November 2020
Volume X Issue V
THE THE INDIAN INDIAN GROWTH GROWTH STORY STORY IS IS GIVING GIVING NEW NEW DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS TO TO EVERY EVERY ALLIED ALLIED SEGMENT SEGMENT REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS INSIDE
Earthing Transformer Wires & Cables Lighting Arrester
Pages 100
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
November 2020
Pages 100
Volume X Issue V
THE THE INDIAN INDIAN GROWTH GROWTH STORY STORY IS IS GIVING GIVING NEW NEW DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS TO TO EVERY EVERY ALLIED ALLIED SEGMENT SEGMENT REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS
EDITOR’S DESK
INSIDE
Earthing Transformer Wires & Cables Lighting Arrester
Dear Readers!
Editor
Alka Puri
Sub Editor
Roopal Chaurasia Shipranshu Pandey
Editorial Advisor
Priyanka Roy Chaudhary
Design & Production Pankaj Rawat Mukesh Kumar Sah
National Business Head
Subhash Chandra Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net
Business Head - West & South
Pradeep Kumar Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net
According to the government’s preliminary data, 50,159.6 billion units (BU) of electricity was supplied across the country in the first 15 days of November, which is 7.8% higher than what was consumed in the same period last year. With the gradual recovery of economic and commercial activities in the festive season, early signs indicate that power consumption in November is heading for a positive growth on a year-on-year (y-o-y) basis, making it the third straight month to record an annual rise in electricity demand. Electricity demand in October was around 111 BU, 12% higher than last year. However, the larger surge in October also reflects the effect of a lower base, as power sales in October, 2019 was exceptionally muted down 12.8% y-o-y with higher rainfall reducing agricultural and domestic usage. At 95,053 BU, power sales in November, 2019 was also lower by 3.3% y-o-y.
Happy Reading!!! Please give us your feedback at editor@electricalmirror.net For more details check out our website: www.electricalmirror.net and you can also visit our facebook page https://m.facebook.com/electricalmir/
Business Development Manager Sunil R Shirsat sunil@electricalmirror.net
Sales & Marketing Neha Hemant Chauhan Rajesh Kumar Manju Ashish Kumar Pal
Manager-Subscription
Praveen Chauhan Email: subscribe@electricalmirror.net All rights reserved by all events are made to ensure that the information published is correct; Electrical Mirror holds no responsibility any unlikely errors that might occur. Printed, published and owned by Usha, Published from 13/455, Block No. 13, Trilok Puri, Delhi110091 and printed at Bright Tree, C-40, Gate No.-4, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020. e-mail: brighttreesolutions@gmail.com Editor : Alka Puri
Editor
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
INTERVIEW
Cover Story
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The Indian growth story is giving new dimensions to every allied segment requirements
64 Ajay Kumar Rana Director
Special Theme: Transformer
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Transformer Industry is one of the key segments of the ‘Electrical’ capital goods industry
Explore Technologies
Press Release Yokogawa 08 NTPC 10,16,20,24 HPL 12,22 Fluke 14 PFC 16 Informa Markets 18 Schneider 26 Harting 28 Guest Article Omicron WAGO Messe Frankfurt
40 86 88
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Event Diary
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VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contd…
Industry Focus: Wires & Cables
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Cables & Conductors are one of the essential components required for the development and strengthening of any country
Industry Feature: Lighting Arrester
Product Info ERDA Flir Systems Balaji Switchgears
Case Study of the Month
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The lighting arrester industry in India mainly covers low voltage lighting arrester products
Special Focus: Earthing The earthing system is essential for any electrical installation to avoid dangers associated with fault currents
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
Press Release
Yokogawa to Release ProSafe-RS Lite, an SIL2 Version of the ProSafe Safety Instrumented System
Press Release
- Addition to ProSafe series in the OpreX Control and Safety System family provides a wider range of choices to meet site SIL requirements and contributes to plant safety -
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Yokogawa Electric Corporation (TOKYO: 6841) announces the development and the late January 2021 release of ProSafe-RS Lite, a safety integrity level 2 (SIL2*1) version of the ProSafeTM series safety instrumented system. ProSafe is a core product of the OpreXTM Control and Safety System family. With the addition of ProSafe-RS Lite, Yokogawa’s portfolio of safety instrumented systems will cover all risk reduction levels from SIL2 to SIL4, allowing customers a greater range of choices in their selection of a safety instrumented system that meets installation cost and site SIL requirements. Yokogawa will continue working to make plants safer with ongoing enhancements to ProSafe series functionality.
Development Background
When an abnormal condition is detected in a plant operation, a safety instrumented system can automatically put a process into a predetermined safe state by initiating a control action such as an emergency shutdown. Safety instrumented systems are considered to be the last line of defense in protecting the safety of plant operators, plant facilities, and the environment. Yokogawa’s ProSafe series of safety instrumented systems consists of two types: The solid-state ProSafe-SLS, which has a magnetic core and meets requirements up to SIL4, and the programmable ProSafe-RS, which meets requirements up to SIL3 (the highest level possible with this type). ProSafe series systems are typically deployed as emergency shutdown systems for major plant facilities. However, safety instrumented systems are also needed for utilities such as fire prevention and extinguishing systems, and boilers that do not require the highest safety integrity levels (SIL 3 and 4). To meet the need for SIL2-capable safety instrumented systems, Yokogawa has developed ProSafe-RS Lite. By expanding its safety instrumented system portfolio, Yokogawa gives its customers a wider range of choices in selecting the system that best meets their installation
ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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cost and site SIL requirements.
Features
A ProSafe-RS Lite system can be configured from controllers, an extensive variety of I/O modules, communication modules, and peripheral devices. 1. SIL2 with a single module configuration Unlike the many safety instrumented systems on the market that meet the SIL2 requirement by multiplexing modules, ProSafe-RS Lite accomplishes this with a single module configuration. In addition to reducing engineering and other installation costs, this holds down the cost of operating and maintaining the system. Furthermore, the use of a dual-redundant module configuration ensures that the system can maintain SIL2 level performance and remain operational even if a module fails. 2. Integration with control systems ProSafe-RS Lite can be integrated with the CENTUM VP integrated production control system and the ProSafe-RS system, allowing operators at CENTUM VP human machine interface (HMI) stations to monitor in a unified manner the safety instrumented systems that control emergency shutdowns systems, fire prevention and extinguishing systems, boilers, and other facilities. One benefit of this is that operators have immediate access to all the alarms generated by safety instrumented systems, ensuring a prompt response in the event of an emergency. 3. Ease of adding an SIL2 system to existing systems ProSafe-RS Lite supports the same control bus (Vnet/IP*2) as CENTUM VP and ProSafe-RS. It is therefore easy to add ProSafe-RS Lite to systems that have been built using Vnet/ IP. Furthermore, the ProSafe-RS safety engineering tool can be used with ProSafe-RS Lite, which eliminates the need to install and learn new tools. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
CELEBRATING 10 YEARS OF MANUFACTURING EXCELLENCE
It’s 10 years since we started manufacturing in India and over 70 years since we brought our first alternators to the global market. Today, we’re still breaking new ground. Our C-Type range represents a new generation: more powerful, more accessible and more configurable than ever. Let’s celebrate. T +91 2137 673200 E info@meccalte.in
Discover more at www.c-type.meccalte.com
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
Major Target Markets
Oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemicals, electric power, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, food, iron and steel, water supply and wastewater treatment, non-ferrous metals, metal, cement, etc.
PRess Release
Applications
For use in fire and gas systems, emergency shutdown systems, and burner management systems *1 Established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), a safety integrity level (SIL) indicates the relative level of risk provided by a safety function. SILs 1 through 4 are defined by IEC 61508. Compared to a plant where safety measures are not in place, at SIL2 the risk factor is reduced to between 1/100 and 1/1,000. At SIL3, the risk factor is in a range between 1/1,000 and 1/10,000. At SIL4, the risk factor is in a range between 1/10,000 and 1/100,000. *2 A control network developed by Yokogawa that features high reliability and quick response. Vnet/IP complies with the IEC61784-2 international standard.
About the ProSafe series
ProSafe-RS Released in February 2005, the ProSafe-RS safety instrumented system helps to prevent accidents by detecting abnormal
For more information
http://www.yokogawa.com/iss/
NTPC ranks first among Indian PSUs in Forbes World's Best Employer 2020
Country’s largest power producer NTPC Ltd came first among Indian PSUs under World’s Best Employer this year in a list published by Forbes. The recognition is testimony to NTPC’s commitment towards inculcating best in class practices that are thoughtfully designed and robustly executed. During the lockdown phase and the subsequent unlock period, NTPC Learning and Development strategy moulded itself significantly to further evolve as per the requirement of the current scenario. Its training methodology enriched the lives of
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conditions in plant operations and initiating emergency actions such as a plant shutdown. TÜV Rheinland, an independent certification body, has certified that ProSafe-RS can be used in SIL3 applications. Unlike conventional safety instrumented systems and distributed control systems, which are regarded as having different roles and functions and operate separately, the operation of ProSafe-RS and the CENTUM integrated control system can be fully integrated. ProSafe-RS is highly regarded by users and has been installed in more than 2,800 projects worldwide (as of September 2020). Since 2017, Yokogawa has provided a comprehensive set of services, systems, and software packages under the Sustainable Safety Instrumented System Solution concept that helps to ensure continued safety in plant operations. ProSafe-SLS ProSafe-SLS is a solid-state safety instrumentation system that was released in 1997. Equipped with a magnetic core, ProSafe-SLS can be used in SIL4 applications. This system is in use at approximately 800 locations around the world, primarily in high-integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS) applications. EM
ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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thousands of its employees through intensive digitisation and online training enabling them to avail services even from remote locations. The modules have helped thousands of workforce from NTPC to grow and think beyond the professional sphere. NTPC has been successfully innovating and introducing people practices in the domain of hiring, engagement, diversity & inclusion, rewards & recognition, and performance management. In the recent past, NTPC has initiated an ‘NTPC Series’ on success stories beyond official work, 'Ambition, Growth, Success Beyond Work’, a series on the achievements of employees beyond their official assignments. Around 160,000 full-time and part-time workers from 58 countries working for businesses with operations in multiple nations or regions took the survey and these participants rated their eagerness to endorse their employers to others. The employers were also judged based on their Covid-19 responses, image, economic footprint, talent development, gender equality and social responsibility. The final list comprised 750 multinational and large corporations headquartered in 45 countries. EM
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KVTEK POWER SYSTEMS PVT. LTD. ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001: 2015, ISO 45001:2018 Certified Company THE ONLY MANUFACTURER IN INDIA & GLOBALLY TRUSTED BRAND NAME
Integrated Transformer Testing Solutions
for HIGH VOLTAGE
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APPLICATIONS Routine and Type Test Equipment for the testing of: Power Transformers Instrument Transformers HT Cables HT Switchgear Motors & Generators Epoxy Components
C, L & Tan Delta Test Set
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Esteemed Clientele: Virginia Transformers, USA EEMC, Vietnam MEE, Vietnam Alfanar, Saudi Arabia LEF, Italy Tyco, UK AQ Magnit, Bulgaria BHEL, India CPRI, India Siemens, India Skipper SEIL, India Mehru Electricals, India Heptacare Power, India Apar Industries, India Schneider, India & Australia Toshiba, India GE T&D, India
Address: 283-286, Sector - 8, IMT Manesar, Gurgaon 122050 Ph.+91 124 4971300 (Multiple Lines) | Email: sales@kvtek.in | Website: www.kvtek.in
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
HPL Electric & Power Ltd. establishes state-of-the-art ‘R&D center for smart meters’ Big push for creating ‘Atmanirbhar’ India in smart meter technology Gautam Seth Joint Managing Director
Press Release
HPL Electric & Power Ltd.
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In a big push to make India ‘Atmanirbhar’ in Smart Meter technology, HPL Electric & Power Ltd. has established a new state of the art R&D center. The new R&D center for smart meters aims to incorporate the recent advancements in smart technologies and materials for the development of new generations of smart metering products. HPL Electric & Power is one of India’s leading electrical equipment manufacturer, with sizable presence in meters and smart meters segment. The R&D center is located at the HPL’s manufacturing facility at Gurugram, Haryana. With this investment in developing next generation of smart meter technology, HPL aims to widen its smart meter portfolio, and further strengthen its market penetration domestically as well as internationally. Mr. Gautam Seth, Joint Managing Director, HPL Electric & Power Ltd., said, “We are very much focused on enhancing our smart meter technological base and become the market leader in the segment. With an aim to make technology a key pillar for future growth, we are investing in R&D to develop next generation smart technology to meet the future requirements with best-in-class metering solutions.” Over 200 engineers will be working at the R&D center, conducting advanced research in developing solutions for smart meters technology, other metering solutions and communication technology. With a solution-based approach, HPL is aiming to bring in advanced IoT and AI-enabled smart solutions and products for the Indian and international markets. Adding further Mr. Seth said, “The Company is bullish about
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the opportunities in the smart metering segment. We are expecting large-scale requirement for smart metering solutions in the coming years and we are fully capable and ready to meet the requirements of the industry with our best-in-class metering solutions. Our manufacturing facilities are adequately equipped to undertake larger production to meet the targets of the Government to install 25 million smart meters in the country within the next three years.” In the Union Budget of 2020, The Government of India had urged all the states and UTs to replace the conventional electricity meters into prepaid smart meters and plans to install 25 million smart meters in the country within next three years. The Government has allocated Rs 22000 Cr in the Union Budget for the development of infrastructure, enhancing electric grid across the country, implementation of smart meters, enlargement of green mode of electric generation, etc. Smart meters will help the utilities to enhance their management of billings and collections by contact less ecosystem, thereby helping them reduce losses and enhancing consumer experience. With the enhancement in collection of consumer data, the power distribution utilities will also be able to better forecast the demand and supply requirement and manage their power purchases better. HPL is one of India’s a leading metering and electrical company leading electric equipment manufacturer, having a formidable presence in the smart electric metering segment. HPL’s products incorporate the latest technologies and certified to conform to Indian and International standards such as ISI, CE and KEMA. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
Amprobe Launches AM 420 Compact Digital Multi-meter Europe’s Favorite Tools Brand
Press Release
Last week, Amprobe launched its one of most popular to help with automotive diagnostics of electrical systems. The Compact Digital Multimeter AM 42-O for Indian customers. battery test feature checks the amount of charge remaining
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“Amprobe AM-42O is a perfect multi-meter for mobile & computer repair technicians, electrical & HVAC contractors, installers and System integrators in fire detection, CCTV, building & home automation, networking and for commercial & residential electricians for day to day work including electrical & electronics gadgets repairs, home appliances repair. – Prashant Jain, Head-Retail Business, Fluke India” The AM42-O Digital Multi-meters are specially designed for technicians working in field of repair of mobile phones, laptops & computer peripherals, LCD panels and other electronic gadgets, residential appliances like washing machines, AC, fridge, kitchen appliances etc.
in standard 1.5 V and 9 V batteries.
Contractors and System Integrators Favorite tool
With launch of AM42-O, electrical contractors, system integrators now have an everyday DMM which are Rugged, Reliable, Easy to use, yet Affordable. With Amprobe AM42-O in hands, contractors and system integrators have a reliable multi-meter for their everyday need for at an extremely affordable price. Amprobe AM 42-O compact form factor allows carrying it easily, so it is an ideal tool for field technicians & electricians working at site. Amprobe AM42-O DMMs are developed keeping in mind requirements of repair & maintenance technicians, residential electricians, Air-conditioning professionals, Electrical contractors, mobile & computers repair technicians, electrical & electronics repair technicians and for project work of engineering students.
Amprobe 42-O are compact DMMs that combine functionality with user friendly form factor and great value.
AM 42-O accurately measures voltage in power sockets, single phase distribution boards, switches, extension cords and light fixtures.
Use the continuity function to easily troubleshoot light bulbs and fuses. This compact tool is designed for in-home repair and electrical testing applications, including measuring presence of voltage in electrical sockets, extension cords, batteries and other electrical circuits up to 250 V AC/DC. It is a must have tool for residential projects including installation, troubleshooting or repair of light fixtures, fans or appliances. DC ranges of voltage and current are included
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Products Highlights: • 1 Year Replacement Guarantee by Fluke • Safety - CAT II 250V rated • Manual ranging • AC/DC voltage measurement -250V • DC current (mA) measurement • Resistance and Continuity alert • Diode testing • Hi quality, Heavy-duty Test leads • 1.5V / 9V Battery Testing Amprobe AM 42-O Digital Multimeters comes with 1 Year Replacement Warranty and are backed by Fluke India service network and are available across India through Fluke India sales channel network. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
BALAJI SWITCHGEARS Rede ining Electrical Distribution Since 1990... CEL EBRAT
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AUTOMATION PLC | Drives | HMI | Power Supplies | Servo | Encoder | Timer | SSR | Limit Switch | Level Controllers |Soft Starters
WIRES, CABLES & ACCESSORIES Terminal Block &Accessories
Wires | Cables | Conduit Pipes | Glands | Terminal Blocks | Din Rails | Wire Ducts | Relay Cards | Tools & Accessories
HEAD OFFICE : 2006, Katra Lachhu Singh, Bhagirath Palace, Delhi-110006 Contact : +91-11-47999865, 23874519, 23873969
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E-mail: mktg@balajiswitchgears.com
Website: www.balajiswitchgears.com /bspl.india/
|| November 2020 ||
/bspl.india/
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Press Release
Press Release
PFC Observes Vigilance Awareness Week 2020 The Power Finance Corporation Ltd (PFC) shall be observing the “Vigilance Awareness Week-2020” from 27th October to 2nd November 2020. Shri Ravinder Singh Dhillon, CMD, PFC along with Shri P K Singh, Director (Commercial) & Addl. Charge of Director (Projects) and Smt. Parminder Chopra, Director (Finance) administered “Satyanishtha Pratigya” (Integrity
NTPC ties up JPY 50 billion funding from JBIC
In the first funding for NTPC Ltd under Japan Bank for International Co-operation (JBIC)’s GREEN or Global Action for Reconciling Economic growth and Environment preservation initiative, India’s largest power producer today entered into foreign currency loan agreement with Japanese Government’s financial institution for JPY 50 billion (approx. USD 482 million or Rs. 3,582 crore). JBIC will provide 60% of the facility amount and the balance will be given by commercial banks (viz., Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, the Bank of Yokohama Ltd., the San-In Godo Bank Ltd., the Joyo Bank Ltd. and The Nanto Bank Ltd.), under JBIC guarantee. The facility is extended under JBIC’s outreach for projects, which 16
Pledge) to all employees of the Corporation to mark the beginning of ‘Vigilance Awareness Week 2020’. PFC’s Vigilance Unit is organising various events/workshops and competitions on the theme: “Satark Bharat, Samriddh Bharat” (Vigilant India, Prosperous India) to raise awareness levels amongst its employees. EM
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ensure conservation of global environment. The loan proceeds shall be utilized by NTPC for funding its capex for Flue Gas Desulphurization (FGD) & Renewable Energy projects. FGD, substantially reduces the SOx emission in the flue gases of thermal power plants and is a critical step towards environmental sustainability. The loan agreement was signed by Shri Anil Kumar Gautam, Director (Finance), NTPC and Mr. TANIMOTO Masayuki, Managing Executive Officer, Global Head of Infrastructure & Environment Finance Group, JBIC through video conferencing. EM
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An ISO 9001:2015 Company
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TRUE RMS 1000A AC TRMS DIGITAL MULTIMETER DIGITAL CLAMPMETER WITH 3PHASE WITH AMPTIP FUNCTION, ROTATION-R & 3PHASE ROTATION-R & 3PHASE ROTATION-M 3PHASE ROTATION-M FUNCTION FUNCTION MODEL - KM 237R MODEL - KM 086
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
Press Release
Informa Markets in India Demonstrates Best Practices & Safety Protocols; Restarts Physical format of Trade Exhibitions with AllSecure Taking the responsibility to kickstart trade exhibitions, Informa Markets in India has announced six physical B2B events in December, supported with ‘AllSecure’ – a re-start safety standard which will safeguard the Health & Safety of stakeholders, in line with the government’s guidelines to ensure a smooth, secured experience for exhibitors and visitors. The announcement was made soon after the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India allowed B2B events to re-start via a detailed SOP. With this development, the Government has also directly recognized B2B marketplaces for providing ‘major stimulus for industrial and commercial development’. To conduct physical trade exhibitions amidst the new normal, Informa Markets in India created the ‘AllSecure’ safety standard. A detailed set of enhanced measures, AllSecure provides attendees the reassurance and confidence that they are participating in a safe and controlled environment. These international protocols are based on the broader principles of Physical Distancing, Protect & Detect, Cleaning & Hygiene and detailed Communications on these principles. Commenting on this occasion, Mr. Yogesh Mudras, Managing Director, Informa Markets in India, said, “Our heartfelt thanks to the Government of India and especially the Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Commerce for their timely decision on reopening of B2B Events & Exhibitions. On behalf of the B2B events industry, we are delighted to kick-start the proceedings with physical shows scheduled in the last month of 2020 with complete adherence to the government’s SOPs, as well as Informa’s ‘AllSecure’ health and safety standards.”
The physical trade shows, dates, and the sector they cater to include:
• 8th Annual InnoPack F&B 2020 Confex: 4th December, New Delhi (Food & Beverages Packaging) • Fi India & Hi: 8-10th December, New Delhi (Food and Health ingredients) • ProPak India: 8-10th December, New Delhi (Processing & Packaging) • Renewable Energy India Expo: 10-12th Dec, Greater Noida (Renewable & Green Energy) • Delhi Jewellery & Gem Fair: 12-14th Dec, New Delhi (Gem & Jewellery) • Hyderabad Jewellery Pearl & Gem Fair: 18-20th Dec, Hyderabad (Gem & Jewellery) EM
Odisha has become a Power Surplus state by making significant strides towards green energy Odisha has become a power surplus state as it has been making significant strides towards green energy generation, officials said on Tuesday. The average annual power demand of the state comes around 3,200 MW, while GRIDCO is all set to generate around 4,300 MW of electricity during 2020-21 fiscal, its managing director Trilochan Panda said.Odisha’s total power generation had reached 3,489 MW during 2019-20 financial year, he said. Reviewing the progress in energy generation from different sources, Chief Secretary A K Tripathy directed officials to “ensure uninterrupted quality power supply to rural areas and the
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He added: “The shows will help in recalibrating the industry at a tipping point where a further gap for organising trade exhibitions would have set the industry back by a huge margin. As catalysts to the economy, restarting trade exhibitions will be a step towards Atmanirbharta (self-reliance) as envisaged by the Government for the nation. The New Normal 2020 has enabled us to leverage the exciting possibilities of digital events, while staying connected to our stakeholders, and we delivered over 85 of them during the lockdown phase. Looking ahead, we seek to provide turnkey hybrid engagements, combining the best of physical and virtual platforms. These will enable us to offer efficient, impressive and state-of-the-art solutions for our stakeholder’s evolving requirements. We look forward to welcoming them at our array of physical trade exhibitions.”
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industrial sector”. He also asked GRIDCO to “adopt more effective commercial strategies for the sale of power”. The chief secretary also directed Odisha Hydro Power Corporation (OHPC) to “explore the possibilities of producing more green energy from existing dams having no land acquisition and displacement issues”. The state has made significant strides in the generation of green energy, he said. The power generation from hydro sources has increased from 695 MW in FY11 to 854 MW in FY20, the official said. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
3 in 1 CT with RJ12 connection Current transformer
Features Plug and Play CT Substantial savings in cost of labour Elimination of wiring errors and reduces wiring time Ideal for compact electrical panel applications Secondary current of CT is of 100mA AC A 2m long RJ12 cable is provided with the CT
LM-1350 with RJ12 3 in 1 CT with RJ12 connection
RISHABH INSTRUMENTS PVT. LTD.
