Electrical Mirror Magazine June 2017

June 2017

www.electricalmirror.net

Volume VI, Issue XII

Pages 82

` 80/-

ELECTRICAL MIRROR An Outlook of the Electrical & Power Industry

R.N.I No. DELENG/2013/53728

Diesel Gensets:

Vital Source for Standby Power

INSIDE

Special Focus: Power Factor Correction

Industry Focus: Transformers

Special Theme: The Indian Scene of Battery Market Case Study: Various Case Studies on Operation....

Focus: Capacitors: Types, Applications and Market Trends.

Guest Article: Get Control Through Touch and Fuel Optimisation

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EDITOR’S DESK Editor

Alka Puri

Associate Editor N.P.K. Reddy Ambika Gagar

Editorial Advisor

Priyanka Roy Chaudhary

Design & Production

Sr. Designer - Mukesh Kumar Sah

National Business Head-India

Subhash Chandra Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net

Manager West & South India

Pradeep Kumar Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net

Sales & Marketing Neha Rajesh Kumar Hemant Chauhan

Manager-Subscription

Praveen Chauhan Email: subscribe@electricalmirror.net Call: 011-6510 4350/ 011-2275 8660

All rights reserved by all events are made to ensure that the information published is correct; Electrical Mirror holds no responsibility any unlikely errors that might occur.

Printed, published and owned by Usha, Published from 13/455, Block No. 13, Trilok Puri, Delhi-110091 and printed at Bright Tree, C-40, Gate No.-4, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020. e-mail: brighttreesolutions@gmail.com

Dear Reader!

India is a country which has seen and continues to see immense growth. Over the years, demand for power has increased tremendously in India. As its infrastructure develops, standby power provides an important source through which to sustain and grow India’s businesses and its applications. In manufacturing and large commercial businesses where assembly lines and products are manufactured, and industries like engineering and construction, mining, oil and gas, which influence the country’s economy, a consistent power supply is essential. This situation has led to a steady growth in India's diesel generator set market which is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 6.64% during 2016-22. Our Industry theme in this edition is on batteries which are an important drivers of modern civilization, powering application from mobile phones to aircraft to strategic systems. While power shortage, increase in income levels and expansion of industries will result in increased spending on power backup products in India, competition from unorganized sector, lack of consumer awareness, decline in desktop sales and high import duties are few of the major challenges which will affect the growth of UPS industry in the future. But there is a huge market opportunity that remains to be unlocked especially in smaller cities and towns with the increasing consumption of electricity. Despite its shortcomings, the Indian capacitor market, unlike the world capacitor market, is expected to grow by 10-15%, annually. Domestic manufacturing lags far behind demand, as a result of which India has to import almost 60-65% of its requirements for capacitors from China, who is the world leader in capacitor manufacturing and a small quantity comes from Taiwan, Korea and Japan. While the manufacturing sector in India needs a big fillip, it is important for manufacturers to follow the many new trends that have emerged in the global markets. India needs to attract more investment in this sector. Further, focus in this edition is made on power factor correction obtained by using capacitor banks to generate locally the reactive energy necessary for the transfer of electrical useful power, allows a better and more rational technoeconomical management of the plants.

Please give us your feedback at editor@electricalmirror.net

For more details check out our Website www.electricalmirror.net & you can also visit our facebook page www.facebook.in/electricalmirror

Editor

Editor : Alka Puri

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S T N E NT

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Case Study of The Month

54

Various Case Studies on Operation and Control Schemes for Grid Sub-Station Contd….

Industry Focus:

58

Transformers: in Summary

64

Report

Cable & Wire Fair 2017: An Event in Sync With India’s Growth

30

Cover Story Diesel Gensets: Vital Source for Standby Power

Guest Article

Get Control Through Touch and Fuel Optimisation

10

News Update

Hindustan Power Plans to Raising its Target Around Rs 6,000 Crore in Next Two Years

Product Info

36

Special Focus :

Harting Meco Instruments

FLIR Systems India OMICRON

Thoroughly Analysis the Power Factor Correction

42

Focus :

Capacitors: Types, Applications and Market Trends

Special Theme:

76 78

48

The Indian Scene of Battery Market

Next Issue : July 2017

6th Golden

Anniversary Special www.electricalmirror.net

68

Focus :

Special Theme : Testing & measuring instruments

Wire & Cable T&M Instruments Transformers Gensets Renewable Energy, Power factor correction Control panel & Switchgears LED & Lighting Automation

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Hindustan Power Plans to Raising its Target Around Rs 6,000 Crore in Next Two Years Hindustan Power is raising its target around Rs 6,000 crore over the next two years to add 5 -6 GW of solar power capacity.

"I think our goal to build out 5-6 GW of solar over the next five years both in India and outside India and that would be somewhere in the range of around a billion dollars (around Rs 6,000 crore) of equity," Hindustan Power Chairman Ratul Puri said on the sidelines of a function here.

"So, that would be raised over the next couple of years through internal cash generations and from external investors or potentially divesting some assets potentially a combination of all these three," Puri said.

Asserting that there was nothing imminent in any area at present, Puri said that the company was just exploring opportunities at this juncture.

Replying to a question, he said, "I think we are always looking at different opportunities to raise capital to finance growth and there are always multiple opportunities that are available and selling part of our assets is one of those opportunities".

"So, I think there is something which is ongoing.

Not just sale but we are looking at capital to fund growth," he added.

The company's current capacity is 2,000 MW, of which 800 MW solar

Fidelity, Aberdeen Emphases on to Gas Retailers as India Cleans UP

Fidelity Investments and Morgan Stanley Investment Management have increased exposure to Indian city-gas retailers, as Prime Minister emphasis on clean fuels burnishes the outlook for the industry.

The demand from investors has been so strong that Indraprastha Gas Ltd., which supplies to homes and vehicles in New Delhi, raised the cap on foreign ownership to 30 percent from 24 percent, and may increase it again, Managing Director E.S. Ranganathan said. India’s largest city gas distributor Gujarat Gas Ltd., where Aberdeen Asset Management Plc. is the biggest non-state investor, and Mahanagar Gas Ltd. have also seen an increase in offshore holdings.

“Foreign investors who were investing in China are now looking more on India,” Ranganathan said.

“Everyone has an India fund or an Asia fund or South Asia fund and these funds are investing in Indian city gas networks. When our market cap went above $2 billion, lots of funds started looking at us.”

India’s gas demand is about a fifth of China’s due 10

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to weak domestic supply and poor infrastructure, though the government is trying to change this, according to Bloomberg Intelligence.

Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said last year the nation will lay 15,000 kilometers (9,320 miles) of gas pipelines over five years. Modi, who championed natural gas as the chief minister of Gujarat state, has stepped up measures to improve air quality in cities by giving priority to distributors such as such as Indraprastha Gas for accessing cheaper local gas.

Offshore holdings in Indraprastha Gas climbed to nearly 25 percent as of March 31, from about 21 percent a year ago, according to data available with the exchanges and compiled by Bloomberg.

Fidelity acquired 579,367 shares, while Morgan Stanley Investment added 292,598, according to the most-recent exchange filings. Both fund managers didn’t respond to emailed requests for comment.

Aberdeen Asset Management held about 4.6 percent of outstanding shares in Gujarat Gas as of end-April.

Foreign holdings in the company have climbed about 3 percentage points to 15.4 percent in the past year.

“We have been long-term investors because it is a well-run company with focused management that seek to strengthen and expand a good collection of distribution assets,” Singapore-based Adrian Lim, an investment manager at Aberdeen Asset Management

Asia, said in an email. “It serves to distribute energy through their ever-expanding energy infrastructure network in a state that attracts a lot of both domestic and international investors.”

Mahanagar Gas -- which sells the fuel in financial capital Mumbai and its suburbs -- has seen stock in the hands of foreign investors increase nearly six times since listing last year.

Rapid Growth

India’s government wants more urban households to use natural gas and free up liquefied petroleum gas for rural users. The eventual aim is to cut down on the use of polluting fuels such as wood and dried cow dung, which cause 1.3 million premature deaths in India every year, according to World Health Organization estimates.

“This is a very fast-growing sector,” Sabri Hazarika, an analyst at Mumbai-based PhillipCapital (India) Pvt. said over the phone. “The government is interested in increasing the share of natural gas in the primary energy consumption basket from 6.5 percent to 15 percent.”

The city gas distribution companies have shown solid growth, are debt-free and have got high return ratios, he said. Shares of Indraprastha Gas have surged 80 percent in the past year while those of Gujarat Gas gained 48 percent. Mahanagar Gas shares have more than doubled since their listing in June. The benchmark S&P BSE Sensex rose about 18 percent over that time.

“City gas companies offer a steady revenue stream and decent returns over the long-term," said Rajeev Kumar Mathu.

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BJP Govt Planning Electrified 13,523 Villages

As many as 73 per cent of the 18,452 villages that the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government identified for electrification in 2015 now have power supply, but only eight per cent of these had all their households electrified, according to the governments own data.

As of May 25, 13,523 villages have been electrified, but 100 per cent household connectivity has been achieved in only 1,089 villages, according to data in the Power Ministry's Grameen Vidyutikaran (GARV) dashboard.

Besides, 25 per cent (45 million) of rural households across the country still have no electricity. In Uttar Pradesh, Nagaland, Jharkhand and Bihar, fewer than 50 per cent of rural households have electricity, three years after the BJP was sworn in at the Centre having promised "electricity for all".

Among the 43.5 million below-poverty-line households identified to be provided with free electricity connections under the Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana, 23.5 million (59 per cent) have been covered, and many geographically remote locations have been connected with off-grid sources of power.

However, this kind of basic energy access does not provide larger benefits to recipients, and is not a substitute for grid connections, studies show.

A village is considered electrified if electricity is provided in public places such as schools, panchayat offices, health centres, dispensaries and community centres, and at least 10 per cent of households, according to the criteria used by the Power Ministry since October 1997. So, a village can be considered electrified even if 90 per cent of its households do not have electricity.

As such, household-level data is a better metric to assess citizens' access to electricity. At the household level, several states such as Bihar, Jharkhand, Nagaland and Uttar Pradesh report less than 50 12

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

per cent of their rural households have electricity supply, data from the ministry show.

"Two challenges to electrifying households are: One, many poor households cannot afford to pay the upfront cost of connection, which ranges from Rs 2,000-3,000 depending on the state," Abhishek Jain, senior programme lead at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water, told IndiaSpend. "And second, even if they get connections, the supply is far from reliable; so there is no incentive for rural households above the poverty line to connect to the grid." This is because families below poverty line to connect to the grid." This is because families below poverty line get free connections.

This suggests that the challenge of 100 per cent electrification can only be overcome through concerted improvements at various levels -- not the least in the income levels of rural households and in the reliability of power supply.

In 2014, when the BJP came to power, India had the world's largest energy access deficit in terms of electricity -- 270 million people, accounting for just under a third of the world's deficit, according to the World Bank's 2017 State of Electricity Access report.

"Certain segments of India have been historically disadvantaged. Due to a lopsided development approach and skewed allocation of resources, they continue to lag behind the rest of the country in socio-economic indicators," the BJP had said in its manifesto for the 2014 general election, promising to ensure equitable growth and development by "ensuring a basic level of Infrastructure to all -- Home, Electricity, Water, Toilets and Access".

The previous Congress-led government, under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana rural electrification % scheme, had connected 108,280 villages to the grid between 2005-06 and 2013-14.

From 2014 to 2017, under the BJP's rural electrification drive, 14,528 villages have been electrified. On average, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government electrified 12,030 villages per year, while the BJP government has electrified 4,842 -- less than half the UPA's average.

In the BJP's third year, 2016-17, 6,015 villages were electrified, five times more than in 2013-14, according to a May 19 press release by the Ministry of Power, but fewer than the villages electrified the year before in 2015-16.

Celebrating the achievement, Power Minister Piyush Goyal tweeted: "In the past three years rural electrification has witnessed an unprecedented change, and it is our aim to provide everyone with 24Ăƒ--7 power."

Of the 4,492 villages that remained to be electrified at the end of March, 2,268 were scheduled for grid connection, 2,196 for off-grid electrification because of geographical barriers, and 28 for electrification by state governments, according to data from the Central Electricity Authority.

Most off-grid village projects are concentrated in states such as Arunachal Pradesh (958), Assam (357), Jharkhand (356) and Chhattisgarh (306).

As part of the Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana, the BJP's rural electrification scheme, the government had also proposed to provide free electricity connections to over 43.5 million rural households below the poverty line (BPL, with the poverty line set at Rs 816 per capita per month for rural areas).

As of April, 25.68 million BPL households (58.9 per cent) were provided free electricity connections, according to the power ministry. Between 2005, when the UPA scheme was launched, and March 2013, a total of 20.5 million BPL households were provided free electricity connections.

However, the connection these households get is often unreliable, and the two free-of-cost LED bulbs they are entitled to are often siphoned off to the black market by unscrupulous sub-contractors, IndiaSpend found during travels in villages of eastern Uttar Pradesh.

As per the Modi government's promise, all villages could be electrified by May 2018. However, it remains to be seen how many households will actually have access to reliable electricity supply. Despite villages having an electricity connection, true energy access remains low in many states, marked by poor quality, reliability and duration of supply.

(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform, with

whom Mukta Patil is an analys. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Electrical india May 2016.pdf 1 27/05/2016 08:39:25

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Hitachi High-Technologies and CleanMax Solar Signs MoU

Energy solutions provider CleanMax Solar said it has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation (Hitachi High-Tech) to jointly offer high-end rooftop solar solutions to Japanese companies across India.

Under the partnership, CleanMax Solar and Hitachi High-Tech aims to enable Japanese corporates in India to adopt green energy practices by providing them solar power in a low-risk, economical and reliable manner, the company said in a statement issued here.

"The partnership would build on recent industry trends which make rooftop solar significantly cheaper than grid tariffs in the country. Through the partnership, the companies will also offer both capex as well

as opex solutions for Japanese corporates to adopt solar power," it said.

As per the agreement, Hitachi High-Tech's role in the partnership will include approaching Japanese clients based on customer basis already established thorough existing business in various field, supplying cutting edge technology solar PV panels and considering low-cost Japanese financing.

CleanMax Solar, on the other hand, will offer its expertise in developing, building and maintaining solar projects in India. The partnership also envisions possible expansions to other international markets in the future.

"In our experience, Japanese MNCs are typically unwilling to cut corners when it comes to their facilities, and this plays well to our strengths in building and operating high-performance. Our partnership with Hitachi High-Tech will help us to leverage the said.

Commenting on the partnership, Hitachi High-Tech General Manager, Electronic Components and Materials Department said, "we have been evaluating the Indian solar market very closely. This partnership will add significant value to Japanese companies in India through a deep understanding of their requirement for very high quality solar power plants and reliable energy delivered from them."

Adani Green Energy Defers its Polysilicon Manufacture Plans

Adani Green Energy has deferred its plans for manufacturing polysilicon, the basic material of solar panels and modules, in absence of promised incentives from the government.

Adani’s 1,200 MW panel-cum-module manufacturing unit is the largest in the country but is facing a huge hurdle. “The module manufacturing unit is running at only 40% capacity because of lack of demand,” said a person close to the development. “All the investment has been made,” said the source. “The company is fully committed to manufacturing polysilicon and a team of 3,500 will be directly responsible for it. But production cannot start unless there is clarity from

the government on how the capacity we produce will be absorbed.”

About a year ago, Adani Green Energy had announced that it would take up making polysilicon once its solar module manufacturing unit was complete. However, the scale of polysilicon manufacturing already achieved in countries such as China and Malaysia would make local production uncompetitive, unless supported by incentives and subsidy.

For more than a year now, the government “has been saying it will come out with a scheme for PSUs to buy locally-made capacity for their solar projects, but nothing has been done. There is no clarity on policy,” said the source. “The second phase of Adani Green’s solar manufacturing programme has been put on hold,” the source said. “We don’t know when it will start.” Adani Green Energy declined to comment.

So far, polysilicon is not manufactured in India at all, but imported, which makes locally-produced solar modules significantly more expensive and less popular. Barely 10-12% of the modules developers use are local, though India has embarked on an ambitious solar energy programme, with a target of 100,000 MW of capacity by 2022. India’s total module manufacturing capacity is estimated at 5,286 MW at present. Initially, the government had sought to encourage local solar manufacturing.

Separate domestic content requirement (DCR) auctions were held, where projects were awarded at tariffs much higher than at regular auctions. However, with the World Trade Organization (WTO) upholding a US complaint against this practice last year, DCR auctions are hardly held. “DCR auctions are being cancelled left and right,” the person quoted above said

TATA Power's Renewable Energy Capacity Crosses 2,000 MW Mark Tata Power said that its renewable business registered a healthy profit, while surpassing the 2,000 MW operating capacity mark with about 500 MW under construction.

In keeping with its commitment to generate 30 per cent to 40 per cent power by 2025 through renewable sources of energy, the company added 1,350 MW of renewable capacity during the year, Tata Power said in a statement.

"We are happy to announce that Tata Power has registered a strong growth in renewables, which is one of our key focus areas through our recent 14

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

acquisition of solar assets. The renewable energy business made a healthy contribution to PAT this year and we continue to be the largest renewable player in the country," Tata Power CEO and MD Anil Sardana said.

The company aims to pursue a well charted growth strategy by demonstrating a high level of commitment towards cleaner sources of generation thus increasing the share of non-fossil fuel based generation output to 30-40 per cent by 2025, he said.

Tata Power's non-fossil fuel based green generation portfolio (comprising of hydro, waste gas, solar &

wind) crossed the 3,000-mark to stand at 3,141 MW. During 2016-17, Tata Power's renewable arm Tata Power Renewable Energy Limited completed the acquisition of WREPL, which had 1,140 MW of renewable power projects.

On the international front, Tata Power's South African joint venture company, Cennergi, started commercial operations of both its wind farms totalling 230 MW, making its India's truly international power company.

The company will continue to work towards ensuring its renewable business that remains the largest renewable in the country ||www.electricalmirror.net||

||www.electricalmirror.net||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Overall Power Shortage Down to 0.7 Per Cent in 2016-17: Government

The government today said that the energy shortage has came down to 0.7 per cent in 2016-17.

"Energy Shortage reduced from 4.2 per cent in 2013-14 to 0.7 per cent in 2016-17," the power ministry said in a statement.

The energy shortage in 2014 was 42,428 MU (million units) (4.2 per cent), which came down to 7,595 MU in FY'17 (0.7 per cent), it said.

The statement is on the three years achievements of the government.

The ministry further said that "peak energy shortage in 2014 was 6,103 mw (4.5 per cent) which came down to 2,608 mw (1.6 per cent) in 2017."

The ministry further said that India has turned around from a net importer of electricity to net exporter by exporting around 6,444 MU to Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar in 2016-17.

The total power capacity increased by nearly a third from 243 GW in March 2014 to 320 GW in March 2017.

Total installed capacity increased by 33.3 per cent to 3,26,849MW till 2016-17, it said.

There has been 40 per cent (more than one third) increase in transmission capacity from 5,30,546 MVA in March 2014 to 7,40,765 MVA in March 17, the ministry said.

A total of 26 states and one union territory has joined UDAY (Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana) which seeks to turn around discoms.

"Almost 85 per cent UDAY bonds have already been issued (Rs 2.32 lakh crore out of total Rs 2.72 lakh crore) leading to less rate of interest for DISCOMs. This has led to savings of nearly Rs 12,000 crore," it said.

States Lagging in Renewable Power to Pay for its Target

States are lagging behind in meeting their renewable purchase obligation target which is a key policy instrument to meet the goal of installing 175 gigawatt (GW) of green energy by 2022, stakeholders and experts say.

Renewable purchase obligation (RPO) refers to the mandate imposed by law on some entities, mainly power distribution companies, to procure a certain part of their power requirement from renewable sources.

Consulting firm Bridge To India, in a recent report, said the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has allocated individual targets for states in line with the eight per cent solar RPO target for the country for March 2022, but says actual performance varies highly across states and enforcement is poor.

"Power being a concurrent subject, solar renewable purchase obligation targets are actually administered and regulated at the state level. Unfortunately, because of poor finances of discoms (power distribution companies), the obligations have never been enforced anywhere in India on a consistent basis," the consulting firm's Managing Director Vinay Rustagi told IANS. He alleged that the state electricity regulators have also

been "very lenient".

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The market intelligence provider and research firm Mercom Capital Group also pointed out that India made remarkable progress over the last seven years since the inception of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) in 2010. But around 10 GW of solar installation is "not as impressive as it sounds".

The 2022 target includes 60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power and five GW from small-hydro power.

India needs to install 90 GW of solar in five years -- a rate of 18 GW a year to meet the target.

"Due to the lack of enforcement of RPO regulations and the absence of penalties when obligations are not met, many of the state discoms are not complying fully with their RPO targets," the research firm said, adding if all states had adhered to the RPO targets set by respective state electricity regulatory commissions, 17.7 GW of solar power would have been installed by 2016-17.

"In the Indian market, strict compliance and penalising states to push for higher installations levels are not enough. There are a lot of underlying issues that the government needs to address -- discom financials, must-run status, transmission and evacuation issues, on-time payments and payment guarantees," the research firm's CEO Raj Prabhu told IANS. "In the Indian market, strict compliance and penalising states to push for higher installations levels are not enough. There are a lot of underlying issues that the government needs to address -- discom financials, must-run status, transmission and evacuation issues, on-time payments and payment guarantees," the research firm's CEO Raj Prabhu said.

In general, southern states along with Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have been at the forefront of compliance, whereas Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh are lagging far behind the target, Rustagi said.

In respect of eastern states, Solar expert S.P. Gon Chaudhuri said lower penetration of renewable energy in the region was one of the major reasons for West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Bihar failing to meet the RPO target.

The eastern states, which are coal rich, have not done enough to attract private investors in renewable energy and experts say these states must incentivise renewable energy developers. ""West Bengal's RPO target by 2022 is 5,000 megawatt while its present achievement was only 27 megawatt.

An estimated Rs 20,000 crore of investments would be required in the next 4-5 years to meet the state's target.

The state cannot invest such a huge amount. Private participation is the need of the hour," Chaudhuri told IANS. Rustagi said RPO targets are being scaled up every year; so even if states buy an increasing amount of renewable energy, their relative performance is unlikely to change in the next 3-4 years.

According to the Mercom Capital's research note, as states crawl to fulfil their renewable purchase obligation, cumulative installation figures for solar and wind energy have increased exponentially, but unless compliance improves drastically it will be a challenge to meet the 2022 installation goals.

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BHEL Commissions 270 MW Thermal Unit in Nashik District of Maharashtra.

State-run power equipment maker BHEL said it has commissioned a 270 megawatt (MW) thermal unit at Sinnar in Nashik district of Maharashtra.

The newly commissioned unit is part of RattanIndia Nasik Power Ltd's 5x270 MW thermal power project.

