evouprrrinrap€ ro v6;.ro'rouOhm. loXueror6po Kqryro rous (crvufirixooug> rrposro vripocyoyorig.

H qvrioraorl rou vrlpcroqev65tropnrrlp<r1A0Wl22OV, eivor 484A. To ofppa qrrd ro rolc66ropragtrdpno5dler avrioraorl prrpdreprlrqr qrr6 1 O, evcbrl cwimaorl rou crv0p6rrvouorirporos prropeivo rupov0e(o.n6100 O, prilpr 500.000f), cvdtroyoperrg nrprmdoerg. flrt6o4 rrioeorg.Ie xd0e rF4Fo xurtr<6pcro5, ro yrvdpevorou pe6poro5(l) etri rqv <oprr{ovrioroorl (R)trou napouord(er ro rpqpc our6, triyeror nrc6orltdoeoq. Av ro rFnpq rurctrc6poros ufiorodermov v<iporou Ohm, ro yrvdpevoourrj eivqrioo pe 14 6ro9opd 6uvoprrorl(V)rrou urrdpl€roro drpo rc,urpqporog.H rodrrlra V : I ' R6evrqXder rrdvrore. Irrlv rrep(rrro)cir"l, yro rropd6eryFd/ rrou mo rprrlporuxkripcro5undpler ivcg rrvrpf;poS,rl 6rogopd6uvo;rrro6 orq drpc rou efvarpeyatrdrepqorr<5rrll'nrr6or1 rdoeog.

J ;

T oH^ E K T PPTEKYo* , f lf

0prroioytoyof 6v0oro

Avnmdreg. Or aycoyoinou rrsrOqploriv oro v6porou Ohm triyovrol,qwtmdrcq (ovrrordoergq co;rrrig ovrrordoerg).'Evoroprprdrr crvttordodppoeivoro rrroontrdgavrrordrqg.Av'nori Xperooro6;.re oe pcryo(rd res F€oproprivrl avriorooq npirrer vq rS ovo(rpr'looupre qrr'ouro65 eivotperotrtrrroicnou rrouldveqlerrpovrrd.Opropdvot ootrrlvegrr ilouv e{<oreprxd ycoyoipioo oe prrrporl5 rcepoprrodg lpcoprorrmi5trcopi'6eg grrcryprive5 o116opdlro.

An6 rq 1p<6poro,pdtrroro,pnopeiroveig-egdoov {dperrov rc66rro- vo rdvetav(ryvoorlrrls rptlg rq5 ovrt6r1tro6rl, orrd orqorls oe Op. No perorppd(er, oYndplouv or6po oe oprO1.ro0g. lpc6pora vrrordoergon6 rcrrdMrllo pryporooe peydrwrioroorlg.EToofyXpovc lr1 rrorrrtriorrprc6v olortrqprrlpdvoru rlc6Fcrq Xprlotporrototirrotr6lerrrd oyc6yrpo vror ovrrordreg <1116 grIP. ovdpreoo Ag npooi{oupr: Korrr16ro<popd orous 6pougavnc,rdrqq xol avrioraory.O ovrro'rdr45 eivoro oyory65evo q ovrforco4 eivor ro piye0og. Kdrr avdtroyoouvcvr4(Iop€ Korp€ TouS6pou5 rrutaxurr7c KatXu p qn K6rqrc.

Ano n e(oprdror rl ovriorooq; 'Evoo116ro rrpoqyodpevo rrerpdporci,Ser{e6rr 11avtiorcrorlev65 e{oprdror on6 rq Oepporpcoicrou. Ytdpouyrercprpivou cry<oyo6 rqv npr1 [-lo,norc,tytiaenr1ped(oov 1erBiporo crdpraro ep<orr1po. rrls avrioraoqs ev6sulttxoti ayuyori; Irqv crvtioTotpl epc6rrlorlYtCI rou rruKvor4orrovr{<ropre 6tt n rrpr1rrlg 6ropoprn XtoprlrrK6rqro 6rqprrd ororleio K(r ro nopeprpoM6pevo <p<6veror on6To ye<o;re, 1165 lerrprx6. Irqv rcoprvrlrrepinr<ooqrqg o;rimoorls, or nerpopro, perpqoergpdg 6eiXvouv drr q avriorooq e(oprdrar qrr6 rq ytop€rprxd ororXeiorou oytoyodxor ro utrrr'irou. Er6rrdyro xufuv6prro rretpoportrd ro65 q rrprol.ronKo6g aycoyorig oroOepq56raro;.rr15, po5 trdve q 6rr ovriorcorl ;rqv6;roro o) eivurcxvdloyrlrrpos ro pnroS(0)rou cryc,ryod, p) eivorovriorpogo ovdtroyqrrposro eppo66v(S)rns 6roroprlg T OU,

rou cryoryod. y) e[oprdror o116rr1Oeppor<pooic H oXforl 0 R= o i '5

I

e

f!!

To P E Y MA ' ^E K T P T K .

rc6v Er6rr4cv'r(mcoq (p) peprrr6v,ufu Er6rrrlovrimoorl(p) oe Om orous 2D'C. Mdrqllq Apyupoq Xolxd5 ApyiXro Ii611po5 Y6pdpyupo5 Kpdporo Kovmavrdvq (Cu,Ni) Xp<oprovrrelivrl (Ni,Fe,Cr,Mn)) Mu,6ycrvivq (Cu,Mn, Ni) H;royaryoi Ilupirro feppdvro Arqlexrprrd Kepoprrd Fuotri

1,6 . 10'u 1,7 . 1O'E 2,8.1O'u 9,5 ' 10-8 96.10" 50.10" 100'10" 42.10.8

-1 0 0 0 - 0,5 10'oro510"

:unO

10" < o51Ott 108rog 10"

Av0pr6nrvoo6pa Aipo flve6povcg Ainog kelerdg

1,5 20 25 5

ergpd(er ouvohrd rrlv ordvrqon. O ouvrdreorrls, rrou ouppoli(eror Fs ro ypdppo p, ldyercr er6rx{ ovriororoq rou uhrod Kqr Fsrpriror oe O'm. Evrirq ovrioroorl qvqgdperrrr oe cry<oy6,r; er6rrq ovriorcorl ovog6peror oro ufu16 rou oyDlc6. Adpre,yro napd6eryprc,11ovrioroon rou vrlprorogrou laprrrrjF,o, tv(6lfpe 4 er6rrrlovrio'rooq rou Botrrppcl.riou. vq rcrcrrdMe rprqpro rrlv rIprl rqg er6rrrl5cxwiarcxorl5prrroporipre rrivoro ufurd cryion rrlv crycoyrp6rrpd rouq.

Iro oXerrx6 oe {oupre F€ Ko Ll€rS rr;rig rcrrver6rrriv qwrordoe<ov,e(voro{roor1;reicorrl rl rrCIpouoio oopdr<ov, 6no4 ro {rilo Korro yuqli rc rlrroiq rc eryoprerqrqrdI

e H A E K TP IK O

(er oroug provorri5.Eivorour6 nou erlope fier oro npc6ro recpdlaro 6rr, 6qlo6q, q 6roipeoqoe ay<oyo65Kor pcv61f5 eivor <Xov6poer6r1g>.

'Olo rq ufuxd ilouv nenepoopdvq, plrcprl 4 F.yolq, er6rx4awimoo4.

hl \,

ru()proilKrl

ovTioroon H qv"rio'rqor1ev65 opoyevorjg rutrrv6prroday<oyo6eivor ovdloyrl fipos ro p4roS rou. lldvto o' 0urrlv lqv ovotroyic pooi(eror q

nou ovrioroons, rou opydvou6qtro6r1 trerroupyiorqg puOprorrrrlg pog errrrpirrervo <puOpi(oupe> eire ro lledporou ruxlc6poro5eire rrlv rdo4 oro drpo ev656rnd,lou.Avdloyo Ferov rp6no rrou rropeppdlleror oro rfxkopcx ro 6pyavocturd,0o lerroupyeieire rrlg rqg rdo4g, orr6re rcr 0c ldyt:tor norevotd;rerpoeire o4 puOprorqg puOprrorqg rou pefporog,on6re 0a liytrar poomdt4g.

'EXou;rerrer dr dvq qrrd ro <rouprrrd>rou po6ro<pcbvou ouv66e<rouprri>, pe to ocur6 rdr F€ peroptrqr6 rrurv<orq.'Evq dllo rroio <6uvopr6voupre rq <p<rrvq>, arrorele i rp4po evdgrrorevotol.tirpou. florevordprerpotdrorourfrrou rr-opouord(erolrropcrdro KorFs ouppoltop6. o€ crxrlpsrrKqrapdoroorl, o€ qxDroyp<xcpio

flrlrevord;rerpo.To dr<porou rufuv6prrofo6p;.rorog oproyr:vo6g (AB)<ruv6iovroraycdyrpro F€rous rrdlo.rgrns rrny{S(oXqpo).Or cyoyoi o6v6eoqgiXouvopetrqrio ovriorooq yr' our6 KorVo, = Vr* : V. Todrpo A ouv6derorF€rov iva orrpo6iKrrlrou 6rrr6louoro onoi'<r 0iloupe vo erpoppdooupe rr1pu0pr(6pevr1 rdor1.To dtrtrodKporou 8rrrd,trou ouv8ierotpero rou cryoxutrrviipr16 o6ppopriocrl y o f l-Aro d x p o A ro u o n o io u ppior<erar rrdvro oe errogq prero f vo o6ppa ror prrrope rutrrv6pr16 peror-orr(erorrrdvcrlrou.

I

4

e T O HAEKT PIKO

PEYM A

Yno0droupre dr ro H rrvqrqcurrl<enagrpA ovopd(eror6poprda5.

Av ro APNB eivor rlermd. erpapAAI-Z cxvorrrd* ror 6rr rdrlopo eivor p6ooupero vd;roOhm o) yrc ro 6irrolo AB,0o iloupe Vas: l'R16 p) yro ro 6inolo AA,0o dloupreVra= l'Rea

: vas ondreV,na k

*u

k

:

= f, on'orcv*v^ i.

5rroux:A A r0r U: A B . rou 6popic 0o H retreurqiqoxion pog lie r drr pe ;reroi<ivqoq rd,JrlS perold rov rtpriv prropofpevo noipvou;.re 6rdgopegrrpi5 ;rq6iv ror Vr*. To 8irro\o AA rco8uvapei,ooven<bg, Fe rqy4 pu1pt(6pevqqrdorls.

Pooorrir4g.Av ouv66ooup€ rov ivov rrd,lorqg ruhv6prro6odptrny4spe ro drpo rou opoy€vo65 rov ndtro lov nape;rpdlKGr dllo 6popio, F€ R Hdros vo rpolovra5 oe oerpdro 6inolo ro onoio Oitroupe q go6oro6;repe puOpr(dpevo p,e6po, puO;;rorrrrj ovrioroorl Oole rroupyefo4 pooordrq5.flp6rerror,dyro odv6eoqXopfs6raxld6on<rrgrorotrcBoivou;re, oq. Eivorgcxv€pd6rr q pe'rorivqoqrou 6pogdo0o iX€rorsouvdrrero14 peropotr4rqg avrioToorlsrou rurl<6pcros dpd Kdrrou pefporog rrou 6roppier ro rdrlcrrpo.

Kd0eourorrvrlrdrr iler ivo p rrp d r1 )re rrprdr rrv q rry p o .

'Evagpooordrqg pu0pi(erro pedparF'oqo$ooiasrou Klvrlrrlpc pe onorileopo vcxpuOpi(er rar r4v roXdrrlTs rou prrpo6ourorrvrlrou.

AvrrororrlsKor rll€Krprr:qevdpyerq =ovopl6yoore rc6poorov ovrrordrrl yra vo petrerqoouH€ rrl oupneprrpopd rou o116rq ororrrdrrlg evipyerrg.Ario eivorra orlpcx-

*'Orav ro ruitcAu.l,pa AA|Z eivanxlent6, ra ryfipara rou xul\wipxorj orjpparoq 6e 6npp(.ovrar qn6 ro i6ro perjpa xat ro tpdpAryta yiver,q xdnug no atv9ero.

I

x

T O H A E K T P I K OP E Y M A

vrrKdr€pdy€yovdrqfiou ouypoivouvolov ;.rrrpdroopoev65ovrrordrq drov rov peuporo6orrlooupe. o To dvo eivor11erribpcoqrou qlerrprxc,drre6ioumo ele60epo11trerrpdvroror o ro dMo q cMqleni6pooq rcov rrvouptdvovqlexrpovi<ov;rero 16vo gavro(6poore oov o6vro rou oycoyo6rrlv orroio pnopo6pre YKpouorl.

To rllerrprxdne6io qoxef6uvdpergoro qlerrp6vro ro ripyorcov An6 rr;v dtrlq, or ouorroi<ovperpderrr1peroprpo(dpevrl evdpyero. yrpo6oergrov qlerrpovf<ovpe ro rdv'rc'ppsvdpouvro qlerrp6vta, yeyovd5rrou FoSerrrrpirrervo Oecopodpr 6rr rcvofvrorl.r€ora0epq peuporrrq rcrXfrrpc. Kdrr avdloyo oupfloiverxor rqrd rqv rrrcforl rou ole{rrrrorrrorrlo orro(o5svepyofiortrot orrd ro rre6iopop6rrlrog, e{orrioS,6ptoS,rr15ovriotoons Tou oipo, rricprer refurd pe oraOepqrcrXfrqra. x.otmo0eprl rrvqrrrrl evipIro0eprl, 6p-S, toldrqra orlproiver yero.H np6o0err1nvqrrx{ evipyercrrolrorroKro6vro qtrerrp6vrc ovdpeoo ovdpeocoe 66o 6ro6oXrrdg ouyrpodoersovoKorovdperor peouvrirrero rrvrlrrrrl evfpo'qurd Kqrro rdvrorou crycoyod n F6on y€rqrrls raldvr<ooqsr<ovrdvr<ov vo cu{dveror.'Eloupe6r1lc6{ unopriOproqrng opydvopfvns evdpyerrrg nou noipvouv ro 4trerrp6vra (qnd ro ne6io) oe cvopyrivtorrl0epprr{ evdpyeru.To yeyovrigex64l6verqr F€ rnv od(qo4 r4<;oeppoxpcoiogrou cyoyori.

Ag ouv6udoou;.re rc6porq 66o r6roir,:poyvropiopororou ovrrordrq orq orroiodXoupeq6qcvcrpep0e(; c) Yrroro0eroro v6porou Ohm. H orrioroorl rou (R)eivqrqve{dprrpq rou pe6poros(l) rar rrlg rdorpg(V).l-roora0epq0epporpooio roXderR : V/l q V = lR. p) Merorpirr€t rq peroprpo(6prevq o' qur6v evipyerce{ oloxlrlyro'nl{pq unopdOpou oEevipyeroOepprrr1. l'lp6rerror evepyerorrl prorlyr' our61p4or;.rorroro6pre rq gpdoq <<O cvnordr7g rcarcva\tbvetrr7yerap$a(6yevqo'dur6v ev(.pyen>.

Oupi4oupre 6rr q ovd povd6olpdvou peroprpo(6p€vrl orov qvrrP = Vl 6iverarcrr6 rrlv t:{io<oor1 ordrq evipyero(roX65) Av ouv6udoouperrs 66o ourfg r6rarr-epdrqr€S Kdrrr5 ovr(oror0a rrporfq.rerq e[iocooqyrq rqv avo ;rovd6o1p6vou 1ege{roc6oerg qlexrprx{ evdpyerorrou Kqrovolt6verdvo ovrrordr4g.

P = l' R ro I pero P : Vl o"/rtKoroorqooupe Iqpefooq. Av o'rr1ve{io<rlor1 (odpgovo rou v6po rou npordr.1rer 11 enio4g evioo Ohm)0q F€rov I

h

e

t

PEYMA To H^EKTPTK.

P = \P/RyrCIrrlv roX6nou rorovq}c6vet6vog 6rogdpouoce{io<oor1 cvrrordtqg 4-_ ne6fo H <cuor4pri>ytrriooo r4g 0tppo6uvo;rxrig.To 4trercrpr16 rou peu;lcrog6pouoycrryodorrou eyrcOiororor oro €ocor€ptx6 ore(, 6rr<o9einope,6uvdpergoro qtrerrpdvro.To ipyo our<6vrcov 6uvdpeorveivor -yro r4v rrepinrooq oro0,spo6pe6poro5- ioo pe rlleW : Pt : 12Rt rqr orroretrefrqv noodrqro yeroprpo(6pevr1g rrprxrlg evdpyercg.

Ag npooi{oupe 6114 evdpyeraourri 6ev ono04xedercrmov uyaryririna4 q evdpyeroor'dvav nuxvtor{, olld antrri peraprpri(ercr urrd ro ne6fo orov oyoyri pio<odpyou.Irq qrroletrei ivo fpyo. ytrc6ooo, 6r"11c6r1, rqg 0ep;ro6uvo;rrrr15 Or ouvdrrereg ourr15rqg peropipcorl5eivatvo ou{qOeirl €oor€prrq Oepprrrrl evipyero*rou cytoyotiKorro'yeyov65er6qla6verarpe r45 rou. Aur6 dler <rgonordleopc vo F€Tocri{4o4 Oepporpcroic5 rou. Irrl ouv(0r1rre0epp6rqrcoro neprpdtrtrov fupd(u o ay<oydg pinrcrlorl6rou 11Oepporpaoiqtou oy<rryoti ncpopdvetorc0epq 4 percprpo(riprvqorov oytoyrievdpyera(unri popg{ qlcrrprxod dpyou)efvcr foq pe r4 0epp6rnro rnv onoia o oytlyrig percprBri(er oro neprprillov rou.

(xvTroTctI rls

rr156eroerfo5 foule. O 6p6pogrou netpdporos. Kord 'ng CIpXfS 6no5 irove rrdrou 1840,o JamesPrescott JouleorcotrouOr6vrcg, vrq, ro 6p6porou rrerpd;roroqrordlrl€e oe ou;rnepdoporoncpdP = l'R. EprnrmeudpeForqps qurd rrou rreprflovrarorrlv e{io<o<r1 Toucrri6er{e6rr: vos rrs ouoxeud5 rou Korrr5 prerpqoers Kcrri rq peupcrodrirqoq evrigcvnmdr4 r<orecgdoovq oep;roxpooio rou rrupo;rdveroruOep{, ro ovd ;rovri6a;lprivou rroori Otpptirnrqs rrou €Kxopeimo neprpdllov rou eivqrc) cvdloyo rrposro

evi.pyen ran " Xptn(erat, ioutg va ouyioouperq 8nEopd avayeoa croug 6pooq Oepyn<4 Otpydrrya. Me rov 6po 1epprc1 evtpyen xrppd(ou1tt ro pipog ueivo rrTSto<orepxrfg evtpyenq,, or percpoAiq, roo onoioo avravaxAti.tvrat o tg 9€pyoKpaotax(.qperapoA(.q.

Mnopoipe oover<bqva Atye 6n au{r19qxe4 tAanu;91xe 4 9eppxtl ev€pytn tv6q ouo'riparoq,.Avrioera, o 6pos oepp6rtya tyer v6r1pay6vo og evtpyeta yerappc(6yuq an6 ro o6orqya rtpos ro nep$4l\ov rou 11avriarpoga.

I

e TO H A E K TP IK O

rsrpdyovo rou p€riForos,sgdoov or Frrpiosrs yivovror Fs rnv i6ru qvriorooq Kqr p) uvriloyo rrpos rqv ovrfmcoq, egdoov or Fsrp{oerg yivovrar ;rero i6ropedpa.

Ta ou;.rnepdo;roro curd, ouvroro6vrov treydpevo vripo rou foule, o onoiogeivor,orrlv ouoio,ivo5 ox6po rlfrro5 yro vq neprypdqoupe rq 6rorrlpnonrrls evipyera5orqv er6rrrlnepinr<loqrrls F€rorponq5peroprpo(6pevr1g evipy€rqs o€ evripyero 0epprrq.

O vdpogrou Jouleqrrorelei <vdpo>rcrrd rrlv i6roiworo rrou onorelei ror o v6;ro5rou Ohm. Avcgipelcr rcr ourd5 oe oproprdvo pr6voufurd rqr 6evouvrord ivo yevrrdvdpo rq5 96orlS.E{dtrtrou, rcd0eutrrrdrrou rrerOap1e f oro v6porou Joulener0apXe i rar orov vdporou Ohm. H rrerpcparr14 enalqOronrou vdpou,pcoi(e'ror rrdvoroe perpqoersrrls Or,pprd'rrlrcs rrou erlopef o peuporocpdpog ayroy6grrposro rreprBdMovrou.

Ti'rorouei6ougprerpqorlr5 prropod;re vc rdvoupre KorFt d,pyovarrou 6rq06r-er ro oXotrrrdepyoorrlpro ' Ocrvdpwo Joule.To gorv<ipevo rqrd ro orroioro qtrexrpr16 perlpo 6qgroupy:fo6{qoq rr150epporpcoic5 r'covoyroyc6vi1er errrrporrloerva trfyerargorv6pevoJoule.A,evepcpovf(eror prdvoorous ovrrordre5. Epcpavf(trorKororou(;crycoyofg rcrrvrltrerrporcrv4rrlpov atrtrdxcr oro €oorrprr6 rurv r1trer<rprrc6v nqyc6v.Er6rr<d, 6F-S, yro rous ovrrordregro garv6pevoJouleorroreleirov trrovo6rr6 percevepyeror6 olqporropdrrou ouppoivrro'ourofg drov 6roppiovrcr o116rltrerrprr<d pe6po.

Eqqppoy€S rou gorvopdvou Joule

Aopm{pog rou1910pev{poond potrqpdlro I

e TO HA EKTP] KO PEYM A

O Aaynr4pa,q,rupcrcrdto€oq cfioretreiror arrd yudfuvo rrepivrlpo rutrrypfvo oe Flqpo, pioo oro orroio undpXer pre'rotrtrrrd oneip<rlpro.

To vq;.roeivar rrol6 lenrd rr iXer p4roS rrou prropei va <pOdver Kqr ro ivo pirpo. 'O'rqv peupcro6orrlOei rpOdv€r o€ Oepporpcoioroopporricg2,200"Cpe 3000"C orrlv orroio exrrfpfi€r ro yv<oor6 rpotg.

O npc6rog qle r<rprr<d5loprrrrrlpo5rruporrcbo€rrrs Koroorceudorqrerord rq Serceriq rc,u 187Osr6 rov Thomas

vo dvrtF€rrorri'osl Edison.To npoplqporo rrou XpsrdorrlK€ yro vo lrpoxoprlo€ro116rqv opltrrl rorooreurl orrlv fiGponipo pelrioon 4rcrvrrolld xct opto;.rivqorrd crsr6, drr<og11 rou, epgovi(orr1{qrou peralhro6 vrlporogror q c,{ei6oor1 vrov o{erripooro. E{urraxoderordrr yro rqv reXvoloyiorrlg erroplgprogrirorou ei6ou5npoplqyorq ovrperoni(ovror erixolo.H rq€rlrou vrlporogorrogedyerorp€rrlXpqoporrol qor'1 66orrlrrou ;rerdllou, 6rrorgeivcr ro polgpdprorrou fXer rou perdtrlouuvrtper<rrrrioqpeior4€rlS3650"C.H o{ei6<oo4 (eror pe ro vd prlvurrdpXerpioo oro 6o1eioofpcq ql d fva o6povi5 oipro dnog eivotro opy6, ro rpurrrd 11ro d(crlro.

Iro pero{d 4 nopouoio rou oepioueivor cvoyxoio, yrcri eAopmdpog nourorooreu6mqxe pno6i(er rqv eloip<oonfiou 0o urprbrororo pirollo, edv ro 1879on6rovEdison 1riocoro yudtrrvonepiptrqpoun(p1e andluro revd.

Eivor1rucoor6 6evo{rorroteirorpd,vo drr ro <parv6pevo Jor"rle ps rous tropurrlpe5gorropo6. H r;tre xrprrrl rou(iva Kqrro rlrropo8eryporo trexrprrdof6epoarrorelo6vXopsKrrlprorrrd orrrorcirvouorcucfv,orrg orroiegp6riore r erpoplioy4ro i6ro Oeppoof<porv6pevo.

To i6roouppoiverKorp€ rov qtrexrprx6 (p(Dvq. Ie rdOe Oeppovrrrqouoxeuq cxvmlpdgovror6rio ev6ei{erg.

Eivorro trey6pevoovoyaonxd orotyeb rr;9. To ivq orrd qurd lerroupyio5 rrlg ovcgiperar orqv rdoq (Vo)rrls Ko\/ovrKrlg Kor ro dtrlo orqv rltrerrprxrlroX6 (Po)rrou 0c rqrqvqtr(6vtt eg6oov 0o lerroupyei pe rrlv ovopor:rrrr1rdoq Vo.Av q ouorceuqlerroupyqoerpe rdoq prrp6rtpq o116rqv ovopoorrrq Irjyxpovoqtrolm4poqley6trnq to;tiog(5KW) noulp4otgonoteirot qrro6i6er roXf plrcp6repr;o116rqv Po,11p&ypqoorlprgopo.Av oeKrv[P0T0YpogrK6q li{'erq'To ,,dtrr trerroupyei'pi rdorl'preyctrrrepq o116rrlv ovopoorirrl, ov{poroueivor ondpolep6Iro.' olpono6i6er ro16 peyoldrepq an6 rqv Po,otrld perc6v€ror vrrxd q 6rdprrro rns (o4S rrl5 q rorcxarpirperor.

To 66o ovopoorrrd ororle io oleri(ovror p€ rqv cvrioroorl (R) rou crvrrmdrr; o6prg<ovoF€ rnv e{iorooq Po: V6lR.Mrropofpe, ouverrcir5,o116rq 6rio ourd ororleio vo unoloyf(oup€ rrlv ovrioroorl.

11avricnaorl 0s eivar R : V|lPo, fro 6vq Oepprooirp<rrvc22OYl2O00W, 0o eivor 6qla6r] 24,2 O. Irrg orxrcxis syKdroordoer5 6leg or qtrerrprrig ouoreui5 ouv6fovrcr dror c6orevq lerroupyodv F€ Trlv i6ro'rdoq q orroio ouprrirrra KGrp€ rnv ovoprcorrrcq rdorl xoOeprdg.

Ie rroMi5 rreprrrrc6oer5 ro rporvdpevoJouleiXer ouvirrer€STrSotrofeg rrpfrrer vo orrorpedyoup€.Mfq orrd aurig eivor q unepOippovon rcrv ayoryc6v,r; orrofo prrropefvc rrpoxotrioer ord;.ro Korrruprcryrd.Irou5 cryolyo6gperccpopdgorous crrroioug,yro tr5yougorrovopiag, XpqorForrorofpeodp;raro grrpqg 6roroprlg eivar 6uvqrdv vo -; TOHAEKTPIKO "''O.1I

oupp€fufi€peippdvoq.fr' ou'r6rov tr6yo4 qtrerrprrr;eyrordorqorl ev65orrrrrodogeiAervo rrlpefouorrlpd opropdveg npo6rayporpd5 oogcleiog. Edprpovrperr1voproOeoic, q rrprq pedporognou 6ruppierrdOecrycoy(i 6evnpiner vo uneppoiv€rrrlv rrpq oproydv<ov Apnip qvd rnm'rq5 6roroprlsrou dyoyo6. flipo dprogon6 our6, rc ql,errprxdruxlc6parorrpoorqrefovrcr KqrHr oogrilereg q lerroupyiorov orroi<ovpooi(eror mo garvdpevoJoule.Kd0ecrorpdlero loporrqpi(eror on6 rq ;riyrorrl rrprl pe6pcroS,rl onoio 6rlproupyef 6roxonrl rq5lerroupyic5rou rurlc6porog.H rrlrdpevqcogdlers eivor dvo edrqrro ofpproprrpof prlroug,ro orroiotropeppdtrtrerar oro xdrtrropa.H ourdporrl oogdfu:roeivorivc5 ourdporo5 6rcr6rrrqg,ro poorr6 rpnpCIrou orroioue(vqrivo 6r;rerotrtrrrd itroopo. 'Orov ro itroopro6roppderoro116pedyoOeppoivtrqr Kor6rqoril eror ovopordpopgo,1.rc orro'rileoFq vo rdpneror. Egdoovro perlpcuneppeirrl XopcKl-qprorrrrl pdyrorrlrrp4, rl Kdpqrlrou etrdoporogyivercrr6oq c6orevq 6rcrdrrr€rorrl cnc6yrpr1errccpqdpo ror q peuporo66rqorlrou r:urkirprorog.

Or qlexrprrig eyroroordoergrcuvonlrrc6vogeiXouvvo rrlpofv rrpo6roypcrpdg.

Irov rrivcrq oqperr-.ivovror cuor4pd oproprfveg or 6roropig r<ovcry<oyc6v o€ mm2rar q rrprl rtdOeaocpdtrero5, cvdloyo pe ro ei6ogrrlg xoravdloons.

bt-ep \-,

c

.

zuvo€orl ovfloToTov rqg <puorrr19 Or <6p6;.ror> eivcr ndvrore 6rio. O ivog eivor o 6p6pog rou nerpdporog. Mdocrond our6v 11ipeuvo yivercr pe oprnep6perpo, F€ polrdperpo, fiortvoroperprrig 6rord{er5,perprloerq,erre= e

ffl

To H ^E K TP K o P E Y MA

{epyooio rov 6e6opivov Kqre€at'oy4ouplr€poopldrov. rrproray<oO dMo5 eivcro 6p6po5r45 oeorpqrrr45 oriq;qg. E6c6 vrorodvor yevrxdrepor v6porrqg guorrrlgrour;onoiou5-pe rq potlq 0er r<ovpoOq;rorrrc6v- egoppd(oupe, ova(qrcirvro5orrovrrloer5 o€ ouyK€Kprpivo npoplrlporo. Tq qnoretrdoporqyivovrorqrro6errd p<ivoeg<ioovror or 66o 6p6porpcg o64yr'1oouv oro i6roor;peio.

Eriv6eo4o€ osrpd To ne(ocpa.Arc0iroupe66o cwrordreg,rov (Al) FeRr : 17,5Orot rov (l-B)pe & : 11,5Oroug orroiougouvbrioptoe oerpd.To odmrlpc (AB)rrou rrporfnrer qrrorelei 6vo6inolo. Avo,lrlrofpern XqpCIKrlprorrrrl rou. Me rr1porlOero fior€vorop€rprrrlg 6rdro{qgegopp6(ou;re 6rd<popeg rrpig rdorlg oro drpo rou orrdrenporfrrrouv ror swiororKoraypdcpoup€ r(r onoreldoproraoe rriXegrrpig dwooq5pedprorog. vqKoKorlapdoooup€rrl XopCIKrqprmr rr1ropn-dtrry rdoqg-pe6porog.

v*(v) I^u(mA)

o,24 o,4o 0,60 1,2o 1,go 2,2o -{,3 {,6 9

14

21

41 61,6

-o,g -1 ,4 -2,2

75 -1 0 -20 30,5

47

74

Blirrouped'n q loporrqprorrxrleivor1.rio euOeio rrourrepvder an6 rqv cppl r<ova{dvrov.Aurd 0o rrerdrr ro 6irrolc (AB)oupneprgipercr oqv qvrrordrrl5.Arrd rrl XqpoKrrlprorr r( prrolrodpeva unotroyiooupre Korrrlv cxwioroorlrou (R).Eivariorl pe29pA, rrepinouio4 6r1lc64pe ro dOporoprc r<ov66o qvrrordoeov.fpdgoupr:R 3 Rl+& O 6gipog r4g 0eopicg. Kard rq odv6eoq6rjo 6rn6trov(Af) rcr (l-B)oe oerpdroXderlo,: lr, : l^uKorVo,: Vn *V* drrouIo,eivorro pedpcrou 6rn6trou(AB)xcr Vo,11rdoq orc <ixpcrou.

Egoppd(oup€rrlv opxn rls 6rorrlp4oqgrr;5 evdpyerc5.

I6pgovo ;.reourrlv 114trexrprxrl roxriS(P)trou prerol}pd(ercror-oorjorqpo eivorioq pe ro doporopor(l)v roX6<rrv fiou r(qrovol<6vouv or ovrrordreg. Ecpdoov 6roppiovrorqrr6 ro i6ropefpc pnopofpe vc ypdt{ouF€P :l'Rr*l'R, : l'(Rl+R2).O crvrtorcirrls rrou 0c prrropotloe r e

I OHA E K T P I K O jll "'*o

vd ovrrKoroor4o€rrous RrKotR2F€rrlv iwoto vo Korqvolc6ver p6vos Tourqv rcrXdrrou Korovolcirvouvor i56opc(i 0c inperre vo iler ovrio'roor1riroro c6orevo rcrX6er P:l't,o.H qvr(oroorl our4 trdyerqr roo66vqpqovrioroorl rou ouorqpror-og xor ouppoli(erot F€ R,..

Atrd rr5 npor;yodpeveq oXioer5yiverorgavepddrr &o = R,+R',' Blinoupe, 6qtrc6q,drr 11roo66voprq ovrioroorl rou 6rn6lou rrou rrpox6rrrerorrd rq odv6eoqrov R' ror R.r.fevrredoupe.

Korri rq oriv6eo4Tov ovrrorqrtiv,oe osrpd rrporfrrrel ovrrordrqg r; ovrimcoq rou onoiou eivcr ioq pe ro ri0potoFo rtov cvrrordoeuiv Ro= Rr+ Rr+ R3+ ' rR"

l-laprillrplrl oriv6eorl To ne(oupc. Iuv6ioupe rc6po roug i6rou5crwrcrrdreg(R, : 17,5 Q ror R" - 11,5O)rrcpdMqtra.Xp4orponoro6pe rrdfu rror€vorol.r€rprxrl 6rdro{r1 ror ovo(4ro6;re 14 XcpqKrnprorrxrlrou 6rncilou rrou 6rlproupyry0rlxe.

vo, (V)0,1 0,2 0,3 o,4 l(mA)14,429,8 43,4 57

0,7 -0,2 -0,3 99,O -28 42

-0,5 -7O,5

Eivor <pcvepd6rr ro 6inolo rrou rrpordtrrer orrd, rq odv6eo4 eivot ovrrordrrlg, pe crvrioroorl q orroio prropreie6rolq vo urroloyrorei, crr6 rq XcpqKrqpro,rxq.EivorR - 6,90. Arorrror<6vou;re 6rr rl toor e

To H^EKTPTKo PEYMA E

66vopq ovrioroorl rou 6rrr6trc,ueivor prrp6repq Kororrd rr5 66o ovrrordoas fiou Xl)rlorFofiorrloope .

O 6p6pog r4g Oetlpiog. Av efvor l, ror l, 'ro pe6pora rrou 6roppfouv rous 66o ovrr<rrdrego6;rgcovdFs rov rrpc6roxqv6vo rou Kirchhoffr,rXder| : I,*1, (oX4pq).

To loporrqprorrrd pdporo o'rorleio rqg nopdllrltrrl o6v6eor15eivor 11rodr4ro rco'vrdoecov (V) oro dr<pc r<ov 66o ovrrororc6v. Erpoppd(oup€rrlv opx4 rqs 6rorrlpqoqg rrlg evipyerog.H rllexrprrrl rcrX65rrou psroprpd(e ror oro oforqprc eivor iorl pe ro dOporopo rcDVrol6orv

fiou Kordvotr<ivouvor 66o ovrrordre5. Egdoov or rdoerg eivor ioeg prrropo6pe vo ypdt,troupe VV2

P :&+ o 4 e

: u',+ **,

E<p6oov yro rrlv roo66vcprq ovriorcorl - rrrlpcpcovo Fs rov opro;rd : 6r-r - lcrXferP V'/R,oe6rola outrlrrepoivoupe 111 R. = & * R, Korri rrlv nopdAlqlq ofv6eorl uvrrorrrr(6v npoxdnr€r ovrrro)v ayoyrpor{mdrqg pe aytrryr;rrir4ro(liR) io4 pe ro dOproropo Tc)vrc)v cvrrorurr6v.

I

e T O F ]A E K T P K O P E Y M A

H ycvvrppro(nqynl oro qtrerrprr6 xrtrlopo yevvrlrpreg, rt5 onoieq Oo oolol4Oodperc6pops rrs qlerrprrct:g qlexrprxfg nqyfg. lipe ror rrqyig qtrerrpeyeprrrrlg 0o 66vcrpq5 I f1po5ro rropdv6ev0s e{erdooupre o6rt rrlv eooreprrr;roug 6otretrouppq o6re Korro <puorrdgorv6pevcpdoerr<ovorroftrrv yo6v, otrld Ocxrr€proprorofyeorrlv nellrypog4 rou pdtrounou prropo6vvo rrai{ouv oe ivs rllerrprrd r6rlopo. Oo oo1otrq0o6V : f(l) progyevvrlrprqsKororrl pe npc6roF€rrl XCIpcrrqpro'nxq rrlg otrd evepye ror<q ro 0o e{erdooup€ rrl oupnsprqopd ouvile ororrrd.

,

tl

,

n xopoKrrlProilKn pro()yewrlrPros

'Eloupe pnpoord FoS prCIouvrl0ro;.rivqqlerrprrq orrltrq <nlqKi)) crr6 ou'rig rrou urrdpXouv oro €prrdpro pe ro 6rio yvtlo'rd eldoporo fiou orror€vo lopd{oupe lo6v rou5 n6loug rr15.Enr6rc6Koup€ rrl XCIpCIKrrlprorr14 rqs'fr' our6 ror 6rlproupyo6pe €v0 Kordll q lo 11tre xrprrd rdrlopc

peopnep6;rerpo, poomdrq rcr potrr6perpo.Merarrvcivros rov pooordrq rroiprrpdqpe6voup€6rdcpope5 FCIros.Trgxcroypdgoupe oe rrivqro pr:.((yt rrg cvriororx€Srrpdgrdor;gprera{6 rrov rrdl<ov rrls orr1lr15 prog.Kctrd0o eivqr ro pe6F0 v0 prrlv{errepdoer rc 500mA.Ie o6orqpoopOoy<ovirovo(<ivcov,Xopdooup€ orrl ouviXerarn X0p0xrrlprorrxq V : f(l).

I

e TO HA EKTPI KO PEYM A

V"*M

4,5

4,35

| (A)

0

0. 1

V=VpN(V)

4,2 v,a

4,05 na

3,9

3,75

0,4

0,5

To npr6ro rrpdyForrou rropqrrlpodp€eivotdrt rlxqpcKrnprorrK4riFvr:rrov dq,ovor(l)v rdos6qlo6r16ov oro onp€io(4,5V,0 A).Bldnoupre o116p€6Fd,rl rr X<opfs q orqlq vo 6rrrppderor rdo4 orouq n6louq rq< eivot4,5 V xot 6rr q rrpr1ourrl ouprinre r F€ rrlv iv6er{q 4,5 V, q o- rrofq ovoypdgerqroro runorpivo Xoprf trou rreprpdMer rr1orrllq pcrg.To (4,5 V) eivot4 rtprl ev65 peyiOoug,ro ,rrro(oqrroretrefytCITrl io rour6rrpds) fiou triyerol orqlq ivo <ororXe 11npr6trl li{r1 qlexrpeyeprrx{ 6rivapr1.Errer6rl eivqrnotruo6Mop4ouvrlOi(erorn ouvropoypo( A) gic HEA.To o6pBolorrou 0q lprlorponorodpe yro vd rroprordvoupero pfyeOogeivorro E.Kd0e rltrerrprrrlyewqrprc (nny4)ouve1o65pe6poroglcpoxr4pr(ercr orrd prrooproy6vrlHEA. Hlexrpeyeprrr{ 6rivop4 prog n4y{g eivar q rrio4 oroug nriloug r4g drov 6ev6rcppdercran6 qlexrprxri pedpc.

Eivcrq rrprirq yvoprpia FoSFs ro rorvorjpropiyeOog.l-lcpcrdro i6ro;.r6ye0og r<rr0a 6odperros cxvrrper<orri(eror crr6 evepyeroxrl ororrrd. orqV : f(l) rrls rltrerrprrryg Errrorpigoup€orrl XopqKrrlprorrxrl lqg. Erirolq 6rqrrorcirvoup€ 6rr,6oo ou[,dverro pe6po,q rdorl orous ndloug rr15m(trr15(rrotrrxr1 rdor"1) €l(rrrcivtror. Mdhoro yro rrlv rr€proxrl-roul6Xrmov- o116pq6dvpdlpr 500 mA q loporrqptpAinoupe6rr orrrrl eivcreuOriypopyo rp4po.Av ro npoercreivoupe, q rrpoix'roorlrou ripver rov d{ovo'r<ovpeupdrov oro oqpeio3 A. rrl ouAur6 ro <3Aureivqrivc oxdproororleio fior) FcSneprypdrper yrerprpiv4 qtrerrprrcry rrrlyrl.E(vor-Oeoprlrrrd- ro pedpcnou 0q rrepdoercrr6 rr1or4lq cv BpcrXururl<o0o6v* or 66o rr6lor rns, cw, orroxrqoouvro i6ro6uvoprr6.Eivorro ley6;revopef go 6r1trc6r1, ppcluxuxl6oetog (lp). rrlv rrohxrl rdorl ror No ernlerprlooupsropo vo ouoXerioor-,F€ ro qvriororlo perjpoyro dvo orroro6rlrroreoqprio lerroupyio5rrlg Kordwore5yecorrrly4s.Mnopodpevq ro rrer6xouF€errrxalo6pevor +'Orav Ai.yt 6t ppayoxut<kbvoupe6rjo oqyeia xuxlti;,yoroc,ewoo6ye e[re 5n axouytr6pt ro tva ye ro dAAotire 6n ra ouv\touye pe aywyd ap,eAqrf.aqavriorao4c onSre tror n aMt<bSanoxroiv ioa 6uvapxd, I

h

e TO H A E K TP IK O

P E Y MA

psrprKiS.4116t:vo ruxdfo orlpsio M (V,l) rls xopqKrrlprorrK4s-rrlv orToiqes(Dpodp€ €ue€fo- rpdpvoupre rts Kde€r€SMf KCIrMA orous c(qov€SV xar I cxvri'ororxo.

To rpry<rrvoN[tt/ eivor6poro pe ro NOH, r (NI-V(NO): (|M)/(OH). ouvenc6qroXrie AMd (NO) : E, (Nf) : E - V, (OH) : lB Kqt (fM) : l. O<reivotlotn6v E-VIE ?:-dpoV:E-|,.

E l pl B

V:VpN(V)

To mr1tr(ro E,'luro orroio iXer6roordovrioroorlS, oer5 orrorelei dvo ordpro ororXeiorourirqros rqs rrny4g.Adyeror €oorsprx{ rrvriorcorl (r) rns rrqyris rcr qrrorelef rrlv oprrrl cvriorooq r-ou cry<oyrpou rprlprrrogrrou urrdpXaoro €oorreprrdrqg. Mnoporipetrorrr6vvo

ypdrl,roupe T* l-

v' = E- lr

*.14

ror yevrredovros vq rro6pe 6rr 11rroArrq rriorl prrc5nqyrlg efvor iorl F€ rrlv qtrerrpeyeprrrqrr1566vop4 peiov -rqv nrriroq 'rdoecoqnou Srlproupye irqr ornv eororeprxqrq5 avriorrxo4 rard rq 6l6leuoq qlerrprro6 pe6;rorog.

O evepy€roKoE potrosnls yewqrpros No prlrlooupercirpoKGrorrl ytrriooorqg evipysrag.H yevvrlrpro oro qlerrprxd r<rirtrorpo rrpirrervo trerroupyei iror <6orevo peroprpcr(erol 6roprc6gevipyero orous gope ig qlexrprrof qoprfou rrou <pOdvouvo' ou'rqv. Na prerogipovror/ ;re dllo ldyro, ond nepro1d; Xopqtro66uvoprrorjoe rrtproldg Snou 'ro 6uvoprrd eivor peyotr6repo.Aur6 pog rpipveroro puotr6 prro Fnxqv4 rrou prrop€i vo ave3d(er vep6, vo prerorpfper 6qtrc6qvep6 o116o4-

-e

tlllTo

H^EKTP,Ko PEYMA

peycldre' oe oqpeiopre6uvoprrx<i tr€iCI XcFqlorj(yqrvou)6uvoprtro6, po. aAwLeL. otatJ

TOUT€/1€r€1000D ol MnAf4p112,6916 /GZHAENAFP_I&I!

A e>ve$A uoabNt Me nptTat

ge*lA, ' A€MA>A@IJN 0t eM@6!

--\

/'-xa2

r9.3f'-:LYt I

-

-y^l lwrtl' -f l

evfpyetordrrotaS ivcq cvepyetardgpercrpondog. Korovotrr.6ver

evipyerogKorrlrltrerrprrqg ro6;revo e{erdooup€rrl oxion otrrxr15 <evepyeror6> oe ivav vo rcrolq(oupe Kot 66vopqs lexrpeyeprrrrlg

An6 rqv dtrtrq,q rroodrq'rol'r orroretrefrrlv qlexrprxrlro16rrou roravqtr(6verorldyco gorvopivou Jouleorrlv eooreprrrl cvrioroon rns rrnyns.Eg6oov6eldpoore6rt oro r6rtrorpa6ev6rlgroup6rt ro dOpotolto yeircr evipyero,eivor troyrrdvo unoorrlpft;oupe (P.^) rurtrcOproro5 rou roX(i qtrerrprxrl V.l * l'r prog6iver rqv otrrr<r1 Kol vd ypdtpoupe Po1: V.l * l'?r11Po1: (V, + lr)l on6re, o6p<p<ovo Kor F€ rrlv rrpo4yodpev4 e{fooo4 V' ==5 - Ir, rototrrlyoupe

ornv

P or= E l

l

pd5ldel 6rr q ofurq rllerrprr( roX65rou rurfuirpoto5 H e{io<oor1 qvdloyrl rrpos ro pedponou 6roppd€lrrlv nrlyq xor 6tt o oueivqr T

e TO H A E K TP IK O'P E Y MA

vrsl€or4s cvcloyiCISeivcrq HEArqg nrly4s.Mrroporipe,rr6po,vc 6rcrurrcbooups Korrov (€v€py€rcr6> opropdrq5 HEA. Hlerrpeyeprrx{ 6rivopq tlos lrqyris ({ evrigruxl<6pcroS)fgytror ro nqlfro r4g ollrrig 4lerrptxlig lo;6o9 Fs rnv onoia rpogo6oreiror ro rf rlopq npos r4v 6v'rcoqrou pedparognou 6rcpp6errqv nqyrl.

P.

l-pdcpoupe E =T

.

HtrerrprrrlroX6geivorn qvd povd6oXpdvouovriororlq qlerrprrq evipyeroevc6ivrooq pefpcrog eivcr q ovd povd6olpdvou noo6rrlro 6rorrvo6prevou qtrerrprr<of <popriou.

Mrropo6pe,ouverc6g vo ypdcpouF€ E - W.^/ q Kqrvo lipre 6rr 11HEAercppd(errrlv ovd provd6ogopr(ou rroodrqro ofurr1gevfplero5F€rrlv orro(orpoqo6oreirorro r6rlopro.

i

ffiffiffi|+bdb-or b-di poyovdn goprio K60e nopror6ver Hqlexrprrrri nqy[devd4proupyei evdq Coulomb.

4lexrprxd qoprfo,otrl6onodider qopriou oer60eCoulomb opropdvq rroodr4ro evepyeroq nouro0opi(eror yronolr66erypo, on6rqv4lerrpeyeprrrti r4g6rivop4, Avq nlyt|eivor 4,5Voer60eCoulomb qoprfou qtrerrprxrig 0o0r06ider 4,5Joules cvdpyerog.

Htrerrpey€p,nKq 6uvop11 KOroro9oPoouvoprKc)u 'Orrog ror 116rogopd6uvaprro6,q 4ler<rpeyeprrrrl ;rerpri'ror;le Volts.Avdprooo' qurd ro 66o roo6rdorcrropreyiOq undplouv 6roqopis rrg onoieg0o npoorroOrlooupe vo ouvorpioou;.re.

Ag unoOiooup€drr ovogep6proore oe rdxlopc ;.repio pdvorrqyry.

I

e

To H^EKTPTKo PEYMA T

H 6lc9opri 6uva;rxori 1. Avacpipercrrrdvror€ o€ 66o -6rqrerayprivo- oqpefo rou ruxl<6poros, 6r1la6r1oe rprlpo rou. iva ouyxerprpdvo Exrppd(errrlv ovd povd6o q gopriou qtrerrprr{evdpyero orroio eire rrpoogiperor oro rp4FCIefre orro6f6erqrorrd ro rp4po o'ro urrdlorno 16xl<rlpo.

HEA ev6gxuxilcityorosKqr €rrrlynrq5 HEArou ner6q cDS € x u x l< irp a ro 5O e o rp o d prrl ouvq0f(oupe yewqrpro-nqyr1, vo ldprexu HEA rqq nqy4q.

E x g p c i(er rrlv o v d p o v d 6 c gopriru rroo6rqro qlerrpr2. Er6rrdq 6rogopd6uvcprr4g evipyerqsF€'r4vorrofo rof prerc{6rov rr6l<ovrns rpogo6oreiror ol6rtrqpo ro r6oq, V") FoS Trrfy4s(rrotrrrr1 rdrlcrrproe{ orriog rrls rrq6iverrqv ovd povd6orpopriou pouoicrgrns rrrly4s.

4lerrprrq evdpyerorrou fiqio rcupilercr oro <e(coreprl<6> p6- 2. Arroretreffys 6rysn1e vo rp4po rou xurtrr6Fdros. rdr4r,r5rns rrny4sro orroio Aev orroretref rdrroro (oror- 6evefoprdrorqnd ro urr61e(o rourdrrlros) rq5 qle- lorrrq ororXeio rou xuxl<6yorrprxrl5rrqy{S.H rrpq rrls e- ros. {oprdror o116rrlv nqy{, ol- 3. Toyvdpevo<E. l> (rqg HEA Id rqr urr6 rq urr6trorrro rls n q y rlg e rri rq v d v ro o rl ororle(orou rurlc6parog. rou pr:fporosrrou rr16rcppd3. To yrv6p€v o< V , ' l) (rn s er) p o 5 6 iv e rt q v o t rrrr;q le rou ruxtrc6paro5. rrolrrrlg rdorlg erri rqv dvro- xrprxl;rcrXd nou 6roppion rou pedprorog E .l :por sr rrlv rrrly4) pc5 6iver rrlv rllerrprrq roX6nou npoogipeTqr oro <e{orepr16>-;.rdvoH rrp{Fq rou ruxlc6;.rorog. oX65ourq eivorprrp6rsprld116rqv olrr4 rcrd rqv rroodrrlro rltrerrprrqgroXdo5rrou rqrolioxeror, l6y<orporvopdovou Joule,orrlv €o<oreprrq vriorooq.

V,l :

Po1- l2r

l

€ TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

t07

I

H e{io<ooq V, : E- lr enrorlpoiver drr rl }{EAFtoSrrny4s€ivqrFsyctrdrepqo116rrlv nohrrl rdor1,erpdoovn rrny{ 6rcppfroro116qlexrplr<6pe6po.H HEAou;rninrerprerq prirrrorrl rrofurrlrdoq rrou pnopei vo epgcrvioer q nqyr1.Aur6 ou;.rpoivtr d'rovn rrny46ev6rcppieror ond,pe6po.Mnoporipevc Oecrrporipe enforlg6rr or rrpi5 roug ouprrrirrrouv erp6oovrl €otrlr€prxr1 ovrioroon rrls nqyrlgOecopr1Oei-oe oxion F€rrs urr6lorrregovrrordoer5rou rurtrriporos- oorlpovrq.

Kur,\opop€yewqrproror owrororrl Mnopod;revc <npoptr6qroup€) ro pedponou 0o nepdoer o116dvq rdrtroproyvororr6vororXefcov rrptvvo ro ,JuvopFotroyrlooupe.

H 6ro6trooio}iyeror eniAuorlrou xuxAuparoq.Ie nepinrcooqfiou ro r6xlopo onoretreirarorrd qvrrordr4 yvororqgovrioroorls (R)ror ond yewrlrprCIp€yv<rrordororXeiorour6rrlrog (E,r), prnopofpevo dlouperq nopoxdro rp€rSnpooeyyioets o1'onp6ptrqpo. o. Ipagrx{ npoodyyrrrq.Xopdoooup€o€ Korvd o6orqpo q€dvtovrrl lqpqKrrlprorrrrlV : f(l) rns rrrly{s Korrrl XopoKrnprorrrrl rou oprro6 ovrrordr-r1.

To oqpreio ropns0o pog6c6oer ro pe6rrou 6rappder ro xrixlo;ro.

