.PITTSBURGH, A CITY IN TRANSITION;
a review of David Harvey’s “Rebel Cities” and the civic organizational structure in the city of Pittsburgh
Eleni Katrini - PhD Student Carnegie Mellon University
Architect NTUA - MS Sustainable Design Carnegie Mellon University www.elenikatrini.com - ekatrini@andrew.cmu.edu
.Rust Belt + Pittsburgh
! ! ! !
! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
!
!! ! !
! !
!
!!
!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! !!! !
!
!
!
!
! ! !
! !! !! !! !!!! ! ! ! !! !
!
!
!
!
!
!! ! ! ! !
!
!
! ! !!! RUST BELT
!! ! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
! !
! !
!
!! ! !!
!!!! ! !
!
!
! ! ! !!!!! ! !! !! !! !! ! !! ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!
!
!
! !
!
! ! ! !
!
! !
! !!
!
!
! !!! !!
PITTSBURGH !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
! ! !! !
!
! ! !
!
!
!
! !
! ! !! ! !
!
! !! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
!!! ! !!
! !
!
!! !! ! ! ! !!!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
! !
!
!
!
! !
!
!
! !!
!
!
!!
! ! !!!
! !
!
!
!
!
!! ! ! ! !
!
!
.Pittsburgh the rise... BOAT BUILDING INDUSTRY
1790
1810 1814
GOLDEN AGE
1861
1870
1910
IRON INDUSTRY + OIL REFINING http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://imgs.inkfrog.com/pix/lakecountrycollector/pittsburgh-revealed.jpg
60%
.Pittsburgh the rise... BOAT BUILDING INDUSTRY
OF THE US STEEL INDUSTRY
GOLDEN AGE
1,000,000 STEEL CITY
1790
1810 1814
1861
1870
1910
IRON INDUSTRY + OIL REFINING http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://imgs.inkfrog.com/pix/lakecountrycollector/pittsburgh-revealed.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Pittsburgh_Fowler_1902.png
RESIDENTS IN THE GREATER COUNTY AREA
.Pittsburgh the rise... BOAT BUILDING INDUSTRY
GOLDEN AGE
ANDREW CARNEGIE
1790
1810 1814
1861
1870
ANDREW MELLON
1910
IRON INDUSTRY + OIL REFINING http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://imgs.inkfrog.com/pix/lakecountrycollector/pittsburgh-revealed.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Pittsburgh_Fowler_1902.png
HENRY J HEINZ
HENRY C FRICK
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
.Pittsburgh the rise... BOAT BUILDING INDUSTRY
GOLDEN AGE
ANDREW CARNEGIE
1790
1810 1814
1861
1870
ANDREW MELLON
HENRY J HEINZ
HENRY C FRICK
1910
IMMIGRANTS FROM EASTERN + SOUTHERN EUROPE + FROM THE AFRICAN AMERICAN NORTH
IRON INDUSTRY + OIL REFINING http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-wqYMjAw8AGk/T6DKeUi53VI/AAAAAAAAAbI/Y_N5sB1Qs90/s1600/068.jpg http://imgs.inkfrog.com/pix/lakecountrycollector/pittsburgh-revealed.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Pittsburgh_Fowler_1902.png
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE
.Pittsburgh the rise...and fall BOAT BUILDING INDUSTRY
GOLDEN AGE
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
POPULATION:
350,000 RESIDENTS
1790
1810 1814
1861
1870
IRON INDUSTRY + OIL REFINING
1910
1930
WORKERS UNIONS UPRISINGS
1945
1959
1959 STEEL STRIKE
.Pittsburgh today
POPULATION:
14%
VACANCY
NEIGHBORHOODS
1790
1810 1814
1861
1870
1910
1930
1945
1959
DOWN TOWN BUSINESS DISTRICT
CORPORATIONS + LARGE PROPERTY OWNERS http://buyapittsburghhome.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Pittsburgh1.jpg | http://ih0.redbubble.net/image.5289175.4838/flat,550x550,075,f.u6.jpg http://www.pittsburghcityliving.com/img/heroes/1540.jpg | https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4109/4961517084_327975ce69_z.jpg
TODAY
300,000 RESIDENTS
.Urbanization + Capital Absorption
capital surplus absorption
.The Urban Growth Machine .US 2007
33.8%
top
1% (wealthiest U.S. citizens)
top
85%
20% (wealthiest U.S. citizens)
bottom
40% (poorest U.S. citizens)
0.20%
US total wealth
Wealth inequality in the US (data source: http://harvardmagazine.com/2011/11/what-we-know-about-wealth)
.Monopoly Rent
$ Price of land
+ Human activity & urban commons
.The Tragedy of the Urban Commons
new development
$ Price of land
the tragedy of the Urban Commons
.Change in Assessed Value 2002-2012
Source: Pittsburgh Neighborhood and Community Information System, University of Pittsburgh
.Change in Assessed Value 2002-2012
So how can this urban regeneration and transformation happen by the citizens for themselves and not for serving the market? What are the social structures that need to be formed to promote the citizens’ and communities’ welfare instead of the financial benefits of a few?