"This is the fourth unit to be commissioned at this project. Significantly, the milestone has been achieved within 35 days of commissioning of the third unit," Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) said in a BSE filing.

BHEL said so far it has successfully commissioned 14 sets of 270 MW rating in the country, including nine sets for the RattanIndia group.

Shares of BHEL were trading 0.60 per cent up at Rs 150.95 on BSE.

China Overtaking India in Biogas Plants Technology “One would wonder, how the Chinese were able to install about seven million biogas plants in about four years.“ So began Khadi and Village Industries Commission director Jashbhai J Patel's remarks at the conclusion of a tour of China in 1980. His rueful tone was justified. In that same report, economist TK Moulik explained that India had been among the pioneers in biogas technology but it had taken the Chinese a mere decade to overtake her.

More than 30 years of experience in developing and implementing a gobar gas digester programme coupled with favourable climate and the world's largest cattle population (then estimated at 240 million heads; 3.5 times that of China) had produced a mere 70,000 digesters, one in five of which was no longer operational.

Patel and Moulik's visit to China was part of a trilateral Germany-ChinaIndia exchange coordinated by the Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association (BORDA).Among BORDA 's missions was to facilitate “technical cooperation among developing countries“ by organising studies of technologies adapted to their needs and potential, and to disseminate the results.Biogas digesters were precisely such a technology . One of us (Wagner) was the sinologist on the project. He prepared the group's visit through an analysis of Chinese biogas handbooks for village technicians, and focussed during the trip on the political and social parameters of biogas use in China.

Viewed against the contemporary Hindu right's malicious violence against fellow Indians in the name of `gau raksha', this nearly 40-year-old Sino-IndoGerman collaboration is a sobering reminder that we continue to miss our own potential while promoting obscure science through blind and uncritical reverence for an animal. The various institutes and companies set up in recent years to prove and market the health benefits of cow dung and cow urine are but one example.

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work in 1970s China therefore remain just as relevant today , when fanciful justifications continue to trump simple solutions. Unlike in India, where the biogas development programme was elite in both its initiative and composition, the Chinese process was far more adapted to village-level knowhow and resources. So, while Indian scientists strove to build a technologically efficient biogas plant, the Chinese worked with the materials they had, adjusted to the capabilities of their farmers, and built one hundred times the number of biogas digesters.

And they gradually improved their technical quality as incomes and technical capabilities rose. The benefits of such an adapted approach were manifold. At the level of the individual household, they provided gas at no cost that could be used for cooking and lighting a lamp. This freed women from other daily chores such as collecting fuel and stoking a fire, while the lamp significantly expanded the work-day and improved educational levels by making it easier for parents to read and children to to study after dark.

At the same time, biogas use reduced the pressure on local wood resources while the digesters transformed agricultural refuse (stalks, leaves, human and animal excrements) into a bug-free nitrogen-rich manure for use in agriculture. These incentives, in turn, spurred the development of toilets, collection of refuse, and animal husbandry .

Moreover, customary handling of human waste and pig dung in China had resulted in widespread incidence of intestinal parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis (bilharzia), which affec ted both humans and pigs. The spread of biogas digesters ensured a much cleaner and sanitary handling of waste as the process killed more than 90% of the parasite eggs. The result was a substantial improvement in rural health, lower medical expenses and improved productivity .

In the wake of Patel and Moulik's trip to China, a biogas promotion programmewas initiated in India in 1981. A 2015 paper by Shiv Kumar Lohan and others offers numbers for the changes since. By 1990 India had 1.23 million biogas plants. This number grew to 4.54 million by 2012. The corresponding

Chinese numbers were 27 million biogas plants built.

And even though an Indian Biogas Association has been set up in the past few years to further promote the adoption of biogas, recent estimates indicate that such expansion proceeds in slipshod fashion. Last year, The Economic Times reported that of the 1,10,000 biogas plants to be set up in 2015-16, only 47,490 had been installed.

Why should any of this matter? It matters because the wide scale promotion of biogas, in which gobar would play a central role, can bring many attendant benefits, not least the safe and productive disposal of human and other agricultural refuse. Incentives to build toilets to collect such manure could by itself improve health in a countryside where gastrointestinal diseases remain a major challenge.

Why should any of this matter? It matters because the wide scale promotion of biogas, in which gobar would play a central role, can bring many attendant benefits, not least the safe and productive disposal of human and other agricultural refuse. Incentives to build toilets to collect such manure could by itself improve health in a countryside where gastrointestinal diseases remain a major challenge.

It also matters because it might help more of us recognise that in the name of the cow an extremist view is being foisted upon the vast majority of India's Hindus and upon all of India's minorities. This view has little to do with cows and everything to do with singling out `enemies' and making people turn on one another.

And so, the goal is to use those things that distinguish us ¬ religion, caste, diet, clothing, the list goes on ¬ to divide us.The cow is merely a pawn. After all, if the safety of cows and their ability to contribute to human welfare were truly a concern for the gau

rakshaks, then should we not have heard more about biogas and other demonstrably viable and beneficial technologies instead?

Arunabh Ghosh is Assistant Professor of modern Chinese history at Harvard University. Rudolf Wagner is Professor of Chinese studies at Heidelberg University. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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India Rating: Compensation for Grid Curtailment to Benefit Renewable Sector

The Centre's proposed compensation mechanism for existing renewable energy projects will protect the cash flows to an extent from grid curtailments and will also ensure a favourable operational environment for renewables sector, said India Ratings.

"If the proposal is adopted it will protect the cash flows to an extent from grid curtailments and also ensure a favourable operational environment for renewable energy projects. It will also be positive for wind and solar energy developers," the ratings agency said in a statement here.

Historically, power purchase agreements (PPAs) signed for renewable energy projects have failed to address the grid issues and lacked a mechanism to compensate for energy loss.

According to Ind-Ra, the annual debt service coverage ratio (DSCR) slips by 0.12 times for 10 per cent of energy curtailment and the 50 per cent proposed compensation at PPA tariff will restrict the fall by half at 0.06 per cent.

The developers have bridged any cash flow shortfall in debt service through a combination of or individually tapping debt service reserve or drawing working capital limits or sponsor support, it said.

"The recent reverse auction of 750MW solar capacity in Rewa solar bid included the provisions for compensation for deemed generation in case of curtailment. The recommended PPA format for future wind and solar projects should also include provisions for curtailment compensation."

It, however, maintained that the absence of clarity on two possible reasons for grid curtailment - low system demand and grid security - could however pose new challenges for developers.

"Further clarity by the authority/utilities to define the terms and spell out when these measures will need to be opted for could allay possible apprehensions of the developers and make the process more transparent,"

Also, in the proposed framework it is unclear which situations will be identified as low system demand incidences, since the network operators have the option to shut down a thermal plant which is falling below its technical minimum operating level, it said.

Citing the recent forced shutdown of some thermal power plants by Tamil Nadu discom during high wind season to enable full evacuation of wind power generation, Ind-Ra said there is a possibility of utilities taking refuge under the low system demand and curtail high costs renewables to save costs leading to reduced cash flows.

"We believe that utilities should project demand for the next six months to one year along with definition of low system demand. This transparent process could allay the fears of developers when actually the demand plummets," it said.

The compensation will also incentivise grid operators and distribution utilities to reduce curtailments and benefit renewable energy developers in scheduling and forecasting and enable integration of increasing renewable energy capacity.

In FY17, grid curtailment was prevalent for wind projects in Rajasthan (up to even 45 per cent energy curtailed compared to 90 per cent of plant load factor) and solar projects in Tamil Nadu.

the agency said.

Countries That Not Permitting India to Business at Their Land So India Does Not Too : Piyush Goel

Power Minister Piyush Goyal said he "will not allow" any company to come to India from a country that does not permit an Indian firm to do business there -- a warning seen to be targetted at China.

"Reciprocity should be there. Is India a punching bag that if you want then you can come and invest in India and earn and Indian companies cannot come and earn in your country. We believe in reciprocity and it is also a display of our strength," the minister said.

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While Goyal did not name any country, the comments follow media reports that India may soon bar Chinese power companies from projects in the power sector, as China does not approve foreign investment in electricity grids on security grounds.

India allows 100 per cent FDI in this business.

Speaking to reporters at an event here, Goyal said, "There is no intention to bar any particular country. We don't have problem with any country.

But I think India should work with reciprocity with every country."

He further said, "If any transmission company of India like Power Grid cannot bid in any other country, cannot invest in any other country, cannot set up transmission lines in any other country then I will not allow any company of that country to come to India."

He was speaking after the launch of mobile app 'Saral Eindhan Vitaran App (SEVA)' developed in-house by Coal India Limited (CIL) for power sector consumers.

SEVA is a part of 'Digital India' initiative, which is aimed at increasing the consumer connect as well as transparency and accountability in coal dispatches.

Asserting that cyber attack was a serious problem in the entire work, the minister said that there was no 100 per cent solution on this across the globe.

"We continuously upgrade the systems in grid transmission. We also monitor. But this is a great problem in the entire world. This is grave problem.

Our scientists, engineers keeping a vigil on this," Goyal said.

Repyling to another question, the minister said that an inter-ministerial panel will meet this week to deliberate on the modalities with regard to policy on auction of mines to private sector for commercial mining.

"Inter-ministerial committee will meet on May 25 to take this further (commercial coal policy)," the minister said. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Jhajjar is New Place for Renewable Projects Sets by Govt.

While China Light & Power has offered to join hands with the Haryana Government in setting up a Rs 500-crore renewable energy project at Jhajjar, global majors, including United Technologies, Carrier, Everstone Logistics and CISCO have evinced keen interest in making investments in such fields as logistics, development of smart cities and sustainable solutions, and setting up a skill development centre.

The offers were made when the chief minister, Manohar Lal, who is leading a nine-member delegation to project Haryana as a preferred investment destination, had one-to-one and back-to-back rounds with captains of industry and leading investors in Hong Kong today, and in Singapore, last night. The delegation has

reached Hong Kong from Singapore.

The offers were made when the chief minister, Manohar Lal, who is leading a nine-member delegation to project Haryana as a preferred investment destination, had one-to-one and back-to-back rounds with captains of industry and leading investors in Hong Kong today, and in Singapore, last night. The delegation has reached Hong Kong from Singapore.

A senior level team from China Light & Power comprising CEO Richard Lancaster, chief financial officer, Geert Peters, and managing director India, Rajiv Mishra, met the chief minister in Hong Kong this morning. They discussed a proposal for setting up a renewable energy project at Jhajjar with an investment of Rs 500 crore. They were told that a very good opportunity awaited them to utilize non-arable land in the state for setting up projects.

A team from United Technologies also met the chief minister and discussed proposal for developing smart city sustainability solutions relating to building security and controls. Carrier made a proposal to set up a skill development centre in Haryana jointly with the state government for providing skill training to the youth.

A team from United Technologies also met the chief minister and discussed proposal for developing smart city sustainability solutions relating to building security and controls. Carrier made a proposal to set up a skill development centre in Haryana jointly with the state government for providing skill training to the youth.

Later, the Chief Minister addressed captains of industry and leading investors at the Invest Haryana Road Show in Hong Kong. It was attended by more than 100 delegates from Hong Kong who belonged mostly to the banking and financial sector.

The key sectors which offered vast investment scope included skill development, healthcare, infrastructure, transport, smart cities, renewable energy etc. Later, Sudhir Rajpal, principal secretary, Industries, made a presentation and shared details of the bankable projects with safe returns on investment. He also shared details of the projects like Global City, MRTS between Gurugram Manesar Bawal, Logistics Hub, Aviation Hub, Global Economic Corridor along the KMP Expressway, Smart city Gurugram . Faridabad and Karnal.

IOC Overtakes ONGC and Become India's Most Profitable PSU Indian Oil Corp (IOC) has overtaken Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) to become India's most profitable state-owned company.

IOC, which has for decades been India's biggest company by turnover, posted a 70 per cent jump in net profit to Rs 19,106.40 crore in the financial year ended March 31, 2017.

This was more than the Rs 17,900 crore net profit ONGC posted in the 2016-17 fiscal, making IOC the most profitable PSU, according to earning statements of the companies.

Billionaire Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Industries retained the crown of being India's most profitable company for the third year in a row, posting a net Rs 29,901 crore in financial year 2016-17.

Tata Consultancy Services, India's largest software services exporter, with a net profit of Rs 26,357 crore was the second most profitable company in the country.

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lost the crown to private sector Reliance and TCS a couple of years back. It has now been unseated as the most profitable PSU by IOC. In the previous 2015-16 fiscal, IOC had a net profit of Rs 11,242.23 crore as compared to ONGC's Rs 16,140 crore.

While IOC Chairman B Ashok attributed the profit growth to higher refining margins, inventory gains and operational efficiencies, ONGC Chairman and Managing Director Dinesh K Sarraf said the company lost Rs 3,000 crore in net profit due to government's natural gas pricing policy that has made the business economically unviable.

The BJP-led government had in October 2014 evolved a new pricing formula using rates prevalent in gas surplus nations like the US, Canada and Russia to determine rates in a net importing country.

Prices have halved to $2.48 per million British thermal unit since the formula was implemented.

Sarraf said the company lost Rs 5,010 crore in revenue

on natural gas business from 35 per cent drop in gas prices in last one year. "Our profit would have been about Rs 3,000 crore higher if we got remunerative gas price," he said.

"Natural gas is no more profitable business because cost of production is very very significantly higher than current gas prices," he said.

Oil Minister Dharmendra Pradhan in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha on March 20 had stated that the cost of production of natural gas in the prolific Krishna Godavari basin is between $4.99 per mmBtu and $7.30 per mmBtu. The same for other basins is in the range of $3.80 per mmBtu to $6.59 per mmBtu, he had said, adding the production costs of companies vary from field to field depending upon size of the reservoir, location, logistics and availability of surface facilities.

ONGC is the country's biggest gas producer, accounting for some 80 per cent of the 70 million standard cubic meters per day current output. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Heading 5 Years From Now Making Petrol as Cheaper as Rs 30 Per Litter

In five years, you could be buying petrol at less than Rs 30 a litre. Emerging technology is going to reduce the world's dependence on petrol so much that prices will plummet. That's the prediction by Tony Seba, an American futurist who is famous for predicting a boom in solar power when the prices used to be forbiddingly high, 10 times the prices today.

Seba is a serial Silicon Valley entrepreneur, and an instructor in Entrepreneurship, Disruption and Clean Energy at Stanford’s Continuing Studies Program.

Seba's prediction on solar energy came true, but

will he be right about the future of oil too? It seems highly likely if you look at what prompts Seba.

According to Seba, the rise of self-drive cars would bring down oil demand sharply which could reduce the price of oil to $25 a barrel. "Oil demand will peak 2021-2020 and will go down 100 million barrels, to 70 million barrels within 10 years. And what that means, the new equilibrium price is going to be $25," Seba said while speaking to CNBC. Seba says people would not stop using the old-style cars but the self-drive electric vehicles will become a much larger part of the sharing economy. These electric vehicles will be cheaper to buy as well as run.

Seba had earlier said that by 2030, 95% of people won’t own private cars which would wipe off the automobile industry. He also predicted that electric vehicles would destroy the global oil industry.

Recently, Union power minister Piyush Goyal said India was looking to have all-electric car fleet by 2030. He meant not a single petrol or diesel car would be sold in the country after 15 years.

If you look at rapid advances in technology and business, you will find Seba convincing. No one doubts that soon electric cars will become a mass trend.

Add to this the innovation in travel business such as Uber and rideshare apps. The future these two trends indicate looks like this: most people will prefer shared electric vehicles to owning cars while most of those still buying cars would go for electric ones.

"Imagine a Starbucks on wheels. Essentially transportation is going to be so cheap, it's going to be essentially cheaper for Starbucks to run around and take me to work, which is, you know, 60 kilometers away, and give that transportation for free, in exchange for going to buy coffee in that hour of commute," Seba said while speaking to CNBC. The dim future of oil will also have a major geopolitical impact: the economies that depend mostly on oil will be hit badly. Many Arab countries will lose much of their influence and power.

Solar Plant Powers for Thousands of Homes IIT

A solar plant of the size and cost of a centre table on your rooftop can insure your home against power cuts and halve your electricity bill. IIT Madras has invented such a solar rooftop installation -- smaller and cheaper than present installations.

At a cost of Rs 20,000, the rooftop plant and storage system can run couple of tubelights, fans, charging points and a TV. A higher model can run all essential load minus washing machine and air conditioners of a middle class and reduce dependence on normal electricity supply.

The rooftop plant has been installed under CSR 24

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and government sponsorship in 15,000 rural homes and was successful in facing a three-day power cut during Chennai floods in December 2015.

An official in the Solar Energy Corp of India said to install a rooftop of the present technology, a middle-class family will require 1kWh solar rooftop and storage costing about Rs 1.2 lakh and a space of about 100 sq ft.

Rural Electrification Corporatio (REC) has electrified 4,000 offgrid homes in Jodhpur and Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan and 7,500 homes in Assam. Another 12,000 more homes are being taken up in hills of Assam, while some grid-connected installation. the solar power system was recognised by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), New York, as 'Technology of the year 2017 in the service of humanity'.

The solar inverter less DC system is cost and energyefficient as unlike other solar power systems, it does not convert direct current (DC) produced by a solar installation into alternate current (AC). The system comes with a full DC wiring. Each time a unit of AC is converted into DC, there is a 15 per cent loss of energy. A DC system is 2.5 times more efficient than the AC system and hence requires lesser space, said IIT-M professor Ashok Jhunjhunwala.

While a 125W rooftop solar, a 0.5kWh lead acid DC battery, and few DC electrical appliances will cost approximately Rs 20,000, a basic 500W solar power and 3kWh lead acid storage will cost a bit over Rs 40,000 without taxes, he said. A 125W solar installation will require 10sqft space, while 500W requires 50 sqft of space, said Venkat Rajaraman, chief executive officer of Cygni Energy that is commercialising the technology.

Jhunjhunwala said a solar-DC microgrid could help break the logjam that the domestic power supply currently faces in India.

Data with REC shows that about four crore households are yet to be electrified in India.

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Make in India Deals for Cheap Price in Solar Sector

Some of India's biggest solar equipment makers are facing financial collapse, priced out by Chinese competitors as Prime Minister Narendra Modi's government prioritises cheap power over local manufacturing despite his 'Make in India' push.

Though President Donald Trump is pulling the United States out of the Paris accord on climate change, India is sticking to its huge renewable energy programme.

That has created a multi-billion-dollar market for Chinese solar product makers, who are facing an overcapacity at home and steep duties in Europe India's solar power generation capacity has already more than tripled in three years to over 12 gigawatt (GW) as Modi targets raising energy generation from all renewable sources to 175 GW by 2022.

Chinese companies have gained the most from that increase, accounting for around 85 percent of India's solar module demand and earning around $2 billion, according to industry data. The total annual market could jump to more than $10 billion in the next few years going by the government's capacity targets.

Local companies such as Jupiter Solar, Indosolar Ltd and Moser Baer India Ltd, however, are struggling to win contracts.

Orders funnelled through a domestic-content policy have all but dried up after the World Trade Organization last September upheld an earlier ruling that found the move violated global trade norms.

As a result, Jupiter said it could shut shop by July after delivering their last orders this month; Indosolar auditors have raised doubts over it remaining as a "going concern"; and Moser Baer says it needs ||www.electricalmirror.net||

support from its lenders to revive its solar business Indian solar power plant developers - including companies backed by Japan's Softbank and Goldman Sachs - are quoting ever-lower tariffs in auctions to win big projects, encouraged by steep drop in Chinese solar equipment prices.

That is squeezing out Indian cell and module makers, many of which have inferior technology, depend on imports of raw materials, have limited access to cheap loans and operate below capacity. Chinese modules are 10-20 percent cheaper than those made in India, company and industry executives said.

"The WTO ruling has torpedoed everything. It's not a case of one company - we have the largest cell operating capacity - everybody below us will shut down one after another," Jupiter CEO Dhruv Sharma told Reuters by phone.

Chinese companies were selling solar cells in India at 19-20 U.S. cents, around 35 percent below his production cost, he added.

There are more than 110 Indian solar cell and module makers registered with the government, out of which consultancy Bridge to India expects only a handful to survive Santosh Vaidya, a senior official in the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, said the government was working on several initiatives to promote the domestic solar manufacturing industry. He did not elaborate.

India's promise, and need, as a market for solar is obvious. It is one of the lowest per-capita consumers of electricity in the world and more than 200 million

of its people are still not connected to the grid, making it crucial for the government to aggressively push for cheap power.

Despite its low labour costs, it is not alone in buckling under pressure from Chinese competition. Earlier this month, Germany's SolarWorld, once Europe's largest solar panel maker, said it would file for insolvency.

Indian companies produced an estimated 1.33 GW of modules last year out of the total capacity of 5.29 GW, according to Bridge to India. Total consumption of modules - 60 percent of a solar project's cost - was around 4 GW. Solar project developer SB Energy, a joint venture between SoftBank, Taiwan's Foxconn and India's Bharti Enterprises, said it had discussed the shortage of local manufacturing with the government.

"Lack of significant domestic solar manufacturing capacity is a concern, as this is a major gap," SB Energy Executive Chairman Manoj Kohli said, drawing a parallel with India's huge mobile phone market but negligible local production.

Several company executives said a lack of scale, absence of raw material supply chains and rapidly changing technology were some of other reasons Indian firms were unable to compete with Chinese manufacturers such as Trina Solar and Yingli.

"The government is busy bringing power prices down ... but you can't build castles on graves," Gyanesh Chaudhary, CEO of module maker Vikram Solar told Reuters. "Without a domestic manufacturing ecosystem, no public policy can last for a long time."

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Modi's Green Energy Plans to Built 175 GW of Renewable Energy Capacity by 2022

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climate change and sharpen investor focus on the Narendra Modi government's programme to build massive renewable energy capacity.

The government is working to build 175 GW (giga watt) of renewable energy capacity by 2022, envisaging an estimated investment of $175-180 billion. The green push will not end there. The government expects non-conventional sources to account for 40% of total generation capacity by 2030.

The sheer scale of the government's programme -- the largest such scheme in the world -- offers heavy traction for investors. This has already been demonstrated in successful green Masala bond issues worth nearly

half a billion dollars by coal-burning behemoth NTPC and IREDA, government's funding agency for renewable projects.

"India will pick up any investment slack in the US after the pullout as investors and fund managers look for a country with a solid green energy policy and commitment. This means fatter and wider sources of funding for Indian solar and other renewable energy projects," a government official said.

Other such as Raj Prabhu, CEO of US-based green energy market tracker disagrees. "The impact for India will be almost zero in the short-term. It will not have a significant impact in the short-term as the withdrawal will take approximately four years, which means the next election could decide what will happen,".