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
Press Release
NTPC commences Vigilance Awareness Week across its operations
Country’s largest power producer NTPC Ltd commenced the Vigilance Awareness Week (27th October to 2nd November 2020), with a vow to make “Vigilant India, Prosperous India”. The Vigilance Awareness Week is being observed across locations of NTPC. The Vigilance Awareness Week began with senior management of NTPC taking pledge for promoting accountability and curbing corruption in all spheres of life and creating awareness by following all safety protocols during Covid-19. As a vision-driven and value governed organization, it has always been NTPC’s endeavor to achieve excellence with ethics. Through the Vigilance Awareness Week, NTPC will further reiterate its commitment towards building a self- reliant India - "vkRefuHkdj Hkkjr”. In this process, NTPC is committed to remain vigilant,
NTPC Increases Fly Ash Utilisation as Power Plants Begin Rail Transport of the Derivate
In its endeavour towards 100% utilisation of the by-product produced during power generation, India’s largest power producer, NTPC Ltd, has started collaborating with cement manufacturers around the country to supply fly ash. The power producer is leveraging Indian Railways’ sprawling network to transport fly ash in an economical and environment-friendly manner. 20
transparent and accountable for its actions to stakeholders and the society at large. NTPC’s Vigilance Department has strived in undertaking sincere efforts in aligning its function with all processes of the company. Films, radio jingles and social media messaging are being displayed and shared to propagate the messages to public at large. To raise awareness on Vigilance, NTPC will undertake various employee engagement programs like quiz, elocution, essay and painting competitions for their employees and their family members as well. Various social campaigns too will be rolled out to raise awareness on the issue. Banners and posters will being displayed across NTPC Power Stations to educate both external and internal stakeholders on the significance of the Vigilance Awareness Week. EM
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In an effort to contribute towards 100% utilisation of fly ash, NTPC Mouda expanded its footsteps towards ash utilisation by sending the by-product to cement manufacturers through railway rakes. The plant transported 3,186 Metric tonnes (MT) of dry fly ash in 51 BCCW wagons to Rajshree Cement (a unit of Ultratech Cement) Kalburgi in the state of Karnataka. With this mega initiative, NTPC Mouda has become the first power plant of NTPC in the state of Maharashtra to send a massive amount of dry fly ash through rail. During the financial year 2019-20, almost 23.57 lakh metric tonnes of fly ash was utilised for various productive purposes by NTPC Mouda. The power plant produces approximately 24-25 lakh metric tonnes of ash annually. Presently, 100% of ash is being utilised for the production of cement and fly ash bricks, construction of road embankment, development of low-lying land, and raising of ash dyke. With a total installed capacity of 62.9 GW, NTPC Group has 70 Power stations comprising of 24 Coal, 7 combined cycle Gas/ Liquid Fuel, 1 Hydro, 13 Renewables along with 25 Subsidiary & JV Power Stations. The group has over 20 GW of capacity under construction, including 5 GW of renewable energy projects. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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Press Release
HPL Electric & Power Ltd reports Q2 FY21 Revenue of Rs 227 Crores
Press Release
‘Consumer’ (B2C) Segment Grew at Robust Pace of 33% YoY to Rs 145 Crores in Q2 FY21
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Consolidated Performance Highlights Particulars (In Rs Cr)
Q2 FY21
Q2 FY20
H1FY21
H1FY20
Revenue from Operations
227.1
272.0
323.3
520.2
EBITDA
34.0
35.1
40.6
65.3
EBITDA Margin %
14.9%
12.9%
12.6%
12.6%
Cash PAT
18.2
17.2
9.5
31.6
HPL, BSE Scrip Code: 540136), an established electric equipment manufacturing company in India, manufacturing a diverse portfolio of electric equipment, announced its financial results for the quarter ended September 30th, 2020. • Performance for the Q2FY21 was supported by the strong growth in the ‘Consumer’ segment. o Metering business remained subdued as inspections were delayed resulting in lower dispatches for the quarter. A significant portion of dispatches were deferred to forthcoming quarters. Meter dispatches are expected to pick-up pace from Q4 FY21 onwards. o The ‘Consumer’ segment (including non-utility meters) grew at a brisk pace of 33% YoY (26% YoY excluding non-utility meters) driven by a revival in the economic activity, network expansion and offering of wide basket of quality products to consumers. o Revenue share of the ‘Consumer’ segment stood significantly higher at 64% in Q2 FY21 vs. 40% in Q2 FY20. • Despite the multiple challenges posed by the pandemic, the company achieved EBITDA margins of 14.9% in Q2 FY21 higher by 200 bps YoY driven by benign raw material costs, and lower employee costs and operating overheads. o Improved profit margins enabled the company to keep EBITDA largely intact at Rs 34.0 crores in Q2 FY21, while Cash PAT increased by 6% YoY to Rs 18.2 crores • T he company has set-up state-of-the-art R&D center for smart meters in October 2020 to foster development of i nnovative products and bolster “HPL’s presence in the smart meter market”. Mr. Gautam Seth, Joint Managing Director, said, “Our performance in the second quarter was far better supported by the robust growth in the ‘Consumer’ segment. Rationalization of operating costs, employee costs and marketing expenses helped boost our EBITDA margins. This has helped us to get back to almost pre-covid level of revenue and EBITDA. Robust growth in the ‘Consumer’ segment was driven by strong
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double-digit growth in the ‘lighting’ and wires & cables categories which grew by 33% YoY and 45% YoY respectively. Further, the ‘switchgear’ segment also witnessed improved traction and achieved high-single digit growth in Q2 FY21. At present, we have a robust order book of Rs 335 crore. This ensures revenue visibility for the rest of the fiscal year. Going forward, with festive season upon us coupled with gradual pick-up in the economic activity, we expect the growth momentum in our ‘Consumer’ segment to continue in H2 FY21. Even though meter dispatches have remained slow in H1 FY21, we are expecting meter dispatches to gradually pick-up pace from Q4 FY21 onwards. Lastly, we believe that operationally the worst is far behind us. We expect the ‘smart meters’ segment to drive the next leg of growth in the medium-to-long term, as both the SEBs & Private Discoms gear up towards replacing a substantial quantum of conventional meters with smart meters. Enquiry base for metering tenders continues to remain at a healthy level as tenders amounting to Rs ~2,000 crores have been floated or expected to be floated in the near-term. Hence, our focus remains on strengthening our position in smart meter business. In-line with this objective, we have recently launched a new state-of-the-art R&D center exclusively for smart meters at Gurugram, Haryana to foster development of innovative products. ‘HPL Electric’, as a company remains geared-up and well-placed meet the requirements of the industry with best-in-class solutions.”
Robust Order Book & Strong Revenue Visibility
• Consolidated current order book stands at Rs 334.7 crores (net of GST) o Metering orders of Rs 272.3 crores o Switchgear orders of Rs 9.4 crores o Lighting orders of Rs 42 crores o Wires & Cables orders of Rs 2.9 crores o Enquiry base for Metering tenders is at a healthy level. Tenders amounting to Rs ~2,000 crores have been floated or expected to be floated in the near-term. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
23
Press Release
45th
Ahead of years of completion, NTPC says fully geared to steer transformation in India’s power sector
PRess Release
-Largest power producer says servicing the nation biggest honour; Future bright with immense opportunities-
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NTPC Ltd has reiterated its commitment to nation building and energizing India ahead of its Raising Day. India’s largest power producer, which commenced its purposeful journey on November 7, 1975 and has made a stellar contribution in lighting every nook and corner of the country, is fully geared to steer the next phase of growth and transformation in India’s power sector that offers immense opportunities. The Raising Day event will be celebrated through online platforms and maintaining social distancing amidst the COVID induced uncertainty that has impacted economies across the world. This also makes the Raising Day special, as NTPCians worked round the clock during the lockdown phase earlier this year to ensure uninterrupted power supply to the nation. Electricity is an essential part of our lives and its availability 24 by 7 during the lockdown proved extremely critical in providing seamless emergency services and facilitating the smooth working of lifesaving equipment. This brought additional responsibility on NTPC and it delivered beyond the demand. Everyone has been rightfully applauding the front-line Corona warriors including medical professionals and essential service providers, but the pandemic also established power engineers as new heroes. NTPC has been the flag bearer for the power sector in the country in the last 45 years. From its current power producing capacity of 62 GW, NTPC plans to become a 130 GW company by the year 2032. In line with the global trend towards renewables, which is a cleaner source of energy, NTPC plans to achieve 32,000 MW of capacity through renewables or 25% of its overall power portfolio at the beginning of the next decade. Currently, NTPC has 2,404 MW of RE projects under implementation, out of which 237 MW comes from floating solar projects located in reservoirs at NTPC’s existing stations. In fact, Ramagundam 100 MW Floating Solar, being set up under non-PPA mode, is
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the largest in the country. The gradual shift towards renewables is one part of NTPC’s commitment towards sustainable power generation and safeguarding the environment. At the same time, NTPC is currently making huge investments towards deployment of FGD equipment, whereby more than 60 GW capacity has been tendered for FGD for its various coal based power plants, in order to cut down harmful emissions. As part of its commitment towards the environment, NTPC has undertaken many ‘firsts’ for the sector. NTPC is working towards utilizing agro residue for power generation to discourage in-field crop residue burning. NTPC has pioneered co-firing of Biomass pellets along with coal in the boilers. NTPC power plants have also set new benchmarks in water consumption, going beyond compliances, by implementing the Zero Liquid Discharge System, and Rainwater Harvesting System. NTPC’s other significant undertaking is its efforts towards 100% utilization of fly ash. NTPC has also been committed towards the betterment through by embracing various Learning & Development (L&D) initiatives for its employees. During the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic, India’s largest power producer adapted to digital webinars and online courses implementing newer learning modules reaching out employees including their families from across locations. NTPC has also tied up numerous organisations like Art of Living, Isha Foundation and others for employee well-being. NTPC has marked its presence in Coal, Gas, Hydro, Solar and Wind and also ventured into Biomass, Waste-to-Energy, Mobility and now it has started exploring the Captive industry. NTPC will continue to grow by aligning its development with national priorities and global changes. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
NTPC is shaping well for the future with its diversification plans: Power Minister Shri RK Singh NTPC celebrates its 46th Raising Day completing 45 years of excellence and leadership On the occasion, Power Minister Shri R K Singh congratulated NTPC for its commitment and dedication towards the growth of India’s power sector and nation building
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PRess Release
“NTPC is shaping up well for the future with its diversification plans and as a responsible corporate, NTPC is committed towards environment and the fast growing capacity addition in the renewable portfolio is testimony to the commitment”, said Shri R K Singh, Hon’ble Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power, New and Renewable Energy and Minister of State for Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India. Shri Singh was speaking on the occasion of 46th Raising Day of NTPC addressing the senior management of India’s largest power producer along with the employees and their family members through the digital platform. Congratulating NTPC on its Raising Day, Shri Singh said, “during the pandemic NTPC has ensured uninterrupted power supply to the nation reinforcing the significance of affordable power in our daily lives.” He further added, “NTPC is one of the largest companies in India and now they must strive hard to become one of the largest power producers globally. The company has remained nimble footed that has helped them to evolve stronger over the years.” Speaking on the occasion, Shri Sanjiv Nandan Sahai, Secretary Power, GoI congratulated NTPC for its glorious 45 years of excellence. Shri Sahai said, “I am glad to see how NTPC is looking to reinvent itself and move forward with its investments in the renewable sphere.” He praised company’s efforts in mitigating pollution caused due to stubble burning by co-firing Biomass at its power plants. Shri Sahay also emphasised on Hydrogen as the fuel for future and commended the way NTPC is gearing up for its challenges.
On the occasion, Shri Gurdeep Singh, CMD NTPC, said, “We appreciate and acknowledge all those who have contributed to the growth of NTPC since 1975 and congratulate NTPC Family for its success over the years.” He further added “In this financial year, we have added 1784 MW in spite of challenges posed by the pandemic and ensured uninterrupted power supply to the nation. We are planning to achieve the target of 1 lakh MW of capacity by 2025 and are well placed with our diversification plans in distribution and expansion in renewable portfolio.” The day also marked the announcement of commercial operation second unit of 880 MW unit of the NTPC Lara in Chhattisgarh. The Raising Day celebration began with the flag hoisting ceremony at the Engineering Office Complex (EOC), Noida. The ceremony was attended by NTPC officials from locations across the country via online platforms, amidst the COVID induced uncertainty. The Swarn Shakti Awards were presented to NTPC plants in the areas of Productivity, Safety, Protection and Improvement of Environment, Rajbhasha, Best Health Facilities, CSR & Community Development and Project Management Awards. This event is special for all NTPCians as every employee worked round the clock during the lockdown phase earlier this year to protect the nation from lack of electricity. The fact that electricity is crucial was proved once again during the lockdown as it was needed for the smooth operation of emergency services. This resulted in additional demand from NTPC and it showcased its stellar performance and lived up to the responsibility bestowed upon it by supplying electricity 24x7 despite the lockdown. This crisis witnessed the power engineers emerging as new heroes and saving the day by providing light in every nook and corner of the country. EM
ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
25
Press Release
Schneider Electric Showcases its End-to-End Integrated Digital Offerings for Sustainable Airports of Tomorrow
PRess Release
• Unveils airport focused solutions in the presence of industry leaders Hari K. Marar, Managing Director & Chief Executive Office, BIAL and Daniel Bircher, CEO, Zurich Airport International Asia (Kuala Lumpur) at a CII webinar. • Schneider Electric’s solutions for airports build safe, energy efficient, reliable and sustainable airport operation ensuring seamless traveler experience. Schneider Electric, the global leader in digital transformation of energy management and automation showcased its solutions for ‘Future Ready’ airports for India at a webinar ‘Airports of Tomorrow’ organised by the Chambers of Indian Industry (CII) moderated by Sundaresan Raghupathy, Deputy Director General of CII. The company highlighted its enterprise level integration system, which in effect is a “System of Systems” approach. This integrated framework provides 'one version of reality' enabling airports with a holistic view, quicker decision-making, better controls, improved operating efficiency and the opportunity to offer travellers a seamless experience. Industry leaders Daniel Bircher, CEO, Zurich Airport International Asia (Kuala Lumpur) and Hari K. Marar, Managing Director & Chief Executive Office, BIAL joined Schneider Electric’s Anil Chaudhry, CEO SEIPL and Zone President India, to deliberate on the various challenges faced by the airports and the way forward on making them future ready. The leaders reiterated that leveraging technology can go a long way in reducing carbon emissions, generating better revenues and delivering great passenger experience. Anil Chaudhry, CEO SEIPL and Zone President India said, “Our goals for Airports 4.0 are energy efficiency and unmatched passenger experience and safety. Our technologies digitise the entire value chain of airport infrastructure management which ensure a seamless control and insight into the airport’s operation and energy usage. This allows our customer to operate effectively, safely and in a cost-efficient manner.” Sharing his perspective, Mr, Daniel Bircher, CEO, Zurich Airport International Asia (Kuala Lumpur) said, “We have been implementing
various initiatives to reduce the CO2 emissions since 1999 and have so far brought it down by 50%. In order to implement and practice sustainability, one needs to start at the management level. It is important to measure and calculate one’s emissions to be able to deliberate on the next course of action. As an entity, we strongly advocate the efficient use of airport waste management concept and are well equipped with effective data management and emission control technology to measure and monitor the waste generated and to convert it into some form of renewable energy.” The discussion also looked at effective use of renewable energy sources to power airport facilities, optimising energy efficiency to minimise operating costs and achieve carbon neutrality. The global aviation industry contributes about 2% of global carbon emissions. With its large carbon footprint, the entire aviation sector, is strongly committed to lowering carbon emissions and effectively managing its overall energy use. Airports will dramatically save energy efficiency costs. Airports focusing on sustainability and reducing their carbon footprint gain from substantial cost savings from increased energy efficiency, in addition to achieving environmental targets. With a strong emphasis on sustainability and reducing carbon footprint, Schneider Electric solutions for airports allows airports to dramatically reduce costs by improving energy quality and achieving environmental targets. EcoStruxure for Airport platform provides a collaborative environment for secure, efficient, reliable and sustainable airport service. Airports are now a smart city where almost all processes are digitised. The presence on the land side is therefore becoming increasingly necessary for airport operators who call for Smart City Vision. EM
UP's first power plant in Meja to be fully operational by Dec: CEO The ministry said the decision will facilitate energy accounting and auditing as a mandatory activity for all the discoms leading to reduced losses and increased profitability. The Meja Thermal Power Plant, Uttar Pradesh’s first supercritical power plant, will be fully operational by December, MUNPL Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Asim Kumar Samanta said. Meja Urja Nigam Pvt Ltd (MUNPL) is a 50:50 joint venture (JV) of state-owned NTPC Ltd and Uttar Pradesh Rajya Vidyut Utpadan Nigam Ltd (UPRVUNL). The JV was incorporated in 2008 to set up a 1,320-megawatt (with 26
ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
|| November 2020 ||
2X660 MW units) coal-based Meja Thermal Power Plant at Meja, about 45 km from the state’s Prayagraj district. “Unit -I of the supercritical plant has already been commissioned with effect from April 30, 2019. Unit-II is ready for declaration of commercial operation. It will be made operational by next month,” Samanta told . Following the commercial operation of Unit-II, the plant will be fully operational, he said. The CEO said the plant is well connected by road to Prayagraj. EM
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|| November 2020 ||
ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
27
Press Release
Future-proof power, data and signal transmission Han® S: Connectors for efficient energy storage.
PRess Release
Fielding the Han-Modular® series, HARTING is providing expedient solutions for all interfaces: Here Han-Modular® 300 A module, Han® M12 module and Han® Shielded Power module.
Connectivity for Future Technologies / Han® S: Connectors for efficient energy storage / ix Industrial portfolio is being successively expanded / SPE partner network continues to grow
The flexible and self-configurable board solution har-modular® (left) is setting new standards, just like the new har-flex® hybrid solutions for miniaturised power and data transmission in the device.
Globalisation, demographic change and climate issues - these megatrends are having a major impact on industry. Tomorrow’s manufacturing must also be more strongly converted to energy efficiency and sustainability. HARTING is providing the connectivity to master these challenges - Connectivity for Future Technologies! In the field of automation, the three trends of digital twin, connectivity and modularity will drive further development significantly. Machines and systems will become more autonomous - and will increasingly be making more independent decisions in future. Modularisation in mechanical engineering entails many advantages, not only for manufacturers but also for users. Thanks to modularisation, they benefit from cost-optimised products that are precisely tailored to their requirements, while transparently designed at the same time. HARTING’s Han-Modular® series is providing expedient solutions for all interfaces required in modern control, drive, HMI and communication technology for production systems. They are making power, data and signal transmission future-proof. Thanks to such solutions, modularisation can be further advanced without functional restrictions.
Existing systems can be easily upgradable
The Han® 300 A module is precisely one such modularisation driver, which HARTING has launched this year and is showcasing on the occasion of the "electronica" and "SPS" digital trade fairs. It is reverse compatible with the proven 200 A module and can therefore also be plugged onto this module (whereby the lower rated power is then available). As a result, existing systems can be easily upgraded. The new module is designed in such a way that both direct connections to a busbar and installations in slide-in systems are readily possible. The market requirement for the module to be touch-proof on both the socket and pin sides is also met.
Integration of 10 Gbit/s Ethernet in modular connectors
The demand for higher transmission rates is driving the continuous
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development of data interfaces. This not only applies to office area, but also to the industrial arena, where the advantages of modular interfaces are especially relevant. All common bus systems can be easily adapted, including Profibus, Profinet, CAN, Ethernet Cat. 5, Cat. 6A and Cat. 7A. Thanks to the M12 module, there is now an additional option of integrating 0 Gbit/s Ethernet into modular connectors. The module enables significant space savings: two D- or X-coded M12 connectors fit into a single module. By comparison with conventional RJ45 solutions, the M12 system is more robust and offers even greater operational reliability.
Interface for shielded cables
The new Han® Shielded Power Module offers three power contacts and one PE contact for connecting typical three-phase loads. In addition, there are two signal contacts for temperature monitoring, brakes or similar elements, as well as a generously dimensioned shield transition, which enables EMC-compliant connection of the cable shield directly to the module. This provides an alternative to the fixed wiring of shielded power cables, while at the same time allowing such connections to be made in a common housing alongside other modules of the Han-Modular® series.
Shielded power module for frequency converters
HARTING has tested the module in the EMC laboratory in practical applications: The EMC properties of the shielding transition in the Han® Shielded Power Module are entirely sufficient for typical drive applications, such as frequency-controlled three-phase motors or other loads. It allows the pluggable design of shielded power cables, is easy to handle, while enabling direct shield connection to the module. This results in reduced installation times for machines and systems, in the factory or at the end customer. Moreover, the series is supplemented by an EMC-protected module for signal transmission. With a generously dimension shield transition and an additional 360° shielding plate, this module ||www.electricalmirror.net||
not only ensures good shielding, but also enables impressive transmission options in a compact space: up to 27 shielded D-Sub contacts up to 4A / 32V can be plugged in. Under the name Han® Shielded Modul Basic, this new product will enable users in mechanical engineering and robotics, for example, to easily and cost efficiently integrate shielded transmission into modular connectors.
of all the details and aspects of the SPE ecosystem. Frank Welzel, Head of Global Product Management HARTING Electronics and Chairman of the SPE Industrial Partner Network e.V., was also at hand and announced the important cooperation with the AMA.
New definition of high speed connections
The reduction of assembly time is one of the most important
Han® S: Connectors for the efficient construction of savings potentials in automation plant construction. HARTING has energy storage systems also thought one step ahead for users in the area of existing, set In addition to new products for mechanical engineering, HARTING will also be presenting new products for the energy market at SPS 2020: powerful, easy-to-handle connectors enable efficient construction of energy storage systems. With Han® S, HARTING is now offering for the first time a connector solution for front mounting of energy storage modules. The new series ensures optimum safety levels, as the design meets all technical requirements and the latest UL 4128 standard for stationary energy storage systems. The single-pole connectors can transmit rated currents up to 200 A with a voltage of 1500 V. Han S® ensures safe installations thanks to the touch-proof contacts with different connection types (M8 screw or busbar). The locking status is always visible and easy to check. Moreover, the HARTING product is vibration-proof and available in two different colours: red (+) and black (-). The coding is mechanical, thereby preventing incorrect connections of polarity.
Ethernet communication: ix Industrial® portfolio to be successively expanded
With the clearly stated mission to offer a smaller, more robust and powerful alternative to conventional Ethernet connectors, HARTING has entered the Ethernet connector market with the ix Industrial®. In order to meet the relevant demands, the ix Industrial® portfolio will be successively expanded and extended by all the necessary variants to achieve these aims and objectives. This includes straight and angled versions, various locking systems and IP protection classes. No matter where Ethernet needs to be installed in the device in a space-saving and reliable way, ix Industrial® is the interface of the future.
