EM September 2021 by Icon Media Group

September 2021

Volume XI, Issue III

Pages 104

80/-

English.Monthly.Date of Publication 5 of Evergy Month th

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

September 2021

Pages 104

Volume XI, Issue III

80/-

English.Monthly.Date of Publication 5th of Evergy Month

EDITOR’S DESK Dear Readers! Editor

Alka Puri

Sub Editor

Roopal Chaurasia Shipranshu Pandey

Editorial Advisor

Priyanka Roy Chaudhary

Design & Production Pankaj Rawat Mukesh Kumar Sah

National Business Head

Subhash Chandra Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net

Business Head - West & South

Pradeep Kumar Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net

Sr. Manager Sales

Neha Chauhan neha@electricalmirror.net

Business Development Manager Sunil R Shirsat sunil@electricalmirror.net

Sales & Marketing

Power and New & Renewable Energy Minister RK Singh has said that India has established a new identity in the power sector and made new records in access and energy transition. He said, the Government has taken several steps to modernise and strengthen the sector by improving power distribution networks and installing smart grid and smart metering. The country reached from power deficit stage to power surplus stage after this government came to power. Availability of power in rural and urban areas have improved significantly and every village and home has been connected with electricity. The Power Minister said, India is reducing its carbon footprint at an unparalleled pace.

Meanwhile, In the power sector, such events affect the entire value chain of grid infrastructure — from generating plants to transmission lines and end-consumer distribution. On the generation side, climate events impede the supply of raw materials, while disturbances in the supply chain affects their availability. Droughts, for instance, could impact water resources essential for electricity generation.

Happy Reading!!! Please give us your feedback at editor@electricalmirror.net For more details check out our website: www.electricalmirror.net and you can also visit our facebook page https://m.facebook.com/electricalmir/

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Praveen Kumar Email: subscribe@electricalmirror.net All rights reserved by all events are made to ensure that the information published is correct; Electrical Mirror holds no responsibility any unlikely errors that might occur. Printed, published and owned by Usha, Published from 13/455, Block No. 13, Trilok Puri, Delhi110091 and printed at Bright Tree, C-40, Gate No.-4, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110020. e-mail: brighttreesolutions@gmail.com Editor : Alka Puri

Editor

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

INTERVIEW

Cover Story Identification of defect in OLTC of 160MVA 220/132kV Autotransformer and In-house repairing & retrofitting thereof.

Case Study of the Month

Mr. Rajneesh KhattaR

VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contd…

GRoup DiRectoR, eneRGy poRtfolio

infoRma maRKets, inDia

Special Theme: Wires & Cable Impact of EMI on Cables and Power Supplies

Press Release Hitachi ABB

Ieema 08

Special Focus: Transmission & Distribution

NTPC 10 HPL

Transmission line characteristics and power flow analysis techniques

BPE 12 Industry Focus: Testing & Measuring

PFC 12 Vedanta 14 Power Global

T&M enable predictive and preventive inspections to minimize the risk of defects

Kirloskar 18

Industry Theme: Oil & Gas Overview, Supply chains & Trends

Guest Article Doble 88

Industry Feature: Automation

Motwane 90

Substation automation makes a smarter and more reliable power grid

Delta 92 K-lite 93

Special Feature: Led & Lighting

Product Info

LED lighting have yet to been discovered

Phoenix Contact

Kusam Meco

Event Diary

100

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release

INR 6 lakh crore National Monetisation Plan for the important sectors “The National Monetization Pipeline is likely to be positive for the chosen sectors if it is orchestrated well, with seamless regulatory support and the right ecosystem to meaningfully monetize the assets. Handholding ministries and an enabling framework, will be key. Revamp of infrastructure in the post-Covid period is required and will help India build back better. Infrastructure is the central pillar of growth and there will be a spillover effect, creating a cycle of demand, unlocking resources and value for the economy. The idea to increase efficiencies of brownfield assets, with a hand back caveat, brings some comfort. Asset monetization in power can bring further investment in infra building. There is an appetite among Indians for such investments and these will steer India to stay aligned with its commitment to development, employment and become a 5-trillion economy.” Mr. N Venu, MD and CEO, India and South Asia, Hitachi ABB Power Grids