But there are yet others who feel that emerging technology and economy of scale have created

enough market force to drive renewable capacity building in years to come, though coal will remain the mainstay for providing 'base load'. Solar tariffs recently dropped to Rs 2.44 per unit for a project in Rajasthan's Bhadla solar park. This is 18% lower than the average tariff of Rs 3 per unit for power from NTPC's coal-fired plants.

Simultaneously, solar module prices have continued to slide, with Chinese supplies becoming 11% cheaper than a year ago and the government announcing several incentives to promote domestic manufacturing.

Officials said such market dynamics is enough to drive growth in renewables. The government's policy focus and commitment, then, is the icing on the cake.

"With all the attention given to the solar industry, we need to recognise that electricity generated from solar makes up just 1% of the total power generated in India and there is a long way to go for India to shift from its dependency on coal to renewable energy. (but) Because of severe pollution issues, China and India have no other option but to continue to develop renewable energy sources," Prabhu said.

According to Prabhu, the Indian renewables industry, especially solar, should be more worried about GST impact, poor financial health of discoms, poor traction in demand growth, RPO (renewable power obligation) shortfall, curtailment and other issues.

Production of Natural Gas is Limited and Non Profitable ONGC

State-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corp (ONGC) has said that producing natural gas is no longer a profitable business for the company as the government-mandated gas price is significantly below the cost of production.

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The BJP-led government had in October 2014 evolved a new pricing formula using rates prevalent in gas surplus nations like the US, Canada and Russia to determine rates in a net importing country. Prices have halved to USD 2.48 per million British thermal unit since the formula was implemented.

ONGC Chairman and Managing Director Dinesh K Sarraf said the company lost Rs 5,010 crore in revenue on natural gas business, and about Rs 3,000 crore in profit in just last one year because of cuts in gas prices.

"Natural gas is no more profitable business because cost of production is very very significantly higher than current gas prices," he told reporters here.

For any company it does not make economic or commercial sense to invest in new fields or in augmenting production from existing ones through fresh investment if the price it will get is below the cost of production.

Sarraf said the price paid to domestic producers is less than half of the rate paid for import of gas (LNG).

India currently imports half of its natural gas needs and Prime Minister Narendra Modi is keen on cutting down import bill by raising indigenous production and 'Make in India'.

ONGC, he said, has sought a review of the natural gas pricing formula.

"We have no reason to disbelieve that gas prices will not be raised," he said.

India's largest natural gas producer is demanding a floor or minimum price of natural gas be fixed at USD 4.2 per mmBtu for the business to make economic sense. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Welspun’s Maharashtra Project Remains Stuck Between Start and Scuttle When Welspun Energy sold its renewable energy portfolio to Tata Power in June 2016, one solar project was left out of the deal. This 100 MW project is now the centre of a spat between Welspun Energy and the Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI), with Welspun getting a stay order from the Delhi High Court in late April to prevent SECI from cancelling the deal and encashing its bank guarantee of Rs 30 crore.

Welspun won 100 MW in an auction of 500 MW in Maharashtra that SECI conducted in January 2016, bidding a tariff of Rs 4.43 per kwH. It signed the power purchase agreement (PPA) for the project with SECI in July 2016. However, in June, it had reached an agreement to sell its subsidiary Welspun Renewable Energy’s entire assets of 1,140 MW to Tata Power for $1.4 billion (Rs 9,249 crore).

The deal was completed in September. The Maharashtra project could not have been part of the deal as an auction stipulation by SECI says developers’ winning projects cannot sell more than 49 per cent stake until at least a year after project commissioning.

Since then, however, Welspun Energy has not taken any steps to execute the project. According to the provisions of the PPA, Welspun, as the stay order

puts it, “was required to achieve certain milestones including production of documentary evidence of clear title and possession of acquired land at the rate of minimum 1.5 hectare per MW”. It also had to show that it had infused “cumulative capital in the form of equity for an amount of at least Rs 0.84 crore per MW” into the project.

If it did not, SECI had the right to “encash the performance bank guarantee” and “terminate the agreement”. Admitting the delay, Welspun Energy sought and secured an extension up to November 29, 2016, to comply with SECI’s conditions and even paid a penalty of Rs 1.9 crore. But it did nothing thereafter.

On March 1 this year, SECI wrote to Welspun Energy demanding the required documents within seven days.

Unable to provide them, in mid April, Welspun Energy paid a further penalty of Rs 6.5 crore and sought still more time, while simultaneously petitioning the Delhi High Court to restrain SECI from cancelling the project. The court noted that since SECI had not responded to Welspun Energy’s last communication, making it clear it intended to encash the guarantee, itwas “restrained from invoking the bank guarantee till the next date of hearing”, which has since been

set for early August. Both Welspun Energy and SECI refused to comment on the matter. “Welspun may not have been able to get the land,” said an industry source. “Why infuse equity into the project when you are not certain that the land is there?”

But why Welspun Energy chose to bid at all in the Maharashtra auction when it was looking to exit the renewable energy business, and did not even have the land necessary for the project, remains a puzzle. Market speculation is that Welspun Energy wants to transfer the project to Avaada Power Pvt Ltd, owned by Vineet Mittal, who was managing director of Welspun Renewable Energy before its sale to Tata Power, but is finding the 49 per cent restriction a stumbling block. According to a January 2017 report by rating agency CARE, Avaada Power holds 27.70 per cent stake in Welspun Energy. It is also expected to take over the EPC business of Welspun Renewable Energy.

“Considering that solar tariffs are now down to Rs 2.44 per kwH, given the fall in solar equipment prices, while Welspun won its project at Rs 4.43 per kwH, it is only natural that it wants to hold on to the deal,” said another industry source.

Next-Gen Fuel Resources Developing by Top Energy Sectors in India

India has brought forward its top energy research agencies which are working together to develop the next generation of fuel resources for cutting edge commercial applications.

The three state-owned research bodies include the Indian Railways’ alternate fuel arm Indian Railways Organisation for Alternate Fuels (IROAF), Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP) Dehradun and National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) which are working to develop solar-assisted Biomass Pyrolysis technology for production of methanol as an alternate fuel. In addition, IROAF is separately experimenting with Hydrogen-powered fuel cells for power generation.

BIOMASS PYROLYSIS

Delhi-based IROAF has been tasked with exploring ||www.electricalmirror.net||

new avenues to fuel the national transporter which has set a target of reducing its annual energy bill, including electricity and diesel, of over Rs 30,000 crore by Rs 41,000 crore over the next decade. “An alternate route of Methanol production is by using biomass, wood and waste products. Currently, people use the catalytic route (enzymatic route) for this. We aim to do this through biomass pyrolysis,” Ravinder Gupta, Chief Administrative Officer of IROAF told EnergyWorld.

Pyrolysis refers to thermal decomposition of biomass occurring in the absence of oxygen. The process pyrolysis results in by-products including bio-oil and gases like methane, hydrogen, carbon-monoxide and carbon dioxide, among others. “We have formed a joint working group at IROAF with IIP, Dehradun and NISE. We are putting our heads together to develop a solar-assisted biomass paralysis plant in the first stage and eventually look at the possibility of obtaining methanol,” Gupta said.

IROAF aims to use solar energy to convert wood and bio-waste into wood-oil and IIP is currently conducting research on how to convert wood-oil into methanol.

According to Gupta, the Indian Railways will have to develop a dual-fuel engine for converting existing

locomotives to run on Methanol.

FUEL CELL

The Indian Railways’ fuel arm is also experimenting with hydrogen-powered fuel cells on a pilot basis.

A fuel cell is a device in which hydrogen is used to generates electricity through a chemical reaction in the presence of Oxygen with water as a by-product. The device finds application in the electric vehicle industry.

“We are also working on fuel cell technology.

Hydrogen-run fuel cells have also become affordable.

On an experimental basis, we are going to fit a hydrogen fuel cell for powering guard vans attached to trains as a standby. Fuel cells can generate power up to 300 kilowatts,” Gupta said.

The use of fuel cells to power electric vehicles has risen of late. Global automobile giants including Honda, Toyota and Hyundai have reportedly leased a few hundred fuel cell-based vehicles over the past three years, and expect to lease over 1,000 in the current year.

The Indian auto industry lobby Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) has also called for developing the fuel cell technology to meet the government’s target of shifting completely to electric vehicles by 2030.

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Sungrow Presents 1500V PV Inverters and ESS at Intersolar Europe 2017

Sungrow, the global leading PV inverter system solution supplier, presents 1500V string and central PV inverters as well as utility scale ESS at the Intersolar Europe 2017 in Munich, Germany.

The SG125HV, the world's most powerful 1500Vdc string inverter, features a high capacity of 125kW. Also, it is proved to work stably in full power operation without derating at 50 degrees Celsius, maximizing the return on investment for project owners. This 1500Vdc string inverter enables up to 5 MW power block design.

As a turnkey station for 1500Vdc systems, the central

inverter SG3000HV-MV features its integration of the inverter, the transformer and the switchgear, based on its containerized design of 20-foot, saving costs of transportation and installation. Its maximum inverter efficiency is able to reach up to 99%.

Committed towards providing integrated energy storage system solutions for residential, C&I and utility scale applications, Sungrow showcases an ESS which consists of the high voltage SC1000HV storage inverter, the latest battery pack, and EMS. This system complies with UL and TUV standards and its battery is supplied by the Sungrow-Samsung SDI joint venture. Thanks to its container design, the ESS can be flexibly configured at customers' request as well as easily transported to site and maintained.

The maximum charge/discharge cycling efficiency can reach up to 96.5% and the maximum capacity for the 40-foot battery container is 4.8MWh. This system can be applied to frequency-modulation and peak-shaving uses. Sungrow's ESS has been enjoying a good reputation in the European market.

In addition, Sungrow showcases residential storage inverter SH4K6 plus battery, residential PV inverters such as SG2K5-S and commercial PV inverters like SG80KTL. "Sungrow is committed to technical innovation which drives our rapid growth. We continue to offer better products and services to customers all over the world", said Professor Renxian Cao, president of Sungrow.

The World's Largest Floating PV Power Plant of 40MW Connected to the Grid Using Sungrow's Inverters Sungrow, the global leading PV inverter system solution supplier, announced that the world's largest floating PV power plant of 40MW with Sungrow's PV inverters utilized has been successfully connected to the grid in Huainan, China.

The power plant is based in a subsided area of mining which is flooded due to the rainy weather with depth of water ranging from 4 to 10 meters in Huainan, a coal-rich city in south Anhui province. And the seriously mineralized water makes this area valueless. "The

plant not only makes full use of this area, reducing the demand for lands, but also improves generation due to the cooling effects of the surface," explained a professional from the local government.

Sungrow's central inverter SG2500-MV employed in this plant features its integration of the inverter, the transformer and the switchgear, as a turnkey station with lower transportation cost due to its 20-foot containerized design. In addition, the combiner box SunBox PVS-8M/16M-W supplied by Sungrow as well

is customized for floating power plants, enabling it to work stably in such environment with high level of humidity and salt spray.

"Introducing cutting-edge technologies to products is what we are always committed to. We continue to offer better products and solutions to customers all over the world," said Professor Renxian Cao, president of Sungrow.

Gulf Oil Appoints New Territory Sales Managers

Gulf Strengthens Resources in Gulf Coast and Mid-Atlantic Markets Gulf Oil is pleased to announce and welcome the addition of two Territory Sales Managers to the Branded Sales team to further develop their growing portfolio.

Barry Dickerson comes with a wealth of experience within the industry, having spent the last 26 years in 28

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various sales roles throughout the business including Renewable Energy Group, Inc. and Alon USA Energy, Inc. Barry joins Gulf as a Territory Sales Manager to continue the company's recent supply expansion into the states of Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and Oklahoma.

Gulf also welcomes Gary Houghtaling to the sales team as a Territory Sales Manager charged with growing and supporting the Mid-Atlantic market.

Gary brings over 36 years of sales experience in the industry to the team, including his most recent role at PAPCO as Territory Sales Manager, Branded Fuels. Coupled with his experience at Griffith Energy, Gary's extensive industry background will allow him to transition smoothly into the new role with Gulf.

"We are thrilled to have Barry and Gary join our team and expect they will continue the strong momentum we have built in their territories," said Meredith L. Sadlowski, Senior Vice President of Branded Sales and Marketing. "As Gulf continues to grow, their experience and expertise are exactly what we need to expand our supply offerings in these markets."

With increasing supply availability and new, innovative programs such as Gulf Pay, demand in the market for the Gulf brand is rapidly increasing. The two additional team members bringing over 50 years of combined experience will solidify Gulf's position in the marketplace and support customer growth goals throughout these geographies. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

PSE&G Prepared for 2017 Summer Electric Demand

$2.8 billion infrastructure investments will maintain reliability

Public Service Electric and Gas Co. (PSE&G), New Jersey's largest utility, has made significant infrastructure investments that are in service for the first time this season, ensuring the utility is better prepared than ever to meet customer demand for safe, reliable electricity this summer.

"PSE&G customers are benefiting from the $2.8 billion in electric and gas investments the utility made this past year," said John Latka, senior vice president of electric and gas operations at PSE&G. "These investments, along with our highly skilled and dedicated workforce, play a big role in making us one of the most reliable utilities in the country, and the most reliable in the Mid-Atlantic region 15 years running."

Notable projects completed since the start of last summer include:

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• Eliminated, or raised and rebuilt six substations and switching stations that were damaged by water during storms, including stations in Elizabeth, Garfield, Hoboken, Jersey City, Rahway and South Hackensack.

• Installed relays and remote terminal units at 45 substations and installed a new Distribution SCADA system in all four divisions.

This program deploys smart grid technologies to better monitor system operations to increase our ability to more swiftly deploy repair teams.

Completed 62 projects that address critical facilities, including hospitals, water treatment plants, telecommunications facilities and police stations. This program creates redundancy in the system, reducing outages when damage occurs.

Replaced 12 aging station transformers to maintain electric service reliability for customers in Bergen, Camden, Essex, Hudson and Union Counties.

Completed transmission hardening projects to raise station equipment in five flood-prone stations, benefiting customers in Bergen, Camden, Hudson and Union Counties.

Energized eight 69,000-volt substations and associated lines. The new networks provide

increased local transmission supply capacity to customers across our service area, including many living in Bergen, Burlington, Hudson, Passaic and Union Counties.

• In addition to these electric distribution upgrades, phase 2 of the $1.2 billion Bergen to Linden corridor upgrade is fully energized and completed on schedule. This portion represents the upgrade from Bayway station in Elizabeth, to Linden station. When complete in 2018, the 345-kilovolt (kV) line will run from Ridgefield to Linden, maintaining reliability by relieving congestion on other regional transmission lines.

• The 2017 forecasted summer peak is 10,057 megawatts. Last year's peak was 9,800 megawatts, set on August 12. PSE&G's all-time summer peak was 11,108 megawatts, set on August 2, 2006.

PSE&G expects to have no problem delivering the additional power, but utility crews are at the ready to respond to service interruptions should they occur.

The utility's rigorous preparedness program for summer includes conducting annual hurricane and tropical storm drills, employee training, developing emergency summer operating plans, and performing summer peak reliability analysis, helicopter and climbing inspections of transmission circuits, infrared inspections, system reinforcements and transmission line work.

S&P Global Platts: OPEC Output Up 270,000 at 32.12 Million b/d - Highest Since January 2017 Output recovers sharply in Libya and Nigeria Saudi Arabia, Angola deepen cuts- Iran below quota at 3.77 mil b/d The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members' crude output rose 270,000 b/d to 32.12 million barrels per day compared to April, according to an S&P Global Platts survey released, driven by sharp output recoveries in Libya and Nigeria, both of which are exempt from the organization's production cut agreement.

"Despite strong compliance overall so far, OPEC's efforts have not borne much fruit, as far as oil prices are concerned. If global stocks do not start to show demonstrative signs of steady draws, OPEC may have to be more creative with its strategy," said Eklavya Gupte, Senior Editor, Europe and Africa Oil News, S&P Global Platts. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

"To add to this, OPEC could face a brewing political crisis as two key members have broken diplomatic ties with Qatar. In the past, the group has managed to put aside political rivalries to focus on production management, but geopolitical risk is always something that bears watching within OPEC." May production rose despite very high compliance from both Saudi Arabia and Angola, as Iraqi output also rose steeply. Libya and Nigeria's combined January-May average output of 2.312 million b/d is now 101,000 b/d higher than their October levels, the benchmark month against which the rest of OPEC members' cuts are determined, according to the Platts survey.

With production in these countries expected to continue to grow this summer as they recover from militancyrelated outages, OPEC faces a tricky period in its

attempt to accelerate the market's rebalancing. OPEC's collective May output was some 350,000 b/d above its stated ceiling of 32.5 million b/d, when Indonesia, which typically produces about 730,000 b/d, is added in. Among the 11 members with quotas under the production cut deal, compliance is 117%, according to Platts calculations.

In May OPEC and 10 non-OPEC partners including Russia decided to roll over a 1.8 million b/d production cut agreement into March 2018. This decision has so far proved unsuccessful in convincing a wary market that the producer group's efforts to clear the glut of oil in storage are sincere, as prices remain below $50/b.

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During the imports of genset in the indian market, the market for Genset shattered due to imbalansed in betweeen the indian companies during 2007-10, though it has been a changing trends diesel genset might get replace by gas genset pretty soon, let's have alook to the indian genset scenario at present and many more in upcoming future.

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Diesel Gensets: Vital Source for Standby Power India's diesel genset market has witnessed steady growth due to power supply shortages, rising long-term infrastructure investments and unreliable grid supply. India's diesel genset market has seen steady growth due to power supply shortages, rising long-term infrastructure investments and unreliable grid supply. Rapid growth in heavy industry, ||www.electricalmirror.net||

infrastructure, telecommunication and the information technology sector is expected to further escalate this demand over the next five years. Diesel gensets are mainly used as a source of emergency power during supply shortages, or in off-grid locations. The market has been witnessing increasing production of diesel gensets with improved engine life and other

features such as synchronization with the grid, remote monitoring and control, and automated data analysis.

Due to the high investment cost of diesel gensets, industrialists & manufacturers prefer renting them, either on a monthly/hourly basis. Various construction projects across the country, such as implementation of the 4-lane-Bhopal-Biaora road and the Gujarat/Maharashtra Border-Surat-Hazira Port section road in Gujarat are propelling growth in the rental diesel genset market in India. The residential and manufacturing sectors dominate the market, and cumulatively accounted for more than 52% of the market share in 2014. And, with an increasing number of real estate construction projects and anticipated growth in foreign investments in newly launched smart city projects in India, the demand for diesel gensets is expected to grow through to 2020. In addition, the growing demand for uninterrupted power supply from various manufacturing facilities such as automobile and auto components is also expected to propel market growth over the course of the next 5 years. The residential sector - comprising domestic houses, residential apartments and buildings - dominates the diesel genset market in India and demand is expected to be fuelled by massive development plans such as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) programme, which envisages the development of 500 cities. Growth in demand for diesel gensets from the manufacturing sector is projected to be fuelled by the booming auto component industry. India is also projected to become the second largest steel producer in the world by the end of this year. This industry requires continuous power supply for running processing units, machining, resin moulding, pressing, welding and assembling.

In India, the total capacity of diesel generators in India is estimated at 72 gigawatts, about 25% of the installed capacity of power plants, and growing at the rate of 5 GW a year, the Economic Survey said. India diesel genset market is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 6.64% during 2016-22. Over the years, demand for power has increased tremendously in India. Requirement for continuous power has become one of the major challenges in the country. On account of increasing electricity demand-supply gap, lack of grid connectivity and surging infrastructure in remote areas, deployment of diesel gensets on larger scale is witnessed in the country.

During last couple of years, diesel genset market in India registered sluggish growth due to improved power demand-supply situation and slowdown in industrial and construction activities especially in southern region.

Further, with the adoption of alternative fuel powered gensets and increasing generation of electricity from solar power affected the growth of the market during this time frame. However, ‘Make in India’ campaign, smart cities project, expansion of public & private infras would fuel diesel genset market in India. In 2014, govt introduced new emission norms which increased the prices of diesel gensets throughout the country. Also, with these norms, share of unorganized market declined ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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along with the import of low rating gensets from China. In India’s diesel genset market, 5 KVA-75 KVA segment has generated key revenue share in the overall market. Over the next six years, share of medium rating gensets is expected to increase on account of deployment in manufacturing sector and usage in infra development activities. States such as Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP, Delhi, Haryana and Bihar are generating key market demand.

Leading players: Kirloskar Oil Engines Ltd (KOEL),

Cummins India, Ashok Leyland and Mahindra Powerol are among the leading diesel genset players operating in India. Kirloskar is expected to maintain its leadership position in the coming years - it is increasing its focus on expanding its dealership network, offering 24/7 support services and addressing client queries through call centres. Moreover, the company's long-term service agreement programme for customers, Bandhan, is expected to aid KOEL in strengthening its market presence through 2020.

Cummins India offers diesel gensets in the range of 7.5 kVA-3000 kVA, 40 kVA biogas gensets and 15 kVA gensets that can be run on vegetable oil and Pongamia (SVO). Cummins has a large distribution network in the country and the company's products are marketed and distributed by three channel partners - Jakson, Sudhir Gensets and Powerica.

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Ashok Leyland operates under LEYPOWER for selling its diesel gensets in India - the company provides diesel gensets in the 10 kVA-2250 kVA range - and Mahindra & Mahindra operates its power business under Mahindra Powerol. The company offers diesel gensets in the range of 5 kVA to 500 kVA and since 2002 has sold 270,000 diesel generators & industrial engines. Mahindra Powerol distributes its products through 70 retail showrooms and the company's major end-users include telecom, govt and defence org’s, the banking and retail industries and utilities.

Growth regions: High power deficits and rapid

industrialization in southern cities such as Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai has meant the south of the country boasts the highest demand for diesel gensets.

The manufacturing and auto component industries in Tamilnadu, IT in Karnataka, biotechnology and pharmaceutical businesses in Andhra Pradesh and tourism and general engineering in Kerala and Puducherry are among the major markets for diesel gensets in this region. The western region holds the second highest position in the Indian diesel genset market because it is home to the largest number of industries in the country, including iron and steel, automobile, chemical and petrochemical, jewellery, textiles, cement and pharmaceuticals. Maharashtra and Gujarat account for the maximum share in driving diesel genset growth in western India. Though the

power deficit in the western region is decreasing year-on-year, the demand for gensets remains constant, as they are used as a reliable source of backup power. A large number of companies operating in the general engineering, automobile, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and IT sectors are based in Maharashtra. In 2013-2014, Maharashtra accounted for around 30% of India's export of jewellery, textiles, leather goods and pharmaceuticals. Power deficit in Gujarat is also declining. However, demand for diesel gensets is still growing due to the booming construction sector. The presence of large refineries and petrochemical complexes in this region requires reliable standby, emergency and mobile power that continues to boost demand.