SPE partner network growing
The ecosystem of various companies and suppliers revolving around SPE technology and the IEC 63171-6 standard initiated by HARTING is growing rapidly. The SPE Industrial Partner Network e.V. currently comprises some 37 members, and their number is increasing every week. With the T1 Industrial Interface HARTING is providing the connectivity foundation for SPE connections in future IIoT networks. SPE is taking Ethernet all the way through to the field level. Only one protocol, a uniform infrastructure and reduced implementation times are just a few of the advantages of single-pair cabling. The SPE Pioneer Summit 2020 took place on 3 and 4 November. Top-class keynote speakers and panel discussions clearly showed that now is the right time to invest in SPE technology. Subsequently, 18 Network experts took the seminar participants on a guided tour ||www.electricalmirror.net||
interface concepts and with the RJ Industrial® Multifeature 10 Gbit, is offering an industrial grade RJ45 with an integrated wire cutter. The solution offers 25% faster assembly thanks to the integrated miniature knives. These automatically shorten and cut the individual wires during assembly and thereby provide very simple and error-free field assembly with practical strain relief. Cat. 6A performances for all PoE classes and the variable cable outlet in 5 outlet directions ensure faster assembly with increased handling safety and robustness. This represents reliable solution delivering savings potentials for optimising existing and new networks.
har-modular®
In the autumn of 2020, the PCB Connectivity sector will be taking centre stage. With the introduction of the har-modular®, HARTING is presenting an absolute world first for the connection of PCBs. A modular concept based on the reliable DIN 41612 strips, but modularly configurable as from batch size 1. Modularity is thereby completely redefined for design-in devices. Thanks to an online configurator, it is possible to select from a trillion possible combinations and thereby always arrive at the ideal solution, even for small series and prototypes. This represents an enormous simplification of work and time savings on the way to the finished product. True to the claim of CREATE YOUR OWN, users can choose from any number of contacts for power, signals and data. Where several connectors used to be necessary, har-modular® combines all the desired lifelines in one single connection.
har-flex® Hybrid&Power
The flexible portfolio revolving around the miniaturised PCB connector har-flex® in 1.27mm pitch is extended by power variants for even greater scope of freedom and also includes hybrid solutions combining power and signals. This combination eliminates the use of separate power and signal connectors on the board. Both lifelines are thereby combined in a single space-saving connection. The power variants also reduce the space required for power transmission as opposed to conventional, previous solutions. Here, users have often taken the path of conducting power via several signal contacts connected in parallel. Naturally, this results in a higher number of contacts, which accordingly require more space. Thanks to har-flex® Power, this power can now be transmitted over approximately half the required surface area. Consequently, har-flex® variants are once again making vital contributions to the miniaturization megatrend. EM || November 2020 ||
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Cover Story
The Indian growth story is giving new dimensions to every allied segment requirements
Test equipment rental is now seeing considerable traction across India, given the rapid acceleration of the technology sector here. As a result we see a lot of potential for further growth during 2015. Next generation technologies are emerging rapidly & new industry standards are being adopted. This means that key test requirements are continuing to evolve.
T&M Instruments trade improvement Discussing the highest T&M instruments trends & key product technologies that may influence the market growth - the electronic equipment (testgear) trade is ontogeny as ne'er before. now not restricted to the assembly of such mainstays as ammeters, multi-meters, ohmmeters, & voltmeters, the trade currently includes a large array of merchandise. General Purpose Electronic T&M Instruments embrace Multimeters, Logic Analyzers, Signal Generators (Radio Frequency Signal Generators, Microwave Signal Generators, wave shape Generators), Oscilloscopes (Digital Oscilloscopes, Analog Oscilloscopes, & PC-Based Oscilloscopes), Spectrum Analyzers, Network Analyzers, Extension-Based, & Others. finish Use Industries area unit Communications, part & Military/ Defense, natural philosophy producing, Industrial natural philosophy & Automotive, & Others. Today’s T&M Trends & Developments As client natural philosophy devices get smarter, their applications area unit migrating from the private to the work setting. victimisation laptop computers – a similar laptop – reception place of labor (and all points in between) could be a reality of life. however area unit good phones & tablets taking this to level that might amendment the means within which engineers move with their operating world? Not solely can individuals expect to regulate their heating, TVs , cookery et al with their client devices, they're going to additionally expect to try to to this at work further. Megatrends like connected living, big data, good cities computing can drive the long run of the communications equipment market, in step with Frost & Sullivan, as computer code technologies become additional pervasive & a digitalized world becomes inevitable & the quality of good devices, networks & applications produce the requirement for custom-built testing solutions. shopping for associate instrument accustomed be simple, in the maximum amount you nominal what you wished & then found instrumentation to satisfy
Testing & Measuring
Cover Story
32
that specification. Obviously, this defines the restrictions of what that instrument is used for, however T&M corporations over more moderen years have introduced ways that to form their instruments each cheaper versatile. Instruments thus became upgradeable, or scalable, to stay initial outlay to a minimum, whereas maximising the potential applications for that instrument. Speedy Growth of affordable, portable, & PC-driven instruments A new marketplace for take a look at instruments is being created by the separation of associate instrument’s processing/ control modules. With the accelerated performance of non-public computers, it additionally has evidenced viable to make PC-driven instruments that interface through high-speed & common platforminterface technologies. Until recently, there have been many technological barriers to victimisation PC-driven techniques for superior test-and-measurement instruments. One such restriction was the shortcoming to quickly transfer information through a standard interface platform from a device to a laptop. Here, speeds had to be quick enough to produce adequate fidelity. in addition, central {processing unit|CPU|C.P.U.|central processor|processor|mainframe|electronic equipment|hardware|computer hardware} processing speeds, physical memory, & random-access memory (RAM) weren't up to the speed or capability challenge of handling professionalgrade instrument information output. These factors would cause an oversized bottleneck as makes an attempt were created to handle the info from the instruments. to resolve several of those limitations with current hardware would need a proprietary interface technology & a specialised workhorse of a laptop, mitigating the advantages of a PC-driven laptop. In 2008, the USB-IF discharged USB three.0, associate update to the USB customary that enabled data rates of five.0 Gbps & 900 mA of coinciding power draw. The laptop world adopted USB three.0 because the customary for the newest computers, laptops, & even many pill computers. The low prices & high information capabilities related to USB have supported the emergence of a spread of various applications. transportable & low-power process, memory, & storage have all advanced, due to the growing demand for transportable computers & the Internet-of-Things (IoT) connected setting. Meanwhile, higherperformance & smaller, solid-state recollections & CMOS electronics have reduced each their size & power draw on computers. In fact, several of the newest laptops/tablets have nearly desktop-equivalent process capability. The movableness of serious process has enabled convenient on-site programing, processing, storage for big amounts of advanced device information. The benefits of PC-driven test-and-measurement instruments, like value, movableness, computer code potential, area unit enticing enough to encourage early technology innovators. nevertheless new techniques should be accustomed shrink the footprint of such superior natural philosophy with a restricted power budget protection. New Phase of Test The world is increasingly software oriented, & the way we interact with
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devices is changing. Smartphones, set top boxes & even automobiles are now defined by their embedded software. With this evolution, we are challenged to keep up with the pace of innovation & the resulting complexities. Two decades ago, testing a phone meant getting a signal. Today, the design, test & production of a mobile device involve an entire ecosystem of functionality, applications & technology, resulting in a necessarily different approach to test. Building a test system to solve today’s challenges is no longer a simple problem. Instead, it requires evaluation of expanding test requirements & an architecture that can last over time. It’s important to choose a platform that can harness the technology curve while enabling abstraction & integration. Devices under test (DUTs) are moving away from single purpose, hardware centric entities with limited capability to multipurpose, software-centric entities with endless capability. Why shouldn’t your test system evolve in the same way? Making the switch from traditional instruments with vendor defined functionality to software defined architecture, allows user defined measurements & analysis in real time. You can even extend this flexibility through the deployment of algorithms to an onboard FPGA for increased instrument performance. With software defined approach, the commercial off the shelf (COTS) technology powering the latest DUTs can power your test system in the same way – optimizing your test architecture for years to come. This transition under way in mobile devices offers insight into an important trend for T&M: the power of the software centric ecosystem. Early mobile telephones were built to make calls first and, later, to send text messages, but the capabilities were defined almost completely by the vendor. Once the software on these devices was opened up, extended capabilities – ranging from music players to cameras to email – followed quickly. But the effectiveness of the transition was more than just an open software experience. Apple, & later Google, built robust ecosystems around their products & created a community of developers for ‘apps’ that accelerated usefulness. The inherent openness & community concept, arguably, could have been fostered by traditional mobile phone providers themselves, but it was Apple & Google who shifted the focus from hardware devices to software environments, developing & deploying mobile OSs, as well as hardware to leverage them. By exposing an appropriate level of customization to users & third party developers, they succeeded in changing fundamentally the way consumers view their mobile phones. This same concept is now making an impact on T&M. Communities of developers & integrators, building on standard software platforms, are using commercial off the shelf (COTS) technology to extend the functionality of complex hardware into applications previously impossible. The level of productivity & collaboration delivered by software centric ecosystems will have a profound effect on test system design over the next three to five years. Industry Viewpoints Mobile Network Operators (MNO): Managed Services concept is in demand & trend. Most of MNO are using this trend for IT, network related services besides other non-technical services. T&M on rent is other popular trend in seen for last 2-3 years. T&M on rent is ||www.electricalmirror.net||
WHERE OTHER MATERIALS FAIL, EARTHING SPECIALISTS RELY UPON MARCONITE
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good choice for shorter projects/ requirement while buying new T&M is value for longer use. Support of multiple technologies like GSM, CDMA, WiMAX, WCDMA, LTE or WiFion single platform is in demand from industry for T&M industry. Site sharing is other trend which helps to achieve lower CAPEX & OPEX. All in one Box for production testing is other demanding product which saves space, time & cost during production. Field instrument are more rugged now & they support multiple interface & technology, so that engineer do not need to carry multiple instrument. LTE, Cloud Computing, WiFi off load, WLAN, Green telecom, M2M, Connected life style, research toward 5G race are top trends for 2015. The engineering T&M equipment market is expected to witness a CAGR of 24.5% by end of 2015. Some of the major market drivers include the increasing demand for electronic products & the rising need for T&M equipment for use in semiconductor devices. The high cost of production & increasing competition among vendors are some of the major challenges faced by the market. One of the emerging trends in the Global T&M Equipment market is the miniaturization of T&M equipment. Miniaturized T&M equipment are flexible & easy to use. The fast growth of the market in the Electronics industry is leading to the development of small-sized electronic devices for which miniaturized T&M equipment are required. For instance, the T&M equipment used in consumer electronics & other minute components need to be very small in size. Hence, the vendors are moving toward the trend of miniaturization. The Indian growth story is giving new dimensions to every allied segment requirements. The Telecom, Defence, Automotive, Electronics Manufacturing, Aerospace, Consumer Electronics, contractmanufacturing, R&D, etc. have seen increased allocations in the area of product design / testing / Quality of Service improvement. T&M is a derivative market capitalizing on success of above & plays an important role in every phase of the product life cycle. One of the key beneficiaries of the growth in the Indian industry is Education sector that needs to adapt to new technologies & brace themselves for the next level. These all have resulted in the spurt in requirements for T&M instruments. Speaking on developments in the industry, there is vast impact of technological changes in T&M instruments by virtue of size, display technology, resolution, measuring frequencies & other features under test/measurement. Integration of more & more test / measurement capabilities in single unit to simplify test process is outcome of such advancement. Advancement in digital convergence has made it possible to monitor & control T&M instruments remotely too. Technological advancement in every related feature shall have an impact on this industry. We need to have close watch on future trends & brace ourselves with frequent Changes. We feel the thrust on digital convergence would have larger impact on future T&M products. Rental – an Attractive Alternative to keep pace with Latest Demand Test equipment rental is now seeing considerable traction across India, given the rapid acceleration of the technology sector here. As a result we see a lot of potential for further growth during 2015. Next generation technologies are emerging rapidly & new
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industry standards are being adopted. This means that key test requirements are continuing to evolve. With everything in a constant state of flux, there is a risk that purchased equipment will quickly become outdated & effectively made redundant. Rental therefore presents an attractive alternative to direct purchase, as the customer is not tied down to any item of equipment long term – they can change it as their test requirements change. Highlighting trends –Deployment of Fibre to the Home (FTTH) is becoming more widespread across Europe & here in India the fibre market is also growing at pace. In response to this we are investing heavily in advanced optical equipment, such as OTDRs, so that we can meet the needs of our customer base as this particular market develops further. In addition, the rollout of next generation mobile networks is calling for employment of new types of instrumentation. For example, GPS antenna alignment tools are becoming a key part of mobile site installation. Through this operators can ensure there are no holes in network coverage, around the borders between cells, due to antennas being badly positioned. This means that network quality is upheld & prevents drop calls occurring that will frustrate subscribers. Speaking on key drivers, the principle driver that we see characterizing the current Indian market is demand for higher quality equipment. People are becoming more aware that the test hardware they use must be serviced & recalibrated on a regular basis. They are moving away from older, less well looked after equipment & looking to gain access to up to date models via rental. As well as the financial advantages that rental offers when it comes to sourcing quality equipment, there are logistical advantages too. Procedures in place so that equipment is available to cover the items being repaired, thereby safeguarding against loss of revenue through equipment downtime. In India the need to get sophisticated test equipment from a reliable & dependable source is greater now than ever. As a result rental companies that have good quality equipment, flexible rental options & an expansive portfolio of products will be well positioned to capitalize on the opportunities that lie ahead in the coming year. Government push for Make in India, new manufacturing establishment (SEZ), new spectrum auction, broadband for all, Information highways (building backbone network for high speed data usages), Upgradation of existing telecom network & roll out of LTE technology, local application content on smartphone are key drivers. Government planning to test all imported telecom gear. EMF Radiation measurement is other demand in T&M industry. Transport technology is updating to 100G from 1G/10G. Anritsu has been providing Telecom T&M solution to Indian market since long. We were biggest Optical T&M supplies to BSNL during initial fiber deployment phase in India. Anritsu products are known for its quality & high reliability in India. Anritsu works closely with all stakeholders in telecom eco system & preferred T&M partner. According to the new market research report by IndustryARC titled the market is expected to grow from $2.5 billion in 2017 to $3.7 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 28.6%. Asia-Pacific continues
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to expand its market share & growth during 2018-2023. Since China has an enhanced information communication technology supply chain, which includes semiconductors & related equipment. Therefore, a huge demand for electrical test equipment from this sector has accelerated the growth of the market. A major change has been figured out where Asia-Pacific experienced an increase of 3% in revenue in the existing market. America is still the leading market for T&M, as it holds the highest share of 45% since 2015. High frequency of manufacturing, adoption of smartphones by the people & adoption of data connections are other driving factors accelerating the growth of the market in America. Selected Industrial Vertical Analysis done in the full Report: Globally, there has been a consistent rise in mobile penetration from the past decade. The telecommunications sector is one of the fastest growing industries across the globe. Trends including mobile broadband, IoT, cloud computing & Big Data management are currently propelling the growth of the telecom industry. As wireless technology play a major role in the aerospace & defense market, demand for spectrum analyzers & signal generators with higher frequencies & wider bandwidths are estimated to increase over the forecast period. Followed by semiconductor & electronics industry & the medical industry, demand for electronic devices has been increasing which is simultaneously increasing the adoption of T&M by electronics OEMs in recent years. In the automated test equipment, new energy vehicles such as electric & hybrid vehicles & so on have been estimated to strengthen their footprint, which stimulates the automotive test equipment utilization, & there is a scope of embedding these systems in automobiles, thus increasing the adoption of T&M. High manufacturing of electronics parts such as displays, server/ storage equipment, electronic measurement, electron-medical equipment & others across the globe have escalated the demand of the wireless test equipment market. National Instruments debuted a 5G New Radio (NR), sub-6GHz emulator. The company assures that the technology will reduce time-to-market & lower costs of 5G testing, a new engineering till date. Increasing internet penetration, evolution of communication technologies to support high data rates, low latency rate & so on, has elevated the use of consumer electronics. To meet the growing demands of the consumer electronics, OEMs have been focusing on T&M as a part of R&D equipment to sustain in a competitive environment & to increase the market revenue that has significantly propelled the T&M market revenue in the recent past. T&M equipment: Raising the quality bar With increasing usage of electronics (across industries) & stringent standards for quality, safety, & environmental, the demand for T&M (T&M) equipment is expected to rise in near future. T&M (T&M) equipment finds application in the initial design, development, verification, maintenance, & repair of various electronic & mechanical products. Electronics industry is primarily considered to the growth driver of T&M equipment in the country. T&M equipment are used
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for testing & measuring in electronic devices such as cellphones, digital cameras, MP3 players, solar inverters, etc. According to TechNavio, the T&M equipment market in India is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.24% over the period 2015-2019. T&M equipment market in India can be segmented into three product segments general purpose, wireless communications & fiber optic. The current market for general-purpose T&M equipment is estimated at worth over $ 200 million. Some of the leading vendors of T&M equipment are Agilent Technologies, Anritsu, JDS Uniphase, Rohde & Schwarz & Spirent Communications. Some of the mechanical products that have the use of T&M equipment include turbines, automotive car suspensions, & aircraft propulsion systems. Depending on end-user requirements, T&M equipment use can vary from simple to complex automated devices. T&M equipment enhance the efficiency, reliability, & accuracy of electronic/mechanical products. Market opportunities Some of the major drivers for T&M equipment industry include the increasing usage of electronics (across industries); growing need to validate the performance of equipment; & stringent standards for quality, safety, & environmental. In addition, the government initiatives such as Make in India, Smart Cities, indigenizing defense equipment manufacturing, Digital India, etc. are also pushing the demand for T&M equipment. Sectors such as telecom, defense, automotive, electronics, aerospace, etc. are increasing allocations in the areas of product design, testing & quality of service improvement. T&M industry is capitalizing on this trend as it plays an important role in every phase of the product life cycle. “The growing demand for bandwidth, multiple devices & increasingly complex network architecture will continue fueling growth in the T&M market. The key driving factors would be the explosion in telecom & data services in the aerospace/defense sector. The sector may witness the emergence of specialized companies & also consolidation. This will segregate pure-play hardware & T&M system companies. According to the TechNavio report, one of the main drivers in this market is the increase in R&D investment. Advantages such as high growth potential & relatively low manufacturing costs help to bring more technological innovations through continuous R&D. Megatrends such as connected living, big data, smart cities & wearable computing are driving the communications test equipment market. In a digitalized world, the complexity of smart devices, networks & applications are creating the need for customized testing & monitoring solutions. One key trend in the market is the need for compatibility of test equipment. The need for compatibility of test equipment is the main focus of T&M equipment vendors when developing new products. The continuously evolving technology has made the product lifecycle of T&M equipment short, thereby requiring new T&M equipment to test new technology. This has created a need for T&M vendors to develop new equipment capable of testing new technologies & are also compatible with old technologies. Telecom: The prime growth engine Testing & measurement requirements have changed over time with
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the evolving standards in the telecom industry. Telecom industry has witnessed unprecedented growth in the past two decades & with an increasing subscriber base, the deployment of next-generation technologies & unprecedented data traffic, network complexity has also increased. This market is mainly driven by two considerations – performance & conformance of the equipment & systems to industry standards. While performance specifications are tested as per the manufacturer’s references, conformance parameters are evaluated to meet the concerned industry standards. The key growth drivers of the T&M industry are the introduction of new telecom technologies, explosion of data/video services, roll-out of 4G services, new quality of service (QoS) demands resulting from the increase in call drops, conformity to radiation specifications, spectrum management, etc. In September 2017, the Department of Telecommunications issued a notification mandating equipment makers to get their products tested & certified from the agency or body authorized by the DoT before selling or importing them in India. This order comes into effect from October 1, 2018. For this, the government plans to set up labs & testing centres which will go a long way in addressing the problems faced by operators while simultaneously opening up new opportunities for T&M players in the country. Rentals on rise One of the key challenges faced by industry is price sensitivity of consumers buying T&M equipment. Customers in the market are very price conscious & tend to purchase low-priced T&M equipment at the expense of quality & added features. Renting equipment on rent can be a viable solution to this problem. The inherent characteristic of the T&M market is such that the evolving telecom standards render T&M equipment obsolete quickly. Next generation technologies are emerging rapidly & new industry standards are being adopted. This means that key test requirements are continuing to evolve. With everything in a constant state of flux, there is a risk that purchased equipment will quickly become outdated & effectively made redundant. Therefore, rental is an attractive alternative to direct purchase, as the customer is not tied down to any item of
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equipment for long time & can opt for new equipment depending upon their changing test requirements. Experts believe that T&M on rent is good option for shorter projects, while buying new T&M will be cost-effective for longer use. In the last few years, the rental market has gained traction as it allows the customer flexibility to switch to the latest equipment without incurring significant investment. As a result rental companies that have good quality equipment, flexible rental options & an expansive portfolio of products are in position to capitalize on the opportunities that lie ahead in the coming year. Miniaturization: The game changer Thanks to the growing demand for portable devices & connected environment due the Internet of Things (IoT) consumers are looking to adopt on-site testing. This is also leading to miniaturizing of T&M equipment. Miniaturized T&M equipment are flexible & easy to use. The fast growth of the market in the electronics industry is leading to the development of small-sized electronic devices for which miniaturized T&M equipment are required. For instance, the T&M equipment used in consumer electronics & other minute components need to be very small in size. Hence, the vendors are moving toward the trend of miniaturization. Digital convergence The rapid evolution towards higher frequencies & wider modulation bandwidth, coupled with the advent of technologies such as 5G, is creating growth opportunities for advanced T&M equipment. According to Ghosh, 5G has the potential to revolutionize many industries such as telecommunications, automotive, energy, health care & more. The technology is expected to be several times faster than 4G & would provide a backdrop for the billions of devices to be connected to the internet as it would boost M2M communication & the internet of things (IoT) market. The demand for communication T&M solutions is on a rise on account of growing bandwidth demand & introduction of next generation cellular & wireless technologies. In addition, increased R&D spending in telecommunication sector coupled with growth in mobile phone market have fueled market momentum. Advancements in digital convergence have made it
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course, the uncertainty of the system used to calibrate the equipment shouldn’t add appreciable error to this processThe calibration process usually involves comparison of the T&ME to a standard that has similar functions with better accuracies. The comparison between the accuracy of the unit under test (UUT) and the accuracy of the standard is known as test accuracy ratio (TAR). However, this ratio doesn’t consider other potential sources of error in the calibration process. Errors in the calibration process aren’t only associated with the specifications of the standard; such errors can also originate from sources such as environmental variations, other devices used in the calibration process, technician errors, etc. These errors should be identified and quantified to get an estimation of the calibration uncertainty. These are typically stated at a 95 percent confidence level (k = 2). The comparison between the accuracy of the UUT and the estimated calibration uncertainty is known as test uncertainty ratio (TUR). This ratio is more reliable because it accounts for possible sources of error in the calibration process that the TAR does not. Also important is the selection of the test points, which should be chosen carefully to give a high degree of confidence that the UUT is operating within its specified parameters. The TUR should also be large enough to provide reliability of the calibration. A 4:1 TUR is the point for which most high-quality calibration labs strive. It’s the point at which the level of in-tolerance probability stays at 100 percent the longest, with the best economies of scale. In some cases, a 4:1 TUR may be unachievable. Factors that could cause a situation where the TUR is < 4:1 include: Availability of adequate standards The technology of the respective T&ME approaching the intrinsic level of the specific discipline The user may accept the higher risk associated with the achievable TUR (e.g., 2:1) as opposed to demanding the achievement of a 4:1 TUR. In cases where a 4:1 TUR is necessary, the calibration provider may incur a substantial capital investment expense to purchase the appropriate lab standards. This might lead to an increase in the calibration price, which is the other alternative: choosing to pay higher costs for better measurement assurance (and reduced risk). With a TUR of 1:1, the total uncertainty of the calibration process is as good as (but not better than) the tolerance of the UUT. If these two instrument readings match exactly and the UUT has no error, the risk of the UUT making a measurement outside its specification is limited to its drift. This is more prevalent with electronic T&ME. It’s now important to estimate, how long the UUT will maintain (repeat) the measured value. Most manufacturers determine the drift, or instability, of their product and match these with a recommended calibration cycle to ensure the UUT drift doesn’t exceed its specified tolerance during this cycle or calibration interval. The user needs to be aware of this increased risk. If drift occurs between calibrations, the potential for the UUT to operate outside of its specifications increase with lower TUR’s. T&ME that
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w w w. e l e c t r i c a l m i r r o r. n e t
possible to monitor & control T&M instruments remotely. Devices under test are moving away from single purpose, hardware centric entities with limited capability to multipurpose, software-centric entities with endless capability. T&M equipment industry is following the same track. Today, T&M market is increasingly adopting a software-defined approach towards instrumentation, which allows expeditious upgradation of solutions as per changing network & technology requirements. Over the next three to five years, the level of productivity & collaboration delivered by software centric ecosystems will have a profound effect on test system design. India Test and Measurement industry is witnessing a good growth. The key growth driver is the largest end-user in telecommunications industry, as this sector has grown both terrestrially and via satellites. The sophistication here is high and it covers a wide range of techniques and measurement topologies. Telecommunication networks are exceedingly dependent on the functionality of electronic test and measurement instruments, as the minutest distortion of signals can result in failure to communicate. Establishment of new networks need to upgrade existing communication infrastructure are the major demand drivers for electronic test and measurement instruments market. The next large market is education and training. Engineering education is growing and so is the market. Fast obsolescence is another reason for market growth. T&M products are also needed in applications such as defense and industrial automation. The Indian GP test equipment market is characterized by a mix of indigenous participants and multinationals. Agilent Technologies India Pvt. Ltd., Rhode&Schwarz, Anritsu, Tektronix, Inc., and Fluke are some of the major multinationals in the market. Indian manufacturers such as KusamMeco, Aplab Limited, Scientech Technologies Pvt. Ltd., and Scientific Mes-Technik Pvt. Ltd. also compete in the GP market. Indian suppliers focus on low frequency products and target educational institutes, whereas large multinational foreign suppliers focus on high-frequency products targeted at research institutes and the defence segment. With continuous change in the communication and electronics market, buttressed by the wireless revolution, OEMs are under constant pressure to offer turnkey test solutions for the constantly evolving technologies. In order to cater to the evolving demands of the end-user companies, test and measurement majors focus on R&D to constantly develop newer and advanced test equipment. With all of the above trends and development and approach setting in, the test and measurement market in India is all set to boom. There are areas of interest for every player in the market, and the global as well as domestic demand for test, measurement, and instrumentation is set to grow significantly in coming years. Calibrating Test and Measurement Equipment Test and measurement equipment (T&ME) must be periodically calibrated to ensure it’s operating within its specified parameters. Of course, the uncertainty of the system used to calibrate the equipment shouldn’t add appreciable error to this process.Test and measurement equipment (T&ME) must be periodically calibrated to ensure it’s operating within its specified parameters. And, of
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drifts outside of its designed specifications could proliferate incorrect measurements, which could have detrimental effects on products or systems. The result is that a 1:1 TUR carries a higher risk of the UUT operating outside its design specifications and increases the probability of making bad measurements. However, there are situations that can’t provide better than a 1:1 TUR. This is typically seen at the higher levels in the traceability chain, where complex statistical evaluations and calibration cycle algorithms are performed. Metrologists, physicists and engineers perform work at this level to mitigate the risks involved in transferring measurements between national measurement institutes such as the National Institute of Standards Technology.