F0 Av ro ororleio rcur6rnrcs rrls rrnynseivor E : 4,5Y, r : 1,5O ror 11cvrioroo4 rou ovrrord'rn R : 12 (1,ro pe6poOcleivqr | : 0,33A. p. npoodyyroq;rdoo r4g 6ror{pqorls rqg €vdpyerog.I'dvo rdxkoprcr rrou ofiorele(ror arrd nqyrl r<orovrrordrq, rl pr(rvq evepyerorrl 6ro6rrooio 0o eivor 1.rro o6rdronrl perarporrqrr15evipy€ros,p€ Trlvorroiq rpotpo6orefn rqyn ro 16r.lc,-rpa, oe 0epprrqevdpyto Kororrlv ovrioroorl R clld Kororrlv eo<oreprxrl ovriorcoq r rrls ysvvqrprog. I6prcp<rrvc p€ rrlv qpx{ rrls 6rorqpryrr15r45 evipyercs Fnopo6peva ypdrpoupe.

Avd ;rovd6oXp6vou npoogep6uewloNKn ev6pyero

=

Avd provd6o1p6vou ev6pyetonourorovoJ\(oxerorqrrlv

+

owlorqon R.

EI

l rR

orr<ire | = I

o

t08

T O H A E K T PIKO

PEYM A

+ E R+r

Avd ;rovo6oXp6vou ev6pyeronou Kovoro)rioxerotorrlv eoorreprnq owforoorl r lrr

H releurqiq ourrl e{io<loq ovocpiperor Kor og e{ioroorl roo v6pou Ohm yn xAetor6xtjrcAuspa pe ovrrmdrq rcr nqyrl. Av rq oror(4,5 V, 1,5O) ror R = 12 Q rdre aic rour6rrlrqs r4s rrrly4s eivor Xe nd rqv e{io<oor1 noipvoupe rqv rrprl rrlg ivroo4g I : 0,33 A. y. Ilpoodyyro4 ydoro rou 6e6rrpou xsv6vo Kirchhoff. O 6edrepo5 xovdvog rou Kirchhoffproglier drr xo'rd prlxogev6g rtrerorori rurlc6porog ro d0poropq r<ov 6rogopc6v6uvoprrorl e(vor pr16dv.

Tov erpcpp6(oupre: VAB+ VBN+ VNp+ Vr : J (en6pevooX4po), AIld VBN= VpR: 0 (or cryoyof ouv6ioeorg dlouv opetrrlrdo ovr[ oroorl).

Vo, = lR (o oytoyd5AB eivqr ovrrmdr4g).

Vrp : -Vp^r: - (E- lr) (H V^ eivorrrotrrrfl rdoq rqg yewrlrprcg).

Iuven<69lR : E - lr r] | : E/ (R + r).

Btrdnoupe6rt, tfte orolou04ooups ro l.rovorrdrrrqg 6rorrlpr1or1g rqg evdpyero5 efre orolou0r;oouF€ ro\' 6edre po rqvdvc rou Kirchhoff,grdvoupe oro i6ro onordtreopc. vonpoodfoupu PAxorl,l8nou 0onpdner drroroyoryoi rougndloug rlg n4y{gpero 0rporou ouvddouv peoo{povr4 ovrror6rq eivoroyroyoi ouvddoeog owioroo4.

Aur6o4poiuet dtt V' = 0 f Vr= VrT0ollpsio rooduvoprr6.

6nlo6{rouxurl6poroq A xorPeivor To fdroroXUet Koryroro o41eioBxorN.Hrdo4,Iorn6v, rdlouqr4qUyt|qeivor onoldrog orouq i0qIe rnv1600 oro6xporouowrmdrq.

IuvSeorlnqycbv l. hiv6eoq oe oerpdr Avoiyouperqv <rrtrorcd> rllerrpr14 orr1tr4rcov 4,5 V. Blfnoupe 6rr oro eoorreprxd rqs undplouv rpio rutrrv{iprrdrltrerrprrd ororXeio rrou ouv6fovrqr p€'ro{6 roug pre;rerolfurd orjpporo. l-'lopcrqpo6pedrr o Oerr165n6tro5 rou rrpr6'rouororleiiru ouv6derorcry<6yrpo ;re rov opvrlrrK6 16lo 'rou 6e6repou, rou orroiou o Oerrrd5rrd,log,ruvSderor Frsrov cpvnrr16 rou rpirou. Kcr'qur6v rov rp6rro fiopoo Oerr165rou ;rfvouv 6rjo ndtror <ttre60epor>, rrporou Kqt o opvrlrr169rou rpftots, yro vo qrrorel{ioouv rous n6trougqtrerrprrrlgorqlqg. flpdxerrsr yro c'6v6eoqrrqy<6voe oerpd.

I

e TO H A E K TP l K O

P E Y MA

Me potrr6perpo11ye qlerrp6prerpo6rorrro'rr6vouF€ enioqgdrr 11rdoq cvdpeocorous ndAou5rdOemorleiou, 6rcrv6ev6roppier-arcn6 pedpo,eivqr1,5V. Eivor11rllerrpeyeprrrrlrou 66vopq.

Me rov i6rorpdno ouvOiovr-or 6ixo ouoo<rrpeurig Nrrelfou- Ko6piou rcov'1,2V rcr 6qproupyeiror ivag ou(roop€urq5<6<o6erdpolTOS). pnoropio Houv4Oropdv4 "6rol,ex60olrq, (ouooopeurrlq pol0ll6ou) rou ourorrv{rou onoreleiror rouq61erE= 2 ottd6[t rrot1eio,Ko06vo V,r = 0,010 xoreivorouvbedeuduo ocoerp6.

(6odeK600lllD Ewoefiot 6r o lopotn4ptol6S qrqvqkrrpeyeprr{r4g6rivoIr1. ovogdperor

Mnopodyevc ono6ei{oupe6rr rord rr1ofv6eorlnqyriv oe oerpdro o6orrlpq rrou rrlloxdrrrer roo6uvopeipe qlerrprrrl rrrlyrjrq5 onofcg: o) q rltrerrpeyeprrxq 66vopr1eivqriorl F€ ro dOpcropcrrov HEArov n4Y6v. p) q eoore6rrrqrq5 crvriorooqeivct oiorl pe ro dOporoporttrv eocoreprrcirv vrrordoecovrorv rr4y6v.

E,o= Er+ E2+ Ert... * E"xot

--l}-]l--

-t---'

f,o= l r+ 12+ 13+ ...+ r,.

Av or yewrlrpregeivar<i;.roreg, 0c roX(ietE,o: vE Kqr rE : vr.

2. Ilapdllql4 odv6eoqriporov yevu4rprriv

ll.

I A

e TO HAEKTPI KO PEYM A

Av ouv,5iooupre aycbyrpo<itroug roug 0r:rrro69n6trouqevdgouvdlou yevvrlrprc6v xqr ouv6foouF€ -orr1 ouvdlerc- cyc6yrpo 6trougrous dpvrlrrro69rrciqur(6v loug r,:rrvyevvrlrprc6v 0a iXoupenopdltrrllrl o0v6eorl.

E{erd(ouperr1o6v6eor1 cuyrc ro0 rou rdrrou Trlvnepi

trerrprr( lrrlyrlrrls onofoS 66I tllt*ipeyeprrr( 66vcpr1eivcrioq pâ&#x201A;Ź rnv qtrerrpeyeprrr( ") nrlYdS vqpq FrcSo116rt5 'pi'q tocoteprrqovriorooq e(vorioq pe ro xtrdopor/prdnou p ro nlr10o5r<rrvnqyc6v.

I

e

T O H A E K T P I K OP E Y M A

qlerrprrd<poprio e = 1,61[r" C. Oe<upe iroryvomd ro morXerc66eg

2.8.Trliyeror ivrooq rllerrprxodpsdporos; flcogrq F€rpitrs;floro eivor4 povd6operpqoe<o5; 2.9.l-l<o5 6rorunt6veror o npc6rogxovtivog rou Kirchhoff; l-roriliyeror rcovcivog xor<iXr 2.1. floregeivoror rpergopd6e5<porvopdvov v6yo9; qnd ro onoionpo6i6eror q 6nop(r1qtrerrprvo perprlooupe rq 6roxoripeuparo5;Avogipere6do<porv6;revo2.10.flrr;5pnrlpotipe cpopd 6uvoprr,rod pero[6 66o orlpei<ov evd5 yrordOeopd6o. rurlc6porog; 2.2.H ollrlleni6poorlrou rllerrprrorjpe6rov6rg. 2.11.Ikog6rorun6veroro 6edrepog ForosH€Hq1/4rr1iXer, pdporo,6do6rpe vosrou Kirchlroff; frorf liyeror rovdvoqror l-loreg eivorourf5; 6yrvdyoq; 2.3.To ralororprrou 1820o AavdgOersted o'dvc rp4yoruxlc6qvqroiv<rloe ro qrrorileopo ev<ig nerpdpa- 2.12.HperoprSo(dpev4 rlltr<rprrrrl roX6g eivor forl prero yrv6pero5 ro onoioOecopeirar rmoprrd.flororlrav ;roro5 vo r45 rdorlg rou qrq;luroq enirrlv oro drpo ro nerpopo;frorf 0eopeitorroroprrd; [lro5ono6crrvderor; ivrooqrou peri;rorog.

2.4.Trorprp<irq Laplace; floro eivorq Erivoprq uhrd 0o Xp€rooroulls c6ore,ov ro ouvoppo- 2.13.Trtriyeroravriorooqevdgayoyo6; loyrlooupe, vo er6qtrco0ef q 66vopqourrl; 2.14.tltlg 6rqrund)verqr o v<1po5 rou Ohm; rq onoioe2.5.fleprypdrl,rre 66ogarvdp€vo vrcrXrjouv rqv rupiapXrldnoqq drt ro <4trexrprr<d pedyoeivctruteu0uvdpevrl rivrlorl4lexrprr<ori gopriou;>floroocrrpori6rq eivoror <pope i5rou gopriouquroJ;

2.15.An6 rr e(aprdrorq ovrimoorlevd5rutrrv6prro6 ayrrr1,o6; 2,16.Trp6lo rroi(erivq rrorevordperpo; Ie rr 6racpiper onri ivov pooordrrl;

217. Tt eivorro gorv<ipevo Joule;Avogipere 66o4lerrprrfg ouoreuigxmd rrllerroupyio tov ono(cov ro cpcrvdpevo ourd nof(eropvq2.7.'Orsvfvog ;rerollrx6gaycoydg 6rappfe- rrrd pdtro; rqr snd qlerrprrdpedpo<undpxouu) rp€rs qno6errvderqr Oecoprlrrrd drr rcraX6rrlre5o) q ro16111ro 6rocpoperrrdg rrlg 2.18.fkog rd rr1 rpd orlv6eor1 66o ovrrororcilv oe oe 11rr<ivr1oq5 r<ovele60epolvrltrexrpo0ep;rrrr15 fo4 oo6rivoprl ovrioroorl eivcr pe ro dOporvfov p) 11roXdrqro peror<ivrloqg rclv qlerrpovfrr.lv ror y) raXrirqra 6rd6ooq5 rou qle- oyo r@v66oorrrrordoecr.lv; rrprrodne6ioupioo orov crYtrly6. florqon6 2.19.I-lcrlg Oecoprlrrrd 11oXiono6errv6e'rqr rr5 roli'rr1rc5auri5 rfvar 4 peyoldrepq; orl rrls roo6dvCIprls ovrimooqgperrg 6uoofloroeivqr11prrp<ireprl; vrordoergrorri rrlv nopdll4lr; odv6eo4; 2.6.TrOecrlpeiror gopd rou qlerrptrodperip0ros;

I

h

o IO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

2.20.fko5eivar11XopoKrrlprorrrrl ropndlrl progyewrpprog;l-ko5pnoporipevo unotroy(ooupecn6 rqv roprrdlrlourrl rrlv rrprlrr15 qtrerrpeyeprrrq5 66vopq5Korrnv rry4 rou ppaXururlc6oeog; perjporog

rr10eopqqlerrprxofperiporr6- o6rlyrloov rrrrl oriq,rqorrlvenrvdrloq rrlgiworoggopti pxod pedp,a7sq. rou r1Aexr p. H gopd rou qlerrprrof periyoro5 eivorovri0erq on6 rr1cpoldrivqoqgrov rllerrpoperotrlrxori oyro2,21.fr trfyerorqlerrpeyeprrrrl 66voyq;rrog viorvev65peu;roropdpou Yo6. yrw4rprc5; y. H gopd rou rllerrprroripedporo5 xo0opf2.22.Trevvooripe liyovroq drr q yewrlrpro (eror cn<irqv nofuxdrrlrorrls rporpo6dr4eivorrivoqevepyerord5 perorponio5; oqs. periponpor<oleierrponq 2,23.fpd,qmrqv e[iooroqnou errppd(erro 6. To qltr<rprr<6 pskivo5npog opropivrl rrls poyvrlrrrrl5 v<iporou Ohmyro rle ror<ixrirlurpro.fkogcnleupd.

Av 11qopd rou, 11payvrlrrrrl pdoer oMd{,er no6erxvderor rou v<i;,rou 6rcrqpr1or1g peldvo 0o e rrpone'npos rqv dtrlr1nleupd. rr15evipyerog; 2.26.Menore5onri rr5nopordro npordoer5oul.rgoveire; liyeror ro o. 'Evrooqqlerrprro6periporo5 n4lfro rou goprior,nounepvdan6 pro6roroprl rou ayoyo6 rreopropdvo Xpdvonpo5 rov Xpdvoourd. CtopropdgroXde r yro rrlv I{c cvcpoarl$oipe... nepfnroo4Xpovrrd mo0epoupe6yorog. p. Iuvrl0oqprerpdpe rqv dvroo4rou pedpo2,24,Yndpyouvrp€rS,rouldXrorov,opd6eg rog poor(dpevor mrlv cMrlleni6poorl rou Hr gorvopivrov on<iro onoio npo6i6erar116xdnoropcl,v4rrl. nop{q qlexrprrodpefporog.Eivor: y. Iuvq0ogperpdperrlv ivrooq rou pedprorq5 0epporpooio5 o. ............. rcrlvyeroltrr- ro5 poor(riyevor orov opropdrqq. Merpdpe xc6vcryoyr6v 6qlo6qro rllerrprxd<poprio ye er6rrd<ipyop gorvdpevo, tinc,rg ........... vo Korro Xpdvope;povdperpo. y. ............. qlerrprrc6v peupdrov rou peyi0oug ivro6. H povd6o;.rerprlrretlg To <porvdpeva, dpols,nou rrErltrcbvovror o- orlpeiparoqeivorro 1 poAr. n<oo6qnore eivorourd rrls .......opd6o5. rou gopriou (1 roue. H povd6operprlcre<rrg Io5 (qroUpevo ouynlqpc6oere rq revd trdpn)6eveivor0epetrr<ir6r1g olld opi(erorotri{,erg ond rr5nopcxdrro: nd rr5 0eyefuc66er; Xprlorponordlvro5 povd6eg dvrooq5r1treo OdpJ.rqvorl o Au€opeicoorl . Tpirrlso A6- rrprrof pefporo5xor Xp<ivou. €qor1. H rltrerrp6luon. Kqt oyoyrirvo 2,27,'Eyooye ro 6pyovo r45 oeli6og80. . np6rns o XrlprOepprrdo KorHcryvrlr6v rrlv rdorl o) Bpeire xd o Allrllent6poorl. r) 6rsv o peruyoryi5e(vormr10ior130 ror o 2.25.Me noregond rrg nopordro npord- 6efrrq5mq 0dor1 rou oXqporog oergoupgcuveire; rr)<jrqvo peraycrrl<ig perorrvrlOef orrl 0for1 gorv<ipevo o. Ta Oepprrxd 10 rqr o 6efrrqgorrl 0ior1rou oXrlporog - onorileopo rou I

e TO H A E K TP i K O

P E Y MA

p)Oilere vo perp4oere y) pn= pe fioq76Y. Tono0e- c) po= psl,i F) pt = p,l2 Trlme rov perayoyriorrlv firo xcrdMqlrl 0i= 6)p^:2p, e)pn 4pa or1.floro0o eivqr11iv6er[r1; 2.33.floro<iXerpeyolUrepqovrforcorl,i2.28.Ynoloyimr rrlv cvrimcorl voglopnrrlpos rtov 60W11ivc5 rcov100W; E{4yr1me.

2.34.Aopnrrlpe5 ouv6iovroroe oerpdror peuporo6orofvrcr peopropiv4rdoq. rr 0o ouppei o) Av ivo5 :n'ouro6g (Ko€i)) mougundlornouq; p) Av npoore0odvoe oerpdneproodrepor f Hsrov gorropd lcynrrlpeg, rr 0o ouppe rov }opnrf prov; 2.35.Iro onirr oog or lopnrqpeqouv6iovror or oerpd11oe 6ruKld6ooq; Arxoroloyrlore rrlv an(vrr1or1.

2.36.Kqrd rq odv6eoq66oovrrororc6voe orrpd. o) H peroBrl3o(6pev4 oro odorqporllexrprrq roXri5ei'rorioq pe ro d0poroportov roXriovnou rqrwoliorouv or 66oqvrrotd-

2.29.flororond rou5nopordrrrlcryoyodqurrs noxodouvmov v<iporou Ohm; p. lulyio revody. xtitrrv- p) H roo6dvrprlovrforoorleivcrprrpd,reprl c. Xdlrrvorotr<ir6ro 6pogonri oloupivro6. Kpumulfurd5ovop- qrrd ro d0poropororv6uoqvrrmdoeov y) H rdoq o'rodrpa rou evd5eivoroncoo640<rlr115. nore ioq pe rqvrdoq oro drpa rou dMou 2.30.Ie noro cpuorxti f yiyeOo5ovrrororXe 6) Or 6rjoovrrordregEroppiovror on6 pe6xcOeprd on6 rr5 ncpordr<opovd6e5 p€rp{poro iotove'ndo€rov o€(l)s; Menoro onri ro nopondvo ouprptrrveire; p.1V o.10 6.1C e.1A. \.1) 2.37. Kuru r-qvnopdtrlqlrlodv6eorl6rioo2.31.Iq AEHnlqpovoupsyronopoXqrllevrroror<6v rrprrori goprfou,qlexrprrrlgroXrio5 11qleo) H peroprf]o(dpevrloro ofmrlpo rltrerrprrrprxq5evipyero5; 14 roXrigeivor iorl pe ro d0poroportov r2.32.Lvopre roMrrd opoyev(o6pparoA rcr oX6cov nou r:qrwotriorouvorovrtordreg.

B iXouvorprpc65 rrlv i6rcovriorcorl.Av ro p) H roo6dv<rpr1 ovriorooqeivorprrp6rep4 rou oripporo5A eivor on<iro dOporopo prlxogror 116rdperpo5 rov 6uocvrrmdoeov peye0<6v rou B, y) Or 6uoavrrordre56roppdovror 6rnldorqrov ovrfororXcov ar6 pfinoro ond rr5 nopardro oXdoerg pero{6 pcro iorove'ndoeovp6voveg6oovor ovrrrov er6rr<ilv cvtrordoeovpAKorpBeivorq ordoergrou<:efvcrioeg.

6) H rdorl oro drpo rou evd56eveivorioq ;re oomn; I

e HAEKTPI KO PEYM A

rrlv rdorl or0 dKp0ro dl ou Menoro cn<iro nopondvo oupgoveire; 2.38.H peraprBo(dptvrl o' ivo rprlya rurlciporog qlerrprr<r1 roX6g o) Eivorndvrore iorl pero yrvdpevo rr15rdorlsoro drpo rou rpr;parogenfro pe6pc(l) ro rprlpo. nou 6roppier p) EivoroexdOenepinroorliorlpero yrvdpevo lR<inouR4 ovrimoo4rou rprlporog. y) Eivorr; avd povd6olp6vou peroprpo(6pevrl0ro rprlpoevipyero.

Menorc and ro napcndvcrloupgroveire; 2.39.Ilofudme dlo doc noprmdvovrorro0c6grcr doq unovoodvror ps rq oriroc rsr ro oXqporo,rq onoionopoOiroupre.

t

y) Eivorrvepyeraxdq perurponfo5. r co5oror'1e 6) 'EXe ia raurdrrlrog rqv rllerrpeyeprrrrl 6rivcrprl Korrrlv eooreprrrlovrl 0r00n.

Menoro ond ou'rdoupcpovefre; 2.4l.Iuvappoloyoripe ivc rrlxl<rrpo perllerrprrrlnqyrl,6rcrrdnrqror ovrrordrq.Iog (rpodpeva ouprlrlprioereru revd: 'Orav o 6nxdn.qs tivat cvorxr6g rdorl \ orouqn6AooqrrlgTTrly4q tivu ......... rqv qAexrpeyqnx7 66vryq rqgrrrry4c,.'Orsv xAeioouyEro \nxdrrry 4 .......... eivatiorypt royr vdyevorr1gtvrctorlgrou pe1yarogeri rqv HEArqs rqy4q, q nohx4 rdoq rqc nqyr1gtivst ........rqv rdorl ora d,xparou avnordrrl.

H HEArrlsnqyr1<; nohxrl16o11 eivat........rr1v ev<br7..,.....eivatiorl pt.ro rtrpdywvo rr19tvrdonqrou pilyaroc, eni rqv np7 r1q avriorsong,

I{a }r0ooupe rpcp}.f1patc

ffiMU

e

â&#x201A;Źn dir \:==J

t-l

2.40.H rller<rprrrl nqyr1o' ivo rf rlcopo o) flapdyerrllerrpxd goprio. p) Eivotnr1yrlevdpyerog und rrlv dvvoro6rr ncpdyerevdpycro an6 ro pq6iv.

2.42.IqXpovrri orrypqt = 0 rleivouperov 6rordnrrlrou rl'rlc5pqros. q) fldre 0o ovdtl.ret o }opnrrlpog; p) l-loro0q eivorrl qopd rq5 riv4or15 rtov rllerrpovirovorouquyrrryo65; y) Merd ndoo Xp6vodvo rl}errpdvro0q grdoermo lop'nrqpq,ov rn Xpovrrrl orryrq rqg nqyrlg;(H t = 0 FpiorerororrlvneproXrl ondvr4orloog0o 6o0einpooe1ryrorrxd).

l:----"**/.

I

h

e TO H A E K TP IK O

2.43.To periporrlg 6iop49qlerrpoviovoe fuc6v220Vl800W. fldoo pedpanepvderurr6 prar4ledpoorleivor6;.rA. fl6oo qlexrpdvra rd0e proouor€uq;tl<ioorrtroporarprc rlleqv or ovd 6eurep<ilenro<Xrundve> orrlv oOdvrl rrprrrl5evfpy:ro50s rqrovotro0o6v rqs; ouoreudg ourt5 lerroupyrloouv rourdXpovo 20 trenrd; eni 2.44,Zro xdrlopo rou oX(parogeivoryvcoord drr | = 2A,lr = 1A,l+= 0,5A. 2,47.Lc; (qrodpre vo npoplirgererrlv ivronou 0o 6rappder dvw svrrYnoloyiorerrg rrpi5 12,13,ls rrov ovrforor- orl rou pedporog 2kO ov oro dxpc rou erpappdooupr ordrq peupdrov.

Xorv t6oq24 V. fldoo rlkrrpdvro0o 6ripXovror ond pio6roroprrl rou oe rdOe6eurepdlenro; 2.48.Arorpdpc:v rrpcfvoyrrof cvrrordreg ouvEiovrqrnopdltrqlo.Arxoroloyrlore rov <H oo66vapq roXupropd: wrioroo4 rougiprrpdrcprl ror ond rq prrpdrep4 oXerrr;rr1 vrimoon>.

2.49.'Eva ror XdkrvoodppoiXerpr1xo51m 1mm'.Irs drpo rou eeppa6dv6rcropr15 "raoq12V. rpoppd(eror Ynoloyiorerov opr0pd rov qlerrprvirov nou nepvorivond ;rio 2.45.Oecoprlore ro xdrlopa rou oXrlyorog.

6roroprl rou 1min.

Aiveror11er6rx4 oe lpdvo Aivovrororrrpig lr = 10A,l, = 4A,l, = 2A, ovrioroorlrou Xolxodiorlpe1,7.10uOm. L= 6A d,rovrleivouF€rov 6tor6nrr1.Yno2.50.'Evqopoyev6g roppdrrXatrroJiXer troyiorerrg rrpig ror npoo6ropiore rrg gooX4poop0oyruvfou nopollrllenrni6ou pig rtov un<jlornorv peuprdrov.

6rqordoetllv 2(tcm x 30 cm x 60 cm. Kd0e gopd nou 6roliyoupe66oqrrdvqvrri6pe5 Korrrs Oeolpor-pc <dr<po> rou, npordnrer ivcl 6inolo, q crvrioroo4rou onoioue{aprdrqr o116ro Z,euydpr nou 6rold(oe6pc6v pre . Ynoloyforr:rnv rrprl r4g ovriorooqg oe rdOepio nrpinrooq. Oeopefror yvrllord 5rr q er6rrricvrforoo4 rou Xakod efvor1,7.1OuOm. 2.51.Too6po po5eivorayorydg rou qlerrpropoti.Oopefgrou KrvouFrvou rpoprioueivor rq r6vroNorprtu, Koliou,Xltrolpiou ror Moppf0qre6tr 11er6rrrl yvqoiou.

Anr5;.rerpqoer5 2.46,Zro onirr fXouyeovdqer rourtiXpovo ovrimoo( rou eivornepira 5Om.Exrpqme rper5ldpne5r<ov220Vl100 W, rov Oeppoor'- rrlv qlexrprrrlcnrfmoorlrou 6eirrqrou X€prgovo 220Vl4000 W rr dvooreyv<rrrrlpo potr- o6 oog.Irq our,iXero, unoloyiorero pedyo I

e TO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

nou eo irepdoer ov €gqppocn{raoql?Y.

600sl

2,52,fts ro Xdtrrrvo oripporortov €otorsprrriv eyraromdoecov ro piyrmo enrrpendpevo pe6paefvor11A svd mm'6roroprlg, yrari oMor65orcryoyofpioo orousrorXou5unep0eppoivowar. rou 6tl;rariouoogiOraycrlyof 1,5 mm'.

I-16o11 6roroprl eivor11ouvofurq louv pfyrorqroX6grov ouoreur6v, nou 0c pnoporiocvvo trerroupy4oouv pioo oro 6oydro; 2.53.H XopoKrrlprorrrry evdg6rn6lounoprordverororo crX4pa.

To 6inotroouvforqror ond 66oroprro65 ayoyo65raro dvogon'qurodg dXe r ovrforcorlRr = 3000. Me noto

oersrrlv ouvohrd roravolrordyevrlroX6.

2.57.Aro0irouF€ dporous ovrordrts rcov 10O. Menororprino0o inpeneva ouv6iooupeoprol.rivou5 on' ouroti5c6mtva 6qproupy4oouye ovrrordrrla) 15Op) 32,5O y) 120-.

2.58.Ara0iroupsrpsrsovrrordre5dporou5 (R),rou5onoiou5ouv6doupe pe6lou5roug 6uvorodgtpdnou<;.floro 0o efvor11uvrioruorl rou ouorqporc5or rd0enepinrcoorl;

rp6no ouv6iovroror 611o uyroyof;floro eivor q rrprlrrlqorrrimoo4grou 6edrepou ayoyori; 2.54.Tper5 ovrrordregR, : 20C),Rz= 40, R: = 16O ouv6iovroroe oerpdror 4 rdoq oro drpo rou ouorqpcro5eivcr12V.Io5 (r1ro6pe vc unotroyioere o) rqv ivraorl rou pedporog rcr p) r4v rdorl oro drpo rou R,.

2.59.Tpetgovrtordre5Rr= 120, R2= 60, R: : 12Oouv6do'rror 6nco5oro oXrlparar onorelorivro 6inrllo(AB).

Ynoloyiorero pe(,paronou 6roppfouv rou5 ovrrordregro016g rcr 14 6rogopd6uvaprrod pero{6rov oqpei<ov A ror f, qv oro 6inolo erpcppooref rdoqVr = 12V.

2.55.Atjoovrtord'regRr= 140Orqt R,ouv6iovruroe oerpd.l-lopeppd),lercr dvoopnepdprerpo o;relr1r6o5 ovrioroorlgror oro dKporou ouorrl;roroqr; rdorl eivor20V.l-ldor1 eivor11rrprlrr15R,ov ro apnep6;rerpo 6ei2.60.Mru r1tre rrprr<q Oeppdorpo 600W110V 50mA; Xver ouv6ieruroe oerpdpeqlerrprrdlcpnrrlpo 2.56.Tprrgovrrmdregouv6fovrur dnorgmo erpop;rd(eror rdorl 52W6V.Iro o6cr11;.ro oXrlpoxormc drpo rou ouorrlporos€qqp- 110V.No e{erdoereov o lopnrqpc5lerp6(erorrdo4 30V.Iog (r1ro6pe vo unoloyi- roupye(xqvovrrd.

I X

e T O H A E K TP IK O P E Y MA

perogopdqqlerrprrq5e2.61.A6oypoFpds r4v i6roroXriorrlv i6ro vipyera5perocpipouv on<imcor1.

Er4 pio 4 perogopdyiverarund rdoq 200Vevr6mqv dMq yiverorun6 rdoq 10kV.To ndXo5rorv ayoy6v prerorpopd5 eivorriroro c6oreor ldyrrrrou gorvopdvou vo tivcr f6re5ror orr566o Jouleoncitrereg Ynoloyforerov ld'yonou npdner ypopH6s. vo fXouvor 6rdperporrolv cry<oytov rorv 66o ourriv ypo1.r1.rov.

pd 6uvuprrori orou5ndloug rrls nny4sy) r4v evdpyero TTou Korovdliorero ovrordrr15oe '106eu'repdtrenro.

2.65.'Evog ovrrordrrl5(R= 12O) ouv6derqr pe4lerrprx4rnqtrq.Ofloupeq rdoq oro drrKporou wrrcrdrq vo eivur1,38V. l-lore5 opdgnpdnervo iXerq HEAxarq eo<oreptrr; vrioroo4 r4g orqlqg; Aiverordrr 11ivroorl rrls m4lqS rou periycrogppcrXuruxlc6oeos eivcr1,5A.

2.66.Tiooeporiporaqlexrpxd morXrioouvoror6dovrqroe oerpd.Tpergriroreqoerpdg ouv6iorrar nopdMqlo, or<1r€ xor 6qXeicrlv ro dporov proupyeiror proouororx€io666e ororXefcrrv.

Or n<ilorrqg ouorotXic5ouv6do2.62.Tperqovlordreg R: = 10f), Rz= 20O vror F€potrr<5rerpo eooreprr4gavrioroorl5 ror R, : 30C)eivorouv6e6epivor oe oerpd. 19C)on6re 6runrorr6verct 6rt q rdorl eivcr Ynoloyirrre rqv HEA rdOe morXeiouw 5,7V. BpaXururl<ovouy€ ro oqpeioA rqr A rcOrir5 yv<oor6 roug ovrtdrr or eotoreprrdg eivor rqr rq I rqr B. eivcr 0,750. rou mdoerg Ynoloyforerqv roo6rivo;.rr1 ovrioraoq 6rndlou(AB).

2.63.flp6rerrorvo 6qproupyqooupe dvaqlerrprrri r0xloryc yeoumoryio4 onoio dXerr1trexrpeyeprrxrl 6uvopq24Yxureooreprrqowimooq 1O,rper5cwrmdoer5R, = 20O,R2 = 3C)R: = 160 or oerpdxqrCvqcpnep<jperpo aprlqric5 eo<oreprrrj5 avrimaorl5.Icg (qro6pevo npoptriq.rere r{r1rou o) rqv dv6e p) rrlv rdoq oro dxporq5 R. opnepopirpou y) rr1peraBrpo(dpev4 or4v R, 4lexrprr4roXriror 6) rqv o6{qor1rrls €oor€prKr15 Oepprxrlgevipyero5 nou ouvretreirar orrlv R,avd 6eurepdlenro.

2.64.Ic ororXe io proqyewrjrpro5eivcrE : 6V ror r = 0,5O.Av or n6lor rr15ouv6e0o6v cry<6yrpo pera drpo avrrmdrrlR = 1,5O,unoloyiore a) rov opr0p<i r<ovrllerrpovitov nou 6rdpXovror srr6 praonoro6rlnore6roropri oe Xpdvo10 6eurepolinrov p) 14 6ro9oI

e

T o H^E K T PT K P o EY M A ||j|

H Bo)raixqorq)q Toxavohptonou tEtpvt 11or4A4Volta,r1ravaoEaA<bq, r7rccv1'rqrdrqs vd 6ivetqAurptxd pe6ya, 6nwq xato nuxvwrr1skpnAqLeyden)xd)e Eopd noo utbvovrav pt otippa ra 66odxpa rr19.Le sx(.o\, 61ttug,ye r7 gdAq Leyden6ri0ere oopa,pdraronAtovtxrr1pa.

Mtrd rryvayd)ypq o6v6eoqnnv 66odxpwv rqs, q \ngopd \uvapxoti 6ev iderXvevo e{acpavi(erar L' tvaypdpya orov J. Banks,np6e6porqS BaoArxrlS Erapti<xqrou Aov6(vou,o i6toqo VoltaypdEer

20 Mdprry1800 <<...11 ouoxtu1,yn rqv onofu oaq,yi\dto, tivat avaltgipoAo6n 0a,cctgxarar'Arlfet.Eivu tva o1orqpa aywyrilv nou f,Xouv rono1erq)ti xsrd (.va,vtt6tx6 rp6no Eixoor,oapdvra, efrlvra xoltpdna XaAxoi (r1xaA|rtpa apY6p''ou),xu}€vu a'nd ra oroia't pooapp6(erato e i.vs xoypdn xaoonf pou (r1xaAheps VE$cpyipou) xat av61teod, roug crputStarayapno1 4 6tpparoc,,tpnonopiva pe ay6yrlro uyf'6. H v(.uouoxturl pou 1ttpeircttro anoriAeopa rrlCAdAqqLe,rden.

2e tva opt(6vno rpantQ roro)et<it i.vs peraAAtx66ioxo xcrtrtcivu,to' cturdv npooapp6(u tv<x6bxo an6'4,ttu6dpyupo. [ldvu rou paQu tva orpbpa eStrortop(.vope uyp6 xat aptoutgperd ivs,6ioxo arr6 dpyupo, xt ,jorepa€vavat<1pa\iorco 'peo6apy6pou,rov onoio 6,o'6tXtrati.va ax6pa epronop(.vo np<itpa.\uveyi(ovrctgpe rov i6torp6no oXr'1pari(erar yn orrlArl16oo ,gqAr1, 6oo vs,pnopti vs ouyKpsrsircxy<upig va ni,gru. Me xapn uxooapd (e6yr1perdAAu;vr7orqAqdvcn xavrl va npoxaAti ri.vsyHqo€ 6trorovayyi(tt rc 66odxpctrr1gStera y(.prurou...)).

(Aroonaoya)

-

itl

TC HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

H vi,d,ouoxtuq npoxdAtoepqdAo uEaE(.pov orqv entorr1povtxrl xotv6rrla rrls troy7q. To No(.1tppro rou 1800npooxaAeopi.voq oro [7apiot, o Volta, exrtAti netpdyara pt rrlv <txnArlxnxrl>orrlArlrou. O NonoAiur,,rapayy tAvet vd,KdrdoK€.udorei pru pqdArl ouorotyia (pnarapis) sn6 600 orrlAtq,rqv onoia npo(t1ooE€.puxqv EcolePolytechnique AoreywxrloyoArl rou l1aprcto6.Mn ax6ya fiXup6r€.pl ouororXia xcraoxeudQ:rcxoro Aov\ivo ar6 rrl.Royal Socie{ziBaofuxrlEraryeia).Ot ouvtrrereg6rodiXovru rl pfa rqv dAAr1.

H (.peuvarrdvu oro qAexrprc6 pe6pa apyi(et n ntpoioreirat. Zrqv AyyAia o Humphry Davy (XdltEpu Nrfipu) 1epefu<hvet rqv rTAt xr poyqpeia, ev<i.t eixootr:epinouyp6vrc apy6repa o OerstedErdvet oro xpiotltontipalta, pt.ro or:oio spXGu q moy7 rou qAexrpopayqnopo1.

I

h

e

TO HAE KTPI KO PEYM A

TPITO KEOAAAIO

I

. Eni6pqoqFoyvrlnKori ne6iouoâ&#x201A;ŹpsuFqrogripocyoTi . I-l66o H eni6poon poyvrpKo6 ne6iouoepeuparoqrdpo vcprqLaplace . o pedyuog rr4y{ qlsKrprxri nluioro Hlerrprr6grrvqr(pog To o peupurogdne6foeuOrjypCIpFou pcyv4rrrorine6iou Mcryvrlrr16 o H iworqpsYvqrto Mcryvnrr16 ne6ioootrqvoer6o65 pouuyroyod xor q 6op{ r4g 6149o H rivrlorlrov x6 iino\o r O lruyvrFroprig o H 0eopioWeisso To ganqyqrou poyvrpropod qtrerrpovirov o . No ovop(')r4goripe yvqrrxrine6ior4g l'qg. Na Oup4$oripe Na fuioou;re npopl{poro o NroxouFdvro.

Ie npoqyofpevore<pdAcro 6d0qreq eurcrrpiovo prlryoou;re yro otrtrrllenr6pdoerq rllexrprrc6vpeupdrov Korpcryvqrc6v.

H iworo;.royvrynx6ne6io p6g porlOr1oe ncpd ro16 xord rr5 mpr6re5rrsprypdrpig curc6vrrov otrtrqlenr6pdoecrlv.

Eino;le6rr urrd Tn prq ro Ftoyvqrr16ne6ioenr6pdorous peupororpdpous crytoyofgevr6on6 rqv dltrq ro qlexrpr16peripa6qproupyef neiriopoyvqrr16.Iro regdloro nou opli(er 0a errr6rc6{oupr vo epp<r06voupre fuyoneproo6repo orq 66o ourd (qr4poro Fero vq ov,r(qrqooup€rous vdpoug orous onoiougunoroderI 6pdoqxor q 6rlyroupyiorou pcryv4rrxo6 re6iou, rou rre6iou,6qlc64,yro ro onoio ro qlerrprrd pe6pc,orrorele i rqv nr1yr1 olld Korro und0epo.

F(IYvqrrKorineEiou (r€ P uF(Irogopo (|Y(DYo H 6uvopnLoploce T6oo ro rltrercrprrdpor6p 6oo ror ro aprrep6pr€rpops orpecp6prevo rrloioro lerroupyo6v pdoer rrlg eni6pooq<;pa1rurlrqoe peuporog6po aycoyd.Iro rrpoqyofpevo regdlcro cvagepO1rcopeo'aurq rrlv eni6pooq rar einope drr pnopo6p€ vd l'rlv neprypdgoup€ Fs rrl porlOerdTnSvsurolvrr<45iworag66vo'pr1. Ero rropcxrcdrcrl 0c petrrr4ooupe rqv emi6pooqaurq 6re{o6rrd.

Ero epyaorripro.Xpqorporrororipe iva po=ipoupre yvqrrlnerotroer6r1.

6n orov 1c6po rrou oproOer€ir,fr orrd roug 66o n6lou5 rou, ro pcryvrlrrr,l6 rre6ioeivoropoyevigpre <popdan6 rov p,5ps1e rr6tronpo5 ro v6rto.

O eu06ypoppog ayoly6geivorrprrlpoevdg xuxlc6poro5perrrlyrlouve1o65 periporog, pooordrq,oprrr;p6perpo Koroy<6yrpro uypd.Tono0ero6pe rov ayroy6oe 0ioq roroxdpugrliror rou dvorprlparou vo ppG oK€rol<pioc>o'fo pcryvrlrrr6 rre6io.To dKporou eivorBu0ropdvo oro ay<iyrpouypd I

h

e M A I N H T IKEI AAAHAEIIAPAIEiI

iror c6meq ev6eldpevq 6pdoqxdrrorog66vopqgvq eivsr6uvsr6vvq l0eivoupe er6qlco0ei. rov 6rqx6nrr1rar plinouf € rov crl,oydvo p€roxveirqro€ Frovio Oioq.

H rare60uvonrqs ;rayv4rrr{g 6rivag4gLaplace.O rpdrroqnou o cry<oy6g npo6i6errqv rore60Lrvorlrrls ooro6pevrl5 ;.reraxrv40rlxe Ctprcryvqrrlg epgovf(e66vopqg.Eivorprrorore60uvorloouvr10rorq. pt: rdrroro 66vopqnou ror vo 6po - piocrrrou rre6iou-orov crl,<rryd rou cryorou ne6iouo6re rr16re60uvoq 6evdler o6re rr16rerl0uvor1 xdOerqKo,orov crl,<rlY6 yo6. H oororipevrl66vopqiLrr 6re60uvor1 r(q,orrlv ivroo4 'rou ne6(ouB. Av ovoorpirpouperq <popdrou Fqyvqrrrco6ne6iou 6rorqpc6vrogro pe6pc operdptrqro, plfnoupe <irr q rpopd r4g 66vopqg Laplaceovaorpdgrerqr.H ovcorpogrl 6rorrrorc6verorKor orrlv rrepirrroorl fiou ovcorpirgoupe rr1 <popdrou pe6proro56ro111p6vrag ro puyvrlrq orrlv op1rrl 0ior1 rou.

To vo neprypdr.;,rouFs rrl <popdrqg 66vopq5 Laplace6ev eivor .16ooedrcotro.Apiotrrg 'rp€lSr€Xr/tKigyro rrlv nopoxdrco erc0drou;re nepryporprlrrls Korarprlvoupeorov crvcryvc6orrl rrlv errrloyrl ourrjg rrou 0o tcrrprd(er rreproo6repoorrl 6rrq rou orirprl.

1. H npc6r4 cn' ourfg eivoro leyd;revo5rov6vog rou Maxwell.fro vo rrl Xprlorporrorqoouperrpirrer err65 o116ro i>rdvuopoB vo Oe<oprlooul,r€rqr ivq 6rdvuopo lerrdv<rroe rprlpo pqxougUrou peuporocp6pou aycoyo6pe gopd rq rpopdrou qlerrptro6 pedporog.Edpcp<ovo ;re rov rsvdvq rou Maxr,vellI rpopd qg 66vo;.rqgLaplaceeivor 11rpopd rord rrlv orroic 0o peroxrvq0ei o 6e{rdorpogos r,rxlios (pro pi6o 11iva ovorXrqpr),rov orroio <pwro(dpoore vo mpirpr;ror rord ro ouvropdrepo rpdtro l0 npog B. Av dXou;rtKdrofiroorei pe raroopibro Kor p€ rrppnouodv eivor guorrd vc 6ef{ouprerrporipqoq orov rov6vq Maxwell.

I

e MAIN HTIKEI AAAHAEtI IAPAIEII

ME IO ANOINHTI TIATI OEAO NA MEAETHIQ HAEKTPOI",IATNH.

l i r,ri i'

\

\.

-'- -/.,

govti'rreproo62. H reXvrrqrqg 6e{rd5ncldpns Frrop€ivo FCIS rtpo Korsvorlr4.Oovro(6poore vo rc,'rroe€rofpetr1 6e{rd rrotrdpn, Fs r€vroPivo rov ovrix€tpo/o€ TF,6rro<6orero riooepo 6drrpos rrs 6uvuprri5ypoFpdsevo o ovriXrutrovo sfvorop6pponCI opdpponog rrpos ro p€6po.H 6i'voprlLaplacerdOerqoro €Xerpos rrirre6orrlg noldpqg pag 0o iler <popdorrd rqv noldprl FqSnpos To €otrrrrprr6rr1g,6rrrogrpoiverororo crXrlpo.

3. YndpXerordproo rovdvoqrorv rorc6v6o1r6lcovrou 6e{ro6 T€vr(6voup€ rov oleprori. Mord(eroprerd F€ Tovrrpoqyodprevo. vriXerpa,rov 6eixrrl Korrov 1lioorou 6elrodpog leprod oe rpdrro rirore vo cxvrrororlorivoe ivq rproop0oyrilvrooriorrlpo c{6vov. Av o ovrile rposovrrororxeiorrl qopd rou pe6porog Koro 6sfKrrlsorq rq cpopdrqg gopd rou FcryvqrrKod ne6iou,o pioo5 l)o pog 6eiXver pcryvr;rrrqg 66vapq5.

To pdrpo rns Fqlvqrrx{g 6rivop4gLaplace.Errrorpigouper6pc rr orprpc6g 6rdrc{q yro vcxepeuvqooupc ouppoiorrlv rr€rpcxprcxrrrcrl v€rps ro ;rfrpo rr1566vopqgLaplace.

To epc6rqpo{van: sn6 norcus rrap<iyovreq rca9opi(eratro ptrpo rqq,66vsprls Laplace;E{aprdru and rrl,E6or7rou ayuyo6; a16 ro p4xoq rou uytuyo6;anr6ro pdpog rou uyuyoti; EQaprdraran6 r4v i.waoq rou peiparoc; Kar non yopEry €yet4 oyenrcrlefo,ppiporo orqv erdrr<rl rrloq; Ava<pepdpoore nepirrroo4 rrou o prupdrogdpog crl,oydseivareuQfypCIpl1os.

Trgarrcvrqosrsorc rropcrrrdvoepcorrlpraro pd5 rrq 6ivouvor fiapopqrlKi5 dpeuvegopref oe rdOe;rio o116aurig vc Oiroupeivc ror ;r6voouyrercprprfvo ep<rrrqpo.

Or qn'cvrrloer5 rrg onoie5noipvoup€ouvoqrf(ovrororo e{r15: c) fro rqv rrepirrrcoonrrou o psuFcxr(xp6pog aycoyS5 eivorrdOeypo1rpis ne6iou ros ors 6uvaprrig rou poyvn'rrxof ro pirpo r-r1g Laplace 66vcprr1g 6iveroron6 rqv e{io<rroq

F=Bl 0 I

e

MAfNHTTKET AA^H^EnrAPArEr: B

orrlv olroio ro B rroprordveI rqv 6vrqorl rou Fol/vrlrrxofrre6fou,ro I rqv ivroorl rotr pedporosKorroA ro peupcrocpSF4roSrou eu0tiypqFFou pou ayolyori. rrou o psuF) frc rqv nepirrrcoorl parogdpogoyoydg eivornopdtrIqypoppi5 6evolo5 pe rrg 6uvctprrrig orefrqr poyvrlrrx(66vopq.Iro yevrrrls eni6pox6, 6qlo6r1,g<xtv6;revo ne6iouos psuForoons pcryvnrrrorl g6po oy<oy6rropouord(erotpio e[oipeo11. r0 fisrAv, ritrog, cruv6udooup€ po;.rorrrdcurd 6e6opivopretq Oecopia yro rqv ovtttruoqevdg6rcv6opraoe ;rfoyevtrdrerog 0o o6qyq0c6pe pr1e{ioooq. l-ldv<ooro errirre6o fiou opi(er pe ro ld avoldoupe to 6rdvuopo B oe 66o ouvrorc6oe5B, ro, B* o":d t'g orrofe5 11pria d" vo e(vqrnopdtrlqtrq npos rov eu06ypapproay<oyd xor q dtrtrqB* (B* : Bnpq) rdOerq o'ourdv. I6pcpr,lvq ps doo efrropre/ro poyvrll'rrc6rre8io E, 6ev errrcryo'1r6.H eni6pcorl/ ouvt6pd orov peupro'rorpdpo rrc6grou B npoiplerar prdvorxrr6ro rre6io E-. loX611F = Bl04pg. er, lorrrdv F : B*10

'EvroorlpoyvqnKorine8ircu Eivoryvcoord 6rr rdOe prrpq petrdvo pr6oooro poyvqrrrd ne6io fipoodvqrotrf(erar rard rqv xore60uvoq rrg ivraoq5. Iro npc6ro, enior15,re<pdAoro6e10r1ropeyrCIrrlv iv'rooq rou proyvrlrrrod ne6fou ivov opropd -B : Flm - poor(6pevc,orrlv urro0errxrl;.royvrynxri roo6r4ra. AlId r1iwoto Lroyvrltrrcrlrroo6r4rc 61ereyrarotrerrpOei.Og urrdOepqyro ro payvqrrr6 nc6io pnopo6pe vq 0e<opoOperov p€uFqrorp6po oycoy6 Kor vs 6c6ooupeivov oproprd rou peyi0otsgi.vraorl payvrTnxorj ne\iou poor(dpevo orq 66vaprr1 Laplace. rouq oprour6q ouprr,:prtropBdver E{unoxorlerqr 6rr o oprotrr6g opo6g 6lcov rov ororlef<r:v,rrou xoOopf(ouv ivo 6tovuoprorrr<6 rlS gopds Korrou pirpou. prdyeOo5, 6qtra6r1rqg 6re60uvorlS, I

e MA f N nTTK EAI A ^nA E fl l A P A IE l )

Are60uvo4.Ie rdOeoq;reiorou lioyvr1rrrodne6foucvrrororlei, 6ncogeirrope,pic ror gdvo oplopdv46re60uvor1, riroro c6orer1 66vop4oe onoro6qnor€p€uporogdpocyory6vq eivorpr'16evrr4.

H lcporr-qprorrrrl ror povo6rxrlourrl 6re60uvoq0o ovopd(eror rou Foyvqrrrco6 rre6iouorc orlp€i'o 6re60uvoq our6. O oprop6g <paivercr ouOoiperog.AS pn pog 6rogefyer,6;rco5, 6rr xqr'ourrlv rqv 6re60uvorlrrpooovcrolf(ercr rdOeprrprl poyvrlrrrrlpetr6vo rrou 0q rorroOerrjooup€oro poyvrlrrx,5rre6iooro orrofo ovo(pspdpoore. qvrrororxodv66o ovri Oopri. fldv<oorrl 6re60uvorlrrou opiocrpre Oereggopis. H pfo on6 ourig op((e'rolog gopd rrlg ivroorlg Tou Fcryvrlrrro6re6iou. Eivqraurrl rrou cvrorrorpiv€Tororrlv Kopdoer r<luxov6vcrou Maxwell. re60uvoqrrlg 66vopq5Laplace (l) oytoyod p€upqrorpdpou Mdrpo. Ie pqrogUev65eu06ypcp1.rou o orroiogppioreror oe opoyevisFcryvrlrrKd ne6io rdOero orrl 6re60uvo4rrou opiorqKsnporlyoupivcogcoreircr 66vcpr1F.To nq)\ko FllAr) qrroretrrfnoo6rqro ove{dplr1rr1on6 rq payvqrrrrl6tivoprlKqtro undOeparcr rr)er<<ppd(er rr'1ou;rpolrlrou ne6iouorq 6rop6pgroorlrou FCIyvqrrxo6 rre6(ou.

To rrrltrfro at:r6 Fil|-ovopd(eror prirpo rrlg dvrooqs Tou poyvqrrro6 ne6iou.And rqv i6ro e{io<rroq opi(r:ror ror q povd6oivroorlg 1 Tesla(1T).Eivqrfoq pe 1N/Am.

EniSpoon ne6iou HoyvrlnKgu o€ P€uporogoPo ntroioto? I 'H6q

otr6 ro 1820o Ampdreerye6rorpiver rrlv oprordrqro.

H ouprrsprgopd w65 peupororp6pou nlcroiou prioooe opoyevi5pcryvr;rrr6ne6io rropouord(errdrroro {Xr epgcrvqeivcrrcl4Oero-opror6rrlrCI Ferrl l /trror4ouFrr€prqopdpragpcryvqrrr(gpe,\6vcgpioo oro'ne6ioqur6. l-lcporqprioErs KoroupneprioFqrq.To rrlqioro rrou 0q Xpnorporrorrlooupe0o dXeroX4poop0oyc6vro.

To 6dvoupepe ivo lenr6 vr1prcryvqrrrod ne6iou,dror Fo Korro rpepdpeoe rreproplopoyevo(rg rrou vo prropefvs fisprcrrp6gerar ele60r:pay6p<oarr6 rov rqrcK6pu<pod{ovo ouprperpiog rou. Kdr<rrorrd rqv eni6pcxoq rou Bdpoug Korrrls 6rivopq5rou r€vropdvouvqpro'rog ro rrloioro roopporrei.

'Orw ro p€uporo6orrlooupre 6rorrrorriv,lupe6rr errelef orpoglrig rotravrr6oergydpcosrr6 rov d€ovacvdp'rrloqgevcoraur6lpovo reiva vo rrpooovorofuore i pe ro erirre66 'rou rdOeroorrg 6uvoprrcdg ypoFFiS.Tefurdorrl 0for1ourq roopponcf.