Sector segments: The Indian diesel genset market is

broadly classified into four segments on the basis of kVA rating: low (5-75 kVA), medium (75.1-350 kVA), high (350.1-750 kVA) and very high (750.1- 3000 kVA). Low-rating diesel gensets constitute a major share of the market, and are used in the telecom sector for backup power in grid-connected areas and also as a main power source in off-grid areas. India is the second largest mobile phone market in the world with 500 million users and 700,000 telecom towers, which require continuous power supply on average, the country's telecom tower network consumes over 11 TWh annually, and this is likely ||www.electricalmirror.net||

to increase to 17 TWh by the end of this year. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) wants Telcos to switch to renewable sources of power as this would save millions of litres of diesel and in turn millions of rupees per year. Of the total number of towers, 10% have a regular power supply, and for the rest their power is supplied by diesel gensets.

The medium rating of diesel gensets is the second largest category used in India. However, demand for these machines is anticipated to decline due to its shrinking application in the telecoms sector.

Importance of standby power in India

India is a country which has seen and continues to see immense growth. As its infrastructure develops, standby power provides an important source through which to sustain and grow India’s businesses and its applications. Though power outages have declined over the past few years, challenges continue to exist around transmission and distribution along with availability of quality consistent power. In manufacturing and large commercial businesses where assembly lines and products are manufactured, and industries like engineering and construction, mining, oil and gas, which influence the country’s economy, a consistent power supply is essential. This situation has led to a steady growth in India's diesel generator set market. The purchase of these sets, which provide standby electric power solutions when the main grid fails, is increasingly seen as a strategic investment.

Rapid growth in heavy industry, infrastructure, telecommunication and the information technology sector is expected to further drive demand for generator sets over the next few years.

Many sectors such as data centres, must also provide their customers with reliable, 24 hour access to their data. The need for powerful generators with strong functionality and dependability, to support the load requirements, is crucial. Meanwhile the residential and manufacturing sectors continue to be an important

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sector within the Indian electric power market. With an increasing number of real estate construction projects in Tier I and Tier II cities, the demand for diesel generator sets will continue to grow. This expected growth over the next five years is coupled with a demand for uninterrupted power from the country’s manufacturing sector. It’s important that, when buying a generator set, companies seek advice from professionals who can provide them with the right technical specifications to properly meet their power needs. With the help of an experienced generator set manufacturer, which fits a dependable diesel or gas engine into their equipment, commercial businesses can have a safe, secure backup power source that will not halt their applications. Thanks to today’s dependable diesel or gas powered generators, commercial industries can continue to function in the event of a power cut.

Solar rooftop 50% cheaper than diesel generator sets

Recommending the housing societies to replace the diesel generator sets with the rooftop solar power systems, a study by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) finds the clean energy option financially more attractive. The study said the cost of power generation from a diesel generator set, including the capital cost, is Rs 27 to Rs 33 per unit as compared to rooftop solar tariff of less than Rs 10 per unit. In all the residential societies that CSE studied, the cost of power from solar rooftop with battery backup was found to be about half the cost of power generated by diesel generator sets. According to the study, up to 3 GW of solar rooftop can be installed in new residential societies over the next 5-7 years. The study points out the diesel generator sets have become more redundant due to reducing power outrage in cities.

As power outrage from the grid reduces, the cost of power generation from the sets increases. On an average, many cities now have less than an hour of power cut in a day. We must realise that 'full backup'

was considered a basic need by upscale societies when the outages often lasted several hours a day.

CSE recommended to make solar rooftops mandatory and a complete ban on the DG sets in the upcoming residential societies. It also urged to support discoms to encourage them to push solar rooftop and provide subsidy for hybrid solar rooftop systems. Furthermore, several large emerging countries reliant upon diesel generators encountered increased diesel prices, and policy developments in India are believed to be further increasing the value of solar with storage microgrids.

Diesel and Gas Gensets

Gensets have always been a necessity in India, but with urbanisation and economic development, they are proving to be even more relevant today. Long before ‘Make in India’ became the talk of the town, India was an established manufacturer of generators.

The country has witnessed tremendous development since then, but generators continue to sell like hot cakes. Even as the government is making efforts to build more power plants, our increasing population in metros and Tier II and III cities ensures that power supply will always be outweighed by demand. In addition, the government’s ‘Make in India’ campaign and the sudden spurt in infrastructure and construction projects will definitely aid the generators industry. In addition, many MSMEs are setting up operations in newer cities and this is bound to fuel the growing demand for generators. As a result, manufacturers of generators are looking to keep up with demand by offering better designs – both outside and inside – and continuously improving the standard of their products. One key market for generators is retail and companies are cashing in on the volume of demand in that segment. CoS are capitalising on their ability to provide streamlined solutions to serve customer needs. One such solution is hybrid gensets, and these are beginning to gain widespread appeal. JCB is producing gensets clubbed with a battery bank as a cost effective solution for applications where the

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average running of load is much below the size of the installed genset. The use of these products results in a lesser overall running cost and less mass emission, both being a big advantage for customers. In Europe, this has been a successful product initiative for JCB and the company is exploring the possibility of bringing this range to India in line with increases in demand.

Diesel gensets that are clubbed with solar panels and dual fuel are another hybrid option that is gaining popularity. Although the efficiency of gensets is affected under dual fuel usage, there is still a growing demand for gensets being coupled with solar plants, where diesel gensets can operate when solar panels are dormant. We see that in a DG-Solar-Battery hybrid system, battery would evolve from present lead acid batteries to cleaner technologies like lithium ion batteries. Mahindra Powerol already built hybrid solar battery solutions in our portfolio and are working to incorporate lithium ion batteries soon. In the product differentiation battle, gas gensets also seem to be gaining traction over their diesel counterparts.

They offer many benefits, but gas availability, better distribution, and govt regulations will determine their demand. The need for a gas grid is a major obstacle, and once established, the demand for gas gensets would probably increase considerably. The main area of difference between diesel gensets and gas powered gensets for users is the fact that a gas genset is less polluting in nature. It gives the benefits of more carbon credits and has lesser running costs. But these are still not very popular in the small and mid range, mainly because of their high

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initial cost and an elongated payback period. This arises out of the fact that they are used only in standby applications. Availability of the gas grid is also a limiting factor as currently the grid is available only in a few selected areas. A lot depends on its expansion and the rationalisation of the price as well. Addressing these factors together can certainly help augment demand for gas gensets. Of course, falling gas prices are certainly helping to make gas gensets a viable option, especially for captive power generation, even as DG Sets remain an emergency backup, aided in part by their lower operating costs.

Diesel generators have a cost analysis in the range of Rs 15-16/unit in the sub 100 kVA range, and the figure improves marginally as you move upwards in the rating, with larger sets generating energy at approximately Rs 13-15 per kWhr. Diesel gensets are classified into three categories: LHP, MHP & HHP. Based on the application and power requirement, the applicable rating is chosen.

The operating cost depends on the number of running hours, maintenance cycle and fuel consumption per hour. Our generators are highly fuel optimised with longer maintenance cycles, which ensure the lowest operating costs. No matter what the type, generators will now witness sustained demand given the increasing urbanisation across the country. Despite the steady improvements in our power situation, increased economic activity, pressure on power grids for more rural-focused projects and constant transmission and distribution losses are a clear indication that a demand and supply gap is bound to crop up in near and distant future. Going forward, a surge in economic activity will ensure that there is a requirement for reliable power generation at sites, factories, residential

and commercial establishments, in turn presenting ample opportunities for diesel gensets. It is also expected that the DG set demand to increase on account of new investments and increasing urbanisation, resulting from the ‘Make in India’ campaign. CoS would be ready to tap this opportunity. All things considered, there could not be a better time for genset manufacturers in the country. With demand on the upswing, most players are sprucing up their project portfolio. CoS plan to expand their engine range from the current 200 kVA and are working on augmenting this range through in house development or strategic partnerships. Speaking of exports, Indian genset manufacturers have big plans to go beyond domestic sales. JCB India has been a frontrunner, with their gensets being exported long before they catered to the domestic market. Since the product was well accepted overseas, the company has extended its range to 200 kVA and footprint to over 39 countries now. Meanwhile, Mahindra Powerol is currently focussed on South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East and Africa for exports, while Sterling Wilson services the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Australia. In fact, diesel generator exports to these countries contribute to around 30% of Sterling Wilson’s overall revenues in India. With India fast becoming a hub for diesel generator exports, with respect to improved quality, cost and delivery, many manufacturers have been quick to adopt global standards in terms of tech & manufacturing processes. This is only raising the country's profile as an established manufacturer of generators, which will only open more avenues for Indian generator manufacturing CoS in the days to come.

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pecial Focus : Power Factor Correction

Thoroughly Analysis the Power Factor Correction NTRODUCTION

There is a process, which is in the continuing to make the improvement in the electrical distribution. Since most loads in modern electrical distribution systems are inductive, still we project some interest in improving power factor. The low power factor of inductive loads robs a system of capacity and can adversely affect voltage level. As such, power factor correction through the application of capacitors is widely practiced at all system voltages. As utilities increase penalties they charge customers for low power factor, system performance will not be the only consideration. The installation of power factor correction capacitors improves system performance and saves money.

Power Factors (PF) is the name given to the active or usable power measured in kilowatts (KW), to the total power (active and reactive) measured in Kilovolt amperes (KVA).

Power Factor = KW / KVA or Power Factor = Usable Power / Total Power Available Power factor correction is the process of maximizing the efficiency of an electrical system to deliver the most possible power as active power.

The value for the power factor can theoretically vary between 0/% and 100%, where a value of 36

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100% — also called unity power factor – delivers all of the power as active power. A value of 0% would mean all the power is supplied as reactive power; no motors would turn and no useful work could be accomplished. Electric utility companies must supply the entire KVA (total power) demand. Since a customer only achieves useful work from the KW (usable) portion, a high power factor is important.

The reactive power used by electrical equipment like transformers, electric motors, welding units, server banks, lighting systems and static converters adds additional load to generators, transmission lines, transformers, switchgear and cables. Reactive power can also cause considerable loss of energy through heat dissipation.

A number of manufacturers have catalogs and design manuals to assist in the application of their products.

These publications provide guidance in the selection and placement of capacitors and discuss general provisions that will affect the overall performance of the installation. Although the methodology for applying capacitors is relatively straight forward, there are a number of influencing factors that must be considered. To ensure that the capacitor installation does not create more problems than it solves, consideration must be given to non-linear loads, utility interaction and system configuration.

Advantages Technical advantages

By correcting the pF of an installation supplying locally the necessary reactive power, at the same level of required output power, it is possible to reduce the current value and consequently the total power absorbed on the load side; this implies numerous advantages, among which a better utilization of electrical machines (generators and transformers) and of electrical lines (transmission and distribution lines).

In the case of sinusoidal waveforms, the reactive power necessary to pass from one pF cos1 to a pF cos2 is given by the relation (valid for both three-phase as well as single-phase systems): Qc = Q1 - Q2 = P · (tg 1 - tg 2 )

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Where:

• P is the active power; • Q1, 1 are the reactive power and the phase displacement angle before pF correction; • Q2, 2 are the reactive power and the phase displacement angle after pF correction; • Qc is the reactive power for pFcorrection.

Better utilization of electrical machines:

Generators and transformers are sized according to the apparent power S. At the same active power P, the smaller the reactive power Q to be delivered, the smaller the apparent power. Thus, by improving the pF of the installation, these machines can be sized for a lower apparent power, but still deliver the same active power.

Better utilization of electrical lines: pF correction

allows to obtain advantages also for cable sizing. In fact, as previously said, at the same output power, by increasing the pF the current diminishes. This reduction in current can be such as to allow the choice of conductors with lower cross sectional area.

Where:

• R and X are respectively the resistance and the reactance of the line; • P is the transmitted active power; • I is the current; • Un is the rated voltage.

At the same level of transmitted active power, the voltage drop shall be the smaller, the higher the pF. As it can be noticed in the following figures showing the diagrams of the phase voltage drop ΔV, the smaller the phase displacement angle  between voltage and current (with the same active component of the load current and therefore with the same active power) the smaller the voltage variation; moreover, this variation is minimum if there is no reactive power absorption (current in phase).

Reduction of losses: The power losses of an electric

conductor depend on the resistance of the conductor itself and on the square of the current flowing through it; since, with the same value of transmitted active power, the higher the cos, the lower the current, it follows that when the pF rises, the losses in the conductor on the supply side of the point where the pF correction has been carried out will decrease. In a three-phase system the losses are expressed as follows:

Where:

• I is the current flowing through the conductor; • R is the resistance of the conductor; • S is the apparent power required by the load; • P is the active power required by the load; • Q is the reactive power required by the load; • Un is the rated supply voltage.

The reduction in the losses Δp after pF correction is given by

Where:

• p1 are the losses before pF correction; • cos1 is the pF before pF correction; • cos2 is the pF after pF correction.

Reduction of voltage drop: The drop of the

line-to-line voltage in a three-phase line can be expressed as follows: ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Therefore no penalties are applied if the requirements for reactive energy do not exceed 50% of the active one. The cost that the consumer bears on a yearly base when drawing a reactive energy exceeding that corresponding to a pF equal to 0.9 can be expressed by the following relation:

Where:

• CEQ is the cost of the reactive energy per year in €; • EQ is the reactive energy consumed per year in kvarh; • EP is the active energy consumed per year in kWh; • EQ - 0.5 • Ep is the amount of reactive energy to be Paid; • c is the unit cost of the reactive energy in €/kvarh.

If the pF is corrected at 0.9 not to pay the consumption of reactive energy, the cost of the capacitor bank and of the relevant installation will be

Where:

• CQc is the yearly cost in € to get a pF equal to 0.9; • Qc is the power of the capacitor bank necessary to have a cos of 0.9, in kvar; • cc is the yearly installation cost of the capacitor bank in €/kvar.

Economic advantages

Power supply authorities apply a tariff system which imposes penalties on the drawing of energy with a monthly average pF lower than 0.9. The contracts applied are different from country to country and can vary also according to the typology of customer: as a consequence, the following remarks are to be considered as a mere didactic and indicative information aimed at showing the economic saving which can be obtained thanks to the pF correction. Generally speaking, the power supply contractual clauses require the payment of the absorbed reactive energy when the pF is included in the range from 0.7 and 0.9, whereas nothing is due if it is higher than 0.9. For cos < 0.7 power supply authorities can oblige consumers to carry out pF correction. It is to be noted that having a monthly average pF higher than or equal to 0.9 means requesting from the network a reactive energy lower than or equal to 50% of the active energy:

The saving for the consumer shall be: It is necessary to note that the capacitor bank represents an “installation cost” to be divided suitably for the years of life of the installation itself applying one or more economic coefficients; in the practice, the savings obtained by correcting the pF allow the payback of the installation cost of the capacitor bank within the first years of use. As a matter of fact, an accurate analysis of an investment implies the use of some economic parameters that go beyond the purposes of this discussion.

Types of pF correction

There are no general rules applicable to every type of installation and, in theory, capacitors can be installed at any point, but it is necessary to evaluate the relevant practical and economical feasibility. According to the location modalities of the capacitors, the main methods of pF correction are: ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Distributed pF correction; Group pF correction; Centralized pF correction; Combined pF correction; Automatic pF correction.

Distributed pF correction: Distributed pF correction

is achieved by connecting a capacitor bank properly sized directly to the terminals of the load which demands reactive power. The installation is simple and inexpensive; capacitor and load can use the same protective devices against overcurrents and are connected and disconnected simultaneously. This type of pF correction is advisable in the case of large electrical equipment with constant load and power and long connection times and it is generally used for motors and fluorescent lamps. Below shows the common connection diag’s for the pF correction of motors. In case of direct connection (diag’s 1 and 2), the following risk may be run: after the disconnection from the supply, the motor will continue to rotate (residual kinetic energy) and self-excite with the reactive energy drawn from the capacitor bank, and may turn into an asynchronous generator. In this case, the voltage on the load side of the switching and control device is maintained, with the risk of dangerous overvoltages (up to twice the rated voltage value). When using diag 3, the compensation bank is connected only after the motor has been started and disconnected in advance with respect to the switching off of the motor supply. With this type of pF correction the network on the supply side of the load works with a high pF; on the other hand, this solution results economically onerous.

Group pF correction: It consists in improving locally

the pF of groups of loads having similar functioning characteristics by installing a dedicated capacitor bank.

This is the method reaching a compromise between the inexpensive solution and the proper management of the installation since the benefits deriving from pF correction shall be felt only by the line upstream the point where the capacitor bank is located.

Centralized pF correction: The profile

of loads connected during the day has a primary importance for the choice of the most convenient type of pF correction. For installations with many loads, w h e r e not all the loads function simultaneously and/or some loads are connected for just a few hours a day, it is evident that the solution of distributed pF correction becomes too onerous since many of the installed capacitors stay idle for a long time. Hence the use of one compensation system only located at the origin of the installation allows a remarkable reduction of the total power of the installed capacitors.

In centralized pF correction automatic assemblies are normally used with banks divided into steps, installed directly in the main distribution boards; the use of a permanently connected bank is possible only if the absorption of reactive energy is quite constant all day long. The centralized solution allows an optimization of the costs of the capacitor bank, but presents the disadvantage that the distribution lines on the load side of the pF correction device shall be sized keeping into account the full reactive power absorbed by the loads.

Combined pF correction: This solution derives from

a compromise between the two solutions of distributed and centralized pF correction and it exploits the advantages they offer. In such way, the distributed compensation is used for high power electrical equipment and the centralized modality for the 38

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remaining p a r t .

Combined p F correction is prevailingly used in installations where large equipment only are frequently used; in such circumstances their pF is corrected individually, whereas the pF of small equipment is corrected by the centralized modality.

Automatic pF correction: In most installations there

is not a constant absorption of reactive power for example due to working cycles for which machines with different electrical characteristics are used. In such installations there are systems for automatic pF correction which, thanks to a monitoring varmetric device and a pF regulator, allow the automatic switching of different capacitor banks, thus following the variations of the absorbed reactive power and keeping constant the pF of the installation constant.

An automatic compensation system is formed by: • some sensors detecting current and voltage signals; • an intelligent unit which compares the measured pF with the desired one and operates the connection and disconnection of the capacitor banks with the necessary reactive power (pF regulator); • an electric power board comprising switching and protection devices; • some capacitor banks.

To supply a power as near as possible to the demanded one, the connection of the capacitors is implemented step by step with a control accuracy which will be the greater the more steps are foreseen and the smaller the difference is between them.

The Downside Of Poor pF

Obviously, the lower the pF of a given piece of equipment, the less efficient it’s going to run. In the case of a data center, hospital, or manufacturing ||www.electricalmirror.net||

plant, there may be dozens of machines with poor pF drawing excess energy every day, which not only costs money, but adds to carbon emissions. Poor pF can have significant economic and technical consequences for a facility. Consider that low pF equipment has a high reactive power requirement. Therefore, that device requires a higher apparent power and thus a higher current. This results in increased energy consumption, higher utility costs, and potentially myriad additional costs associated with equipment, outages, and voltage drops. Consider also that utilities add a fee or penalty for reactive energy in excess of a set threshold for industrial or commercial customers.

pF Correction

pF correction is a complex topic with clear benefits. pF correction helps bring the pF closer to an optimal rating; thereby, reducing the amount of power an AC device must consume to generate its rated amount of power. pF correction effectively enables facilities to get more power out of the same amount of utility electricity. Not surprisingly, there are numerous technical, economic, and environmental benefits associated with lower electricity consumption, particularly for large facilities.

Energy reduction. A PFC system can reduce energy loss by up to 30 percent depending on the level of capacitive compensation.

Energy efficiency. By optimizing pF, facilities improve efficiency by increasing power quality to improve

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performance and reduce unplanned outages, while reducing harmonics stress and potential damage to your electrical network.

Reduced equipment costs. Higher pF allows for the use of smaller transformers, switchgear and cables and improves the reliability and lifespan of equipment.

Lower carbon emissions. By reducing energy waste and overall consumption through PFC, facilities can significantly reduce the negative impact of carbon gas emissions.

Solutions To Optimize pF

To improve the pF of an installation requires the use of a capacitor bank or energy compensator. These devices either supply or absorb reactive power to bring the pF closer to its optimal rating. There are several factors to consider to optimize the performance of capacitor banks.

Choose the optimum location. The actual location of a capacitor bank depends on the size and locations of the various loads. That said, to achieve the best results, the correction should be affected as close to the individual inductive items as possible.

Decide the optimum level of compensation. This can be determined in two ways. The most common way is to review utility bills for the most heavilyloaded periods of the year — during the summer months, for example; then identify the highest fees enacted by the utility for reactive energy.

Optimize pF correction. The full potential of pF correction can be enhanced by adopting certain measures: • Automatic capacitor banks provide the most economic benefit for low voltage loads.

• Installing automatic low voltage capacitor banks set to a pF greater than the minimum to avoid reactive power fees, allows for full compensations without risk of overcompensation.

• The use of capacitor banks even during periods when there is no charge for reactive energy can affect additional benefits in pF correction systems.

• To better manage large sites with multiple transformers, facility managers should consider devices for capacitor bank monitoring and control with built-in communications capabilities. pF correction has been in use for decades and is widely practiced in many countries as a method to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.

While its potential to curb CO2 emissions is huge, lack of awareness has inhibited its use in some geographic areas. However, the economic benefit of pF correction for individual facilities is on par with renewable solutions and often generates a higher return on investment, while also minimizing waste and

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pecial Focus : Power Factor Correction

optimizing utility power.

Benefits of pF Correction

There are numerous benefits to be gained through pF correction. These benefits range from reduced demand charges on your power system to increased load carrying capabilities in your existing circuits and overall reduced power system loses. And the benefits of pF correction aren’t just limited to the balance sheet; there are also huge environmental benefits associated with pF correction, which means your company is reducing it’s carbon footprint and helping the environment.

Reduced Demand Charges: Most electric utility

companies charge for maximum metered demand based on either the highest registered demand in kilowatts (KW meter), or a percentage of the highest registered demand in KVA (KVA meter), whichever is greater. If the pF is low, the % of the measured KVA will be significantly greater than the KW demand.

Improving the pF through pF correction will therefore lower the demand charge, helping to reduce your electricity bill.

Increased Load Carrying Capabilities in Existing Circuits: Loads drawing reactive power also demand reactive current. Installing pF correction capacitors

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at the end of existing circuits near the inductive loads reduces the current carried by each circuit. The reduction in current flow resulting from improved pF may allow the circuit to carry new loads, saving the cost of upgrading the distribution network when extra capacity is required for additional machinery or equipment, saving your company thousands of dollars in unnecessary upgrade costs. In addition, the reduced current flow reduces resistive losses in the circuit.

Improved Voltage: A lower pF causes a higher current

flow for a given load. As the line current increases, the voltage drop in the conductor increases, which may result in a lower voltage at the equipment. With an improved pF, the voltage drop in the conductor is reduced, improving the voltage at the equipment.