Press Release

IEEMA seeks rate revision in RoDTEP scheme

The government on August 17, 2021 notified the rates and norms for the Remission of Duties and Taxes on Exported Products (RoDTEP) scheme for 8555 export items for a cost of `12500 crore to the exchequer. The RoDTEP scheme had kicked in from January 1, after the earlier Merchandise and Services Export Incentive Schemes (MEIS and SEIS) were scrapped as they were found to be impermissible under the World Trade Organisation norms. The rates for different sectors include 0.5 per cent, 2.5 per cent and 4 per cent. Though the electrical industry was awaiting clarity on the rates for a long time, the announcement by the government has left the sector largely disappointed at the turn of events. Mr Anil Saboo, President, IEEMA asserts, “Though the industry was waiting for clarity on the rates for a long time, we are glad that it has been announced now, but the scheme disappointed many exporters as the rates are much lower than MEIS rates with lesser budget allocation. The main aim of the RoDTEP scheme was to give a boost to Indian exports by offering a level playing field to the domestic industry abroad. But looking at the present notification we believe that the ambitious target of achieving $1 trillion in exports by 2025 will be achieved only if the Government review the rates especially for Electrical equipment industry which

have excellent potential to grow by three times. Mr Vimal Kejriwal, Chairman, IEEMA Public Policy Cell stated, “The Rates for Products like Iron & Steel (Chapter 72), Articles of Iron & Steel (Chapter 73), Mineral products (Chapter 25-27) and Products of Chemicals (Chapter 28-31) have not been notified which we assume will be done soon, else it would be a major setback to the respective Industries. We are pleased to see that rates for Project exports have been notified separately under Chapter 98, however, clear process needs to be laid out because of absence of Chapter 98 under the export schedule currently. The RoDTEP rate of 0.5% for Project Exports is significantly lower than 3% under the erstwhile MEIS scheme and may adversely impact the competitiveness of Indian Project Exporters.” Mr Vijay Karia, Vice President, IEEMA said that the announcement went against his expectations. The RodTep scheme for the cable industry is abysmally low rate of 0.8% per meter for electric cables to 0.9% per meter for fibre optic cables. This does not cover the input duties and taxes on manufacturing and inland transportation costs, which as a matter of principle should not be exported in order to remain competitive in exports. We hope this is an interim step from the government and proper rates will be affixed shortly after taking inputs from industry.” EM

Heavy industries minister inaugurates EV charging station at Karnal in Haryana

Union Heavy Industries Minister Mahendra Nath Pandey on Thursday inaugurated an electric vehicle (EV) charging station in Karnal, Haryana. With this, the Delhi-Chandigarh Highway has become the first EV-friendly stretch in the country, with a network of solar-based electric vehicle chargers (SEVCs). The chargers have been set up by Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) under the FAME-I [Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles in India] scheme of the Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI), BHEL said in a statement. It added that the state-of-the-art charging station at Karna Lake Resort in Karnal was remotely inaugurated by Union Heavy Industries 8

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Minister Mahendra Nath Pandey in the presence of the ministry's Secretary Arun Goel. BHEL Chairman and Managing Director Nalin Shinghal and other senior officials of the state-owned company and the Ministry of Heavy Industries (MHI) were also present on the occasion. Recalling the Prime Minister's speech on the country's 75th Independence day, Pandey said in the statement, "the PM has clearly highlighted that environment security has the same importance as national security and that India is making all efforts towards becoming energy independent". EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release

NTPC invites global EOI to set up pilot project on Hydrogen Blending with Natural Gas in City Gas Distribution