I

e MAINHTIKEIAMHAET]IAPAIE II

Irov rllerrpopcryvrlrrop6prerov 6popuyarogdpo nAaioto6ev Aur6 ewoodpeurroxpeorrKdrc6rtrrou dler q:4pq op0oy<6vro. rrou ewoofpe i1er, piporc, q({Fc enina6o ror 6qproupyeircr qrrd dvo peuporocp6poxcrtr<66ro rrou avqrel oe xleror6 rdxlor(ppoXo) po pe ro oqpreic<ero66ou> ror <t:(d6ou> rou pefprctog notrri xovrd ro ivo oro dllo.

H ouvotrrrqoupn€prqopdpdS<pipveroro puotrdrl oupn€prqopd progpayvqrrrqgpetr6vogpioa oe pcryvrlrrr6ne6io opoyevfq.H etrruorrrcrl ourrl cxvctroyio pogrrporpinervrr 6elrodpredrr: rou rrloroiou ouFfieprgdpovrcroav rrdtrorFoyvrlOr 66o <l1rerg rrrrlg peldvog,pdperogror v6rrog.

Oeopqrrxri peldr4. Yno0froupe6rr fva rxplrd crivrlro nAoioro A|AE eivqr nopdllqlo rrpos rrS 6uvoprrrig ypqppis opoyevodgn e6iou xor drt oe rdrroto orrypn ro p€upcro6orodpe.

To rrloioro orroretrEircxro116riooepr5 eu06ypoHpous ay<oyofg.):-ercxOivqvarrd ourodg B ooxeiror -qrrd ro Fcq^/rlrrK6rre6io- pro 66voprrl Laplace.Or 6uvdper5rou corofvror orou5 66o opr(6wroug cryrrryodgt,oro oX4po eivot o Af rqr AE) eivar ovriOereg rcrr atrl4loe{ou8erepc6vovror. Or 66o 6uvdperr;rrou qorodvrcr orous AE= Af= a Ar = AE: B rorcr6pu<poug cry<rry<>69 ilouv pev ioo pirpo olld 6ev ohlqloe{ouiSerepcirvovror.Eivqrrropdllrlleg 6uvd;rerg pe ovri0e'reSgopiS, ol ,f,fioissreivouv vcxfisprorpirgouv ro cplxd orivrlro rrloioro. Ie nr:pirrruron, 6FoS, fiou ro rrtrqioroeivor rdOero mrg 6uvcprris ypqFFiS, or 6uvdpergorous Koror6pugoug uyroyo65yivovror awi0ere g xcr d,lqloe {ou6errp6vovror.

HtrerrprK6S Krvrlrrlposo z;I 'Orov ro perctrh16rrtrsioropeupcxro6orq0e i rdrro o116rrlv errf6pcrorlrou Fcryvqfl ro6 rre6iouupx(e:,vo or pigeror.'EXou;;e, 6qtro611,pio 6rdro{q rrou orror€trei evepyerordperorporrdo.H peroprpc(dpevrlqlerrprr4 evdpyero perorpineror (rord 6vo pipog) oe ev6pyeropqlovrrrl.'E1oupre, pr'dtrla trdyrc,p o pqXcxvrl.

Av orov d{ovo fisprorpocprl5 npoooppr6ooupre vo rov fvov ifuxo xcr 0etrqooup€ pdloupeo€ rrsprorpog{,GV,6qlo6r1,Oelqcroupe va 6qproupyrloouivo oopcp6eprr6pre6vavrllexrprrdrcrvqrqpo 0o cxvrrper<orricroupe vo ro rreprpfvoupre.

H rc(vqor1 rou ntroroioueivar,p66ro.'Errperr€ I

e MAIN HTIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII

pcrc, neprorpogrrrj cMd pe gopd rl onoiq avcorpdcpercr.

Ag uroOiooupedrr xcrd rr1onypq rrou ro peuporo6oro6I,r€lro ntrqioroeivcrrropdMqtronpog rrg 6uvoyrri5ypopprig.

Or oorofpevegEuvdperg Laplace ro rnrroXdvouv.Aurd 6p.S, ypcppi5 ouppoiverpdxprS6rou yiverrdOeroorr5 6uvcprrxdg 616rrond rr1mrypq ereivrlor 6uvdptrgLaplace 6pouvenrppo6uvrrrd. Eivqrro epn66royrq ro onoio prlqoape. qr(6vqinor{av Iro oqpeiocur6 or rqyrrof rou rTr:pcopdvou ro pr5lorous Kqrpcg 6&oocvrov rrpcirrorltrexrprr6rrvqrrlpa.H qrrl{.Tr1 mryprlrrou ro nlqioro ppforer6doeivfl rpcrvopevrrd ror or4 0dor1roopponiag,dru rcrTdMrltroodorqyc rrou lfyeror ouAAtxrqctrerroupyef €'rortbmevo cwoorpigsr rrl gopd rou pefporoq. H ouvinerq eivorvo egrgori(ov'rar6uvdper5Laplace riroreg rirmevo lerroupyodvtrnrcrxuvrrrd.'Orqvro rrlqioro mq ouviXercppeOei xcr ndtrrxdOerocrng6uvoprrigypoppf5ro pe0pc rorrrdh cnrampCgerqr.Kqr' curdv rorr rp6rro e{oogali(eror q moOeprl rpopd rqg neprmpogrrq5 rou rivqor'15.

Iq <p(o rrou X)rlorFonorofpe yrq vo <rr<iperFfipoSD ro ourorivrlTo 4 n ;ro'roorxlfrc po5, crov qlerrprx6 or[,qpd6popoflerpcrd-Kqrprordg, orcr rp6leT, oro rllerrprrd ntruvrr1pr,r,oro pi{ep, orou5 r6pvoug, oilfui xor o'dvcx ocopdrrcrXyi6rq rrou nai{ope drav eiprom€fior6rd, undp,ler ivo5 rrvqrrlpo5 qlerrprrd5. 'l)tror ol rllerrplroi qurof xrvrlrrlpe5eivor orr6yovor rtov Krvrlrrlpcov rrou KdrdoKedqow rov rrtpooprdvocn<r6vq or Eup<orroiorr€Xvrrof. Irq 1832 o Pixii,Cvogfdltrog KsrsoK€u'forrj5, rrou Bor10r10e rro16 rov Anrpdre,iAuoe ro rrpr6rc npoplrlpcrro rrou ovcgdpcpe. Or rrpcoror,6F,rS, orxovoprroixrv4rrlpe5 xa0ucrriprloov. fro nollig ox6pa 6er,rerfe5 rc npoptrqparo rrou e(1crrvo ovrrF€T<orrioouvor retrprroi c'no6erXrqrw preyctr6repo crrd ere(v<xrrou erXcvvo qvrrF€Tcorrfoouv or rirrorqpoveg.

I

lflTT^-Tl:i''

To rlleKrFrKd

P€uFs(|)snnYq FcrYv4rrKou

ne6iou Irqv rrporlyo6pe'rq ev6rqro epeuvqoope rqv enibpcorlevdgpcrpqrrrod rre6iouoe peuprcrogdpocry:uy6.Er4v evd,rrlrofiou ro qtreorolouOef 0c ovrrperconfooupe rre6iou. rrpr16pe6poo4 rrrlyqpcryvrlrrrori H olerrrq ipeuvo qrrqtrei poyvqrtrig petrdveg, Kor rctdllqtro or6qpoprviopqro qlerrprr6 x6xlopo. ouvoppoloyqpivo Peuporo6orodpre ivov ruloiou oXitro'Evorolupri4lcxrprxd pe0po Apnfp 30.000 poyvqrrrd dq;rroupyei nediorxovrivoolx6ver poprdg xorvo oluoideg rrg6rorqpei K0T0x0pu9eq

rleivouprerov 6rqr6nrrl rl ouprreprgopd prro5eucioOnrns pcryvnrrrrjgpeldvos, rrou ppiorerar rovrd orov oycoy6,pro5<trier>drr 6qproupyrlOrlrepcnryqrr16ne6io.

To ;rqvupo eivar rrop6poro l-r€qur6 rrou progiore rle ro 1820 ro payvqnx6 re6io. rreipopo Oersted. To 4Aexrpx6 pe6ya 6r7prc'upyei Kd0e qrrdrr€rpq fieprypocprl5rou pcryvrlrrxodrre6iou ogeiXervc 6iveronovr4oerg oe 66o eprrrrrl;,rcro.

To nptbro. 4116rr e{oprdror 11dvroo4 r)u Fcryvrlrrxodne6iou; To 6e0repo. florq eivcr 11err<ivar<ov6uv,lFrx<6v ypcpprov; r drr oXerrrd pe ro np<bro t H epyomqproxrl ipeuvc qrro6erKvde pc6rrlpo roX6er o. H ivrooq (B) o' dvq oqpeio rou rre6iou auro6 e{aprdror r) qrrd rq 0ior1 rou oqpeiou xor I V

MAINHTIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII

rl)0116rqyeuperpia,roo cryoyo6. p. fro ivc opro;rdvo oqpeiorou ne6iouro pirpo rqg ivrooq5 eivar avdloyo rrpos rrlv fvraorl rou pe6por,r5.

H orrorrodpsvrlEpyqorrlproxrl ipeuvq eivqrorr<rro6rlrrorr rno orroretreoprorrxq crv6ro0i'roupeivo odylpovo ;rayvqr6;rerpoprenhori6ro Hall (Xotr).H lerroupyio rou Bco(eror oro <pcrvdpevo Hallodprp<ovo pe ro orroio11eniEpooqprcryvrlrrrco6 ne6iouoe er6rrdpeupororpdpo rrlori6ro iler oq ouv6nerqrrlv epgdvroq6rc9opdg6uvoprro6.To yvop(ouFrt rporvdprevo ovardtruque o Apeprrwo5E.H.H;il|ror oq;.repo 6rr er6ql6vrrqr o€ pirorMo qMd nol6 nro iwovc oe qprcry<oyo65.

To dpyovoorroretreirqrqrrd trerrr6cry,'6yrpro nlari6ro ro orroio 'Evo peuporo6oreirqron6 {e1<rlpror6 rdxlrrrptr. euaioOqroBotrtdp€rpoperpdrrlv epgovr(dpevrl 6rc9opd6rrvoprro6q orrofoeivcrcrre6iou.To polr6perpo eivdtroyqrrposrrlv ivrooq rou Fcryvrlrrrod vqr qrreu0eicgpo0potroy4pivo oe Tesla.-fc poyv4rdp€rpccxurod rou rfnou pnopofv vo ovrlve6ouvFcrl/rlrlKdne6io pilpr rcr 10.

Korrlv T, evr6pe rq porlOerd roug pnopodpevo npoo6ropiooupe rcore60uvo4 rou pcryvrlrrrod ne6iou.

'Ooo yro rrlv cndvrrlorl oro 6e6repoep6rrlpo or ev6ei{er5 oFdS ylrop;ra6voXeri(erar Fs rrl 6qyodvo'ro <irr q err6va rcrrv6uvcl.rrrcirv yeutperp ia rou p€uFororpdpouay<oyoti.

Apiocoqnopordro 0c enrlerprloouFs vc epeuvqooupe rrcporripo ro dlo (rlrqpo. frq vo ro rrerdloupe €laKorqrrrooro6pepe rrl peli'rq pcryvqrrrr6vre6i<rrv,rq orroio 6qproupyorivrorcrr6 cyroyo6g,pe orrld oXqpora.Oq opliooupe prrcryoydro oXrlporou onofou pa5enrTpin€r vo rov laporrr;pi(ooye eu06ypayyo.

MoyuqnK6ne6ioeuB0'ypoppou Peuporo9oPouqY(DYorr Iuvappoloyoripeivo qlerrpr16rfrlopo rr,rpdporopecurd rrou rI€prypdgcperrpo4youpivosoro orroiorrirpo ouprperileriva5 crl,toy6s Melerdpero pcqrurprr6 eu06ypoppoq. re6io ro onoio 6qproupyeiror qur6v. arr6 H petrirqrrepropi(eror oe orlpeionou ppiorovrorrovrd o'rov ay<oy6,oe orlpeio,6qlc6r1,11crr6orororlrcovorroiov o116rov crl,(l)y6 -ouyrprvd;levrlF€ro p4ros rou- eivcrrco{pow4*.

= e

+ Mnopofpe, p' dMo trdyra,vc nofpe 6rr (oe oXio4 pe "-r5crroordoerg r<ovorlpeicovourcirv)o <xyroyd5 i1e r rrol0 peydlo pryog. I' ourrl rr1 oriyxprorlBoo((erct xar 4 6rorrincoorl payv4nx6 re6lo too6ypalLpoo peqtaroE6poo ayayot5 6nupoo pr1rcooq,.

i-i:'--:--: lr

Tonoypcgio. Av XprlorForrorrloou;rr or[iqpoprviopora 0o 611 ;rroupyrlooupt rn yvoor( errdvo F€ rrs 6uvoprrrcig ypCIFpis.'Evoqpotrrr55 rpdrros yro vq ro rrerdxoup€ eivor vo rorro0errlooup€ rov oyoyd oe 0ior1 rarorc6prgn Korvd Xprlorpo'rorqoou;.re 6vo ro;rpdrr oro onoio ylo 0o ilou;.re cvoi{er pro rpr6na vo rrepvderpriXopr6vt, oo olr' aurqv o cy<oy6g.Bd(oupe ro Xopr6'rr oe 0ioq opr(<ivrro,piXvoups rrdvrrr rou ro orEqpoprvioporc Kot rle ivoupe ro r<rjr<lopro.

Av ro pe6;,rad1erprrorrprly6pro ora 10 Aprrdpra prvioproro0o 6rqro10o6v rar 0q proq6ivouv rqv errdvo rco',r6uvc1.trrc6v ypoppc6v. floporqpodpe 6rr or 6uvcprris ypoppis eivcrrrdrdor opdxevrpor,ro errirre6o rorv orroicoveivar rdOero orov euOt\rpcppo trl,toy6.

H 6reri0uvol Tou FoyvnrrKori rre6iou B. Eivoryvorord drl ro 6rdvuoprorrlg fvrooq5 eivcr egorrrdpevo olS 6uvoprrrdg ypc;tl.lis.

Ie ytrorooayecoperprrrlour6 oqpciver 6rr q 5re60uvoqrou Hcr)/qrrro6 rre6fou eivor ao6pporo xdOerrlorrlv eu0efc rrou roOopi(er o peuporo<p6poscryroy6s H gopti rou Fqyvqrrxof ne6iou B. H ipeuvo yrq rov npoo6ropropdrrls qopds rou E 6er' ;.rrrope i va e{unrlperq0ei orrd rc or8rlpoprviopora.

Xpero(dpoore ivo pcqruqrrrd6inolo oro onoio vo Frropofpe vq ovcryvopi(ouperr5 Oioer5rcov 6rio ndtrolv rou. H pcryvrlrrxrlpsl6vo rrpoorpiperor. H 0ior1 euorcOodg roopponiog prcq prrprlg pel6vog exr65 ornd rq 6re60uvoqrou E prdgonorclfnrer Kor rrl qopd rorr. H gopd cur{ e[vor r1 gopd xcrd rqv orrofo orpigerar ivc 6e{r6orpogos Kollioq rc0c6g perorrveiror rord rq <popdrou qlerrprrorl P€6FCIros.

J e MA TN H Tl K EA:A A H A E N IA P A >E I)

Kov6vc9rou 6e{rof Xepro6.Mioc qrr6 ro q4Fq yiveror rorcvorlrdg dvogar6po rovdvos yro vc ppioroupe14 rpopdrou Fcryvrlrrro6 ne6iou B ro onoi<r6qproupye f dvogeuOriypaHFoSpeuporog6pc,gcryory6g.

Mdrpo B rrlg dvrcorls rou ;royvqrrrorine6iou. frq vo npoo6ropic'oupre ro pirpo (B)rrls ivrCIorlsorc 6rdrpopooqpreiorou poyvqrrrori rre6ioupnopofpevd XprlorFonorrlooupe FirqFrrp( poyvqrrrrlpel6vo:.Av r4v rorroOerqooupe oe ivo opropdvoo4peio(nepropl)11pe}6r'o0o errelfoer rolqvr<oosrsrl nepio6ogrrov orroicov0o po5 o6q14oero' cvr6 rrou (qrdpe vo unoloyiooupe.H pf0o6o5XprlorForrorrlOqxe yro npc6rqqopd rov Oxr<6Bpro rou 1820rard rrl ouvrpyooiorov fdtrltovguorxr6v Biot ror SavartKorrous o6r1yr1oe v6poyro ro llooe fvq 0:<oprpr16 prlrr16 rre6iorou qtrexrprrofpe6poro5. l-lroo6yXpovrlKororror6rlrror€ rrro orroreleopcrrrq eivcrq ;.160o6o9pe ro rrtrori6roHall.Arorqpodpero peripo,rorroOerodpe ro nloxi6ro oe 6rdgopegcnoordoers(r) an6 rov p€uporog6poGl,<oy6 xcr ro, crypdgouFs rc ouprrrepdoyorq.

Opovri(oup€or orroordoe15vo eivorprrpi5 oe crXio4prero pr]KoSTou cryoyo6.Arorrrorcbvoupre 6rr 11ivroorl (B)rou prcryvqrrrcof ne6iouo'ivo oqpeioeivorqvriorpocpcmdtroyrlfipos rqv orrSoroor1(r) rou orlpreiou arr6 rov cy<oyd.Oupf(ou;ree6orxor ro yevr16 ouprrfpoollo fiou orpopdro FcryvrlrrK6 rre6io6lorv r<ovp€uporogdprovcyroyc6v,odpcpcovo pe ro orroio 11dvrooq rou proyvrlrrrori rre6iouo' ivq oqpeioeivorovdtroynrrpos rrlv ivrooq rou rllerrprrori pefpcrog.

H efioooq. To 66o ouprnepdoporoFrlropofvvo ouprreprtr4g0orivorqv e{ioarq.

7tl

B = k . .rfJl q orroio pro56iverro;.rirpo (B)rns fvroor;5 pcryvrlrrxo6 rre6iounou (l) CIl,oy6,oe arrd6rlproupyeirot arr6 eu06ypoppop€uporc,g6po orqon r orrd rov uy<oy6.loXdereg6oov q orrdoroorl r eivorprrpq oe oXdoqpe ro grlroqrou peuporog<ipoucy<oyori.H orcOepdkueivor ioq pe 1O'N/r'f .

I

e

rc

MATNHtKET AAAHAE*APArE'r

Moyutpr rc6ne6ioootrrproerSo0g To payvqrrrdne6iorrou 6qproupye i o eu061'poppog peuporogdpog cq,.ydSeivorolerrrd ooOevig.Av peuproro{iorqooupe ivo rolc66ro prlroug50 cm pepedpc10Apnip, ro l.lcr)rllKd, rre6fo,oe orrdorco4 2 eraroorc6vdrr'Gur6, 0c iler pirpo p6h5'10-o Tesl40o eivor6qtro6q Myegprdvogop65roXupdrepoarrd ro pcryrqrrrdne6io rrlg l-q5.Av dpo5 ruli{oup€ ro i6roxalc66roc6mevo 6lproupyrlooupe rux}tri5 one(pegro npdyporo oltrd(ouv. H ollcyq (rrn y€op€rpio rou ofpporos0o iler o5 ouvirreroro pcryvqrrK6 rre6iorou <i6rou> ofppcrog vo yivernotrti roXup6,epo.H noporrlprloq orrrrl, 11onoio errrpepcl<6v€rorKoro116rq 0eop4rrr( dpeuvo,otrorekiivqv arr6 roug tr6you5 yrq rous orro(ougilel 6qproupyqOei prrc<rrporipqorl> rqg errrorrlpq5 Kcxr rrls reXvotroyio5 orous rurfurodgpeuporog6pous cryoyo65.'Evc ofvotro riror<ovcrycoyc6v crroretreiro trey6pevo nqvio.

Kuxfuxdgpeu;roro<pripog oytoyris.Me r,lv ruxfu16peupororpdpo ay<rly6ocrXol40rlrops orrlv npoqyodprevq evd,rrlro.Tov pretrerqoopeo116rqv dnoqrnrq5 eni6pcxorls rnv orrois ugiorarar o116ivo prcqruqrr16 ne6io.

Aq rotorrraorodprerc6poF€rov i6rocryo>yd rov, 60ecopc6vrog pos, rrrly{ prayvqrrro6rre6iou.Me rr1porlerroprvro;rdrorv or6rlpou ro FrtryvrlrrK6 ourd rre6iovo ro € rcovoyporprlooupe.

Arc;.rrropo6pre rrrorrivoulledrr q popqn rou Oupi(erro rrr:6ioevd5prrpo6eu06ypcFFouFcrl/4rrl.

Iotr4voerddg.H noporrdvror6lcrrepdrq ro o{rorrore irar ardprc rotrrirepope ro treydpevo ootlrlvoer6ig,ro 6\'oForou orroiouoXeri(erar pe rn Fopq( rou. Eivorivo o6votroorrd nopdtrtrqtrorcurtrrrd perjprarc,ro oroio rrapouord(strrlv err6vqevdgootlrlvo pe 6rdperpo rrotr6prrrprloe crxiorlrrposro p4roSrorr. Irrlv npdtn prnopo6pevo <ptrd(ouF€ pro rirorq 6rdra{r1rutrryovroqogrXrd ivo o6p;ro ydp<oond povorrrcdr6trrv6porcar6qproupyrivrogiror orreipeg,or orroieggpovri(oupevo rocrr6Xouv.

I

h

e MATNHT KEI

Torroypcgiq. Av ro p€uporo6orqootrpre, 11errdvo rrou 0o pro5 ro 6c6oouv ro or6qpoprvio;iaro po5 enrrpi'rravd 6rorunc6oouF€ rropordror ouprrepdoparc.

1. I'ro e{arreprr<d rou o<olrlvoe 16o65,rl rorroypqqiq 'rou ne6iou ne6ic,evdgpcryvrlrqpap6dpoppd5 cpfpver oro puo}6 ro FcryvqrrKd qou. 'rou ocolrlvoe r6orlgro or64poprvioporc 6ro2. Lro eo<orepr16 H srrdvoTrou rdooowor oe ypoppi5nopdllqleg xar roondxouoss. gdopo) pcg 66rerro 6rroicopavo rcrxuprnapouord(ouv(pcryvqrr16 oro6pe 6rr orqv rreproXqourrl ro payvqr-rrdne6io eivoropoyev65. trurvcorq5rpoKsr eivqrchrlOe ro drr, drrog orprpc6go errirre6og yrd rrlv ocpiperoryro rq 6qproupyio4lercrprro6rre6iouoproyevo65, pcryvqrrrod pro rrotrd ralq tr6oq nopcryolyrlev6gopoyevo6q nr:6iou eivorro peuprcrorp6po oorlqvoer6i5.

3. 'Otro5 Kcxr oro pcryvqrrr<6 rre6iorou,eu0dypcxFpou ayoyo6 or 6uvoprrigypqpFiseivsr rqr e6c6rctrerori;.Kd0epro arr6 aurdge(ipXerorqrr6 ro ivo dxpo xor eroiple'rororo eo<oreprrd rou oolrlvoer6orlgqrr6'ro dtrlo dr<porou.

Kure60uvorqrou poyvrFlxod rre6fou. Ie rdOe oqpe(orou Xcipou q 6re6Ouvoqrou Fcrlvqrxof ne6iou rcoOopf(erqr qrrd Tnv €qqrrr6pevq orr5 6uvcprrrig ypaprpi5rr:u nepvder o116ro oqpeio qur6. Er6rrdoro €orrrr€ptr6rou o<rltrqvoer6odgq 6rerl0uvorlrou ne6iou eivor rcd0erqoro rrrrpdtrlrlla pera{6 rous €rrirreEo r<ov o'nerpc6v.Eivor p' dllo 16yro rropdtrlrllrl rrpog rov ley6;revo d{ovd rou o<llqvoe16o65.

fro vo rrpoo6roproref 11<popdror) Fcryvrlrrrod rre6iou6eveMe rq poq0eraprrog rrcpreiq erx6vopero or8qpoprviol:oro. peldvog pcryvrlrrrq5 6rqnrmc6voupr. drr ro FcryvrpKdne6ioiopropivrl gopd, q orroio e{crprdror, 6rco5{6poupre, oX€rFro 116rq gopd rou pedprcxrog rrou Srcrppder ro ootrqvoer86g. lro vo rrlv reprypdquoupe yrCIfrld or6po 0c XprlorFo'norrlooupe, <pop6,rov rovdvo rou Maxwell.Eivqrrno potrrr6ro vo ntprrou ocotrrlvoerypdq.roupre rq <popdrou rre8iouorc, €o(DT€prr6 prrcopro;.rivr1 6o69.Oeolpofpre oneipo,q orroio6roppferorond qlerrprxdperipoopropivqggolrdq.Av <pcrvroorod;re ivc ppioreror rrls Kor vo orpi6e{rd,orpogorcoxtr(cx vcx rrrq Oioq <perorrord rr1<popdrou pe6proro(;/ rl ouv€ficry6pevq peror(vr1o4rou 0o yiverorrdOerooro err(ne6orrlg one(pog(rord I

h

e MAINHTIKEIAMHAEIIIAPA:EI:

N

'rq 6re60uvor16r1lo6q rou Fcryvqrrrod ne6fou)oMd rqr Ksrd opropivrl qopd. H rpopdcurq oupn(nr€rFsrl rpopdr,ru prcqrurlrrrod ne6iou.

To poyvrprrri ne6io oro eoalreprrd rou oolqvocr6orig.Iro eororeprrdrou ro'ne6io eivar,dnor5eirroootrr1voer6o65 pe,opoyevi5.Xcpcrrrqp((*ananr6dvrooq (B) p€ r<orvd, pirpr>xor rorvrlxore60uvo4 yro 6traro oqpreiorou. Irrlv rorerlOuvoq S A5 6odperr ouppoiver 11611 avocpepOqro;re.

KorF€ro ;rirpo rq5 ivrcoq5.

Mog eivorrcor'opXrlvyvoord drr 11fvroorl eivorovdlcrynrpos ro pedprorrou 6rappierro orolqr,'oer6i5.

Arroprfv€r vd p€lerqoouperqv erribpconrtov dllorv ororrq5 rrprlgrqg. To Xeiolvorrl 6rapdp(pooq qrrorelofv (0) (n) rcr o apr0pd5 rcov rpcdv rc poorrd orre F{roS ororleic ev6gocotrrlvoer6odg. flpoocpedyoup€oro rrefpopo. Tpo<po6orodpero r-rqviope ro i6ro pedpc oe rcdOerrrpinrcDoq. To prlv6poro rrou rrcipvoulrs FoSo6qyo6v oro rropoxdrar 6tio ciuFrrepdoparo: q. frs rrqvfo opro;rivou aprOpof orrerp<irv(n) q ivrooq (B) rou pq'n/nrrro6 rre6iou r:ivorovrrorp6rporgovdtroyrlrrpog ro prlro5 rou (0). p. fro nrlvio opropdvouprlxougr1 ivrcoq rou pdyvnrrro6 rre6iou sfvqr ovdloyq fipo,; Tov oprOpdr(Dv orrcrpc6v.Tc 66o qurd oupnepdopqrq Kor q yvcoorq ovotroyio fvrooqg payvrlrrrof rre6iou r<crdvroo4g rllexrprr<o6lre6porog ouvoryi(ovror orqv fi qpcKdrcl e{iocoorl

n= + nk pt t Moyvqrrr{ 6rarrrpcr6rqra. Av oro €ororrprrd rou peuporogdpdloupe fvo roprpdrr prcxtrorcd pou o<rrtrqvoer6oriq oi6qpo 0q 6rqnrorc6ooupe5rt u. o oi6qpog Ocrpoyvqrrorei, evc6rcu'rdXpovc p. ro pcyvqrrxri <priopc 0a olloroOci. H err6vcr rrov 6uvo1-rrrc6v ypaprprc6v0o rrq epgovi(€r oov vq (fipoorrs0odv,) vo rrepdoouv pdoa ort6 ro oibqpo doo ro 6uvsr6v rreproo6repe<;.

Irc drpo rou or6epivrou Kopporro6 0q 6qproupy4Oefpro rr6rcvcor)rl rtov ypcpirciv, pqvupro6rr 11dvroorl rou rreEiouau{r104re.

-e IAPAIE I: MAINHTIKE:AAAFlAETI

O r , re rp rg or5 e 6 eilv o u v 6 rr yrCIrrl vio rrprl (B')rrls ivrooqg roX6e r B' : pBo.Me ro ypdppo <p>or-r;rpol((e ror 11trey6pevrl poyvq'nx{ 6rontporrir4ro rou ufuxori,ro orrofoorrlv fipoKerpivq rrepinroorl efvor o oi6qpos. H poyvqrrrcq 6rarrepar6rrlr0 ToLror6rlpoueivardvo5r<o0op6goprOgdg rrotrf peyctrdrepog o116rq povd6o,rl rrp4 rou oroiou e{oprdror orrd ro aplr6 pirpo (l3o) rr'1qdvrooqg.

Err55qrr6 rov oi6qpo,undplouv opropdvoox6po utrrxd4 proyvrlrrrrl 6ronepord,rrlrortrrv onoicrtvq. r:ivornol6 peyolfrepq o116rov opr0p6<'l>xor p. e{cprdrsr ond rqv op1rcr1 rrpq rqg ivroo4s rou rre6iou,ro orroforrporotre i'rq ;royvqrroqroug. To utrrr<d ourd, ro onofa loporcrqpi(ovror oldrlpo;rayvqrrrd,eivar rupiroq*ro vrrfho, ro ropdlrro o€ or€psd rordorqol Koroptopdvc r<pdporo.Eivoroc6porsnou poyzqri(ovrorrcrXupd orcd,po ror o116ooOevqpcryvqrrxd rre6ia.Mrc cr6po r6rcrrep6rqrdroug eivornotr6XqpcKrrlprorrxq.

To utrrrdourd 6rarqpo6vrrs rroporrdvo r6rd,rqreg p6voveg6oov110epprorpoofo roug ropopive r prrpdrep4 qrr6 ivq 6pro.To dpro our6 tr6lzeror9epyoxpaoisCurie.

H rtp4 rou sivqryro rcdOe fvq uhrd Xo[)oKrqplorrxrl.

Av ro 6pro i q or6qpopayvqrr r6rqto Xdvr:ror. {errepoo're To neproo6repautrrrdorq g6oq 6ever6rllc6vouv or6qpopoyvqrrr6r4rc. H poyvqrrrrlrou5 6rcnepcrr6rqrceivorliyo prrcpdrepq o16 rq povd6o(F<t) rrpdyporrou oqpoiver6rr 11rprpdvroq rous o€ ivo pcryvrlrrr6rre6ionporole i rrro ne6(opro ptrprl e{ooOivqoq.Eivorro trey6pevo\npctyvrlnxtt utrrrd.

Yndplouv ordpa opropdvautrrrd6rrcrr5 ro uypd KGrro orepe6 o{uydvo,ro lpc6proKorro cpyiXroq 6ro'nepardrrlrcrov onoirrrv eivor trryopeyotrdreprlo116rq provd6o.Trr ufuxdourd Xoporrqpi(ovror rapapayvrynrcd. rnv onoic 0c urroorei o protroO'rI Hlexrpopoyv{rr1g.H prcryvrlrron rdg oibqpogoro so<rlr€prrc6 rou peuproroqrdpou oolrlvoer6o6ge(vor npoo<oprv(.Arcprei 6oo lpdvo 6roprce f (dr rl p€upor-o66rr1oq.

H rrpoooprv6rqro aurq a{rorroreircr Fs rrlv roroore url r1tre rcrpoproyvqrc6v.O qtrerrpopcyvqrqg eivar;.rro6rdro{q fiou cxfiorrleirqr q116peuporo6oro6prevo oolqvoer6i5rcororrd potraxdoi6qpo.Tiroror rllexrpopcryvrlre5 urrdplouv orq qlercrprxrirou6odvlo,oro rqlicpro-

t Eivorardpc ro yc6olfvro(Cd) xor ro 6uonp6oro(Dy).

e MAtN HT]KE: AA I-]^ENIAPAIEI)

vo, oro qlerrpopayvqrrrd peydgrovoaMil Kdrorous errrrcrXuvrig goprrq,rdv<ov o<oporr6icov rrou XprlorForrore' q o6yXpovqdpeuvo. o't. frq vo <ndpcrrFrrposD4 poroorxldrq. Flo vc <rrdperFrrpog ro ouroxivqro q q por-oorrlirq pd(oupero rtrer6frq5 Frlxqvfs Korro c'rpirpouperrpogro 6e€rd.Me qur6v'ro'urpdrro evepyorroreiror rrl prroivo rdrtropo fiorr rreprloppdv€r ropio, 66o er6c6vrotrc66ro,dvov 11tre rrpov6pro(pelf) r(qrrrl pi(o. To rrp<iBl4po eivordrr yro vo €vtpyofiorq0e i ro Forf.p ypefi(ercrrrrotrdpeydlo pedya exxivqoqcrrdv<rr on<i100Apndp.f( aor6,6rr<og<poiverqrKororo oXqpro,urrdplouv 6 6 o ru rt rc 6 p 0 r0 .' O rq v y u p f o o u p ero xler6f rle iverro rrprilro, our6 6r1tro6r1 pe rq trerrrd xofu66r,r,ro orroio neprtroppdv€rrn 6crr6erdpolrrl prroropio rar ro peld. To pedpooro npc6roaurd rc6rlcopra eivarrrepirrou1 opnfp Kqr€v€pyorroref ro petr6.To rrrlvio,6qla6q, peuprcro6oro6trrevo trerroupye f <o5poyvrlrnsKqrdorcef66voprloro or6epivroorilelo5 otr6te rlefvtr Korro 6e6repor6rtropo.

Iro 6erirepo ou16 rc6rtrorpro p€ rd Xovrpd rolc66rc ouprperdXer 11;.rnarcp(o olld ro pefpo eivorrrol6 yeydlo. Aur6 ogeinerorKororrlv nol6 prrpq ovrforoorl ralv xotrrobiol,. r.x i H riPtlrvri oro rrlldgtovo. To prrpd<provo rreprdXer r6rrou5 dvOpcroor orroiorou1lr6xtrorporor ;retdlouvoro FlKpoqorvr16 enrlped(ouvrrlv rrprrlrou pef pcrog pe r4v cvriorooq roug. Kc0c65prld;re,or perapoli5 rrlg nieoqgrou odpo npoxolo6v I

e

orrlv rrldKCIrou l-rKpogc6vou rrolprxd5xrvrloer5 <i6rcgpoprpqg>.

Au16 nporotrefavdtroyegperopolig orqv orioroorl rrou napouord(ouv or r6rror rou dvOporope ouvirr€to\'o 6ropopgc6veror ivo peropollopivo FrKpog<ovrxd pe6pro, o, 6's6srpdvo€rs rou onoiou eivqr or rrcp6poregpe ereivegrou dpxrKodrlXou.'Eror,o r11o5 6qproupyef qlexrprr<6 pe6pcro onoio prord(er preour6v.

To orouorrr<d neprloppdve r 6vovpoyvr1rno orro(o5rreprpdllerqr qrr6 nqvio evririvq or6epdvro euxivqroilaopc ppiorerorrovrd orov payvtpq1orpi5vo arouprrderndvo r-ou.

Ko6c6g'ro qler<rpr16 prrpocprovrx6 pefpo €v€pyorror€i ro x6rlopo rou oxouorrxo6ro p€upqrogdponrf io 6qproupyef poyvrlrr16 rre6io,or lpovrrcig6rorupdvoers Touonofoueivcrrrop6protss F€€reivegrou prKpogcovlxoti pedpraro5.

Or ouvineregeivorovopevdpeve5.To iloopo riOerqroe notrprrq rivqoq pe rropdproreg 6rorupdvoer5orr6rerrcpdyerarr;Xo5.Kard rq lerrcupyic,lorrr6v,rou oKouorrro6 ro qlexrprr<ipedpa 6qproupyefrilo o onofog potri(el;re qurd.

Me ovdloyo rpcirrotrerroupyo6vKqr1'o preydgalvo.Nsr6, B€poro,6ro0irouv pepppdv4q orroio nopcrl,err11opeydAqgdvrooqg.

Iro rqligcovO/or0 prrcpd,<pcovo, oro peyd,povdKOtorq orcouorrrd rroi(eror ivo <rrorXvlbr qtrerrprxc6v peupdrov xor pcryvqrc6w.

H eworo poyvrlnKo6inotro Av pdAoupero peuporogdpo o<olqvoer6d<; ne6io rdo€ prcxyvnrrK6 rco qrrd rrlv eni6pooq rrrlv 6uvdpearvLap,lace ro oolqvoer6i5 0o rrpooqvqrofuoref. Kd0e orrefpo rou 0q arrorelef dvo peuparorpdpo rrloioro. Irq Oioq euoraOodg roopponiog o d{ovog rou orotr4voer6oti5 0o eivor nopdtrlqloq rrpos ro 1-toyvqrr16 ne6io Kor rq 66o dKpo rou 0o ppiorovrdr rrrrs ovriororleg 6io Oioer5rrou 0q ppforovrdv or rr6lor ev6gpop86poprpoupcryv(rq.

4116r4v dtrlr1nleupd, ovrrperotnf(o'urog'ro o<olqvoer6i5crrg nqyq pcryvqrrrorlne6iou e(nope 6rr ro nr6io ro onoio 6qproupyei Oupf(erTo ne6io ev6g pcryvrlrq pop6dpop(pou.Iro e{coreprr6 rou oolqvoer6o65or 6uvoprrig ypoppig roreu06vovrcr o116ro ivq dKpo rou ocolrlvoer6orlgoro dMo, 6ncr;goxllrp6g oro rre6io rou poW4rn or ypoppd5 roreu0dvovrar o116ro fi6perorr<ilo rrpo5 ro vdTt o.

Or 66ocuri5 noporqpr]oer5;rd5errrrpi'nouvvo rcrxuptorodpre d(6ncoqror rdOepeuporocp6po rr ro p€upororp6poocotrqvoer6fs rrlcxioro)eivorivo poyv4rrx66fnolo. Or i6regautf5 noporqpqoer5 prnopodv vo pos poq0rloouvo€ fro rroparrdpoeprpdOuvorl orrlv dvI

e

\

voropcryvrlrr16 6inotro.=ipoupercor'oppyvdrr, 6rrtogrd0e dMrl oqnpnpivn iworq rq5 guorrqS,\ tvvon payvqnx6\inoAo avag(.perdr oE tva npdypa rou 6evnpoo\rcpi(erar (unoypxnnxd) an6 rr:' yopE4 rou, npoo8ropi(trar 6F-q @noypeurtxd)mrd rq ouyTr€.ptgopd rou.'Evo ;rcryv4rrxd 6inotro0o pnopcfoe vo iler rr1poprpqev65 pop6opoyvrlrq,ev65rurfurorl peu;rorocpdpou oycoyofr1rr1 ev65 peuprcro<pdpou ootrqvoer6odg. vo Oo prrropodoe 6pcrrg Fopg{ eivor ror rdrr oov <po6porouri> rrou 6evp nopo6pevo ro ovoi{oupe.To xlerord cur6 <rouri>0s €r'vor pcryvrlrrx6 6inolo 6l yroriiXcr xdrroroouyxerprpivnFopg{. Oq qrrorelei (q 6ev0s qrroretrefl6f(4 6evnop,ruordiier) rrolo errer6ry nopouord4er prc opropiv4oupfisprcpopd, e<p6oov 6qlo6n o. Mioa oe oproyevi5 evc6ro i6ro pcryvrprx6 re6io ugiorcror fipoodvorotrropd.

p. ,Arlproupyef papr;rrrcd 'ne6io,or 6uvcprxig 'ypoFFiSrou onoiou <qrrue6vovrarorrd pro ,rproprfvq rrepropl (p 6 p ero gn d lo 5 ) T rp o s .rrodMr1.

AE(1et rilo5 vc o4pre ror0e(6rt ro poyvlrrrd 6irotro eivor o onloforepoq poyvq'rr165 crxnForrop6g.

Erov qtrerrprop6o qrrtroJorsposoXtlportopdsfiou urrdplereivqrro rxrropovor;rdvo rltrexrprrcd goprio (q) evc6ro rllerrprx6 6inotroeivorc,1q;rorrop65 ouv0er6repos.

I

e MAINHT KEI AAAI1AETIIAPAIEI:

O Ftly rrop65 Ktlr n 6optl rq5 ritrqg To 1820eivor,dror5 {ipoupe,q lpovrd rrou ro neipopcOersted <yiwqoe>rq pdorpqunorgioyro rdrroro rr>rvdoqpeioovdpeoooro qlerrprrd Kqrrs gcryvrlrrrdgorv6peva.Er-qerqr6 rrepinoulpdvro rrou qrolo60qoov -ror ev<6o rllexrpopalvqrrop65eiXeopXioervo olld(er rrlv errdvorr15ovOpcondrrlrog-x.uogopqOrlKr Kqr6ropopgc60qre11Oeopio rrou eivqrono6errq pri1ll orlpepa.

Idpgcrlvcye ourrlv o Hqyvnrrsyrigogr:iAerotorrs xrv{oer5rtov 4lexrpovialv rrou ou;.rperdlouvoro riropc. Ag pdloupe 6p<ogro npdyporc oe xdrrorqoerpd.

4116rq 6exqerio rou 1820or guorrof ovcryvolpi(ouv rno 61166o <av6poro> npdyporo drr<og o <puorrd5 Kor ro peuporocpdFcryvnrrls po rrloioro 6rlproupyodv ivo nopdporoonordtreopc.Anivovrr oro yeyovd5qur6 or rrrOqvoi6pdporrrou 0q ltnopodoevo rpopq{erq guorrq ordqq rlrov rperg: (c) Tc 4lertprxd pefycro rreprdlouvrrirrolougo6porougquotro6q pcryvqreg.

(F) Ot rpuorxoipoyvqregrpdpouvxd'norqo6porc qlercrprrcd pe6;rorc. (y)Yndplouv 66o 6rogoperrrigrrnyis pcyvqrropof.

H dnoqrq rou AmpEre.O Ampdreuroorrlpr{e o0evopdrq 6e6repq dnogq. Oavrdorqxe6rr or puorqpr<66er5 161614r€5 rcovFqyvqrriv dnpenevc ogeilowor oe o6pcro xletord qlerrplrri periporc, 6rr o pcryvqrropr6g, 6r1trc6rj, eiXepio ror pdvo(rrny{Drr ourq qrov rc qlexrprrd pedproro. drr doo Krov Kopporrd(oupe ivo payvqrqnpordnrouv ndvro pcryvqre5 prrp6repor.

To yeyov65 ourd pdg o64yeforoloyr-ipouge xd ouprripoopc6rr Kqrro rrro prlrpdrpr];rrlraevdgpayvrprlorror€tro6vororXerc66erg poyvrlre5.To rporvdllevo qrov yv<oordorov Ampdre. orrd ourd, roXupiorrl<e 6rr ror oro prrpdraro rprlpcxrc-exrvcdvrog rrlg 61115 -rc p<ipra6rrcogrrior€r'e-undplouv xlerord ;rrrpoororrrrd pedparora orrofqeu06vovrcrr yro rrs prcr,pqrrrig1616TrlT€s. flcp6tro 6pr<o5 ro qvoyvcrlpro;rCvo xdpo5rou Ampdre11erropl rou 6ev rjrov <6prp11 vo uroOerrlo€r Flo rriroro drrorg4.ASpn FcS rqrd rq 6roge0yer6rr 6eroeriorou 182(l6evurrdplerorire v6{q yrd €o<or€prr4 6opr1r<ovordporvKotyto rrvoripevarllexrpdvrc.H rI

e

l,tt9

MAfNHTTKE: A^^H^Enr^pArEr:

6iq rou AmpErea1ruoqOqre cMd 6ev{e1dor4reevrel6g.

H dworq payvrynxf ponf. fo rr; ouyrp<irrl(T FraSOecopio5 yro rov poyvrlrrop6XprlorForrorrlOqre err6g crr6 rrlv iworo payvqnrc66irro.lorqr 11iworo / priyeOog yayvqnxrlpoTri, q onoio orrorelei ro ororXeioraurdrqrog rdOepaprlrrrof 6rrrcilou.EivorpdyeOog 6rovuoporrxd.H rore60uvo4rnS opiorrlxe€rot riote, xo0<65 ro 6irrolo npooovoroli(eror ;rioo oe payvqrrr6 rie6i'oq payvqrrrrlponq rou vd reivervq orrorrrloerrrlv rorerjOuvorlrou pcrprlrrro6 rre6illo ix€r ouvencir5 roredou. H ;rcrpqrrrqpon4 ev6gpap6opcrl,vnrn pdpero 0uvoq orrd ro v6rro n6lo rrpos ro ev<611pcryvqrrrrlponrl ev6g peuporog6pouayoyod 0q eivorrdOer-qoro errine6orou 16xlou ror prexore60uvoqrdroro <oorevo ov'rorrorpiv€rqlorov rrpoocvorotrrop6.

H ohxrl pcrprlrrxrlporrq ev65ouor4polog 6rrr6tr<ov eivorio4 trre ro 6rcvuopcrrx6d0poroporov pcqrurlrrxc6v pon6v.'Evo o6orrlpro 66o xuxfur<ov peupdrov rov orroirovrq errirre6seivqrnopdtrlqtro iler ouvofur4pon4 p46iv erpdoovor gopCgr<rlv66o peupd'rcuv eivor cxwipporre5.

H rivqo4 rorv r;lerrpovicrv n4yri rou Fqlvnrrspod. Kctd rq 6e6repq 6excerio rou qrc6voFoSor <puorxof i;1ouvrrro 6e10eipro €ooreprrrl6opqyro rd0e dropo rr iXouvuroOerqoer ivo opropivopovrilo yr' ourd. Iro oroprr6 povrfAo,rcdOe qtrexrp6vro rreprgdperor y6p<rlorrd rov rrup4vo oe rtreror( rpolrdr evcrrrour6xpova rr€ptorpigeror oo <opo6po)ydptoon6 rov eo;ur6Tou,oupl-l€rf1er 6qIo611ror oe pio rivrlorlovdloyrl pr rrlv rlpepqorarr€prorpogrxqxfvrlorl rou rrlavrlrq pa5.

Aplxd 0e<op{Or1xe 6rr q neprcpopd rorr rllerrpoviou y6po on6 rov rruprlvo,roo66vo;r4pe <xleror6pedp<x> -6qlo6r1pe ;.rcryvr1rrr6 6inolo- qrov une60uvrlyrCIrr16qproupyiorrov prcryvrlrrxobv ne6icov rcovFcryvrlrc6v.

Aurd 6;ro5 6eveivornopd 6vo prxp6FipoSrns orlpeprvr;g drrog45. flol6 o6vropoerrerpdrqoe q r6io 6rr 11rdpron4y4 rou Fcrl^,nrropo0 rlrov q r6rorreprorpoq{rorv qlerrl:ovicov4 orroia iler 6re0vco5errrrporrloervo liyeror spin(onrv).

Kord rrlv 16ro,reprorpogq ev654le rrp,oviou,q xivrloqrou qlerrpovrro6 gopriou prropeivo Oecopr10e f roo66vopqpreorrerpoord xurhrd pe6poro.Ko0ivo o116ourd rooiiuvayefpe prrpooxorrr16 poyvrlrr166inolo orr6re ror ol6rtrr1po'ro rrsptorp€gdpevorllerrpovrr6 goprio roo6uvapeiFe FcrlrrlrrK<j 6fnolo KorXopqKrrlpi(eror o116opropdv4poyvqrrrrlporr4.

BCpcroro povritro ev6grylerrpoviourrou rreprorpigerory6p<o orrd rov eour6 rou e(vqrnol6 prlXcvrorr 16 xql 6evyivercr qrro6eI

116 on(r rq odyXpovrlrpovrrrcq guorrrl. Oordoo q 6nop€q Fayvqrrr4<;porr{Sorc ororlerr66q curd oopdrtq efvotorlpepoeupriroro orro6exrrlrar Oe<opeiror 6rt oyeri(eror pe rcdrrorqev6oyerr1rivrloq. vrl rreprcirporpr Eeivu rulcio ufur6,dnoq ei vor, ldyou 1dprv,o 1otrr6gq o y6lup6og,rdOeivo crr6 ro r1trerrp6vra ncpouord(er opropivq 6pcyvrlrrr(pon4. Or xrv4oer5 ilouv r-iro\/ qtrercrpovicov F<rrS c6ore Torousrfpooovorotrropodg ioq pe pr16fv. ponrl vq eivot pdKpooKonrrd ouvohrq puyvqrrrq 4 payvqreg.Or pcryvrlrrrcig Aurd dya4 6evroXder yro rous p6vrprouq rupi<rl5crrd rq pondgKorrs payvrprrdrre8iorrou 64proultyo6vrcr spin ror,,rrlle r<rpovi<ovroug 6ev otrlqloovorpodvror atrtrd ouvOdporrq ror ro Touv Trl proyvrlrrrcrl pcyvqrr<d rre6io rrou ouvo6e6et rd0e poivqrq pr6vr;ro.

H Oeopic Weiss. Kdrr ovdtroyo ouppaiverKoro€ 6lo ra or6rlpopcryvqrrrrdufurd. H 0eopio dpog i vo e{qyqoer cour4 6ev prrrope 16rorrepdrqrdg tou5. rrdtrurq rr5 H r6roireprl oul.Irrsprgopd r<ov or6 qpopayvqrr rr6v utrrxcbv epprlverierorrotr6repc pe rq leydprevql)eorpiaWeiss (BdrS).Eiutrrr<6 vor firo Oeorp(ofiou ufioorrlpf(er drr rcd0eorSqpopayvqrrr<6 rou rr1 Oeppo-oe Oepporpaoialopqtr6repq orrd XqpcKrrlprorrrrl r<pooioCurie- qrroreleiror arrd prxpooron'rxi5 neproldg rrou ldyovrqr ptryvqrrri5 rreprold5 (domains)Weisr;.To dropcx r<d0eneproXrlg iXouv pcryvqrrrig ponig <ouorqpd> rrpooovorotrroprfve5npog prroopropdvqrore60uvoq.

'Orqv ro or6qpopcrpqrr16orirproppeOefprioc oe rdnoto <e{otepr16>pcryvqrr16ne6io, or FcryvrlrtKigpondg rdOe rreprolq5 reivouv vq rrpooovorohorodv preonoritreoFc ro rr<6;ravq qrrorrd pcrl,vnrrrcqporrq Kor vG prayvqrf(eror.Ie opropivc ufurd o rrpooovcxrotrlopr6ge{orolouOef vo ucpior-cratrot perd rrlv orroprdrpuvorlarrd ro I

h

e AAAHAEIIIAPA:E : MATNHTIKEI

ne6io.Tq ufurd qurd t,ivoror 1ru<oorof pqs Fdef<oreprrd;rcryvqrrrd vrporprcyvqreg.

Ie dtrlegdp<ogrreprrrr<6oer5, arr6 rq orryprlrrou na6ervo errr6pdro e{<orepr16 ne6fo,r1Oepprrrlrivqoqi;rcryv4rr16 rq vo encxvfplo\rror orqv rrporlyofpevq oov onoritreopo ufurd Xsr rordorooq.

Or ypc;-rprrdg 6roordo€rsrtrrvrr€prolcbvWeissilouv piyeOogrrlg rd€nSrcov10-:pdXpr10-'cm,rrptrtF0 fiou oqpoiver6rr yivovroropcri5 ror pe prrpoor6rrro.

'Olo qurd qrrorelodv ropprdrro ;rra5 Oeopiog 11orroic 6ev i1e r pr{Xpr Evvoefror6rr yro orlpepo avorp,eOei. ro n<itg 0o ovrrloppovdpoor€ r0 rrpdyporcx oripro 6ev prropotipe vc xdvou;;e rcoprrri np6Btrerprl.H e€tfu€n rr1s enrcrr1ylS eivar yn evrurutonxq 6rc& xaoia ap g rcp qr r7o Eev/ 6nq) €.6o etuv, e',raAqoe6o xnv, evon o rqo€u)vt e6parcboeuv Ko,tsvdrpordsv q onoia 6evoraltcrd,et nori.

No ouvor}riooupe : 1. OAo ro l.royvqrrrd ne6iq oge(lovror or 4lexrprrd gopria xrvofpevc.

2. H rfvr;oq rri0e 4lexrpoviou pdoo oro riro;ro xor xtipto 4 t8rorrrprorpog{ rou 6qproupyei dvc moryr:r66rg pcyvqrrxd 6fnolo rar euodverar yto rr5 ;rolruqnrdg r6rrirqreg rtov drugriporv ufuxr6v.

3. Or npoocvorofuopof Tou rropouorriiiouv rc morlertir6n Fqyvqrrrri 6inola orov prxp6KooFo rou rd0ri o6;rcrog pnopodv va pog 6rroroloy{oouv rrs FqKpooxorrrxdg;r<:yvrlrrrdgrdr<irqregrou oriporog.