Reduced Power System Losses: Although the financial return from conductor loss reduction alone is seldom sufficient to justify the installation of capacitors, it is sometimes an attractive additional benefit; especially in older plants with long feeders or in field pumping operations. System conductor losses are proportional to the current squared and, since the current is reduced in direct proportion to the pF improvement, the losses are inversely proportional to the square of the pF. Reduced Carbon Footprint: By reducing your power

system’s demand charge through pF correction, your

company is putting less strain on the electricity grid, therefore reducing its carbon footprint. Over time, this lowered demand on the electricity grid can account for hundreds of tons of reduced carbon production, all thanks to the improvement of your power system’s electrical efficiency via pF correction.

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ocus: cAPACITORS

Capacitors: Types, Applications and Market Trends

E

lectronic capacitors are one of the most widely used forms of electronics components. However there are many different types of capacitor including electrolytic, ceramic, tantalum, plastic, silver mica, and many more. Each capacitor type has its own advantages and disadvantages can be used in different applications. The choice of the correct capacitor type is of great importance because it can have a major impact on any circuit. The differences between the different types of capacitor can mean that the circuit may not work correctly if the correct type of capacitor is not used. Accordingly a summary of

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the different types of capacitor is given below, and further descriptions of a variety of capacitor types can be reached through the related articles menu on the left hand side of the page below the main menu. There are many different types of capacitor, but they all conform to the same basic physical laws. These determine the basic way the capacitor operates, its value, i.e. the amount of charge it will hold and hence its capacitance. In order to understand some of the reasons why various forms of capacitor are used, it is necessary to look at the basic theory behind capacitance. All capacitors conform to the same basic laws. Regardless of the dielectrics

and many other new developments made, the same laws apply. Although all capacitors work in essentially the same way, key differences in the construction of different capacitor type make an enormous difference in their properties.

A selection of a variety of different types of capacitor showing the different sizes and styles.

The main element of the capacitor that gives rise to the different properties of the different types of capacitor is the dielectric - the material between the two plates. Its dielectric constant will alter the level of capacitance that can be achieved within a certain volume. Some types of capacitor may be polarised, i.e. they

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only tolerate voltages across them in one direction.

Other capacitor types are non-polarised and can have voltages of either polarity across them. Typically the different types of capacitor are named after the type of dielectric they contain. This gives a good indication of the general properties they will exhibit and for what circuit functions they can be used. There are many different types of capacitor that can be used - most of the major types are mention below:

Capacitor Types

Ceramic capacitor: The ceramic capacitor is a type

of capacitor that is used in many applications from audio to RF. Values range from a few picofarads to around 0.1 microfarads. Ceramic capacitor types are by far the most commonly used type of capacitor being cheap and reliable and their loss factor is particularly low although this is dependent on the exact dielectric in use. In view of their constructional properties, these capacitors are widely used both in leaded and surface mount formats.

Electrolytic capacitor: Electrolytic capacitors are a

type of capacitor that is polarised. They are able to offer high capacitance values - typically above 1μF, and are most widely used for low frequency applications - power supplies, decoupling and audio coupling applications as they have a frequency limit if around 100 kHz.

Tantalum capacitor: Like electrolytic capacitors,

tantalum capacitors are also polarised and offer a very high capacitance level for their volume. However this type of capacitor is very intolerant of being reverse biased, often exploding when placed under stress.

This type of capacitor must also not be subject to high ripple currents or voltages above their working voltage. They are available in both leaded and surface mount formats.

Silver Mica Capacitor: Silver mica capacitors are not

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as widely used these days, but they still offer very high levels of stability, low loss & accuracy where space is not an issue. They are primarily used for RF applications and are limited to max. Values of 1000 pF or so.

of polycarbonate dielectric has ceased and their production is now very limited. Read more about the polycarbonate capacitor.

Polycarbonate capacitor: The polypropylene

are a relatively cheap form of capacitor but offer a close tolerance capacitor where needed. They are tubular in shape resulting from the fact that the plate / dielectric sandwich is rolled together, but this adds inductance limiting their frequency response to a few hundred kHz. They are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

capacitor is sometimes used when a higher tolerance type of capacitor is necessary than polyester capacitors offer. As the name implies, it uses a polypropylene film for the dielectric. One of the advantages of the capacitor is that there is very little change of capacitance with time & voltage applied. This type of capacitor is also used for low freq’s, with 100 kHz or so being the upper limit. They are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

Polyester Film Capacitor: Polyester film capacitors

Glass capacitors: As the name implies, this capacitor

Polystyrene Film Capacitor: Polystyrene capacitors

are used where cost is a consideration as they do not offer a high tolerance. Many polyester film capacitors have a tolerance of 5% or 10%, which is adequate for many applications. They are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

Metallised Polyester Film Capacitor: This type

of capacitor is a essentially a form of polyester film capacitor where the polyester films themselves are metallised. The advantage of using this process is that because their electrodes are thin, the overall capacitor can be contained within a relatively small package. The metallised polyester film capacitors are generally only available as leaded electronics components.

Polycarbonate capacitor: The polycarbonate

capacitors has been used in applications where reliability and performance are critical. The polycarbonate film is very stable and enables high tolerance capacitors to be made which will hold their capacitance value over time. In addition they have a low dissipation factor, and they remain stable over a wide temperature range, many being specified from -55°C to +125°C. However the manufacture

type uses glass as the dielectric. Although expensive, these capacitors offer very high levels/performance in terms of extremely low loss, high RF current capability, no piezoelectric noise and other features making them ideal for many performance RF applications. Read more about the glass dielectric capacitor

Supercap: Also known as a supercapacitor or

ultracapacitor, as the name implies these capacitors have very large values of capacitance, of up to several thousand Farads. They find uses for providing a memory hold-up supply and also within automotive applications. Read more about the supercapacitor.

These capacitors include some of the main capacitor types, although there are other types that are used for more specialist applications. Many of these capacitors have their values and other details about them marked on the cases so that they can be easily identified.

Codes are often used for these markings to enable the parameters to be displayed in a compact manner.

Electrical double layer and pseudo-capacitors: The electrical double-layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface stores electrostatic energy like a capacitor.

The energy stored per unit area in the interface

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ocus: Capacitors

became technologically attractive with the intro of materials with high active-surface-areas, such as activated carbons. The two parallel regions of charge in the interface are in molecular dimensions of less than 10–9 m. With carbons of surface areas of about 1,000 m2/g, this creates a capacitor with specific capacitance of about 105 F/kg and possibly leading to devices rated at thousands of farads. Owing to their appreciably high capacitance, these capacitors are also referred to as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors. It is noteworthy that although supercapacitors are at least 10-fold lower in mass & volume, they have much slower response times, typically 0.3–3 s. This precludes their use in AC filtering applications, making them, unlike conventional capacitors, effectively direct current devices. Whilst the operation of EDLCs is based on non-faradaic accumulation of electrostatic charge at the electrolyte/carbon surface, fast faradaic charge-transfer brought about by the charging of the electrical double-layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface determines the working of pseudocapacitors.

A combination of faradaic & non-faradaic components would generate electrochemical capacitors that exhibit high capacitance for pulse power as well as sustained energy; these electrochemical capacitors are referred to as hybrid supercapacitors.

Although power density values for a supercapacitor happen to be much higher than those for batteries, the latter have energy densities much higher than the electrochemical capacitors. Accordingly, electrochemical capacitors are categorized as power devices whilst batteries are energy devices. Typically, energy density values for an electrochemical capacitor are <10 Wh/ kg whilst energy densities for batteries could range between 30 and 200 Wh/kg. The absence of phase transformations and kinetic polarization limitations helps electrochemical capacitors to have much longer cycle life, typically about 105, than batteries, typically 500–1,000. But response times for electrochemical capacitors are extremely fast in relation to batteries (about 30 s and more) where a 1s discharge time is equal to a 3,600 C-rate for a 1 Ah battery in battery terms. Supercapacitors also have lower operating voltages, limited by the breakdown potential of the electrolyte, than other type of capacitors, typically between 1–3.5 V per cell. In recent years, combinations of electrochemical capacitors and batteries have been used in electric vehicles, where the former provides peak power for acceleration during hill climbing while the latter operates in a continuous low power-regime.

The combined action improves reliability, longevity and performance of the power system.

Carbon-based electrochemical double layer capacitors exhibit high power densities (100–2,000 W/kg) but 44

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low energy densities (1–5 Wh/kg). Their typical discharge periods are between 1 s to 1 min. Since the charge and discharge processes are purely physical phenomena and involve no chemical changes, wear is low; they sustain hundreds of thousands of cycles and last for more than 15 years. They are especially suitable for instantaneous voltage compensation.

Thus, batteries and electrochemical capacitors are complementary power sources. For example, in electric vehicle batteries can provide power for continuous drive while electrochemical capacitors can provide sudden bursts of power for acceleration and hill-climbing. The latter are also amenable to energy storage by regenerative braking. Noble-metal oxides exhibit capacitances of about 700 F/g, but they are prohibitively costly and are sought to be replaced with transition metal oxides and non-oxides such as Ni(OH)2, MnO2 and PbO2. Targeted research goals include increased lifetime, higher rated voltage, wider range of operating temperatures, higher combined power/energy density, and capacitance of the order of 1,000 F/g. Polymer-based supercapacitors, such as those based on bithiophene–triarylamine, are attractive as they give a peak specific capacitance of more than 990 F/g, but problems of swelling and contraction, leading to mechanical degradation and failure, as well as chemical degradation over repeated cycling must be addressed. Incorporation of CNTs in these electrodes can mitigate degradation caused by volume changes by reducing diffusion lengths.

For example, a PANI/CNT composite electrode with a hierarchical porous nanostructure gave a specific capacitance of 1,030 F/g.

The lead–carbon battery-supercapacitor hybrid: The recognition that carbon added in small amounts (0.15–0.25 wt.%) into the negative paste of lead-acid batteries has been known to resist accumulation of lead

sulfate led to a new class of energy storage devices: the lead–carbon asymmetric supercapacitors. The new configuration not only ensures higher cycle life, but also reduced sulfation of the positive electrode because of diminished swings in acid concentration during charging and discharging. This system is also sealable like a VRLAB. Moreover, it can be operated over a wider depth-of-discharge window than conventional lead-acid batteries and can be charged and discharged at higher rates. The new technology can replace the conventional lead-acid system in applications such as in power grids. Its penetration is expected to be facilitated by the fact that essentially the same manufacturing infrastructure required for lead-acid batteries could be used for the new hybrid system.

Capacitor Applications, Uses & Usage

The choice of capacitor for a particular application or use is of paramount importance. Even if the correct value is chosen for a particular capacitor application or capacitor use, the selection of the correct type is of equal importance. In some instances one form of capacitor may work very well, but another capacitor type may cause the circuit to not work at all. It is therefore critical that the capacitor use or capacitor application is matched to the type or form of capacitor used. When choosing a particular type of capacitor, there are many factors that determine the best choice.

Some of the major capacitor parameters are detailed below:

Value range available: Certain capacitors are

available in certain ranges and this often limits the capacitor choice. Determining the ranges available may guide some initial decisions on the choice for a given capacitor application.

Working voltage: Another major factor determining

the capacitor choice and application is the working voltage. Some capacitors, such as tantalum ones, tend ||www.electricalmirror.net||

to be available in lower voltages, whereas others like ceramic capacitors have a much wide operating range. Looking at the working voltage needed may have an impact on the capacitor usage and choice.

Polarisation: Capacitors like electrolytic and tantalum

capacitors are polarised and can only operate with a voltage in one direction across them. This may impact the choice of capacitor is voltages in either direction are needed for the particular use in mind.

Tolerance: For some coupling and decoupling

applications the exact value of the capacitor is not critical. However in some circuits and applications such as filters and oscillators the value of the capacitor may be critical. For these applications close tolerance capacitors may need to be chosen.

Temperature coefficient: Some capacitors vary

considerably with temperature. Some, like silver mica or some forms of ceramic are vary little with temperature and are therefore suitable for applications in oscillators and filters.

Leakage current: In some applications, there is a

need to a high level of insulation cross the capacitor.

Electrolytic capacitors have poor leakage performance levels and this should be included in any decisions made.

Cost: In many capacitor applications cost can be a

driving issue. Today, even many high performance capacitors can be obtained for relatively low cost in surface mount packages. Silver mica, glass and other specialised types with exceedingly high levels of performance can be very costly, but these are not normally required for most applications. The most suitable way to summarise the various types of capacitor and the applications for which these electronic capacitors are suited is in a table. This incorporates many of the different capacitor parameters from available ranges to performance, tolerance, etc.

However when making a choice of capacitor for a particular use, then its performance should be investigated for the given application.

TABLE OF CAPACITOR USES AND APPLICATIONS Capacitor Application

Suitable Types With Reasons Details & Comments

Power Supply Smoothing Applications

• Aluminium electrolytic High Capacity and high rpple current Capability**

Audio frequency coupling uses

• Aluminium Electrolytic: High Capacitance • Tantalum: High Capacitance and small size • Polyester / Polycarbonate: Cheap, but values not as high as those available with electrolytics

RF Decoupling Applications

• Ceramic CoG: small, cheap and low loss • Ceramic X7R: small and cheap but higher loss than COG, although high Capacitance per volume • Polystyrene: very low loss, but larger and more expensive then ceramic

RF Decoupling Applications

• Ceramic COG: small, low loss, but values limited to around 1000 pF max.

• Ceramic X7R: small, low loss, higher values available than for COG types

Tuned Circuit uses

• Silver mica: close tolerance, low loss and stable, but high cost • Ceramic COG: close tolerance, low loss, although not as good as silver mica

Care must be taken to ensure that the ripple current rating of the capacitor meets the requirements of the ||www.electricalmirror.net||

capacitor application.

The information in table

Give the typical capacitor applications or capacitor uses for areas where particular capacitors be used. However it is necessary to look at the exact requirements for any capacitor application in a circuit, and choose the capacitor according to the needs and specifications available.

Capacitor Market

A capacitor is a key passive electrical component used to store energy in electrical and electronic equipment or devices. In India, the demand for electrical capacitors is expected to increase primarily due to rising demand for consumer durables, IT hardware coupled with use of electrical circuitry in diverse applications. Various types of capacitors that are available in the market include electrolytic, ceramic, film, solid double layer, carbon, dielectric and paper and plastic. Despite significant demand for capacitors, India lags behind in capacitor manufacturing due to lack of manufacturing base for the same. Although India majorly relies on imports of numerous electronics products, equipment and components from other countries, primarily China, Japan and Taiwan, the country's Electronic System Design & Manufacturing (ESDM) market has witnessed a significant transformation over the past few years.

In addition, the government's support of allowing 100% FDI in the electronics hardware manufacturing sector has provided an automatic route for increasing electronic component manufacturing, including electrical capacitors in the country. The importance of use of power capacitors in the power industry is growing with increasing focus on energy efficiency in India. Power capacitors help to improve the overall

power factor (PF) of the system and as such they form a very important part of energy efficient systems. The new government is readily helping the sector through increased initiatives. Diverse focus on reactive power solutions with strict norms for harmonics through imposition of new reforms initiated by government will not only help in reducing T&D losses and realising generation capacity but will also boost demand of capacitors and power quality solutions. Low Tension (LT) capacitors form a greater chunk of the market than High Tension (HT) capacitors because of the way overall growth is happening in industrial sectors in India. Utilities, infrastructure, green power (wind energy), and automotive and medical equipment increase scope of growth for this industry.

Competition from China: At the moment, India

is not all racing to learn Mandarin yet, but most, if not all, working-age adults in the Western world and many developing nations, know enough to keep an eye on news about and from China. For executives in all industry segments, China is the elephant in the room! It must be factored into any decisions about the future of their enterprise. If any segment of the global economy can afford to ignore China's gargantuan role, it´s not electrical. Over the last two decades, the industry has steadily and tightly yoked itself to the Asian nation. In the last five years alone, China has set numerous records in high-tech market share. It has become the world's biggest consumer of semiconductor products and a wide range of power equipment including capacitors. By the way, it is just getting warmed up. As its middle class expands over the next decade- barring any geopolitical disruptionsChina will overtake the Western world and become

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the leading market for electrical equipments and a range of other goods.

Role of capacitors

Motors work because of a linkage between the sinusoidal magnetic flux in the stator with the flux induced in the rotor. Synchronous machines use DC voltage to excite a fixed magnetic flux that locks in with the varying stator flux and applies a torque to the machine shaft. Induction motors have no exciter on their rotors; they have conducting bars arranged like a "squirrel cage" that circulate current induced by the stator flux that also establishes a flux for the rotor and a torque on the shaft. Induction machines by their nature have "lagging" power factors. All but the largest motors are induction machines. All the motors in home appliances, like washing machines, refrigerators, dishwashers, etc, are induction motors.

Single-phase induction motors cannot start up by themselves; they need two stator fluxes with a phase angle between them (the angle between phases on a three-phase system is 120 degrees). The capacitor is tied in series with a second starter winding. The capacitor shifts the phase angle in that winding enough to provide the torque to get the motor rolling, and is often opened after started. So this capacitor is not used for power factor correction. Thus the domestic appliance motors do contribute to fall in power factor.

But since the households are charged on the basis of KWHr (and not KVAHr), improvement of power factor by installation shunt capacitors will not help in saving of electricity bills. At the most some single phase capacitor can be installed at the main circuit to improve voltage regulation.

Growth drivers

Almost all the electricity authorities have now made it compulsory to install LT power capacitors in the case of all industrial loads. This implies that for every induction motor, LT power capacitor is a must. Due to massive rural electrification and use of electric pumps in irrigation and industrial purposes the motor load is increasing day by day and so is the demand for power capacitors. The capacitor industry depends on three factors for growth: Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) projects which have high demand for capacitors, core industry growth and the replacement market.The growth also depends on the initiatives by the government as the government projects meant for infrastructure development need more number of capacitors and bigger voltage capacitors.

Mission plan

India has capability to make sophisticated capacitors.

The Department of Heavy Industry has decided to 46

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develop a 10-year Mission Plan (2012-22) for the Indian electrical equipment industry. The Mission Plan will have recommended interventions aimed at enhancing the technical strengths of the industry.

Its objective is to develop a strategic plan of action, with full participation of the stakeholders, to remove obstacles in the growth path of the industry. Given this scenario, many capacitor manufacturers will come forward to invest in growth of specialised capacitors to decrease dependence on import of certain types of capacitors.

Challenges

Competition is on the rise as capacitor manufacturers cut prices to retain market share. Although the market is growing, so are the challenges. Companies that want to survive in the marketplace must begin to employ new competitive strategies to stay ahead. An efficient power supply system is a key requirement for a nation´s economic growth and good quality life of its citizens. Assured availability of quality power at a reasonable cost will not only act as a catalyst in the socioeconomic development of the country, but also enhance the global competitiveness of the industrial sector. It will also lead to enhanced employment generation and per capita income levels.

Rapid development of a robust and healthy domestic electrical equipment industry, supporting the complete value chain in power generation, transmission and distribution, is not only crucial for the economy, but is also of strategic importance for India. The capacitor industry has a diversified, mature, and established manufacturing base, which has the potential to meet the current as well as future domestic and export demands based on the power sector´s growth projections. However, increasing challenges from the supply and demand side and international competition has started to impact the health of this important industry. The current scenario has necessitated that the government develop a well-defined, robust plan to support the long-term growth of this industry.

What needs to be done?

To increase the overall demand, industry must take multi-tasking initiatives which includes - Upgradation in standards that encourage improvement in power quality, processes and maintenance practices. Educating consumers on benefits for improving power quality (reactive power compensation, harmonic filtering, transient suppression etc.). Strong representation and follow good practices to improvise standards to enhance product quality and reliability. Guidance for improving energy-efficiency and energy-savings, particularly the enforcement of regulations to penalise utilities responsible for poor quality of power in the network and incentivise better performing utilities.

Framing standards for addressing issues related to poor quality power.

Despite its shortcomings, the Indian capacitor market, unlike the world capacitor market, is expected to grow by 10 to 15%, annually. Domestic manufacturing lags far behind demand, as a result of which India has to import almost 60-65% of its requirements for capacitors from China, who is the world leader in capacitor manufacturing and a small quantity comes from Taiwan, Korea and Japan. While the manufacturing sector in India needs a big fillip, it is important for manufacturers to follow the many new trends that have emerged in the global markets. India needs to attract more investment in this sector. India needs to adopt a two-pronged action plan, one is to increase R&D efforts to match international quality, and the second is to increase production volumes to meet the demand at lower prices. For India to compete with the global players, it is essential that domestic manufacturers pay more attention to price and quality. This can only happen by automating production lines and moving ahead with volume production.

A major concern in the recent past has been increasing input material costs coupled with increasing price levels.

Worldwide DC plastic films capacitor market is expected to be flat or may even shrink by 5% over next 5 years, provided the world economy does not shrink further. The demand for plastic film capacitors has now flattened out with deliveries matching the demand. The availability of raw material, especially metallised films, has improved with shortening of delivery times. There is a pressure to increase the prices, in light of the devaluation of the rupee. There has been an upward trend in the Indian prices due to low volume production and increased manufacturing input costs. Hence, major EMS CoS in India are generally procuring capacitors from foreign suppliers through their Indian distributors. However, when it comes to quality, domestic CoS are doing far better than various other leading countries. Today, cheap film capacitors are flooding the country but the discerning purchaser knows that buying from a domestic player is a much better option, even if the price is 10-15% more as there is the assurance of quality, flexibility and service. India not only has the manufacturing capability but it also has global tech. available within the country.

But electronics manufacturers are not using the latest capacitors, the capacitor sizes being used in India were in vogue 10 years ago. Indian manufacturers are still commonly using capacitor sizes of 0603, 0805, etc, which are usually more costly. Local manufacturers should speed up the progress to MLCC usage downsizing into 0402 size or smaller. India’s power sector is growing at a healthy rate and with the increase in the MWs of electricity generated capacitors play a very imp role in improving power utilisation. It is well known that India’s T&D losses are very high. Indian manufacturers must invest in the latest tech to cut these losses and meet the rising demand for capacitors in the country.

Where does India stand? ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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The Indian Scene of Battery Market Introduction

While power shortage, increase in income levels and expansion of industries will result in increased spending on power backup products in India, competition from unorganized sector, lack of consumer awareness, decline in desktop sales and high import duties are few of the major challenges which will affect the growth of this industry in the future. But There is a huge market opportunity that remains to be unlocked especially in smaller cities and towns with the increasing

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consumption of electricity. Batteries are important drivers of modern civilization, powering application from mobile phones to aircraft to strategic systems. Batteries enable us to start our cars, communicate with smart-phones and tablets and power our pacemakers. Batteries are also a key technology for electric-mobility and the new energy economy, suggesting that these chemical energy stores are soon going to be game changers. With the world electricity consumption expected to grow at 3.6% annually, increasing emphasis is being placed

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on more efficient technologies with low or zero-carbon footprints for both generation and use of energy.