.Scales of Civic Organization
horizontal structures - limitations in scale
A union of states in which each member state retains some independent control over internal and external affairs. Thus, for international purposes, there are separate states, not just one state. A federation, in contrast, is a union of states in which external affairs are controlled by a unified, central government.
Murray Bookchin
hyerarchical structure
.Nested Structures + Confederalism
confederalism
“The central question in this study is how a group of principals who are in an interdependent situation can organize and govern themselves to obtain continuing joint benefits when all face temptations to free-ride, shirk, or otherwise act opportunistically.� Ostrom (1990)
Elinor Ostrom Source: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Confederalism
nested confederalism structures
.Pittsburgh today .Civic Organizations
.Pittsburgh today .Civic Organizations
.Pittsburgh today .Civic Organizations
Community Gardens
source: media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m2u8xaQI7G1qexu89.jpg
Raingardens for Stormwater source: Gtech strategies
Plans for SmallBusiness Owners graphic: evolveEA
Vacant lots Art Installations
source: www.pghmurals.com/Metal-Petals-389.cfm
.Building Community Capacity
community community community raised funding
community raised funding
consultans
external support external support
building capacity
consultans
building capacity
external funding external funding
small scale goals small scalelarge goalsscale & large longscale term goals & long term goals
.Civic Organizations in Pittsburgh
Data Source: Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.Civic Organizations in Pittsburgh
Data Source: Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.Civic Organizations + Change over time
Data Source: US Census Bureau 2000-2010 Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.Civic Organizations in Pittsburgh
Data Source: Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.Civic Organizations + Low Income Neighborhood Index // POPULATION UNDER POVERTY // UNEMPLOYMENT // EDUCATION // SINGLE PARENT HOUSEHOLDS // VACANCY
Data Source: US Census Bureau 2010 Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.Civic Organizations + Low Income Neighborhood Index // POPULATION UNDER POVERTY // UNEMPLOYMENT // EDUCATION // SINGLE PARENT HOUSEHOLDS // VACANCY
DISTRESS ACTING AS
MOTIVATING FACTOR
Data Source: US Census Bureau 2010 Department of City Planning of Pittsburgh Map Author: Eleni Katrini
.The Scale Problem nation
different levels of hierarchy
state
county
STRUCTURED
city CDC
THE SCALE PROBLEM collaborative group UNSTRUCTURED
citizen
.The Money Problem
.1 Greater Scale Competition
.2 Urban Form follows Economy
.Discussion
“It is a right to change ourselves by changing the city . It is, moreover, a common rather than an individual right since this transformation inevitably depends upon the exercise of a collective power to reshape the processes of urbanization. The freedom to make and remake our cities and ourselves is, I want to argue, one of the most precious yet most neglected of our human rights.” David Harvey, “Rebel Cities”