4. Irrg ofyXpoveg onrirper5 yro rov orliqpopoyv4rropri sFrrsprdlerar xcr 4 OetopiqWeiss. AeXripuore cirr rq or6qpopoyv4rrrri ufuxri orrorelodvrar qrrd ;rayvrprrdg rreproldg oe xdOe pia clnri rrg orrofeg u<piororcr dvog <ouornpdsD lrpooovqrofuopdg rtov morlero6t6v Fqyvqrr Kt6v 6rnriltov.

T

e II MATNHTI KE: AAAHAEI'IIAPAIE

petr6vorcpe;.raopivq Mro pcryvqrrxq pe raror6pucpovrlpoo116ro xipdpouS vrpo rlS, rrpoo-ovorotri(eror ror(i rrlv rore60uvoqrou yqrvou Fcyvnrrrorjne6iouB,erp6oovpiporo orqv rr€ptoxr;rrlg 6evundprre6i<ov rrou vcxerrr6podv rrdvotrqg. louv dMe5rrnyis pcryvqrrxr6v To yeopoyvqrrrdne6(ooe rcdOe oqpeibrou Xcipouror oe rd0e lpovrrrl oTlytr4neprypdgerorFr ro morl:io rou 6rov6oporogB. To 6rdvuopoB rdOerdrrou ovqreroe ivo ou6s6p,U5uororar6pugo errine6o nou l6yerot yayvrynx6q, peor1pppu6qroor6nou.

Arrd ro rilog rou 15ouorc6vqor Euponoiory,'<6pr(ov 6rr 11pcryvqrrrrl petr6vo6ev6eilverorprpcigrrposrov (i6perondlo. To rcrox6purpoerrirre6o(;rcryvqrrr6g preoqppprvdg) crroorroio toopponefo;qpori(er pe rov yeoypocprr6 peorlppprv6 rou r6nou pro 6ie6p4ycovio4 onoio ldyeror pcyv4rrx{ onrirfuoq. Kd0esrr6KltorlXqpoKrqpi(eror o5 cvorotrrxqq 6urrrr1,ecpdoov wriaroryo o pdperog n6log rq5 peldqvorofurd ppiorcercr vog q 6urrrcd rou ystol/pogrro6 peorlppprvod.

Mro or6prorroporrlpqoqfiou frqvqv t:rriorlgor Eup<oroior rord rov err6yevocrc6vo,rlruv 6rr rord rrlv rortpporriorq5 q pel6va 6ev qrrxvopr(d,vrlo.Irq ytrc6ooa rou rre6iou prrroporipe va rrodpre 6rr oe rd0e rdrro ro 6rd:vuopo B oXrlpori(€rp€ro opr(6vrroerrine6oprioy<ovio rrou triyercr poyvrlrrx{ d1x,tro4.'Orqvro 6rdvuopo B r.oreu06vsr0r fipos ro rdrcr -6rro5 ouppoiverorrlv Eup<6rrq11dyrfuoq0eorpeirc 0errrrl.Ie ovriOerrlrrepfrrroroqq iyrfuoq 0ecopefrqr opvnrrK4.Iuvq0og qvo1 6 ru p e ro 6 rd v u o p oB o e 66o rdOeregouvrorr6orsK0rd rp6ro c6orerqr or 66o vo avrl Kouv oro errfrre6o rou FcryvrlrrxodpeorlpQprvod.H pio o116rrg ouvrorrrioeg(8") eivor

opr(6vrro*ror q dllr; (B")eivor,piporo, rc<r'roxd,pugr1,

* llpdrrer vo or1;reroOei6rrq polvrlrrr<( pel6vo rqv onofo ouvr10<o5 6ro0droupeeivor orperrrrj rrepf xcror6pu<god{ovo. Aur6 o4poiver6rr rtxrd rqv rfvqorl r45 6rorrlpeircr oe opr(6vrro erri,re6o.'Orcxv,ouven<og,roopponeipcg 6ei;1ve r rrlv opr(6vrlo ouvtorooc rou ye<opcryvqrr ro6 ne6iou.

MAINHT]KE: AAAHAEN IAPA:EII

Ee rdOelpovrrrl orrygrl Kdroe xdOe16rro ro yrlrvopcyvrrr16rre6ionpoo6ropi(eror orrd,ro rpio ;.rcqrurprrd ororleio: o) rqv Foyvnrrxrlorr<ixlron9) rrl proyvqrrxq Cyrtrroqror y) tqv opr(dvrrqouvror<lroq B.. Or rrpig xor r,:rlvrpr<6vpoyvqrrrov ororXeicov ncpouord(ouv nepro6rxi5olld ror orr6ropegperopold5.Or nepro6rxd5 peropolig efvcrrlpeprlor€S Korerqoreg.

Or orrdropegperopoT'igouvo6e6ouv opro;16vo guorrd <porvdprevc 6ncogeivoror qhordg rr1Af6eg, ro noh16 oitrog Koror o€ropof.

To 66o oqpeiorrrs orrofo 11iyrfuoq efvcr iorl pe *90' rcrr-90' ro orlpreio 6qlo611oro onoiq 11rpripoopivrlpcryvqrrrrlpet r6 v oy iv e ro r ro rq r6 p u g n q rro re lo 6 v rou5 66o pcrlruqrrro6g n6trou5rrls fns. Or 66o aurof rr6trorppiorovrqr rovrd orous y€oypogrKo65ndtrousX<rrpfs dp<ogvc oupn(rrrouv pe ourodg.Iro pdperorlprogciproxovrd oro popero6urr16 ppioxeroro ivog yso)Fcryvrlrrrd5 dr<porq5 l-porvlcv6iog 116lo5,o oqrrorelei ivq rroiogo6pg<ovcF€TouSopropo6grrou iXoupe6eX0ef <v6'rro> pcryv4rrrdndtro.

Ie prorrrp<6rr1 npooiyyroq ro yea)Fcryvqrr16 rre6io0u;ri(erro ne6io nou 0o 6r1proupyo6oeivog pcp6opayv4rrl,;o onoio50c ppror<irov o'ro rivrpo rr15Fq5rcr 0o oXrlpdrr(eproy<lviorrep(rrou11,5' pe rov yrlrvod(ova rreprorpog4s.

T

e

trsl 11y*:t1^ryapa:rr: .l

3.9.florqeivcr4 eliooloqopropo6rou ;reyi9ougyuyvryrtx46nnepar6rqra;\ noprordver ro rdOeodppoloo' ourrl rqv e[fooorl; 3.10.l-loroeiva 11r6rorrepdrrlro rorvor64poprayvrlrrr6v uhrr6v; 3.1.o) Trorprp<i5ewoodpeHsrov dpo6tlvaltrl Laplace; p) Ie roro oupnepdopora, oXerr(dp€vq H€ rr16r1vap11 ourq, ;rd5o6r1ye i 11nerpoyorrx4 ipeuvo;

3.11.l-lorouhrd lcporrrlpi(ovroro) 6ropoyvqrrrdp) nop,rpayvqrrxd; 3.12,Atr6r q'rorelefroro rllexrpopoyv4rqg; l-loror6r6'rqroa{ronoreirorrord rqv rorooreuf rou;

3.2.flc6gopr(erar4 6rerj0uvoq rou ;leyiOoug 3.13.No ovogripere riooepr5egoppoyd5 11tvrao11yayvqnxoi n e6iou ; Ierrpo;rayvrlrciv.

3.3.q) florqeivar11ouprneprgopd evd5peuH rivqoqrdOe4trerrpoviou roo6uvopei nlqroiou prioaoe opoyevi5po- 3.14. ;.rorog<5pou pepuyvqrrrd6fnolo.Ie norq rivqoqovogeyvqrrxdne6(o; p6poore; p) ndtgepprlvtrieror Oeopqrrrdrl ouFnsprgopd ourq; 3.15.Treivqror neproXdg Weiss; 3.4.Peuporo6oro6pre ivo peroMrrdntrqioro ro onoioppforerorpfoo oe poyvqrlrdne6io.floroeivorro epnd6ro nou 0o qvrprronfooupenporerpdvou vo 6rlproupyrloou;re dvov rllerrprr6rrvrlrrlpa;l-lc6g {enipoow ro epnd6ro our6 or reXvrrof rqg enoX45 rou Ampdre;

3.15.Trliyercr poyvrlrrrrl ondrhoq; fldre ovorotrrrq; Xoporr4pi(eror 3.17.Trtriyerorpcryvqrrr(dyrfuorl;l-ldreXoporrqpi(erorerrrrrl;

3.5.Kd0epeuporocp6pos cr),tlly6s 6qproupyei payvrlrrr6ne6io.And rr e{oprdrorq ivroorl rou HcryvqrKorj neEiouo' fvo oqpeio rou I{a cvcpool.l}o0pe... a) orrl yevrxrl nepinroorl p) oe nepinr<ooq nou o ay<oydg eivqreu06YpCIl.rpos; 3.18.l-leprypdqrre 66orp6nougH€rous oro pcyvrlrrr<5 3.6. fleprypdqrrs ne6foevdg nofou5pnoporiyevo ovrXvedooupe rrlv 6eu0uypdpyou peuporo<pdpou oyroyo6.Kd- nqpqripcryvnrrrod ne6fou. vr€ Ksrivo xordtrlqlooX4F0.

Laplace 11oorodpev4 oe eu3.7.Trliyeror nrlvfo;Trro r6rofrepo ev6rq- 3.19.H 66vo;.rr1 0fypappo pruporo<pdpo oyrrlyri o ofiofos <pdpov ncpouord(er 6voo<olqvoer6d5 nqvio; ppioxeror oeop,ryevrig payvrlrrrdne6io 3.8. lleprypdqrr€ ro poyvqrrrdne6ioevd5 a) 'E1e r rrlv roredOuvorl rov 6uvo;rrr6v peu;rurogdpouocolrlvoe r6orj5. ypcppc6v rou rrt6iou h

-e

lg*Tr

KEr A^^H^E'l1iE rr

B) fivor rdOerrlmov cyroyriar6po rcov o o- oTr ro gorvoP€vo ytrly6s6eveivorxd0erogorr5 6uvoprri5 rou ne6fou ypoHHiS y) E€oprdrorqnd ro ultrd rou cryoyoti rr1peyol6rep4rrprl erprioov o 6) EFgavf(er oyory6geivornopdllrllo5 perr5 6uvoprrd5 ypqppds rou ne6iou.

Menorosn'ourd 6rogoveite; 3.20.Mdoaoe opoyevi5yoyv4rr16ne6io ntroforo.Tr0o Bpiorerorivo peuporocptipo rrl ouppefov avrrorpigouperour<iXpovo ne6iouror rq gopd qopd rou poyvqrrxod ped;rorog; rou qlexrprrorJ euOriypcppo ofpyo pno3.21.'EvqXdtrrrvo pefvc rrveiroroe rorordpugo enine6oyripo on<5ro orl6vqro drpo rou, 6nco5oro dllo drpo rou efvcrpu0ropivo ox(pCI.To lerdvqg.To xdrltopo orov u6pdpyupo HrqS 6rcppieraron6 oroOepdpedpo(l) evc6rourdXpovoppioreroroe opoyevi5poyvrlrr16 ne6io(B).Tr0couppeiov(d)| = 0, B+ 0' (p) l+ 0,B=0'(y)l* 0,B+ 0.

3.23.flc65pnopcdyevo ovnlTopo0dooupe pdoo nou nopouord(ouv rrl ouprrrprgopd ne6io pro payvqttrrl oe opoytvigpayvrlrrxd petr<5vo ntroioro; xorivo peuparorpripo ne6io 3,24.M(sa oeopoyeviq;ruyvrlrrrd nloioro npoocvorotric) 'Evqpeuporog6po (eroriror <6orerr enine6drou vo eivqrnopdllqtronposrS 6uvoprrigypCIFpis. p) 'Evogeu0rlypcppog ptupororp6pos oytoy6g6evnpooovar-ol(erar y) Mro payvrlrrrrlpefuivonpooovaroli(erar drorc6oreo d{ovri5rrlgvo eivornopdM4}o5 ypcHtris. nposrS 6uvcprri5 Menoro0n' ou,(i ou;,rrpo.lvoite; ro oxivqrq6er'Xver 3.25.H palvqrrrl petrdvo (ouyKrvq0e vo i> ov Eivor 6uvardv Poppd. q) p) ntrrlordoou;,re 'jvovI,rCIyv4rl, ivo peupororpdpo rql66ro xd0eroorov d[ovd rr1g, noprpf.

Mts notq qn'ourd y) fva or6epfvro oupgoveire;

roug n6Tr 0o olld{e r ov ovrro'rpdqroup€ lou5rq5nly4S; rpoXd5onoretreirqr ond Xdlrr3.22.'Evog rgorrivegrorcveprlpdve5 o;rordve5roopqre rcr -dnrrlg gaivtror oro oX4poFopgCI dpnopef vo orpfgerorydpo on6 opr(6vrro pe {ovc (A).Or orrive5ipXovroroe eno<pr1 rrlgtrexdvrlg.O d{ovogneprrov u6pdpyupo ouv6dovror pt orpog(5 ror o u6pdpyupog rllerrpeyeprrrrl5 66vopqg. nqyq orcOepr15 f oe opolevigHcryvrlrAv ro orlorqpopptOe E{qyr1rd ne6foopXf(ervo neprorpd<peror.

crl,toeuOriyp oppo5peuporocpdpos 3.26.'Evo5 y6gonefpoupqrcoug snoretreinrlyqpcryvqrtpero ne6ioaurd,: ro6 ne6iou.Avo<prlprrd oqo) H ivroo4 rou rre6iouoeouyrerpr;.rfvo peio efvoravdloyrlnpos rrlv dvrooqrou pe6;,raroq nou 6rcppierrov ay<oyd p) H ivrooq rou rrE6(ou ora Erdgopcx orlpeio ovdloyrlnpos ro rerpdeivorovtrorp<icp<r"5 ytovorns an6or<ror1g rou orlpeiouon6 rov oyroyd. uy<oy65 efvoropr(dy) Orcv o peupcrog6po5 wrosor6uvoprri5ypotrpiseivorxurtrrxofoXrlLrorosro enine6orov onoitrveivoropr(6wro.

-e

ull I

MA IN H TIK EA: A A H A E I]IA P A :E i :

Menoroqrr'ourd oupgolveire; peupcroq6pog 3.27.'Evc5 euOdypoppo5 oyoyds oupneprgdperqr cosycryvqrrrd6inolo; Arroroloyrimer4v crnovrrlorl.

pefpcracnor0ofwor.florg cnd o;rrippor<r pnopodpe vo rfqyrlOoritrre Oealpqrrrd o' ou16ro oupnCpoopc;

pe p{ocolrlvoerDdg 3.28.'Evqpeuparogdpo rog U ror n oneipegonorelei nr1y4Fal'vnrrro0 ne6iou.EXerrxdpero ne6ioourd rou ool4voer6oriqro neu) Ero eocoreprxd 6io eivqropoyevdg p) Or 6uvoprxdg ypolt;td5 rou eivotrurfuxod o1{porog yi l-ie{iooo4 B = 4n lg k/0 pcg6iverro pdyurpo rls dwcoqgoe onoro6{noreor1;reio ptr)cnr6ro ool)\qvoer6i5.

Menorocrr'qurd oupgoveire; evdgpeuparog<ipou 3.29.Av mo eo<rrreprrd dvo roypdrr pclord ocofulvoer6odg Bdloupe oi64po: a) O oi64pog6ev0q pcryvqrrmei roypmrodor6uB)Iro drpc rou or6epdvrou voprrCg ypqppds0q nuKv(6oouv y) To 6rr <qivroo4 payvqrrrodne6iou0q p qopdg 0a o4poiver6rr q papqrau{r1Oei xri 6rcneporrirnrorou pclaxori or6{pouefp. vorforlye Menotc cn'qur6 oupg<oveire;

= h

e

ralv ordp<uvevdg 3.33.q) Tc q),errprivrq 6ev i;1ouv rilo poyv4rrx{ 6iorou ldlxrvou porr4.

'Ols rc 9) 4lerrp6vrorov ordporvev6gpdvryoupcxyv{rr1 dXouvpayv4rrrrlponrl. y) Or rrvrioerg -ulv nlexrpovi<rrv turv ordpov evrigpol6B6n'ouoortr{vqi;1ouvrdroroug npoocvmofuopougr6,ore11ouvofurcipayvrlrrr( pon{ vc eivcriorl prero pq6dv.

Menorq qn6 crurdou;.rgolvei're;

3.30.s) Er6rlpopcryvqrxd ufurd eivo ;rdvoo oi6npoSrorro ropdlrn.

B) O oi6qpo5ror ro ropdlrro 6rorrlpofv14 or6qpopayvqrrrdrrpd roug egdoovq 0epporpcofc roug eivcrprrp6repqcnd Cvw 6pro. 3.34.Menoro rrn6 ro ncpcrdro oupg<ovefTEi Menorocn'ourd oupqorveire; c) To pcryvqrxr5 6inolo npoo6rop(erorulTopro xopgiroo Kqrn 3.31.q) Av Oeppdloupe popg{ rou. crnd rr1 rqg (enepdoerdvo6pro,11rop- lpeorrxd Oeptrrorpooic p) H pcryvqrrrri peldvooupneprqdperqr ttls gfroo Xdverrq or6rlpopcryvrprrdrqra rr1g. pcryvrprri6inc'lo. p) !6rlpoycryv4rrrdufurdeivorpdvovo oi64- y) Kd0epeupotog6pooail4voer6Cg ouprrrprposKorro xopdrlrro. gCperor<rl5payvrlrrxd6fnolo. y) H poyvqrrrrl6ronepor6r4rororv 6ropo- 6) Kd0eeu06ypcppog peupcrog6posdl'olyv4rrx6vutrrrdlveivorpeyotrUreprl on6 rr1 ydgoupneprgdpercr o4 prxyv4rrrd 6inolo. povd6o. e)To ;rcryv4rrni6fnolo npoo6rop(erorulToMerrorocrr'curd oupqoveire; lpearrx<i crndrr1oupnepqopd rou. mr6 rq qkxrpovro ev65 3.32.A6o napriMrllor cyoryoi6roppe6pevor m) H xi'uqoqrcrOevdg

ordFouKorKUpitoS rl r6rofisprorpog4 rou 6nrr66e5 payvqrrxd proupyei ivo morXe 6motro.

1,6N. Io5 (qro,ipevo unoloyioererrlv ivroorlrou payvrlrrrori ne6iou.

3.35.No oupnlrlp6oerero xevdenrliyovrog on<iro nopcxdrco: . Bnpeo Korqrdpugo. . fstrlypogtKd,S Andrhoq o Opr(dvrro. Bouveo Apvrlrrx4 o Mayvrlrrrriso'Eyrfuorl Meoqppprvdg trCyeror ro ........ €ppioreror penine6ooro onoio q ;rayvrlrrrq l6vq 6rsv roopponei.

Mcryvqrrrrl .......... triy€rorrl yovfc nou oXrlyorf(erro 6rdvuoyo rou yrlrvoupayvrlrrrori ne6ioups ro .......... enine6o.Av eivqrB,o11opr(rivroouvrorc6oo rou yrlrvoupoyvrlrtKou neEiouB ror e 11iyrdroqroXder Boo . H iyrdrorlorrlv neproXrl rq5Amrr{5rivor.............

TTrirpopororrlg dXerpnpoord 3.38.KdnoroS rou ivqv rorordpu<po peuporocpdpo crl,oyd prlxoug80 cm o onoiogppioreroroe opr(dvno FcryvrlrK6 ne6io0,4T pexore60uvorl on6 6e&drrposol)ror€pdodpgovoF€rrlv ovrinqrgrlrou ficiporrlp4rq.To perjpo nou 6roppierrov oytuydeivor8 A ;rerpopdon6 vo fipoordro npogro fi,ivttl.Io5 (r1ro6pe rq 6rivuyqnou ooKtiro payv4rrrri 6rop(oere ne6ioorov peuprro<pdpo cryoyd.

I[c ].0ooupenpoptrfipctc

No 0ecoprloere yvoorrl r4v rrprlrqg orc0e(ior1 lt 10'N/A') Korrrlv rryq rq5 popd5 He = purrrqgenrrdXuvoqg I 10 m/s'.

'Evog pqroug14 3.36. eu06ypoppo5 crl'coydg cm 6roppirrorcnd pe6;rc5 A ror ppiorerar ne6io0,03T. No oe opoyevig;rayvrlrrrd rq 66vopqnou qoreiro pqnpoo6ropioere yvqrrxdne6ioorov cr)'oydegdoov ypCIppds o) eivorrdOero5 orr56uvoprxis p) oXqpror(er yovio 30 porp<ov yerrg6uvcprrdgypoppdg y) eivornopdMrlloqperr56uvoprri5ypop;ri5. r prlrog 3.37.'Evogeu06ypappog crl,trlyds dXe 40 cm,6roppieror on6 pedpo12A ror ppfne6fo.AronroKrroroe opoyevigpcryvrlrrrd f oeoproyivrl0ior16ev orc6veror rirr av ppe0e qoxeiroro'qurtjv 6dvopr1, evr6sv orpogef xqrd 90" q oorodpevrl 66va;rr1 eivoriorlpe

3.39.Oovroorefre drr ppioreoreo€ Frqn€proXrl rou lorlpeprvof dnou11ivrcorl rou Foyvrlrrrodne6iourr1sfns eivaropr(dvrrcxor Iro Xdprooagrpordre ifXerpdrpo3.10u--. vov opr(dvrroeu3rlypoppo crl,coy6 rov onoio Korfipooovoro\f(ererord 14 6redOuvorl Avorolrl-Atioq.Iloro0o eivorro pe6panou rov aycoyti, 0o npfner vo 6rrrppder c6orevo pnopei vo roopprlne i; Oecopqme drr ro ofpyo iXer pd(o 5.1t)'kgcvd pirpo pr6ou5. uycoy6q fiou lTopr3.40.O pruyorrlcpripog ordverqroro oXqyoppioreror;rioo oe opoyevdgproyvrlrrrci ne6foror oXqpor((er ivo op0oyr6vro roooxetrdq rpiyrovo.flpoo6ropiore nou ooreiror rr1ouvofurrlycryrqrrxq 66voyr1 o' dvt6 rov ayoyd.

3.41. Ara0irou;rr: dvoouppdrrvonloforoopoXr'1pruro5 6roordoetrlv10cmx 0oyr6vrou 30cmye 100onefpe5rqr qvriorooq2 O, ro ouv6iovrcqro drpo onoiopeuporo6cro6pe I

e

MAf NHIKE: A^^H^EntAPArE #l

rou p€nny4nl€Krpsy€prK{S 66vopr15 E= 2,5V rureooreprrqg avrimaoq5 r = 0,5O.

o) Ynoloyiorerrlv ivrao4rou 4lerrplrod p€uH0ros. p) To nloioro rpiperor qnd rov ivq 6ioxo (uyof dnrrlg oro oXqp@evri ro rordrrepo ryqpo rou ppioreror pdoo oe opoyevd5poyvqrrx6 ne6io B. Mrl6evi(oupero perlpa r<ar plinoupe 6rr yro rrlv roopponiq onqlro6vtar opro;.rivooro0prd. Orov peuporo6orodpe 6runrorcivoupedrr ylo vo undp(er roopponic lperd(erar vo npoo0ioouF€oro 6iorcoorc0pd 1td(ag 1,02 g. Arroroloyqore yrorf ouppoivrrourri, xor unoloyiore rrlv ivrqorl rou pcryvrprro6ne6iou B. 3.42. fldvtrrorou5 opr(6vlous Kqtnopdllqloug peralfuro65ayolyo65xx'rcr yy'roro-

cryoyo65lapi<; rprpfg xor prerpdno rilore q yarvianou 0a rrXrlyor(erpeourori5vc eivqr 8roprcog nerctroer6q5 op0r1.'Evo5 pqyv{rns 6qtrrroupyef orqv neproX4 r4g pdp6ouopoyrvi5 payvqrrrti'ne6io0,2T perpopdnpo5ro rdr<o.H pdp6o5pnopefvcnupopiverurivqrq eg<ioov oro 6ioronou noprmdvrrqroro ronoOe oX{FCI rq0odvopropivrlS pd(oS oraOpd.yn6|6ryiorerr1pd(o rrov onorrou;rivov oraOydl'r.

3.43.'Evo5 eu€rlypappog cq,oydsppioreror oe rorordpuqrqOfoqror 6roppierorond pe6po 10A perpopdnposrs ndvo. Io5 (qrofpe vo npoo5ropioere rrlv ivroo4 rou Foyvrltrrcod ne6ior-r oeon6maorl 2 cm urr<jrov oyrrlytiKqrvo (ruyKpivere rqv rrpr]rrlg peer<eivq rq5 opr(rivrro5ouvlorc6oc5 rou yrtrlpoyvqrrro6nr:6iou11onofo orrlv nepoXq nou ppiorerorrl ayoy6gefvor2,510''T. 3.44.'Evog eu€6ypoppoq oytoyd5 A ppioreror oe opr(dvrroOioqpnpoordoe rdnoro noporrlpqrrlrrrr6roppieror ond pe6po20 A qopdson<i6e{rdrrposro oprmepd.IuS (qrodpeva npooiiropioere o) rrlv dvrooql'ou Hcrf/lrKo6ne6iouoe oqpeioA ro enei6,ppiorerororo i6roopr(dvrro enine6oye rov ayoly6ror oe cn6mqorl 5 €rqrooT c6v grrd gurdv

p) rr166vopqrou 0q cor40efoe ivav dtrlo crl,oYdprlrou5| m, o onoiogeivornopdllqqr6 ro oqpeioA> lo5 npo5rov y',<rrepvder ror Eroppierorond pe6po4 A op6pponope ereivorou syo'fod A. 3.45.Or 6donopdllqlor oytrryof 6rappiovrot srrd pedptxrolr= 100At<otlr= 50Aoppiorcovror vriororlo. Ie rrorqneproX4 ro

praperotrtrrrrl Oereiror pdp6ogprp<ou5 10cm ror svriorqons 1 O. To drpo rrov perclllrr6vuycoyr6v ouv66ovrqr H€rous n6trougqtrerrprrrlqnly4s rqg onoiagrc <ororXe fo rourdrrlrcgl eivsrE = 10 V Kqtr = 1 O. H pdp6ogpnopefvo percrrvefrcr ndvo orou5 T

e MAINHTIKE:AAAhAEIIIAPAIEI:

onp€idoro oTroiqro FcryvrpKdne6iopr16e- TTou TTopouord(er ro orlpporou eivor1,5C). vi(ercr;(o) p6vomqv A; (p) pdvoml B; (y) To dxpo rou our\qvoer6o65 ouv6dovrdrp€ orqvA Koron1vC; (6)oe roprdond ourf5; rou5n6trougnq1'{5oraOepr15 HEA12 V rqr eo<oreprxrl5 ovriorooq5 0,5C).

Ynoloyiore 3.46.A6o peydlouprSougnapdMrllor ayorqv rou ne6iou nou 6qprdwaoq F,4ryrpKori yoiondXouv10 cm ror 6roppiovroran6 orou oolqvoer6odg. oupyeiror oro €o(DrrprKd pdpponaperiparalr= 4Axot lr= 2A.t-lpoo500oner6ropimerrlv ivroo4 rou FcryvrpKofnr6iou 3.51.Tootippon,riqo<ol4voer6o65 mo orlprioPro onoio ondXeron<iroug 66o p6v iXercrvrimc,rrl0,9Q.Era dxpurou otolqvoer6orj5egopp6(eror rdoq 9 V o) Ynolocryoyo65(oX4Fq)6 cm ror 8 cm cvrimorlo. y(mer4v dwooq rou pedporognou ro 6rappder.p) Iro eo<oreprrd rou ootr4voer6odg undpXeror6rlpopayvqrrxdg nuprlvago onoiog 5 cm r poyvrlrrrq6ronepordr4roF = ep<povf(e 1000.Ynoloyiorerqv dvroo4rou pcryvrprou oorlrlvoe rxodne6iouoro rotrlr€prr<i 1 0cm 6o69cv eivoryvalmd rirr ro pr;xogrou eivcr ioo pe40 eroroo'rd.

3.52.'Evsoup;ro'rdvro nlsioro iXerrerpdyopenleupd 10 cm 6roppierorund vo oXrypa peupol'= 20Arcr 0e<opeiror cBopd5.'Evog t, (l) oyroydsrieu06ypappog peuprorogdpoS 3.47.Lrsdrpo ev65oolqvoer6orig 500oner- rrerpouprixouglonoOerriror oro enfne6o pdrvecpappri(ercr 6rorpopd 24 V. rou nloroiou nopdMrllo npos rrlv nleupd 6uvo;rrrorl Icg (rlrodpevo nepryprirpere ro payvrlrrxd AD rot oe opropdv4 ondmoo4 b = 5cmffrd ne6iooro eoorrprx6rou oortrrlvoer6orig.

To ourrlv.o) fleprylldVr€ ro Foyvnrrrdne6io prixogrou oolrlvoer6o6g eivor40 exsroord nou 6qproupyei peuporo<pdo eu06ypappog ror q rllexrprrrlcwimoorl rou 3f). po5ayorydgoe rriOeo4peiorou nloroiou. p) 3.48.'Evooolrlvoer6dg pe4.000onerpe5 dXer Ynoloyimerr1ouvrmcpivrlrtov pap4rrr6v nou <roxorivrqr oro nlqioro ov p4rog60 cm. fljoo npiner vo €fvorro peripc 6uvdpe<ov fiou ro 6rcppder cilmemo eotoreprr6rou vs | = 10A. 6q;rroupyeiror payvrlrrrtine6io0,1T; 3.49.'Evooorlqvoer6ig 600onerp<6v dler prrjrog 50 ercroord xcr roprr( uvrimco4 2,5O. To drpo rou ouvbdovrorps rous n6loug trny4Speeooreprrrlovri prc5rl}errprr4S mooq 0,5O.Me er6rrtipcryvqr6perpo 6ronrorc6verordrr q dvrcorlrou Fq'f/rpKodne6iou oro eooreprr<i rou oolqvoer6orig eivor 4,521O'3 T. Eog(4rori;,re vo unoloyioereo) ro peri;rorou rurk6;roros KqrB) rqv rlle-

rrpeyeprrxrl 66vopr1 rnsnny4s.

3.50.'Evsoollrlvoer6d5 fler 200onerpe5 ror p4xog25 cm, evc611rllerrpr14ovrioroorl = e

AB,yqrou5 3.54.H paprlrrr4 iyrfuoqev65rdnou eivot perollrrd5sl,toY6s 3.53.'Evog ouvtmc6oorou Y€oFo66odpol- -30" ror 11opr(,jv11s 20cm,6rorrlpeiror ;rerr1po4Oera oeOdoqopt(6vrro.Ero i6ro yvqrrrorjne6io.teivor0,25.10'oT.flpoo6ropiov etrorrlpfolv ne6(ou or€ rrlv dvroorlrou ysoPcryvqrrxoU B-orov r6no aur<iv.Kdvereivc oXrlpooro ro payvrprrr5 onoiovo noptcrtdvete P€onFrns opr' ro 6rcv6oyoro xst r6nou rou Bpv6 (tivrrogKorrrl(; rcroxdpugrl5ouvtot6oog rou B-.

3.55.Mra pcryvlrrrrlpel6vo-nou pnopeiva d{oneprmpdqerorydptoond rorox6pu<po rr15 opr(d' 14 6re60uvor1 xord roopporT€i vo(Boo)rou YEoFcrYVrlrr xori vn oSouvlorrircro5 enine6orqt oe qrrdmooq5 cm ne6iou.Arprpc6g xcror<ipurpo dand ndvo rono0ero6pe rdror an6 ourriv ppiorerotdvogeu06ypo1t- vo rewopdvoxulc66ronopdMrllo fipos rov pogoytoydgdnerpoup4rou5.Peuparo6o- d{ovd rq5 oe o:n6orqoq4 cm' Peuporo6orodpt rou566oayolotiS pel, = 294 Kotl, = rofpe ro rql66ro ror 11peldvaorpdqerat prcvdo0i' on6re6rlproupyeiror 50A(oXrlpo) xsr622' .l-l<io1eivorq dvraorlrou peripoo' rog;Aiverat6rt Boo= 2,5 10''T rot 6rr e9220 rou AB,2 cm Xop4tr6rspq or1roopponic5 YnoloyimerrlmoOe- = 0,4. n<irqv nporlyoripevq. on6 to etrorrlPro. pd <b raOevdq

I

e AAAHAENIAPAIEI' MAiNHTIKE>

KepouvoiouBewlesKorgrXooogrrro r<tripo (An6onoo;.roon6 dpBpo Srlpooreupdvooro neprolirro @uoxoExooltoEl

dpXroov vo epgov(ovrorornpcire,;yponri5 poprupfe5 oXerAnd ro ydoorou 17ouorcbvo <porv{.revo rd pedvo<pumr1prci6e9 nodXeouppeiencverlqptrrdvo orrl 6rdprercvourrrc6vrs{r6rc6v.

Avogep6rcvorqv eni6poorlrtov Kspouvc6v ndvrooenu{i6e5rropoBrc6v nou ro{i6euov.

To yeyovd5erXenpo(evrloer rordnl4{q orougvourrro69nrlu drule vo ro noporqprlpuor4pro6eg ror ave{rlyrpo.

Enovertrrl;rpdvo r4v e{qyr1or1 oouv.To Oe<oporloov erXcv(r1rrloer rou cnd rou5enror4povrs rrls enoX4g vo ndpouvrdnorrrondvr4orl.TroXioqpnoXropig po6oevo iXer 11nrc6orlev6grepouvori;rerq ycryvqrrrrlpetr6vaprognu{i6o5; E6c6 6ev0o nprintt vo pos6rocperiye r drr 4 enoXrl6evyvopf(er oxd;runog rr repauv<ig eivcrqtrerrprxd pe6po.'Evqrirorou ei6ou5 epc6r4po onivovrroro onoioI enrorjprl rrlg eno14qi6erXve ovioxuprlvo ovrcnorpr0e i npdnervo FoSgdprr mo pucfuirc ovrimotXc<pum4pl664gcr. v6;rwo>nou unripXouvorqv rnoX( pag xcr pdvouvltopig xaprri xrilurp4 unri 14 onF€prv{ trrrorripq.Or rnrdpevor6ioror,ro rprycovo rolv Beppo66crlv, r1rqlendOero,eivcropropdvo povdXoon' ourd. H petrirrlrqg roropia5r4g enrorrlpqgeivori',ro5noki raldg rp<inoqva pogBorl0qoer va ouver6qronorrloouye drr 4 enrm{p4 nord 6evriivurxdn nou dler reler6oer,I enrm4pr;rd0eenoXqg 6evrivorr(noredMo and fvo o4peio o' ourq rrlv 6r<iloueu06ypqyFnrpoXrdnou rdver11av0pc6nrvrl ordqq ;rdooorrlvroropioAg[ovdp0oupe, 6pcog, orc pfoo rou 17ouorrirvoKororo np6plqporov nu{i6tov.

Mround,rrgnolrdrepegpoprupieg ndvo o' ourd ro npdplqponeprdXeror os HrqE'norolrl Xpovoloyrlpdvq oro 1676tl onoio mdl0qre qn6 ro Aouplivoorov er6<irqrou €nrorrlpovrrodnepro6r xotl<Philosophical Transactions>, Irqv enrmotr4cvc<piperor drr rord rq 6rdpxero vrlooug evd5ro{r6rofnposrS Barbados ro xopdprppror<drcv ror evc6 mov peoqppprv6 nou nepvder on6 n5 Beppo66eg dvog6uvor65 repouv6q pdnrloe ro ropdpr;repronol6 nopd{evr1 ouvinerq.Aprioorg ;rerdrrlv nrcioq rou nu[l6a onolTpooqvorol(mr1xe.

B6perog nd]og r4g ror o Ndrro5Bdprrog, O dyrve N6rro5 pe 4 onoritreopro ro nloio vo oplfoetvq arotrou0ef rqv orprpr65ovriOerr1 rore60uvorlon6 rqv opprrl, Ie hyo pdhmo 6ronrmri0qredr dlegor nu{i6egrou r,rpcpro6ppiorovravmqv i6rorordmaorl.

Ko0t65nepvdverc Xp6vraor poprupie5ndvo)o' qur6 ro Odp,rn6llortloord(ovror ror epnlouri(ovrat.Mtq rqtvodpro naparrlprloqeivor6rr petqv nr6oq rcrrvxepouvc6v ouppoiver vo pcryvrlri(ovrqt KotperoMrxdorefq, 6na4, yro nopd6erypo, rrr paXarptoKolro nqpodvro.

H npc6rrlrirotou ei6ou5 epnerpioava<pipercr ot proyoprupian<lurr uurrl6qpoore6rrlre mo qnd ro Wakefields. <Philosophical Transactions> orq 1735.Tqv6rqyeiror iva5 ipnopo<; Odluye oe pro[6hvr1rooflo dvopeydlooprOpd an6 paXoiproxornqpodvrorpayrlrodror drqv dneoe repouvdg6rqnimtooedrr ro pcrXorponqpouvo erlcv payvrlrrmei.To npdyprorc,lorndv, i6erxdnoro vo 6r oXforl dnpene undpXer uvdpeoo mov r<epouv,5 Kororov payv4ropr6. lvov I

e MAINHTIKE:AAAHAETIIAPA:EI:

O Benjamin Franklin, nou eivoryvrrlor<55 oav egeupdrrls rou ole(rrfpouvou,unr]p{epio cnd rtg peyol6repe5 npooontr<irrlrss rrls Apeprrrl5 rou 18ourrrcirvq rqr rourdXpovcivc5 ond rou5orancveigrrlg enrorrlprlg rou'Hlerrpropori.'Hrav o rrpcilro5 dv0ponognou rcordlape drr o repauvd5, uurrl 11rpoprprl66vopr1 rrlggdorlg,6evrlrovrinore dllo qnd proqlerrprxqerxfvrrlor1, ivc rllerrprrti pe6;ro,avdpeoomo odwerporol rq yrl.

'Ymepuon' curd (1750)0q neprpeve rovei5,av 61 vo <rpoveil 11oxdorlqlerrpro;.rori-patoulfXrorovva opXioer yvqrropo6, vo 64proupyeiror rdnoronenoiOrloq npogourrl rrlv Kore60uvor1.

H roropiorqg enrorrlpqS, dpc,ts, eivoryepdrqon6 rf rorqnopo6eryrorodnouev6 dlo <rpoivovror irorpo yro vo yiverdvop4pofipos pto rariuOuvorl,ro prlpoourd, dpeoo rouldXrorov, 6evnpay;.rcronoreiror.

Aurd6ev0o npfner vo posrdvarevr6nooq,frorf ro vo pogrdvetevrfnooq orlpoiver eiredrr npoonagrloope va <6oipe>ro yeyov6ropera ;ldrra rou 20ouorc6vq eire drr 6rv nrlpcpeundq.rrl opropiveg r6rclreprirrlreq nou puOyi(ouv rrg ele'Eror,rorrd(ovro5ro npdyporopeparrd li{ergrov yeyov6rolv rqq roropiogrr15enrmrlpq5. (drro re20oriorcirva vo 6o6pentogdorepoon6 r4v ovoxdlurprlrou Franklin eivqrnr0ovd, pouv<55 sivor4lerrpropd5) inpenevo yiverro endpevop4pc,npogrqv roriuOuvorlrrls svonoirloqg4lerrpropo6KqrHcryvrlnoprori.

Aur6,<iprog, 6evouvip4rqr 6eveivotrdoo 66orolo va 6rcrpivou;re peprr<i5 ond rrg poorrigorriegyrorrg onoie5&v ouvfprl,dno5 eivor(o) n ovq rrpcryporonorq0o6v 6uvo;.rio oopopignerpoparrrf5npoond0ereg npo5currl rqv rore6Ouvor1 alld ror (p) q ovunop{,ioev65xordllrllou grlooogrrodrliprarog,

I

h

e MAINHTIKEIAAAHAENIAPAI

TETAPTO KEOAAAIO

,

F

To np6plqyc rns F€rogoprigrvdpyercgo H qvoxdluqq . Or 6l)dHorrrls loyrrrl5 . O 6pdposrou nerpdpuroso To gorvd;revo4,lercpoyayvqnrl enayotyti. Iro €pyoorrjproo H qrr(s ror ro onorio O rqvdvosrou Lenzo Ellcleo;.too OI vriporo O vdpogFaraday lury{ xar 6ror{p4o4rqg evdpyaugo Aurenayoyri. H orirprl rqr rq . Evfpyero gorvdpeva. finvio Korour€ncrytoyrl ne6iol,o ;rcryvrlrrrori H o{ronoi4oqr4g qlrxrpopap4nx{g enoyoyrigo few4rpresevrrllooodprevou pedporog. ApFrovrrd evcllooofpevqrdoq . Appovrrd evotrtrooo6pevo pttipc o Miol roX6qo Pe6;roouveX65 ror perjpoeo O perooXrlporrvollooodyevoo Merurpopd qlerrprrq5evipyerog . No ovaporq0oripeo Nu ldoouyenpopt\{. orqg o Na 0upq0o6;.rs .

Foro Nroxou;rdwo.

To np6Btrrlpo rqs F€rcrgopdsevdPY€rq5

tov FnXo6pcrr5 H trerroupyio vr6v o'rq epyoordora rrcPouoio4e xar oopcpd peroverrrlPorc. ror popris CIrFoPrlOt rreTrrirpre5 utePPofurd rqv pr6luvov Xovig orp6crgorpq, €vt6 11ouvollxrl 6rq6rxuoiq petoverrodoe ooPopd oe (r1r4poro 6nco5 q PeraPf: pcoq 'rr1grivqoq5. fro vc PeraPlpoorei q r(v4o4 orrq rlcrroroPrlqlovdg 11orou5 t6pvou5 Tc",v rrdpcrrrorv epyoorqolqxrirv ot0ouocirvlperc(6rov ivo ol6rlqpo <6cioog>cnd rpololieS, rPdvr€S Kf,rd{ove5.

Yrrrlple 6;rcogivo ordPranP6,-

eyroraordFltlpo rrou rlrcxvKotro ooBcp6repo.Or tpyomcotoxdS or'5 dttpttte vo Xrf(ovrqt orroo6qrrort rovrd oto opuleio ylori rl FerCIgopdrauoioo6prcpopq 6rogopettrd0o-dtcv urreppotrrrd crrr6ro opuXeiorrpos ro epyoordcrto.H evipyero{rcv rrotr6 prcov i. H crpoevdpyerapnoporiot vtr X-pqolFo' bforolo vCILrsroq€p0e nor4oei ydvo orov'rrirro r45 nopayt't'yri5r45..Tonp6pl4yo 0a qvrlptrorrlotei pe ptc ratvodpyla ovcrdluqrl ;rrropo6oeioo5, vo

ENAIOT H HAEKIPOM AINHT IKH

n onoio 0a npriogepe evdpyrrcrKtrvliva 6rovdperorofid ro Kdvrpq nqpoy(|)yrisrrpos rous rdnoug Korrrvdl(|)ons.O 6p6pog fiou o6rlyo6oerrpogrq vdo ovordtruq.rq ei1; ovorlref o116TrSouyxer<pr;.riveg cv&yregrrlg proprlXov(og rrlg enr>p1q.

H enror{;.r4.A6o nepirrou6eroeriegperd rrlv avordtruqn rqs rou Volta,or enrorrlpoveg orr1trr1g erXcvaplirrervq rrroredouv6rr 11 l6oq oro np6plqpo rrls F€rqqopd5evipyero50o prropofoevo npoiA0erqrr6 rov rllexrpro;r6.

YnrlpXe6p<ogpio o6uvopiooro (qrqpo'rrls rropcry<oyqg peydlov nooorrlr<ovqlerrprxrl5evipyerog.H lqprrq evipyerorr'19potrroirqg orqlqg i6erXvevo e{cvrtreirar notr6 .fp4yoporcr rporvdrov orordllrltrrl yro rov p6lo aur6. 'Hrqv cvcryr:oiova errrvoqOef ivcg ral6repo5 rpd,nogrrapayoyrlqqlerrprrrlg evipyerog.H tr6oqgcrvdrqv 6110o pnoporioevq 6o0ef o116rr1vridpd/r6re, errro'rr1pr1 rou qtrerrpopoyvrlrropod.

To rreipapra OerstedKoror ouvor6louOegdpeuve5 eiXovrreioer6rr o rllerrpropdgprropofoevo <nopdyst) l.royvrlrropd.

To epc6rqporrou yevvr6rcrv rlrov ov o l.rdyvrlrrop650a prrropodoe vc <nopdyer>qlerrpropr6,ov unrlple 6r1lo6q gcrv6pevoavriOeroarr6 qur6 rrou eiXe11611 ovaxolucpOef. flohi ofvropo rd €rrrorrlpovrrcd rrepro6rrdrqg foltric5 Korrrls Ayyliag nhqppdproovqrrd dpOpcoXerrrdprerrerpdp<xro KqrunoOdoerq ndvtrl orov qlerrpoprayvrlrropd.

To npdplrlpo llrov xofproror q orrdvrnorl opyodoevo 6o0ei.'Hrqv n 6pq rrou r:Fgoviorqreoro fipoorrlvroo MichaelFaraday, o'rotrelv(5 xorcryoy{gouro6i6orrogepeuvqrrlqp€ rrlv aorlpovrrlpcOqporrrrlrorriprroq o onoio56porq ouviparve vq 6raOirer piir aouvq0rorrl gcvrcxoio ror pfo erntrqrrrrrl rrrrvdrrlra orrlv fiCIpcrypcrrorrofrlorlrr€rpcpoTrx<rivepeuvc6v.Ira 1831 ovqxdlugr ro qvurro|(ryorrlg o{fog rporv6prr:volliocx cxrr6 ro onoio or dvOpconorppqKcu rov 6pdpo rrou o6qyc,6oe orrlv rrcpcyatyrl r1),errpropo6or peydlrl xlfprora. To rorvo6pyro Todrog1856o Faraday dlernroovoyvtoprurei. rpcrv6prevo ovopdorq re r;le rrpo;rayvqrt r{ r naytny{. H o{r onofrl 0 nivoxoq rov orl rou errpdrerro vo oltrd{er pr(rxd rov rp6no (<orlgr<orepyooiag nopouorf(er vo6iver14 otrld r<orourqv or6pa rrl voorpofiic rrov orv0pc6rrovrou pfllopro exeivq 1povr6 vros. enmqpovrxri 6dle{q.

I

e

H A F(TP OMAN|-Tr<- E nA lOl '

Hs

rdlu$q

trls nopcrycoyrlg qtrerrprro6pe6prcrogeiXeorrooXoTo np6ptrrlpro rou 1820.H nopeio lrloer rov Faraday o116'rrgqpxiS tq5 6erccreriag trpos rrl peydlq ovordtrurgqunrlpfe porprdlpovqror pooovrmrrrl.

C r\, rrlsnoYrKns t/r oPopor

q rorAg6o6perrp6rc rq troyrxqcgerrlpic ofic,rrlv orroiq{exivr'1oe vo6pyroavcrdlur.1,r11. a. H loyrrri rou <uvrrorpdgouD.Trlv i6ro rrepfrrouenopl o 6qproupyei pcrprlrrrd AmpdreiXerano6ei{er6rr rd0e qtrerrpr16 F,€6po o Faraday epedvqne6io.Xprlorporrorcbwog pio troyrrq<crwrorpd<pou> rovrd oe ivc rleror6 rfrlorpa o€, To edv 4 nopouofc ev65pcrl,v4Trl vo 6qyroupy4oer rllerrprrd p,:6paoro r6rfuotrroaur6.

0a gmopo6oe p. H loyrxri r4g cvcloyiag. O Faraday eile 6ei{erpeydlo ev6rogdpov yrq ro cporvdpevo HAexrpooranxqenayuyri. Eivorro gorv6<errfyer>cxpevorord ro onoio ro rllerrprr6 goprio ev65cry<oyo6 vriOers<poprioo' dvqvyerrovr16ayoycicpprd ogdprroro. Axopro troyrxqovoloy(ogo Faraday ro edv dvo qtrou0c6vrag epe6vqoe lerrprr<6perl;rc0o pnopo6oevo <errdyeufvq dMo rltrerrprr6pe6pa oe xdrroroyerrovrx6rcdxlcopa.

O 6popogrou nerpdp,f,ros To rreproodreporrerpdpqrorou FaradaylrpcryForolror{O4xcrv rrpog rr5 66o epeuvrlrrrdg rqreuO6voers orrs orroiego6rlyo6ocvor rropqrrdvo hoyrrcig. flpoondOqoe611lo611 piorr orrd pra peydtrqrrorrrl(q (endyer)r1trerr6rrr6 vc 6qproupyrloer pe6poo'ivo rdxkoprc pe066cuv (i) rou5 e(re roXupo6g payvqreg orroiouqronoOeXpqorporrorc6vrc5 'ro6oerovrd oro rdxlopo eire (ii) ro pedpcev6gyerrovrro6rurl<6Pqros.

Meprrf56erd6e5potrroirig orr1treg, F(ryv4rss,ldtrrrvc o6ppro'ro qrrorelododv ror xoppdrrq arr6 oiEepo rq paorrrl utrrrore1vrrcr1 rou Ari0ere<5pco5 uno6opr1. rar dvc r6roirepoeuoioOqro,yrq rqv erroXq rllerrprrod pedporo5T,)Iry6pevoyolpov6perpo. ereiv4,cxvrlveurrl To 6pywo qur6 onoreAeiroo116;ro glqqprd pa'pqrrx( petr6voaropo6pevqavdpeoooe 66o n4vio. Ipv$fovrog ro 66o nqvio xardlpetr6vog lqlo prnopoloemr6 rr1;.reroriv4orl rns pcryvqrrxrlg vo svrrrlv 6rrcxp{q rllerrprro6 perjproro5 ourd.

Iro rlpepoldyr5 oe Xve6er I

e HAEKTPOMAINHIIKH EIIAIOIH

rou ppioKouFslrc,ludpreFtSrr€prypoqis r(Dv rrsrPOFdrcrrvrrou fipoYporofioi'no€. rora,\qyouv ornv f6ro rr€pfOleg 6;.rcog rrou rropdripqon <<dev unrlp€e xayia fv6er{4>.

Tilog, ro rolo<oipr rou 1831 nqpe ro npc6ro evOoppuvrr16prlvupo. To rolvotipyro gorvdpevoerle ovorotrucp0ei*.

O Faraday,ovrfOero qrr6 rov Oersted, ro e6pr1po.

6ev dorreuor vo ovoKorvc6oer Iuvdloe r4v ipeu'vo fipcryporofiorr6vro5 nolld o16po rrerlrdprcro evcirrou'rd1povo ovo(qrofoe rr,; po06repegot'riegot onoieg 64;roupyorioov ro €rrcrytoyrrdpe6;roro. Mioc oe livse5 pr1ve5erle r<orogipsr vo 6rorurrc6oer rov v6po o'rov orro(o uAn6onoopo ondro rrcro6e r ro <porvdpevo ctrld Korvo rorooreudo€r rrlv npc6rq yew4qpepdtroyro rouFaraday, rpro pe6poros rrou trerroripyqoe pe pdorl ro gorvdprevor4g r1treoroonoio neprypriqer KrpoFcryvrlrrrrlgeTroy<rry4S. Erye,p' dltro ldyro, xororpdpervo pdle r TqvovoK6rruUq rI|q qIeKTpopoyvnilKriS ro 0e;.ritrro }i0o rryg qlercrprrq5propqXavicgrou pillovroq. enqyoyiq.

Hpepog4vio: ' Iro nopoxdror 0o pelerqooups ro gorr'6pevoorotrouOc6vragi29AuyoUmou 1831. vo opropivo np6ypoppo. I6pcpova p€ ourcr: pe o) 0o r<orocprjyoupe oro €pyoorrlpro 6rrou 0o aoXotrr10otl;re ouyre rprpivo rrerpdporo p) 0o errr6ro{oupevo <6torpivoups)rrlv xorv4qtriq rot ro rotv6 crrorileo;ro 6}ov rtrrv fi€rpopsrrrc6v6ra6rroorrrivKqrvG ouyKporrlooupredvcv oprop6 rou gorvoprdvou y) 0o nopouordooupe roug v6prousorot;S orrofoug urrqrodet ro rporvdprevo ro rporv6pevorot 6) 0o enr6rc6{oupe vq ouv6iooupe Oeo:5rqrrrd roug v6prousrou Fs rov urr6trorrroxopp6 rr;5 guorr4g.