India is embarking on ambitious solar and wind energy projects. The energy from both these sources is, however, intermittent. It is, therefore, necessary to store the energy generated from these sources for continuous supply. Thus, electrical storage technologies are called upon for both storing excess power and for meeting peak-power demands. Indeed, experts consider storage batteries seminal to the success of renewable energy programs.

Uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is another area that begs attention. Power shortage and associated problems such as low frequency, tripping of generators and load shedding are a bane of state electricity boards. Low-cost imports from China and Taiwan as well as high domestic cost of raw materials are major challenges for the manufacturers. The proliferating digital world is a major consumer of UPS batteries.

Electric traction is another area that promises a humongous growth market for batteries. India is also a growing market in this sector. However, battery cost is a hurdle to widespread penetration of electric vehicles. Thus, in order to encourage proliferation of electric vehicles, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides financial incentives: Rs 4,000 for low speed electric two-wheelers, Rs 5,000 for high-speed electric two-wheelers, Rs 60,000 for seven-seater three-wheelers, and Rs 100,000 for electric cars manufactured in India. Not surprisingly, therefore, several players have entered the fray, some prominent ones being Ampere Vehicles, Hero Ultra, Yo Bikes, ACE Motors, Eko Vehicles, Go Green, Reva, Hero Electric, Mahindra & Mahindra, Mitsubishi, and Tata. Under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (NMEM 2020), 6–7 million electric vehicles are expected to be on the road.

Storage and release of electrical energy is unarguably critical for uninterrupted and non fluctuating supply with increasing penetration of intermittent renewable power sources. However, only a handful of backup storage technologies are efficient and at the same time economical. If additional requirements such as sustainability and low-carbon emissions are to be factored in, the choices narrow down to such technologies as pumped-storage hydroelectricity, which, however, comes with the burden of location,

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environmental conservation and social problems. Other leading energy storage technologies include flywheels, superconducting magnetic energy storage, compressed air energy storage, water electrolysis and methanation, and electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries and electrochemical capacitors.

Several of these technologies have a fast response time, which is essential if power blackout during peak demand is to be avoided. However, high installation costs and poor efficiency as with water electrolysis and methanation can hamper their widespread use. They must also have low rates of self-discharge. Flywheel and superconducting magnetic energy storage technologies suffer from self-discharge rates of 3–20% per hour and about 12% per day, respectively. By contrast, the self-discharge loss in lead-acid batteries, for example, is only about 5% per month. Batteries and electrochemical capacitors can be cost-effective and allow for flexibility in deployment, which can in turn facilitate widespread use and networking of intermittent renewable energy technologies.

Electrochemical storage technologies are also ideal for transportation where instant power should be available for the vehicle for reasonable lengths of time. They are also mature, inexpensive and ensure high levels of safety, reliability and durability. They are ubiquitous, coming in various sizes and capacities, suitable for stationary and portable applications in a broad spectrum of human activity.

It is noteworthy that the dramatic explosion of the portable electronics market owes much to the ubiquitous batteries that power them. However, the days of the conventional battery systems seem numbered. The performance levels of conventional batteries are often found wanting for projected applications, be it in the burgeoning electronics industry or in the transportation sector, where a shift in gears from the internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electrically operated vehicles is on the cards. A common sight on the roads at the turn of the century, battery operated cars, which were pushed out of the race by superior ICEVs, made a transient resurgence in the 1970s as a result of the first oil-shock. However, today, a rebirth of the electric vehicle is both necessary and imminent. Today, we are addicted to oil and seem settled in the cozy comfort of the gas-guzzling ICEVs albeit being confronted

by a number of issues such as geo-politics and the consequent oil price wars and disruptions in the supply of petroleum products, the longevity of petroleum resources, and stricter policies on climate change and vehicular emissions. In the battle for alternative fuels for a decarbonized transportation sector, electricity has a definite edge. There is, however, a lingering fear that battery technology has not lived up to the demands of the electric vehicle. Although an immediate choice is the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, the ultimate goal is an all-electric vehicle. This goal is a major driver in the search for electrochemical storage technologies that are not only radically different from existing ones but also outperform them, for the stakes are too many.

Ranked the tenth largest economy today, India is expected to break into the third position after the US and China. However, its per capita income is not anywhere near those of developed countries.

The situation, therefore, demands that high-quality products are made available at low prices. For example, the GoI intervention to transform the automotive paradigm from the one based on fossil fuels to electric traction (NMEM 2020) is estimated to cost it Rs 13,000–14,000 crore in the next 5–6 years. While the mission aims to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.3–1.5%, what is overlooked is the fact that bulk of the money that the common man spends on his new electric vehicle will be on the battery pack! There is thus an urgent need to strengthen our base on the expertise and manufacturability of affordable power systems.

Indian strength in battery R&D

Given the versatility and varied chemistries that form the basis of practical battery systems, the available expertise can shape up into ideal technology platforms for forays into specific applications. India has a rich blend of expertise in the science and technology of electrochemical storage systems. The contributions from the Indian Institute of Science need special mention for realization of space-quality nickel– cadmium batteries at the Indian Space Research Organization and, in recent years, for up-gradation of lead-acid battery technology at NED Energy.

India boasts of world-class expertise in materials science and electrochemistry, vital for battery technology. However, efforts and funding for battery

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research have largely been piecemeal, which explains why no tangible products result from such programs.

Today, a bulk of battery researchers has joined the bandwagon of lithium-ion batteries. Pockets specializing in lithium-ion batteries are the Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Indian Institutes of Technology in Mumbai, Hyderabad and Kharagpur, Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, Kolkata, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore and the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram.

Under the National Solar Mission project, CECRI is poised for a leap in its infrastructure for battery assembly and testing. The Indian Institute of Science is actively engaged in building a technology platform for storage batteries with its Energy Storage Systems Initiative. The International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Hyderabad and Naval Science & Technological Laboratory, Visakhapatnam have also invested huge sums for lithium-ion battery research and development.

Bharat Electronics Limited, Pune has also initiated some work in this area and Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram is gathering expertise to assemble space-grade lithium-ion cells up to 100 Ah. For research in lead-acid and nickel–iron batteries, only IISc can be counted upon. IISc has also successfully developed and demonstrated the first substrate-integrated lead-carbon hybrid ultracapacitor that has shown potential for commercialization. CECRI has acquired workable knowledge on nickel– metal hydride batteries. It should, however, be borne in mind that nickel–metal hydride batteries will become cost competitive to lithium-ion batteries only if India exploits its rich resources of rare-earth metals.

Multi-functionality in energy storage landscape

Technological advances in areas as disparate as portable electronic gadgetry, electric vehicles and the electrical grid are often hamstrung by limitations of the power pack. Moreover, modern devices come with increasing multi-functionality. For example, today’s mobile phones are transceivers of textual, voice and visual content with added capabilities for voice recording, photography, data storage and transmission, and multi-media entertainment. So much so, the power-on-demand profiles of applications become unpredictable, stretching over a large time scale as well as a large swathe of the energy/power spectrum. This requires power packs to be algorithmcontrolled, multi-capable units with a balanced mix of batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Such battery-electrochemical capacitor combinations should 50

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effectively wrap up the entire energy-power-time range, helping to blur the restrictions imposed by Ragone plots. Such a judicious technology mix will also guarantee supply security and cost efficiency for a range of applications. Naturally, an area of research that is gaining momentum is asymmetric supercapacitor configurations that address the energy power gulf between batteries and conventional capacitors. Specifically, these devices are based on large-area transition metal oxide electrodes that support rapid and reversible faradaic reactions in non-aqueous media that can operate at voltages much above 1.2 V.

New materials, new tools

Approaches to battery systems with higher performance should focus on: (i) new materials and new chemistries, and (ii) improving the performance of existing systems.

It is noteworthy that the push for batteries with higher energy and power densities would mean pushing the active materials and electrolytes to their stability limits. This also would mean a penalty in terms of safety, reliability and charge-discharge cyclability, three crucial factors that determine the acceptability of the device. While higher energy densities would require any new battery-active material to possess higher specific capacities and/or to form galvanic couples with higher cell voltages, cell safety and durability would require more stable electrode-electrolyte interphases.

Batteries exhibit high energy densities, but their power densities are low. By contrast, electrochemical capacitors have low energy densities, but high power densities. Thus, batteries and electrochemical capacitors complement each other in the energypower equation. In addition, the latter deliver high pulse currents and sustain extended cycling. One way to enhance the energy densities of electrochemical

capacitors is to resort to new materials with enhanced capacitive properties. However, a key priority in both the cases is the identification of highly conducting electrolyte solutions with wide electrochemical stability windows and capable of forming stable interphases with the active materials.

Indian scene

The world demand for primary and secondary batteries is expected to rise by 8.5% per year, accounting for a $144 billion market in 2016. China will remain the largest and fastest growing market, while the growth of battery market in India will be relatively slower. The growth curve has new contributors other than the portable electronics sector, which includes grid storage systems based on renewables, electric vehicles, and high-drain electronic gadgets. In the coming years, advanced lead-acid, nickel–metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries are expected to make further forays into specialized applications.

Developing nations such as India will register greater market impact due to increasing demands and industrialization. The lead-acid battery market in India is dominated by Exide and Amararaja, which command as much as 70% of the $4 billion Indian market.

Manufacturing base

India has a world-class manufacturing base for lead-acid batteries. The lead-acid battery market is well established in India. Major players in the organized sector include Amararaja Batteries, Exide Industries, Hyderabad Batteries, NED Energy and Tata Green with the lion’s share coming from the first two. There is also a mushrooming unorganized lead-acid battery sector, thriving on borrowed art, catering to a wide section of customers. CECRI has established a national battery testing center, which ||www.electricalmirror.net||

today caters only to the lead-acid battery industry. The infrastructure, resources, expertise and support base from allied industries can come in handy for launching new related systems such as the lead-carbon hybrid battery and the soluble lead redox flow battery. The many now-defunct nickel–cadmium battery units can easily be transformed into manufacturing units for the nickel–iron, iron–air and nickel– metal hydride batteries. This sharply contrasts with the nearly non-existent infrastructure available for lithium-ion battery manufacture.

In Jan’13, India had 862.62 million mobile phone subscribers, which is just one application area for lithium-ion batteries. Surprisingly, for a country that boasts of 862.6 million mobile subscribers, India does not have even a single manufacturing base for lithium ion batteries. It must be noted in passing that Future Hitech Batteries Limited, which is a rebirth of the Twenty First Century Battery Limited, has inherited an obsolete technology from Bellcore. Indocel Technologies is one company that imports cells from their principals, assembles batteries of required specifications complete with battery management systems, and supplies to targeted customers. Apart from the high initial investments, especially in specialized facilities such as dry rooms, the challenges in adopting new methodologies relating to rapidly-emerging battery chemistries also pose a problem to potential investors. Bereft of a conducive manufacturing platform, India is ill-prepared to push forward with establishment of this battery technology.

It is time policy makers identified core challenges related to lithium battery manufacturing.

Consistent Rise in UPS Segment

The UPS market in India has witnessed a growth in recent years on account of rising demand fueled by the demand and supply gap in electric power supply, expansion of industries and rising income levels of consumers. The market is highly fragmented in India; however it is dominated by large organized players, which offer a wide range of home and industrial UPS systems. According to a research report, India Inverters market is projected to grow at an appreciable CAGR of 9.4% by FY’19. With increasing disposable incomes of households, the sales of electrical equipments like ACs, Refrigerators, Televisions and Microwaves is expected to increase and inadequate power supply will drive consumers to opt for inverters. Indian UPS market is projected to scale new heights, expanding at a CAGR of 9.8% in FY’14-19. This is due to shortage of high quality power, expansion of IT/ITE, Banking, Pharma and SMB segments and increasing income levels of consumers. And according to “India UPS Market Forecast & Opportunities, 2018”, the Indian UPS market revenue is forecasted to grow up to two folds by the end of 2018, growing at the CAGR of around 12% during 2013-18. One of the emerging ||www.electricalmirror.net||

trends has been witnessed that foreign players are acquiring domestic CoS of India in order to have access to well-established distribution network & value chain of the UPS systems market in India. The regional demand for UPS systems is being majorly driven by the level of scarcity in a particular area, for instance, J&K has the highest scarcity of power followed by Bihar & Karnataka and thus creating high demand for UPS systems.

Regenerative UPS units are becoming critical for energy conservation in a power deficit nation such as India. Regenerative UPS units provide an efficient approach toward energy conservation, facilitating smooth manufacturing activities. Regenerative UPS units use the regenerative load from braking action; this load is used for creating regulated power which is connected to machines generating regenerative load.

This generates electricity providing uninterrupted power supply during power cuts. It allows smooth functioning of machines without damaging the machine. Regenerative UPS systems primarily comprise insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) transistors, capacitors, inductors, and harmonic filters.

Regenerative UPS units are generally installed in industries with rotating or moving applications, such as computer numerical controlled machines (CNC).

When braking is applied to the rotating machine regenerative load is created which is fed back to the system for power generation. The Indian UPS market is largely dependent on low range (up to 25 KVA), accounting for more than half of the total UPS market. However, this trend is set to change due to rising applications of UPS systems in industrial sector.

Moreover, the manufacturing cost analysis done in the report revealed that manufacturing cost of a UPS mainly accounts from core components like transformer and IGBT. Similarly, the capital expenditure analysis and operating cost analysis for different ranges of UPS systems, provides the detailed insight about the UPS systems. Factors that are influencing the UPS market growth include an increasing understanding of the need for backup power and the cost of not protecting power sources when utility outages do occur, the condition of the national power grid, the increasing likelihood of power outages if the situation is not improved, and the convergence of voice and data networks and an increased reliance on digital networks, phone systems and business equipment. Although most UPS and backup power systems are used in the information technology (IT) and telecommunication industries to protect data, many industrial processes are now microprocessor and PC-based and very susceptible and sensitive to power disturbances.

Scenario of UPS Segment

The Indian market has a huge demand for Power products and it’s evolving day by day as the users

understand the importance of protecting their critical loads. The UPS Market is seeing a shift towards new innovative technologies and designs in order to support critical applications. On technical scale, there is change in the customer requirements from typical power supply to efficient power solutions, keeping close eye on reducing the operating cost and to have green infra. The Indian UPS market is shifting slowly towards the concept of ‘Forever Young’ and customers are opting for power products which are more reliable, redundant in design, scalable and has lesser footprint. The Indian UPS market is growing rapidly due to the significant demand for uninterrupted power supply. According to a Frost & Sullivan report, the UPS industry in India is estimated to reach US $ 828.2 million by 2017-18. The UPS market in India is currently dependent on low range UPS systems (up to 25 KVA) constituting for over half of the total UPS market. As India is a power deficit nation, it has a huge market for power backup products. The Sectors which are currently witnessing a growing demand for these UPS solutions are IT & ITeS; banking, financial services and insurance; govt, manufacturing, telecom and energy sectors.

Additionally with support from the Digital India as well as the ‘Make in India’ initiatives, we see an increasing no of SMBs and SMEs looking to adopt technology solutions in tier-II cities and upcountry locations. With several govt initiatives and programs such as Smart Cities and ‘The National e-Governance Plan’, the demand for the UPS solutions and systems is growing steadily. The Indian UPS market is growing at 19%. BPE is slightly better than the national growth figures. The focus has shifted to the Online Business from the Line Interactive. Although we are still very strong in the Line Interactive Business. The year gone by witnessed a paradigm shift in the channel focus from Line interactive to online series. On the other hand it can be said that the UPS industry in India is moving towards providing various value added services, such as power quality audits, remote monitoring and modular infrastructure solutions due to increase demand from IT/ITes, manufacturing and infra sectors and govt. This industry is also growing towards efficient battery management environment and proper monitoring of batteries thus extending battery life.

Market Trends

The no of SMEs and SMBs is increasing due to various govt policies. Quite a few of these SMEs are based out of Tier 2 Cities where 24×7 power connectivity is still a challenge and therefore the demand for the UPS is high as they want to run the business efficiently and unhindered. Even an hour without electricity can result in the business facing a loss, thereby affecting their profit in the long run. This is one of the reasons that more companies are now looking at becoming energy efficient without compromising ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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their agility and availability. Additionally, there is a gradual move towards greener technologies to reduce the overall carbon footprint because of which we will see a gradual inclination towards solar-powered UPS systems and solutions. BIS, Large Infrastructure, Smart Cities, Digital India etc have added color to the Power trade. Fringe players are getting sidelined.

Serious players are taking control. CoS are witnessing large requirements for high end Tubular models. The SME Channel and the enterprise partners will have a larger pie in the Power Business. Ensuring profitability to them is now prime agenda thereby forging a successful business relationship with partners. The current technological trends for the product are: energy efficient products, high power density and compact size, modular construction, detailed monitoring of UPS through LCD displays, remote manageability and controls, combined form factor of rack/tower models, user configurability for application specific needs. India is a power deficient market and it has huge business potential especially in the Tier II and Tier III cities and towns. There are robust change in the demand in these areas from both consumers and enterprises. The key change in last few years we see in the market now is that customers are looking for full power solutions with high quality efficient product and 24X7 after-sales service.

Challenges in UPS Sector

As per our interaction UPS market size is around INR 5000 crores without battery. But there are more than 200 companies below 10 crores catering to around 2500 crore market. All the above figures are without considering the batteries. The trend in the market analysis says the top three companies are concentrating on higher KVA UPS and projects. All others are concentrating on SME segments. Whereas BPE strategy is to cater to project and Higher KVA to take some of the market share market leaders. BPE is emphasizing on training dealers & distributors. They also have IRIS Computers and Ingram MICRO as their National Distributors. BPE is also concentrating on modular concept UPS with lot of techno commercial benefits which will enhance their market size to the next level undoubtedly. The biggest challenge today is to make the UPS systems sustainable especially with lower ratings. Now CoS focus should be on providing solutions that drive sustainable growth around the globe, including efficiently using and conserving global resources, developing energy efficient products, reducing emissions, and protecting the environment.

Another challenge is to manufacture products keeping future needs in mind. In recent years depreciation of Indian rupee against US dollar or Euro’s was major concern in the market as it is directly affecting 52

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the pricing strategy.

Although price plays a key factor for decision makers, it’s necessary now to show the customer the value of their investment or Return on Investment which calls for innovative products or solutions.

Due to shortage of power in the country, customers want to choose backup power systems with innovative technologies and methodologies. The major challenge that the UPS market in India faces are Economic Challenges The depreciating value of the Rupee against the US$, and the fall in India's IT spending has also had a spilling effect on the industry. The cost of components is one of the major challenges faced by the Indian UPS market. Most organizations in India, including SMEs and SMBs are becoming technology intensive.

The need to operate the business 27/7 to function smoothly is driving the UPS systems and customers are increasingly opting for a single point of contact from the vendor’s perspective. Vendors with an end-to-end portfolio will be better positioned to provide reliable, cost-effective and customized solutions. By aligning capabilities in technology, product design and the delivery model, CoS shall be able to address the demand comprehensively and efficiently.

One the key issues that must be addressed before designing UPS systems is that of an unreliable power grid which is mostly ridden with large snags and surges. Various sectors, be it manufacturing, IT/ITes, banking etc face different power related problems.

Therefore designing UPS systems catering to their specific needs is a test of the vendor’s capabilities.

Perhaps the biggest challenge dominating this area is the lack of awareness with regards to the basic power quality fundamentals for UPS technologies to function. This is where designing a UPS system that can overcome power problems such as faulty earthing and grounding systems presents a stiff challenge. The sluggish growth of the power sector has had huge impact on designing UPS products. The market has huge demand for Power products and it is always evolving, as the users understand the importance of protecting their critical loads and looking for complete Power solution instead of power product like earlier. However, the market has been growing and showing signs of continuous improvements in terms of technological change like smaller footprints, high availability, scalability, Efficiency, Unity power

factor etc.

Conclusion

The UPS market is moving towards further consolidation on a global scale. This global outlook means more accessible sales and service teams for customers in previously untapped locations. Additionally, green/ efficient products are becoming an important inclusion in vendors’ product offerings. Data centers and server rooms of all sizes face significant threats in availability of electricity, making enterprises more conscious of efficiency. There will be a lack of new power coming on line as new power utilities cease to be built, turning it into a simple economics equation of supply and demand, where electricity prices will continue to rise. While UPS/inverter industry is relatively stable these days, there is need to look out for new trends in advanced electronics such as Internet of Things based systems and smart grid linked systems. This would help industry to have a different and futuristic perspective and see UPS and inverters beyond just power suppliers, informs Anand. R&D has become one of the major focus areas of the power backup systems market. For the overall development of the industry, and for players to be able to increase the profitability, it has become imperative for the companies to invest in R&D activities. Making power backup equipment available in smaller sizes would ensure greater revenue, especially from the SME & SOHO segments. Players can also look to foray into e-commerce business models along with doorstep delivery systems. Another emerging area is that of superior after-sales services. A widespread service centre network will help CoS build trust & ensure recommendations from existing customers, thereby adding to their goodwill and brand value. Moreover, cross-selling platforms for low-voltage products via the diffused channels are expected to bring about a greater visibility amongst end users, thus leading to greater revenues.

||www.electricalmirror.net||

Next Issue : July 2017

6th Golden

Anniversary Special Focus : Wire & Cable T&M Instruments Transformers Gensets Renewable Energy, Transmission (T&D) Control panel & Switchgears Transformers Capacitors LED & Lighting Motors Automation Electrical Accessories

www.electricalmirror.net ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ase study of the month

Er P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as Asst. General Manager (Elect) in E & MR Division, Bhubaneswar- Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems.

He is having 25 years of technical experience in Designing, Testing and Commissioning of Protection Control and operational Schemes, project Implementation, co-ordination, operations & maintenance of Electrical Equipments at various LT/ HT/ EHT level Grid Sub- Stations. He has also published around 70 technical papers in different national/international seminars/journals. ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in

VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contdâ&#x20AC;Ś.

1. Introduction: For the last few months, the response

of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronisation of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station.

2.1. Problem identification of faulty on outgoing feeder: A supply system was getting fed from delta

connected tertiary winding to the delta connected transformer systems as shown in the figure. During the fault occurrence on any of the outgoing feeder, it becomes difficult to locate the actual faulty feeder.

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Actual Observation: For this system, DELTA winding

is the source and DELTA windings are the loads. So fault on any part of the system, the fault loop does not develop and use of any current activated relay does not operate. a. Only the voltage activated relay as provided on the main incomer actuates and isolates the total system. b. But it becomes difficult to identify the zone or the faulty section due to no change of the current in the system. c. So the operator attempts to isolate each individual breaker on trial basis and waits for the eradication of the zero sequence voltage on the voltage relay on the main incomer. d. This type of attempts takes more time to identify to actual faulty section.

Solution to this incident: Use of OFF LINE fault

locator and with wave propagation principle, this

2

3

4

problem could be solved.