NTPC Limited, India’s largest integrated power generating company under Ministry of Power has floated a global Expression of Interest (EoI) to set up a Pilot Project on Hydrogen Blending with Natural Gas in City Gas Distribution (CGD) Network in India. The EoI follows the recent tenders floated by NTPC REL for green hydrogen fuelling station at Leh and NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam Limited (NVVN) for procurement of Fuel Cell Buses. A dedicated 1.25 MW Solar plant is also being set up at Leh by NTPC REL to power the hydrogen fuelling station. This pilot on hydrogen blending with natural gas will be the first of its kind in India and would explore the viability of decarbonizing India’s natural gas grid. NTPC with its ambition

of playing a key role in India’s transition to hydrogen economy would later take this up at a commercial scale across India. The successful execution of the pilot will also demonstrate the decarbonization objective along with import substitution aim under the government’s 'AatmaNirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan’. NTPC Limited is also keenly exploring production of green ammonia to decarbonize the fertilizer industry and possibly fulfil government’s upcoming mandate of using certain percentage of green hydrogen in fertilizer and refinery sector. Also, detailed study on green methanol production at Ramagundam has been completed and the company is expected to take final investment decision in the near future. EM

Action taken by NTPC for meeting power demand in the country

The country is witnessing a sharp increase in power demand and NTPC is making all efforts for meeting demand as per the grid requirement. NTPC has geared up to meet the increasing demand and the generation from NTPC group stations has registered a 23% growth compared to the previous year. To meet the increase in demand, following actions have been taken: • Under flexible utilization of coal policy, NTPC is arranging coal at the stations where the stock position is critical. • Continuously coordinating with Coal India and Railways for augmenting coal supply at critical stations and diverting rakes wherever required.

• Augmenting 2.7 Lakh MT import coal left out from the contracts placed earlier. • Darlipalli Unit#2 (800 MW) was put in operation and Commercial operation of the Unit is being done w.e.f 01-09-2021. The plant is a pit-head station, and the coal is being fed from captive mine of NTPC (Dulanga). • Increasing coal production from all captive mines of NTPC. It has been observed that the States are not scheduling from gas Stations but drawing from the grid. To have adequate planning for making arrangement for gas by the generators, it is advised that the States may schedule power at least for a week. EM

HPL Electric & Power appoints Mr Manoj Dugar as Chief Financial Officer HPL Electric & Power Ltd. has appointed Mr Manoj Dugar as the Chief Financial Officer(CFO) of the company effective 13th August, 2021. In this role, Mr Dugar will be managing the entire gamut of financial operations of the company, including aspects of fund raising, commercial, legal, taxation, secretarial, merger &acquisition and accounting operations. On this appointment, Mr Gautam Seth, Joint Managing Director, HPL Electric & Power Ltd. said, “Manoj is a highly motivated, positive and goal-oriented individual who has an in-depth understanding of electrical industry. With his knack for identifying newer business paradigms and opportunities, I am confident that he will chart higher milestones and further strengthen HPL’s market leadership.” 10

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Mr Seth further added, “Manoj is highly proficient in managing and controlling financial aspects of large businesses having multiple and diverse manufacturing operations. His expertise in Financial & Management Accounting, Treasury & Banking, Fund raising will be truly beneficial to the company in the long run.” Mr Dugar is a qualified Charted Accountant, having a rich experience of more than 26 years in Finance and Accounts side of multiple business and industries. Previously, Mr Dugar was associated with Orient Electric Limited and was responsible for leading the financial operations. Before joining HPL, Mr Dugar was the Chief Financial Officer at ACT Infraport Limited. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Press Release