+ To 1830, dvc 1p6vo rrprv o FaradayqOdoerorqv ovcrdtruqr;, fvo5 o116rou5 peyoldreXivpu) ond rqv dlpou5Apeprrdvou5enrmrl;rovegrrlg enoX(5,o JosephHenry(T4d(e<p pedporo. f1op6lr1 ntreupdrou ArlcxvrrrodeiXercrrarpipervc Erlproupyiloer eTrcrycr;yrrd lo rrou oqpepa0eopeiror pfporo 6rr 11ovardluqrl rou Henrynporlyrloqre,4 ovordluqJnrou gqrvopivouarro6i6erqrorov MichaelFaraday, yrrtf o Henryxo0uorip4oerr16qpooieuo(r119.

I

e f P OMA |N HIIK HE nA l OtH rIA E K

I I

Iro epyoorqpro Iro 6rdrpoporerpdproro0o urrdplerprrorrqyq pcryvqrrrodne6iou, rrou FTrop€f vq eivoreire pcyvrlrqgeire peuprororpdpo rrtraioro.

Mnopodpevo rq tr6;retnaycnyi.a.Oa urrirplereniorlgro r6rlrrrpro oro orroio-e<p'6oov 0q eivorrcIero16- €o errdyovrorqlexrptrd pedprcro.Aur6 0o ro lipe enryuytlto. l-lpdrrqoerprinerpcprirtov.Encryt6ylpourivqro, trrsrrpo rnv rrnyri puyvrprxorine6iou.flerpcporr(6poorspe66orrqviarq orro(o6rqrqpodpecrivqro oe prrprlperc{6 roug orr6<rrooq.To r6rlorprorou rvdg (rrpcore6ov) rreprtroprBdver qlexrprrqyevvqrproror Erordrrrrl,evcb ro dxpo rou dllou (6eurepe6ovrog-encryc6yrprou) ouv6io-

rqoroOeiq orcOeponofrloq, ro pefprcrou 6eurepe6ovrog ;r46evi(ercr.

Av avoi{ouFr€ rov 6rordrrrq rou rrpor€6ovrog,oro 6eurepe6ov 0o epcpavrorei qtrexrprrdpe6poovr-i0err1g eopdsqn6 ro npoqyo6F€vofiou odvropc ror our6 pr46evi(eror.

Kleivouperrdtrrro rrp<ore6ovr<6rdcopcr Kcr l-r€rq porl0eroev6g pooordrq -rrou dloupreouv6ioerrv ro) per-o{6-nporalodpr ouv€p1 o6(qoq rou pe6prorog.Tc6poro yotrpcrvdp€rpo 6eilver drr oro 6eurepe6ov endyerorpe6pcx.

Av npor<olio,)up€eldrroorl rou pe6poros Tou rrpor€6ovro5,oro dtrlo r6rhopa Ocx6rorrrorc6ooupe pe6paovriOerqgqopds.To gorvdprevo liyr:ror altorpaiaenuyuyry.

Atdrep4 oelpri nerpo;rrirtrrv.Enoy6yr;ro rrvodpevotlrs rrpos r4v rqy{ ;royv4rrxodne6iou.1. Iuv6iouperc drpo evdgn4viou pe yotrpovdpsrporor ntr4ord(oup€rrpos lo nrlvio ro p6perorr6tro ev6gpayvrlrrl.Arorrrorc6vouF€ drr (o) oro rlerord rdrlorpo rou (eI

e H A E K T P OM AINHT IKH EtlAIOIH

rrtryc6yr Fou) nqviou 64proupyefror rllerrp rr< i p e d p c . (P ) T o p e d p c 6roprefdoo rqr r; rivrlorl rou Fo(y). Av yv{rq npos ro encrycilyrl.ro. nlqordooup€rno ypqyopCI rov Fqyvlirn epqavi(eror pedpc peycrl6rsprls ivraoqg. (6) H gop<i rou pe6paro5avrrorpigerqr cv qvrf yrq rov p6pero,nl4ord(ouF€ rov v6rro ndlo rou pcqru4r4.(e)Kcr0cig nlqord(oupe rov pcyvr]rq crvrrtrcppov6poorc 14 6pdoq rdrrorag 6rivaprls rrou cxvrrordxerqrorqv rrpoodyyro4.Ewoeirqrdrr yra vq rrlv e(ou6erepcivoup€ 0o npdner rcrd rqv nopdppcorl pog vo peroprpd(oupeevipyero,vq exrelodFs dpyo. OOdvoupeoe cvrimorXeg6rcrrrorcdoergorroparpfvovrds Tov pqyv4rq on6 ro nrlvio ro orroio 6rorrlpo6pre orivqro, otrtrdrcr yevrrdrepo xdOerpop<irrou o pqtv4rqs Kqrro rrqv(oppeOofvF€ orrorov6rprorerp6no oe crlerrx4rfv4o4, nopor-4po6;.re crvdloyo gorv6F€vq.

To i6ro 0c ouppei Kqro€ rrepi rrrtuorl rrou qvri yrc payvrlrn Xpnorpronor qoouPso)snr1yr1 proyvrlrrrod rre6ioudvq orroro6rlrrorepeuporogdpo nloioro.

2. Ofroupe o€ n€prorporpqivo oupporivro rrtraiororo onoio pp(oK€rsrpdouoe opoyevi5payvqrrrd ne6io. H rreprmpogqyiverory6pcr crr6 d{ovo nou ppiorerqr oro errirre6orou filqroiou rqr eivqrxdOero s o rrs p o y v 4 rrx ig 6 u v c p rri5 ypopFiS.'l-adrpo rou rrloroiou ouv6dov'runye rtrerord rdrtrorpo Xtopfsyewrppra mo orroio 6pog undpler rol ivog avllveurrlg rllerrptxorl pe6poro5.Kc0c6grrpcryFqrorrorei'rqr n rr€ptorpogrj6lonrorc6voupe6rr (o) ro r6rlcopo 6rcppderorcrn6 rllerrprrri pefga gercpcM6yevrlggopdg (p) yro vo 6rarqprlooupe rord rrlv rrsprorpogr1oraOeprlouXvdrqrolperd(erqt vq nqp€ppoivoupre 6roprc6goor<6vtcg6uvdprerg, p' l6yro vq dtrlo exrelodF€ dpyo. lperd(eror qrr6 Aur6 or1;,rofuer 6rr rq onyprlnou err6lercr pefpo mo rrlcioro, , oorodvror rrdvcorou 6uvdpersfiou <6rogcovodv) Ferqv r€prorpogrrrj rou rivrloq.

I

e

Xpa6(tru, io<og,vo ouvoqri'ooupe.

Iro rrerpd;rororqg npcrlrqg oerpdg (i) 6evunqp€eropriooXerrrrlrivqoqrrrly4spcryvnrrxofrre8iou rar errcryr6yrpou. (ii) 6evlperdorrlrevo erretriooupefpyo yro vq nerdXouperqv pro. epgdvroqrllerrprro6 pedporo5oro errayciyr Iro rrerpdpororrls 6e6repqgoerpdq i) 11nqy4rou trcryvlrrro6ne6iounapouoiooeolerrrrl rivqorlrrrg rrpos ro encryc6ypo. perSii) 4rov ovoyxoiovo erreldooupeipyo'fo vo 6qproupyq0e( oro ertcry<6yrpo.

H0

H orrio Korro onordtreopo Epl6pcore rdrpc orcr ouprrrepdoprcrc.A5 cvcporqOodprerotoplqv (rroro r<orvdororleio eprrpoviorrlKs Kor orrr r6ooepo rrerpdparo;> E6cil6ev 0o 6uorotreuro6peva orrovrrloou;re. Ie rco0ivo qrr6 ourd rrprxd 6qproupyqOqreqtrerrprrd pefpo Xrrlpfsvo urrdpler orire r1tre ororXrfo orjre ouooope utqg oro ovriororXo rcfrlopo. To rorv6 ororleio ppior<eror,trorrrdv,ors, anoreA(.opcra. Avri0ero, ot anieg gdvqrov vo rrorrilouv qrr6 ro rrerpdprorq1-rlsnpc6rrlg oerpd5dnou ontrc65prercpdlloupe ro pedpo evd5 rurlc6pqros pilpr ro releupioo oe roio dnou pdtropeivo oupprorivro rrtroioroo€ rr€prorpo<pr1 poyvrlrrrd rre6io opoyevdg.floro rorv6 ororle(o 0o ;rnopo6o€ vo xpfperur xdrt'r qn6 6lcg ourdg rr5 gorvol.r€vrxti6rogopenrdg arriegi O Faradayrordgepe Korro <ei6e>.Ie 6),o ourd ro cporv6pevouKorrq rpcrv6yevce{eliooondpXer rcdn r'oo percpdlleror 6roprccir5 vror p6vo rrp'6oov ourd ro rcdrt ooveyf(:r va peropdlleror. Oo prrropodoaprvo ro 6rorpivoupe ror epreig.fro ro ororr6 qur6 ro reIeuroio ne(poproev8efrvurarneproodrepc'.To proyvqrrx6ne6io eivor lpovrr<dor-c0ep6ror opoyevdg.Ko0r65,dJrrs, neprorpdcperorro rrlqioro urrdple r rdrroro ororXeio ro orroio o6rdr<orroperopdlleror. Eivorour6 orprpc6grrou 6rircprve o Faraday,6qlo6q o oprOpri5 rtov 6uvcprx6v ypappr6v nou rdpvouv rrlv errrrptivtro rou rrlqroiou ot xri0e lpovrx,i onypti.

Or rpuorroi ilouv errrvorloerivo ouyrerprFivo yiye0og ro orroio ypoppriv rrou excppd(errov apr0p6 r<ov Lroyvnrrrc6v6r.rvcprrr<6v nepvo6v cn6 pio enrrpdvero. To piyeOog \fyeror poq poyvqrrrod re6iou 11atrld poyv4rrxri pori. po( efuandvo pov6perpo piyeOogro onoio -pcr(f pe H yayvrynrcry rrlv ivrooq -neprypdrp€rro pCIyvrlrrx6ne6io. Iuppotri(eror Fr€ro -e H A F ( -P O MAT \H- lKrEllAfOf F

o€ pcypdppCI0, ovorpfperoror ;rroerrrgdvero11onoio ppiorceror ne6for<orercppd(a rov opr0p6rolv 6uvoprr<cbv ypoppr6v yvrlrrr<6 rrou rrepvorivo116ourrlv. ror drr o. A5 uno0iooupedrr ro payvqrrr6rre6ibeivoropoyevd5 (eppo6orjS)eivorenirre8qxor rd0erq orrg 6uvoprxi5 q enrrpdvero rqv enrgdv€rqp€ 6vr 6rdvuopod rdOeroo' ypotrpis.Erpo6rd(oupe rou pe rqv r<ore60uvorl qurrlv . Edv4 rore60uvoqrou fr ouprrrirrrer rq5 ivrooqg enf ro e;rB 11pcyvqrrrcqpoq op((erorcrlsro yrv6prevo pc6dvr4g enrgdverog. fpdgoupe: O=BS B. Edvq enrgdveroeivoroe Oioq rdOerrlrrposrqv nponyofpevq pnvrqv 6rorrepvd q prayvqrrrcrl drorriore r<oprrd 6uvoprrrlypopprlvo porleivore( opropofioq pepq6iv. y. O ouv6uoopr6g rcovnoporrdvoro6qyeiorrlv e{iocoorl O : BSouvo d pe ro 6rdvuoporou 6rrou <cx> 0o eivqr4 yovio rou 6rov6opcxros pcryvqrrro6 ne6iouB. H povd6opdrprloqg-fnsFcryvnrrrrlg porl5liyerorWeber(Bdpnep) rcorouprpoli(erar pre1Wb. Av errrorpdqroup€ oro rrerpdproro rrls rrpc6rr15 oerpd5,e6rotra 0o ovcryvcop(ooupe 6rr rord rrlv e{ifu{,q6trrrrvrorv gorvopivcovpercpdlleror o oprOpdgrrov 6uvoprrc6v ypopprc6v rrou ripvouv rdOe orrefpa rou erroyc6yrpou. floparqpeiror, p' dtrtrotrdyrc,percpotrq rns pcYvrlrrrqS poq5.

-3

F-

,j'-+

>.

F

Mrropofpe, yevrrefovrcxsvd roxuprorodlle6rr 11orrio 6lurv rov enoytoyrrrirv peu;rrirov eivcr q gerapolri rqg payv4rrx{g porig nou dq;roupyeirar oro rlermd erruy6yrpo xdxltopc.

Aev rrpirrer pfporo va {eXvdpe 5t, orc rtrerord rcuxlciporo ro pe6poro 6qproupyo6vrqro116rdrroro q\exrpeyeprrrcq6rjvo;rq (HEA).Irqv nepinroorl, trorn6v,rou qorvr)prdvou rrou e{erd(oupe r e (rl ttA -O-F hA t( I P OMA I-N -1T

6pto5ivr rordtrlqlo 6pyovo,5f. Xpqorponorc6vro5 6qproupyrl0e prrropodpre oe rdOerrepirrr<ooqvo ovlXve6rros o notrpoypdrpog, rdorlg) ptos6rogopdg6uvoprrod(encrycoyrr45 ooupsrqv eprgdvron rq5 rrou 0o ouvrord Kdrro povo6rr6onorilt:opCIrrls peropotr45 tnou 66vopr1 rqv pro5 perpder H rdo4 ourrl po4S. nlerrlleyeprrrq xdQe ovolrr<i oe 6rt va rrpirrer oro rfxl<rlpq.Aev 11&yeror {eprdps avdpreooo' ourd ,ro rdxlorpo pe 66o drpo 11rdo4 trou u<pioro;rot 66r'oprq. drpc ouptrinrerperqv rltrexrpeyeprrrq trl5ouvi66vopr15 qtrex,peyeprrrrlS Autq orprpril511eprpdvroq rrrro rrls peropolrl5rns Fqyvnrrrrlgporl5orrorelei ro gorvdpevo rrlg encryoytlg. rqg qtrerrpopcryvqrr Meropolq pcryvrlrrrrlS

po4s

Encry<oyrrrl qtrerrpeyeprrrrl -mffi 5 66vopt1

ErraY<oYtxd Pe6po

O opropos H qlerrpoyayvrlrrr4 enayolyrl eivot tivo grrtvdpevoro orroio, 6rrco5 6lo ro gorvd;revc,iXet ouyxerplpivq ctril rqt ouyrerprpivo qrrorileoprc. fro vo crrovrrloouprelorrr6v oro epc6rqpa<n Atyerat q\eKrpopayvqnrcrlenayuryrl;> ltrtopoipt vG (Irlooocpqv(oou;lsrrlv olrio ror ro orroritreopo. cnoyroy{ trdyerot ro golvdyevo nou dlel Hlerrpopoyv4rrr{ tns ;royvqrrx{S Potis oâ&#x201A;Ź FIs percltrrr{ perapolti crr(o rq og oneipc Ktrr to5 onordleopq ro 611 4 on'eipo yiveror rr4y{ 4le' KrprysprrK{g 6dvcpt1g.

T

lg

NHTTKH EfrArofH H^EKTP.MA'

Or v6;ror O vopogForodoy 6nco5e(nope,orqv ovord^uqrqrou qorvoO Faraday 6evordOr1re, xol pdvourrls €noycoyqg. npolc6pqoerrqporripo ovo(r1rc6vra5 Kordtrq{rlrcov rouq vdpousorous orroiou5unoro6erro g,rrv<iprevo. vdpourou ovo(qrrloecbvrou rlrov r16rordrrcoorlror.rAey6pevou Faraday, q v6pourqg encrycoyq5.

H encyoyrx{ qlerrpeyeprrrri 66vapq fiou ovorrrdooerqr oc dvq rfrlopo rivcr avriloy4 rrpos rov pu0pti peropol{g rng Foyv4rrrrig po{g nou nepvrierand qurd ro rlirlopa. q percfu\ qg pcrp4rrqs po4sos plooneipoyveror;reoro€eErpooov p pnp6 o,olroSpnopafw 6rmr-m<o0e( At ;rerqv eQo<rrr;lE-l : xl A<Dl Iro Are0vigErior4popovd&ovr1mo0epccvoiloyo5(x)eiwr ioq perov opr0p6<1>,on6're

=H tE-t Ir4v e{io<rlorlro AO noprordver rq percpolq fiou rrqpouoiqoe porl oe prc orreipo, 'rr16rorpopdtns rehxrl5 rrprrlgrrlg pcryvqrrrrl 4 poqq peiov rqv op1xr1. To At rrcprotdvet rrl lpovrxr; 6rdpxerorard rqv onoio ouviprl q percpolrl.

Ecp6oovry rllerrpeyeprrrrl 66vopq endl'erot oe rrqvio pe <n>dporegorreipeg0o roXder:

= # lE",l " Ero rrp<orocrr6 ro rrerpdpcror4g 6ef repq5oerpd56rorrrorc6ro Fqq crrotrrorpdvoupe oope 6116oo rrro ypiyopCIntrrlord(oupre H oto etroy<6yrpo.

W4rn rdoo nro peydlo pedyo0o 6r1;rroupl'eiror 6rorriorooq onoretreiprc Oerrrqiv6er{r1yro ro 6'rr roXdero v6po5 rrou ovcgdpo;.re, Xopig piporo, vq orrore)reinetpcpcrtrq orr66er-

€n.

rov pu0yd ;reroArprpiorepo rrerpdprorqps ro orroio ;rr;rpdpre errtperrls po(S Kcr rrlv errcycoyrrq qtrerrpsyeprrrq 66voprg, Fol4S por6vouvrq pero{6 rou5 avctroyio,errrBeBqr(6vouv 6r1lc6qrov vdpo Faraday.

HEA rord rrlv orroio rl €rrcrY(DYlKn Irq yevrxq6H.S, rrepirrr<rror1, o116orry;.rqoe orryprlpreropdlleror,Xperd(erqtvo rdvoupErrlv ovrr6rooroAqavdpreoooe orryproiaKqro€ priorlrtprl ro11r4tc5 ;lepoqg. ropotrr15

H orryproio encrycoyrrqHEA eivol, o6Fcp,h;vq F€ rov v6;ro, ovdtro-

yrlrlposrov orryproio perapotrqg rrtspons.

Bu0prd

rou Lenz O rcovovos 6rr xord rqv Iro nefpopop€ ro 66o crivqro nrlvio 6ronrorc6oope endyerororo 6eurepe6ov ori{qoq rou pe6porosrou np<rlre6ovrog ivo pefproopropivqggopdS,evr6,6rov elsrroveror ro pe6prorou rrparredovros/oro 6eurepe6ov rc6rl<opo endyerorivo pe6;rccvripcryvrlrqei6ope60er4ggopds. Iro neipoprop€rov perorrvo6pevo rr qv ov'rfyro rov p6pero rr6tronlqordooul;errposro nqvio rov vdperjpcrogovoorpirperor. rro rr6trorou, rl rpopdrou errcycoyrrcod 'Evo 1p6voperd rqv ovordlupq rou (porvopivourr15errayoyq5 (orrrdrqro rou Faraclay ror ror evc6110qprc66qg 6rolereu6rov11611 npog dlleg 6poorrlpr6rrlr€S ro np6ptrqporr15cpopdgrou srrcryoyrdpoy, ro6 pe6;roro5ipreveovorrdvrqro. To epc6rrlpo qrov: YnrTpXe xdnotogv6poq,nou eri.paAAeora trayuytxd ptripara rr1pic 4 rryv dAArlEopd; Iro prero{riq ei6r1or1 yro ro rorvotipyrogcrvdpevoeiXeoplioer vo ouyrrveiaprerorigEupurnoioug epeuvqri5.Avdpeodrous o y€vvqpdvog Lenz(XdrvprlOpivrprlAevrs) orq ProoioHeinrichFriedrich ror fuyoopydrepoo feppov6gHermanvorrHelmholtz(Xippavrpov yro X6lp1otrrg)ouvipotravouoroorrrd orqv r(ffu{rl rcrlvyvc6oecov rqv qlexrpopcryvqrr rrl encrycoy4.

Iro 1834o Lenznirule ;.rroo6vropqr:orroOoprl6ror6rrooqepsuvdg rov6vo fiou Ffiop€fvo ;rog6iver rr1rpopdrcrlverrcryoyrr<6v pdrov oe rdOerrepinrooq.

H gopri rou €rrtryt'ryrxoripcrJpcro5eivor rdrolq t6ore vo rrpoxdnrsr ovri6poor'1orrq orrieg rrou ro 6rlprodpy4oav(Kqvdvq5 rou Lenz).

H 6rqrtirrool pipcrc rou rovdvd 6evcrprefyrc vo rov rorcvorlXperd(erorroroppiv vo 0u;;40otipsrq oXio4 rrou i1er ro qooul.r€. trerrprrdpe6po16oope rrg orrie5rrou ro 6qproupyoriv doo Korp€ fiou sfirlpsd(ovrorcrrr<irq qopd rou. Tiroro oproprivogarvdprevo gorvdprevo ne6iourou pe6;rorog eivarq 6qproupyiorou l.rcyvrlrr<o6 doo ror rlyevrr6repqotrlrltreni6poon rou pe6;rarogpe payv(reg.

'Evoncpd6€rypo.Ito oXerr16neipcpc rqg 6efrep45oerpd511 npooiyyroqrou payvqrq6rlproupye i oro rrrlvioerrcy<oyrr<6 pe6pc iSirrolo q rrofur6rqro rou Korro rrqvio perorpdrrerqror ptryvnrr16 pefpcrog.I6pronoiou roOopi(erorarr6 rq rpopdrou etrrryoryrrod (povo F€rov rov6vo rou Lenz,n gopd r()u tficryalyrroripedpcrog orov poyvrlrrl eivorriroro c6oreq erri6pooqrou rrqviou-6rn6}ou

n A E K T P OM NHT Af IKHEtlAfOth

rrlv npoodyytoq, fiou filqord(ernpog our6 vo reivetvq ovtrtpdoet Kcrl qurdv pe6poro5. rrlv orrio, 6qlo6q 6qproupyios€ncrY<oYrKo6 er6qlc6vepayvrlrrl oro rov rp6no 11eniEpool rou nrlviou-6rndtrou r0r tos drrurroq.

npoodyyrorl = to, payv4tq -

yivetotpayvqrtr6 HEA.oro = srrcrYoYlKd = ro nqvio notrrr6rqro5 rirotcS f'inolo psupq nlvio Trouv0 uvrr6pdorqv rrpooiyytoq,mrlv otrio t;qlo6r1rou encryoyrof 6porog 6re

Mro oetpd, tdlog, qn6 outrtroylopod5nou neplilouv orotXeio guorrc(g,yeoperp(o5 rar dtryepposPdS ,l6qyef oro ouprrdPoopo 6rr LtjltEuva p€ rov rcsvdvctroo Lenz ro aAyeppxd np6oqpo rqq €nayuyrcrls HEA oEeiAerva eivs,tsvri)ero an6 ro np6orlpo rrlq IrE-

pons. rapoAqcrrlsycw nrtxr1q,

refurd vo ypdqerot pe H e{(o<ooqrou v6pou rou Faradayo<pefi\er

TNFOPQ4

E= - n a o

At I

e KH EIIAtOtH HAEKTPOMATNHT

f- r cr l

EnoYoyrl KorororrlPrlon rnscv€pyetos Aryo lpdvro F€rd rrlv qvCIKdlugn rou (pqr\,'oFdvou, o Helmholtz 611pooi'€uospra epyooio F€ rqv orrofo i6erXvedrr ro gorvdprevorrls rllerrpopcryv4rrrqg enay<oyri5pnopodoe vo Oecopq0e i <lg ouvdnero

Tourohd"rdnotq KT6WOr.

rqs qpX{Sr4g 6rorriprloqsrns evdpyerog. frs vo rorovorlo o u F €rrl lo y rrrl o 6 r, 6 e o nrro u rrp d rrrv r o Helmholtz,0o lperoore(vo errrorpdqoup€ oro fiporlyofpevorrerpdporo.

1. Iro rrpciro qrrd rq nerpdporor45 [iedrepqgoerpdg,xo0c6g nl4ord(oupe rov pcryvqrrloro nqvio 6rqrrrorc6voupre 6rr rrpdrr':rvq erretriooupeipyo, lperd(erorp' dllo ),dyrcvo peroprpd(oupe evipyerc.

Ie ovriOerrlrrepirrroorl0o eiXaperropdyoyrl evipyero5orrd ro pq6iv.

Arro6errvferorpdtrrorq6rr prnoporipe, poor(d,pevor rns evipyerog, orq 6rcrrqpnon vo o6qyq0o6pe o'rovv6porou Faraday.

2. Erl'rcrptcpoup€ oro npoqyo6pevoneipcpc. Ko0rigrrlqorci(ero pcryvrpqg,ro rrrlvio yiverorpeupcroqr6po, perorpirreror6qtro6r1oe proyv4rrr66inotro.H cpopdrou enoy6p€vouqtrerrprrorl pedpcrog0o xoOopio€r rrlv notrrr6rrlrdrou. Boor(6pevor orq 6ror4pnorlr45 ev6pyeros oupfi€poivoupre 6rr 1166voprlrrou ooref ro peuporo<p6po rrqviooro pcryvqrqrrpfrrervrr crvrrriOeror ornv rrpooiyyroq.Aurd oqpoiver6rr rl qopd rou €firyoyrrod perjporos(orpeiXer> vq eivqrriroro rirorero dxpo rou n'qviou- 6rndtrouoro orroiorrlqord(ero pdperog, tr6you1dprv,rrdtrr4vc lerroupyei co5p6p€roSpcryvnrr x6gn6log.

Iro i6ro6progoupnipaopo yrc rrl gopd rou encrycoyrxof pedporos FoSo6r1ye i ror o rqvdvogrou Lenz.

Blinouprelorrr6vdrr ;rnopo6psvo npol3triq,roupe rq gopd rou errcrycoyrrod pe6porogpoor(dpevoreire otrv opxq rqs 8rorqprloqg rqg evipyerageire orov rqv6vo rou Lenz.Ar ;.rdfuoroldpoupe urrdpr16rr q 6rot(pqoqr45 evdpyerc5 eivcr 6v<xg yevr165 vdpo5rrou ro16eryro 6troTo <pcrv6pevo prropo6pevq urroorrlpi[oupe6rt o xo. v6vagrou LenzanoreAeipo e{er6rrcupi.vrl 6nrdn@on rnq dpX4S rrlq &arrlprTorlcrrlq,ev€pyenqrrpooapyoop,ivqoro gaw6pevo qAeKrp oIrffYvnr t xr1uruy u-ryrr..

Aur6qeivorrqr o ldyog yrq rov onoio 6r:vrov loporrrlpf(oupe v6po, crlthdxav6vs. Oupf(oupe6rr rdrr ov,iloyo ouppoiverKotF€ roug 66o rcv6ve5rou Kirchhoff.

-e H A E K T P OM AINHT IKH ENAIOIH

Auretrqyr,ryn,E H ore$rl Korro gqrvopevo Kd0epeuparog6porrjrlcopo ppiorerorpicrooro i6roro pcryvqrrrd rre6iorou. Kd0eperapotrqrou pe6poro5rrou ro 6roppierrrporotref ovriororXqpercpotrqoro pcryvnrrrdqur6'ne6io ror orq pcryvqrrxrl poq nou rrepvdero116our6 ro i6roro rdrl<rrpo. <<'Eva peuH onlrl ourq oxdq.'q6q;.roupyei e6troyodvoep<6rr1prct' yaroE6po xdxAupa 0a pnopotioevd \qptoupyeigctv6yeva enayuy4q orov i6to rov esord rou;))t0o pnopc6oe,64tro6q,vo noi(e r ouyXp6vo5rov pd,troencry<oyioror erraycbyrprou; H arrdvrqoq rrou pog 6iverro rreipaproeivorrororporrrrl.H orroro6qnoreperopotr4 oro pe6;loev65rurk6pCIros6qproupye f rpurvdpevo rrrayoryqgoro i6roro rdxl<opo,ro onoio triyerorer6rr6repoaurencyoyri.

To neipopo.

Me rqv i6ronqyrl ouveXo65 rdoerogrporpoEoro6pe 66o lcxpnr4peg nop6;rorou5.O 6vos (A,) Bpiorer0r o€ oerpd prepooordrq ror o dtrlos (Ar) oe cretpd ;rt rrqvio xletoro6 nupqva, 6nco5oro oXr;po. Pu0pf(oufrs rov pooo'rdrq riore or 66o rld6or vo ilouv rqrr i6ro ovriorooq Kor €rrprpo6pe va rkioou;re rov 6ro1611111.

Kar<i ro rleiortrro rou 6rcxrirrrq rrqporrlporipred,rr o loprrrqpog A, ,tpiocos evc6o A,, t<oOu<polropotref oreprf vo rproropotrrloer r<orn goropolio rou ou{'dverrrpoo6eurrrd. To yeyovdggo'repriver drr 11nopouofo rou rrqviou dXeroov orrordtreopo ro vo rcxOuore6lef 4 orror<ordorooq rqg <refurq9 rrp4g pe6poro5,ourrlg 611tro6q rrou rcrOopf(erorarrd rov vdpo rou Ohm. Kard ro rivorypc rou 6roxdrrrrl 'nopor<olouOoripedvo <porv6pr€vo €vrurrooroKci.Or 66o lopnrr;peg 6ev oprlvouv cxpiocrrgalld 6rorqpo6v rrl goropotrfa rou5 napdlo nou dXou-

-e _A E K TD OMA -\H _IKEH IIA IO''

piporo, poO;.rroic F€onoouv6ioerr4v rny{. To pedpro, ;rq6evf(eror.

Kor o'ourq trorrrdvrrlv rrepirrroorlfiopqrrlpeiror roOuoriprlorl (pq6evrrrrlg; rrprlgrou perjporo5. orqv orroKordoroo4rr15retrrrr15 rrl AvrrroOrororipe ro nqvfo pe ovrrordrrl Korenovotroppdvoupre qpx4.Ararrrorovoupe TrlS 6rr ro gorv6prevCI 6ro6rrooioo'nd r4v rcOuoripqo4g rrporrrxd e{orpovf(ovrar.

'0rovr (ovoyx6(oupe ro pe0po vo pqdevrmei ondropo, 64yroupyelror ourenoyoymfl HEAnoupttopei v0eivor xorenrxivduvrl.

Axtipo roroe6vo rouonrrroU ouv40ropdvo drordnr4 civor ps duvordv vorpoKll0si onrvOipoq 0npdphefi 0 onoretrdogoro.

fevrrdrepc. To <porv6p €vo durenayutyry6qproupyefrcrrd0e gopd rrou perapdlleror ro pedpa orrorou6rlnore rurtrcirpdros.

Iro rdxlorpo epgovf(€rcr ourrrrcyrrlyrrri HEA, q orroio ouppdller orqv rehrrl 6ropdpgool rou periporog. To pedpo rrou 0o e6qproupyeirocv unrlpXe pdvo n our€norforyrrrl HEA, loporrrlpi(erat aurenayuytxS.'Orov ou{dveror :-o petipo rou rurtr<6poros/ ro dursfioyoyrrd pedpo dXerovriOer-q<popdrrpog ourd, reiver 6r1lo6qvo <cpv4Oe i>> rqv c6{qor1.'Or,:v ro pedprorou rurlc6poros elsrrc6veror/ ro oursfioytoyr16 pr:6po fler rqv f6ro gopd rrpog our6, reiv€r 6qlo6r1 vo prerprdo€rrrlv eldrroorl. Evvoefror rou ourrl oqproiverKor (ufioKoq> orov rcvdvo drr q ouprrrepr<popd Lenz.

Oproprig Aurenoyury{ ldyerar ro gcrvripevo nou ixsr tlr5 ania rr1;.reropol{ rou pedpcro5 os Frcroneipu Kcrrrlrs anrori)eoya ro 6114 onefpc yiveror r4y{ qlexrpeyeprrx{g 6rivap115.

Eivor <povrp65rr q our€rrcxytoy4eivor pio popg4 errcycoyrlgpe ro r6roirepo ororleio 6114 nrly( rou pcryvrlrrro6ne6iou eivor ouyXpdvcogror encryciryrpro.

f'lqvioKorour€noyc>yr1 To <pcrv6pevo rrls our€rrcrycoyqg pnopef vo ex6r1trcrr0e i oe ivov oycorou iXerprro y6 orrorov64rrore.

Er6rrd,6F-S, oro rrrlvio11er64tr<oorl I

e n A [ < T P OM AT NHT t(En AfOlH

rc rrqviodlouv r6roireprl dvrooq.A6y<oourqg rrlg r6rorrepd,rrlrog Mo(( pre noi{er ivo o4;rovrrrdp6lo orrlv e{itrr{qrrg qtrexrpovrrrlg. orrs rqleopdoerg rous fiuKvori5 ouvurrdpxouvoro po6rd<p<ovo, anroreAotv4atrld rar orous 6rdcpopou5 evroXuri5.Ot rrurcv<ur(.q r1A,:.xrpxqs ev4pyeng.Evren<nqtyouy€.n€t- orlpavnrcf.qano9r1rceg A<ogavriororyapnopo1lteva no6pe 6'n ra nqvia ouvrcrotv ano1ryrcec, evtpyuaqydyvrlnKodne\iou.

Iuvreleor{S oursrroytoy{S ({ enoyo:yrxrir4rc)tvdg nqviou.

H curerroyoyrr<(HEAolerf(€ror p€ rq \eydpevqouropporl,rq on6 ro ipoq 6qlo6r1rou Fcyvnrrxodrre6iounou 6qprroupyefror pedpo rrou yiver peo6y6roro rou rurtrriporo5.l-lerpdporc{ dXouv 6pyovo 6eiXvouvd,rrq <otrrrr;>*ouropotl ev65nqviou eivor XpovCI loXder6qlo6n rl oxdovdloyq rrposro peri;rorrou rrl 6qproup1,ef. orl: Oo1 :

L 'l

rr15 ro nrllfro 6r1tro6q orrlv onofo o ouvretreorrlq ovoloyiog <L:'r, <ofux(5>porlgnpo5 rrlv ivrcoq rou pe6lrorog,liyeror ouvreleor{g ourerrqytoyris11encyuryrr6rqrc rou rr4viou.** H erroyoyrr6rrlro rdOerrqviouonoretrefxcr ro prorrdrepo ororXefo r4g rourdrrlrds rou. E{oprdroro116ro yeo;rerprrdororXe io rou Kol rrl poyvrlrrKry 6ronepor6rqrorou uhrof ;16oooro onoio ppioreT0r ,

Iro Are0vigllorrlpro q povd6operprloe<rr; rrls €rrcryoyrxdrqrog ovopd(ercrHenry(Xivpr)rrpogrrpqvrou Apeprxovo6 <puorro6, o orroio5ovcxdtruq,re, rqv i6lo rrepirroueno1r1pt rov Faraday, ro (p61tv6pevorrls errCIytrry(g, rcorhyo opy6re;retrirqotrnv ourtrrcrycoyn po KorooK€rjooeror rov rrp<oroF€rqcrxrlFrcrror4.

H provd6oouppoli(erorpe1 H. lo ; 6 e r1 H : 1 Wb / 1 A = 1 O s .

Erroytoyrrrir4rc evrigoarl4voer6odg.11errcry<oyr1614ro evdgorrorou6{rrore nqviou6eveivqredrolo vo unoloyrorei.fro rqv er6ryrropofpevo rq dpcognepinroorl rrou ro rrlvio eivorocolrlvoer6dq orro6ei{oupredrr L :4rrku pSn'l(", drrouq o upr0p65rcovorreiporv0ro p4ros, S ro e;rpo6dv6raroprlsKqrp rl F(ryvrlrrKrl 6ronepcr<irrlro rou ulrxodnou ppiorerqroro eo<rlrepr16'rou.

Aurenayroyrx{HEAmo n4vio. Ifpcpovrr p€ rov opropdrls srrqyoryrrdrqrog0o ro16ern AO : L Al orrd'reo v6;.rog rqg encry<oyr1g

* Me rov npoo6roprop6<ofurr]>6ivoupeip<poo4oro yeyovdqdrr 6ev npdxerrqr yrq rrl porj rrou nepvdero116;,rro oneipo. flpdrerroryro rr1 pc( rrou nepvderon6 prc orroro64nore enrgdverc rrou iler <ognepfypoppc ro odppo rou nnviou. ** Al((etvo oqpaco6ei611 6lor or cryoyoiiXouvxdnoro encryoyrrdrqro.

I

h

e !A E K TP OMA -N H -l KEHl -l AOf f r

yrd rrlv n€pfrrroorl qurrncy<oyrlgpnopefvo ergpd(eror pe'rqve{iooorl: .al

Eou,=-LIf

drr rl oursTTcrycDyrrrl r;trerrpeysprrK466F€ rrlv oTrofqsTrrorlFqfvsrCIr vqpq €i'vqrcxvdloyqrrpos rrlv rcrXdrrlro F€ropol4s rou pedprcrog.

H e{io<rroqCIurq roxfa rq6oov o puep6s F€ropo^rls rou pr6Foro5 eivcr oro0epdg.

Evepyero poyvrlnKo0nti6iou

1

To reipopc p€ rous 66o nopdprorou5 tropnrnpespdg dgqoe oprop6voep<or11porrrcd.

Kqrd ro rtreiorporou 6ror6rrrrlfiopCI":qpqoope xoOuordpqorl orrlv (qrroKordorooq>rou pefproro5.Ko'rdrr1peroporrrrlrordoroon ro pe6porlrov prrpdr€poos oXdoqpe ro npoplendprevo o116rov vdporou Ohm. H ovrodrqro,dprS, our4, prdgrroparriorrs ovrrHfi€roro drr q qtrerrprrrl evipyercrrou rorovotrc6v€ror ordoergeivorfuy6repqand our(v rrou nl)ooqiperorov i6ro1p6vo q nqyrl. [1ouorpeiXeror 116rogopd; Av'r6eivorro npc6roepc6rrlpCI. 'O'rovovof{opero 6rox6trrq Orornorr6odp€ qoropolfo rolv lcrpnrrlpov rrop6tronou eilope orroouvf,do€r rnv qler<rprr<r1 rrr1yt'1.4116rro6 npoepXdrov11evipyerorrou 6roveroug loprrr4pes vo g<oropotro6v; Aur6 eivorro 6edrepoepc6rrlpo.

Erp6oov trroreUoupe orq 6rorrlpnonrns evipyerc5,11pdvrl6uvorrl orrdvrrlorl ord ep<orrlprora e(vor11e{r1g:Korri r4 6rriprero rqs o6{qo45 r'Dupsriptrrosro n4vio anoO4rederevfpyerc,rqv orroio ;rnopefrul uro6i6er rard rq drripxerqrqs elrirrtooqg rou peri;rorog, orr6rerar lerroupyei o,; yevv{rpra.Oeopo6pe 6rt 11onoOrlreuoqyiveroro1'opdyvnrrr<jne6io rou rre6fou.

F€rn popgq evipyerogproyvrlrrrod (o) H rrpq rqg evdpyerds nou ppioxeroronoOqreupdvn oro ;..royv4rrrd rre6ioev6gnqvfou (L)oe pfa orroroEqrrore orryprl, 6iverqr ond rrlv e{ioooq:

g=]u' 2

orrlv onoio ro <l>rroprordverrqv ivroorl rou pe6poroger<e ivq rr1 orrypq.

I

h

e HAEKTPOI'AAiNHTIKH ETIAIOIh

fevrr6repo: 1. KdOerrqviorrou Eroppierqro116oro€ep6pef pro<6rq0irer>orroOqxeupivq evipyerooro Fcryvnrx6ne6icrrou, n onoio 6rorqpefrcr operdpl4r4. H qlerrprrrl evdpyera rrou rou npoogiperor e{ oloxl(pou unopoOpi(eror.

2. H orrorqpieuorlevipyerogyiverorror-d rq rpdoqrr15crfioKdrdorooq5 rou pefporog (cn6 lr : 0 o€ l, =, l) ondre 6qproupyeiror Korro pcryvrlrrrdrre6iorou pefporog.H 8rgproupyia lorrrd,vpcrl,vrlrrxo6 re6iou ouv6ierqrp€ rrlv onoropieuorlevipyerogo' ourd.

Euvotl,ri(oupre a. Kd0eqopd rrou ex6qkirvercrrllerrpopcr\ /nrrKrlency<oyrgundpler i) pro nrlyq pcqruqrrro6 ne6iou11orroio ;.rnopeivcefvqreire peupcrog6po xdrtrcopo(ay<oy<i5) efre payvrlrrlg. ror ii) dvq errcyciyrporo orroioeivoryro q rreproodr€p€S psroMrrig oneipe5ror yevrr6repcrivog cryruy6g. p. To gorv<ipevo pe rper5rp6eivor6uvqr6v vc exliqtr<o0ef fious.

1. H nqyrl rou Fcryvnrrrofne6iou(poyvrprlgq peugoro<p6pogayolyd5)xrveitororsrrpos ro enaycirypo.

2. H m4yr1rou Fcryvrlrrrod ne6iou (peuporog6po5ay<oy65) rcve(tcr<oSrrposro errcryc6yr;ro oMd perapdMerorro rllerrpr16 pedyofiou rrl 6rappder. gorv6pevo To urrd au,rl rq Fopg4 lCyeroralto$aia etoay<uyr1 ror etro3. H nrlyq rou psyv4rrro6rre6ioueivcuouyXp6vcrr5 y6yrpo.To gorv6;.revo urr6 our4 rr1popqrl,ldyercraurendy@-

v4.

I

h

e

ll

fewqrpr€Sevotrtrooo6;prevou P€uporos 'Evo

oupprordvro rrtrqioro,ro orroioOirou;reo€ fi€ptorpogrlpioo oe opoyevdg ne6io,onoreleiro poolr<6povrilo rc,lvp€;rcryvqrr16 ydlorv yewrlrprcbvrqg enoplg pog.

Ie ivo rropdporoprovrilo pooi(eror,(incog{ipoupe,ror q trerroupyio'rouqtrerrprrodrrvqrrlpo.ASev'roniooupe 6pog rq 6roqopd. Kcrd 14 le rroupyiorou qtrercrpor<rvqr(po npoogdpou;re pe6poror rroipvou;.re rivrloq,npdypo nor: orlproiver 6l q €v€py€toxq 6ro6rxooiorqv onoio errr6r<6r<oupe eivqrq psrsrpon{ rrls npoogeprip€vrlg oe evdpyercpqlovrx{. H 4lerrprxrig evdpyerag perorponrl pooi(eror orq Oe<opio rorv 6uvdpecov Laplace.AS pn pro56rorpe6yer 6pog drr xo0c6gro orpegi,prevo ntroforolerroupyei co5xrv4rrlpo5loppdveryipa Kq,pro o6rcironrlperopol4 rns Foyvqrtrqg po{S n orroicrrrepvderqrrd ourd. Epr<pavi(ercr, ;r' dtrtro tr6yro,erroyoyrr{ HEAor ouvineregrns c,fioi'osreivouvvq rrop€prro6ioouvrnv rr€ptorpog4.Epgovi(ovrsrtrorrrdvKo,rra 6rio rporv6prevo(o) q eni6pqorlrrov 6uvdpre<rrv Lagrlace atrtrdrar (p) 11rlleKrpol.roYvrlrrrq erroy<rryr'1.

To <cocpihpo> c,protg <porv6prevo eivot ro rrpc6T o ond qurd.

'Orov q i6ro6rdro€qlerroupyefcogyevrrrlrpro, ro <orpdfupro> yro gog rporvdpevo eivorq 4trerrpoprayvqrr r<r1 r,rroyrrryrl. flpoorpdpoupre rqv rivqoq rcornofpvoup€€lrcryrlrytrd pe6poro.Eivslrrpocpovdg 6rr Koro' ourrl rqv rrepinrooq epcpovi(ovror 6uvd;.re r5 Laplace, or orrofeg6pog rrope;rno6i(ouv r1v fisptorporpqror rrg onoiegocpe f'Orov lou;revo e{ou6erepc6voupe pqlovrrq evdpyero. {o6e6ovrcq lortr6v ro rrlqioro trerroupye i <15yevvrlrpq rl €v€py€torq 6ro6rxooio rqv orrofqerr6rriroupeeivorn Fsrqrloorrrirqg npoogep6pevqs Fnxovrr{gevdpyetss or evdpyero r;)\errprxri.

Kc0<69 ro rrtraioroorpd<peror pe oroOtpqouXv6rqroror eg6oov, rpuorrd,ro drpo rou ouv6dovrqtpe xtrero'rd r6rclopo, ro rllexrprx6pe6porrou 6qprroupye iror nopouorri(eropropive5r6ral,ep6:t h

e HAEKTPOMATNHTIKH EI-IAtOtI

rrlr€S.H rrpq rou on6 orryprloe orryprqper:pdtrlerarevri epgovi(er ror prroopropfvqnepro6rr6rqro.Avd fcroug, 6qtrc64,Xp6vou5 roOivcg crr6 rou5 onoiou5 (rrepio6og) oupnirrrer ps rrlv nepio6o rou r-rtroroiou, ro rllercrprrdour6 pe6poorrorrd rrlv Trsprorpoqq5 i6rcrpq. Mo(i 6pog preour6 nopouord(errcrdvoor6po yvc6propro fiou ro 6rogoporrore i orr<iro ouveli5 peripcrpe ro orroiopiXprrc6Aevtyetyia oprcy(.vqgopd.Mfoq oe rdOerrepo ooXotrr1Or1rope. xprpriveg pio6oq qopd rou ovoorpicperoroe 66o ouyrce lpovrrf5 oorrypi5. Kd0epe6pope ou, d ro yv<opiopciro, XopoKrqpf(eror vollcoodpevo. Or r6rorrep6rqrtsrou yro upreri5 6eroeriegrou rrepooprivouorrirvoeilov Oecrlp40e i og rdr-r ro peroverrrx6.Kqrd ro qvriOero.To ero 1p6vro6pr<rr5 rrou oxotro60r1oov ono8eiXrnK€ vcllcoo6prevope6poenexpdrqoeergpdpogrou ouv€Xorj5 o'otr6*lnpo oXe6dvrov rrtrovqrq.

A5 errrorpd'{oup€ r r1gyevvqrprog.

Ko0ivo 6po5 orq trerroupyio qr-r6ro 66o drpo rou nloroiou ouv6ieror;.reivo ;rerotrtrr16 6o116ppiorovror pero{6 rous fuo. Or 66o 6orrrifuor1opi5 vo o€ errorpq orpdgovrot ya(( prero rrtraioroevcirrour61'povorcOivog arrd qurofg cxouprrrder rrdv<rloe dvo orivrlro or6,\e1oq,rq leydpevnq6rrpo. Or 66o q,r6rrpeg orror-etrodv rous n6louq rr15yevvr;rpro5.

Ag unoOiooupe611Odroupero ouppqrdvrorrlqforoo€ fi€ptorpogq pe oraOepqouXvdrqroy6p<rlcxrr6d{ovo rrou cvrlreroro ypotrtris. orrs poyvqrrrcdg 6uvo;rrrdg enitre66rou Kdreivorr<d0eros rr1orrypq rord rrlv onoio ro Ag Oe<opqooups cosopXqr<rlvXp6v<rrv ntrqioroeivorrdOeroorrs 6uvoprrri5ypopprrl5.

Evqlloood;revo peripu ovopti(tror ro peri;rc rou onoiou n rrF{ rcr q gopri perupritlowor rrepro6rxti.

Kord rr1orrpq exeivqo116rrlv erngdverdrou nepvdero pdyrorog6uvor55opr0p6g6uvopr rrcirvypcppc6v.

Irq ouvile ro o opr0pr65 116o115 our65 nopouord(erpre ror ou{qoerS,rrp&yporrou oqpoivr,rdrr errdyetorqtrer<rpeyeprrrcq66vop11 ro r<rjxtrcopo eixor ouvcr<dlouOo, e<pdoov var rtretord,rar qlerrprrd,pe6;ro.Arro6etrvderqt drt rdOe gopd rrou 'ro rrtrsioroeivorrdOeroorrs 6uvo;rrri5ypcppdsn qopd pedporosqvoorpfcperor. rou errcry6pevou Aurd ouppqfver66o qopis oe rd0e rrr:prorpoqrg.

Irov lpdvo fiou lrop€ppdtrtreror ovd;reooorr5 66o ourd5 orrypdgq rrprqrou rov orrofcov pe6porogtrapouord(er6rorupdvo€rS, n rreprypocpq rotrdrepoorrd rr1ytrr6ooorcovpoOr1;lolpnopefvo e{unqperrlOei rc6v.

I

h

e

rdoq Appovr rd evotrtrooool,r€vn Ko0c6g neprorpirp€rqrro ;rerctrhrdrrloioro orrg r.p6xrpeg spqCIvf(eror erroy<oyrxq rqq yevvrlrpro(; KorF€rn po{rdoq. Bdoerrou v6prourou Faraday ono6errvferordrr I orryprOeror<ovpoOqporrr<6v o(o rrprl ourrlg 6iverorcrr6 rrlv e{ioooq.

I

V : 2nvBSqy2nvt 6rrou ro B ouppolf(€rro pqyvqrrrcdrre6io,roS ro ep[]o66vrou n]qroiou xqr ro v rr1oulv6rrlrCIrrls neprrrrpog4g.

To yvdprevorrlg oulvd,rrlrogerrfrov opr0p62n )\f.pe yeror rurlrxq ooyv6rqro Korouvropoypocpeiror ro ypdppo <o.H npoqyorjFrevrl, ouverrc6g, e{iocrlorl ypdcperor: V : c o llS rll. rc o t Bldnoupe6rr q rrprl rrls srrcrytr;yrrrl5 rdorlg eivor11ouvdprqoqrou lpdvou.H ypogrrqnopd;.rrrovoer6(q orqorl mryprroiog rdoqg ro:rlpdvou 0o iler rn popq{ rq5 ropn0trrlsrou oXqpor-og.

H <oppovio)rrou rropouord(er q errdvoouro6 rou yporprlporo5 6rxoroloyei Korro XopcKrrlpropd nou Xpqopofiorodv or poOr1;.rorrroiyr'ourq rq ouvdprrlorlliyovrd5 rrlv <op;rovrrrl>.

Evullaoodtrrev4rrio4 ovopd(erar 4 rdoq r45 onoiog q rrF{ xor 4 nohr<ir4ra p€rqpdllowor neplo6rrd.

'Ooo yro rous guorKofg,ouroi Xoporrrlpf(ouvrrlv nepro6rrdperapoMdpevqour-qrdoq oppourd evoMooo6pevr1.

Korlcopfgvo Xpnorgonorodv ra proOrlprorrrcd ror rqrr oppovrrq 6r1;rroupyo6v errdvorou ypd;rnopo6v grlprorog,o{,ronorc6vros rrs 6uvordrrlregrtov qlerrpovlrc6vnolpoypdgrovrou5.Aurd yiverorp€rrlv onlq ofv6eoqrcovrrdlcovr45 yewqrpru5penalpoypdcpoorov onoio dlouperppovrioelvo pdlouper<ordtrtr4trr1 odpoo4.

AgnoporcotrouOqooupe r<irpoperr1porlOero rns ypc-

I

<prr<qg nopdoroorls V = f(t) rriv e{dfu{q rrlg evo}looo6pevr15rdorlg rord rq lpovrr<r1 6rdprero prog neprd6ou.l(ord ro rrpc6rordropro 11 rdoq ou{dver orrd ro pr'16ivpilpr rr1 prdyrorrlrrprl rrlq (BSro),q onoio liyeror nAdroq Vorrls (oppovrrd) evotrlooo6pevrl5rdoqg. fpdgou;re Vo: BS<o.Kord ro 6e6reporiropro 11rdrrq etrorrc6veror,evr6rord rr1 Xpovrxrlorrypn I: Tl2 - fiou ro rrloior<>eivorrdOero mlg 6uvopr-

e

H^EKTP.MATNHTTKH EnAforH lfl

xfg ypoppig- I rFn rqg pq6ev(eror.Apio<ogrerd, n rrp{ r45 rdor15 oqpaivet6rt ovrtyiveraropvrprrrl,rrpdypofiou ylo rous (Puott(o65 mpdcpqxeq notrrr6rqto. Arorrlpc6wosrqv cruriOerqourrl nofur6rr1(T>t>T/2),11rdorl eqprrrepr66ou ra oe 6lq rq 6rdprerorqg 6efrepr15 piXprrr1 qprnepio6o, rrpcirr4 rord rqv d,ttog xot orprp6g {etriooeror : rc6po olorlqr6rdog iler O onyp4 t T orr6re rqr rrdh pq6ev(eror. prerp6nrt on6truro 6proro.