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Figure 1: In-Tolerance Probability for 1:1 TUR Users of general purpose T&ME expect their calibration provider to verify that their instruments are operating within the design specifications. The reason for the recommendation of minimum TUR’s (such as 4:1 or 10:1) from quality standards is to ensure that the calibration process can provide a high level of confidence that the instrument is operating within its design specifications. Providing acceptable TURs isn’t always the practice of calibration providers. If the provider doesn’t give an acceptable TUR, the customer should be made aware of the achievable TUR so the customer can make the decision of whether to proceed with the calibration. When an instrument is calibrated, it’s either found within or outside of its design tolerance. In the situation of a 1:1 TUR, with the instrument reading exactly at nominal, there’s a high probability (approaching 100%) that the instrument is in tolerance. If the instrument is found at the very top of its tolerance band, then there’s nearly a 50 percent chance that the instrument is outside of its design specification, regardless of the TUR. Instruments are rarely found exactly at nominal. As Figure 1 demonstrates, for a 1:1 TUR, as soon as the UUT reading deviates from nominal, there’s a high probability that the instrument could actually be outside its design specification, even though the reading implies that it’s within its specifications. Even if the instrument is found/
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left at nominal, there isn’t allowance for drift over time and the UUT will likely fail its subsequent calibration or drift outside its design specification during use. At a 2:1 TUR, there’s a higher in-tolerance probability off nominal (which equates to about 35% of the tolerance band) with the in-tolerance probability dropping below 90 percent at 40 percent of the tolerance band, and gradually decreasing to 50 percent thereafter.
Figure 2: In-Tolerance Probability for 2:1 TUR A 4:1 TUR is probably the most widely used guideline in the calibration industry. This is the point at which the level of in-tolerance probability stays at 100 percent the longest, with the best economies of scale. At a 4:1 TUR, the in-tolerance probability stays flat at 100 percent (to about 50% of the instrument’s tolerance band), drops below 90 percent (at 70% of the tolerance band) and then cuts off sharply to 50 percent thereafter. A guard band adjustment level when the “as received” reading exceeds 70 percent of the tolerance would benefit the reliability of the calibration.
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Figure 3: In-tolerance probability for 4:1 TUR At a 10:1 TUR, the in-tolerance probability stays flat at 100 percent (through approximately 80% of the instruments tolerance band), at which point it drops very sharply to 50 percent. A guard band adjustment level when the “as received” reading exceeds 85 percent of the tolerance would benefit the reliability of the calibration. A 10:1 TUR gives higher confidence than the others mentioned, but in many situations it may be impractical because of costs or limits in the technology. It took a change from 4:1 to 10:1 to gain a mere 15 percent improvement in the guard band level.
Figure 4: In-Tolerance Probability for 10:1 TUR Furthermore, a TUR of 100:1 gives approximately 100 percent confidence that the unit is within its design specification throughout 98 percent of its tolerance band. However, this is quite impractical because of the cost associated with getting to this level of uncertainty, or the limits in the technology. To this point, it took a factor of 10 to gain only 15 percent of improvement in the guard band level. Guard band adjustment by a calibration provider should be a defined process, whereas the calibration provider would provide an adjustment to the UUT at 70 percent of its tolerance band when a 4:1 TUR is used. This isn’t common practice with calibration providers. As a user of T&ME, you should question your provider as to whether this “guard band adjustment” process is part of their standard practice or, if not, this could be provided. It isn’t always possible to provide adjustment to T&ME. Some T&ME that have a fixed value such as gage blocks, fixed mass and fixed resistors, wouldn’t be practical to adjust. For this type of equipment, the user must understand the implications and use either certified values in their measurement process or make adjustments in confidence levels of their measurement process. There may be other situations in which adjustment of T&ME isn’t possible because of the adjustment of a respective range of the T&ME. The lower end of the range may need to be adjusted to 80 percent of its tolerance so the higher end of the range meets ||www.electricalmirror.net||
its tolerance. In these situations, it would be advisable to demand a higher TUR from the calibration provider. What values of TUR can realistically be achieved in practice? This depends on the parameter being measured, the standard being used and the current technology available for the measurement. If the technology hasn’t been developed to achieve better than a 2:1 TUR for a specific parameter, that’s the best measurement that can be achieved. It’s left to the end-user of the UUT to apply this information properly to their process. As statistical process control becomes more prevalent in industry, TUR values can be achieved by identifying confidence levels in processes and, in turn, identifying limitations in T&ME used to control those processes. The assumption that T&ME is always giving exact measurements within their respective design specifications must be questioned. Each user must understand how the uncertainties associated with the measurements in their process relate through the chain of measurement traceability. Understanding and properly applying the right TUR can help users ensure adequate measurements to the requirements of the process, without spending more than needed to achieve accurate results. Calibration service providers that have invested heavily in ISO/ IEC 17025 understand the application of uncertainties in their measurement process. In most cases, best practice is to strive for a 4:1 TUR with adjustment made at 70 percent of the tolerance band. In some instances, the TUR of a given measurement process, as related to the UUTs tolerance, will be less than 4:1—particularly because of the limitations of the technology inherent in the standards that are available today. In these cases, when the TUR falls below this accepted 4:1 level, the actual TUR should be stated and adjustments made so that the in- tolerance probability is greater than 95 percent. As ISO/IEC 17025 gains momentum, more and more calibration labs will begin to report the TUR. It’s good to always question what the TUR is when receiving calibration services. EM
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Guest Article
How changing connections becomes a concern of the past
Guest Article
Increase speed, safety and accuracy during transformer testing with TESTRANO 600
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TESTRANO 600 supports all common electrical diagnostic tests on power and distribution transformers and is known for its simple connection concept and reduced rewiring effort. Although up to now, there has been one exception: For short-circuit impedance and leakage reactance measurements, the test leads from the secondary side had to be removed to apply an external short-circuit. In our continuous effort to improve the usability of our equipment and increase the safety for our users, we have implemented a measurement principle which doesn’t require an external short-circuit and, therefore, no change in test setup. The short-circuit is applied inside the device using the test leads already connected to the terminals from the previous test. TESTRANO 600 then determines the short-circuit impedance of the transformer and corrects the results for any additional losses introduced by the test leads.
Increased speed, accuracy and safety
The new feature completes the advantage of Primary Test ManagerTM (PTM)’s automatic test procedure. You can now perform a series of measurements such as three-phase ratio, primary and secondary winding resistance, short-circuit impedance, leakage reactance and demagnetization without changing any test connections by the press of one button. Although there are multiple factors that can influence the accuracy of short-circuit impedance, respectively leakage
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reactance measurements, by far the most frequent problem is additional losses introduced by an inadequate external short-circuit. The leads used to short-circuit the terminals should be as short as possible, sufficient in diameter and tightly clamped to the terminals. Transformers of different sizes and ratios may require different accessories to apply adequate short-circuits, which can make it difficult for testers in the field to obtain accurate results. This new approach not only speeds up the test and helps to reduce measurement errors, it also increases the safety for testers as it relieves them of an additional ladder trip to change the connections.
Get the latest Primary Test ManagerTM (PTM) software version 4.60 The latest PTM version 4.60 enables you to take advantage of all these benefits and will be available from May 2020 onwards. Download it free of charge in our Customer Portal.
Good to know …
The leakage reactance represents the reactive part of the shortcircuit impedance. However, both terms are used synonymously to refer to the same test method. These sensitive methods are used to assess possible deformation or displacement of transformer windings. EM Contact: Sridhar Shenoy sridhar.shenoy@omicronenergy.com ||www.electricalmirror.net||
Sridhar Shenoy Area Sales Manager
Transformer Testing made quicker and easier than ever before … … was our vision for our new powerful and lightweight test set. TESTRANO 600 is the world’s first portable, three-phase test system which supports all of the common electrical tests done on power transformers. With just one setup for multiple tests, TESTRANO 600 significantly reduces the wiring effort and testing time. Its specially designed power amplifiers ensure a new level of accuracy. And the multi-touch color display enables smart and comfortable operation. www.omicronenergy.com
Request your free demo now!* *Terms and conditions apply.
Tranformers
Special Theme
Transformer Industry is one of the key segments of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Electricalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capital goods industry || November 2020 ||
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Abstract
Future Growth The government emphasis on the development of infrastructure promises the future growth of transformers industry. The government’s commitment of 24/7 power supply will see spike in demand for transformers. Further, the target of generation of 175 GW of renewable power generation will generate significant demand. Focus of government on railway electrification will lead to demand of electricity and transmission products including transformers. Metros, dedicated freight corridors, high speed and semi high-speed rail continue to drive the demand further in the transportation sector. With more and more smart cities projects coming up for implementation, the requirements for dry and distribution transformers will surge. Many of the MNCs are now putting up or expanding the data centre capacities in India, a trend which was in vogue in the US for last few years. According to Sethi from ABB India, the aforementioned demand drivers have the potential to drive transformer industry growth in: • Large power transformers & reactors for generation plants & power evacuation and grid integration packages on tariff based competitive bid route. • Requirements from the State Transmission Utilities (STUs) and Central Transmission Utility (CTU) for 765 kV & 400 kV transformer & reactors – for grid interconnection. • Power transformers up to 220 kV from state transmission utilities, renewable projects (wind & solar) and transport industry (railways, metros and freight corridors)
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• The distribution segment will see growth mainly from government initiatives such as power for all, metro projects, smart cities, data centers, wind power generation. M Vijayakumaran from Prime Meiden expects that the electricity demand will continue to increase because of expansion of commercial and industrial establishment, and increased use of electrical appliances. The development of new power infrastructure and overhauling of existing one will also boost the demand for transformers. The power-starved countries in Africa, south America and ASEAN region are focusing on constructing power generation facilities in coming years. The developed countries are having over aged transformers which will have to phased out one after another by new transformers. With electricity being a key element in the economic growth of the country, distribution transformers play a very important and vital role in delivering electricity to every corner of India. Atul Agrawal from Uttam (Bharat) Electricals states, “Distribution Transformers are key assets for any distribution network. It has been observed that the demand for distribution transformers are majorly taken care by the domestic industry players and the import of transformers is very marginal or project specific. With industry dominated by unorganised players which are spread all over India on one hand and organised players on the other, both segments are parallelly working towards meeting the demand within India and abroad. The transformers produced in India have been brought under mandatory BIS certification, resulting in standardisation of the product, which has resulted in improvement of quality and reduction of failure of transformers. The distribution transformers have also been brought under mandatory BEE star labelling scheme which has resulted in the use of modern technology in manufacturing energy efficient transformers. “Replacement of old transformers with energy efficient ones will keep the momentum of up demand for transformers in the country,”. By region, Asia Pacific excluding Japan is exp’ to show high potential for the growth of T/R monitoring systems&is est’ to be worth about $1.2 bn by the end of 2027.Key driving factors for the growth of the mkt’ are the increasing demand for renewable invest’ &smart grid initiatives, while the restraining factor is cost barriers.Global T/R testing equip’mkt’ is exp’ to grow during 2017-27 due to the growing demand for safe&continuous T/R of electricity from the power generation plants to the end users &for this purpose, T/Rs are tested continuously in real time. Increasing energy demands lead to the growth of generation of electrical energy from both non-renewable&renewable sources, which leads to higher installations of PTs in the global mkt’?This will accelerate the growth of T/R testing equip’mkt’. Countries of APEJ such as India&China have registered higher demands
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for energy, which drives the growth of T/R testing equip’mkt’ in the region. Global HVDC converter station mkt’ is exp’ to grow from an est’ value of $7.9 bn in 2017 to $11.57 bn by 2022.Key factors contributing to the mkt’ growth is the increasing req’ for cost-effective solutions for bulk power transfer&increasing need for connecting asynchronous grids, which has driven a rapid adoption of HVDC in Europe&Asia Pacific, creating new mkt’ opportunities.> 2,000 MW seg’ is projected to grow at the highest CAGR during, as the major problem faced by large economies such as India&China is to ensure efficient transfer of bulk electricity over long distances while maintaining the national electricity grid without any disturbance.Hence, many projects in the countries are developed in UHVDC. Europe mkt’ is exp’ to dominate the global HVDC converter station mkt’, with the highest share as the major economies in the region such as the UK, Germany &France are developing interlinkage links b/w countries to maintain power efficiency.
Transformer Industry in India
Increasing population along with increase in industrialization & urbanization led to increase in capacity utilization across sectors resulting in a surge in demand for power in India. Today through reforms such as ‘Power for all’, govt’ plans to add 93 GW by 2022, that requires a sound power sully infra’ base in the country which is set to fuel the demand for power T&Dequip’.Backed by govt’s on-going reform&financial restructuring drive in the energy sector, the country is now witnessing fiscal discipline in utilities, sufficient coal availability&an unprecedented growth in the green energy mkt’. Hence, because of these initiatives Indian PT & DT mkt’ is exp’ to witness sig’ growth over the coming years.Indian PT & DT industry is going to increase by > 10% CAGR in the next 5 years&the mkt’ is forecasted to reach $2.9 bn by 2022.Indian T/R industry has since its inception grown considerably. T/R manufacturers have also matured&demonstrated noteworthy technological advancements in recent years by developing T/Rs upto 1,200 KV ratings. Today, India’s domestic T/Rmkt’ is valued at Rs 14kCr. in which PTs account for 45% while DTs make up the remaining share of 55%. As there is a demand upswing for reliable power in the country, the T/Rs mkt’ is witnessing a growth trend. T/R industry which had more than doubled its capacity over the past years anticipating huge domestic&overseas demand was witnessing the situation of overcapacity. Yet, with a shift in govt’’s focus to strengthen the power T&D system has unleashed abundant opportunities for the PT & DT mkt’. Even thoughmkt’ size of the medium PTseg’ is large, yet the growth of the large PTseg’ is higher & is due to the increase in HVDC T/R projects mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. HVDC, ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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such as Saubhagya scheme which aims to provide last mile connectivity to rural consumers should increase future demand. Infra’seg’s are witnessing increase in demand for DTs&increased govt’ spending in this seg’ is set to drive demand in future. Additionally, intra-state T/R projects (<=400 kV) are exp’ to drive demand for PTs. State TRANSCOS will majorly drive this demand&float new T/R projects through the TBCB model. PGCIL, which is mainly into executing & implementing interstate projects, is planning to aggressively enter intrastate projects by forming JV’s with state utilities.PTs hence also need replacement/ relocation to less populated demand centre. Most of the solar power generation built last year is now almost connected to the national grid&often throwing huge power flow in the cycle which is meeting country 23% power demand in few demand centers during peak hours. Solar boom has crashed a new demand of Inverter duty special T/Rs.Widespread scenarios suggest an optimistic growth potential within the organized sector of the industry as only efficient&quality focused org’ can be benefited from such drivers.Despite the recent slowdown, Indian T/R industry will benefit from the strong demand exp’ from govt’ programs&invest’s that support the growth of the T&D grids.As govt’ aims to increase the REgeneration capacity to 175 GW by 2022&to have RE account for 40% of installed capacity by 2040.In this scenario, solar T/Rs areexp’ to see a sharp rise in demand.
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EHV & UHV projects being undertaken for reducing T/R losses during T/R over large distances is the major growth driver of the large PTmkt’.Industry has been going through technological evolution&now the focus is on raising energy efficiency, given the urgency to fight climate change. ITMAhas been working with govt’ to usher in technological changes&globally acceptable energy efficiency norms. Indian T/R industry has been stagnant over the past 1-2 years due to slowdown in projects both in the power T&D sectors. In addition, ambiguity around GST rates for capital goods products has added further to the business slowdown. It has also been observed that the no of projects, especially in the T/R sector which have been initiated have been put on hold due to delay in approvals&lack of funds.Currentlygovt’ is taking major steps to strengthen the power T&Dn/w’. Both power as well as distribution n/w’ is getting strengthened across the country. Govt’ initiatives like DDUGJY, IPDS&growing FDI in power industry are few growth drivers in the industry. Further, govt’ has projected an invest’ of INR 146,000 Cr. in the country’s T/R sector by FY 2019 which is bound to result in giving boost to demand for DTs& PTs.Mainlygovt’ has undertaken initiatives such as UDAY for financial turn-around of discoms who are one of the main end users for the industry. With implementation of UDAY&other discom schemes there is a huge acceleration of infrastructural amendment in India. Moreover, discoms are instructed to reduce losses to the tune of 10-12% which means they must go for efficient T/Rs thereby influencing invitation for bids for refurbishment&up-gradation of existing T&D n/w’. Also, a recent BIS circulation has issued strict norms on T/R losses. It is exp’ that in next 3 years’ time discoms will have to replace all existing T/Rs with level 3 T/Rs (5-Star Rated T/ Rs). T/R manufacturers must manufacture&supply these new T/ Rs in millions to the discoms in a max 3-year period.Demand from these schemes is exp’ to continue&in addition new schemes
New hope of revival in the Industry
T/R Industry is one of the key seg’s of the ‘Electrical’ capital goods industry. It is also considered as the bell weather industry for many other Electrical products mkt’s such as Capacitors, Switchgears & Insulators etc. So, from an Electrical industry perspective, it is very imp’ to assess the state of the T/R industry for one to get a sense of the overall Electrical Products mkt’.T/R industry in India is a highly fragmented industry with over 250+ players&the industry est’s from various bodies&experts
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put this est’ to be around 300-400 players. Over 250+ players to be active in this industry. It is est’ that the industry capacity in India is est’ to be over 1000 GVA.It has been under a rough weather over the last 2 years with demand stagnation in India. It is est’ to be stagnating b/w 250,000-280,000 MVA for the last 2 years&recently showing some signs of growth. In terms of sales by products, the PTs in MVA terms is clearly over 70% of this mkt’ while Distribution T/Rs account for > 30% of the mkt’ in MVA terms but could show a reverse trend when we talk in terms of no of Units. The industry is governed by mostly the Oil Filled T/R industry&Dry Type of T/Rs have not yet gained full acceptance due to their high costs. Copper windings still account for a major portion of the industry, while Aluminum windings are mostly limited to < 250 kVA levels.Due to various factors&the state of DISCOMS largely, we are still hovering around the 8 to 8.5 MVA/MW levels.Utilities demand for T/Rs is a highly imp’ one&accounts for > 90% of the industry’s output. Remaining being the Industrial req’ of T/Rs for their projects.Over the last 2 years, the lack of new T/R project orders, poor state of the DISCOMS&the tepid industrial activity had kept the industry in a low performing state with demand stagnation. Pervasive activities of the GoI in the Energy sector&overall positive invest’ climate has led to most players feeling more hopeful on the industry prospects. Though the actions have not led to a huge increase in order booking yet, but most industry players are seeing signs of revival&expect this to open soon. Opening of new T/R projects&the de-bottlenecking of old stuck projects has led to order wins by many firms in the recent past for the PTs.Imminent new T/R projects&the Green Energy Corridors will see more uptick in the PTSeg’ going forward.UDAYscheme &the participation of 15 states already in the program has given many players some hope that the
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fiscal conditions of DISCOM’s would improve&this would lead to more aggressive DTR purchases in the next few years to reduce the losses.Though GoI announced 2 major schemes of IPDS for the Urban areas&DDUGJY for the Rural areas, nothing of note till now has been seen on ground from these schemes. But, with UDAY being implemented in many states, this will provide a framework for most utilities to absorb the additional invest’s in IPDS&DDYGJY programs&implement them on the ground more effectively.Revival of invest’ in manufacturing&new CAPEX invest’s due to ‘Make in India’ has not yet happened but most industry players are cautiously optimistic about the same.