Best Power Equipments Successfully Completed 21 Years of Journey

Best Power Equipments (India) Pvt Ltd (BPE), India’s leading power manufacturing brandhas successfully completed its 21 years of journey. This year, the celebration was held virtually and inaugurated by chief guest Mr.George Paul, CEO, Manufacturers Association for Information Technology (MAIT). BPE and its management team recognized its employees and awarded twenty employees for continuous years of service during an event filled with excitement and enthusiasm. Approx300 people attended the virtual event which includes customers, partners, system integrators and government officials. BPE also awarded more than hundred business partners in Premium, Super Achiever, Valuable and International performing category. Speaking on the occasion, Amitansu Satpathy, Managing Director of BPE, said that it is a momentous occasion to celebrate

Power Finance Corporation trains 500 students under skill development programme at IGIAT, Visakhapatnam Comprehensive training under PFC’s CSR initiative leads to placement of close to 400 students with reputed organizations

Power Finance Corporation Ltd, the country’s leading NBFC in the power sector, today organised Valedictory Session under its 'Skill Development Training Program’ for students of Indo German Institute of Advanced Technology (IGIAT). The Valedictory Session saw distribution of Certificates to the trained students. The Valedictory ceremony was attended by Shri Prabhakar Das CGM, PFC, Shri Ramlingeshwar Raju, GM, DIC & Special Officer, IGIAT (Department of Industries and commerce, Govt. of AP) and Shri B Vinod Kumar, Director IGIAT along with other PFC & IGIAT officials. The Valedictory Programme started with a tree plantation 12

21st year and heartfelt thanks to our partners, customers & associates to make this business journey possible. This year, we are growing steadily in spite of pandemic, and plan to strengthen our market in Southern India. BPE has a vast channel partner network to increase its sales and market reach not only in India but also international market. BPE is adding lots of products and new acquisition of 15,000 sq. feet factory in Greater Noida will enhance the growth plan including production of Lithium battery and Energy StorageSolution. Since its inception, BPE has more than 1 lakh installation base, 300 plus active channel partners, and long standing association with Ingram Micro and IRIS Computers as national distributor. BPE, being an Indian domestic manufacturer aims to achieve sustainable development goals and promote innovation, creativity, and sustainable work to boost the country’s economy and become one of the leading player in the global markets. BPE team has excelled all its ability to achieve 500 crorerevenue in power products and data centre solutions in the next 5 year. EM

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drive at the college campus and it was followed by cultural skit. As part of PFC’s CSR initiative to impart skill training to the youth, a total of 500 students have been successfully trained while close to 400 students have already got job placement with reputed organisations like Ashok Leyland, Royal Enfield, Alstom, and Schneider Electricals Pvt. Ltd. among others. Students have been trained as CNC Machine Operators, Domestic and Industrial Electricians, Solar Technicians, and in Welding technologies. There has also been training in areas like Sewing Machine Operators, particularly for women. The successful execution of project has generated livelihood and provided immense benefit to hundreds of individuals and their families. PFC has been funding and driving the Skill Development programme for the unemployed youth including women in states like Andhra Paresh, Telangana, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. As India’s leading the public sector enterprise in the NBFC space, PFC is committed to ensure job oriented skill development programs for the youth in various parts of the nation. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Press Release

Advance Lead-Acid Battery – a pathway for India’s renewable energy needs

Press Release

• India has planned to increase the contribution of renewables to 40% by 2030 • The lead-acid battery is the most widely adopted battery technology and has attained maturity where other technologies are still in the nascent stages