To rporv6;revo 0o eficxvqtrqrpOe( p<oOef. dn<o5Kotro ovriorpogo giyeOog H nepio6ogtqg ;reropotrqg rrou XopoouXvrir4ra onorelodv po(i pe to nldrog 'rc or-otXeio pdoerr<rlv 6qlo6q rdoq, ro oror;ieio p(o rrrlpi(ouv evatrlooo6pevq onoiov 6rcrpiveroron6 pio dltrq evoMqooa'ptvqrdoq 6logoperrnepirrroorlrl ouXvdrqrdrq5 6rr orqv rrporcerpivq 14.ASoqprer<oOef rrlotoiou. rou (tuppordvtou eivoriorl perq ouXv6rrlrorr€ptorpoqr1s To yrv6pevo ort : 2rrvtro oroio on6 orlyprjoe orryp4percpdtrletdoqg ct€ptqopropfvqXpovrrrl ror liye'rorgdorl rqg evoMooodprevqg trdyou1dprv,orryprll14qrryqrrlg rpdoqg0o orlypn.Kord rq 1povrxrl, :"nl2 ev6rord rrllpovrrrlortyprlT0o eivor2rrvT:2r. efuan2lnvT4 peropoll6oe 6trqro opFovrKd O 6poggdoq Xpqotporroteiror prevopeyiOqdnroge(vortrdyouldpq ro oppovrxdevoltrooo6prevo pedpcxor 11ra16'rnro orrlv onlq oppovrrqruldvrcooq.Odoq ev65 e(vorq ycovioro rlpirovorr15onoio5 eprpovi(eror ritorou peyd0ou5 ouroti. orq Xpovrrrlouvdprrlorlrou peyfOoug rdorlg dltr rr1popqq rqg evoltrooo6pevqg H e{io<ooq

v=%nF(|)t ecp6oovtrls opxn Torv 1p6v<ovOeopq0ei r1lpovrrq orryprl r<otd rqv orroio 4 rdo4 (i) qrov (oq pe pq6dv (ii) errpdrcerrovo crotrouOr1oer 11otryepprrrlrr19o6[4o11.

p€upo Appovrrcd evotrtrooop€vc oro dxpo ev65crdorl erpoppooref Av q cppovrrdevatrlooo6pevq i evollcoodprevopedporq5 i6ro5pe rqv rdyrrlyori0o Erlproupyq0e eivordvagolprrd5ooq ouXv6rqrc5.Ie nepirrroroqrlou o oYoYc,S (R) ro vrrordr4g 0q pnopofpeva erpopprd(oup€v6poOhmyra r<d0e 6qlo6r1: Oo ro16er rrpdgrdorlg-pe6proro5. pio ond rrg ortyproieg

r = Y+ !9 lr ir = r o q p o t H prdyrorqrrp( lo (ntrdros) tou pedproto(,Kqr q ouXvd,rqrdrou rd evolloood,prerd orotXeiq rdOe o1l;rovr ouvrotodv XopCIKrnptorr vou pedporo5. yrcxro evatrtrcoodprevo 6reOvq5ouprpotrrop6s O errrr<por6orspos I

h

e E NHA IOIH H A E K TP OMA IN H TIK

p€6po eivor o A C. llp o ip x € ro r o n 6 t o o p lrrd ra rv ld le c o v pedpro. evotr\oood,prevo alternating current.O 6pogor1;roiver

Togorv6pevo u. To rreipopcOerstedpd5 onordtrurue<irrro qlexrprrd pedpa 6qproupyef pcryvqrrr<d ne6io.H noponipo ipeuvo;rdgd6er(edrr ro pcryvrlrrrdour6 rre6io(i) e{oprdror o116rq gopd rou pedporograr (ii) ixer ivroorl (B)avdtroyqrrposrqv ivtooq rou pedporogon6 ro orroiorrpodpleror.

To od;rnepoopo fiou pyoiverqnd 6tro<rurdeivot6rr ro (appovtxd) pcryvqrrx6 ne6iolpovrrd ;reropotrpefpro6qproupyei evotrlooo6pevo l6pevo'r<ioorqrd ro pirpo rq5 fwooq5 tioo ror ra, d rqv xqte60uvoq. H ivrooq rou rre6iououro6 0o 6iverorond ;ro oXionrns Hopg4s B 0q (rrdM€ror) Fs B = Borl;rotq orroio uno6qlc6ver 6rr ro 6rdvuopro pe6poro5. ouXyd,rqrciorl peq ouly6rr;ro rou evoltrooodpevou p. Tc Oepprrd cparvdpevd rqrd rr16rileuoq fiou 6qproupyo6vror rou pedporo5eivorove{dprqro on6 rq qopd rou. 'Orcv p€uporoperipoouyrerprpi6orrlooupeivov ovrrordrq pe evqlloo(r6;revo v<lrvororx€irov(lo,co),ro nood Oep;rdrn'rqs ro onoio orrl Drdprero ;rog nepr66ou0o erXoprloerrrposro rreprpdllovrou (6rcrqpc6vros rn Oepproxpooio rr;rq.'Evo rou oroOep4), eo iler pio opropdvq qrr6truroi6roorroritreopo0o prroporioevo nporlrlOefrqr orrd iva ouveXi5pedpooproprdvrlg dvrooqgpe ro onoio 0o rpo<po6oro6oorov i6ro ovrrordr4 errf rrlv i6rolpovrrrj6rdprero.

F€ I' our4v crprBc6g rq orfqq Boof(erorror o oprop65rq5 cpiorrrg errdprevq5 iworog.

Evepyog dvroorlevotr\ooo6pevou Peuporos Kd0e evotrtrooo6pevope6;ro Xopcrr4pi(eror o116rqv evepydrou ivroorl. H rrprl rns FoSpo4Odervo unotroyi(oupsrq evepyeroxdnood rrou qvrolldooer 6vog peu;roro6orrlgivog orrd ro perjproourd cvrrordrqg prero rreprpdtrtrovrou. Evepy6giwooq (1.")evcllcroo6ouFrvou pe6proro5tr6yerorq oroOeprldvrooq evdq<urroOerrro6> qvrro'rdrq ve1o6gpefyorog, ro orroio rpogo6or<ov'fos rov i6ro eni rrlv i6ro Xpovrrcrl 6rdprero 0c erle o5 ouvrirrerqo qvrrordTrls vo Korovotrcbverro (6rorroo6 evipyero5.

J A E K T POM Af NT - iKHtil AIOIH

q lpovrrrl ourrl 6rdprerorrpfrretvo eivqtioq pe pro Oe<opqrrrd rrls n€nepio6orou pe6paros4 p€ rdrroro oriporo notrtrontrdoro prd,6ou ourqg.Irqv rrpd{q, 6p<os,pnopeivo r:ivorpio orroro6(rrore lpovrrq 6rdprero.Aurd yror-feivqr16ooprrpri11nepio6ogev6gE.P. rrou rrpoKrrrdr<dOe perpqorpqXpovrrrl6rdpreropnopeivoOe<rlpq0eioriporo rrollonldoro rrls nepr56ou.

Btrfnoupre drr 11troyrxqrou opropodouroti pooi(eror orov vdpro 'Orov rou Joule. ouven<igdvo5ovrrordrqg (lt) rpocpo6oreiror HssxrprrrlgevipyeroS,11onoio pevollooo6pevopefprcro nood rq5 r1tre eivorioo pe ll" R roprpd(eroro' our6v (xorrrlv orroioxorcxvok6ver) rou cvrtordrq 6ro111E{uncro6eror6rr (erp6oov Oepporpooio 4 peirororc0epq)11noo6rqro ourrl 0o po5 6iverKorrrl Oeppdrqto rrlv ono(o orov i6roXp6voerlcopef oro rreprpdllovrou.

H ovdtruorlorro6errv6er 6rr 11evepyd5 dvrrroqrou E.P.ouv6derqr (1.) pero ntrdros rou FErrlv e{iooor1 I

f.u={=0,7O7 1o -' ',12 H evepy<igfvroorl po(f ;re rrl ouXv6rqro cxrrorelodv ro ouvr1Ool5ova<pcp6p€vooS <ororXeio rour<ir4ro5> evd,5evoltrooo6p€vou periporog. 'Orov l6you ldprv lipe d,rrro rd6e pe6po eivsr 10A, 50Hz ewco6pe drr q evepy65 dvrcxoqrou eivor 1OAorrdre ro rrldrog rou eivor 10!2A, evc6q gopd ouro6 rou pe6porogovoorpd(peror100 gopig ro 6eurep6trerrro.

rgonpros, Evepyo5

roorlc; €vonnoooopevrls rdMioo o116pio nopdporotroyrr4opf(oupeKorrrlv dworo evepydq o4 q ono(o, pa1(pe rr1ouXvdrqro,ouvOirer rrlv <rourdrq'ro) FroS rdoqg. O opropdgrrlg pooi(erorornv dworoevepevotrIooo6prevqg ydc,{vraorl Kor(Irov vd;ro rou Ohm. Ag urro06ooupedr 6ro0irouprepro errlv ovotrtrooo6prevqr-dor1V : VorlJr<ot rroio iloupre erpopp6oeroro drpo ev6g avrrmdrq R pe rrrrordtreopqrrlv epcpdvror1evoMooo6pevouperlporo5 I : loqp<ot pa evepy6ivrocrq l* . Og evepydrdoq * rqg evotrtrooo6,revqg aur(g rdoq5 opf(oupe pro <urro0errrrl> oro0epq rdorl q * Xprlorponore f'rorKoro 6pogevepy65rrprqprro5evollooo5pev4grdor15.

I

e EH N A TOIH H A E K TP OMA IN H IIK

orrofo ov sgCIppo4drqvord drpo rou i6torrqvrlordrq (R)0a nporotrodoemc0ep6 pe6;rc iwoorlg ioq5 pe rqv'rcporrdvo l-.

Efrola oupte poivercr drt V,u: l.u.R r<lrerrer6t1Vo : loR0o roXder

v-..= *{2 S Aiyovrog drr q evepy65rtprl (V.u)xqr 11ouXv6rqrq(v) FraSoppovrxde,rollaoodpevrl5 rdor15po5 6ivouvrqv <rour6rrlrd>rr1q,ewoofpe6rr ro 66oourd orotXeiorreAn6 rqv evepy6rrpq pnopo6pe prypdgouvourrl rr;v rdoq erroprc6g. pd5errrrpivo unoloyi(ouF€ro ntrdro5evc6q rrpq rr;5 ouXv6'rqrog Trlvnepio8o (T) rcxrrrlv xurtrrrr;oulvd, qro rr€rvq urrotroyf(ouF€ (ro).Aiyovrog,trdyouXdprv,6rr pfo evutrtrqoodyevq rdoq eivor lpq rqq eivor220V,ro ntrdK22OV,SOHz> ewoodped,rrq evepy6g : ros rrls 22Ol2V 311V,11oulv6rqro rqr; 50Hz: 50s-'rcor11nepiorrou oqpaiver6l q rdorl ourq rdOe1/100rou 6o9rq5 1/50'rrpdypro 6eurepoldnrouoMd(errrotrrr<drqro.

50Hz) rdoq peour( tr1'rrou'rdrqro (22OV, Mra evsltrooo6pevrl (or1 pioo oro orrirt. rrlv roOqpeprvq po; r<ord XpqorFonororjpe

/\ €orlroxus lt,

,

Eivcrlrucrrord6rr q orryprcio roXrl5pe rqv orroio rpogo6oreirot ivq rns orryprcxio5ttpqg rpqpc rurlc6praro5 efvat ioq pe ro yrvd;.revo 'rou periporog erri rq orryprroforrp4 rr15rdorlg rrou €qcpp61erat oro drpo rou.

Ie rrepirrroroq rrou ro r6rdro;.rc6roppderoro116perjpcxevaMooo6;revo n roxds ourrl -o orryprroiog6r1tro64pu0p6g rrpoorpopdg evdpyerog-crrd orrypq oe orryprl petopd),lerot, irot t6ore eldllo'ro vo rropouord(er q ortyptqi',f,rrpq rqg o116rrporcrrr<q ev6rorpdpov routrdlorov drroqn.

Meyotrfrepo ev6rcrpipovnopouotd(er q ley6pevq piorl ro169q onoio ovorpfp€ror o€ rdrroto lpovrrrl 6rdpxeru rot or-roretreiro nrlli rrpos Ko rns nopeldpevrl5 ev6pyero5r<otd rq Xlrovrrrlourq 6rdpr<etc rqv rr;rrgrqg Xpovrrrl56rdprerog.Iro evq)lcxoo6;revo,dp.S, pe6po q orroroo6rlrrore Xpovrrrlg pdorl rcr16g6ev npoo6ropi(eror pdoer prrcrg 6rdprerog yrori o' ourq trlv rrepirrrororl l)q orrorelofoe ;riyeOo5ercr5ro onoio 6ev 0q {opr<6pevoorrd rqv errrloy4 rq5lpovrrrl<; 6rdpr<e fto rov oprop6rq5 pioqg rcrX6o5 erXeroprd tretroupyrr<6111ro.

Xpnorporroreirorp6vo 11ouyxexprprivqlpovrrrl 6rdpxeroproq neprd6ou.

M€oryrcyjq, percprpc(op6vq oe ivc r;rr1;ror<urlcrrporog-ora dxpo rou ono(ou undpler evollcood;revq rdory lfyerar ro nqlfro rrls nlexrprrrl5 evdpyeroq(W) q onoia peropr[]d(erororo rF{Fo rurlc6I

e

H^EKTP.MATNHT KFi ErlAro.-l ll

(T)rrposro Xpdvoourd.

Fqrosos XpdvoFrqSTr€prd6ou MrropofpevCIypdqroups :

F=W

T loxdS rrqp€XdFsvnot ovrrortirq. Erp6oovrl svql qoodpev4rdon V : Vorlpr<ot €qoppoorsioro drpc ovrrordrrl, ro p€6po0o eivor | : lorlpartorr6re I orryprdfc ro1ri50o 6firerororrd rr1oliory P : Voloqp'<ot.

I' our( rqv rrepirrroonro FcerlpqrrKdpdr5orro6err<v6ouv 6rr 11 roX6q, rl 6qlo6r1 rrp( rqg noo6rrlrirs Volorlp'zart o€ ;rior1 Fion Xp6vo progneprd,6ou, tivor ioq prero pro6rrlg piyrmrls nH4SVolo.Eivorouverrc6g P : 1l2Yoloon6re p = V,ul,u

r€u[19 ouv€x€s KorP€uFr] ht,t

evoA oooop€vo

Ero 1832o Amp6reovql"ye rtre6rr o ouvepydrrlgrou KorooKeuoorrlg opydvovHyppolytePixii(lnnotrdr l-l€r0erlehloer ro np6plrlpo rrlg nopccyoyrl5ouvelofg pef porog pr6ooo116ro <porv6pevo rq5 qleKrpopoyvnrrxqgerroy<oy4S. O PixiieiXeerrrvorlo€r treydpevo rov <oullixrq>, pio eugufororrl 6rdro{4 rrlv orroionpoodppo(eoro rrlqioro rq5 yewqrprogevotrlooodpevou perj;rorogror rordgepve vo 6rlproupye i pe6pa ouvelig.

H enrvdqorl rou Oeorpq0r1re drr iluve ivo preydlonp6plrlpo ymi rord rrlv €rrop1 erefvq qrcv 6rcgiur4 pero{6 r<rlvFrrlxqvrr<ov11avrixqq-rqrrdpcprrtvoFe rrlv orroio ro evoMqoodpevope6po rlrav rordMqho yro rrs rrporrrrdg r:goppoyd5.H crvrilqrgq ourq 6rorqprl0qxr:oav ivo ei6ogrriorq5 yro pro6 or<6vorrepirrou.To ouvelig pe6po gorv6rov <rdrr,ru vo rrqyoiveu, €vri)ro evctrlcoodprevo6ev rporv6rav <vo rrrlyoiverrrouOevd>.

H errdvo ourq I orroiq rpocpo6oreirr1 peroltrrxodg qpr6oxrfhoug. onoretreiror 0 oultr6xrqq ond6rJo gavrcoio rov ofll<rrv ov0pc6rc-rvor6pro Kor6rq dtdpxero ornUrdoKrftrror A1KotAz Uroqnlrneprfipogris ppiorovror TouoX4I0T0q {,r xorUz oeenog{perq {,ixTpeq ror oqpepo efvor errrlpeoopivryo116ro ovrimorlo.

Kor6r4vendpevq 0trtr6(er 6poqqprnepiodo I *16{4 ;rqXovrrd,ovdtroyo evdgpe6porog vepo6. enog{q, np6yuo rouoqpoivet 6rtrtipoot4ptdoxrfltot ArrorAz To vep6 rrou rpiXer pdoo oroug ocotrr'1veg {lz eqfnrowot Trq ror {lr ovriororxo.

Kor' ourdv rov [s UiKrpsq rl,riKTpeq rpdno4 nolrrdr4ror4q16o49 oTrS 6ror4pciror oro0ep{. yro vo pog eivorlprlorpo ogefier <rdrrou

r X

e H A E K TP OMA -N K ITH E N A 'O'q

vo rrrlyofv€r) Kor vq Frrop€fva pyaiver qrrd ro o<olrlvo c6ore vo ro yro vq rrlfvoupe, vq roriooul-r€, vo le6rq,rdooupe Xprlorpofiorqooupre Korvo opqoouperr1 gorrd. H err6vo ourq nporerpivou yro ro qtrerrprr6 pefpo eivortroOepivqon6truro. To qlerrprr6 peripo 6ev pyoiverd€rrron6 ro orlppcro. Ardpo Kororrlv'nepirrrcooqrrou €ivcrouv€Xi5, ourd rrou ouprpoiverpdoo mo rrirloro 6ev iXer r<apioolioq pe ro drr <xdrrou rrqyciver>r1;re ro 6r <6evrrqyoiverrrouOevd>.

Eivorpiporo yeyovdgdrr oe opropiveg rreprrrrc6oerg -6nor516you ldprv 6rov Xperoorei vo goprioouprr dvo ouoocopeurrl- ro ouve1i5 pedpo pdg eivcr qvqvrrrqrdororo. An6 rcerror rripo 6;r<o9ro rrtreoverrqpororou evclloood,pevoupe6porog eivor ouvrprrrrtrd rreproo6repo, oe orlpreiofiou rl oe rrcryKa,oFro enine6o enrrpdrqorl rou vo Oecopeiror 6rroroloyqpivq rcr cpucrrotroyrxrl. floro orprpc65eivor 5p<rl5ro poorr<6'nleovirrrlprc rrou fiopouot61t; ro evotrlooo6pevope6po oe oXdrrrlps ro ouvsxdg; H ondvrrlorl 6ev eivor 66oro14.

To svqtrlqooripevo pe6gc e;rgcvi(e r dva <npoodv> ro onoio 6ev epgcvi(€r ro ouv€Xdg.Mnopef vo Frrooxnpari(eror. Ag 6o6pe rr crprBor5 evvoodvor <puorrofKor or rlJr€Krpold,yor pe our6v rov (F€rocrxqpqrroprd>.

Efvoryvcoor6 6rr q qtrerrprxrlro1j5 tP) rrou rropileror oe dvo TFnFo ruxkiryorog efvor ioq pe ro yrv6pevo'rou periporog (l) errf rrl 6rorpopd6uvoprro6(V) nou erpapp6(erororo dxpo rou.

P:Vl* YrrdpXer611lo611 rdoecrrv(Volts) ror pro rrorrrlio ouv6u<ropc6v peu;rdrrrrv(Ampdre)fiou pfiopofv vo 1-rc,; 6ivouv rrlv i6ro qtrercrprrrl ro16. H i6ro qlerrprrq ro169prnopefvo crrro6o0eioe ivo rpqpo r<urlcoporo5 F€ rous ouv6uooprorlg 24 rcr 100V, 5A rar 40V,20A r<or 10V, drr<rr5xor 100A, 2V. >' d,le5 rrg rreprnrr6oer5ro yrvd;revo0o efvor200W. To vc percprpd(oupeprroopro;.rivqqle rrprrrl roXf ;re uqq^4 rdor;prrrp6pefpro pog rcdvervo onocperjyoupsnS urrepBotrrrci5 Oep;.rdvoerg rcov ayoryc6v.H preropipoorl,rrdtrr,;rdoo on6 qopnl{ rdoq-peydlo pedpc>,po5 e{unrlperei oro vc onorpe6l'oupsrc <rpurrqporo) T(Dv 6rr1tre rrp rrc6v (;rovcorc6v)ror ro ev6eX6pr e'ro ppaXuru rdc6gcrc. Eivor, potrrr6 ouvenrig, r6roirepo rord rr1 peropipoorl qlerrprr<45evdpyerag ro vo trropori;re va crnld{ou;re cfrc rqo;r4ldg nioerg-peyrilc pe6;rarq) sirs (Vrlld5 rrioerg-prrp<i paipcra>, crvriloyc Fs rrlv nepirrnooq.

I' our6 orprpc6gro (rpqpo, evc6ro otrveldgperipo peroverrefooFopd, ro evqMaoo6prevoperiprcnpoocp6peror.Yrrdpler pro 6rrirafq * Iro rropcxdr<o xor e<pdoovro pe6po eivar evollsoo6pevo pe ro o6ppolc V r<or| 0o rroprordvoupeovrimorXc rrlv evepy6rrp{ r4g rdo4g ror rou pe6pcrog.

H

-e HAEKTP.MATNHTTKT-r l EnAforl E

O nrilepos rov 6rio peupdrrov rns rlIro 1880,nevrlvro otr6xlqpolpdvro yerd rrlv cxvordluq.rq trerrpopayvqrrrrlq ro npdplrlpo rqg enrloy4govdpeencrycoy4g, oc oe pedpoouveli< xar pefpo evqlloo'Evogo116 o6prevo 6eviXerox6po truOei. rous rrsproo6repoi'€eppou5ufioorrlprrlrw ror o rrig rou ouve1o65preriporog peydlogAprepr xov65erpeupirq5Thomas r4v Edison.

Tqvenolq ereivrlerle r6p6oer Edison Electric Lightq onoio erXe eTorpeio Kolro provorrc6fuo rou qtrerrpocporroprori.

Iro0pdq nopoyroviq H ercrpeiocurq 11o'noioopydrepopereqlerrprr{q evdpyenq rqq orrl }vrorrrrloqpepoCeneral {eli104re, pe erorpelog rouEdison rdre repdorroreElectric, erleerrev66rrer yew{rpcgsuvexoUq psriloros.

NdoYdpx4, drog gdlcro rrporerpivouvo e<po8rdoa rrs H€1882. ydleg ndlergrqg Apeprrrlg pe6irruo 6ro'Hrqv on6luro qruorrdtrorrr6vo r6puvop4SouveXorig perlporog.

T4Srns vq cvrlouxsiarr6 rq 6rocporv6prevrl o'nerlrlyra rrlv enrrpdrrlon rou evollaooS;revoupe6porosKorvq rivor gavcrrr6g rroliH crrertrrlnpoeplSrcvo116pro ;rrogcuro6 rou ei6ou5pe6prorog.

Eleclric. dMq peydlqerorpeiorrlv Westinghouse H npc6rrlfi €rpoporrKqeyxordorcorlfidpdyrrly4gevollooo6;revou pedporogiyrvero '1883oro flopior.'Evcr1p6voopy6repotrerro6pyrloeorqv lrolio fva nop6poro6irruo ro onoio rpocpo6oO George ro6oe pro prrrpqneprolrl preqtrexrprrd <porrrop<i.

Westinghouse, r6purq5rr15opc6vuprqg ror egeupirqgpe erorpr-ia5 preydtro rdpogorrlv Apreprrr'1, enroxicpOnK€ rrlv enopl ereivqrrlv lrotrio, ei6ero rorvo6pyrorrerpoporrr66ixruo rcr cry6pooero 6rrorc6pcroyro rrlv qrroxlerorrrrlerperdlleuorlrou orqv Apreprr4.

A6o lpdvro opy6repcorr1vn6lq Buffaloq crorpeiorou 6qpro6pyrlo€To npciro 6irruo evoMoooopivoupef prorog. orous 6riorrirrougperiporogerle rqpu10ei.

O n6leprogcxvdpeoa 'Hrav orqv ouoio ivog nd,lepros yrq rq ouprpfpowo6do peydkov H irpooq rpiOrlre6irc rrepinouXp6vroprerd.l-ro16erorper<6v. yousrrou oXerr(oworFsrqv orxovol.rio, rord rqv retreurqiq6eroperlpoerrexpdrqerio rou rrepcop6vouorcbvd,ro evqlloood;.revo pedporog oe oprorrrd.Or oro0;rofncpcryclyqgeval),ooo6pevou rrlg 4trexrprxr15 Korro rorvo6pyro 6ircruaperogopdgror 6rrxvoprrlg rq onirto evipyero5dplomu vo rrlrlOoivouvKqrvo rprocpo6orodv Korrcxepyoordoro,pe pe6paevoMcoo6;.rt:vo, tvril ncpdllqlo 11 cporrruoodrqv F€rcrXdroroug pu0;ro6g. olerr rr1reXvotroyio I

e

r-i^EKTP.MAfNHTTKH ErAforH Iil

I

nou l€noupy€f FdvoFs svollooodpsvo p€6Forrl orroio l.rrrop€i'vCI iva ouv6uqop6<rdorlg-p€dpcrogoe ivqv dtrlo trcs p€rCIoxrlporfqsr Kqrd rpdrrov ouv6uoopr<i/ c6oreor svspy€ori5 orrdler€Svo efvoroo4pavreg.H 6rdro{q ldyercr FsrqoxqFarrorrisrcr q trerroupyio rrlg pooi(eror oro <porvd pevoqle rrpopoyvrprrr ri enaytny{.

Merogopoqtrerrpr rrls evdpyerog

Iriylpov4 enolI

H gerogopd tqs qlerrplrrlg evfpyeroqqrr6 rov r6rro nopayolyrlq orous r6rrouq rorqvdlooqg yiveror pe ro riooepo, ouvr1O<oS, fiopdtrtrqlo Xdlrrvo o6pporo rrou ouvovrdpe orr5 ndtrergrcr orqv 6rrorOpo.To odpporo orqpi(owor orrs yva'ori5 rololveg rq5 AEH rcr guorrd rdOe roppdrr qrr6 ourd rrapouorcr(errdrroro opropivrl avriorqorl. Aur6 o4proiverdrr ra0<69perogiperor q rllerrprrrl evipyero, ro p€upcrogdpo ofpporo, tr6ycogorvopivou Joule,Oepproivovror.

E{urroro6erar drr 11qtrexrprrrlev6pyercrrlv orroia raravatr(orouv ol ayroyoi ouroi otroretrei yro ro 6irruo evripyerorqorrc6lero. H ovd povd6o Xp6vouevepyerorqonc6trero 0a eivor Po, : l'R 6nou I ro pe6Fo Kor R q avrioraoq rtov Xdlrrvov crycoyciv.

Eivorgcvep6 6rr or rrpig rrlg awioraoqs Korrou periprcrogorrorreiror vo eivorprrcpigyro vq rrepropr(owor doo eivfl 6uvqr6v or onciilereg.

Mxpig dprogwrrmdoerg oqproiverpeydleg 8raropig rrrrv crycrryc6v, peydle5 6r1}o6qrroo6rqre5 Xoko6, rrpcrypCI'refu rd ootiprrpopo.Xperd(erar ouverrcbgvo ern6rc6roupe;,rrrpdperiporcx. fro vo peragepOefopropivq qlerrprr( r,rX65(P) pe prrpd pefpo orrorreiror q peragopd rrls vCIyiver preuq;qi\r1rdoq. loXderP : Vl. Av, prdtrroroouv6udooul.rerqv e[iocooqaurq p€ rrlv fiporlyo6pevr1,rrporfrrrer rl Po, =, FRAP, q orroio errppd(er drr or orr<otrereg roliog eivor ovriorporpc ovdloye5 lrpos ro-rerpdyovo rqg rdr4g p€ rrlv orroio yiveror q perorpopd.'Evo nopd6srypu.Av 0etrqooup€vo F€rqgipouye qlerrprrrl roXd300 kW precryoryorig150O urrd r-dor11OkVor oncitrere5(lo eivor 135kW. Irqv opXrl TnSypcppng 0o iloupre 30CkWevc6orov rdrro rorqvdkooqg 0o g0dvouv p6hS (300-135)kW:165kW. Av 6pco5;.rerogipoupe rqv f6ra rold mqv f6ra on<imoo4 Kqr F€ rou5 i6rou5cyalyori<;oMd urr6 rdoq 100kV,or orr<6trereg 0o eivor pr6vo1,35 kW. Irqv rorovdl<rroq 0a <p0dver ro169(300-1,35)kW==298,65kW. H perogopd ouverrc65e(vqrorrovoprrrdoupcpipouoo, eg6oov fipcryporolroreirqr F€ rov ouv6uaop6 q4,l{ rdorl-ptxp6 pe6pa. Vr1l6g,6po5, rdoerg eivcr rrpcrrrrcd

I

e

H^EKTP.MA'NHTTKH ErArorH lg

nohj 6riorolovo 6q;roupyr10o6v ond rrg yew(rpre5rou 6ro0iroupe .

E6ooxprprignor(erro olpqvrK6 rou p6lo o p€rooxrlpCIrmq5.

Irov oro0prd, qlerrporrcpay<oy45 64proupyefror Frq opropivrl rdorl rrlv onoio o psrooxnporror45ovepd(ero€ Frordorl r1.'r1l6repq pe prrpi5 olerrxd orrc6trere5 ratd rq lerrotrpyiorou. Me rqv Vqtrr1ourrl rdorl npcrypororroreirCIr rl p€rCIgopirrq5 qlerrprxqgevipy€rcsF€prrpigonc6lere5 relrrd.

Joule Iro dllo drpo rq5 ypCItrF4s perogopdg0rryiverq rorovdl<rlo4. propqlcvio5 rqg Or rrvrlrrlpeS dFr<oS ror or6po neproo6repoor orrroxi5 qtrrerprri5ouoxeudg 6eveivqr rq06trourrporrrr<6atrtrdrar xo06lou <<pp6vrpo> vo le rroupyo6vprerdoel5 erorovrd6ov 1fud6<ovpolr. Kore6<6pe ovriorpogo rpdno r:of(ouv ndfu ro p6lo rous or p€rCIoxrlpcrrct(.g, urroprpd(ovrqsrrlv rqqlq rdoq oe rdoq polr, un6 rqv orroio percprpd(erol refurd peprrclvexorovrd6<rrv ro <cryo06> orq orrirro Kororq epyoordoro.

Xropigevotrlaoo6prvope6po 6lo ourc, 6e 0o ;.rrroporioe vo trpcryFCIrofiorrl0e i.

O perooxrlHororqs Or pi(e5rqg cxvordluqrrls rou HsrooxrlpCIrror 11ppiorovrororo or6epivro6oxr6trrorou Faraday prerc 66onqvio cro onoio noporrlprloe rrlv oyorpoio errcry<oyry.

I-lcp6lo rrou o rrpc(rrogp€rocrxnporrorqg rcrooreudorr;retrryop6trrg1p6vroopy6repo(1836)qrr6 rov Joseph Henryorqv Apeprr4,nipooe prodqnepfrrouor<6vo5 pf1pr56rou oro 6frrua perogopdgrq<;qlerrpr14gevipyero5 XprlorFonorq0ef oro orroiorrof(erpilpr rcr oqpeporov rro}6 o4;rcvrrr<d pdtrorou.

Ileprypcg{. H 6rdro{q orrore}eirqrorrri 66o tr4vfaru}rypivo orov i6rorclero16or6epivronupqvo. To rrr;vicefvoro'nd Xdlrrvo otlppoprepovorrrq errdvEuorl.

To iva o116ourd, ro orroio0o loporrrlpf(oupeag n p<nre6ov,rpocpo6ore ircr a'nd nqyq evotrtrooodpev4grdorlg (rdor1ero66ou)opropivrlgouXv6--qro5.

Iro dtrlo nrlvio,

pdooond Hnpoyporrrdr4ro 0oT0Yp0rpr0

Ilqponr{nop6oroo4

Iuppolropdq -e

t rs l fIA E K TP oMA TN H TTK E nA HfofH

.---I

-

ro treyd,prevo 66vcpqKororo 6eurepe6ov, endyerorrltrerrlreyeprrrrl (rdor1 drpo rou epcpovi(eror rdoq e€66ou)rns i'evotrlooo6pevrl nrlviooupneprcpip€ror 6ro9ouXv6rqrog.To 6eurepe6ov cosytwrl(qtrexrpeyeprrrrl rpro F€XcpoKrrlprorrxd o6rlvopqKorsocrlr€prrr1 trd rns fi nvrioroorl),6ro<poperr rd qrrd ro cvriororx(IXopCIKrrlptor yqgrrou rporpo6ore i ro 16x.trorpo rou rrpcrrre6ovros.

H ytr6ooo r4g evdpyerag.

4116evepyr:rorr1 ororrrd,o p€roox4ro fip<rlrrlv nqyrl nou rpocpo6orei porror(g no(pverevdpyero ond 'Evo re6ovnqvio rou. ourqg rrlg rvdpyerogucpiorororovcFrfpoS oro rrdrpeurr4unopd0proqro0<65ro qtrerrprrd pedprcxuxlocpopei nprore6ovrrirtr<o;ro.

To peyotr6repo6pro5pipoS orro0qre6eror rre6fouo1166rrou orov Xripo rou rrupqvoog evdpyercprcqnrqrrrori ror peroprp6(erx oro 6eurepe6ov16rl<o.to.

Tc rrerpriporc.Or o1err165 perpqoe rg6eiXvouv drr or oprOproi roOopi(or-rv Korrrl o16oqovdpeoo rrov orrerprilvrtov 6rio rrqvi'<ov orrg rrpi5 rrlv rdoeov ero66ou,xor e{66otr.

V2

flerpoporr(6poors predvo p€rooxrlporrorq ro npore6ov rou orrorou iXer nr : 600 oneipe5 ev<i or oneipe5 rorr 6eurepe6owogefvorn, : 1.2OO.Tov rpocpo8oro6;repe evoMcoo6prevqrdorl evepyorirrprlg V, : r 75Y, or'6rc ivo polrdperpo oro drpo rou 6eureperiovrog pdg 6ei1,ve : (evepyd) rrpq V, d,rrq rdorl e{d6ou f1er 150V.O perooXqporrorrl5 pag ov6gcooe r4v rdo4 r<orpdfuma oe rrpii 6rrrtrdoracrr6 ereivrl rrou Xpqorprorrorc6vrcgivcrv dllo F€rooxrlForrorq pe rrporecpopp6ocpre. re6ov 600 onerpcirvror 6eureperjov300'onerpcOv 6rorrrorc6oope6rr q rdoq rcov 75V nou ecpopp6oopre unoprpdcrrrlrenepirrou mo prod.Arocpoiverar6qlo6r1pro avotroyio wd;reoo mr< rdoerg erod6ouror e{56ou Kol orous opr0po65rov on'erp<ovrcov 66o rrqviclv. Ir ovdloyo ou prnepdoporo prropodpe vo r<orotrr1€oupe Kfl p€ rrl porl0erorllerrpovrrori no\roypd<pou.

Me ro o6ppolo V rqr I rraprordvoup€rqv €vrpyd rrprl rq5 evotrAooo6pevrlg rdorlg ror rou evotrlooodprevoupedproro5ovliororlo.

H Oaopio.'Orqv ora irrpo rou r-rprorefovros €-

-e !

Kl-lt lA-o-q ^tr-PoMAtNHT

rorv6uon4viuv To6fon4v(o dlouvrovi6rooprOpti onerp6v. 0toptOpoi onetprilv dlouvl6yo =2. = 2.Irovnolpoyptigo goiverot go[veror dr Vy'Vr Irovnolpoyptigo 6rtVz= Vr. nz/nr qopp6(eror ryqMooo6pevrl rdoq ro r6xlorpd rou 6rcppierot qrrd evoMooo6prevops6po orr<ire ror er6r1tr<6vovror -.-oyvoord gcrv6pevo. gorv6pevoJouleorouq cry<oyofsor;rod rou KUKI(6FdroS, Eprpcxvi(eror evc6rour6lpovo oro eo<oreprrdr6pro rou nrlviou 8r;proupyeirotevqltrooo6prevo pcryvqrr16ne6io, or 6uvoprrig ypoprpfgrou onoiou 6rdpXowcr rcrd ro preyofujreporroooor6, priocorou orEqporruprlvo,ror o116 ro eo<oreprr6rou 6eurrpe6owog. Aurd o4;.roivouv6rr (i) oro rrp<rlre6ov nqvio 6qproupyeirqr our€rroy<oyrrcr1qtrerr6reyeprrrr166vop11evcb oro 6tur€psriovn4vio errdyer-arenioqg qtrerrpeyeprrrrl66vopq. l6ovrxtig Fsrqq(ngqnor{5. Erp6oovrord rr1 lerroupyio rou 6ev ropouord(ovrar qrr(6trereg evf pyerog, o psrCIo)lqporl mr1g Xoporrrl pi(eror og r6crur65.Irqv npd{4, piporo, riroro<; FsrooxrlFdrrorrl56ev ugiororcr. O r6ovr165p€rocrxrlpcrrorqgeivor ivo povritro p€rqoxrlporrorrl prenrlvio Xopis <rrprrqwrioroorl KorlJr rrupqvo mov orroio 6ev 6q;rroupyeirqronr6lero evipyerog.OIn n pcryvqrrr4po( rrou epcpcvi(eror mo nporedov rrrlvio 6r6p1erorxor on6 ro 6eurepe6ov.

Arro6errv6e'rcr 0eopqrrrd 6rr o' ourrl r4v rrepirrrtoon o ldyog rcov rdoe<ove{66ov (V',)ror ero66ou(Vr), eivrrrioog prero tr6yo rov opr0pc6v(n, ror n,) rov orrerpc6v.

V2 n2 V1

nl

H oX6or1pc5 l6er 6rr cxvor orreipegrou 6eurepe6ov'roge(vorrreproo6repe5o116rrg oneipeg rou fipor€6ovr,rS o p€rCIoxrlporrorqg rrlv evotrlooo6;revqrdorl KorFcilloro r6oeg gopd5, 60o ovurpcov€r oe5 cpopigo opr0pdgrcov orrerpcbvrou 6eureperiovrogeivcr peyotr6repogcrr<i rov opr0p6 rorv orrerpc6vrou rrporedovrog. O tr6yo5

I

€ H A t(-P OMA -\H T,<FE I]A -O-L

nz/n, triyerqr rar ldyoq rou yerdoxrTya'noyof.Ie qvri0er4 nepl rrrtoorl o F€rooxrlporrorqg 0a prropei vo urroprpd(er rqv rdorl odprpcovorrdvro F€ Tnv ovotroyio nou avorpipope. nopopiver avor1r6, 11lerErp6oovro r<6r}<oporou 6eurepe6ovrc,S roupyio rou Ftrcoxrlporrorq XCIpcKrnp(eranAetroupyiay<upiqEoprio tlluroupyia oro xevci.Av ro r6rl<rrpr rou 6eurepefovrog efvct rleror6 0o xuxlogope i o' ou'r6 evcllootrdprevope6po (lr) ror Oc ano6iSeror rdrrorq rllerrprrrl roXfg rrpo rqv <i{o6o>.T6re 0o li;re 6rr o p€rCIoxrfForrorq5 trenoupyti ye Eoprfo.I' ourrl rqv nepirrrcootl -avorpep6pevorrrdvror€ orov r6svrrc6F€TCIoxrlporlarrl-0o dloupe pdoq roX65ero66ou: Fdorl roX65e{d6ou V,I, : V,I, Ilpay;rcrrrrig perco;lqpcrror{9. Eivordpco5lvoord 6rt ot rpuotroi v6por6ev pra5errtrpirrouv vo 6qprouryrlooupeperooXqporrorq or r6qvr16.Kord rq lerroupyio rou fipcryplrrro6 perooXqpror-rorr1 evepyeroxigorr<6trere5 0o undptouv ontoo8rlfiort. Ogeilovror 16pro oro rporv6prevo Joule nou 6qproupy;;itor(o) orrg <rlprrf5ovrtordoer5 rov 66o nqvicovqtrld ror (p) orov nupqvo rou F€rooxrlPdrrorq l6yco rrlg 6q;roupyiog er6rrc6v€firtytrlyrKt6v<6rvopeupdrcov> rrou 6q;.rroupyo6vror o'qut6v. fto vo rrepropf(ovrorpdtrroro ro periporo ourd o or6epdvrogrruprlvog 6i:v eivor fvo5 nupr;vos ouFrrcr)'4sotrtrd ivo orjvotro o116or6epivrcx<g6trlo) rrou 6roXopf(ovror pero{6 rous p€ lenrd orpc6poro povcrrrtrodutrrxo6.

O ouvreleorrlg ond6oons (CI)ev6gnpoyporrrof F€rooxrlportqtrer<rprr<r1g roX6oge€66ou(Pr) orr1, o l6yog 6qlc6r1 rqg <ocpifupqg rrpos Trlv ropeldprevn rcrxdero66ou (P,) eivor ;rrrpd,repogo116rov opr0p6 <1>xqt e{aprdror orrd rrg ouvOr1€Srrls lelroupyio5 rou.

(12V ,24W) 12 vol t

roydq onorrei Msx0pnlli16on dedopdvq pefpoon6doopeg4[{ 1601.H rolupdrepo ypo;rp{ peytilopdpoq rdrexorovo}ulver 14g rox6q rollriog xordepdver opxerti vrov0 ovri{,er [ trflro.

I

h

e

E

EfrAf orH HAEKTP.MATNHTTKH

Hon6leroroyfoqonogefyeror FDovtiqrooq r4gr6oqgmqvoplriroreldrrooqoTorsloq eivot T[qyp!l.rliq.Mdvofio evollooodpevo rl|qr6onq eUKoIn |terouq n Uoro0oli perooXqporrmfg.

ro rdrl<opa. rou 6rordnr4;IXe{irdore Ariroreivo 4.10.Tr}iyeror aurenoyroy4; nopd6erypc.

4.1.Kord rrgopXi5rou 19ouorrilvq nopouoio(eq lero) flora peroverrq;roro roupyicrrov prlXovovoro epyomdorc; 9) norqnpoplrlporonopouofa(erl Xp4on rqg evipyerog rou arpori; y) norq o6uvoyionopouofo(eq Xpqoqrllerrprrq5evipyero5; 4.2.Karu rqv nopeiorou lTposr4v ovordqAtxrpopayvrlnxrl luqq rou gorvopdvou tnaywy11o MichaelFaraday ponoirloe Xprlor o) rr1troyrrrlrou ovriorpoqouKsrp) 14loyrrrlrq5 cvoloyfog.Eog(rlroripevq onooorpqvioere rr orlpofver our6.

4.11.Trtrfyrrorou'neleor4sourencry<oyr15; Ie rr ovorpiperor;fioro eivor11;rovd6operprloeo4; 4,12.Anonoro orrlrXeio ro0opi(erorq rrpri tvdgoolrlrou ouvreleor4o.rrenoycoyq5 voer6o65; 4.13.And rr eloprdrcr11rrprlrqg rllerrpeyeprrr115 66vopq5 rrurencryaryrl5; 4,14.Kurrlocn6 rroregnpo0no0doerg ivo nrlvioonoOrlre 6er evdpyero; 4.15.Trro r6rcire 1roou;.rpoiver Ft rov €TToyroyioKorp€ro errcrycfyryo orqv nepinrcup) ourenayory4g. or1a) oporpoio5 enaycoyl5

4.16. l-leprypdqrr€ orq yk6ooo rr15evdpyer4.3.l-lorg f eeivar6uvordvvo 6qprroupyqOe og rq }erroupyiocr)progyewrlrprogp) evdg nayoyrr<ipe6pcov o enaycoyiagorrvqrei rllerrprrodrrvrlrqln. oecrXiorlpero enuyriypo; rtov €wor4.17.No 6r6oere'-ou5oproporis rre 6vo nefpopro611 4.4. fl eprypdr.,t proupyio5 pedpop) evotrlqoodc6vq) evqllqoo6pevo vo enayoyrxodpedporogFsrov sncryoydo pevrlrdoq y) nldrog prqsopFovrKd evolrrveirqr oe oXdoqprero enaycbyrpo. trooodprevqg rdoq<,.

4.5.Trliyerar rllerrpopayvqrrrrl encrytoyrj ; 4.18.Trldyerorevspydg ivroorl evotrlqood4.6.f'la46raruncilverur o vdpogrou Faraday pevoupe6porog; Ie rr pc5 por1Od ourq 11 yrq rrlv rller<rpopayvqrrrrl enaycoy(;o) Me dvvorolflorooX6or1 iXerq rrprlrns Ht ro ld{er5p) Meodppotro. nldrog rou (oppovrrd) evotrloooopivou pe6poroq; 4.7.Arorunrilor€rov rovdvorou Lenz.Xpqorponorrlore ivo nopd6erypo.

roXd5rou evolloood4.19.Trtriyerorprriorl yevoupe6poro5;

4.8.floroeivor11oXiorlrou Kovdvqrou Lenz rqg evdpyerug; 4.20.Ie 6lo rov r<6opo perqv oppl rr156rorrlprloqg ro evotrIcoo6pevo Xpqorponor4me ivo nopd6erypc. pedyoiXerenrrporrloer er5pdpogrou ouv€I-loro5 e(vqro poorrdrepo5l6yoqyr' 4.9.Me nr1yr1 ouveXo65 rdoerrlgrporpo6o- Xor15. rodpe6rjonop<iporou5 lopnrrlpe5ouv6e6t- aurd; q) ivuv pivougnopdllqla ev6 napeppdllerorror 4.21.Io5 (r1ro6p': vo neprypdq,rere f xord ro dvorypra Fsrooxqpororrlp) ro rpuorrd<porv6pevo 6rordnr4g.Tr0o ou;rpe T N

Et]AIOIH HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH

fiou ouppoivouvKordrrl l€troupyiqrou.

4.22.Trro r6roirepo ouppoiver xcrd rq lerroupyioevd5r6avrxo6 perooXrlporrmq;

orOefropefpcrrou, ro gorv<ipevo ldyeroloporpoioenayoyrl.

Me noro on6 qurd oupcpeiveire; Arrololoy4orerqv cnrivrqoq.

4.23.Trlileror ond6ooqevdgperooX4porr4.26.l-ll4ord(ouy€ rrposro 6vodrpo ool4ortl; voe16o65 rov vdrrondlo evd5pcryvrlrrl, ondIL

I[a cvcpurtrl0o6pe...

s) Kd0eone(rorou nqviouyiverornqy4 rltrerrpeleprrx45 66vcp49. p) To n4vio6roppderor ond 4lexrprr6pe6po ydvoav ro xfxtro.lpq rou nqviouefvor xlerord. y) Anorrefrorvo peroBrBd(oupe orov poyv4r4 evipyera p6voov ro xdxlttrpoeivor rle rord.

6) Av ro rdrko;.roeivorxlerord,ro drpo rou nqvfounpos ro onoiontr4ord(oupe krroupyei crrgpiperogn6log.

Me rroroon6 qurd oupgalveire;Arrqrolorlme rqv onrrvrqoq.

4.27.M(.oao' ivo 6roorqpdntroro nou BpioK€roroe rpoXrdydpo an6 rq fq undpXer rdnoro nrlvio.'Evogoorpovorirrlg6ronro'rc6ver drr ro nqvio 6roppderar on6 peripro nopdlo nou ['rv ouv6ierqrperllerrprrrln4yr1.flou p1roF,€f vo o<peilerat ro peripcou-

4.24.flprvund rqv ovordlurprlrr15rlleKrpoHcryvrll Kr15 encryoy45 o) erXeegeupeOei q polroirrj mr1lrl r1e i q ovcryrrlprogrorvo6e 64yroupy40e B) progavordlugrlgq onoio0o npoodgepe eqrr6 ro rdvrpo vdpyero rrcvrlva 6rovdperor nopayoryrjg fipos rous rdnoug rqrovdloorls y) erletgeupe0ef 4 yewqrprowoMoooopivoupedproroq 6) erlovnpoqyqOef ovenrruXei5 npoandOe re5rou Faraday vo endyerqlexrprrdpe6poo' ivo rrirlopo Xp4orponorc6vrog roluporig TO; uCIyv4rtS. Metroroon6 ro nopondvo 6ra<poveire; Ar- 4.28.O pu0p,igperopolqgrr15pcryvqrrxri5 po45iXerrogpovd6operprioeo4 ro o) 1VB) xcroloy{orerqv ondvrqoq.

1 Wy) 1Wb6) 1wb/s 4.25.Auon4vio ro [1.,ror ro [l, Bpiorovror Menorq qn6 ourd ou;rgcovei're; ro ivo 6inlo oro dMo,To f1,eivorpsuporo4,29,'Orcrvrlefoouperov 6lsrdnrq o psq6po. rolfurd5 6o116trro5nerriror npo5 ro ndvar o) Av peroplqOe f ro pedpcrou nrlvfoufl, (oXqpa). frorf ouppaiver aurd; ro f1, 0o yivern4yq 4lerrpeyeprrr4g 66vc-

I

Prls' p) Av perorrvrlOef ro fl, xornlqordoa TTpoS ro [1,, ro f1,0o yivernqyq qlerrpryeprrrrjg 6rivop4g. y) M6voov ou{r1Oeiro periporou f'1,ro f1, rllerrpeyeprrrqg 0o yiver nr1yr1 6rivopqg, 6) Eireou€nOei ro pedporou [1,, eireperoxw4Oei ro fl, npogro fl.,X<lpi5vo ou{oper-

e HAEKTPOMATNHTIKH EIIAIQIH

4.30.Tr 0o ouppeiovrleioouperov 6tqr6firru

rq gopti rou pefparog 4.33.l-lpoo6ropio're rov cvrtmdrrl R nou 0o 6rcppder rov 6tordnrrl. c) rr1mryprlnou rler'voupe xorou{d' xlerm65 eivar o 6rcrdnrqg Orsv F) voup€rrlv rrprlrq,; peroplqrrl5avrfmoo45 rov 6tcr<inrq. |) rq mryprlnou rrvoiyoupe

eno4.31.O v6po5rq5 rllerrpopcryvqrrxrlg (oe yoy{S fvo nqvio) 6tcrundtverotFt rrlv e[iooorl

4.34.Ka0rilgou{irverotq rrprlrou pe6parog nou 6roppder dvcoolrlvoer6dg At ourtnayoyq. c) Er6qlc6veror c) To odppolo E., noptordvetguotrd pdye- p) Ano0rlreferotevipyetooro payvqrtxd ne6iorou nrlviou. ro 1A. 0o5pepovd6opdrpqoq5 y) To payvrlrrrdne6iooro €o@r€ptr6rou B)To ofpBolo.AOncprmdver14 peropolrl eirrqltt xd0elpovrrriortYp4 oolqvoer6odg rrls FcyvrpK{Spois oe ptoanefpo. y) H e(io<ooq roXder egdoovo pu0p6gpeto- qroyevd5.

6) Kri0eoneipa'rouyiverornrlyr;qlexrpeBolqgrq5 po(g eivcrXpovtxdmcOepo5. yeprrxq5 66vcp4,;. rtioq 6) To E., noprordvet rnv €rlcrycoyrr4 undpler <rovrd>dvodMo nqvio Eg6oov e) oro dxpa rou rqvfou egdoovro x6xl<opo er6rlk6verctoporpoio encryoy4. 'rounrlvioueivarcrvor1r6. rou perlporo5eivar m) O pu0pdgoti{r1oqg Menorq ond uurd oupgoveire; Xpovrrdmo0epd5.

4.32.fldvroo' dvo rpond(r ppioxerorfva Menors on<iou'rdoup<ptoveire; ruxfuxdnlaioro. ArptprS5ndvo: qnd ro Arraroloy{oretrlv ondvrrloq. nlsioro ouyxporodpedvopap66popgopCI4.35.H povd6apdrpqorlgrou ouvreleorrl prirq,6n<o5mo oXrlpo ourencryoy{gerdgnrlvioueivotq) To 1H p) floro 0s efvar4 gopd rou encryoyrotipe6To 1O s y) To 1V1tb/s. ;rorog6rmro Fcrl,v{rrlsnlqord(erro rpond4.36.Atiooolrlvoer6ridlouv ro i6roeppo6riv (r xarnoro 6rcv cnopcrpdverotand our6; ro i6rc'pqro5ror rov i6ronup4vo 6roro;.1119, ro I' 6rnldoregoneipegan6 ro d;1er olld Ir. O ouvrelemrl5aurencryoy{srou I.' oe oxdonp€exeivovrou I, o) eivor6rnldorog B)eivoriooqy) e varrerpcnldotog.