Market worth
Growth is due to the increase in HVDC T/R projects mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. HVDC, EHV &UHV projects being undertaken for reducing T/R losses during T/R over large distances is the major growth driver of the large PTmkt’. PTmkt’ is projected to reach a value of US$ 29.91 bn by 2020, from an est’ US$ 20.71 bn in 2015 at a CAGR of 7.6% from 2015 to 2020. Increasing energy demand coupled with rising electrical infra’ projects would drive the demand for PTs. Apart from this, the replacement of aging infra’ in North America&Europe&increasing rate of installation of green T/Rs are driving the PTmkt’.Although the mkt’ size of the medium PTseg’ is large, yet the growth of the large PTseg’ is higher. This is due to the increase in HVDC T/R projects mainly in the Asia-Pacific region. HVDC, EHV &UHV projects being undertaken for reducing T/R losses during T/R over large distances is the major growth driver of the large PTmkt’. The oil-cooled PTseg’ occupies a larger mkt’ size as it is considered a safer option while handling high voltages. With increasing no of HVT/R projects being undertaken, demand for oil-cooled PTs is exp’ to be higher than air-cooled PTs.PTmkt’ is driven by
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increasing global energy consumption; to fulfill this, new T&D lines are being installed. Also, invest’s being made by GoI in electrical infra’ projects have also gone up, further aiding in the growth of the PTmkt’. Asia-Pacific is the largest mkt’ for PTs &its demand in the region is mainly driven by extensive T&D n/w’ expansion projects in developing countries such as India&China. Indian T/R manufacturers witnessed improvement in financial performance, with moderation in raw material prices&revival in order inflows. Amidst a few early signs of revival in performance&exp’ pick-up in demand, the outlook is exp’ to be stable in near to medium term. CARE believes that planned invest’s in power sector, replacement demand, export potential&development of inter-regional capacity is likely to sustain the demand of T/Rs in near to medium term.Income of T/R manufacturers is likely to sustain in near to medium term. Further, moderation in inflation&exp’ reduction in interest rates has the potential to improve the profitability due to high working capital borrowings. It is believed that no incremental long-term debt would be raised considering the present surplus manufacturing capacity. Yet, extent of working capital borrowings would depend on timeliness of payments from state utilities&pvt’ players. Moreover, enhanced share of pvt’ sector participation would be crucial to boost execution in power generation sector
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which would also lead to faster roll out of T/R orders. Lastly, credit quality of Indian T/R manufacturers is exp’ to remain stable in near to medium term with a stable outlook on industry. A transformer is a static device used either for raising or lowering the voltage of an AC supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. By electromagnetic induction, an alternating current of one voltage is transformed to another voltage, without change of frequency. It essentially consists of two windings, the primary and secondary, wound on a common laminated magnetic core. Depending on the number of turns on each winding, transformers are classified as a step-up transformer or a step-down transformer. Stepup transformer has more turnings on the secondary coil than on the primary coil and therefore the voltage induced in the secondary coil is larger than the primary coil voltage. Transformers are widely used in electrical apparatus of all kinds and in particular in power transmission and distribution.
Power Transformers
A Power Transformer transfers energy between high voltage and very high voltage systems, i.e. between generators and transmission systems and between transmission systems and distribution systems. Also, they are used in transmission network for stepping up or down the voltage level. It operates mainly during high or peak loads and has maximum efficiency at or ||www.electricalmirror.net||
Core
near full load. A single-phase transformer is basically made out of two separate windings that are inserted into each other into a closed loop of magnetic core. Moreover, the Joules heat effect is proportional to the square of the current transmitted into any ordinary conductor like transformer windings or transmission lines. Both these effects combined at constant power of elevating voltage reduce heat dissipation accordingly by the square of the current, and enable the transmission of power of alternating current and voltage over very long distances from the energy producer to the energy consumer while limiting the power losses in the grid. This is possible due to a key grid component the power transformer. Most of them are the three-phase transformers or the three singlephase transformers. Thus from these electromagnetic principles, with the voltage increase of an electrical network, the Joule losses are reduced and the two main constraints of power transformers are high voltage and high current, depending on whether the HV or LV is observed.
Windings
The active part of a transformer is made of the elements that are in contact with the voltage and the current, and are mainly composed of windings, core, and tap changer bushings. The windings are handmade out of copper coils insulated mainly with several layers of paper between the turns. The two main ||www.electricalmirror.net||
The core is an important part of a transformer and generally the heaviest one. Produced from steel, it has high magnetic permeability and provides low magnetic resistance to the magnetic flux. In power transformer, the flux density is higher than the distribution transformer. It is made from thin steel sheets with the thickness of a few tenths of a mm in order to reduce losses and magnetising current. The main way to produce a core is to stack the sheets, cut to desired size, onto the automatic machines, and then manually stack them to build a core. The main core parts are the legs i.e. vertical parts, and yokes i.e. horizontal parts. The legs are mainly situated in a same plain. Most transformers have additional turns added to the HV windings and some of those turns are linked to a device called the “Tap Changer”. It enables a specific range of the voltage variation during the transformer service life. The electric circuit of the windings and the tap changer has some movable contacts. The two main types of tap changers are the De-Energised Tap Changer (DETC), mechanically quite simple type that changes the voltage while the transformer is not loaded; and the On Load Tap Changer (OLTC), a more complex type which operates when the transformer supplies the load. It should be noted that the tap changers, the OLTCs in particular, are contributing to an increasing transformer failure rate, mainly due to the movable contacts wearing over the years i.e. hot spots, aging mechanisms.
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winding designs and technologies have been developed over time with many variations: the core type and the shell type windings. The electromagnetic basis remains the same in both cases but the mechanical construction is different. In the core type design, the winding is “enclosing” the magnetic core legs, while in the shell type the core is “enclosing” the windings. Every transformer manufacturer has its own experience with these technologies, neither of which is automated. The manufacturing of windings involves a lot of human labour and requires significant experience as well as application of the highest quality standards. This is because winding conductors are covered by a type of insulation such as varnish or insulating paper with a limited mechanical and thermal stability. Nevertheless, this insulation type provides protection from high over-voltages, high over-currents, short-term overheating, and high mechanical stresses in order to prevent reduction of the insulation paper durability. It must be taken into account that the winding insulation cannot be easily repaired or replaced during the service life of a transformer and rewinding has to be performed only in a specialised workshop.
Bushings
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network through the grounded tank. High voltage bushings can be technically complex and, in some cases, their failure can lead to a transformer explosion quite rapidly. This is because one of the highest voltage gradients is between the HV bushing central part at full potential, and the grounded tank at the distance of just a few centimetres. The insulating oil just below is very flammable and if the bushing is sparking, it could generate a lot of energy, open the tank slightly and then ignite the oil, which could lead to an explosion. For this reason, the HV bushing is manufactured to withstand very high voltages within a small space filled with paper and oil between the bushing and transformer tank.
Insulating materials
The three major insulating materials for the power transformers are: mineral oil and paper and pressboard in different forms. The mineral insulating oil is weighted in tons within the tank and can be used to assess many essential points about the condition of a transformer and some critical incipient faults. The paper insulates the winding turns, while the pressboard strengthens the electrical insulation and provides dielectric distance at specific locations, for example in the main duct between the windings. Insulating materials, such as paper, pressboard and mineral oil are organic materials subject to aging. As the solid insulation cannot be repaired or replaced easily like other transformer parts and components, it limits the transformer service lifetime. Therefore, the solid insulation lifetime is the lifetime of a transformer.
Trends in Power Transformers
Dryformers Recently, HV cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) cables are used in these transformers. Dryformer is an oil free HV transformer based on cable technology used in Powerformer. Forced-air cooled, it has innovative windings made from XLPE cables with circular conductors. The absence of oil means that there is no risk of ground or water pollution in the event of damage and
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a less risk of fire or explosion. Therefore, Dryformer can be sited closer to the consumer, for example below ground and in urban or ecologically sensitive locations. As the electric field is fully contained within the XLPE cable and the cable surface is at ground potential, Dryformer offers unique opportunities for optimising power transformer design. By using the state-ofthe-art of cable technology, XLPE cable can have electric field strengths up to 15kV/mm. From a manufacturing perspective, the Dryformer has the considerable advantage of having the insulation system built up at the cable factory. Gas-insulated transformers (GITs) In GITs, SF6 gas is used as insulation media with relatively low gas pressure. The principal solid insulation material for the GIT winding is polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) films which are defined as class E insulating material with a temperature limit of 120 C. It has been initially specified to operate GITs, especially the gas-natural air-natural (GNAN) distribution GIT, with top gas temperature limit of 110 C instead of the maximum conventional 95 C top oil temperature for oil-immersed transformers. There have been a number of such interface problems for those heavily loaded GIT caused by gas temperatures higher than 100 C. Corresponding counter measures, such as oversizing the first section of LV bus bar, adoption of higher temperature class bushing material, and modifying clamping design to absorb higher temperature fluctuation have to be introduced. GIT have the following advantageous: â&#x20AC;˘ Non-inflammable and nonexplosive, hence they are usable for multi-storeyed buildings, underground markets and other overpopulated places. â&#x20AC;˘ Moisture resistant and dust resistant, therefore, they are unaffected by open air moisture, dust and other ambient conditions since the windings and core of these transformers are fully enclosed in mild steel box and sealed with SF6 gas. In addition, they have easy ||www.electricalmirror.net||
maintenance and check because these transformers are hermetic sealed with an inert SF6 gas and materials are scarcely deteriorated. • Clean as there are no contaminations to surroundings since these transformers are sealed with non-poisonous, odourless SF6 gas, even if the SF6 gas leaks unlike mineral oil-immersed transformers. • Higher reliability with simple internal structure. • Better compatibility with gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). GIT with onload tap changer (OLTC) used to be the most vulnerable part of any power transformer from electrical and mechanical points of view. In line with the use of SF6 gas as insulation media, vacuum switch type OLTC is installed for transmission GIT at 30 MVA and above. These vacuum switches housed inside the gas chamber are used as diverter switches and no arcing product can be possibly produced. Such OLTC is basically maintenance free. In the extreme case when OLTC malfunction due to mechanical defect or connection problem, the damage will be minimal. GIT turn out to be cheaper than oil immersed transformers when maintenance costs are considered. Power-distribution transformers have a high recycling value because they can be easily disassembled and their chief constituents, which are high-purity steel, aluminium and copper, can be recycled indefinitely. GIT are far more easily recycled than oil-immersed types. Distribution Transformers Distribution transformers are units of electric power systems, in which electricity is transformed form the voltage level 1 – 50 kV to the voltage level 120 V + 1 kV, in dependence on consumer’s needs. Energy efficiency of distribution transformers is very high, typically ranging between 96 per cent and 99 per cent. However, due to a large number of distribution transformers in electric power system and their long lifetime (30 – 40 years), even small improvement in the efficiency of these units could result in significant energy savings. These issues are important both from economic and ecological viewpoints. Increase of energy efficiency of distribution transformers could be obtained reducing three types of transformer losses: • No-load loss (iron or core loss) can be reduced by improvement in design and assembling processes or in magnetic properties of material core, • Load loss (copper loss) can be reduced increasing the cross-section of the windings, • Cooling loss can be reduced by decrease of other types of transformer losses. Further increase in transformer efficiency is possible to reach by replacement silicon steel cores with new types of magnetic ||www.electricalmirror.net||
core materials, e.g. amorphous ribbons. These materials are produced by rapid solidification of a liquid alloy, what gives specific magnetic properties, especially very low energy loss. However, these materials have quite low saturation induction and they are thermal unstable.
Trends in Distribution Transformers
Amorphous core transformers Amorphous cores are usually produced as wounded, one-side cutting ones, due to mechanical properties of amorphous ribbons. This solution ensures the correct location of air gaps inside a core and simplifies electric windings assembling as well. Amorphous transformers are produced as 1-phase or 3-phase units, with 3-limbs or 5-limbs core construction. The capacity of currently produced amorphous transformers is limited up to 10 MVA. The cross-section of amorphous cores is larger in comparison to silicon steel ones, due to lower saturation induction of amorphous ribbons. It results in the increase of transformer dimensions and weight. High efficiency distribution transformers with amorphous core become more and more popular. The energy savings from amorphous transformers have a great influence on the scope of electricity production and consumption. High temperature materials A new technology for the transformer industry involves the use of high temperature materials to provide a variety of economic, environmental and safety benefits to the user, including: lighter weight, smaller size, reduction in fluids, improved safety, less flammable, more capacity and lower energy losses. A new IEEE Standard has been published to provide guidance to manufacturers and users regarding the production and application of these transformers. The high temperature materials and boards can be used with conventional fluids in an economic way for power and distribution transformers for increased capacity and improved reliability. They can also be used with less flammable or higher temperature fluids for dramatic reduction in size and weight, with greater safety and environmental reliability. EM
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C
ase Study of the Month
Er. P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as Dy. General Manager (Elect) in E & MR Division, Bhubaneswar- Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems. He is having 25 years of technical experience in Designing, Testing and Commissioning of Protection Control and operational Schemes, project Implementation, co-ordination, operations & maintenance of Electrical Equipments at various LT/ HT/ EHT level Grid Sub- Stations. He has also published around 70 technical papers in different national/ international seminars/journals. ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in
VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contdâ&#x20AC;Ś.
1. Introduction: For the last few months, the response of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronization of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station. 2.1. Unbalance supply to a Grid system: One Grid system was connected with loading of 2 Nos Power Transformers from an incomer supply with approximately load variation from 50 to 60MW. One day it was found with jumper snapping of R phase of the main incomer supply system. 52
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Observations:
1. This was of a 132/33 Kv grid, equipped with 2 nos of Power Transformers of 40 MVA rating and connected with 6 Nos of 33 KV feeders as like shown in the 2. On the day of R phase jumper snapped, it was found with non-tripping of the main 132 KV incomer and also none of the HT side system of the transformers. 3. 3 Nos of the LT side (33 KV) feeders and one of the 33 KV incomer of the transformer were found tripped on Earth fault condition. 4. The non-availability of R phase supply in the system network was noticed on getting the message from the 33 KV out-going customers. As the relay available in the main feeder was not having the facility of BROKEN CONDUCTOR to detect the situation of such problem.
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5. The customers lodged the complaint on non-rotation/ non-starting of motor pumps due to un-balance supply at their end. 6. During this period it was found with following abnormalities.
4. The cause of such tripping of the 3 Nos of 33 KV feeders was due to availability of un-balance current on Earth fault relay feature beyond the setting limit. 5. The reason of non-tripping of rest 2 Nos of 33 KV feeders was that the prevailing un-balance current did not exceed the setting limit. 2.2. Frequent tripping of LT PHD pump-sets: Tripping of LT motors used for water pumping system at PHD outlet due to voltage dip on B phase supply. The motor protection relay as used in the system was resulting the tripping as the feature of Power failure function due to this voltage dip on B phase.
Observations:
Action Taken:
1. After confirmation on absence of this R phase supply, the main supply was made off. 2. The system was taken shut-down to attend the problem of snapping jumper. 3. It was found with opening of the jumper touching neither side of the structure, considered the case as BROKEN CONDUCTOR feature. 4. The problem was rectified and the system was again charged to avail the supply.
Technical Analysis:
1. In this situation, as already mentioned above that the relay used in the Main Incomer supply system does not have feature of monitoring the BROKEN CONDUCTOR, so the absence of R phase supply could not be known. 2. The Backup relays used in the EHT side ( here 132KV side) are of Directional in nature, for which these relays did not actuate due to non-appearance of any ZERO SEQUENCE current in the system and corresponding relevant voltage dip. 3. Few of the 33 KV systems tripped due to the use of non-directional feature in the relay. These feeders were of more loaded as compared to the non-tripped 2 feeders left in the system.
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3. The supply system was connected by one 1 MVA transformer Dy11 of 33/ 0.433 Kv at the pump house premises, feeding to these pump sets and also to the lighting loads of the system. 4. The usual voltage appearance on the 33 KV side is of ( RY = 31.71Kv, YB = 30.22 KV and BR= 30.42 KV) and voltage on the LT side being ry= 415V, yb=402V and br= 403 Volt. 5. But sometimes due to change of system voltage parameters, the variations of voltages do occur at the Pump house terminals. 6. Regular phenomenon was observed with drop of B phase voltage on LT side at the pump house terminal and corresponding lowering of current with tripping of the motors. 7. In general the tripping of 200 HP pump set is frequent as compared with the 75 HP set, though connected in parallel to the system. || November 2020 ||
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a. The winding temperature for both of the transformers increased and indicated by the WTI in the system. b. Due to tripping of 3 nos 33 KV feeders and reduction of maximum loads from the system results the rise of the voltage of the available Y and B phase. c. Abnormal sound was also observed with CVT/PTs and also on the transformers.
1. Two nos, LT motors were in service for pumping of water supply from a pump house. The rating of the pump sets were of 200 and 75 HP 433Volt supply. 2. The supply was extended from a 132/33 Kv Grid Sub-station by a dedicated 33KV feeders, considering the importance being public water supply arrangement and the supply to the pumping house should not be interrupted in between. The detail network is shown in Fig 2.2.1.
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Case Study
8. Electrical parameters at the time of 200 HP motors tripping are mentioned below. Sl
Voltage and current value at the Remarks tripping time
1
Vry=406 v, Vyb= 403 v and The tripping is resulting with the Vbr= 385 V , Ir= 192A, Iy= feature of PF (Power Failure) all the 210 A and Ib= 126 Amp time. This is because of difference Vry=416 v, Vyb= 413 v and on the appearance of lower voltage Vbr= 395 V , Ir= 228A, Iy= on the MOTOR terminals and subsequent lowering of current to 220 A and Ib= 129 Amp the system.
Case Study of the month
2
54
9. The reason of sudden lower voltage at the motor terminals was analyzed to extend the solutions.
Action Taken:
1. The earthing of Supply transformer was strengthen and Neutral of Motors were also connected rigidly with Supply neutral and earthing. 2. The Switches, Contactors, MCCBs, dis-connectors were checked in the circuit and tightened properly for the problematic Contactors. 3. Two numbers of MCCBs were also replaced from the system on obtaining more contact resistance on B phase tips. 4. To study the real response, purposefully the PF feature on the motor protection relay was disabled. The observation was found as follows. i. The variation of voltage with no Load connection ( No motors in the circuit) was found with no remarkable fluctuations. ii. Then with only 75 HP motors in the service and 200 HP MOTOR NOT in the circuit ( Keeping OFF), the voltage variation is slight, but well within the allowable zone. iii. But when both the motors or only 200 HP motors in the service, the voltage variation is becoming beyond the limit and causing lower current drawl on B phase. But this variation was remaining temporary and picking up gradually within 1 minutes. His time the motors were not tripping as the PF features were in OFF condition. iv. So, it was suspected with system connections for 200 HP motors and also to the motors regarding its winding connection and internal terminal connection. 5. So, once again all the points were thoroughly checked and also 200 HP motors. It was found with B phase WR (winding Resistance value more as compared to the other two phases). On inquiry it was also confirmed that, this motor was repaired once after burnt of the windings. 6. It was recommended the followings. i. Use of SFU( Switching Fusing Unit) at the Transformer
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out-put point. ii. Strengthen of Earthing system. iii. Use of 3 Phase servo stabilizer till replacement/ rewinding of 200 HP motor iv. Use of special Motor Protection relay with E/F feature of Cold curve characteristics and with provision of setting adjustment on PF function. 7. For immediate action Servo stabilizer was used in the system to maintain the voltage limit little above the workable value. 8. The system ran with of no tripping further. 2.3. Frequent System tripping due to Traction Un-balance Loads: In a 132 KV system network, the traction supply feeder from the grid sub-station was tripping frequently due to over load drawl by the only connected traction system in the network. Sometimes the main incomer was also tripping and causing total blackout of the Grid sub-station.
Observations:
1. There was one 132 KV grid sub-station, connected with only incomer feeder with the use of 132 KV ACSR panther conductor. 2. This grid sub-station was also connected with a traction feeder with supply feeding from R and B phase. 3. During normal condition of load availability, the incoming feeder was managing the load drawl to the system within the allowable limit of current setting of 480 ampere on the main incomer system. 4. This setting of 480 ampere on the main incomer feeder was taken after due discussion and consideration of the load drawl at the grid sub-stations. The maximum current drawl for ACSR panther could be taken as 380 Ampere continuously. 5. The issue was in this system regarding the frequent tripping of the traction line due to sudden load drawl on R and B phase by the traction system at the time of passing of more trains for the particular zone. This maximum drawl does remain for maximum period 2 minutes. After 2 minutes the system becomes normal and load remains within the allowable current settings. 6. So it was decided and requested to the railway wings for the Train allotments such that the availability of trains in the desired zone could be restricted with the allowable current drawl from the system. But the request could not be accepted by the team due to the system requirement of running the trains both passengers as well as goods trains in the allotted zone. Rather railway department requested for alternate solution and asked for allowing ||www.electricalmirror.net||
them the current drawl as required by the system. 7. Now the following solutions were extended with logical setting on the relay of the traction feeder and on the main incomer system.
Solutions to the specific Problem:
Technical Basis of the Solution: 1. Over drawl traction Load in the system is of temporary nature as considered here for the allowable time of 2 Minutes to our calculation. 2. Traction Load has been availed from TWO phases (R and B phase) with 132/25 KV system. 3. The 132KV ACSR panther conductor, with such temporary availability of over-drawl can manage the load without any harm to the limit of more than 100 MWatt for 2 Minutes in intermittent pattern of load drawl. 4. The concept of OVER LOADING feature shall be set/ programmed on the basis of both PLUG SETTING and IDMT time setting limit. 5. But the tripping due to PHASE-PHASE FAULT (Rarest rare in system) should also be considered and to be set by use of Definite Time Instant tripping or 100mSec delay for 4 times OVER LOADING SETTING. Settings to be Adopted: Theory: The data of over load current drawl of the traction feeder was collected and found with as follows. 1. Over load tripping current limit as found on 25 KV side is of 792 Ampere (As equivalent obtained from the tripping data is 150 Ampere). 2. The traction load share to the incomer shall be 17.84/2= 8.91 MW per phase on R and B phase with vector sum current on R and B Phase. The calculation shall be on the basis of current due to use current activated relay in the system. So O/C setting shall be done at with start tolerance of 10 % with reference of 150 Ampere. . Setting Calculation with relay gradation on Traction feeder and Upstream Remote end incomer feeder should be done accordingly.
Now considering start current being 10 % (Design data), (I/ Is) = 1.1 for calculation. TSM to be considered for this factor of (I/Is) = 1.1 for the allowable time of 120 sec. Now t = (0.14x Tm) /{ (I/Is)0.02 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1} Here t = 120 sec, So Tm = 120 x { 1.10.02 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1}/ 0.14 = 120x 0.0019 /0.14 = 1.628 = 1.63 FINAL SETTING AT GRID Sub-station END: PSM = 0.685 (Current= 137ampere), TSM = 1.63 to allow over drawl for 2 minutes = 120 sec.
B. Fault Settings ( Phase to Phase Fault):
Considering the PHASE TO PHASE FAULT / ANY ABNORMAL CURRENT RISE the relay should also be set with the HS (High Set setting to be provided as 150x4 = 600 Ampere and PSM = 600/200 = 3 with DT of 100 mSec. Final Settings on High Set Feature, PSM = 3 with DT= 0.1 Sec.
SPECIAL NOTE:
1. NO CHANGE was done in EARTH FAULT FEATURE in the relay. 2. No change in the Distance Protection Relay was done used in this feeder. 3. The alternate load shedding of local Loads was also planned on logical command from the Relay R1, in order to limit of current on the main incomer line.