2.2. Tripping of Transformer on Differential Relay: One 220/132kv auto Transformer tripped

with differential protection. In relay, R phase CT current was shown only. Transformer IR Value, turn ratio test, primary injection test and CT terminal tightness checked. But there is no abnormality found.

Analysis of such incident:

1. In this case the Transformer has tripped on Differential relay only with no mechanical protection. So the type of fault could be guessed as of external items associated with the transformer circuit.

2. These items could be the LAs of transformer or CTs used for the protection scheme. In this condition CTs could not the case, because CT failure could be physical symptom of damage.

So concentrated on the LAs and accordingly these LAs were checked and found with no abnormality.

3. The DR of the incident was studied and found with current of 67 KA on R ph assumed to be very very high, but cannot be overruled of its flow.

4. So R ph LA counter was checked and compare with other phase LA of this Transformer. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

5. This was observed with rise of 3 Number from the previous reading.

6. However the stability of the transformer was checked and found OK. 7. The transformer was charged and loaded successfully.

2.3. Abnormal tripping of EF relay: For one of

the 220/132 KV grid it was observed with abnormal tripping of one feeder on E/F relay for the case fault on any feeder in the grid Sub-Station.

Actual Observation:

a. The detail of the secondary circuit of this relay was checked. b. It was observed with the physical and direct connection of Common Star point of Back up protection circuit and PT circuit in the same panel. c. The wire C71 (Star point of Back up relay) and E71 (Star point of PT circuit) was connected at the same point and earth. But earth connection was in loose connection.

Action Taken:

a. This connection of C71 and E71 was disconnected and provided with earthing with separate point. b. Then this problem was solved.

Analysis: a. In this situation both the CT and PT common points were at same point of connection. b. This common point of earth connection was in loose condition. c. So during fault condition and due to abnormality of the voltage situation, this point was resulting the rise of potential and

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sudden flow of certain current to the E/F circuit of the Back up Relay was resulting the abnormal tripping of the circuit.. d. This relay was of NON-DIRRECTIONAL type, so due to flow of current on any direction this relay was tripping. e. So on rectification, the common physical connection of both C71 and E71 wires were removed and connected with solid earthing separately. f. The Non-directional feature was changed to Directional type.

2.4. Non-tripping of any relay for the jumper opening on LT side: 132/33 KV 20 MVA transformer did not trip for the case of opening of 33 KV R Phase jumper on Load. So the transformer was hand tripped.

Actual Observation:

a. The 20 MVA transformer was catering the load being in parallel with another transformer. b. The 33 KV R Phase jumper over the cross bar snapped and circuit opened without touching to any earthing metal part. c. The other transformer managed this extra load on the available transformer. So the load to the system did not disturbed. But the protection relays used for this system did not trip. d. The system was hand tripped with arrangement of load in the network.

Analysis:

a. In this case the snapping of jumper has only caused the opening of the supply without touching to any metal part. So this cannot be considered as a fault in the system. b. More over the differential relay shall not actuate due to current on either side being

balanced with no current on the differential coil. c. The E/F relay as used here was of Directional in nature. Due to this situation, residual current( Un balanced current) had been developed, but due to no voltage change, the polarizing effect did not result the actuation of the E/F relay. d. REF relay has also no effect due to equal of residual current and neutral current. e. Only the use of NEG SEQ. relay or non-directional E/F relay could have helped for tripping. As this Transformer is of y-y connected, so circulating current of unbalanced condition (Y+B) shall cause the flow on the neutral (|R| phase current equal phasor magnitude). So on both side neutral (HT+Lt) its effect shall be there. But due to larger current flow on LT side and non tripping of the TRF, there might have been observed (though not mentioned) heating of the neutral earth pit along with surrounding mat. f. Some cases it is found with melting of neutral electrode after continuous heating. HT neutral shall have the same effect, but due to less current heating may not be that much as compared to LT. g. Note: This becomes prominent for the case of independent earth pit and not connected to mat. SO IT IS ADVISIBLE TO CONNECT NEUTRAL TO EARTH PIT AND AGAIN TO EARTH MAT..

2.4. Blowing out of +ve Fuse: At one of the

132/33 KV Grid Sub-station, it was observed with blowing out of one particular Fuse used in the +ve of the DC Indication circuit.

Actual Observation:

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a. The rating of this was of 4 Ampere. The lamps used in the system were of incandescent filament lamps. b. The negative side of this system was found with LINK connection. c. The input control system from the DC source was observed with –ve terminal being permanently connected to earth.

Analysis:

a. Here the DC system is of Negative earthed and control of all the circuit has been done with +ve supply extension. b. On detail checking it was observed with the earthing of one of the Bulb Holder with +ve terminal. So it was resulting the voltage across the supply being short circuit through the earth path and causing the large current flow in the network. So the fuse of 4 Ampere with rise of its fusing current capacity was resulting the blowing of the fuse.

Rectification:

a. The faulty holder was replaced by a good one. b. The DC arrangement of –Ve earthing and +ve extension was advised to change with NO earthing in the supply system. Extension of 220 Ve supply with ( +ve to Earth = 110 Volt and –ve to Earth being -110Volt) c. Normally with NO earth system is advantageous, because during and eventuality of any terminal gets earth, the voltage difference across the load/ circuit shall not be changed and circuit shall perfectly work and operator can attend the fault of circuit being in the scheme.

2.5. Failure of 132 KV CT on Load: At one of the

132/33 KV Grid Sub-station, one 132 KV CT failed

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with buldging of the Bottom tank and spilling of Oil.

Actual Observation:

a. During checking of the terminals used in the CT secondary box, it was observed with opening of the Tandelta point and spark on this point with leaking of oil around that area. b. The buldging/ swelling of the lower tank was observed to one side of the CT. c. So the tank was opened and found with shifting of one core outside with rupture of insulation. d. The interchange of the metering core with protection core was also observed.

Analysis of the Condition:

a. The sparking at the tandelta point is the indication of OPENNING of this point. In case of opening of the tandelta point and due to rise of the voltage on this point shall cause failure of the surrounding insulation. In this case this has happened and due to rupture of the insulation, the oil has also leaked out. b. The oil leakage might have caused the entry of the moisture particle due to inhale and exhale of atmospheric air. So the insulation might have been reduced. c. The swelling of the particular core ( Protection core used with metering) was due to fault current appearance in the secondary winding and also in the primary and delay action of the relaying system. d. The protection time got delayed due to use of metering core with protection circuit and saturation of the circuit during fault with lesser current to the relay.

Action Taken:

a. The CT was replaced b. The Tandelta point connection was thoroughly checked after connection.

c. The use of Protection core and metering was also checked.

2.6. Ionization and sparking on the Holding point of CT: At one of the 132/33 KV Grid Sub-Station,

while charging of a new CT, Sparking was observed between Live conductor and the Extended CT lifting Holder on the Top tank.

Actual Observation:

a. CT after detail checking, was installed in the circuit with connection of the LIVE jumper to the CT b. But when this CT was charged, it was found with the ionization sparking of the CT from LIVE conductor to the lifting at both side of the tag. c. So both the lifting tags were removed. d. Even after removal, similar observation was found, but this time it was from live part to the top tank. e. The CT was brought down for detail inspection on opening of the top cover. f. On opening of the cover it was found with disconnection of equalizer conductor in open condition. During manufacturing, this one has to be connected to the TOP tank cover.

Analysis of the Incident

a. In practice the Top Tank CT ( Live Tank CT), should be connected to the equal potential of the supply voltage. b. In case not done so, the capacitive discharge current to start to flow to the tank cover. c. In this condition as it was not connected internally due to different potential, the ionization current starts to jump at the nearest clearance. So it was resulting through the lifting tag, as it was resulting with lesser clearance. d. So this link was connected and again installed for charging of the CT.

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ndustry focus: TRANSFORMERS

TRANSFORMERS: IN SUMMARY

A

transformer is a device which changes or transforms an electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit i.e alternating current (AC) as a signal from one level to another level in simple terms.

This is operating on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

The device typically consists of two sets of insulated wire, coiled around a common iron core.

Electrical power is applied to one of these coils, called the primary coil, and is then magnetically

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transferred to the other coil, called the secondary.

This magnetic coupling of electrical power occurs without any direct electrical contact, and allows transformers to change AC voltage level and to completely isolate two electrical circuits from one another.

When a voltage is applied to a coil of wire, an electrical current flows (just as water flows through a pipe which pressure is applied.) The flowing electrical current, however, creates a magnetic filed about the coil. This principle can be demonstrated by simply wrapping insulated wire around a nail, and attaching a battery

the ends of that wire. A sufficient number of loops and ample electrical power will enable this electromagnet to lift small metal objects, just as an ordinary magnet can. If, however, the battery is replaced by a varying power source such as AC, the magnetic field also varies. This changing magnetic field is essential for the operation of a transformer.

Because the two coils of a transformer are very close to each other, an electric current through the primary coil generates a magnetic field which is also around the secondary coil. When this magnetic field varies with time (as it does when

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AC is applied), it teams-up with the secondary coil to form a type of generator (Recall that a generator produces electrical power by moving coils of wire through a stationary magnetic field, the converse of the transformer situation.) At any rate electrical power in the primary coil is converted into a magnetic field which then generates electrical power in the secondary coil. The beauty of a transformer is that, although the power is neither increased nor decreased in this transfer (except for minor losses), the voltage level can be changed through the conversion. The ratio of the voltages between the two coils is equal to the ratio of number of loops in the two coils. Changing the number of windings allows a transformer to step-up or step-down voltages easily. This is extremely useful as the voltage level is converted many times between a power station, through transmission lines, into a home, and then into a household appliance.

Transformers are basically of two types: power and distribution transformers. Power transformers are used for stepping up or stepping down the electric current voltage from generators. Distribution transformers are used for changing electric current voltage at various transmission stations and sub-stations.

During an analysts forecast by the different segments in search the Transformer market in India to grow at a CAGR of 13.29 percent over the period 2014-2019.

The Transformer market in India can be segmented into two product segments: Distribution Transformer, and Power Transformer. The Transformer market in India is also segmented into three categories based on voltage levels: 11kV-220kV, 220kV-400kV, and 400 kV.

||www.electricalmirror.net||

Transformer Market in India 2015-2019, has been prepared based on an in-depth market analysis with inputs from industry experts. Besides improve reliability and give a potentially longer service life by bringing down temperature rises through energy efficiency (EE) improvements. India has, by now, adopted the international IEC standards and also introduced star labelling for select categories of transformers.

The report covers India; it also covers Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Transformer market landscape and its growth prospects in the coming years. The report also includes a discussion on the key vendors operating in this market.

3 years old government aim to attend power for all and increases the massive capacity to the generation side and create a National Grid for distribution of this power, both of which should boost demand for transformers. Government is taking major steps to strengthen the power transmission & distribution network and has undertaken initiatives such as UDAY for financial turnaround of power distribution companies. Further, the Government of India has projected an investment of INR 146,000 crore in power transmission sector by FY 2019 to strengthen the transmission network thus increasing the demand for power transformers The Western region accounted for the largest revenue share in the country in 2016.

However, the major investment in transmission sector is expected in the Southern region, followed by the Northern and Western region. In the distribution sector, the Western region is expected to receive highest investments followed by the Southern and

Northern region The report thoroughly covers the market by transformer types, by power rating, by cooling system, by applications and by regions. The report provides an unbiased and detailed analysis of the on-going trends, opportunities/ high growth areas, market drivers, which would help stakeholders to device and align market strategies according to the current and future market dynamics The Rs55bn Indian transformer industry will benefit from the strong demand expected from reforms in the power sector. We expect the industry to witness a CAGR of 30% plus in value terms over the next five years against approximately 17% CAGR in the past three years. Improved realizations and higher volumes will largely drive this growth. The government intends to add massive capacity to the generation side and create a National Grid for distribution of this power, both of which should boost demand for transformers. The funding issues for the same have been taken care by the World Bank (WB) and Asian Development Bank (ADB).

Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transformer industry is predominantly unorganized with many small players catering to the smaller distribution transformers market. However, with times changing, many of them have graduated to the medium size category, thereby expanding the organized players base. In order to take advantage of oncoming demand, a number of companies have initiated capacity addition programs and many new players are venturing into this space.

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Annual demand of about 122,679MVA expected for the next five years The countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installed base for transformers stands at 759,240MVA per annum (till 2004 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Source: CMIE).

There are about 20 players in the organized segment with nine of them controlling about 60% of it. Installed annual capacity of these nine players will stand at approximately 105,154MVA by end of FY07. Demand for the equipment is expected to remain robust with the XIth Five Year Plan targeting an addition of about 68,000MW to the existing generating capacity.

Assuming the historical achievement rate of 60%, we expect 61,050MW of additional generating capacity coming up over the next five years.

Coupled with this, demand will also stem from the replacement market where transformers installed 25-30 years ago will have exceeded the expected life span. In addition, exports to countries where power reforms are underway i.e. Africa and Middle East provide growth opportunity. Also, huge industrial capex lined up in power intensive industries i.e. oil and gas, metals and cement act as a booster.

Based on the above demand factors, we expect a strong annual demand of 122,679MVA for the next five years.

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Beneficiaries areas

In the increasing demand of the robust we expected or we can say that we believe key players in the industry i.e. EMCO, Bharat Bijlee Ltd (BBL), Voltamp Transformers Ltd (VTL), Indo Tech Transformers Ltd (ITTL), ABB, BHEL, Crompton Greaves to benefit the most. The order book position of these players is only set to move northwards with the average order book/sales being at 1.5-2x FY06 revenues. With the buoyancy in the power sector picking up, this ratio is only set to improve going forward.

The government earlier only focused on adding generation capacities but now has shifted focus to strengthening the distribution system. This, under the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidhyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY), provides opportunity for power and distribution transformers over the next five years. The government intends to spend about Rs160bn over the XIth Five Year Plan for this scheme. This should help the order books of our universe companies, manufacturing medium and small power and distribution transformers, to grow over this period.

With power distribution making inroads into remote villages coupled with emphasis on reducing average dependents on each transformer, we expect the thumb rule of 7MVA transformer capacity for every additional megawatt of generating capacity to change to 8MVA. This should lead to cumulative demand

of about 488,396MVA transformers for both power and distribution for additional generation capacity.

In various categories what we imports is little a challenge

we believe that in domestic fronts players could face threat from imports in future if they are unable to cater to this upcoming demand. Increasing competition from domestic and foreign players could lead to margin contraction due to pricing pressure. Some of the larger global players viz ABB, Areva T&D and Siemens are already present in India. Since the industry is not very capital intensive, more foreign players could enter the market in future. Prequalifications with all SEBs, established manufacturing base and the wide service network should provide a competitive edge to the domestic players against foreign players.

We expect our universe companies to register 46% bottomline growth

ITTL will benefit from capacity expansion, which will contribute to its topline from mid FY08. It also has been successful in capitalizing on its locational advantage, which in turn leads to best margins in the industry.

We expect the company to register a 53.3% CAGR bottomline growth over FY06-09E, translating into an EPS of Rs24.1 and Rs37.5 for FY08E and FY09E respectively. We recommend a BUY on the company with a price target of Rs375, an upside of 25.2%.

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We believe EMCO, which has the best order book/ sales ratio of 2.5x and is well diversified into project execution and meter manufacturing, will benefit from the government initiatives in the sector. It is diversifying into power generation, which will further derisk its business. We expect the company to register a 68.4% CAGR bottomline growth over FY06-09E, translating into an EPS of Rs62.8 and Rs88.9 for FY08E and FY09E respectively. We recommend a BUY with a price target of Rs1,067, an upside of 21.2%.

VTL derives 95% of revenues from industrial clients where it has a strong foothold. It leverages its position to sell high margin dry type transformers to these clients. Coupled with this the company is also prequalified with the SEBs thereby providing it a cushion during rough times. We expect the company to register a 44.1% CAGR bottomline growth over FY06-09E, translating into an EPS of Rs51.5 and Rs68 for FY08E and FY09E respectively. With a sharp run up in the stock price in the recent past, we recommend a HOLD with a price target of Rs816, an upside of 16%.

BBL, recently expanded capacity to take advantage of the demand from the government and industrial capex. BBL has some non-strategic investments which equates to Rs182 per share provides some cushioning to the stock. We expect the company to register a 27.8% CAGR bottomline growth over FY06-09E, translating into an EPS of Rs94.7 and Rs124.4 for FY08E and FY09E respectively. With a run up in the stock price in the recent past, we recommend a HOLD with a price target of Rs1,675, an upside of 12.8%.

or dry type by nature, with range spanning from 1.1 – 11kV. Distribution transformers would account for the remaining 32-35% of the total value of the transformer industry.

A dry type transformer is used where there is space constraint and higher chances occurrences of fire.

These are mostly used by industrial and corporate clients at software parks, hotels, hospitals, high rise buildings, etc. These transformers are categorized as distribution transformers due to their nature of operation, i.e. at end users locations.

In India many players belong to the unorganized segment of the industry and cater to the smaller ratings distribution transformer demand. This is due to lack of infrastructure, testing facilities and technical

skill sets available with them. However over a period of time many of these smaller players moved up the value chain and graduated to the higher rating transformers. Despite this the number of players qualified for the larger variants of transformers is still small to serve upcoming demand expected over the forthcoming years.

The Indian transmission sector consists of three levels: interstate transmission, sub transmission and primary transmission. These three segments are classified based on their voltage class; interstate transmission level ranges from 220 – 765kV, sub transmission level ranges from 33 – 220kV and below 33kV represents primary transmission.

SEBs act as nodal points for execution of government

Complete Power Qaulity Solutions

SUBODHAN ENGINEERS (PUNE) PVT. LTD.

Indian transformer industry

A transformer is a voltage changer, used to either step down or step up power depending on its installation base. There are largely two categories of transformers based on function i.e. power and distribution transformers. Other special transformers that are differentiated on usage include welding, traction, furnace etc. Many players have the capability to manufacture up to 400kV, however with ultra mega power plants coming up, need for higher rating transformers is felt, which has opened doors for 765kV rating transformers.

A power transformer is installed at the generation site right up to the last substation just before distribution activities commence. This transformer is used to either step up or step down power to match the voltage requirements. They are oil filled transformers with its range spanning from 11kV – 765kV. Power transformers would account for about 65-68% of the total value of the transformer industry.

A distribution transformer is used to transfer power from a substation to the final point of consumption.

The basic purpose of a distribution transformer is to provide end users with low voltage power. A distribution transformer could either be oil filled ||www.electricalmirror.net||

LT Capacitors

LT Capacitors

MPP- Normal & Heavy Duty, Gas Filled

All Polypropelene (APP)-Single and Double Layer

Reactor & Thyristor

HT Capacitor

LT APFC/ RTPFC Panels

Corporate Office : 27, Marble House, 473, Sadashiv Peth, Pune-411030, Maharashtra INDIA Tel. No.: +91 20 24484229 / 24476187 Email : response@subodhancapacitor.com ; shantanu@subodhancapacitor.com Web : www.subodhancapacitor.com

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An ISO 9001-2008 Company

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projects as they are authorized to float tenders and allot contracts depending on the bidders compliance with various parameters. SEBs in the past accounted for 75-80% of the total transformer demand, followed by industrial (15%) and export demand (5-10%).

Private segment demand has been from various power consuming industries viz steel, aluminium, cement, oil and gas, automobiles, engineering, mining and minerals, paper pulp, chemical and petrochemicals etc.

Most of the transformer manufacturers cater to demand from SEBs, which forms about 70-75% of their revenues and balance is contributed from the industrial side. However, the case is reverse for Voltamp, which derives 95% of its revenues from industrial segment and the balance 5% from SEBs. Orders from SEBs are all tender based and the lowest bidder(s) (L1 only or L1, L2 and L3 bidders) bags it.

Many SEBs had price preference clause in place for companies present in their region. However, now with the scenario becoming more competitive and many players entering the industry, SEBs are forced to be more price sensitive. Hence they are subscribing to competitive bidding route. Most of the projects are funded either by WB or ADB or JBIC. These tenders have an inbuilt price variation clause (PVC), which protects the bidders margins from vagaries in raw

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material costs. In the event of declining raw material prices, purchasing party will stand to benefit as price of finished product will move in line with that of raw material prices. Bidders price their products as per the IEEMA price index, which is widely accepted by the industry. The IEEMA index has been successful in capturing any variation in prices of key raw materials.

The bidding process takes about 8 months. First the bids are placed in the newspaper or website.

Interested parties who are prequalified will place their quotations along with the required technical specifications. This process takes about four months.

After the bids are placed L1, L2 and L3 bidders are segregated from the lot. They undergo technical screening in order to check their compliance with the technical specifications. The tender will be awarded to the company who is the lowest bidder and also scores high on technical grounds. This process takes another four months.

Order execution would depend on the type of order placed, i.e. power or distribution transformer. Usually the delivery period of distribution transformers is 1.5 - 2 months, medium sized transformer is 2 -3 months and power transformer would be 6 - 8 months.

IEEMA price index capturing the input cost variations â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the calculation

basis. The index captures price movements of all vital raw materials viz copper, CRGO, transformer oil, insulation material, steel and also labour. The index assigns weights to key inputs based on which, it is revised monthly. This is widely accepted by the industry players, thereby insulating both parties from vagaries in input costs.

IEEMA has different formulas for pricing the transformers, aluminum wound (oil filled) or copper wound distribution transformers up to 10MVA, 33kv rating (oil filled and dry type) and copper wound power transformers above 10MVA, 33kv (oil filled). Three formulas based on which prices are determined for the kind of transformer are attached in the annexure.

Pricing for aluminum or copper wound transformers as on the date of tendering:

Price of transformer oil based stock should be as on the 1st working day, two months prior to the date of tendering. Price of aluminum or copper, CRGO steel sheets and insulating material should be as on 1st working day, one month prior to the date of tendering. However, wholesale price index number for iron and steel should be week ending 1st Saturday of three months prior to the date of tendering and all India average consumer price index no should be for three months prior to the date of tendering.

The pricing of a transformer is based as per the IEEMA price index, which is released on a monthly

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eport

Cable & Wire Fair 2017: An Event in Sync With India’s Growth • The wire and cable industry, which has been growing at the rate of around 15% currently, will start growing at the CAGR of over 20% over the next 5 years, as per various estimates • The Indian power sector has an investment potential of Rs 15 trillion (US$ 223.67 billion) in the next 4–5 years • Around 293 global and domestic companies have committed to generate 266 GW of solar, wind, mini-hydel and biomass-based power in India over the next 5–10 years • India is expected to have over 180 million smartphones by 2019, contributing around 13.5 per cent to the global smartphone market

Cable & Wire Fair 2017 (CWF17) is back

after garnering unprecedented recognition from the industry stakeholders from around the world in its very first edition, held in 2015. The show this time will be held from October 5-7, 2017 at the same popular venue, i.e. Pragati Maidan, New

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Delhi, India. Held biennially, CWF is fast becoming an integrating stage to showcase the humungous Indian wire and cable market to the world and fetch latest global industry trends to the Indian soil by attracting all relevant contributors of the industry. And, from that respect, the show has hit the bull’s eye with testimonials abound from who participated.