Menoroqn6 aurd oup<poveire;

E - ='n 49

4.37.Kleivoup€rov 6roxrinrrlev65ruxl6pdrosoro orlofoulrdpx€trot nqvio.To ped= N

e ENA[OIH HAEKTPOMAI'NHTIKH

rrH4nou iXerrord r11 Fo orrd pr16svrKi <pOdvtr orrlv rrprllr = '120mA orryprl;rr16iv rord rq mrypr1t, ror opydrepocnorrd r4v rpq l, = 240mAxord rq lpovrrrlorryprltr. r anoOrp<e u0e(oro FoH evipyero nou dXe yvrlrrrdne6iorou nrlviourord rr1orryp4t, peerefvqnou erXeono04reuouyrprv6pevrl Oefrord rr1orrypqtt p) eivorrerponldoroy) eis) eivqr6rntrdoro vqrion. ire; Menoroond qurd oupcpcove

evollooodpevo pedpo50 Hz 4 pdyrorrlorryprciorrprlrou onoioueivor3A, Menoroord rrr nopordrorouycpoveire; evipyero a) Irov ovrrorirrl peroprpd(erar 45) ro 6eurepd\enro. p) H eoolreprrr'1 rou qvr0epprrqevipyero ordrq au{dver- }dy<operlpotog- rqtd 45 J ro 6eureo6ltnr o. y) H evepyrig irn99l rou evotrtrqoodpevou pefparoqeivor3 !2 A. qnd evepyeror<r1 4.42.fko5ouprreprgiperor oronrd ivo nrlvio6rcv 6roppieruto116evollaoodprevo pedpo;

4.38.flore5eivqror 6ragopigrot noteqeivor r<rovdpeooo' fvqv rller<rprrcd oropor6r4reg 4,43.Leivov r6ovr16 ot v4rqpoKcrHlqqltrrprr<r1 yev4rpro; HsrooxrlHorrorrl eivot onerpe5oro nrlviorou 6eurepedovrog 4.39. fleprypdqure rq 10 gopig neproo6repeg ond ereive5oto 6ro6rr<ooio TToufioornqviorou npcrl're6ovro5. ordveror oro o111pro, Av ouveX4 o) oro npore6overpopp6oou;re Korrrl xprlorponorovros 0q eivqr rdorl 20 V 11rdrorloro 6eurepe6ov ylciooa rrlg evipyerog.

200v 5000J 4.40.To r1trcr<rprr<d peu;ro p) Av oro npo-redovperoprpdooupe mqv i(o6o 0o einou XprlorHonorefror or]- ovd 6rurepdlsrrrorl roX65 pepardoo orq onirrs 6- vqr5000W. 6000W 0o Kcroro epyoordoro y) Avoro nporedovpercprpdooupe rou 6eurepe6ound rdo4 200V ro pe6pro ptdpo,rl reivqr............ rou orrofoupercpdllovror vro50o tivor3(tA. pr1ror 11 Menoro0r'cLrrd ouprpolveire; pe6poquro6tou Kd0erllerrprrc6 rrprl ei6ougXcpcrrrlpi(erorond rrlv evepy6 rq rou.

Av rl rvsprou Korond ouXvdrrlrd ro ........... r1 y6grrprlrou eivqr..........

6qlc6r1 rrprlrou 0a eivor.............. .Aurl rou eivqr.......... rl rou 0o eivqr1/50rou 6eurepotrinrou, 0o otrld(er, 6qlo6q,cpopdrdOe Io5 (qrodpevo ouprnlrlpc6orr€ ro revdrou rerpivouenrliyovrogond ru nopordrco: APMONIKAENAAAAIIOMENO. TO nAATOITOY. ME|IITH. 1/50s . 4A o IYXNOTHTA.EAAXIITH. IYNEXEI. OOPA. 1i100s o ME|IITH. 4i1A. 2 . 50Hzo rfzn . uyNfXEI o nEplOAtKA

nEPto^or.

4.41.'Evogovrrordrrl5200 6roppiersrorrd e

ro H€rooxrlHol4.44.OpropivcrOeropofv floto eivotq cvoorq al5<4lerrprrdpoXtr6>. rar troyioovdpeoooe 6vqF€rqcrxrlFororq oe dvapoXtrd;

[c trfooupenpf]rfipctc

4,45.Lerdnor,lr<drtropc q poyvqrrr4porl ou(dveroroOepdrqrd 2.10''Wboe Xp6vo Ynoloyior€rnv 1/100rou 6eurepotrfnrou.

HEAund encryroyrl.

pe6rdperpo50 4.46.'Evo5 rurfurdgcr)'oYds cm rono0ereiroroeopoyevigpayvrlrtr6ne6iopero enine6drou rd0eromrg6uvoprrig ypsypis.Av11fvroo4rou ne6iououlaverpe vq oroOepdpu0p60,4Tovd 6eurep<llenro tdorl nou ovounoloyioererqv sficrytoyrKq A rat B. nrfooeror perc{6rrrlvoqpeirov

0 oe 0,1Tdotrooe Xpdvo 1110rou 6eurepolfnrou. Irrl ouv6Xero rord rov ;.rqDevi(oupe i6rorpd'nor4v ivroo4 rou ne6fouoe Xpdvo 1110rov 6eurepc,linrou.Afvcrotdrr ro eppo6dvenrgove io.;rq5 onerpogeivot10cm'. o) H oneipoeivoravorXrrl.Bpeirerrlv tdorl Vo..

B) H ontfpo eivcrrrletorrl rot 11ovtforoo4 rq5 eivor0,5O. tDrrdâ&#x201A;ŹrsrrlypqqrKrlropdmoorl pe6porog.Xpdvou. nou Fsy) I-kiooeivsrro qlexrpr16<poprio rorrvrl0rlre oe rd0enepinroorl;

porlnou 6ronepvdivo 4.50.H poyvrlrr14 r6rlorya peropdMeror odpgorvopero 6rdntrqforo e;rpo6od 20 ypol.rpCI (O,t).Ncryivcr11ypocprrtl 4.47.'Evuprerotrlrrd nopdoropcrl^/n- on rqs rrp45rqg enoydpevq5 cm'rono0ereirorpdoooe o;royevig HEAoe ourrrd ne6iorou.onoiou11dvrooqperopdlle- vdprrloqpero Xp6vo. ror 6no5 oro 6rdypoppo. flpoo6ropiore r4v rrprlrqg enoyoyrrrlgHEAKqrrq rpopdrou enayoyrxoriperiporog.

10

4.51.'Evogxurtrr169cryoy656ropdrpou20cm Kor0nloroi4.48.To enine6oev6gopOoy<oviou vrimooq5r= 0,01 10cmx8cm, eivorrd0ero ou, 6roordoe<ov O ouv6ierotpeopayvqrrrorl ne6iorqv 6re60uvoq opoyevo05 vrrordr4R=0,02 ond 50 oneiou.Av ro ntrqiorocnoretreirqr O dn<lgoro oXqprs KolfXer awimooq 12 A, unoloyiorero po. O oy<oy6g ropuOydperov onoionpdnervo ;.reropdllenoOereirqr rdOero ne6iour6ore ror q ivraorl rou pcryvrlrrKo6 payvrlrrrdne6io0,8T. Mfoo oe oeopoyevig ro nloiorovo 6roppierar cn6 pe6po5mA. rrls srrro eppo6dv 1110 rcv 6eurepoldnrou moproanerpord0erqro-no0e- <pdrverog rou rur\rro6 ayolyotlpetc6vorot 4.49.Oealpo6pre payvqrrrdne6ioB. Au- Oepdoe 10cm'?.

Zqreftaro) q HEAqn6 errorqpdvqoe oyoyevdg rpoprionou endyerqr. ypopprr<d r4v rrprlrr15iwoorlgon6 ycoy{p)ro r1trer<rpr16 lavoupre I

h

e E TIA H A E K TP OMA IN H TIK H IOIH

4.52.Zro ox4poncprordverorypogrr<dq peropolqrrls FcryvrlnKri5 porlgO(t) Xpovrr<r1 nou nepvderqn6 ivo n4vio.Ynoloyiore rqv HEAon<ienoyolyrlror nopoorqoere ypogrrdrr1perapofujrqg or ouvdprrlorlFs ro Xprlvo.

vo qnd pe6pc10A,o pq6evroprig rou onoiou yiveroroeXp6vo0,1s.

4.55.'Evqoolry6slg5t500onerp<6v 6roppierot ond pâ&#x201A;Ź6p,r10A.Iro eoclreprrd rou oolrlvoe16o65 ro pcryvrlrK<j ne6iorou periporogeivor1,5 10oT,Ynoloyiorerrlv s.rroyoyrr<irqrcror ro pr1ro5 rou ool4voer6ofg ov eivqryvoor5 drr ro eppo6dv6roro;.149 rdOeonerpa5eiyqr40 cm'.

4.56.Ito drpo evrignr;viouye L=30mHror R = 4 O erpoppd(eror oruOeprl rdoq 40V. l0eivoupero 6r,rr6nrr1 rropox{Spedporo5.

4.53.To pe6ponou 6roppde ro pedprrr ou{dvercr,oe rdnoroXpor fvo nqvioeivor Ko0r65 6A. H rnoyolyrrrirrlra(ouvreleorr]5oure- vrr{ orryprj4 ivrooq rou eivor2A.Kord 14 ncyoyqg)rou rrqvioue(vor0,1H.Ynoloyf- orryp4ereivrlurroloyime(o)rrlv nopel6peore o) rrlv ono0rlxeupiv4 oro nqvfoevip- vl oro nqvio qtrerrprrrlroX6,(p)rrlv rold nou rorqvokitvrror orqv coyrrqcvriorcorl, yeroKotp) rr1piorl roXd;.rerrlv onoic oneleu0epriveror <jrovro pe6papq6evf(eror (y) to puOpriorroropfeuoq5 evipyercgoro prioooe 1140rov 6eurepolirrou. poyvqrrrdne6iorou nrlviou,(6)rqv evipyerofiou i1er r1tir1 onorcpreure i.

4.54.Aurenqyoyrixal xcpdrr. O oneorqli4.57.'Evcr op0ori<rlvro perolfu16nloioroiXer oros rou rcpdre xarogdpverpeiva rurdl100 crneipeg roOegrd on<lrr5onoiegdXer epqvrrreflqlo lrdnrlpu vo ondoer 6rd<popo po6dv400cm'. Tonloforo ppior<eror os opoyevo.Mero Xrdnqpdrou qrretreuOepc6ver ine6io0,5Txormpigerar pe vo orlpovrrro yevigpcryvqrrrd' maOep4 oulvdrrlro 20Hzrcp(d\ovc o onoinoo6 evdpyerog o5 ovrlrer oro e-rine66 rou Koteivorrd0erog oe Xpdvonol6 ypoppi5.Av rsrd rrlv cpXq prxp5.H ro169 orrg6uvc;rrriq ro ntroioroeivfl xdOeromrg 6urrlv onoio cvo- rcovXpdvrrtv voprr<i5 ypCIpFd(; rou ne6iou,unoloyimerrlv nrdooerpnopef enoydpevrl o' o:urd 6dvoprl vo ouyrprOei 4lexrpeyeprrrrl pe rord rg Xpovrrt5 mry.rig1/160s rqr 1/16s. rqv roXrlfiou 0netreu0epc6ve 4.58.Mro evotr,raoo6pevq rdorl iXerevepyd rqr rqrd ro dtryr1220Y rcr ouXv6rqrc50H2.Ynoloyime vorypqev<i5xu- rr1orrypraiorrprlrrlg rord rrg lpovrri5 116ycro5 Fr ortypt5 1/400s rat 11200s ov eivoryvtoord nqvfo ror qtre- d'rr<ord r4v opXrlrcrlvlpdv<ovq rrprl rqg rrprrrl nqy4.Me ro nopordr<o6e6opivo eivoriorlpepq6dv. pnopeirevo ro enalrl0etioere.

Oeopqore 4.59.Ira drpo evdgovrrordrrl10 O erpoprr1pd(o rq5 ncldyr;g 200g, rrlv rcXdrqrc pri(erorevollcroodpevrl rdoq pe <ororXeio rou Xrunrl;,roro5 15m/sxor ro Xp6vorou rourdrrlro5>220Vror 50 Hz.Ynoloyiore: Xrunrlyorog0,1s. Kdvererq o6yrproqpei(o) ro ntrdrogrr15dvroorlgrou pe6poro5 vo 4trerrpt16 xdrlopo. To xdrlaryonepriror (p)rr1pioq roXrlfiou Korqvol6vero qx<irrpo50,5H, 6roppe6peXer nrlvfo encryuryr vrrordrqg, I

e

l,1

H^FKTpoMAr NHT,KH EnarorH

4.60.Irq drpo evd5cvrrordr4 €qoppd(ercr evotrlcoo6pevq rdoq pe e{iooorl V = 200{2np100nt, orqv onoforo odppolq V ror t noprordvouv rrg opr0prlrrri5 rryig orryprcfaq rdo4q ror Xpdvouoro Are0vig E6orqpa.H pdorlroXri5nou Korovolover o ovrrordrrlgeivor110W. Zqreiror o) 11ouXvdrqrorrls evotrlaoodpevq5 rdons, p) q evepy6g ivrooq rou pedporog, Kqry) rl rrprlrq5 owioroorlg.

rrmr1,prcypopprlperogopri5qlexrprrrlgevipyerog.O peracrXrl parrorri5 ovurpriv€ | rrlv rdoq ond 25 kV rre500 kV xor eprpcvi(er ond6oo495%.Ot rrlprrigovrrordoer5rcov nqvirovrou Oerrlp,rdvrot aoqprovre5.

Zlteftar q erarorrraia a6[4oq nou 0q rrqpouordoer oecndrleregJouleq ypopprjpercqopdsuv 6evnopeyplq0eio p€rooxqHon-

mis'

4.65.Mrq yewrjrproevolloooripevou peri4.61.Or ootrrjveg gorropotiNfov onurrodv Hqrosrpogo6oreiyroypCIFF4 perorpopdg rdoq 12100V yrorq le rroupyiorou5.Xperd- qlerrprxqgevdpy;:roq perrlv nop€ppofrlpe(ovrcr lorndv ivo perooXqpcrror4.f'lorog rooxrlpdrrorrlo onoio5ovurlr6v€r rqv rdnpiner vq eivoro ldyo5perooXrlporropo6 oq. H yew4rprorropdXe r orov p€rqoxrlporourodrou psroox4poror{yrovo }erroupy4- orq 500kW unrj rdorl 200V. O kiyog perooerdvogrdroro5o<rrlrlvog rou Frrooxqycnorrleivor100 mo 6irruo rrur.v220 oXqparropof V; Oe<oprlore rov prrqoxnpurrmrlr6cvrrd. xor q ond6oorl'rou100%.Iro rdlog rqg ypoptrisperagopdgq rdoq unoprpd(eror 4,62.frsvo lerroupyqoer rdroro rllerrprrd peivcv dllo perrroXqporrmrl pel6yo perorporvdrrXperd(eror rdorl 6V.Iro onirro '100%, olqporropod 1/i]0 ror on66ooq ro po56ro0irouprrdo4 220V.Eivqrgcvep6<56eurepe6ov rou orroiou rpogo6orei xofva rr Kqro' ourrl rqv rrepirrcoorlXperd(eror ravul<rlrr1 und rdorl 200V. Ynoloyioreo) Oeopqor€ro FsrooxnFrrooxnponorry5. rrlv on6lera ro;1tio5 orrl ypcpprlH€roqoporrorqr6qvrrdror uno0ioredrr ro pe6po p) rq ouvofurrion66ooqrrls €yKopdg ror oro rrporrefovrrqviorou eivcr0,25A.l-kioo rdoroorlg.

0o e(vorro pedpcoro 6eureperiov; 4.53.H cn66oor1evdgperooXqpcrrorrl nou unoprpd(e r r4v rdoq eivor100%.To 66o nqv(c rou dXouv5.000rqr 500oneipegovriororyo.O peraoXqporrmrlg rpogo6orel ror pe600W evc6orqv i[o6o rpogo6oreiavriorooq100O. Zqreirar ro nldrog r115evallooo6yev4g rdoq5 mo npolreJovxoror rrpi5 r<ovsvepyc6vevrdoeovrov peupdrcuv nparre6ovro5 rcr 6eurepedovrog.

4.54.MrqyewqrproevoMaoodpev45 rdoq5 rpo<po6ore peroolql:oi H€rqv nop€Fpofuj

I

e

,o* I

enntoiH urrrpo,nmtNilrt<l rl

Anoonoopo onoro BrBXio

uArotre€e rSrou R.Feynmon novco crrlOuorrrl> 'Oruv o Faraday rrlv ernlrlrrrrrl rou cvardluqq porrl0qre: <Ie rr Xprlorpe06q;.rooieuoe er;>.Otrort 6troro e6p4pdrou ouvoq.rr(6rov oro olronepiepyo d,rrdrov perortvodoe 1eyov65 pnopo6oe vo nopdyerivo ovenoio04roqlerrprrdpedpo. dvoorlpporovrd oe iva pcryv4rq florq 0q pnoporioe vq eivqr4 nr0ovrlXpqorpdrqro ouro6 rou euprlpoto5; H arrdvrqorlnou rlrov:<floroXprlorpdrrlra d6<ooe iler dvoveoyiwqroppdgo5>; Avatroymeireri;.ro5rrg rpopcrrrrd5npurrrdg egcppoyi5o:rg onoie5o6qyqoeourrl 11ovordluqrl.C)ordooeivorporp65o 6pdpog ond rl5 poorri5op1f5pfpr rr5nporrrxigKqrorKovoprrrlg egoppoyigrou. Anorreirore{ovuXrorrrrl pelirrl KorrrpoorKrK6g prlXavoloyrrd5 oXeyrovo g0dooupeond dvoriroro efprypoorrlv npcyporrnorrlorlprc5u6poqlerrprxrl5 6roop6g, Treivorro gpuypoMncSlvrep;'Evo5repdeyrcrdoraoqsow ro Mnc6lvrepyro ncpd6erypo. peivo rorlo ond pner6voppd.AMdrr rorXog! IXqporropivos o€Hro orrognoropd5<ppd(eror rflero ropndlq nou eivorrdoo npooerrrrdoXe6roopdvrl c6me;l: rrlv eldXrm46uvor4noodrqra ;rner6vva ouyrporei dvonordproldrl4po. Irq pdorlnaXoiverp' ourd ro 0ou;rdoro oXrlxoMrriXveg, pqXwrxo65 nou ermoord(er rou5 otrld yrq rous eivor onlrl oupp6pcpcooq mrl Fq yv6orl.Auroiyvop(ouv6114 ndXuvorleivoronol6rog cvayroirryrovo ovrp€ronrmei 11orlrq5nieorl5rou vepo6pero pd0o5.=e<pdyope, 6p<og ond rov qlerrpropd. €r1oq Tovep6rou noropodSroXerederor o'dvqvrepdorroo<olrlvo nou eivorivo ordpo0oupao16 pqXcvoloyrdenireuypo.O orol4vcgrporpo6oreipevep6ivcv u6porpoli -dvc yrydvrro nou rov neprorpdrper.

Altrdyrorivo neprmpdcpovror rpoXof;frorf iror ollrlu6poorp6prlotrenr6podv peivov retrer6rqro<nle116>ond,or6eprivreg pd(egror ldkrvo ouveorpop;rivo rqr dvqorivqro.Mro notrriorippcro.Olq ourd 1<op(ovroroe 66opdp4,ivo mpeg6pevc, ntror<r1 avdprlqliycovutrrrrriv, rrl5enf ro nle iorov Xak6g ror oibrlpogolld ror povcorrrd,pepvfrr rur rdpnoooXopri.'Evoorperpd;.revo rorooreforpq. Mrqyewrppro.And rd0qprc66e5 pyaivou',, peprrd5 ldpegXdlrrveg.To noro o4peioourod rou Xokoor6tpivroulopdprvOou qpEpo, o orp6prtro5, o Xokd5,o oi6qpog, 6lo ouvoppotroy4pivo peorond vo ouypei ivo eroe rdnore5}dpegXdlrrveg.Htrexrpeyeprrrq 66vop11.

6rrdyeyov65 yfvovrorodpporonou ruhyouvpepeprri5pdlregdvqdtrIrq ouvdXero orXdkrve5trdpe5 roppdrrnou ppiorerorhyo nopanipo, rov nuprjvoev65perooXqprorrorrl, H troor6epivro 6oulerdrouqrelerrivere6rir. l-6p<o dpar5qrrd ro i6roor6epivroro;.rpdrrrufuyeror6vqdl ,r Xdkrvo rol<66ronou 6evi<enacpq> perr5trd;reg onotrrjrcu5 nou ipXovroron6 rr1yewqrpro.Koro'ourd endXerr<oprrd yerorrllexrpeyeprrrq 6rivopqener6qppiorerorrovrd. O F€roo(rlpororq5perorpdnarlv rrdoer5mr5nol6 911165 rdoergnou eivaronopoirrlr€S yrqrrlv orKovoproX6o116rr5Xoprlld5 rr15qlerrprrqgevdpyerog pe;rorprdraki6ro. K(r0err npiner vq e(vqrqno6orr1peropfpoorl nou 1116oro dnorcpo.

Aevenrrpdnerar onordl4 xoronc6lero.frorl frori oldrctrr1p4 I roXdg rrveipropeyctro6nolr; 6roXerederor erei. Av dvoprrpdnoooorS,ivo, 6riomo ero16,Xo0ei nopopivet oro ovoloyrore ire ndorl evipyero eyroroleinerar.Av ivo orq ero'rdrqg roXdog I

e

H

H^EKTP.MATNHTTKH EnAfofH

H rar 0o fuciloer dlo ro xorooredcopro.

Fsrocrxnpqror4,nol6 o6vropo0o rov Oeppdver guorxd,rdnoto oncil Oo undlrXer, Oep;,rdrqro 0o npiner vo unoporp6veror oncoo6qnore. q.ruxrrrd ld6r pfoo o' dvov le ro, chtrdrdoq nou gOdvouvpeprrdgcvrlieg nou ruxlo<poporiv rrlv unepOdppcvoq. evolldrrrl 0epy6rqrc9yrova epno6i(ouv Meprrdg 6o6erd6e5 Xdlrrve5pdp6orpyoivouvon<iro qpcrl,puror ouveX(ouvpepcrprd Aenrig npo5 rd0e roreri0uvorl. rqlc66ro nou 6rooXi(ouv exurovrd6egXrtrrdperpo ldtrrrvo 'Yoreporo odpyoro pdp6orond Xokd nou perogipouvrrlv roX6evd5peydlounor<rpoti. psrooxrlporrordg, peprriggopig oe 6roporpd(ovror oelenrdrepoodpporo,oe npdo0erous peydle5yewqrpreg nou {ovo6q;loupyoriv pe6yodllr15Fopq4s,oe pqXovi5nou rrvotivperor ydlo proyqXovrrd ouyrporrlpcro,oeviougprrooxnpororig,riorepoviog 6rcrXcopropd5 e{dntrorr1,c6onouoro rilog ro nord;.u6loporpri(ercr;rdoooe pro okixl4p4 peyolodno14 neprmpd<povrog xrvqrripeg0cp;raivovrog,gurri(ovrqs, svspyonortivrcgFrKpoouoK€urrou ro '1eruvdrprrro rpulpr5nordpr nou ppioxtrcr yf' dg.To 0cdpo rov (rmdrv <prilrtov ro;rpdrroor6rlpou xorXotrrof. ln poxprri.Otro64proupyrlpdvo Fsnpoo€KrKd6reu0er4pdvc Meydlorxrvrlrrlpe5 yro rrlv eluoparonofrlon rou 1dtrupcq prrpooronrrof rrv4r(pegyrorov Xrhd6eg rpoXdrou o6ovroyrorpod. prrpofrpoXofnou yup(ouvce ovrcndxprorlF€ro orp€rp6pevo peydlorpoXdrou gpayporog.Avoropor4oero peydtro5 rpoXd50o mapar(oouvr1lor ordMorrpoXof.E{opr6vrorqrrdqur6v.l-lpcryporrrd ouv6iovrqr.

To i6rogorvd,peva rnv rpoHoKrrrrl IuppoivouvK dllo npdyproro. nou nofpv,ruv 66vap11 rou noroporiKolrrlv 6rooropni(ouv nou peprriqoraydve5rou noroorrlv dnorOpo, pdXpr porivo yupi(ouvrov rpoX6rou o6ovrfqrpou,ro i6rogorv6;revrr {ovoepgovf(ovroroe pdtrou56rorpoperrro65, orq lerroupyioe{orperrrd lenr6v opydvrrlv, yro rlv ovrXveuoq onirpcovc6v, or€uro prrp6vpeupdrov,yrorq perd6oorl pouorrrl5, yroqlerrpovrr<od5 uerxrivrov, noloyrord5,yro aurdparesHnXqvdS rpavroorrrq5 or<pipero5.

Olq qurd yivovrornpcrypdrxdrqro Xdpqoe npooerrrrdoXe6rooyivo roXupc6v odvolqor6rlpouror Xuko6, 6qproupyio payvrlrrrrirv ne6iov,or6epivro roppdrrope6doprirpc6rdperpo-roumpoprl(ovrsrnldr oc r5Xokori yro orivrlra roppdrrooe cndoruorlevri5pdfugXrhoorod,npooeyprive5 6roordoe 14 petrrroronoirlorl rrlg on66oo4g,'nopd6o{ooX4poro,<jlqorrlv unqpeoiordnorouorono6, dncogror q rcprn6trr1 rou cpp&proto5.

Av rdnoro5oplorol6yogrou piMovro5ovoordqerro cppayyo povre6oupe drr 0s Oqupdoerr1v opopgrdrov ypopp<6v rou. AltrdKoror €pruvrlri5rdrror<ov preMovrrrc6v reXvotroyrdlv nohrropcdv 0a avrrrp(ouvrr5 o4peprvi5 yew4rpre5 ror 0c cvorpd(ouv<[1pooi{redrr ro rdOeroppdrroi6epofXernavd;.ropcpo Avaloyrorefre rq oriq,rrl e{orrovoyrlpivo oXrl1ro. nou ppiorerorenev6uprivq oe rdOeropydrrXoko6>.

Aurqefvorq 66vopqrqg retrvrrq5 Korrou npooerrrr<o6 oXe6rcropori rr154lerrprr(Sr€XVoloyfoqyog.Mioo or4 yewqrproiXer 6qproupyrlOe i rdr nou 6e,rundpXe r allof orrl 96o11, nouOevd.

Biporaor4 griorl undpXouvgorvdpevoqlexrpopcryvrlrrrq5 Efvorpdenuyoryrlg. qrrd porodrr oe opropive5 y6prrl Oioer5 rov 4fuoror rougorlove ig ouppaivouv rdrorogcrvdyevo.Eivoreniorlgnr0uv6-aMd ror d1 pdporo-drr ro yr]rvolrcryvrlrrrd ne6io6rorrlprfror nou npoxolef rrlv rurloqropiopeupdrov oro €oorrXdpqoe rdrr avdloyo.Me<yew4rpro) prx6rqg fr15.flouOevd 6po56evundpXouv ro;rpdrrc;rerrvo6;revo rprlpoouvappotroyrlpivo ro yrorrl 6qproupyio r1trerrprrrl5 roXriog, dno4 yiverormq yewrlrpro.Mer<joo;reydlqravovrr<ir4rcxcrono6orrrdrqrc. 'lo<og qtrexrprxriv yewrlrpr<iv6evqrrorelef nliov ivq ev0o voyioere6rr o oXe6roopd5 'reler6rrlrciXer<p0doer (rlrqya 6rogdpov oedcvrrreipevo, 6rr eivorivo reler<opdvo FroKorq

r e

..tl HAEKTPoMAINHTTKH rnnrorr.Il

ppiorovror<oropdqt>erot riletot rrvrlrqpeg yew4rpre5 oXe66v vov rdroropoepd.Titrere5 Ar6po rot or yewqnpoplrlporo.

Yndpxouvtipro5ivo otrlpdsrdler(l)ro rotponopd6oror. ro ne6ioioldxlrlpo rqt 6rr Ooive npoplqyoro. cr;S ,p,i5 *o,'o,rrvqrqpeq lovoeprpovi(ovrcl oe pntr 0o Kolrov unepoyoyc6v Oepporpcorc6v pruuogttu Xo1r4lr'6u Yp4Yopo ecpopltoyrl mo np6plqpu,viegonop&1ovro Meivq pr(rrdvio evipyera5. iq5 rllerrprr<45 m4 6rovoprl to5 iiirruu qlertprr45evdpye Tu rorcoreud50a npdnervo 6r1puoupyq0o6v. p'ototro'r1p6ue5 vo ilouv eldXrorq;rdvoopordrrlrapeto oqpeprvd' rou ydMovro5(oco5 c{ia To Xropi5 rlle*tp'r4 reXvoloyfadpXroeperrlv cvurdluqrrlrou Faraday, H oqpeprvrl oe oqpeio rrls rrls ppfqos iqil'Xel*r oe ivcxvunepguorr6yryavronou d}lu{e ro npdoono vo ro rpovromei' noripa5 rou nord 6e0o pnopodoâ&#x201A;Ź nou'onep4<povo5

I

h

e ENAIOTH HAEKTPOMAINHTIKH

OAHTOI EPTATTHPIAKOE

Ncr rc(ttvoulta rratp ipaT'ct

N pdpog

EpyqorqPtorâ&#x201A;Ź5qoKnocl5 20

6uvoprrdg o To rllerrprr6 <popr(odyetot o Etrdvespe cdpcreg (<porv6pevo Joule)r 'Narpi ypqFFdSo OdppavorlXory( eepp6rrpo . o yoVu{T5_enr6pdoe peupo':orpdpo ;;";;s P,o qle*tp'*n *nftl o enr6pdoe payvrlrrrrlpetr6vc .r\,,oyd. o peuParog<ipogcrycoy65 Avrtmirerut mqv ctricr rrou ro 6qproupyei

To qlexrprx6 gopr o g €Tgr lwr,i xdvoupe autr{ trlv rion4orl O trdyogyrq rov onoio rdvoupreaurrl rrlv dorrlorl eivoryro vo ouv6udoouF€ rS noporrlprlo€rS 6porqprdrqFrosdprnporrqg ros p€ ogrlpq;rivegdvvoreg rrls guorKrlgror vo o6qyrlOorjpre o'ro ouprrdpsopq5rr 11ovr6rqra r1Aexrltx6 goprio o) epcpovi(€rqr F€66o np6oofio, To 0errr6 Kdrro opvqtrrcd ror p) fyergr priocarr6 rol<66rc. vo ldgoupe Tr 26ger,rifetor 1. Ko0r6grpfpoupeivo yudhvo avrrrefpevoH€rrloorrr( oarorilq our6 qlerrpi(eran.

2. H cpuorrqOeorpe i 6rr oro yuali el"rgovf(eror rllerrprrd goprio ro orroioeu06verqr yrq rrs cllrl\enr6pdoerg.

Yndplouv 3.

66o r6nor rltrerrprroi,<pop'riou' Oerr16rqr opvrprd. To goprio ro orroioovqrrrfo,J€rotoro yuclf op(tTqr cosOeT116.

4 . K q rd rq le rro u p yicrprogqlerrpoororrr<q FrlXov{Soe rdOe qKpo6f rrrl ouyrevrpc6vrr0r q le rrp rrd , g o p rio o s nc,tr6 peyofujrep€Srroo d rq re 5 q rr6 e re f v e g rrc,u €H(povf(ovrot Srov rpipoupe preouvq0roprfvo'rp6rro 6va ov'rrrefpeVO,

5. O peydlog ( €I

e

lzoo*o KA\OYMEllllPA,VtA-A h

rtov ox€rrKc6v nerpoprdroveivorq uypooio.Av q pdpo X0p6S> eivoruypq npirrer vo iloupe ;ro(f pog rqr dvq oreyvcorrlpo prolfuc6v.

Tr uiur,xd0o lger,aororiF,e Xpero(Spooreuhrd nou undpxouvoro o1ofur6epyoorrlpro.

Wimshurs;t, rolclr6ro;rep6opa Mra rllerrpoororrxrl Hnxqvr1 r1treKqrKpoKo6erldxra, nolld rolc66rc prerporo6ertrdrcro, pro yudfuvrlpdp'6o,prrorrloorrrrl ooKrpoororrr6 errcpep6S, ro6lo, rqr 6vqvrllerrpr1606oavo.fip6r:erroryroivo preratrfurd orileXos oro regoldrr rou orroiourrrrdplouvrollrlpiveg trerrrigtrcopi6eg 1opro6.

Tr,rrivoupe.

Tr,ragatqqodpe

H cvd1ryoo'q rov Te'yovdtrov otrl yltfoorr tqg quorxrig

o 'EvqSpo0qrrlg rpfper ro dvo dxpo trlg yudfuvrlg pdp6ou Fs rrlv ntromrrrl oqrodlo Kqr oprdoog prerdro rrlqord(e r oro rlle rrpoororr16 €KKp€pig. Floporqporip red ' rr ro orparpi6ro<ouyrrvei'ror>.

. :Trlv meproXrl nou rpirpo<eprgaviorqre> rrl pdp6o F€ rlle116rr16 goprfo. ErpSoov q pdpiiogefvqro116yuctr i ro goprfo qur6 liyercrr 0e-

. o pqenrrlgoyyf(sr Fs rn pdp6oro ogorpi6rorou €Krpe;ro6g. o Iro pera[6 ivog d]log poent4Sdler pdtreroe lerroupyfo rrlv qtrerrpoororrrrl;,rr1Xov{. O npoqyofpevog;roent4Snlrlord(er ro ocporpi6rorou errpeporigorov ivov o116roug or<po6ir<reg orr6re qrroOefrsr.To io ogcxrpf6ro rrlrlord(er riorepo o'rov dllov ror ro ocporpi6ro dkerqr.

o To rltrerrprrd goprio F€rCIprpd(eror. Iro ocparpi6ro epr<povi(erorOerrrcd<poprio. o Ko0<6Strerr-oupyef q qleKTpOoT0Trrqpnxovr1,orov dvo orpo66rrq eprcpav((r:rar Oerrri, <poprio.E(voraurd5 orov orroio ro ogorp(6ro pre ro 0e'rr16 gop'rio srroOe fro r. I ro v d llo c rp o 6 d r< rr1 eprgorf(eror rpoprfo dpvqrrrd.

rr16.

I

h

e

o l-lqipvoupe rdrrororcolc66ro rq r o u v6 d o u pro € ivo dr po rou ps arpo6drcrrl rns FnXqvrlg r<arro dllo drpo, -our6 H€ro p6opo- Hsrov rllerrpr16 Orjoqvo,p€ rr1pqXavrloe lerroupyio.

o Atio pu0qr6g no(pvouv ro 06oovo Kor rov pyd(ouv i{rr> o116rrlv qf0ouoo. Xpqorporrorr6vrog rol<66ro H€KpoKo6erldrro -ro dvq perd ro dllo- ouv66ouH€rov 06oqvo predvav orpo6irrq rns Frlxdvrlg rrlv orroio rdnoro5 Oire r oe lerroupyfq. O 0 rio o v o g <ovqorqrcirvrrcxr ). Yrrdplouv 6rjo rouldxrorov pdprupeg. o Avrrro0ro'ro6predvo qrr6 rs rslc66ru rccrpd(oupr Frq yopoldorrX a. Or p d p ru p e g 6rqrnorc6vouv6rr o 06oovog 6eiXver <oouyr<(v11'rog>.

T h

e NA KANOYMEiIEIPAMATA

r T6oo or o or ilexos r ou Ouodvrru6oo rqr orlg lcopf6e5epgovf( er orqler r pr 16 gopr io. To r ller r pr 16 qur d cpopr icpetacpdper qrsr r d r ov 0r ipoEdr r qr nS [inxCI-

v4s.

o To rl\ercrptrd <popriodyeTqr sfiii'rov orpo6drrq orov rllerrprrd 06oqvo pioo orrd ro rcqlc66rocxr<6pro Kqr cxvo ppior<erol 0riocvog i€co ond rrlv oiOouoo drrou le rroupyef q prp1cvr1.

o H olroyrl ourq 6evnpoypororrorefrotqv nopepBlqOefq y,rprotrdo'rrXo. H yopoIdorrl<x6eveivorq,oyds.

Egotr{oe6 oe ro goprto;ldvoogorpitirotou exrpe;.ro65 c. fltrrlord(oupe qrl6 6rr rov orpo66rr-q.Floporrlpodpre on6oroorl oproprfvrl qor:efrqt l-l6oeg 66vopr1. ikerqt ror tripe 6rt oro orporpi'6ro gopis peyoldreprl0o qrcv 1166vopqqv ro nlqord(opt oro arr6mooqS; Frrod,rr15 Arroroloyqorsrrlv ondvrqo4 oo5. p. Tr ro 6racpoperrr6 0o ouviporv€qv avri yo yudfuvrlpdp6o pdp6oo116epovitrlrqv orroia 0c rp(eilope Xprlorponorrloer popepe pdMrvo6<paopo; i sv rd'notogpo0qtr15sKouy. Tr rrpopl6nere6110q ouprpe prr4oerrov fvcxvorpo6irrrl rrlg rllerrp<rrorlrqg FnXqvr1S; 6. Tr rrpoplfrrere 6110q ouypefov nlrlordoouFsrovtd rou5 66o orpo66rregro0c6glerroupyei t1pr111ov4; i o €ldocvogsv qvttroOte. Oq pnopo6oevo qvqorqtcoOe orodoope fvq o116rq rqtrc66rq i) pe ivo roppdrr rcpolfog ii) pe ivo rop;rdrralou;.rrvdlopro iii) pedvogrjMo rerpo6iou Tr npopl6nere; Aorrpdor€vq ro rdvere. or. Trnpoplfrrete 6rt go ouppeicxvrd'notogrrlrlordoerro 16pr rou orov 06oqvooe orryprlrrou eivolqvoorsropivoS.

= I

Epyuorqpuxridorqoq 2

Err6vegilc o6polr€S ouvqFrKcsYP|IFFGS F

"

Edvgavrd(o1tat pAtnu; Fernando Pessoa

ft,ati xrivoupecutri trlv rioxqorl O poor169 l6yogyrorov onoiordvoupcourrl rrlv dorqorleivCIryro vo yupvCIorei ro plippo rqg ordtprrls FqSoro vq 6rqrrg o6poreg6uvo;rrrds rcpiver ypqHF6S er'69ne6iou6uvdprecov.

Tr 26geuifetcrvo ldgoupe 1. Tougopropo0grcoveworc6vpayvrlrrKdne6io ran qAercrpxd ne6io.

2.'Ot o payvqrrlgeivornqyrl payvrlrrrorirre6iou.

3. 'Orr ro qlerrprrd goprio eivornr1yrlrltrerrprro6 rre6iou.

4. 'Otqv 11dvrooq rou rre6ioueivor11i6rooe rdOeoqpreiorou ro ne6ioldyeroroproyevdg.

Or 6uvoprrrd<;ypop;rig €ivoro' qurr1rqv nepirrrcoorlnopdhtrr1treg.

Tl ul,lxri 0a lgelcotodpe Oo lperoorodpedvovpop6oproyvrlrrl, <rr6qpoprvfopcxro, ivc qtrerrpoororrrrl Wimshurst, rolc66ro 96trtro1opri, Hnxov{ pe p6opo KqrFs rporco6erldrr, 6vd yudtrrvo6ioro, rooropilcro, 66o odpporo, oouodprrr1on6porr5yra(6v, qtrexrprrd Otioovo,66o lenri5 peraltrrrdgntrdrsg;reAenrd vrlporo rrpoorotrtrrlpivoo' cu'rig rqr 6uo provcrrlrrodg otfloug rrdvco oe pdoq.

T Y

e NA KANOYMETIEIPAMATA

Tr,xrivoupe.Tr aagatqgoripe 1. Bd(oupt rov poyvrlrqndvo o' dvo r-pon6(rKotrov oK€'ro Xoprf vo 6rarqpefnd(oupe p' ivo <pdlloloprf €ror ci>o're ror opr(6vrro.PiXvouptorn ouv6letope ruloio rpdrro rrdvar <otrorripo>.

Auon6 prroe16rxrl oro lopr6vr or6qpoprvioporc oxrlpqrd rrirprouv rqr 6rqrdooovrqroe 6vqv ouyxerprp6vo Kqr prroerr6vq.Mo(e6oupero prvioprqrq rrop6.Aqproupyodv err6voerov6pXeror. {ovordvoup€ro f6ro.H npoqyo6;revr1 ArroodpouFtrov Hdl,v{rn on6rt, uv qtr,lriooupt,ro prviopordrroro oxqportro 0o {orrtrcirvouv lcop(gvo 6qprroupyofv oH6.

2. Zrq FrKpl1 yudtrrvqlerdvq pd(oupt ro Kooropdlqtorqt orr6pou5Xtr6nSor onoior errrnldouvoro uypd.Torro0ero6pe ror 6uo nopdllqla preroltrrrdeldopcrq dror cilore ios ios vq rqlfrrrovror o116ro rooropiloro. Iuv6ioup€ Tr)66o etrdoprorcp€ rous 0rp o 6 irre g rq g q le KrpoorqrrKr1spnxov rlg rq v o n o iq 0 iT o u p s o e t re rro u p yio. Arcn'rorrirvoupre d rr o r o rr6 p o r 6 rc x rdooov'rqr o€ ypCIFt riS rd 0 e re g o r0 66o eldoporo.

3 . f lo ip v o u l-r€ rrS nld66o prerotrtrrrcig KsSp€ ra roMqpdva vrl;.raroKCIrrrs orrlp f (o u p e n d v o o e p o v o rn < o rjg o rt jloug. <Dpovri(oup€vq eivqr rqrqr6pr-rcpegpero{rl rous rrqpdllqtreg KGrvo pp(orovrcr oe ondorcxoq ioq Hs ro dOporopo rov pqxcOv6rjo vrlpdrclv (yfp<o orq 20 eraroo, d). Euv6ioups orrl ouv6Xerorrg rrtrdregFr rous or:po6irres rrls pnxCIvns.

Ta vqtrroro6rqrdooovror oXe66vopr(6vrra ror nopdllrllo pera{ri rous.

=

H cvrip,rooqrov yeyovdtorvotq ylu6ooaqg guolxtiE 1. Tc prvfo;.roro{arrlc6vouv rrdvrq rrecx6poregraprrdleg ypqFFiSor onoieg liyovror ypqpHiS. 6uvo;.rrrr15 O Xc6pog eivorpoyvrlrrr6ne6io. OcpeiX€r rrlv 6nop{q rou crrnvrropouoiqrou Hcq,v4rn.

2. H erxrivoF€ TouSorr<ipoug plippo rq5 or6tpqsFCIS ro0o6qyeiro crrovq 6torpivero6pore5 yp4rpig nopdMqleg pero{6 rous h.drrdOeregorq 6uo eIdoporo. Eivqror 6uvoprrigypoFtrisrou qlerrprxo6 te6iou.

To ouyrerprpivorllerrprr6 ne6io eivoropoyevdg.

3. Errl pro o116rrg rldreg epgovf(e'rsr0ertx6 rllerrprrd rpoprforo orroio dyerar, prioo an6 ro rc}<66ro,crr6 rov i-

vo orpo6dKrnrrls Frlxovns.Errlv dhlrl dyeror ioo oe noodrnrq opvrlrrxd goprio F€ rov i6ro rp,5no. To goprfo rorv qrrorelei rrnyn rllerrprxod n'e6iou.Tc opr(dvrro rrtrqrci>v vr(paro pdg o6rlyodvoro vq gqvrqorodpe rrg c6pore5 6uvoprxig ypqFFiSrou ne6iou. Eivqrpe'ro{6rous rrqpd}Ir1ne6io eitreg,npdypq rrou orlpoiverdrr ro 6r1;roupyo6prevo vor opoyevCg. N

Irqv epyootqprorrl dorqoq 1, erlape ouv6doerdvov arpope r-ov qlerrprrd OrioqvoKqrnqpqrrl66rrq rls FnXCIv{S ro vqporo vo 6rqrdooovrqr oov orriveg rrou 0a prpoopre pnopodoov va {errvo6v o116ro rego}dKr rou oreldloug.

H errc6vqourrl pdg o6qyef enioqg oro vq 6roxpivoupe,pre ro pliprpo, €wo€iror, rqg origrlS, rlS c6pore5 6uvoprrr<fg ypqFFiS ev6grre6iou rrou 6ev eivqr opoyev6g.

Egortrioe6 edv o. Tr npopline'r-edrr 0q ouppei F€ rCI,rr6qpoprvioprora rdro qrrd ro loprf cvr( yro ivov poyvrjrqpdloupe66o pop6opayvrlr€S orrlv i6rqeu0e(siror rime o B6perog rrdtrogrou T ev6gvo <pldner>rov v6'rron6lo ou dlAou; Aorrprdor€vq ro rdvere.

F. fl-S 0a rrpdner vq eivqrpro 6rdro{r1pe on6pougyra(dv KqrKooropflqro c6o'reor orr6porvq 6rqrdooovrororrrvcord; Aorrprdorevq ro fiptrypqronorqoere.

I

Epyuorqpruxri dox4o43

OdppovonXcDpi(; 0.pp6rnrq (porv6pevo Joule) fr,atf xrivoupe trutri tqv rioxrlorl O JamesPrescotJoule(T(iqpg flpioxor- T(doutr)unr;p€eivo5 o116roug rrovdrepousrr€rpqporrorfgrqg yevrdgrou. Itq 1840,1t6N922rrc6v,rropouoioosFtq €pyqoiqrrdvo orrl Oippqvorl rtov psuFqrogdpcovaycoyrilv.Arcolou0<irvrqs, Snog ircxverrdvrq, rov 6p<iporrls fi€'poporrrlrlg6parqpr6rnrqsKqr6lq{e o€ ougn€pdopro'ro ro orroio ouvqOalg ovocpdpovror og v6prog rou Joule.

H dorrloq yiverorpreoron6 q) vq eppoOrivoul-rr os opropivegarr6 rrg nrulig rqs rrstpCIprarrrrlg ipeuvogror 'ro yeyovdroorrl vc oorqOof p€ oro vq rr€prypdrpoupe P) ylc6ooc rcoveworcirv.

Tr 26qeuifetorvo fdqoupe 1. 'Orr r; 0eppdrqrqeivqrevdpye ra peroprpo(6pevq srr6 ivo o<i;rao'ivo dllo p6vovegd,oovundpller6rocpopd 0epprorpo' or<6v.

2.'O'n ivo oc6pro prnopei vo Oepproivrrot KqtXopis0epp6rqro opreivo peroprpfl(trano'our6 evdpyelo urr6 popcpq ipyou.

3. Tovv6prorou Joule.

4. Nq ouvoptrrotroyodpre 6vq r6rlcrrpap<xor(6;rsvor orn crxnpsrrrrl nopdorqorl fiou ro rreprypdcper.

5. No XprlorFonororipe oprrepd,prerpo, llolr6p€rpo, 0ep;16prerpo KqrXpovdperpo.

6. 'Orr ov rlypogrrrl rropdrooq 6tio peleOcirv efvqreu0eiq rrou I

e

IflTTaE.E,PAMATA

n€pvd€rqn6 rnv qpx{ rulv o{6vcovrq 6rjo peyd0qe(vqrovdloyo.

Tl uiur.xri0c 1genorc(tpe rpoqo6orr16(4 qlercrprrdg orqtreg)6tor6nrr1, Xpera(6praor€ rolc66ro,pooordrq, opnep6perpo0-5A polrdperpo,Oepprrqrrlqr(r16.

66perpo,lpov6perpo,Oeppdprerpo Xpero(6poore eniorlg o6ppo XpopovrKslivq5 pe ndlog 0,2 mm ror prlrogev6gpdrpouro onoio 0o ruli{oupreoe oneipeg.

Tl rrivoupe Euvoppoloyodpre ro rrjrtrroprq rrou neprypdgerqrFsro fiopordr<.rroX{Fq. Bu0i(ou;rero oneipcotrdrns Xpol.lovrK€tr(vr1g oro vep6. l(leivorrpero 6rqr6rrrrl, onprerc6voupe ereivq rq orryprr;rrlv -CIpxrrq - 0 e p p o rp o o ir (0 r) rq r o c p q v o u p e vo nepdoer qler<rpr16pe6po erri oproprivo lerrrd, orr6re roroypdcpou;re rr1v6o 0epporpo,riq(02).Merorrvo6pe orq ouvil€rq ro\/ pooordrrl rar {avordvouprero neipoprqerrf rqv i6ro 1povrrcr1 6rdprerqq^,\d pe perjpo 6rocpope1116.Mrropodpe rqr' sur6v rov rp6rro v0 enovoldfioup€ ro nefpopc apretig qopis. Koroypdcpoul-r€ro drroretrioproro oe rrivqro. An6 rer rornipo npoxopdpe lrord rpd'no nopdporo pe ourdv rou rrerpdpqros fiou fisprypdcperorrropar<drcl. I' dvq fipcq,FCI1116rrefpoFqrrou dyrvepre0eppr66yerpo vepo6 oro orroio rdOe ;.rroo116rrg lpovrrdg 6rdprere5rlruv 3 lenrd, nqpCIF€rq onore)rioporq fiou ovoypdgovrsr or-ov rrivsrq. 'Orqv Xopd{cxpe rrl ypqqrKq nopdoroorl A0 : f (l) cpdvrlreroOopd 6rr rq rrood 6ev efvqr qvdloyo. Errl ypqgrrrl, d,pcrrg, rropdorooq, ro ypdcprlpo A0:f(l') rpav eu0eiqypdpJn. I

e

Ot

A 0,50 0,75 1,00 1 ,2 5 1 ,5 0 2,OO 2,5O

"c

19,39 19,60 20,1O 21,1O 22,60 24,2O 26,8O

Oz

c

19,60 20,00 20,9O 22,10 24,00 26,80 30,50

AO K 0,22 0,40 0,80 1,00 1,4O 2,60 3,80

N 0,36 0,56 1,00 1,56 2,25 4,OO 5,25

Etq fl6ooc tovv sl,"voufv H euOeiqypotrFlirrls ypqgrKrl5nopdmqorl Ae = f (l') orlFqfv€l o6{4o11rou v€pof (oe opropdvoXp6vo) dn 11OeppoKpqorqK4 epcparr(erorwdloyq npos ro r€rpEovo rou p€6Fqro5.Aur6 6rr q;reroprpo(dpevrlorov€p60epp6trlto(oeoptopdorlpqfv€r vo p6rro) eivoravdrloy4TpoSro tetpdycrrvorou PsdFqros.

Kqrd rq 6rdprerqrou rrerpdporog110epporpqofqKqrrl socoreprrrlOepprrrlevdpyerorou svrrordr4 nopdpetveorqOeq cvd povdEo pr1.Zuvenr63,odpqcrrvoFe rrl 0eppo6uvaprK4, 1p6vou evdpyerorrou p€rqprpd(erar orov ovrtotdrrl (un6 eivcrfoq pe r4v ovd po6uvdpe<ov) Fopg{ Cpyourltrerrprrcbv vd6q 1p6vou 0epp6rrpc rTouFtrqp$6(et o qvnfidrns oro vep6.Mnopofpe 64fa6{ vo xcrorlrl(oupero oupndpoopc drr r7avd ptovdfiayp6vou yerap$a(6p€vn orov avnordr4 evtprou petyayelc eivataniloyn Fe ro rerpdyutvo rqs €vro,orlq, ros, rtou finpp€et rov ovnudr1.

T

\z H

e NEIPAMATA NA KANOYME

H avoloyia ourq enrpeporc6ver Kdrrn l /rllorr1e{iocrloqP= l' R Telrrd o To odpFo0eppoiveror larpig 0eppdrqro. H Ofppovorlrou yfveror pe preropfpooqevipyerogurr6 Fopg{ ipyou qtrexrprrcilv6uvdpeolv. o To vep6Oeppoiveror pe peropipoonOeppdrnrds.

Egox{oe6 Eag(qrotip€ vq orrovrrloer€orq rroporrir<oep<orqporo i) n6oq rlrov 11peroprpo(6pevq oro crdpporoxfSdrsv ro pe6paeile rrg 6rdcpopeg rrprigrrou n,f,pouold(ovrotorov rrivoro; ii) n6oq 0epprdrqra peroprpdmqrce ond ro o6ppooto vep6 p6oo oe rpio trerrrd 6rov 11dvraorl rpuv 1A ror ndorl drov tlro,v2A; iii) rrora arr6 rrg rropordrar rrpdgyrcrrrl p61c 'rou vepo6 Oecopeire 5rr ppiorerarrrlrlorior€pCIorrl pd(o rou vepo6 rrouXprlortrronorrl0qrce; 50 g, 1009,2009, 250g

I

e

Epyuorqprax{riorrloq 4

AvqKpi ovrq5 prs

nleKrprKrl orqlrl

(M rpqon rllerrp€\f€prrxrlg ouvqFnsK(Ir€o(|)r€PrKns qvriorqons FroSnrtyqS) 1 .'