Sl
Feeder
Relay Settings
1
132 KV TRACTION feeder
Relay(67 feature Directional) R1, PSM = 0.685 (137 Ampere) TSM = 1. 628
2
Incomer feeder at Station A
Relay R2, RELAY SHOULD BE DIRECTIONAL FEATURE. NO CHANGE IN THE RELAY SETTINGS
3
Remote end of Incomer feeder Station B
Relay R2, was also set considering the over drawl of the traction load for 2 minutes to avoid the tripping of the line.
High Set = 3, time = 0.1 sec, Directional
PROTECTION SLD
A. OVER DRAWAL SETTINGS:
Allowable current of 792 Ampere of current for 2 Minutes (2x60 = 120 sec) for 25 KV side is the basis of calculation. So allowable timing should be 120 Sec with allowable current of 150 ampere at 132 KV feeder at the grid sub-station and consideration of 10 % as pick up value. Hence setting could at 137 ampere. Say LINE CTR = 200/1, PSM = 135 /200 = 0.685 Relay is of IDMT with Standard inverse characteristics. Allowable time is 120 sec. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
The problem was solved as per the action of relays and on exigencies the load shedding to the 33KV local feeders to relax the main incomer to the system in terms of current carrying capacity of the ACSR conductor. EM
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Wi r e s & Cabl e s
Industry Focus
Cables & Conductors are one of the essential components required for the development and strengthening of any country
Abstract The global wires and cables market size was estimated at USD 164.94 billion in 2018 and is expected to expand at a CAGR of 4.9% over the forecast period. Increasing urbanization and rapidly growing building infrastructure are the major factors driving the growth. These have impacted the energy and power demand in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Increased investments in smart grids and upgrading power transmission and distribution systems are expected to further drive the market. Adoption of smart grid technology has fulfilled the rising need for grid interconnections, significantly resulting in rising investments in the new submarine and underground cables. In addition, growing offshore wind farms, high voltage direct current links, and grid interconnections are projected to fuel the growth of the market. Smart grid is an electric grid, which consists of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and equipment which functions together and provides efficient transmission of electricity. Rising population is leading to increasing demand for power. To reduce the frequency and duration of power outages, storm impacts, and to restore service faster after outages, it is necessary to make the grid smarter and technologically advanced. Smart grid helps provide more reliable power, generating efficient renewable power, using a mix of energy sources, working with smart devices and smart homes, reducing carbon print and encouraging the use of electric vehicles. Increased energy needs in Asia Pacific, Middle East, and South America has resulted in rising investments in smart grids in these regions, further driving the demand for low voltage cables. Growth in the power distribution sector, power generation from renewable energy sources, and demand from
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automotive and non-automotive industries are the other factors projected to positively influence the demand for low voltage cables. Urbanization is one of the major reasons for the overall growth of the wires and cables market. The need for power grid interconnections in densely populated areas is creating a demand for submarine and underground cables. The underground cables reduce space required and offer reliable transmission of electricity. Environmental regulations that observe the impact of electrical cables on the environment, the safety of electrical installations, implications for the health of the materials used for cable manufacturing have led to various innovation and new product development. These regulations have encouraged the introduction of new products such as halogen-free flame retardant compounds and implement new processes with low energy consumption and efficient use of raw materials. Cables & Conductors are one of the essential components required for the development and strengthening of any countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s T&D network. The cables and conductors market in India has grown at a significant rate in the past few years on the back of investments in the power and investment sectors. The current manufacturing base is well established with a large number of organized players. As of today, due to growing emphasis on developing a robust T&D network in the country to meet the rising demand for reliable power, a number of government initiatives and programmes have been undertaken that have helped create a positive market for cables and conductors in the country. As per various estimates, it is expected that the industry which has been growing at the rate of around 15 percent currently will start growing at the CAGR of over 20 percent over the next five years.
Market Overview: Over the past two decades, Indian wires and cables industry has grown considerably in size while transforming itself into an organized one from being an unorganized sector. Though the unorganized sector still constitutes a notable one-third of the industry, however, the market is dominated by few major players. To be precise, the market is led by major players specializing in designing, manufacturing viz. Polycab wires, Finolex cables, CMI, RR Kabel, Sterlite Technologies, KEI Industries and Havells India. Other significant players include Cable Corporation of India, Cords Cable Industries, Diamond Power Investment, Gupta Power Investment Ltd., KEC International Ltd., LS Cable India, Shilpi Cable Technologies, Universal Cables, V-Guard Industries, etc.
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The overall size of the cables industry in India is estimated to be around INR 412.50 billion in 2016-17 as per IEEMA, recording a moderate growth of around 5.1 percent over the previous FY 2015-16. As for the current financial year, the industry has registered a growth of 9.6 percent during the first half of FY 2017-18 (April to September). On the other hand, due to the delays in order finalizations by major buyers â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the conductors market saw a decline of 10.76 percent falling in overall size from INR 81.25 billion in 2015-16 to INR 72.50 billion in 2016-17. Unfortunately, the segment is still facing the heat and negative growth of 17.40 percent during the first half of current FY 2017-18 (April to September). During 2016-17, the exports stood at INR 19.55 billion (registering a growth of 14.5 percent) and the imports stood at INR 5.76 billion (with a decline of 1.1 percent). Thus, the exports have supported the growth in the cable segment. If we look at the exports/imports comparison during the first half of the current FY 2017-18, the total value of cable exports stood at INR 11.96 billion, whereas the cable imports during the same period stood at INR 4.59 billion. While the exports recorded an increase of 2 percent over the corresponding period in the previous year, the imports witnessed a sharp decline of 50 percent over the corresponding period of the previous year. On the other hand, during the first half of the current financial year 2017-18, the import of conductors stood at Rs 3.11 billion, recording a significant decline of 41 percent over the same period in the previous year. Fortunately, the exports of conductors registered a growth of 5 percent in this period and stood at Rs 8.29 billion.
Trends: Market & Technology Overall, the cables and conductors industry has grown significantly in the past few years with investments infused in the power and investment sectors by the government. While the cable segment witnessed a positive growth, the conductor segment experienced sluggish demand last year. Across cable sub-categories, the power cables segment registered a growth of 5.2 percent in 2016-17, while the control cables segment saw a decline of 3.4 percent. However, the first half of 2017-18 saw a reversal of trends wherein the high voltage power cable growth tumbled by 7 percent and the control cable segment grew by 2.9 percent. The cable segment is the shift towards high voltage transmission lines. This demand is essentially driven by the creation of high capacity long distance corridors to deliver electricity to high demand regions and the development of green energy corridors for integrating the increasing share ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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Wi r e s & Cabl e s
Industry Focus
of renewable energy into the grid. Further, underground cabling is gaining increased acceptance among state and central transmission utilities as it provides greater safety (against electrocution) as compared to overhead cables. On the technology front, the industry is witnessing a number of new technologies being introduced to enable utilities to augment their capacities without encountering the issues of right-of-way (RoW) clearances. Further, due to the risks associated with bare overhead cables, covered cables have been gaining importance in the market. Cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE), high-density polyethylene, aerial bunched cables and spacer cable systems are some of the most commonly used covered cables. In addition, an emerging technology trend of high-temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors is witnessing a greater adoption by the utilities. These conductors not only enhanced the operational efficiency but can also be used for the purpose of reconductoring the existing lines that enable utilities to transmit a higher quantum of power through existing corridors and can significantly scale down losses as well as instances of power outages. Further, to increase the current carrying capacity and scale down the transmission losses, utilities are turning to high-temperature superconductors (HTS) that have 5 to 10 times the current carrying capacity as compared to conventional conductors. Gas-insulated lines (GILs) that can be installed under the ground as well as in tunnels and trenches are today a well-accepted technology trend in the overseas market. Due resistive losses of GILs being lower than overhead lines and other types of underground cables, they offer greater reliability with no risk of fire. This technology can serve as a viable alternative to overhead lines where RoW is not available for the transmission of electricity. However, it is still waiting to see a widespread adoption in the domestic market.
Opportunities Ahead:
Overall, the cables and conductors industry is open to significant growth opportunities on account of investments planned in the power and investment sectors by the government. The largescale grid integration of intermittent renewable energy and the centre’s focus on achieving “Power for All” by 2018 that is backed by initiatives and programmes support investment in network strengthening and up gradation are some of the positive growth indicators for cables and conductors industry. As per the Central Electricity Authority’s draft National Electricity Plan – Transmission, 2016, an investment of Rs 2,600 billion is expected to be made during the period 2017-18 to 2021-22 for transmission system augmentation in the country. Of 60
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this, Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (Powergrid) is expected to invest around Rs 1,000 billion. Further, investment by the central government through schemes such as DDUGJY, IPDS, and Saubhagya will continue to maintain the demand in the cables and conductors segment. In addition, most of the state’s discoms are expected to improve their T&D investment through renewed capital expenditure that signed in for UDAY scheme. With the development of large-scale renewable energy plants and solar parks, is the need for integration of the new renewable-based capacity into the existing grid. Powergrid and the state transcos are also expected to undertake significant investments under the GEC project for improving connectivity to renewable energy projects. Certainly, this can be counted as one of the major demand drivers for the cables and conductors industry. Another key driver for the growth is governments Smart Cities Mission which is expected to propel the demand in the country and present new opportunities in the cables and conductors segment.
Issues & Challenges one of the biggest challenges faced by the industry is volatility in raw material prices. Any upward movements in the prices of raw material like steel, zinc, copper, and aluminium have an adverse effect on the profit margins. In addition, as the wire and cable industry is dependent on imports from China, the UAE, Russia, and Japan, thus exchange rate variations highly affects the industry. Further, delay in the execution of projects due to the agriculture of multiple clearances and approvals, and the shortage of manpower, this too poses a major impediment to the growth of the industry. Lately, the industry is also seen grappling with the challenge pertaining to lack of fair level playing field in the market. In many of the instances, it is seen that the tenders released by utilities have specific pre-qualification condition that hampers the wider participation by the domestic industry. Also, being a large section of the industry still unorganized, there is lack of quality product offerings by these players, due to non- compliance with the product guidelines. Way Forward: There is utmost need to look into corrective measures to deal with the issue faced by the industry. There is lack of standardisation of the end product posing a serious challenge for the sector. It is therefore imperative to develop standard guidelines for the industry as a whole so as the quality is not compromised. Further, the government should look into ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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& either get a boom/ get a bust & at other times a steady trickle of business. Some players in India have survived through all of that & the people who are still here are the ones who know how to manage & survive it. In the next 2-3, some good growth can be seen in the cable industry, especially the fiber optics. India cannot produce enough fiber at the moment to satisfy the demand that will come over the next 2-3 years. And is a reason why major fiber makers in India are investing a lot to expand production to produce fiber that will be needed. India stands to be in a good position globally in terms of being a producer of these products. Once saturated own market with cable there will still be a market for replacement. Some additions will be there but there will also be other markets which need it & those become the export market. African countries are the next big & growing markets. China is covering its domestic market. Middle East will grow but small population may impact the scope for business there.
Market size & growth Size of the cable industry in India has increased at a CAGR of 14.6% between 2013-14&2017-18. As per IEEMA, total size of the domestic cable market in 2017-18 was est’ at Rs 500 bn, a remarkable growth of 20% over 2016-17. In the first 6 months of 2018-19 (Apr-Sep), market registered a 30% growth. Meanwhile, Domestic conductor industry has witnessed sluggish growth over the past 5 years, recording a CAGR of about 2%. Size of market increased marginally from Rs 72.5 bn in 2016-17 to Rs 81 bn in 2017-18, after recording -ve growth for 2 consecutive years. In the first half of 2017-18 (Apr-Sep), it again registered a decline of 6.3% over the previous year. Which can be attributed to delays in the finalization of orders by major buyers? In the cable industry, demand for all subcategories of wires & cables such as power cables, control cables & comm. cables has grown consistently. In 2017-18, the LV cable segment registered a growth of 27.87%, followed by the control cable segment at 12.2%, & the HV cable segment at 9.7%. In the first half of 2018-19, the LV, HV & control cable segments recorded growth rates of 33.5%, 29.3% & 22.9%, respectively. Yet, increase in import of cables & conductors have affected domestic demand. In 2017-18, import of cables stood at Rs 7.34 bn &conductors at Rs 5.25 bn, about 20 & 33% higher than respectively imports recorded in 2016-17. In the first 6 months of 2018-19, while the import of cables continued to grow, recording an increase of 23% over the previous year, import of conductors recorded a significantly decline of 24%. Total value of cable exports in 2017-18 stood at Rs 25.6 bn || November 2020 ||
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creating a single window clearance mechanism for all players to deal with the issue of delays in projects. This will help in faster project clearances leading to spur in the demands for the industry. Though increasing industrialization and growing population agriculture for reliable and efficient power supply have kept demand high for cables and conductors. Going forward, looking the investments infused in the power and investment sectors by the government and various initiatives undertaken, this demand trend is expected to continue for the industry in the future as well. According to the IEEFA, India’s T/R grids will requirement adding modernization investments totaling between $60 bn & $ 80 bn. Additionally, GoI has established a target to add100 GW of solar power capacity by 2022 which requirements between $6 bn & $8 bn of grid investment to move this power from its sources to its users. After this India’s grid will be much more accessible, reliable, cleaner & efficient than it currently is. Much of this investment seems to be made using world-class equip’, materials & techniques to ensure that every penny invested gets put to good use. Cables &conductors are crucial elements of a T&D network. Cable & conductor market in India seen strong growth over the past few years on the back of expansions in the power sector as well as other investment sectors. This market in India comprises nearly half of the electrical industry & has grown at a CAGR of over 12% between 2013-14 & 2017-18. Governments continued focus on 24×7 reliable power supply, reduction in T&D losses & universal household electrification has helped drive demand in the market & this rising trend is expected to continue in the near term. Development & strengthening of the country’s T&D network has always been a key focus area. For this, a no’ of government initiatives & programs have been undertaken such as the DDUGJY, IPDS & the recently launched Saubhagya scheme. All these schemes have created a market for this sector in the country. Indian wire & cable industry gone through different phases of expansion & contraction. JFTC is now being used no more for the telephone lines& is an e.g. of boom & bust cycle. Fiber optic cable too will have its boom & bust period; it had one 17 years ago & it will have one again. India will have consolidation of certain plants & closure of certain others but there will be an ongoing market for fiber optic cables. This industry has had a cyclical demand profile where demand is based upon the economy & technology, both of which run at different speeds & so some times these peaks & troughs in the 2 different demand cycles coincide
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W i r e s & Ca b le s
Industry Focus
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&conductor exports at Rs 18.2 bn, hence registering a growth of smart city projects. It has become almost mandatory in of 18%&15%, respectively which is a +ve indicator for the densely populated areas owing to increasing RoW issues. It is also being preferred owing to its benefits such as low domestic industry. susceptibility to damage from severe weather conditions, Growth drivers Cable & conductor industry have grown significantly in the greater safety, protection against illegal connections, theft past few years with investments being made in the power & & pilferage & better aesthetics. Government also plans to investment sectors by the government. Size of the industry is undertake 100% electrification of its broad-gauge network expected to double over the next 5 years, growing at a CAGR by 2021-22 which involves electrification of almost 40,000 of 20%. Continuing focus on 24×7 power supply, development route km of railway lines, which is a huge opportunity for this & strengthening of the T&D network & electrification of all market. Metro rail projects worth Rs 1.75 tn are at various villages & households are some of the key growth drivers of stages of approval & are likely to come up for bidding in the cable & conductor market. Various government programs the next 5 years, creating a Rs 175 bn opportunity. Also, including the IPDS, Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana & the UDAY the oil & gas industry is set to invest Rs 6 tn over the next have led to new investments in the distribution segment. 7 years, largely focusing on increasing the refining capacity Government has planned an investment of about Rs 2.6 & developing new fields. And, this is expected to boost the tn in the T/R sector during the XIIIth plan period, which is cable industry as 3% of the capex in the oil & gas industry 1.4 times higher than the proposed capex in the XIIth plan is spent on cables. Reconductoring also increases the demand period. Of the planned investment, Rs 300 bn is likely to be as it enables utilities to transmit a higher quantum of power spent on T/R systems of 220 kV & below. One of the major through existing corridors & can significantly scale down drivers for this industry is the integration of renewables losses & instances of power outages. to the system. Government has set a target to install 225 GW of renewable capacity by 2022. A large share of which will come from solar installations, creating a significantly opportunity for solar cables. Also, to evacuate power from the large-scale RE plants being developed under the plan, a no’ of T/R lines are being constructed, hence driving demand for conductors. Also, ongoing smart city projects are expected to lead to large-scale developments in the power, telecom, housing & other investment sectors, creating more demand. Underground cabling is an essential part
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While the cable segment witnessed a positive growth, the conductor segment experienced sluggish demand. With the development of large-scale RE plants & solar parks, there is a need to lay down lines in order to connect them to existing grid. Meanwhile, investment in the coming years will continue to be driven by the central government through schemes such as DDUGJY, IPDS & Saubhagya. Even though the DDUGJY scheme is nearing its target, the focus on household electrification through Saubhagya will continue to sustain the demand in the cables & conductors’ segment. Also, with most of the states adopting UDAY, the state discoms are expected to improve their T&D investment through renewed capital expenditure. Apart from the impetus provided by the government, other key driver for the growth of the cable segment is the shift towards HVT/R lines. This demand is essentially driven by the creation of high capacity long distance corridors to deliver electricity to high demand regions & the development of green energy corridors for integrating the increasing share of RE into the grid. Future growth in the cable segment is likely to be driven by 132 kV&400 kV lines. Underground cabling too is gaining increased acceptance among state & central T/R utilities as it provides greater safety as compared to overhead cables. Lastly, the increase in government infra spending, particularly under the Smart Cities Mission, is expected to propel demand &present new opportunities in the cables & conductors’ segment. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
An ISO 9001 : 2015 Company
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Interview
Ajay Kumar Rana Director
Explore Technologies
E
xplore Technologies work out the most effective steps companies can take to implement the Base Code in their supply chains. We learn by doing, and by sharing our experience. Our projects and working groups develop and try out new ideas, often piloting these approaches on the ground in sourcing countries.
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Q. What is Explore Technologies outlook for the Indian
Electrical Market? Explore Technologies is considered as eminent solution provider of industrial automation. We attempt best in providing quality oriented services and highly efficient range of products to clients. Started with a vision to encompass our business in electrical industry, our organization is incorporated by enthusiastic engineers and reliable channel 64
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partners who put exertions for searching and implementing new ideas in order to provide best grade Automation products. We procure all these products from famous brands like Omron, L&T, CG Power and Industrial Solutions Limited, Oriental Motors, CKD Technology, Unison Controls Pvt Ltd. Socomec, Unison and UL Also, we have a pool of diligent service engineers and quality analysts that aid us in providing cost-effective repairing, installation as well as maintenance of different kinds of automation equipment. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
We are providing customers the best quality products and we have maintained friendly business relations with our prestigious customers spread all over the market. Our organization works with a motto of maximizing the satisfaction of our esteemed patrons. For this reason, we make sure that only superior quality products are offered to them within the stipulated time-period.
Q. Tell us more about your domestic market.
In the current domestic scenario businesses are affected by a combination of economic, legal and cultural factors specific to that domestic environment, or nation. A business can't necessarily control these factors, but it can work to respond to them appropriately. Despite its complications, domestic business is far simpler than international business. As we cater to domestic market more we are able to understand the needs of our Industries and thus cater accordingly.
Q. What kind of competition and challenges you face
while offering quality products at a lower price In places like NCR. Which house one of the biggest electronics market in Asia, the buyers get a lot of choice for all sorts of electronics hardware and products. The business in the region is going fine but the main issue is the increasing competition from cheap products with low quality. Since India is a price sensitive country, buyers prefer low cost products over good quality. once buyers become aware of the fact that quality should be given preference, then these cheap competitions will vanish by itself.
Q. How do you compete with the international brands
which exist in this particular domain We deal in International brands which have an access to the latest technology of several countries which is absent in case domestic countries. However the risk involved and challenges in case of international marketing are very high due to some factors like socio-cultural differences, exchange rates, setting an international price for the product and so on. The risk factor and challenges are comparatively less in the case of domestic marketing. The International marketing requires huge capital investment, but domestic marketing requires less investment for acquiring resources.
Q. How
Explore Technologies business has scaled during last one year. The last financial year 2019-20 had ended abruptly. The
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first quarter of the financial year 2020-21 had been very challenging. However the economy had taken its pace starting from August and hopefully we will be able to fill the gap which had occurred in first quarter thereby coming in pace with the last financial year. Hopefully we will be able to beat the last year turnover also.
Q. How the foundation of Atmanirbhar Bharat will
help the Indian electrical industry Atmanirbar bharat will help minimise the prices of the electrical items are the most imported items. We should invest more in these items for manufacturing so as to ramp up capacity, but also ensure that the end- consumers get the best of the quality products at internationally competitive prices. Self-reliance in the real sense would mean an aggressive production and pricing strategy involving scale and speed of execution."
Q. How Boycott China will affect the electrical Industry?
One cannot underestimate China while not flattering– the role played by the neighbour as key supplier of capital goods, and sophisticated equipment Not only are the Chinese products cheap – the prices of American and European vendors may be 3-4 times – there are question marks on India’s ability to emerge as a major global player in such sophisticated segments.
Q. How Explore Technologies participates in CSR
activities. Explore Technologies work out the most effective steps companies can take to implement the Base Code in their supply chains. We learn by doing, and by sharing our experience. Our projects and working groups develop and try out new ideas, often piloting these approaches on the ground in sourcing countries. By taking part in these groups as well as in roundtable discussions, our members collectively establish good practice in ethical trade. We then develop training and resources to capture this learning, providing practical tools to help companies to put their ethical trade policies into effect. Moreover we drive improvements in member companies' performance. We empower women in our organisation too. We offer our employees opportunities for growth at work too. EM For more info:www.exploretechnologies.net
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
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li ght i n g a r r e s t er
Industry Feature
The lighting arrester industry in India mainly covers low voltage lighting arrester products
Abstract
A potential target for a lightning strike, such as an outdoor television antenna, is attached to the terminal labeled A in the photograph. Terminal E is attached to a long rod buried in the ground. Ordinarily no current will flow between the antenna and the ground because there is extremely high resistance between B and C, and also between C and D. The voltage of a lightning strike, however, is many times higher than that needed to move electrons through the two air gaps. The result is that electrons go through the lightning arresters rather than traveling on to the television set and destroying it. A lightning arrester may be a spark gap or may have a block of a semiconducting material such as silicon carbide or zinc oxide. "Thyrite" was the trade name used by General Electric for the silicon carbide composite used in their arrester and varistor products. Some spark gaps are open to the air, but most modern varieties are filled with a precision gas mixture, and have a small amount of radioactive material to encourage the gas to ionize when the voltage across the gap reaches a specified level. Other designs of lightning arresters use a glow-discharge tube (essentially like a neon glow lamp) connected between the protected conductor and ground, or voltage-activated solid-state switches called varistors or MOVs. Lightning arresters used in power substations are large devices, consisting of a porcelain tube several feet long and several inches in diameter, typically filled with discs of zinc oxide. A safety port on the side of the device vents the occasional internal explosion without shattering the porcelain cylinder. Lightning arresters are rated by the peak current they can withstand, the amount of energy they can absorb, and the breakover voltage that they require to begin conduction. They are applied as part of a lightning protection system, in combination with air terminals and bonding. Substations and Switchgears are critical components of transmission and distribution systems and work in close conjunction with each other. The reliability of power system depends on the efficient functioning of its equipment, especially in the wake of greater integration of variable renewable energy with the grid. Substations
li ght i n g a r r e s t er
Industry Feature
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transform the voltage from high to low and house the various equipment required for transmission, switching, regulation and protection of transmission and distribution systems. The switchgear comprises devices associated with power system control and protection as switches, fusers, circuit breakers, lighting arresters and relays. Lightning is the most frequent cause of over voltages on distribution systems. Basically, lightning is a gigan- tic spark resulting from the development of millions of volts between clouds or between a cloud and the earth. It is similar to the dielectric breakdown of a huge capacitor. The voltage of a lightning stroke may start at hundreds of millions of volts between the cloud and earth. Although these values do not reach the earth, millions of volts can be delivered to the buildings, trees or distribution lines struck. In the case of overhead distribution lines, it is not necessary that a stroke contact the line to produce over voltages dangerous to equipment. This is so because "induced voltages" caused by the collapse of the electrostatic field with a nearby stroke may reach to very high values. Lightning is classified as a transient event. The amount of energy contained in a lightning stroke is very high and it can be extremely destructive, even a single stroke to a distribution line can be sucient to cause a blackout throughout a feeder. Lightning is the main reason for outages in transmission and distribution lines. When lightning strikes a power line, it is like closing a "big switch" between a large current source and the power line circuit. The sudden closing of this "big switch" causes an abrupt change in the circuit conditions, creating a transient. There is also the case when the lightning strikes the vicinity of the power line and the large magnetic field generated from the lightning current cause mutual coupling between the power line and the lightning. The event alters the conditions of the power line circuit, as a result, produce an electrical transient. Lighting arrester is one of the most important components in an electrical system. It includes all the devices that ensure power system protection and regulate power supply. Lighting arrester de-energises equipment and clears faults in the system, thereby ensuring reliable power supply. The study of lightning strokes in power lines is very important because it is known that lightning does strike the same structure over and again. This can be a very serious problem for power lines, typically, the highest structures located in high incidence lightning regions. Any structure, no matter its size, may be struck by lightning, but the probability of a structure been struck increases with its height. Very close dart leaders can make as significant a contribution as return strokes in inducing voltages and currents on power systems. The duration of the lightning stroke is usually less than a couple of hundred microseconds.