The thriving Indian wire and cable industry is driven by tremendously growing sectors such as power, telecommunication, infrastructure, automotive, aviation, etc. which individually are multi-trillion investment opportunities and have been doing extremely well in the recent past. The industry, which has been growing at the rate of around 15% currently, will start growing at the CAGR of over 20% over the next 5 years, as per various estimates.

Strong Growth Currents in Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution

The Indian power sector has an investment potential of Rs 15 trillion (US$ 223.67 billion) in the next 4–5 years, thereby providing immense opportunities in power generation,

distribution, transmission, and equipment.

Between April 2000 and March 2016, the industry attracted US$ 10.48 billion in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Around 293 global and domestic companies have committed to generate 266 GW of solar, wind, mini-hydel and biomass-based power in India over the next 5–10 years. The initiative would entail an investment of about US$ 310–350 billion.

Besides, on power transmission front, as on March 31, 2016, PGCIL owns & operates a transmission network of about 1,29,354 ckm of Inter-state transmission lines, 207 nos. of EHVAC & HVDC sub-stations with transmission capacity of about 2,54,848 MVA. Under the Twelfth Five Year Plan (FY 12-17) which has laid special emphasis on development of the infrastructure sector including energy, PGCIL has already made a Capital Expenditure of Rs 88,235 crore ( US$ 13.38 billion) against the Capital Expenditure plan of Rs 1,10,000 crore (US$ 16.68 billion).

Booming Infrastructure

India needs Rs 31 trillion (US$ 454.83 billion)

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to be spent on infrastructure development over the next five years, with 70 per cent of funds needed for power, roads and urban infrastructure segments. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) received in construction development sector from April 2000 to March 2016 stood at US$ 24.19 billion, according to the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).

Infrastructure sector is a key driver for the Indian economy. The sector is highly responsible for propelling India’s overall development and enjoys intense focus from Government for initiating policies that would ensure time-bound creation of world class infrastructure in the country. eport

To be the Largest Telecommunication Market

According to a report by leading research firm Market Research Store, the Indian telecommunication services market will likely grow by 10.3 per cent year-on-year to reach US$ 103.9 billion by 2020. With daily increasing subscriber base, there have been a lot of investments

and developments in the sector. The industry has attracted FDI worth US$ 18.38 billion during the period April 2000 to March 2016, according to the data released by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). India will emerge as a leading player in the virtual world by having 700 million internet users of the 4.7 billion global users by 2025, as per a Microsoft report.

India is currently the second-largest telecommunication market and has the third highest number of internet users in the world. India’s telephone subscriber base expanded at a CAGR of 19.96 per cent, reaching 1058.86 million during FY07–16. Moreover, India is expected to have over 180 million smartphones by 2019, contributing around 13.5 per cent to the global smartphone market, based on rising affordability and better availability of data services among other factors.

All these developments seek tremendous growth in optical fiber cable (OFC) network, an appealing prospect for the Indian wire and cable market.

Automotive and Other Growing Segments

The Indian auto industry is one of the largest in the world.

The industry accounts for 7.1 per cent of the country's Gross

Domestic Product (GDP). India is also a prominent auto exporter and has strong export growth expectations for the near future. In April-March 2016, overall automobile exports grew by 1.91 per cent.

The electrical machinery sector consists of generation, transmission and distribution machinery. The transmission and distribution market expanded at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.7 per cent over FY07-13. Boilers (16 per cent), cables (15 per cent) and transmission lines and conductors (12 per cent) account for a large chunk of the revenue. The generation equipment market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 12.7 per cent over FY12–22. The exports of electrical machinery rose to US$ 3.9 billion in FY14 from US$ 3.4 billion in FY12. Boilers & parts and electrical wires and cables were the primary drivers of the increase in exports.

Amid all these growth prospects, CWF17 is committed to provide the most apt platform for business networking and information sharing among various participants in the growth of the wire and cable industry. CWF15, the first edition, through its exhibition and conference stages, has already created a positive and forward looking mood in the industry and CWF17 will go many steps further to ensure a gratifying outcome for all who participate.

Next Issue : July 2017 Focus : Wire & Cable T&M Instruments Transformers Gensets Renewable Energy, Transmission (T&D) Control panel & Switchgears Transformers Capacitors LED & Lighting Automation Electrical Accessories

6th Golden

Anniversary Special

www.electricalmirror.net

Contact: North & East s.chandra@electricalmirror.net Contact: South & West pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net

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uest Article

Get Control Through Touch and Fuel Optimisation

As a global supplier of green, safe and reliable energy control solutions, DEIF takes responsibility for design, supply, installation, commissioning and maintenance, offering end-to-end solutions, energy management and customer’s comfort throughout the life-cycle of the project. DEIF solutions are designed for facilities to function smoothly and efficiently. Our revolutionary products and applications are the result of many years of research, development and craving for betterment.

In today’s demanding and fast changing world, the only thing that is constant is the need to identify new means to improve operational proficiencies, especially when dealing with electrical power. DEIF offers innovative solution that gives Power in Control at the touch of a screen. Combining the intelligent and fuel optimised power management system with interactive & elegant human machine interface, DEIF’s solution can let the power plant operators monitor and control power plants with large number of generators from one location.

The strong communication capabilities let the data flow to the HMI and also get seamlessly integrated with the Building Management System or Plant SCADA to give a comprehensive overview.

For smaller installations, it is possible to even integrate third party equipment in to the DEIF network to display relevant information.

Interactive & Elegant HMI Solution

We have a comprehensive HMI solution, DEIF’s Advanced Graphical Interface - AGI 400 series,that allows the user to view the entire system on a single screenthus facilitating convenient and effective monitoring and control of all systems such as firealarm &extinguishing systems,heating, ventilation & air-conditioning systems, access control, CCTV monitoring, evacuation or any other third party systems and critical parameters simultaneously; from a remote location at the touch of the graphical user interface.

Benefits of AGI 400

• State-of-the-art HMI for central or remote control and monitoring of mission critical facilities such as Hospitals, Data Centres etc., by integrating with Building Management System • Power management systems – control and supervision: one point management, control and supervision of multiple gensets and bus tie breakers.

• Possibility of individual system control • Graphical interface – mechanical and electrical systems: system overviews for mechanical and electrical equipment. Trend measured values to monitor operation performance or when carrying out fault-finding procedures.

• Effective monitoring of power generation and consumption • Improved plant reliability and life • Alarm – handling and monitoring: view

• historical alarm data and accept active alarms.

• Userfriendly interfaces increase personnel productivity • Effective reduction of downtime risk • Eliminates the need for other instruments, saving space and wiring • Connects to all DEIF controllers and non-DEIF controllers via TCP/IP/Modbus communication protocols enabling it’s use as a small SCADA system • Available in 7", 10", 15" and 21" sizes • Advanced programming tool,DEIF Screen Designer software that allows you to simulate and customiseyour project on your PC in design phase • Multiple levelsof user authorization and password protection to safeguard your application and project files

AGC 200–Fuel Optimised Power Management Solution Fuel costs are on the rampant rise day by day, which means your genset operating costs will keep on increasing dramatically, thus effectively sustaining loss of net profits.

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AGC 200 into your system helps you to save fuel costs through fuel optimisation technology. In fuel optimisation mode, unequally rated genset in a system will start and stop in the best possible combination for a given load, based on their actual nominal power generating capacity.

The advanced genset controller series integrates all necessary functions for superior genset protection, monitoring&control and stands out for its reliability &operator-friendliness.

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• Load management • Priority selection (fuel optimisation, relative running hours, absolute running hours,manual) • User-programmable logic (M-Logic) • Configurable inputs/outputs • Engine, generator and load protection • J1939 engine communication, supporting 11 different engine brands with the ability to easily handle other engine brands • Remote control via high speed TCP/IP , RS485 Modbus or GSM modem • Multi-language interface • -40°C operation temperature • IP 66 protection • Lifetime logging stored on SD card

Other features of AGC 200

• Multiple operating modes in one software • Synchronisation of up to 56 breakers in

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one plant • Multi-master power management • Load-dependent start and stop

Contact us For further information or any other questions you may have, don’t hesitate to contact us on (+91) 22 4245 2000 or please feel free to write us at india@deif.com.

We look forward to working with you.

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Roouct Info

Multi-Pole Combination Connector for Power and Signals 87 contacts in minimal space / Customers save time and money

The Han® K32/55 sets new standards in the miniaturisation of rectangular connectors.

The Han® K32/55 sets new standards in the miniaturisation of rectangular connectors.

With a combination of 32 power and 55 signal contacts for use in size 10B housings, this application offers one thing above all: 87 contacts in minimal space. The result?

Customers save time and money.

The reliable HARTING Han-Com® product series, which distinguishes itself by combining power and signals in a single connector, has now been enhanced by the addition of the Han® K 32/55. Besides space savings, the general advantages of this connector series are reduced costs and time savings, since 2 connectors are combined into one. In the Han® K32/55, the crimp contacts of the

D series and D-Sub series are built into a single closed unit, allowing the connection of a maximum of 32 power contacts (10A 250V 4kV 3) and 55 signal contacts (4A 50V 4kV 3).

Customers can select from silver or gold contact surfaces and can also leverage existing crimp contacts and thus their tools as well. In addition, the clear numbering of each contact chamber rules out incorrect wiring during assembly.

Depending on the application and the environmental requirements, use in size 10B enables flexible installation in compatible metal housing, e.g. Han® B, Han® M, Han® EMC, Han® HPR and Han-INOX®.

UHF Reader Family Extends its Powerful Versatility

Two more powerful reader models / RFID data is pre-processed directly on the machine

The UHF reader family extends its powerful versatility.

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The Ha-VIS UHF portfolio is being significantly strengthened: The already well-known flexible Ha-VIS RF-R300 will now become even more versatile. Effective immediately, there are now two more powerful reader models joining this new product family. These devices enable individual project requirements to be met even more efficiently and flexibly.

Two additional reader models are now available based on the well-known hardware platform from the Ha-VIS RF-R300, which is on the HARTING IIC MICA. The Ha-VIS RF-R310 is the first reader available on the market which meets the functionality of the Companion Specification for AutoID devices. This specification was created by the AIM Germany association in cooperation with the OPC Foundation. It forms the basis for the simple and efficient integration of AutoID devices based on OPC UA – the communication layer for Integrated Industry projects.

Moreover, the fact that HARTING has built up in-depth knowledge in the field of data pre-processing over recent years was

demonstrated as early as 2014 with the completion of the official certification of the Ha-VIS Middleware by GS1®. This makes HARTING the sole European company that offers a GS1® EPCglobal ALE1.1-compliant middleware.

This know-how has now been incorporated into the new UHF RFID reader Ha-VIS RF-R350.

The Ha-VIS RF-R350 features ALE1.1-based middleware which is optimised for the MICA platform. Here, the complete data pre-processing of raw RFID data takes place configurationally and in standards-based manner. Communication with the reader simply takes place via web services, http, TCP or, if desired, via UDP telegrams.

Naturally, even more readers from the HARTING world can be connected with this embedded middleware. With this solution, RFID data is pre-processed directly on the machine or on the train, in line with project specifics. This relieves the networks, the back-end systems, and reduces response times.

Thanks to an improved software concept, all readers from the Ha-VIS RF R3x0 family can also be flexibly adapted to customer requirements. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

PushPull Connection to PCB Saves on Assembly Time Devices can be used in ever-smaller installation spaces

HARTING M12 PCB angled D coded with PushPull: a complicated sounding name used

The M12 for direct transmission from the cable to the printed circuit board is now immediately available for the fast M12 PushPull system.

for a clever connection. The M12 for direct transmission from the cable to the printed circuit board is now immediately available for the fast M12 PushPull system. The M12 PCB connection is now also equipped with the fast, time-saving PushPull system. In the future, it will no longer require more space for the attachment of tools. Simply insert it and a secure connection is ready.

Ethernet is transferred from the cable to the circuit board: this is the goal of the new M12 PushPull PCB connection. The direct

connection to the PCB comes in an angled D-coded female variant and thus provides space-saving switches with Fast Ethernet up to 100Mbit/s. The direct M12 PushPull connection to the PCB saves additional wiring, assembly space and thus space as well in a generation of devices that are becoming smaller and smaller.

Moreover, this means that these devices are themselves in turn can be used in ever-smaller installation spaces. This small change has a big impact in the way of miniaturisation.

MECO “VAF / VIF METER - TRMS VIF-96

“MECO” Voltage / Current & Frequency Meter, Model: “VIF-96” Microcontroller based indigenously designed, tooled and manufactured by the R & D Department of MECO. It Measures TRMS value of various electrical parameter.

TRMS Measurement, 3Phase 4 Wire (User Selectable) Balanced & Unbalanced Systems with three rows, Super Bright Red LED Displays with 6 Parameters & 7 different display pages. Each page has 3 matrix rows.

User friendly Programmable CTR / PTR, Auto & Manual Scroll and Number of Pole Settings

Write-Up By Product Name Words

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for RPM, RUN Hr / ON Hr Reset facility equipped with 3 keypads toggling display pages and to set programmable functions. Auto Indication for “ KV “ / “ KA “ & Auto Selection of Decimal Point.

“VIF-96U” is Ideal to monitor the Voltage / Current / Frequency & RPM of DG Gensets / Stabilizers / Control & Relay Panel Manufacturer etc. It has CE Complaisance / Installation Category CAT II (IEC EN61010-1) & Pollution (Degree IEC EN61010-1).

Mr. Prashant Thakkar MECO VIF 96U

For Details Please Visit : Website : www.mecoinst.com

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Roouct Info

Professional Thermal Imaging Cameras for Outstanding Performance FLIR T500-Series

The new FLIR T500-Series has the features professionals need to accurately troubleshoot hot spots and potential faults. With the 180° rotating lens platform and a bright 4” LCD, FLIR T530/T540 cameras are engineered to help users diagnose hard-to-reach components in any environment. Advanced on-camera measurement tools, laser-assisted autofocus, and FLIR’s industry-leading image quality ensure you’ll find and diagnose problems quickly. FLIR T500-Series

designed to support advanced thermographers and IR service consultants in the power generation, electrical distribution, and manufacturing industries by focusing on resolution, speed, and ergonomics.

The T500-Series offers inspectors the necessary support, comprehensive inspections in challenging conditions, especially when equipment is obstructed from view or difficult to access. Scan large areas from a safe distance, ensure crisp thermal imagery and spot-on temperature readings every time with laser assisted autofocus that maximizes efficiency, safety and performance, helps to make critical decisions quickly, and designed to make your work easier.

Key Features:

• 180° rotating optical block and vivid 4” capacitive touch screen.

• Up to 464x348pixel resolution.

• Temperature range upto 1500 °C • Fast and precise laser-assisted autofocus

• Laser distance and on-screen area measurement • Customizable work folders • Intelligent, interchangeable AutoCal™ lenses • FLIR 2-10 warranty.

For more information, please contact us at: FLIR Systems India Pvt. Ltd. 1111, D Mall, Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura New Delhi - 110034 Tel: +91-11-45603555 Fax: +91-11-47212006 E mail : flirindia@flir.com.hk Website : www.flir.in

net

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Roouct Info

New Method for Timing Tests on GIS With Grounding on Both Sides

CIBANO 500 – Circuit Breaker Test System

Flexible Current Sensor for CSM Method

Next Issue : July 2017

6th Golden

Anniversary Special www.electricalmirror.net

OMICRON’s circuit breaker test system CIBANO 500 now offers the new Current Sensor Measurement (CSM) method. This allows the operating times of the circuit breaker to be determined accurately despite the fact that the GIS is grounded on both sides.

During a close or open operation of the circuit breaker, the current sensor measures the current change through the ground connection or the circuit breaker and sends its signals to CIBANO 500 which determines the switch response times.

Since the new current sensor has a flexible design and can be easily installed on a multitude of different grounding switches, it is ideal for on-site applications in GIS installations.

As part of the test results, a GIS operator receives a condition assessment of the circuit breakers’ interrupter units and operating mechanisms and can avoid circuit breaker damage and outage of the GIS. The new CSM method offers an increased level of safety for the tester, as it can be per-formed with both sides of the circuit breaker grounded.

CIBANO 500 combines a precise microohmmeter, a multi-channel timing analyzer, and a powerful coil and motor supply in a single device. It can perform all common

Focus :

electrical tests, such as static and dynamic contact resistance tests, timing tests or analysis of coil and motor current, minimum pick-up tests or undervoltage tests using the same wiring. All tests can be performed either with power supplied by the station battery or the test device.

The lightweight test system (20 kg / 44.1 lbs) supports all types of circuit breakers: medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers with live-and dead-tank design and in GIS installations.

OMICRON is an international company

serving the electrical power industry with innovative testing and diagnostic solutions.

The application of OMICRON products allows users to assess the condition of the primary and secondary equipment on their systems with complete confidence. Services offered in the area of consulting, commissioning, testing, diagnosis and training make the product range complete.

Customers in more than 150 countries rely on the company’s ability to supply leading edge technology of excellent quality. Service centers on all continents provide a broad base of knowledge and extraordinary customer support. All of this together with our strong network of sales partners is what has made our company a market leader in the electrical power industry.

Special Theme : Testing & measuring instruments

Wire & Cable T&M Instruments Transformers Gensets Renewable Energy, Power factor correction Control panel & Switchgears LED & Lighting Automation

Contact For Advt. 011-65104350, 9899072636, 09702818098 74

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ABB India Pvt. Ltd ................................................................................ BC

Mersen India Pvt. Ltd ................................................................................ 65

All India Transformer Manufacturers Association .................................. 73

M & I Materials India Pvt. Ltd .................................................................. 09

Automation Expo 2017 .......................................................................... 75

Mtekpro Technologies Pvt. Ltd. .................................................................. IBC

Cable & Wire Expo ............................................................................... 69

Next Gen Equipments Pvt Ltd .... .............................................................. 77

DEIF India Pvt. Ltd ............................................................................... 07

Quippo Energy Limited .............................................................................. 05

Electroma Expo 2017 ............................................................................ 41

Ramelex Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................................................... 67

Epcos India Pvt. Ltd ............................................................................. 63

Scope T & M Pvt. Ltd. .............................................................................. 03

FLIR Systems India Pvt. Ltd ................................................................. 17

Sonel Instruments Pvt Ltd ........................................................................... 80

Green-Watt Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd. .................................................. IFG

Sterlite Power ............................................................................................. 19

HPL Electric & Power Ltd. .................................................................... 01

Subodhan Engineers (Pune) Pvt. Ltd ........................................................ 61

Indian Transformers & Electrical Pvt. Ltd ............................................. 23

The Motwane Mfg. CO. Pvt. Ltd .................................................................. 79

ISA Advance Instruments India Pvt. Ltd ............................................... IFC

Tibrewala Electronics Limited .................................................................... 47

Meccalte India Pvt. Ltd ......................................................................... 21

Transwind Technologies .............................................................................. 57

Meco Instruments Private Ltd. .............................................................. 15

Next Issue : July 2017

6th Golden

Anniversary Special www.electricalmirror.net 76

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Focus :

Special Theme : Testing & measuring instruments

Wire & Cable T&M Instruments Transformers Gensets Renewable Energy, Power factor correction Control panel & Switchgears LED & Lighting Automation

Contact ROR For Advt. 011-65104350, 9899072636, 09702818098 ELECTRICAL MIR

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EVENT DIARY Month/Date Location Web

: July 08–11, 2017 : Pragati Maidan Delhi,India : www.plastasia.in

About Event Over the last 12 years, Plastasia Exhibitions have built a reputation as an ideal place to discover the latest innovations in plastics, witness live demonstrations, share ideas and most importantly, secure orders.

Month/Date : 09-12, August 2017 Location : Bombai Exhibition Centre, Mumbai Phone : +91-22-22079567 / 22073370 Email : arokiaswamy@iedcommunications.com Website : www.automationindiaexpo.com About Event Automation Expo, the largest Automation & Instrumentation exhibition of South-East Asia is all set to make a mark in 2017 as well. Under the valiant leadership of

Mr. M. Arokiaswamy, IED Communications has been successfully hosting Automation Expo and achieving its objective to fuel innovation and growth for 14 years now.

Month/Date AugustLocation Phone Website

: 16-17, August 2017 : Riyadh, Saudi Arabia : +91-9036981048 : www.kingdom-renewableenergy.com

About Event Kingdom Renewable Energy summit 2017 will give you a latest renewable energy technologies and solutions.

Renewable energy is increasingly becoming a new sector in the Kingdom and is expected to expand until the new renewable energy program can reach its target by 2023.

So it is a right time to start focusing on Renewable energy, and the benefits in world market

Month/Date Location Web

: September 14-16, 2017 : Delhi, India : www.electronica-india.com

About Event electronica India. A place that is unique in the universe as we know it. Nowhere else are there as many ways to promote your business and get an exclusive look into the future of the electronics industry in India.

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Month/Date Location Web

: 5 – 7 October 2017 : New Delhi, India : www.cablewirefair.com

About Event

Cable & Wire Fair 2017 (CWF17), the second edition will take place from 5 – 7 October 2017 at Hall 12 & 12A, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India

Month/Date : 06- 08 October 2017 Location : Hotel Gulmor, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.

Web : www.tradeshows.tradeindia.com/electromaindia About Event Electroma Expo would provide an upbeat, pioneering & value based platform for interaction within professionals, distributors, Dealers, Retailers & OEM of latest Electric, Electronic & Solar Energy manufacturing technology under one roof. The expo would focus on the latest technology & products of the sector thereby proving an ideal platform f or disseminating the knowledge & innovations etc.

Month/Date Location Web

: December 5–7, 2017 : Mumbai, India : www.intersolar.in

About Event Intersolar India is the country’s largest exhibition and conference for the solar industry. It takes place annually at the Bombay Exhibition Centre (BEC) in Mumbai.

Month/Date : March 10–14, 2018 Location : Greater Noida, NCR, Indida Web : elecrama.com About Event The biggest showcase of the world of electricity, ELECRAMA brings together the complete spectrum of solutions that powers the planet. Featuring not just equipment & technology, but peerless thought leadership platforms for everything electric – from technical conferences to industry summits.

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Improving network availabilityâ&#x20AC;Ś

â&#x20AC;Śthrough enhanced power quality.

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; Enhancing power quality for a stronger network.

Power quality is key to improving grid availability and reliability. It enables the optimization of operating costs and secures grid code compliance. Power quality supports the integration of renewables into the grid and enhances energy efficiency, leading to lower carbon emissions and minimizing environmental impact. ABB is a technology leader with a wide range of products, systems and services that improve power quality including capacitors and filters, power electronics-based compensators and software solutions, across the power value chain for low, medium and high-voltage applications, helping to shape a stronger, smarter and greener grid. http://new.abb.com/grid