Irati xdvoupe autri trp' fioxqorl O pcorrdgtr6yogyro rov ono(o rdvoupeourrl rqv dorqoq eivqr yrq vo 6ei{oup€fi<oseivqr6uvqrrivvq ouv6ud(ouH€ rrs rov opydvov H€rous guorKo65v6proug ev6ei{erg <6orevo Kqrolqyoupe oe perprloergpeye0c6v 6norgeivor11qtrerrpeyeprrrq 66vapqKorrl sooreprrrlovrioroorl FlsSrrrly4s.flpdrcerrol yro <ovdrprorl)rqs qler<rprrqg orr1trq;pe oron6 rqv onord(ororxeicovtqur6rqrdg lrqn rcrlv rq5>.

Tu lgeuifetor vo ldgoupe 1. Nc ouvopprotroyorjpe dvo r<6rc1<rlpo orrl oxrlpo[]oor(6p€vor rrrrl rropdorqorlfiou ro neprypdgel.

2. No 6ropd(ouperrg ev6ei{erq ev6gBolrop6rpouKqtev6gaprne popd'rpou. perpdpepeivo o;rnep6;lerpo 3. Trorprpc5g Kqrrr peivo potr16prerpo.

4. Tovvdprotou Ohm yto ovrrordtr1.

5. Tovv6prorou Ohmyro rdrd<opope uvrrordrrlKorrrly4.

6. 'Orr ov ouv6dooups rous orcpo6dr<'rrig evd,g BotrropirpouF€ rou5 n6trousrrrlyrls,q dv6er{q'rou op1'dvouprrropei vo Oecoprl0ei ioq Hsrrlv qlerrpeyeprrrq 6rivo;rnrqs nny{S egdoovq eooteprrq ovrio'rooq eivqrrrohj prrr<pri oe oX6oqprerqv ovrfI

e

lg

NAKAN.YME.ETPAMATA

orqorl rou polroprirpou.

Tl uX,r,xri 0o lger,cotoripe Koryroto 66onerpdpro'ro 0o lperoorofpepro qlerrprrq otrltrnFedyv<oorqororXeio,6ror6nrq rqr rotrr66rq.

Er6rrdyrqro rrpc6roneipoponpdnervc dloupre 6vavlopnr4po, ivo potrr6perpo0-10Vpreov'rimoor;nohj F€yqlnoe o1ior1 preereivqrns rrny4srqr ivs opnep6perpoC-3Apreeooreprrqawimoorlnol6 prrpqoecrydoqpreereivqrou laprnrqpo. frq ro 6edreponeipopa0o lperooro(rFsenioqg66o qvrrordreg peprrc6v 6erd6cov Op (o ro0dvog)ror fvs oprnep6perpo F€eooreprrqovr(orooq HrKp{oulKl)rrrKd;reereivqrrou dlouv or ovrrordre5.

Tl xrivoupe 'ro r6rlcoprcfiou rroprmdverqroro crX4po o. Iuvapproloyotipre 'Orqv o 6ror6rrrqgeivarovor1169 rqv iv6er[r1 oqpr:rc6voup€

rou potrropdrpou. l0eivoupe rov 6ror6nrrl Kqr rorcrypdgoup€ rrs ev6ef{erg rou qprr€poprirpouKqr rou

potrropirpou.

Bcor(6pevor orrs rpergaurig ev6ef{erq ror egopp6(ovrosrov v6porou Ohm yro rlerord rfrlcopo F€rrqy{ rqr qvrrordrn Korrov vdpo rou Ohmyro qvrrordTrl, urroloyi(ouperehrd i) rqv rllerrpeyeprrrrl 6dvcprlrrls rrqy4s ii) rqv eoco'reprrrlavrio'rooq rqg nrlyqg rar iii) rqv ovrio'rooq rou loprrrrqpo Iu(rlrdpe yrCIr0 ocpdl;.raro. p. Iuvoppoloyo6pe ivq rtklopq Fs rqv i6ro rrrly{ Kor F€ ovrrordtq yvcrlorrlgovriorooqg Rr rropeppdllovrog Kqr opnepdperpo. Kleivoupe ro rrjrlopc Kor Korqypdgouprerqv 6v6er{r1rou opydvou. Enqvqloppdvoupri rq 6ro6rrCIoiso}trd(ovrog rov ovrrordrq pe dllov yvcoorqg enfoqg ovr(o'rooqg Rz.Karoypdrpouperr1 vdo 6v6er{qrou (rl.rn€popfrpou.Boor(6prevormrg 6rjo ourf5 ev6ei{ergKqr €g(xpp6(ovrag rov vd;.to rou Ohm yro rlerord, rfrlcopro pe ov'rroldrrl Kdrfiny{ urroloI

e

yi(oupero o'rorXeio rourdrqros rrls nrly4S.Euyrpivoup€ ro rrerpdproro5. orror6leopope erefvorou nponyo6pre'vou Egoxr{oerg a. l-l6oqevipyeropetaprpd(€rororov ovl-rordrrl Rrrcotn6oq otov R rou 6e6repourrerpdprqros o€ tlvo6eurep6lenro; gq 6ei€erro opnepd,Hsrpo >qS vo npoplfr+€r€ rr 41ro6pe F. oe 6vq rfrl<opo F€rnv i6ronqy4 sv o dvrrordrrlgeivqr100O. 49o6 xdvererqv np6pl€qrrlvCIEorrprdoer€ vo ro rdvere rql vo crXofudo€r€ rrl 6rorpopdavdpreouo' qur<irrou npopl6r..1.rore Koro'our6 rrou oa5 6eiXver ro 6pyavo.

I

e NA KANOYMETIEIPAMATA

Epyuorqprur{dor uq 5

O Ftlyv rqg €nrSpo o€ pcuFq stpopo (|Y(ilYo Irati xdvoupe aurrrltqv rioxqorl H d o rrl o q o u rrl yfver aryr o vq epeuvqooup€r r l 66vopr 1 qurd trou 0q ncpar4prlLaplaceKdryro vo n€prypdrpoupe ooup€o€ Froylc6ooofiou qfiorrei ivvrlre5TrlSy€cop€rpiog ror iworeg rrlg <puorr4g.

Tr 2ggeuifetorvo ldgoupe 1.'Ot 11allrlleniEpcorl p€upqroq6pcovaycoyc6v KqrFcryvrlrc6viler 66o <5rqer9ror o6;.rcpovq F€rr Froorr'ouri5 o Fscrl,oy6.

W4rnSern6pdo€ p€upqrocpdpo ne6iourqr 2.'Orr rdOepcryvrlrrlg arorelef n4y4 p(ryvqrrKod qurod rou rre{iiourqreu0dvorcxr o6rr or 6uvaprrf5ypqppis rrd rov p6perorrdlo fipo5 rov vdrro.

3.'Orr n qopd rou rl}errprrori pedprorog roOopi(erqrcxrr6 rqv nohx6rnro rrls rdoq5.

Tl uh,xd 0c lgelcotorlpe Xpero(dpoortFrs pdorlo116povrdpr,prrrpdp6opqrougB0 erqroord)v ror rrdloug 10 pfuoorcOv,6vavcntrd,oriv6eopro, prcxpdp6oepovirqpe 66o orpoEirres, proldlrrvrl pdp6o(r1 ror ;rrlroug10 nepiivo lovrpd o6ppa)ndloug 5 1trroor<6rr fiou tKsroorrirv, dvc or<opofpevo rrrlvirr,rrerqloer64potr{rq, rok66ra pe rcrdtrtrrllo FnroSoltrri 61r rporo6erldrra, rpocpo6orrr6q 66o rltrerrprrigorqleg rrov 4,5 V ror 6rar6nrq prrour6v. r

NA KANOYME IIEIPAMATA

Tr ndvoupe.

Tl waqatqgoripe

H arigrygaqrittov yeyovritorvofil yhfiooo r1g y€optetQaog &or,tqE cpuorxrig

c. Euvopproloyo6pre rq 6rd- o. O pr ayvr lr r lg nou 6r oOirotrl. Br6c6voupe rr1 porpld rouFs eivornrlyq prayvrprro6 pdp6o ndvor orrl povreprd- rre6fou.Ecpdoov dXerro ouvro pdorl ror orepec6voup€, yK€Kl)rFdvo oxrlFo,ro rre6fo p € rrl p o q e er0 r ou ouv6d- pera[6 r<ovrr6tr<ov rou Llfioopou/ rr1pdp6o arr6 spovi- pef v<r0ecopqOe f opoyevdg. plippo, rq . K p e p d F F s € r olc66r or q Ms ro €vvoefrcr, pdp6o rrlg orit,uqg pnopo6pe vq 6rq1dfu<rvq XprlorForrorc6vrogyrc rrs ouvEdoerg le- rpivouperrg o6poteg6uvoprn rd l d l xrvq oupFqr dr r q. rdg ylrappdgour-of rou rre6iIu v6 d o u p r€ro us or po66- ou. ErvsrypqHFdS rarordpuKr€Sl-r€roug ndlous rrls q- q€SKcrcxvurrore0e(drr o p6Ie r<rp rrq g o rrllqg ( 11H€ psrosrr6log eivoro'n6 rrdvco ro u s q K p o 6 i rr egr ou r po- or 6uvo1.rr6dg ypoppdsKorsucp o 6 o rr ro 6 ) n opeppdltr o- 06vovrorfipos rq rdrco.E6;rvro5 6rordrrrq.Torro0e'ro6- qcrlvoperq Oecrlpqrrrq orirgq pr rov poyvrlrrl dror c6ol-e11 q Xdlrrvrl pdp6o5eivorivog aycoydgrdOerog l d l rrvq p d p 6 ogvo ppfor e- eu06ypoppog ror ovd;,reocx orous rr6troug org 6uvoprr<dg ypopp6srou oTO U. poyev>69 pcryvrlrr r<odrre8iou.

p. Ktrefvoufr€ rov 6ror6rrrrl Kqrnqpdrqporipe6rr q 1dtrrrvrl p d p 6 o ge rrrvdoor r qr .

Ag urro0iooupe6rr errrvdoo€rsr fipos ro i(o.

p. Mi'h5 rleioaprerov 6rqr6nrq q pdp6ogexrrvdX0rlre . re M6h,; peuproro6orrl0rl rqg oorf;Oqrerdrrors66vopq.

Efpaore}orn6v urroxp€<oprfvorvo 6e10o6;.re 6rr 116rerieivorrdOuvoqrrlg 6uvoprrlg 0er r 1r i,oo or q pdp6o 6oo Kororrs 6uvoprrx6g ypCIFFdS rou pcryvrlrrrofrre6iouror rp qopd'rr1geivornpos ro i{o. florog5pco5dorrloe rr166vopq outrl; y. Arroporp6voupre rov pqy. H Oeopqrrrrlunorpio6yv4rn KCIr p€upqr-o6oro6pe r r q 66vopr or l ov psupqr oro rrirlcopro.l-laporqpodpe q6po o'y<rly6 oorrl0r;re o116 q pdp6og 5rr nopoprdver rre6foyfvercr o- ro Foyvrlrrrc6 pepordrqrq.H 66vqpqoutrl prerorcivq'rq. trdyerorror 6rjvoprlLaplace.

6. Avofyoup€rov 6ror6rrrrl ro r {o vo cp d p voupe r ov p0W{rn orrlv qpxrKrlrou Oioq o l l d F s ro v v6 r r o n6lo lrpos rq rrdvo.

Kleivoupre rov 6rqrdrrrn Kcxl q XdtrrrvqpdB6o9exrrvdoo € T q rfi p o s ro eocor epr r d rou Hoyvrlrrl.

6 . O r 6 u v q p r1 6 9y p o F F d S Tou pq'fvqrrrod rre6iou rqreu06vovr0r fipos ro rdro.

H cpopdrqg 6uvoprlgLaplace e{oprdlor crr6 rrlv rqre60uvorl rou prcryvrlrrrod rre6iou.

I

e NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA

rov 6rox6nrq e. Avoiyoul.rs Ksrovqorpd<poupe rqv rrotrr1 6 rq ro rn S rp oqo6ooiag.

'Orqv rlsfoouperov 6rordnrrl n pdp6og0o errrvolOei npos ro e{orepr16rou pro-

e. T'opedpo iler rripo ovr(Oer;r1 gopd. H cpopdrrlg 66voprqgLaplacee{aprdror rqr srrd rrlv rore60uvon rou perjporo5.

w4rn.

or. Avoryoup€ rov 6roxd'rrrr1 or. To pe6podler rripo ;reivroo4. H rrp4 rq5 ror ou{dvouH€rrlv rdoq rr15 yotr6repr1 Laplace rcOopi(eroro66vopr1g rpogo6ooiog6rorqpc6vrog rrlv rrporlyodpevqrrofu16111- 116rqv ivrco4 rou pedporo5

T0.

nou 6roppia rov cryoyd.

Eog [qtodpe €fifoqE 1. Boor(dp€vor yrd rn 6tlvrrpr1 orrl Oecopio Laplace vq rorroOerrloe'rerov poyvrlrrl F€ rov p6perorr,5lo fipos ro r-rdvco, vo rpocpo6orrlo€r€ ro rdrlcoprcpe rdorl opropdvqg nofurdrqrog Korfiprv vo xleioerero 6ror6firq vo npoplfq,rerequr6'nou 0o ouprpei6rr<aroloycirvrqs rrlv npdplegq.

Nq K^e(oer€/ orrl ouvdXero, rov 6rsr6rrrrl Korvo 6rqrnorc6oer€ GV11npdpleqrrloqs rlrav ooorrl.

2. No orrovrrloer€ors rropordrcoepcorrlpro'ra i) frorf 6evnpdnervo XprlorForrorrloou;re rporo6erldrro; qv qvrf yro 1dh,:rvr1 ii) Tr 0o ouvdporve pdp6oXprlorHonorodoopre or6ep6vro; iii) frorf 11er6qtrcoon rns 66vapq5Lirplaceoro qrcopo6prevo rrrlvioeivarrolupdrepqoe o6yrproqye ereivqorov Xdtrrrvo cr!'<oY6; iv) Tr0o ouvdBorve av pd(o;reivo rrol6 prrp6Xdlrrvoo6pproiror c6orevo or<ope iror xqrqr,jpuqo ovdpreocorous ndloug rou payvr'1rrl Kqrro psupcr,r6orodoqFe;

I

e

tg

NA(ANovME f TPAMATA

I

)

fratf rrivoupe aur,rl tqv rioxqoq H epyoorqproxrl cxurqdorqorl ova<pip€ror o' dvo rpiorpo (yro rqv e{ffu{r1 ro)v €fi rorrlpovrrc6vr6ecilv)nefpapa q n 6 ro v f io u f ip q y F c ro ' n o r1 1 0 1 1 re Xavg Kpforrov'E5lor€vroro flqverrtorqpro rrlg KorrelXdynSorrg 20 loulio u ro u 1 8 2 O .

To rdvoupr€H€ oKorrd vo eprpo06vouF€ orrg lerrropipe regevd,govdtroy o u rrerp d p q ro s K o r v 0 rrg o u v 6 u d o o u F € F € rrl o e rrrp rlrrrqn e p ry p o c p q Tou Frcyvqrrro6 rre6iou.

vtr ldgoupe Tr,2gger,rifetor 1. 'O'rrro rre(poya'Eporsvrd6erlvsrrcogivo peuprorogd,po rcs}<66ro enr6pdo€ pro payvqrrr( petr6vorqr 6rr Hsro neipoproour6 dvor{eo 6p6pog,yrq rrlv evorroirloqrou qlerrpro;rori H€rov pcryvrlrrop6. pel6voolld{er tiocpvrrd 2.'Orr ov prq pcryvrlrrrq rrpooqvqrohopd oqproiver 5rrro ;rcyvqrrrc6 rre6iooro orroioprdlprrdre roopporrodoedler peraptrq0ei. rou pc3. Tc Baorrdororleio rqg 0eoprlrrrqgrreprypocpqs psuHoroyvrlrrro6rre6iourrou 6rlproupyei dvogeul)dypotrFos qdpoScrl,roy6s. h

o NA KANOYME NEIPAMATA

Tr,ul,r,xd0o lger,aotodPe pe}6voorpsOo lperooref vq ovo(qrrloouptFlo puyvrlrrrr'1 rcov nrrl nep( xoror6pucpod{ovo, rol<66ro,rpels o'rr1treg enioqSvCIXprlolpo4,5Vrut 6vqv6rqr6rrr4.Oo prropodorrpe ro65 o'r6lou5. rrorqooupe66o provco'rl

Tr xrivoupe.Tr rtogatqgoriPe

tov Teyovdtov otq yl)"t6ooorqE yealpetg(oE H rrequygotpri ricl,ttlg cpuolrrig rre6fonoretreinnY4Pcrl'vqrrrori crl't,lYds o. o peupratocp6pog ro 6tsr6ntq q pel6vq loopponodoeoro ou. flprv r<trefooupre ra'rd rrlv opr(6v'rlo ne6iofipooqvqrotrroplivq ye<rrpoyvnrr16 rou. ouvrorcOoq i rrpoipXeTo proyvrlrrr6rre6(ooro o'noio'r<irporoopporre YecopcxYvrlttro6 rot on6'rr1 ofv0eorlrou (npo0rrdpXovro5) o ptuplCI6qpro6pyrloe ne6iouKqlrou puyvrlrrrodne6(ountlu rogdpog trl,oY6s. i n gopd rou rllerrprro6 pefporos qvcp. Av ovoorpocpe

NEIPAMATA NA KANOYME

orpigsrqr Kdr rl Kore60uvorlrou Hcryvnrtro6ne6iou.

Tl waqatqgoripe enioqE Au{dvoupe tqv rdoq rpocpo6ooiog.fru 'ro oron6 ourd lpqoro€ oerpd.Terpe rgorql€S rrllv 4,5 V ouv6e8epdv€S ponorodpre vrr6voupre'ro rqlc66ro rrdvco on6T 11petr6vo oTqv i6ro o116orqorl p€ rrlv npoqyo6psvrl KCIr6tontorrivoup€ F€yCIl6repr1 ycrrvioerrporrrlg. rqlc66ro rrdvor o116rr1 pelSArorrlpodpr€ro psul-rorocpdpo rrl ycrtvioerrponqg. vq orrlv oplrrrl Odoqror orlprerc6vouFs Irl ouvil€rq ro orroprorp6voup€CIpyd8rorrlp6vrqs ro rrcxpdMqtro rrpos rov d{ovq rqg peldvos Korrrcpotqpofpe dtr 11 errporrq 6rapr<c6g prer<6verot. {Ddpvoupero r€vropdvo peuprorocpdp<l rolc66ro rrdvcoorrd rr1 peldvo rrotrrj rovrd rns Kqr rdOerq or-ov d{ovo trls ro0c6g <oouyr(vr1'rr1>. roopponei.flaporqpo6pe 6'n q pel6vo prtivet Eog lqtoripe 1. Iog 4r1ro6perc6po vo pooro'reire o'rr1OeolpqrrrrlrrtptypCIcpqrou payvqrrro6 nebiou eu06ypo1-tpou aycuyotiKqrvq Trpoqv pA(.gue rr 0q ouppef ronoOerqooupero p€uHqrocpdpo ncpdtrIqtro rrposTov d{ovc rq,; pel6vo5 o}ld orprr<atr<66ro Bcfgrdrco urrd aur(v.

I'rq ouvdXero6orrpdor€ vq ro rdvere . Au'rd rrou fisporrlpe(re oupnirrrer ps rqv npdptr€qrrloCIS; 2. Iog (qrodpe enioqg, poor(6pevorrrrrlv i6ro 0eorpic,vo <oouyrivqrrl) qv ep;rrlvedoer€ro yeyov656rr q pel6vo prrlver ro p€upqrocpdpor<olc66ro crpLpc65orrd rrdvor rr1g, <pdpoupre rdOerq orov d{ovd trls.

3. IcA (qro6pre,rilog, vo rrpoo6ropioerefi€rpqporrKdrrlv opr(6vrru ouvrorr6os rou y€cllFqyvrlrrrorirre6(ourns fi€prox4s oos. Oo 1perooreire opnepd,perporqr uno6erdperpo.

I-rqro ororrd qur6 vo nopeprpdtrle,e ro oprnep6p€rpooro 16r<Iopcr.

Oo 1perooref vq rorro0erqo€,Ttrov f)€upqroq6po ay<oy6 nopdllqtrCI fipog rq Betr5va,ndvco c'n' currlv rcqtoe srr6orqorl rrlv orroio 0o pnopeire vo perprlo'ere.Tqu'r61povoor1-

I

e NA KANOYMEI]EIPAMATA

NA KAN

E NEIPAMATA

Epyaorrlproxridoxrlo4 7

Avrror K€rqr orn\v qrriq

Ilcri

xrivoupe outri trlv rioxrlorl

H epyoorqpror( ourrl dorqoq yiveror yrCIvo rorovorlooupre po06repo fvo oXe6dv<proyrrd> cporvd;revo q ovordtruqrrlrou onoiou dtrtro{epr(rr<drqv nopefo rou fi,ffurropoti pog. Irqv nro ontrrl er6rllcoorlTou ro gorv6pevo ourd ouviororor oro 6qrr6fuo rrlqordooupreivov pol /4d'rr <qv oe fvq perotrtrrrd, rifuoEqproupye Eivqterrl, orov 6qr<T iror qAerrprr<6 pedpro>. rjooups ro qlevrufio)oror<do1116.Arjorotro eivor ro vo crvrXve xrprrcoourd peupro H dorrloq enioqg yiveror pe or<o116 vc{ovcyvopiooupe rr1 ondorooq nou ouXvd undpler ovdpeoo oro yeyov6;reydtrr1 ro dpeorlgnoporqpqorls Kcrorqv €pprlvt.ioroug.

Tr 2gqeuifetor v0 ldgoupe 1. To rr<69er6ql<6verorro rporvoprevo 4.ler<rpoyayvqnxq€.rrcryu-

y4.

perjporos.

2. Tov rcvdvq rou Lenzyro rn qopd rou €rrcryoJyrrotl 3. 'Orr dvog peuprcrocpdpog 6orrrltrrogonorele i prclvqrrrd 6irrolo rq0c6g<or 6rr ro rrots nAeupd rou )rx oupneptEtp€rar .luc, pdpetoc,ndAoc,KU,r rrord tuc,vdnog r<o0op,f(erorqrr6 rr1 gopd rou peripcrosrrou ro 6roppier.

4. Or opc6vupor rr6lor qrr<rrOorivrsr evciror r:repc6vupror ftrxovror.

Tr ulvrxri 0a lqelaotoripe To poorrd ovrrre(pevqfiou rrpdrrer vq Srcx0iroupre eivor dvog ;royv(rqg ror ivog peroltrr16S(olld 51r or6epfvrog)6cr<rrjhog. Oo pnopodoe,tr6youXdprv,vq eivor1dtrxrvog.l-lpor<erpr6-

N A (A N OY MEi IE IP A MA TA

16rl<opo.

Tr, rrivoupe. Ee fiolo ouF,rlegriopatrl rotah{youpe ndv<o orrl Povrepivro pdoq rqv nro preydlrl o116 Br6c6voupre rrg pdp6ouSrot rrdvcoo'ou'rr1v, XprlolHofiorcivrogrol o6v6evs eivol opr(6vrro' , oFo, orqp(oupe rr; prrpdr-epqdror ci>ore fpepaps orrl ouviXero rov pretolhr<66oxrrjho Xpnolpofiol, ro, ,6*o9 to vqFq. Kpordpe Fs ro dvo 1dlrl tov pop6opayvqrq I rd rp6no r6ote o p6peroqn6}og vo <plineu npos ro 6qrr6trto pro*o' tou nlqord(oup€ npos ro 6qrr6ho 1copi5xq0Slou vo : (61tameorr6te rot 6ev rraporqpe(rqt rirrorq arrotrrircoS' 'frtouoloppdvoupe ro eyXeiprlpcx F€ pio trro orr6ropq rivrl, , oq rSore 11rrpooiyylorl fipos tov 6stcrdlto vq yiver rroltl rrro oncoOeirot'Iuprrept, yprtyopo. l-lapotrlpof;re 6rr o 6qxrfhog , cpiperor oov vq opveitor rqv npoodyiroq' Aorcpd(ouFt orrl ouv6Xetonpooeyyi(ovrss rov v6rro 116I , tro rqt 6tonto'rr6vou;re6rl ouppoivert-o i6to' : l-lepvdpe6mepo tov papqrrl pioo orov preroMrr6 6oxr6trro rov cryy(er Kst rov rpapdpe 'rrr6ropc rrpog ro 6{'co' , Xtoprgvd ' i Ararrrorr6voup€6rr o'cxurrl rrlv'nep(rrroorl o 6arr6trrog I ikerqr qrr6 ro vo rro6pre6'rt rqt Hcr\^/4rn.Mnopoo;rri dprcoq . rrdtrr ouFfi€plg6petor oqv vq <cpvtirot> rrlv orropdKpuvorl vq rq pc'rotcioel' : rou FcrYvqrqrcr vq Odtrer . H atgrygoqri ttov yeyovdttov rtol rl egpqveio toug flcog eivol 6uvqr6v dvog 1dtrrrvo5 6crrr6lrog vo ooref dtrIore orr<oortrrl xql dllore etrrrrrq 66voprr1o' ivov pcryvrltrl; Tt eG eivor ourq; 6oug 66voprr1

NEIPAMATA NA KANOYME

Mrc loyrrrl un60eor1: q 66vopr1efvorproyvqrrrq.

O Xdtrrrvog6iorogouprrreprcpdp€rqr 6HrS ocv pcryvrpqg.fro va roX6er qurd pdvodvo rrpdypoprnopeivc ouprploiver.

H npooiyyroq rou payvrlrrlvo rdverrov 6qrrffuo p€ul.toroq6poror piporo ivog peuprorocp6pog 6orr6fuogsrrorelef pcryvqrrr66ino-

tro.

E6pgcovaps rn Oe<opio rrlg rllexrpopoyvrlrrrrlgenoy<rly{Sour6 pnope(vo ou;,rpqiver.

Ko0rriglorn6v rov rrlqot6(u o p6perogndlog o Xdlrrvo56orrdfuogyiverarrrny4 rllerrpsyeprrrqg66vopr1g ror erre16rl ouvrordrqr rlero16 qn6 rrirlcopro6roppderor rltrerrpr16pe6;ro.

H <popdrou €rroyoyrrodquro6 lledporoqeivcr,ori1.rq<rrvqF€ Tov rqv6vq rou Lenz,riroru cirorero periprcpioq orrd TrSHcr1^/rlrrrfg rou vs qvrroriK€Tororrlv er64lc6o€rs srris'nou ro 6qproupye f.

Ksr0q pnopofoop€vq 6e10o6pe 6rr crplrrl orrio rrlg 6r1prroupyiagrou eivqr11npoodyyrorlrou p6pr:roun<jlou.To pedpro Iorrrdv iXerriroro qopd <6ore11nleupd rou 6orrul(ou npog ro pipog rou payvrlrrlvq ouprreprgip€rotog p6perogndlog Ksrvo qtrcoOef rov p6pero16lo rou pcp,qrq.

Kar xriaou eQotriFoto To np<bro.l-16Sepprrlve6erqr ro yeyov<i5d,rrro0c6gqrropqrp6ve'roro payv(rqg o 6orrrlfuogdlxerarqrr6 our6v; To 6etrepo.Ko0c6g nlrlord(er o p6perogndlog o pqyvnrns sr6rllcbve r dncooq.Av ouviporv€ro qvrf0ero (rqr o Fdyv{rrlser6rllcove dtr{q)r'o gatvdpevo0q rrqpopi'o(erqv opXqrqg 6rorqpqonsrns evdpye rog.f wrl To rpiro. Av orroprarpfvouprerov Kp€Foopivo1.toror rov ocpqW4rq arr6 rr10ioq roopporricg(,:rX4Fo) ooup€ele60epovo or<opq0ei, rr 0<xouppei; Arraroloyrlor€rrlv orrdvrqoq.

-e NA KANOYMEIIEIPAMATA

B 'p d p o 5

Apoornpr6rnr€S

1. tDoprropdvoqle r<rpoorcirrro2. fluxvorrl5 orrd clouprv6Xopro. 3.

O perpqrrl5rqg AEH 4. Aogdlero on6 orrrotrdpoltro.5. A6o 6ro9operrrfg ouvSfoerg.6. Avo(4rrilvros rov poyvqrrrc6peoqppprv6.7.

Encxycoyq rivr1or1.B. Aurerroycr;y{9. H lfpro, ro ropgi rcor ;re oXerrr<r1 10. O p€rocrxqpcrrorqgror ro potrrdperpo.11. O peor onrvOrlpeg. rqcrxrlporror4g rcr o notrpoypdgo5.

1 . Ooprro;rdvo qlerrlpoordrno Avc(qrqore ro qler<rpr>or6rrro r<orerrr6rc6{'re vo ro goprioere Oerrrd.

Iro 0trrrd cpoprroprivorltrerrpoox6nrorrlrlordore dvo rrupcrrcrlpdvoouppordr<roov our6 rrou XplorForrorodpeyro ro rpfrgrporqs Kcxrocxpdtrog.Tr ncporrlpeire ; Enovatrdperero f6ro 6rov ro rlkrrpooxdrrro eivorrpoprropdvoopvrlrr-

NA KANOYME NE PAMATA

yro rrlv €pprlv€foour<6v rcov rporvopdxd. l-lporeivere ur-roOio€rs v0)v.

2. flurvtrrr{g orrd ulouprvriltrpro Iog (qroripe vo grrd{ere ivov rrurcvorrl XprlorForrorc6vrog o}ouprvd,lopro ond pol6 otrouprvfounldrou5 30 cm xor Xopr( nd1ou5 0,1 mm. No unoloyiocre rq lcrlpqrrrdrqrd'rou. Oo 1peroortfte (.vq urro6erdFr€rpo.H 6rqlexrrrcrl oro0epd rou Xoprrod{van 4,5.

r<rprrcd 6rr1tre

orrhoprof

3. O perpqr{g r4g AEH Iro orr(rt oo5 0c urrdpler onolo6qnore dvog perprlrqg qtrerrprr<r1g evdpyero5 rqg AEH.O perpqrqg ourdg d1er ivo 6ioro o orro(ogrreprorpirperor Srov le rroupyef pro orroro6rlrro'-erllerrprrrl ouore uq.

Ael0eire 5rr q yovic rleprorpogqg rou 6ioxou eivor avdloyq H€rqv rorovchord,pevq evdpyero. a. Avdrpre pdvo dvo tro;rnrrlpo rou orroior; n roxds eivor1vcoorr1, 100W yro nopd6erypo, Kor peporoOefre6rr efvorn Fdvn ouoreu4 rrou trerroupyeforo orrirr oa5. Me iva potr6rrrou perpder6eurepStrerrro, perpqore rov orrorrodpevo lpdvo yr({ vo rdver o 8iorog pro fi€prorpogrl. Ynotroyiore erriorlg rrlv evfpyero fiou rsrsvqlcilvrr o Iopnrqpog o' ourqv rq lpovrxq 6rdpr<e ro. Trxorrorel€o;roro ourd rpovepr6vouvrdrrorc ovrrororXio ovdprroocnov opr0p6 rreprorpocpc6vrou 6iorou Kcxrrrlv rorovotrrordpevq evdpyero.Iuyxpivere ourqv rqv ovttororXfo p€ rrlv ovoypocp6prevq rrdvtu oro perpqrq rqg AEH. p. Ipqore rov tropnrrlpo Kor nrlyoivere \,o qvofEsr€ r4v ndpro rou rguyeiouoog ro0c6s Kdrro rroprdrr rq5 rccrdpu€45.Merd on6 trryo0o ovrrtrqcpOe ire 6rr o xrvqrrlpogrou quyeiou ocs prrciver oe trerroupy(o. Enrorpdt,t.rrrr oro perpqrq rqg AEH rcarperp4ore ro I

e NA KANOYMEIIEIPAMATA

o 6foK')SFtCIrr€Prorpoqrl'YnoXp6vorrou XP€rd(€rdrYrovq Kdvtl ro qluY€io6rqv letroupyit o lfyrore rqv ivipye ro rrou Korqvol<irver rou. rrvqrrlpoS a. Ao<grileto cIrrd orookiPallo oe oerpd dvo xrirlopo pe rdoq 6'B V' Euv66oupe :uvopl.roloyo6pre 6rordnrrl, trcpnr4po 6-8 V, ;rovortr6 ort'tro,crootr6pollo' 6e6repo povtolKdor6lo xcr opnep6Fsrpooe r<'t(porc0-3 A' ' klriuorye ro 6tqr6rrrrl Karo lopnrrlpog goropotrei' Me ivo rous orolco6ro(prlrou530 cm) pe pdoprcrappolururtr<6voupe H rpo6drregrou tropnrrlpoo onoio5rrq6etvo g<oropolei' iv6er(r1 rou oprrspopdrpoupreycl6verarr6toproevr6ro69o rou orootrd6qlo6r1oov orct rotyerct,?tetroupyef poltrouepuOponup<6verot ogdlero.

To aroal6pollo eivot ivo trerrrdo6ppo pe ro orroio rpfpoupe rrs Kqroop6leS.Tqv rdoq prnopofprevc rr5 ndpoupeeire o116ro eire o116qlerrpxiS orr1tre5' rpocpo6ort16 5. Ario 6rcgoPerrxds ouv6doerg ro 66o ruxl<6polr rrou rloplordvovrot oro l-lprvouvopprotroyrloere crx4Fqvo npopldtp€rt (rrolo on6 ro troprrrdrro0o ovdpouvrrto irrlv rrp6pletprlooS'Aorlpdor€orq ou*ouoo Kolvo 6rxorotroyrlosre vilero vo rdvererr5 ouv6ioet5drot <6orero d{r 6porctraprrdrcovo Erlore6ixro;or 66o orrlleg .,u&Borurour6lpovo. Tt 6tqrrtorc6vere; va eivor6pote5' rrou 0o XPrlolForrolrloere

6. Ava(qrdrvrqsrov payvqrlr6 peo4ppprv6 rou oXopeorlppptv6 rov FcrYvrlrrr6 Io5 (qro6pevo npoo6ropioere vo pel6vo rrou Frropsi orpd<pele(ouoog.Ato0irerepio payvrlrrr4

NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA

ror ydpco 0116KoroK6pugo d{ovo rot ivq vqpo rr15 ord0p45. Na oXe6rdoererrcog0c ro rdvere Kororrl ouvdlt:to vo ro €rltx€lprloere Kqrvo orrroloyqoere rr5 evipyerd5oo5.

7. Errcyoy{ ;rt:oXenx{ xfu4o4 Aro0drereCvorrrlvio,ivo toXupdpop66popgopcyvrlrq Kqrrov nolproypdgo rrou urrripl€r oro o1ofur6 epyoorr;pro.IDvuppoloyrlore dvo xo-osv aur6 rrou rrsrdtrlqtro xdrtr<opro prordverororc, oplpo- F€ ro orroio 0o pnopio€T€v0 6tornor<6o€rtro xr15err;g rllexrpopcryvqrr gorv6prevo rq olerrxq rrCIycoy4s.

AoXotrr;Oeir€ F€ rivqo4 pcyv{rq ror n4viou ror xcrcrypdqrrs1-ooupnepdopora.

8. Aursrrqytoyri

ro xrirl<oparrou rloprordvetsr oro vo ouvoppotroyrloere Errr6rc6{re oX4Fqpe utrrrdrrou undpl€r oro oXolrr6 epyoorrlpro.AoXolrl0eire rou 6tar6rr1'rlKdrrcrcypdrjre tc pe ro dvorypoKorro xtreforpo xd ouprrepdoporc. crXerr 9. H lipa, ro Kopgi KtIr or onrv0ripeg Iuvoppoloyodpero xdrlco;.rorrou'rqprordverot oro oX4nqvio pre po. Xpero(6poor€pro nqyq ouvelo69pe6prarog, ropgf xor pio trf pooordrq, rolto6rcr,ivo or64porrupr;vo, ro ropgf rrdvo rrr4 l(;.roxor Blinoupe po. Merorrvoripre vo 6q;.roupyo6vroronrv0rlpe5.[lp,ronq04ore vo 6ciroere pro eppqveicoro rporv6prevo ioro r<ordXtorr6lurq rKovorror4rrrrl.

NA KANOYMETIEIPAMATA

=

10. O F€rqq(qporror{S Kqr rcr poltdperpo 66o polr6psrpcxKorro rov F€rooxrlprarrorrl, o. Xpqorporrorrlore drror5cruro fvo x6r<trol;ro yrOv0 ouvop;rotroyqoere olerrKd rotr<itSro rdire pfporo Korrrlv r<ordtrtrqlr1 rrls qoroypocpio5.Oo Xperoore potrropirpou vo unoloy(oere rou oq. Baor(dptvotorts ev6ef{er5 rou tr6yo rov F€rooxqporlopro6. p. tlorogaivoto tr6yogrou psrooxqporroporjotqv nepinrcrlol rou p€rooxrlpqrrorqrq5 qoroYpoqios;To polr6perporou npcore6ovrog eivotoprorepd.

11. O H€rCIoxqFurror{SKqr o rqlpoypti<po5

o. Xpqor;rorrorrlore rov p€rcxoxrlporror( K0r rov nolproypdcPo rou o'qoltrorj spyoorrlpfou Ylo v0 ou\'oppotroyqoeredvo r<6r<trcopo 6ncogcxurdrrou orretrovi(er0r orrl q<oroypCIqio.Avcx(qrr1or€ Korrqv rccrdllqtrq rdoq. Baor(6pt;vororqv ovrfororXrl er16v0 rrl,; o06vq5 rou nol;roypd(pou v0 urroloyfotte rov tr6yo rou l.ttrO(rxqprorropou. p. tldoog efvor o trdyogrou psrCI(rxrlp0rropotiorqv rrePifi rcrlotl rou p€rooxqparr orq rrls qoroYttocpio5; Oecopqorerov Fsrccrxqporrorrl t6avlrlti.

NA KANOYMENEIPAMATA

Blpl,r,oygacpfa (1982).p) Irqv Koelettromagnetismo vo6i(rrr1 yoltrd<porvqir6ooq Tome 4 La Lumi dre ertl < el ectromagneti sme A m a l d i E . ro r d l l o r, L A F | SIC A PE RI LIC E I (1980).

SC IEN T IF ICeI.r6 . Z a n i c h e l l i , Bol ogna PHYSICS Er6. Little, Hewitt P. CONCEPTUAL 1984 Brownand CompanyUSA1985.

B lat t E . p R rN c rp L ES o F p H y s rc sE1 6.A l l yn Jardi nJi m H l C H E lPt H Y S ICESr6. H ei nemann a n d Ba c o nl n c . U SA1 9 8 3 .

Educational B,:oks,London1983. q) Classede Bottaro P. rqr dtrtrorPHYSIQUE D .

IN TR OD U C TION TO P H Y S IC A L R i bA N s e c o n d e p ) P re m i E re S e t E y) McCraw-Hill, York 1982.

SCIENCE New T e rm i n a l e sS e t E E 1 6 .A. C o l in P ari s PHYSICS. Serway R. ror FrLughn COLLECE J. 19 8 3 .

E r6. S aundersC ol l egeP ubl i shi ngU S A q) Seconde BramandP. rcqrdllor PHYSIQUE 1985. e 1 6 . 1 9 8 1 p ) Pre mi d re e 1 6 . 1 982 y) Brodie D. PHYST(:S. Oxford UniversityPress Te rm i n a l e s C e t E e r< 6 .1 9 8 3 . E r6.

1996. u.K .

Hachette,Paris.

P . P H Y S tcSE. r< 6.H ei nemann U .K .

TH B uec h eF . U N D ER ST A N D IN CEWOR DOF Ful l i ck 1994.

P H YS IC E S x 6 . Mc C ra w -H i l l N. Y ork.

P arsonsS , P ri chardP H ystcs.E 16.C ol l i ns 19 8 1 .

Educational tJ.K.1996 CalvaniP. xor MaravigliaB. INTRODUZIONE (2 o 5 rd p o g )' E1 6 .Laterza, D orl i ng C . ror dl l or P H Y S IC SN. uffi el d A L L AF IS IC A .l CoordinatedSicencesU.K. 1994 Roma-Bari982.

P opl e S ., W hi t,:head P pH ysl cs. Oxford Coll e c ti o n A . C ro s F O N D E M EN TS D E LA U ni versi tyP ressU .K .1996 P H YS IQ Ua E ) Se c o n d e1 9 8 1 B ) P remi dre Mrroupofrqg l. fIEIPAMATA OYIIKH:, â&#x201A;ŹrrrD , 1 9 7 9 y ) T e rm i n a l e sC E, 1 9 80, E 15.

A0qvo pitrero I. Mrprord6rl, OEAB B e l i n ,Pa ri s .

q iEr,a0l6aonuLiug Ey26e

Coll e c ti o n H d b e rt PH YS IQ UoE) S e conde, 1 9 8 2 p ) P re m i d re S l E , 1 982 y) Te rm i n a d eD , 1 9 8 3 . E r< 6T. e c h ni queet Voulgavisation, Paris.

Coll e c ti o n < L i b re s P a rc o u rs > SC IE N E S PHYSIQUES 5' r<qr4" er<6.Hachdtte,Paris.

FortuzziMaria CiovannaNOZIONIDl FISICA E r< 6Z.a n i c h e l l iB, o l o g n a1, 9 8 4 .

F ull e rJ . rq r C o a te s P . L IC H TON P H Y S IC S E < 6C . a m b ri d g eU .P .1 9 8 2 .

HallidayD. r<orResnickR.pHystcsE<6.John W i l e ya n d So n s ,N . Yo rk1 9 6 6 .

Holt o n C . rq r d l l o r H AR VA R D PR OJE C T (HPP).o) Irqv lrotrrrcq PHYSICS COURSE d 1 6 o o n U n i td 4 . L a Iu c e et l '

Iotog(o Ertlotrlptfv xcr Ertlottlpol',oT[c A si mov IS aac LIC H T,MA C N E TIS MA N D E LE C TR IC E TY . A . Mentor B ook. U S A 16.

1966.

B achMc MasterJohn,E E N JA MIN FMN K LIN .

Er6.Chelse;rHouse,New York 1980 BernalJohn,H EnIITHMHITHN l:,TOPlA, Tdpog B, oe e,\trqvrrcq perdcppoorlrou E. Mnrrodrrl, Erc6.I. ZaXapd'roulog, A0r1vq 1983.

D amoi er W i IIi am A H IS TOR Y OF S C IE N E C ambri dgeJ.P . , London1979.

-e

lilT

DaumasMaurice, HISTOIRE DEtA SCIENCE. Ypq9rc. ro sX4Opropive5orrri rrq <p<oroypogies, Er6.Callimard,Paris1957. pors Korrrg yrpopofpegnpoipXovror HO N IA E ON E in s te i nA.-l n fe l dL . H E= E AI= T ITH OY>,IKH Merdgp. E. Mnrrodr4 er6. on6 nr1yd5rrou ovogripovrarorrl prpfuoypcgio.

Aco6riv4,A0rlvc 1978.

Holton Cerald TNTRoDUcIoNTo coNEprs H ;rerdcppoorlrou orroorrdo;rorogarrti IN PH YS IC AS L C IE N C E ro prptrioAo.Ai€aqrou R. FeynmanrdA N D T H E O R IES (Ae6repqix6oorl F€ rn oupp€ro1( xor vu orq @u<ttxr1 iyrveon6 rov Ircpdrq rou B. Brush).Er6. PrincetonU.P. New Moupirq.

Tqv eu0dv4yro rnv refux46rapdprpcoorl Jersey1985.

F A L L IN C TO rq5 ylc6ooag6lov rcovrerpiv<ovrou S eg rd Emi l i o F R O M BOD IE S prBliou<pd6rer RADIOWAVES, Er6. W.H. Freemanand o Av6pic5Kaoodro5.

Company,NewYork 1984.

T at o n R e n 6 (s o u s l a d i re c ti o n ) L AS C IE N E M O D ER N D E E 1 4 5 0A 1 8 0 0 .E r6 . P resse Universitaires de France,Paris1969.

Ag0go Koooirog Av6pdo5,<O 6pd;ro5yro rov rllerrpopcyvqrrop6>, Ouorx<igr<iopog, letyog73.

Koooiro5 Av6pio5, <Hlexrpopcyvqrrrrl errcry<oyrj>, Ouor165x6opo5,rerilo5 86.

Eyxanhoaar0rxri B asi c Sc i e n c e .E1 6 . Ma rs h a l l C a vendi sh Books1984.

The encyclopedia of Science.E16.Optimum b o o k s1 9 8 2 .

I

O orilog rou Nfrou Kcppo6io eivqr qn6 ro nofrlpa KURO SIWO. O orilog rou Arovdoou loBB6noutrou eivqr qrrd ro <Peprrdrrro))rns oulloy4g <Airo Xpdvroroppdrro>.

Tq orfroq rq5 Mog<ilvrq eivqr rou Quino nopprdvccrr6 r4v ell4vrr4 6r6ooq rq5 Mogdlwc mr5 Er66oer5Bopil.

To oriroo rr15rrp<or4goeli6o5 rou 6edrepou recpctroiouefvqr rou Apyevrrvo6 orrrooypdcpouMordillo.

Tq urr<ilorrrq oxiroo npoipXovrcr arrd rrrlyds nou ovcgdpovror orrl prpho-

e BIBAIOIPAOIA

Euget{Qro A

t1. crytoyrpdrltcql.exrprxri15 86 - pdye0oE cyroyo(ql,exrglxo[15 c?u\qtrenfbpaor; 4]rexrpoorcrtx{ 12 -payvyr<iw 23 - pcyvrp6v pe xworjpeva4l'extptx6. qogfu.26 - geupdtov xcl payv4rtuv67 Ampdre(Au:rdp)69,128,140 - uovtids 75 crprepdperpo76 cw(otao4 4Lenrqlxri86 rqlrjE 104 - eooxeprxri, - guOplorrxri92 awlor<iteg90,93 cvi;6veuo1qlrexrqlxorlgopnfou16 - pcyvqtrnor!ne6fou29 aogdiela 98 crnenclorpi 169,l7O

El 'J (Bais)0eorg(a142 Weiss Watt (Bcr) 84 Beleonvtrrighilag 61,67 Weber(Bdprep)povdda163 Volt (Bo),r),povtiOc38 Volta (B<ii,ra)38, 119 Bol.tdpetpo79 pp,tryuxrixkrlpc103 ppcluxunlr6oetoE pedpa103

T.|-

.yclrftrv<ipergo 158 yewrjtpra (fiIy{) n}'e}i1puri102

ev6pleloqtrextplxti neofou51 - ql'exrprlxorj - Oeqprxti94 - pcyvltlxoti neOicu176 - pllcvrxrj 143,2ti6,l7 4 evep^yriE dwao4 178 evepydgtrio4 179 re6(o) 3 I dvrcoq4)'exrgrxofneij(ou({ 4trexrptx<i pefpc) 75 dvtco4ql'extprxoripe,iparoE({ 1}rexrqrt<i dwaorl pcyv4rrxorjneEfou(ri pcyvrllxd re6fo) 125 EdisonThomas('EwroovT<ipc<)164,183 48 Edisoncpclvopdvo encl<oyri4lrextpopayqrrzri 160 enaycl.ylxdulrc({ ou,ne}reonjg curenclroytig) nqv(ou l7l 171 - oortrlvoerborlg dgyo55, 144,16r Oersted('Egorevr)n:ipapo 67, 129 TT

,trl ll'exrpeyeqnlxri6rivc1rl103 164 - encytrr.yrroi - crnenoyurytxri171 4l'ezrgtzri(ri r;trextpcotctrx<i) ne6[o28 - opolevdE32 4i'dxrplor111 4)renglx<jgogrfo 13 qtrextprop<ig 10 qtrexrpopcyvriqEl3ti 47 4)'enrgdvtaetrerioeqtr qlrextq<5vuo 45 4l'exrpoox<lnlo16 rll.ercpootctxri pqyrv{ 17 16 4prc'yuryo(

A

ll 99, 101, 168 Orcnjprlorl ev6pr.yercrg 47, 78 - rli"exrprxorj cpoprulou Oucgopd Ouvaprlori 38 - petofri 6rio oqpe(rovt+uxhrhllt:toE79 Drqlextqrxri awo71i54 6rql,exrprnri oto0eg<i 53 6fitolro - toEororlefo 1)rexrqlxoti xuxlr6pcroE 83 - palvrprxd 138 Euvcprxri ygcppri 33 - r1)textprxorjre6(ou 34 - pc1ru'rplltorlre6[ou 33,41 duvaprxd 36

F tJ er6Lrricwiorao4 91 exgdqnrolrruxvuroi51

0epprmixivqol 143 95 0eqpo0uv<rprxrj

I

ropE qlexrprxri85, 180,188

xc0o6rzdg o,rrrihrl,-t4 xpcwr,opdvo 43 rrvrloignE (pordp) r1)rexrqrt6E127, 174 Curie (KuoupQ 0ep;roxpao(a 136 Kirchhoff (Krg1og) 78 - ztcwdvag ng<6roE78 - xcvdvag 6edrepog 81 Coulomb (Kouldp) v<ipoE18 - povdba gogt(ou 21, 75 - re6(o 32 I

zrizio)p(r rliexrpLztS82

A

.1 \ icrpncipcrg nugcxtc'i<reog 96 Laplace (Atrricic) brivupl 69. 122, t74 Lenz (AerrE) xcrvdvn<166 - ptr.'vrlrLxrj6r1vcp1 123

t\/f

lYI pcyvqtrxrj cm6xl'tor1144 gcri,vr'lttxril3ei<ivct35, 144 lrclv4rrxrj €yxlt'wr, | 44 pc.1v4rtzr5lebir-r pnyvrjrq 40 - f1 g 1 4 4 - oproyrvd<6-3.135 - get'pcrorptipor!ayoyoU 129 - oo.rtrqvoetborjg 133 prnyvqrrxtigpt:o4[pqrvdq144 $ui,vlrrotr6E2l Ptcri,v{rLoq24 pdorl tolti; ltlO per<rotrr1 p<rrronig I ti-5 percrqoprievdqrTercg 156 - 4iezrPrtxt]<evdP',,etag 18.{ 1,5 ltovt'rtd<',,evLz"cl

I\T I! verpov[o 46 - Ncwton (Netlrt'rr,)l9

TT II irci.lxciopracdl.i1g vcipogl8 ncrLpolgrricpoq 7() n e b (o ./e vL xir 27 - ogropt5g28 frcrpfrl 2ti cr,(1veuo429 -:re pt'ipcgrj 30 :rrlvio 133 :r<iioLprc.Tvrlrrzoi24 norevoLcipretgro 92 npun<ivr.o46 ntr6o4 rdoet'rq 139 nuz,vt'lr{< 49 luE[bc 2]

p I

pefpu rliexrprLz<i 65 - truvt:1dq7-5,I ti I - evciicootipevo 175.181 po{ pu.Tvrltrx{163 eooordrrl! 93 po;rtj pcrirr,4ttztj 14l

s

I

h

e

.4 or6rlpoprclvrltrxii rrLlz<i I 36 oivbeorl cvrLorcro.rv 102 - 1'evvrlrPtoiv109 cvt'r'reieotriscurercyrrryrjg 17 1 - andbools 188 gt,Xvdrnrc Q€f FaroE evclJ,croocipevot'177

E Y P E T H PIO

- rdorlg evaiicrooripevrlq 176 oroLrlvoetbfg133

TI r(io4 crQpovrudernrl,i<r<rtrcjpevrl I 75 - tnolct^1tu"t1.64 rc1tfllro ll).rxrQo' r i/Udv 74 Tesla (Tdol,u provrtbu)42. l2b Gi l bert (fx(i pneQr) 10,22 Joule (Tldou),) v<51LoE 96 - cporv6pevo96 Thomson (T<ipoor')45

v I

t!fiol]d0|tLorlevdel€rcS94

o

Farad ((Dcgdvr) p,rvci6c50 Faraday(OcrpcrvriL)27, 157 - v<ipro< I65 gcioq evctr'.icoodpev4<rtitnlq I 77 qoe(i niezrerzor! 0etllrcrrog7l rpdprrtrl nuzvt'rri :i0 Franklin (@pcrvzirvog)27, 154

\Z -1\.

lctgcrz,r4prmrz{ z<tpni}"r1bur<j}.ou83 Helmholtz (Xdip1otrr<) 166, 168 ltog4rrx<lrr1rcrirt'x rtrr{ 50

r)

tr4 Q (Qp) provdbcr ti6 tou il8 - Ohm,v<ipoE

EKAO:H A',1998- ANTITYnA173000 - AP :YlVB. 210411-7-98 EKTYIIOIH:KAAAH: XAP BIBAIOAEIIA:flllOI EYAI