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The original lightning arrester was nothing more than a spark air gap with one side connected to a line conductor and the other side connected to earth ground. When the line-to-ground voltage reached the spark-over level, the voltage surge would be discharged to earth ground. The modern metal oxide arrester provides both excellent protective characteristics and temporary overvoltage capability. The metal oxide disks maintain a stable characteristic and sufficient non-linearity and do not require series gaps. Lightning strikes are not the only sources of voltage surges in the electrical system. Some of the few more frequently encountered causes of transient voltage surges are Surge voltages associated with switching capacitors, Surge voltages due to a failure in equipment insulation resulting in a short circuit on the distribution system and Surge voltages associated with the discharge of lightning arresters at other locations within the facility.
Market trends:
The lighting arrester industry in India mainly covers low voltage lighting arrester (with a rating below 1 kV) products. With huge emphasis on electrification, the medium voltage lighting arrester (with ratings between 1 kV and 33 kV) market is expanding at a rapid pace. The demand for high voltage and ultra high voltage lighting arrester is also picking up on the back of investments being undertaken by the government for the development of high voltage and ultra-high voltage transmission infrastructure. In addition, with the continuously increasing renewable energy capacity, lighting arresters become pivotal in ensuring that networks operate in a synchronous manner with minimum faults. Further, modern business requirements call for upgraded lighting arrester that can ensure safety, reliable power supply and continued business operations. The lighting arrester industry has witnessed technological advancements across all voltage levels. Industry players are constantly trying to develop different kinds of lighting arrester that is more compact, reliable and environment friendly, and requires minimum installation and commissioning time. Lighting arrester makers have started leveraging internet of things to enable real-time information flow, as well as improved predictive diagnostics that leads to higher energy efficiency and a more reliable grid. Intelligent lighting arrester can connect with the internet and provide comprehensive monitoring and protection functions, as well as measure all electrical parameters in real time. These lighting arresters overcomes the disadvantages of common electric switchgear power systems. The lighting arrester industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth has mainly been due to the strong demand for low voltage and medium voltage lighting arrester from distribution and low voltage transmission consumers. With various transmission and distribution strengthening initiatives being undertaken by the ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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l i ght i ng a r r e st e r
Industry Feature
70
government and the target to achieve 100 per cent household electrification, the lighting arrester market is likely to continue on its growth trajectory. It is a well-established and equipment industry with continuously developing technologies to support this growth. Further, given its critical role in substation automation, the scope of lighting arrester is set to grow considerable in the future.
Design of Lighting Arrester:
In any transmission or distribution network, Surge Arresters are provided to ensure that any surges that are occurring in the system are diverted to ground and the system is maintained healthy. Lighting Arresters that are provided in the substation to protect the vital equipment like the transformers, CT, PT, Switchgear installed in the incoming of the substation are called as the substation arresters. These arresters are equipped to take care of the temporary over voltages in the system and the switching over voltages that are generated in the system. These are however inadequate to take care of the lighting surges that may occur due lighting strikes that occurs on the lines. This is the duty of the transmission line arrester. The earthing screen and ground wires can well protect the electrical system against direct lightning strokes but they fail to provide protection against traveling waves, which may reach the terminal apparatus. The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A lightning arrester or a surge diverted conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the ground. The basic structure of lighting arrester or surge diverter consists of a spark gap in series with a non-linear resistor. One end of the diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively grounded.
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The length of the gap is so set that normal voltage is not enough to cause an arc but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The property of the non-linear resistance is that its resistance increases as the voltage (or current) increases and vice-versa. The action of the lightning arrester or surge diverter is as under: 1. Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current to earth or the gap is non-conducting 2. On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is formed providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over the line. 3. It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation of arrester. As the gap sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short-circuit on the power system and may cause power-follow current in the arrester. 4. Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to high voltage (or current), it gives the effect of short-circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers high resistance to make the gap non-conducting. 5. Surge arrester is connected to the conductor just before it enters the equipment. The surge arrester is also connected to ground and functions by routing energy from an over-voltage transient to ground if one occurs, while isolating the conductor from ground at normal operating voltages. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
Selection of Lighting Arrester:
The objective of arrester application is to select the lowest rated surge arrester which will provide adequate overall protection of the equipment insulation and have a satisfactory service life when connected to the power system. The arrester with the minimum rating is preferred because it provides the greatest margin of protection for the insulation. A higher rated arrester increases the ability of the arrester to survive on the power system, but reduces the protective margin it provides for a specific insulation level. Both arrester survival and equipment protection must be considered in arrester selection. Lightning arrester is located near the equipment to be protected. It is the first apparatus from the line to sub-station, lightning arrester are also installed near transformer terminals. The proximity of earthed objects and height of lightning arrester above earth affects the characteristics adversely. Hence separation distances should be considered. The basic requirements of LA are: a. It should take no current during normal power frequency condition. The break down strength should be above the normal power frequency voltage and permissible over voltage. b. Transient Over voltages of value more than insulation flash over or break down level should be diverted to earth. c. The discharge current should not damage the arresters. Lightning arrester should be in a position to absorb the energy without getting damaged. d. The voltage across arrester during discharge (residual voltage) should not be too low nor too high. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
A. Arrester Voltage Rating:
The lower the arrester voltage rating, the lower the discharge voltage, and the better the protection of the insulation system. The lower rated arresters are also more economical. The challenge of selecting and arrester voltage rating is primarily one of determining the maximum sustained line-to-ground voltage that can occur at a given system location and then choosing the closest rating that is not exceeded by it. This maximum sustained voltage to ground is usually considered to be the maximum voltage on the unfaulted phases during a single line-to-ground fault. Hence, the appropriate arrester ratings are dependent upon the manner of system grounding. For surge arrester applications the â&#x20AC;&#x153;solidly groundedâ&#x20AC;? classification is usually found in Electric Utility distribution systems where the system is usually only grounded at the point of supply. These systems can exhibit a wide range of grounding co-efficients depending upon the system or location in the system. Accordingly, these systems may require a study to ensure the most economical, secure, arrester rating selection. Both high resistance and low resistance systems are considered ungrounded for the selection of the proper surge arrester since during a line-to-ground fault the unfaulted phases and their arresters experience essentially line-to-line voltage. The same is true for the infrequently used ungrounded system. This simply means that the maximum continuous operating voltage, must be at least 100 % of the maximum operating voltage of the system.
w w w. e l e c t r i c a l m i r r o r. n e t
e. Normal condition should be restored soon after the surge has been diverted. The proper selection and application of lightning arresters in a system involve decisions in three areas: 1. Selecting the arrester voltage rating. This decision is based on whether or not the system is grounded and the method of system grounding. 2. Location of the arrester: Determine where the arrester should be physically located. 3. Selecting the class of arrester. In general there are three classes of arresters. In order of protection, capability and cost, the classes are: - Station class - Intermediate class - Distribution class The station class arrester has the best protection capability and is the most expensive.
B. Location of Arresters:
The ideal location for lightning arresters, from the standpoint of protection, is directly at the terminals of the equipment || November 2020 ||
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Industry Feature
to be protected. At this location, with the arrester grounded directly at the tank, frame or other metallic structure which supports the insulated parts, the surge voltage applied to the insulation will be limited to the discharge voltage of the arrester. Practical system circumstance and sound economics often dictate that arresters be mounted remotely from the equipment to be protected. Often, one set of arresters can be applied to protect more than one piece of equipment. Low BIL apparatus (certain dry-type transformers and rotating machines) will often require surge protective devices be connected directly at the terminals of the equipment being protected. In many switchgear installations, the only exposure to lightning will be through a transformer located on its up-stream side. When the transformer has adequate lightning protection on its primary, experience has shown that the surge transferred through the transformer is usually not of a magnitude that would be harmful to the switchgear. Hence, it is generally not necessary to provide arresters in the switchgear. When arresters are located away from the terminals of the protected equipment, the voltage wave will reflect positively on the equipment terminals and the voltage magnitude at the terminal point will always be higher than the discharge voltage of the arrester. This is due to the fact that the protected equipment usually has a higher surge impedance than the line or cable serving it. If the circuit is open at the protected equipment (infinite surge impedance), the voltage will be double the arrester discharge voltage. The actual surge voltage appearing at the protected equipment depends, in part, on the incoming wave magnitude at the instant of arrester discharge. If a positive reflected surge from the protected equipment arrives back at the arrester before arrester discharge, it will add to the incoming wave to produce discharge at a lower incoming wave magnitude. The reflected wave, in this case, results in improved protection. The closer the arrester is to the protected equipment, the greater the effect of the reflected surge on arrester discharge and the better the protection.
C. Arrester Class
The class of lightning arrester to be applied depends upon the importance and value of the protected equipment, its impulse insulation level and the expected discharge currents the arrester must withstand. Station class arresters are designed for protection of equipment that may be exposed to significant energy due to line switching surges and at locations where significant fault current is available. They have superior electrical performance because their energy absorption capabilities are greater, the discharge voltages (protective levels) are lower and the pressure relief 72
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is greater. The value of the protected equipment and the importance of uninterrupted service generally warrant the use of station class arresters throughout their voltage range. Intermediate class arresters are designed to provide economic and reliable protection of medium voltage class power equipment. Intermediate arresters are an excellent choice for the protection of dry-type transformers, for use in switching and sectionalizing equipment and for the protection of URD cables. Traditional applications include medium voltage equipment protection in the substations and rotating machines. Distribution class arresters are frequently used for smaller liquid-filled and dry-type transformers 1000 kVA and less. These arresters can also be used, if available in the proper voltage rating, for application at the terminals of rotating machines below 1000 kVA. The distribution arrester is often used out on exposed lines that are directly connected to rotating machines.
Transmission Line Arrester:
In case of the transmission system in India, the majority of the transmission lines are still with overhead bare conductors on transmission towers. These are some areas where there are high voltage cables for upto 400 kV that are used for underground ring network, but predominantly the transmission lines are overhead bare conductors on transmission towers. Open bare lines on tail transmission towers are highly prone to direct lighting strikes or insulated voltages due to lighting strikes. This becomes all the more important in a country line India where we have large number of outdoor lines in highly isokeraunic areas, specially areas where the lines are very old. There are multiple methods to reduce the outages due to lighting some of which are improving the tower footing resistance, charging to underground cables or installing transmission lines arresters being the cheapest and easiest of the alternatives. Two types of lighting strikes that can occur on the system, first being the direct strike which happens in the case of shield failure and the second being the indirect or induced voltage in the system due to the lighting striking the earth wire. When the lighting strikes the phase wire of transmission line, the total current divides itself and flow in both the directions. In case of lighting strike onto the earth wire or tower, low impedance ground path drives lighting current to earth and tower footing resistance dominates the potential rise of the tower. High lighting current could also generate a flashover from the tower to phase conductor. Both the conditions are damaging the insulators provided enroute and also the voltage reaching the substation end could be very high which needs to be eliminated / minimized to ensure proper operation of the transmission line with minimum outages.
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lighti n g a r r es t e r
Industry Feature
Transmission line arresters can be of two types namely externally gapped type and non gapped lighting arresters. Externally gapped arresters are not the preferred variety in India as the gaps need to be set based on the site conditions which is difficult and also the site conditions very considerably during the course of the year. Maintaining these gaps accurately is also another of the issues related to this. In case we need to achieve the target of nil flash over, then the most ideal solution will be to provide these arresters on all phased and on all towers in the circuit. This economically is not viable and may not be a solution is therefore to look at provide arresters on towers based on an analysis to ensure that the tripping is reduced to a minimum as can be agreed with the customer. The transmission line arresters are suspended directly onto the transmission lines near to the tower after insulators by using suspension clamp. The bottom portion of the arrester is connected to a disconnector. An earth connection is provided at the bottom of the disconnector to connect to earth and subsequently a strain relief clamp is provided to connect the arrester to the tower to ensure that there is no swinging of the transmission line arrester. It is not advisable to just install transmission line arresters at the various points on the transmission lines and expect to get the desired results of minimum tripping in the system. A detailed analysis need to be carried out on the system to ensure that the arresters are installed at the correct powers and on the correct phases to ensure that they give the desired results.
Recommendations:
To ensure healthiness of lighting arresters and avoid premature failures, it is necessary to monitor health of lighting arresters at regular intervals. Healthiness of the lighting arresters can be verified by offline or online measurements. Many techniques are available to ensure the healthiness of lighting arresters, such as watt loss measurement, leakage current measurement, measurement of 3rd harmonics of resistive leakage current etc. Measurement of 3rd harmonic resistive leakage current is the most popular method as it is an online measurement. Key recommendations for maintaining the lighting arresters in healthy condition are as follows: 1. Before maintenance, inspection or replacement work, take shut down & earthed the concern circuit disconnect the arrester from line end as a safety precaution. 2. While erecting arrester it is to keep the vent ports away from transformer and other equipments, so as to prevent damage to them in the event of failure of arrester. 3. Damaged or unserviceable arrester should be kept away from the healthy arrester. 4. Arrester crates should be stored indoors on cement floor to prevent damage to crates or water entry into arrester.
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5. Arrester crates should be kept in vertical position to prevent damage and loosening of parts inside. 6. If surge monitor is not used, then connect the bottom of arrester directly to station earth. 7. Always be certain that the ground connection is firmly made before connecting the arrester to an energized line. 8. In case discharge counter is used, it must be connected before connecting arrester to an energized line. 9. When installing the grading rings individual care should be taken to avoid rings striking the porcelain. 10. In multi units same make units should be used. 11. Do not work on arrester without taking shut down in concern circuit. 12. While maintenance or installing the arrester unit. The staff should not be climbed as this may result in breakage of porcelain 13. The chipped or cracks porcelain housing of arrester should not be installed. 14. Arrester should not be lifted by line terminal, rope may be used around the housing for lifting the arrester. 15. The arrester should not be tilted, these should be handling only in an upright position. 16. In case any abnormal sound amounting of broken. Components inside the porcelain housing is heard in any of the arrester, the arrester should not be used. 17. In multi units different make should not be used. 18. The arrester should not be used as bus support. 19. The earth terminal of the arrester should never be isolated in the event of removing of surge monitor disconnection should be by-passed by an earthing shunt. 20. Surge monitor being an sensitive instrument proper handling of the instrument is required.
Conclusion:
Lighting arrester play a very significant role in improving power system reliability by diverting surges to earth. This improves protection of the system from surge voltages and protects costly switchyard equipment. Insulation co-ordination with accurate selection of lighting arrester rating is required for enhancing system reliability. Since lighting arresters protect other equipment, monitoring the health of lighting arresters is essential. Each piece of electrical equipment in an electrical system needs to be protected from voltage surges. To prevent damage to electrical equipment, surge protection considerations are paramount to a well-designed electrical system. Surge Arrester plays an important role in ensuring safety of electrical equipments as well as working personal from Lightning surges in Electrical Installations. The proper selection and application of the arrester, however, involves decisions in several areas. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR
75
Earthing
Special Focus
The earthing system is essential for any electrical installation to avoid dangers associated with fault currents
Abstract:
The Earth Resistance measurement could be carried out at selected points along its route. The Earth Resistance profile varies between 10 Ohms and 20 Ohms. Soil identifications as well as programmed intensive field measurements of soil resistivity and earthing system at selected sites proves that soil resistivity valuesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; depend on the type of soil. In rocky areas, the resistance could be lowered by a buried network of well-designed earth mat or by a network of buried counterpoise earth wire in order to reduce the effect of lightning stroke. For better earthing of electrical systems the soil resistivity should be improved for effective earthing of system. To avoid this non-current carrying metal parts of the electrical system are connected to the general mass of earth by means of an earthing system comprising of earth conductors to conduct the fault currents safely to the ground. Earthing has been accomplished through bonding of a metallic system to earth. It is normally achieved by inserting ground rods or other electrodes deep inside earth. Earthing is to ensure safety or protection of electrical equipment and human by discharging the electrical energy to the earth. The earthing is achieved by connecting the parts of the installation to the earth by using the earth conductor or earth electrode in intimate contact with the soil placed with some distance below the ground level. The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly to the earth by the help of the low resistance wire is known as the electrical earthing. The electrical earthing is done by connecting the non-current carrying part of the equipment or neutral of supply system to the ground. Mostly, the galvanised iron is used for the earthing. The earthing provides the simple path to the leakage current. The shortcircuit current of the equipment passes to the earth which has zero potential. Thus, protects the system and equipment from damage.
Earthing
Special Focus
• It can ensure the safety of property and lives The earthing mat or electrode under the ground level have flat iron riser through which all the non-current-carrying • It can prevent insulation breakdown by keeping the metallic parts of the equipment are connected. When the fault system voltage under limits when a fault condition occurs occurs, the fault current from the equipment flows through • It can provide an equipotential platform where electronic the earthing system to the earth and thereby protects the equipment can be operated equipment from the fault current. At the time of the fault, • Electrical noise in the cable can be reduced by providing the earth mat conductors rise to the voltage which is equal an alternating path for induced current. to the resistance of the earth mat multiplied by a ground • It can minimize arcing faults fault. The contacting assembly is called earthing. The metallic conductors connecting the parts of the installation with the What is the difference between system earthing and equipment earthing? earthing are called electrical connection. System earthing is done by considering the protection of What is a solidly earthed system? A device or a system can be said to be solidly earthed if it is electrical equipment, by stabilizing voltages with respect to electrically connected to an earth electrode without the intention ground. Whereas the equipment earthing is done for the of additional resistance or impedance in earth connection, protection of the personnel by maintaining the potential of non-current carrying equipment at or near earth potential. and this system can protect the device from over-voltages. Mostly the system earthing is done by earthing the neutral of What are the objectives of earthing? the supply system. In case of fault conditions the non-current • It can provide an alternative path for the fault current carrying conductors of the electrical installations such as frames, so the fault current can travel in that path without enclosers, fencing could attain high potential with respect to damaging the equipment or endanger the user ground so it would be dangerous to the person who comes in • The conductive parts which are exposed won’t reach a contact with it, to avoid this equipment earthing is done by dangerous potential connecting the non-current carrying conductors of the electrical • Voltage can be maintained in an electrical system by system to the earth, it is done by the earthing system which preventing overcurrent and excessive voltages consists of earth electrodes which conduct the fault current • Low impedance path will be provided to the fault current safely to ground. and by this, it can ensure the correct operation of protective Why coal and salt is added in earth pits devices Coal is added to earth pits because it is a bad conductor; it is
Why do we need earthing?
Earthing is done for the safety of humans, equipment, property and if there is no effective earthing then it could lead to the loss of property and lives. 78
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made up of burning wood. It has a property of absorbing water because it is porous. Salt is added to earth pits because it is basically sodium chloride and when it comes in contact with water it breaks into ions and helps in electrical conduction. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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Special Focus
Earthing
Aim of Earthing:
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The earthing system is essential for any electrical installation to avoid dangers associated with fault currents and lighting strikes. A properly designed common earthing system is used for both electrical system and lighting protection system. An earthing system comprises of protective earthing conductor, equipotential bonding bars, connectors and earthing electrode. A good earthing system aims as: • Protect installations and equipment by providing a low impedance path for fault current. • Ensures that all exposed conductive parts do not reach a dangerous potential. • Avoid the risk of fire in electrical installation system. • Provide security for people by limiting step and touch voltages – by providing an alternate path for the fault currents to flow. • Provide safe path to dissipate lighting and short circuit currents. The earthing provides the easiest path to the flow of short circuit current even after the failure of the insulation. • Improve the quality of the signal by equal signal reference and minimize electromagnetic noise. • Provide stable platform for operation for sensitive electronic equipments i.e. to maintain voltage at any part of an electrical system at a known value so as to prevent over current or excessive voltage on the equipment.
Earth Electrodes
In general horizontal ring earthing combined with vertical earth electrodes shall be used. In horizontal earth electrode,
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copper coated steel round solid conductor of 10 mm size shall be used. Horizontal earth conductor shall have minimum number of joints. The minimum length between joints shall be greater than 20 meters. Vertical earth electrodes shall be of copper coated solid steel with minimum coating thickness of 250 microns. Each electrode shall be 1 meter long with suitable coupling mechanism between roads so that multiple rods can be driven deep in soil. Conductive concrete based earth enhancing materials shall be used for back filling the augured earthing hole after inserting the vertical earth electrode. Approximately 25 kg’s earth material shall be used for a three meter road inserted in a 100 mm augured hole in a slurry form. The earth enhancing material shall not contain Bentonite content. All joints under soil shall be exothermically welded. Joints with SS clamps and SS bolts are allowed only in exposed area. If one earth electrode does not provide required value, additional rods shall be installed ideally two rod lengths apart, but as a minimum at 1 rod length apart. The more electrodes used, better will be the electrical connection to the earth. Connect all vertical electrodes together with a horizontal earth conductor and finally to the equipotential bonding but at the shelter’s power entry panel. When the ordinary earth electrode provides a poor earth resistance and value is not stable throughout the year, particularly in places with rocky soil, chemically charged electrodes can be used. The chemically charged electrodes shall be 3 meters long, made of copper pipe with minimum external diameter of 55 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm. The chemicals filled inside the charged electrode leaches into the
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Earthing
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nearby soil and provide a low resistance value. Care should be taken while providing the earth electrode under the ground: • The earthing electrode should not be placed near the building whose installation system is earthed more than 1.5 m away. • The resistance of the earth wire should not be more than 1 ohm. • The wire use for electrode and circuit should be made up of the same material. • The electrodes should be placed in vertical position so that it can touch the layers of the earth.
Types of Electrical Earthing
The electrical equipment mainly consists of two non-current carrying parts. These parts are neutral of the system or frame of the electrical equipment. From the earthing of these two non-current carrying parts of the electrical system earthing can be classified into Neutral Earthing and Equipment earthing. In neutral earthing, the neutral of the system is directly connected to earth by the help of the GI wire or GI strip. The neutral earthing is also called the system earthing. Such type of earthing is mostly provided to the system which has star winding. For example, the neutral earthing is provided in the generator, transformer, motor etc. Equipment type of earthing is provided to the electrical
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equipment. The non-current carrying part of the equipment like their metallic frame is connected to the earth by the help of the conducting wire. If any fault occurs in the apparatus, the short-circuit current to pass the earth by the help of wire. Thus, protect the system from damage.
Grounding:
Grounding means connecting the live part (it means the part which carries current under normal condition) to the earth for example neutral of power transformer. Grounding is done for the protections of power system equipment and to provide an effective return path from the machine to the power source. For example grounding of neutral point of a star connected transformer. Grounding refers the current carrying part of the system such as neutral (of the transformer or generator). Because of lightening, line surges or unintentional contact with other high voltage lines, dangerously high voltages can develop in the electrical distribution system wires. Grounding provides a safe, alternate path around the electrical system thus minimizing damage from such occurrences. Generally Black wire is used for this as a nomenclature. In grounding, the current carrying parts are directly connected to the ground. The grounding provides the return path for the leakage current and hence protects the power system equipment from damage. When the fault occurs in the equipment, the ||www.electricalmirror.net||
Basic difference between Grounding and Earthing: ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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current in all the three phases of the equipment become unbalance. The grounding discharges the fault current to the ground and hence makes the system balance. The grounding has several advantages like it eliminates the surge voltage and also discharge the over voltage to the ground. The grounding provides the great safety to the equipment and improves the service reliability. All electrical/electronic circuits (AC & DC) need a reference potential (zero volts) which is called ground in order to make possible the current flow from generator to load. Ground is may or may not be earthed. In electrical power distribution it is either earthed at distribution point or at consumer end but it is not earthed in Automobile (for instance all vehicles’ electrical circuits have ground connected to the chassis and metallic body that are insulated from earth through tires). There may exist a neutral to ground voltage due to voltage drop in the wiring, thus neutral does not necessarily have to be at ground potential. In a properly balanced system, the phase currents balance each other, so that the total neutral current is also zero. For individual systems, this is not completely possible, but we strive to come close in aggregate. This balancing allows maximum efficiency of the distribution transformer’s secondary winding.
• In grounding the current carrying part is connected to ground whereas in earthing the body of the equipment is connected to ground. • Grounding is the link between the neutral of the equipment and ground whereas earthing is the link between the equipment body and earth pit which is placed under the earth surface. • Grounding protects the power system equipment whereas earthing protects the human from electric shock. • Grounding provides the return path to the current whereas earthing discharges the electrical energy to the earth. • Three types of grounding generally used in electrical network namely Solid grounding, Resistance grounding and Reactance grounding. Type of earthing used in electrical system/network are Pipe earthing, Plate earthing, Rod earthing, earthing through tap and strip earthing • Grounding indicated by black color and earthing indicated by green color. • Grounding use for balancing the unbalance load whereas earthing use for avoiding the electrical shock. • Neutral of generator and power transformer is connected to ground. The enclosure of the transformer, generator, motor etc. is connected to the earth. • The grounding wire is placed between the neutral of the equipment and the earth whereas in earthing the earth electrode is placed between the equipment body and the earth pit which is placed under the ground. • In grounding the equipment is not physically connected to the ground, and the current is not zero on the ground, whereas in earthing the system is physically connected to the ground and it is at zero potential. • The grounding gives the path to an unwanted current and hence protects the electrical equipment from damage, whereas the earthing decrease the high potential of electrical equipment which is caused by a fault and thus protects the human body from the electrical shock.
Functional difference between earthing & Grounding:
There is no major difference between earthing and Grounding, both means “Connecting an electrical circuit or device to the Earth”. This serves various purposes like to drain away unwanted currents, to provide a reference voltage for circuits needing one, to lead lightning away from delicate equipment. Even though there is a micro difference between grounding & earthing. • Balancing the Load Vs Safety:
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Earthing
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Ground is a source for unwanted currents and also as a return path for main current some times. While earthing is done not for return path but only for protection of delicate equipments. It is an alternate low resistance path for current. When the neutral for a three phase unbalanced connection take out and send it to ground, it is called grounding. Grounding is done to balance unbalanced load. While earthing is used between the equipment and earth pit so as to avoid electrical shock and equipment damage. • Equipment Protection Vs Human Safety: Earthing is to protect the circuit elements whenever high voltage is passed by thunders or by any other sources while Grounding is the common point in the circuit to maintain the voltage levels. Earth is used for the safety of the human body in fault conditions while Grounding (As neutral earth) is used for the protection of equipments. • Earthing is a preventive measure while Grounding is just a return path: The ground conductor provides a return path for fault current when a phase conductor accidentally comes in contact with a grounded object. This is a safety feature of the wiring system and it would never expect to see grounding conductor current flow during normal operation. Do not Ground the Neutral Second time When It is grounded either at Distribution Transformer or at main service panel of consumer end. Grounding act as neutral. But neutral cannot act as ground. • System Zero Potential Vs Circuit Zero Potential: Earthing and Grounding both is refer to zero potential but the system connected to zero potential is differ than Equipment connected to zero potential .If a neutral point of a generator or transformer is connected to zero potential then it is known as grounding. At the same time if the body of the transformer or generator is connected to zero potential then it is known as earthing. The term “Earthing means that the circuit is physically connected
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to the ground and it is Zero Volt Potential to the Ground (Earth) but in case of “Grounding” the circuit is not physically connected to ground, but its potential is zero(where the currents are algebraically zero) with respect to other point, which is also known as “Virtual Grounding.” Earth having zero potential whereas neutral may have some potential. That means neutral does not always have zero potential with respect to ground. In earthing we have Zero Volt potential references to the earth while in grounding we have local Zero Volt potential reference to circuit. When we connect two different Power circuits in power distribution system, we want to have the same Zero Volt reference so we connect them and grounds together. This common reference might be different from the earth potential. • Illegal Practice of interchange Purpose of Grounding & earthing wire: Neutral wire in grid connections is mandatory for safety. Imagine a person from 4th floor in a building uses Earth wire (which is earthed in the basement at Basement) as neutral to power his lights. Another Person from 2nd floor has a normal setup and uses neutral for the same purpose. Neutral wire is also earthed at the ground level (as per USA practice Neutral is Grounded (earthed) at Building and as per Indian Practice it is Grounded (earthed) at Distribution Transformer). However, ground wire (Neutral wire) has a much lower electrical resistance than Earth Wire (Earthing) which results in a difference of electrical potential (i.e. voltage) between them. This voltage is quite a hazard for anyone touching a Earth wire (Metal Body of Equipment) as it may have several tens of volts. The second issue is legality. Using ground wire instead of neutral makes you an energy thief as the meter uses only the Phase and neutral for recording your energy consumption. Many Consumers make energy theft by using Earthing wire as a Neutral wire in an Energy meter. EM
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Guest Article
Guest Article
Digital Energy Trade with Blockchain: Potentials for Energy Supply
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The blockchain electrifies the electricity industry, drastically reducing commercial transaction costs making it possible to market even the smallest amounts of electricity. In years to come blockchain to become a key technology for smart grids and sector coupling. The energy transition needs communication between the individual stakeholders and interest groups – as well as in technical terms. To get a grip on the increasing decentralization and fluctuation of power generation, the individual components of the energy system must be linked to each other in smart grids across sectors. This is the prerequisite for the interactions that are necessary between producers and consumers; between equipment, platforms, and systems; between battery storage units and heat pumps, eVehicles, and CHPs. However, how can the countless transactions be efficiently controlled, documented, and calculated in such closely-knit, yet finely divided energy system? Blockchain Sets the Cornerstone for Direct Transaction In commercial transactions of all types, a mediator generally participates, who brings the buyer and seller together, assumes legal responsibilities, and deals with payments. This is commonly the supplier in the energy sector. However, their services come at a price – they can generate high transaction costs. Therefore, many experts in the energy sector are placing their hopes in a technology that has long been considered a plaything for nerds: blockchains. Originally developed as the technical foundation for the digital currency, bitcoin, blockchains allow businesses to act without the involvement of a third party.
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Sinking Electricity Prices for Consumers? How does this work? The blockchain stores the data resulting from a transaction multiple times. This takes place on decentralized, independent computers, whose processing power is provided for participants in the blockchain – private individuals, initiatives, or corporations. This hardware structure can comprise hundreds or even thousands of computers. If a new data set is generated, then all of the computers update the blockchain so that each of them holds all transaction data at all times. If anyone wanted to manipulate the data, they would have to hack into numerous computers. This makes the technology extremely secure. In addition, the blockchain could significantly reduce commercial expenses, as intermediaries are eliminated. ‘Could’, because first the currently high computing costs for validating data must be reduced. It is, ultimately, not very efficient if each individual computer has to check every single transaction. However, experts are currently working on methods that should perform this many times faster and much cheaper. A Decentralized Databank for the Decentralized Energy Market Compared with conventional, centrally organized systems, blockchains guarantee a significantly higher level of data security. At the same time, they entail – at least potentially – only minimal transaction costs. Ultimately, the energy market of the future is not going to be dominated by today’s large power plants, which trade in gigawatts or megawatts, but instead by those that produce kilowatts, or even mere watts.. ||www.electricalmirror.net||
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Key Technology for the Energy Market of the Future It is therefore not surprising that companies have selected this particular area for collecting practical experience with the concept. For example, a renowned network operator and battery manufacturer have begun a field test, in which 6000 domestic battery storage units are used to hold wind energy during network bottlenecks and also to supply the power downstream of the choke point (Redispatch). The processes are automatically invoiced using a blockchain, which detects each individually stored and released kilowatt hour of each battery unit. The future of energy production will consist of millions of small, decentralized electrical sources, prosumers, and consumers. Blockchain technology is the key to actually enabling the massive and simultaneous exchange of data between these actors. Explore automation solutions for Power & Energy sector with WAGO. Leave a note at info.india@wago.com EM
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Far-Reaching Application Potential Blockchains could be used in a smart grid everywhere that energy is bought or sold in the smallest amounts, for example: at battery storage units, heat pumps, or industrial systems that participate in the balancing energy market, or at charging stations for eVehicles. Even household devices could be efficiently linked to the smart grid using blockchains. For example, it would be possible to operate refrigerators so that they support the network: equipped with Internet access and blockchain software, they could autonomously draw electricity from photovoltaic networks in the neighborhood, precisely when they are supplying a lot of power. Regulatory Hurdles Impose Startup Difficulties Models like this are still pipe dreams. In addition, the current regulatory framework runs counter to the use of blockchains in many sectors. For example, individual households are currently prevented from purchasing electricity for their consumers directly from the producers. This is because such transactions occur outside of the balancing circuit, and thus off of the network operatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s radar, which is legally not permissible.
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Guest Article
Diwali shines light on opportunities for domestic LED and lighting manufacturers
Guest Article
“Localising LED supply chain will not only help in meeting festive demands during this Diwali, but also kindle a new confidence among domestic manufacturers to capitalize on the momentum.” – writes Mr. Raj Manek
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With the Indian government pulling the plug on LED imports, domestic manufacturers have a massive opportunity to expand their footprint in the market. LED exporters offering products at cheaper price have hitherto dominated the Indian market outselling even local businesses. This Diwali, however, could spark a new phase for Indian lighting segment as demand for festive and decorative lighting will present a lucrative avenue for domestic manufacturers. According to a recent report from the Electric Lamp and Component Manufacturers Association (ELCOMA), the Indian lighting market is expected to de-grow by INR 30 billion between years 2020-21 since the industry has faced slowdown due to the recent 2-month nation-wide lockdown followed by slow recovery rate. However, the association is also certain that Indian lighting industry can make a strong comeback through localisation as Diwali festivities bring back demand. Affirming the industry’s potential to make a positive return, Mr Shyam Sujan, Secretary General, ELCOMA shared “Although the lighting industry is currently facing a slowdown due to global supply chain disruption, the industry is expected to bounce back stronger by gaining 5% year-on-year growth in the next three years with LED market occupying 92% share of total lighting
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value. As the economy resettles, the step to localise supply chain will definitely strengthen the industry and eventually help us become one of the major players in the global lighting segment” Even though a majority of LED assembly plants operate in India, a huge chunk of LED lights, tubes and chips are still being imported internationally, depicting the segment’s major dependency on imports. During a webinar on 'Impact of COVID-19 on lighting industry' organised by Messe Frankfurt India, industry players gathered together to discuss the fate of the LED segment and the need for increasing domestic capabilities. “The COVID crisis has been a real eye-opener to the LED industry. It is crucial for Indian LED segment to encourage local manufacturers to start in-house production of goods and materials in order to make our supply chain self-reliant.” shared Mr Divyansh Gupta, Managing Director, Kundan Edifice Pvt Ltd during the same webinar. Innovation is the key to growth in every segment including the lighting industry, and Messe Frankfurt India’s building technology portfolio which includes the country’s leading lighting fairs – Light India & LED Expo (Mumbai & Delhi Editions) have played a key role in showcasing the transition from CFLs to LED, and now moving towards solar-LEDs, smart lighting and UV lighting innovations. “As intelligent systems gradually gain the attention of modern consumers and advancements such as wireless, sensor-based and solar-based smart lighting as well as enhanced technologies like Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) now coming up, this is the right time for sector players to strengthen their supply chains to meet the market demand.” shared, Mr Raj Manek, Executive Director & Board Member, Messe Frankfurt Asia Holdings Ltd. Even on a national scale, the rapid adoption of energy-efficient street lighting systems, development schemes and upcoming smart building projects initiated by the government offer inordinate opportunities to domestic manufacturers to produce complete LED products within India. The ‘Make in India’ initiative and recent call for 'Atmanirbhar' Bharat by Prime Minister Narendra Modi ||www.electricalmirror.net||
has brought focus on local manufacturing potential in the country. Localising LED supply chain will be a prominent step as it will not only eliminate import costs, but also help India transform into a major exporter of LED goods in the coming years. Apart from conventional lighting applications, LED technology is
crucial for many major sectors such as automotive, infrastructure, hospitality and health care (due to increasing need for UV disinfection). Amid the current scenario, “Localising LED supply chain will not only help in meeting festive demands but also kindle a new confidence among domestic manufacturers, urging them to capitalize on the momentum.”– concludes Manek. EM
With Test Sample and a Sensor One of the most important properties of a material is thermal conductivity. Heat is generated in high voltage, high power electrical equipments (e.g. generators, transformers, high frequency drives) due to electrical dissipation and conductor resistance. The excess heat if not properly dissipated then insulation fails therefore rated current of a product is limited by thermal conductivity of insulating material. For example, power cable current rating depends on thermal conductivity of insulation, sheath and soil (underground laying). In transformers, thermal conductivity of oil plays an important role for in-service performance of transformer. Therefore, development of better materials for electrical applications requires understanding of thermal conductivity. ERDA has established facility for measuring thermal conductivity of materials. This facility will be used for ERDA’s research activities for development ||www.electricalmirror.net||
of advanced materials for electrical applications. ERDA will also support electrical and its allied industries for their developmental work where thermal conductivity is a critical parameter. Thermal Conductivity Measurement Standards followed: ASTM D7984 and ISO 22007-2 Thermal conductivity of following types of materials can be measured: • Electrical insulating materials: epoxy, PVC, etc. • Thermally insulating materials: expanded polystyrene, ceramics • Thermally conducting materials: steel/copper • Liquids: transformer oil EM || November 2020 ||
Product Info
Thermal Conductivity Analyser
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Product Info
Product Info
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To know more, please call us at +91-11-4560 3555 or write to us at flirindia@flir.com.hk, Flir Systems India Pvt. Ltd. visit us at: 1111, D Mall, Netaji Subhash Place, Pitampura, New Delhi - 110034 | www.flir.in
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Product Info
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From a simple machine to a complete complex plant, EcoStruXure can be your perfect guide
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oday's world requires smart solutions for their machines and installations. The traditional technology is obsolete now in the market because in today's generation every manufacturer is looking for efficient and effective installations that can reduce the production cost and down time. Nowadays we see every machine in every plant to have communication capable products which gives end-to-end data and full analysis. They reduce the working cycle of the machine or maybe the preventive maintenance with that machine or the installation could require. This not only helps a particular enterprise in reducing their downtime but also help in saving a lot of amount from their OPEX. We at Balaji Switchgears with our cutting-edge Technology Partners have a variety of smart solutions for any electrical and automation installation. May it be industry 4.0 IoT solutions for modern architectures or simple varied add-ons for your existing installations, our ranges can complement both type of systems. With Schneider Our Smart Solutions under the EcoStruXure banner helps any OEM to upgrade and communicate their machines making it hassle-free. These installations help its users witness various parameters which not only gives a clear picture of the production and efficiency of the machine but it
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also gives an advantage of knowing that when will the machine need some maintenance in future. This is very much needed in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time as the facilities cannot afford a downtime, and with predictive maintenance, data and analysis can be bypassed at any point in time. From a simple machine to a complete complex plant, EcoStruXure can be your perfect guide. In addition to our new range of "TeSys Island" starters can help an installation to reduce its total number of IO'S and have a discrete architecture making a simple DOL Starter to be communication capable and predictive without any major cost. This makes your connections not only reliable but trustworthy as well as you get access to uncountable data which would not only help you to save cost but would also ensure that your machines are always running. Let us know about your queries on said solutions and our team shall be happy to assist you. EM
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ELECTRICAL MIRROR
N EX T I S S U E D E CE M B E R 2020
An outlook of the Electrical & Power Industry
Cover Story
TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUITION
Earthing Wires & Cable Power Factor Correction
National Business Head Subhash Chandra : +91-98990 72636 Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net subh.iconmedia@gmail.com West & South Pradeep Kumar : +91-97028 18098 Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net pradeep.electricalmirror@gmail.com ||www.electricalmirror.net||
Reasons to Advertise with Electrical Mirror
Industry Leaders Profiled Unique Editorial Programme Target Readership of Senior Decision Makers Distributed at Key National & International Events A Unique Platform Geared for Brand Promotion www.electricalmirror.net
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Accord Electropower Pvt. Ltd. ........................................ 47
KVTEK Power Systems Pvt. Ltd. .................................... 11
Anushree Greentech India Pvt. Ltd. .............................. 81
Mahindra Powerol ......................................................... 59
Balaji Switchgears ......................................................... 15
Mecc Alte India Pvt. Ltd. ..............................................
Dhanush Energy Ltd. ..................................................... 85
Mikrotek Machines Ltd. ................................................. IBC
Electric Expo India 2020 ................................................ 75
Next Gen Equipments Pvt. Ltd. ..................................... 97
Facilities Show India ..................................................... 69
OMICRON Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd. ............................ 41
FLIR Systems India Pvt. Ltd ........................................... IFC
Prime cable Industries Pvt. Ltd. .................................... 98
Gloster Cables Limited .................................................
Protectwell Earthing Pvt. Ltd. ....................................... 23
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09
Gupta Power Infrastructure Ltd. .................................... P-05
REI E-Expo India 2020 .................................................
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IFSEC India ...................................................................
79
Rishabh Instruments Pvt. Ltd. ....................................... 19
Inter-Tech ....................................................................... 33
Rohitra India Pvt. Ltd. .................................................. 21
Indian Transformers and Electricals Pvt. Ltd. ............... 27
RR Kabel Limited .......................................................... P-03
ISA Advanced Instruments Pvt. Ltd. .............................. BC
Testo India Pvt. Ltd. ...................................................... 13
HPL Electric & Power Ltd. ............................................. P-01
Wire India Expo 2020 ..................................................
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Kusam Electrical Industries Ltd. .................................... 17
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EVENT DIARY 10-12 Dec 2020
20-21 Jan 2021
India expo mart, greater Noida www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com
The 14th edition of Renewable Energy India 2020 Expo observed a grand opening on the first day, with participation from leading international stakeholders and experts from across the globe at the India Expo Centre, Greater Noida. Over the years, REI has been established as the most comprehensive, reputed and Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest expo in this domain where the green community congregates to discuss the trends, addresses challenges and showcases the best and most innovative technological solutions available to overcome them.
Bombay Exhibition Centre (BEC), Mumbai, India
www.indiapowerexpo.com
Elektrotec is one of the largest Electrical and Industrial Electronics sector trade event in India. The show registers high overall visitor figures and facilitates the smooth exchange of relevant business information among the participants. With wide global participation, it is an ideal platform to launch new products, invite enquiries and generate potential leads across the globe.
03-05 Feb 2021
25-27 March 2021
27-29 January 2021
23-24 April 2021
Hitex Exhibition Center, Hyderabad, India
www.renewx.in
RenewX intends to accelerate the growth of the South Indian Renewable Energy Industry and contribute to the country's sustainable economic development. RenewX will provide an excellent platform for organisations to capitalise and penetrate this lucrative market. The event will bring together stakeholders from the sector and will help set a growth agenda for the future.
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www.elektrotec.codissia.com
This exhibition, being the only show in an Indian sub-continent to deal with all aspects of independent power generation and energy storage, will offer optimal space whereby professionals from all backgrounds and industries can meet, chat, network, and build relationships. From this, we believe each individual can grow exponentially.
IECC, PRAGATI MAIDAN www.powergen-india.com
For more than 15 years, POWERGEN India has served as India's premier forum for the power generation industry. Attracting over 8,000 attendees, POWERGEN India covers all forms of power generation, from conventional to renewable energy and other low-carbon options. This leading forum is where the power industry can meet, share and discuss solutions for India's energy future.
22-25 Jan 2021
CODISSiA, Coimbatore, India
Karnataka Trade Promotion Organisation, Bengaluru
www.indiaelectronicsweek.com
EFY Expo is the only event in India that focuses on prototyping and small-scale manufacturing solutions via manufacturing techniques like Rapid Prototyping, Desktop Manufacturing and the latest in Components. Prototyping equipment and desktop manufacturing equipment vendors have their very own show to reach out to engineering teams across India. EFY Expo also helps semiconductor vendors influence Design Engineers and ensures Design Ins and Design Wins for Component Suppliers from India and abroad.
20 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 22 May 2021
Bombay exhibition centre (BEC), Mumbai, India www.led-expo-mumbai.in LED Expo is India's only show covering the entire value chain of the LED industry. It has recognised the industry potential and has identified it as a futuristic technology which will take the lighting industry by storm. It has created a platform for its exhibitors and visitors to source and explore the latest in trend products and technologies from around the globe. Being the foremost and exclusive exhibition showcasing the strength of the Indian LED industry, it has become the maiden choice of the architects, interior designers, construction, real estate companies, builders, contractors etc. for sourcing the latest in trend products and technologies.
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Mumbai, India www.wire-india.com
Wire India aims in bringing the economic development of India to higher summit and its objective has increased the importance of the show in all over the world. The participants are availed with incredible business opportunities which aid the exhibitors to establish their brand and advertise it to the worldwide market. Advanced range of products are demonstrated which has pulled the attention and investment of the foreign delegates as well. The exhibitors can also get into new partnership dealings with the attending companies.
26-28 Oct 2021
Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India www.cablewirefair.com
Cable & Wire Fair (CWF) is now undisputed leading Indian event for the global wire & cable industry. The show is centered at creating a consensus-driven, growth-oriented stage for the wire and cable industry in India. The telecom and power networks act as the nerves and veins of today's societies where the most fundamental integrating elements are wires and cables.
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