Mr. L. Pugazhenthy, Executive director, India Lead Zinc Association said, “India consumes an estimated around 1 million tons of used lead-acid batteries for recycling economy each year and about 25-30% of this goes to the informal operators. Lead-acid batteries have the largest share; it is an energy source, affordable battery, and a dependable and reliable product. Batteries are used to store and supply electricity to electric vehicles, street lights, automotive, railway, inverters, telecom towers, and solar energy when grid power fails“. A webinar on Advance Lead-Acid Battery was organized by India Lead Zinc Association (ILZDA) supported by Hindustan Zinc in association with Indian Battery Manufacturers Association (IBMA) and India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA). The webinar underlined the imperative need of growing requirement of energy storage in the market. The dignitaries during the webinar deliberated on sustainability and recyclability of lead Batteries, presented perspective on ALAB space in green energy storage, explored advanced Lead Acid Battery ecosystem and thoughts on incentivization schemes for manufacturers and dealer. Market overview of lead acid battery and its subsequent scope was also presented while discussing on applications of advance lead acid battery as hybrid or standalone, Sustainable operations & technologies for lead processing. Lead-acid batteries (lead-carbon batteries) are the first battery technology used in energy storage. It is an extensively used energy storage system due to its proven safety, performance, low cost, and excellent recycling capabilities. Compared to other technologies, lead-acid battery is built to handle consistent load requirements in a very cost-efficient manner. As lead is 100% recyclable, the lead-acid battery is completely developed with a robust recycling capacity of more than 3 million pa in India. Lead-acid batteries can be found in a wide variety of applications, including small-scale power storage such as UPS systems, starting, lighting, and ignition power sources for automobiles, along with large, grid-scale power systems. They have a long lifetime and low costs compared to other battery types. India is one of the highest consumers of Lead-acid batteries. Recycling of used Lead batteries is essential to ensure the need for sustainable development. Energy conservation isn’t a new notion. Owing to concerns regarding the environmental impacts of fossil fuels and the capacity and resilience of energy grids globally, there have been some continuous

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efforts to fetch solutions on storing the energy. Energy storage has now become a necessity as it can address the irregularity of solar and wind power. It can also tackle the huge alterations in demand, aiding in making the energy grid more receptive and thus diminishing the need to build back up power plants. The dignitaries present at the event were, Mr. Subhankar Chakraborty, Senior General Manager (R&D), Exide industries Ltd; Mr. Rahul Prithiani, Director, Credit Rating Information Services of India Limited (CRISIL); Dr. Alistair Davidson, Director, Consortium for Battery Innovation (CBI) and Mr. Amlan Kanti Das, Sr. Vice President-Battery Operations, R&D, Luminous Power Technology Pvt. Ltd. and Manoj Soni, VP, Business Excellence, Sustainable Operation & Technologies for Lead Processing, Hindustan Zinc. There have been various Lead Battery implementations carried out previously across the world. Narada Power Source had partnered with energy storage operator, Upside Group, in a 16 MW frequency regulation project for the German power grid. The 25 MWh frequency regulation installation was connected to the local utility grid providing electricity to the area. A 20MWh lead carbon battery by China Shoto Energy Storage stores and provides electricity generated by the PV panel directly into the Chinese grid. This battery system can provide 30 MW of solar power and can reach 4,000 cycles at 70% depth of discharge. The 1MW off-grid solar systems, located in the mountains of Bamyan, Afghanistan, uses lead batteries curated by Crown Battery. This project provides 24-hour power to 25,000 homes, businesses, hospitals and government officers for this central mountainous region. The lead batteries are built with a capacity of 38 strings at 4,500 Ah 48 V DC. According to India Energy Storage Alliance (IESA), the Indian energy storage market is expected to grow to 70 GW by 2022. Consequently, there is a vast scope for advanced storage technologies in the new applications, along with the opportunity for existing technologies. Lead acid batteries are the most used form of battery for most rechargeable battery applications. The lead acid battery has many advantages for automotive and many other uses: they have a large current and surge capability, which is ideal when being used to start internal combustion engines. Advance lead-acid battery as standalone or hybrid holds a crucial role in achieving India’s future energy needs as it is the most cost-effective and recyclable that will assist in India’s transformation in the renewable energy sector. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Press Release

Equitable Access Pioneer, Power Global, Extends Electric Mobility to Emerging Countries with the Debut of the eZeeTM Swappable Battery Module

Press Release

• Company targets markets largely overlooked by electrification with equitable access to clean, low-cost electric mobility • Its first mass-market solution, the eZeeTM Li-ion battery module, will initially target auto-rickshaws, a $16B underserved market • In-country lithium-ion battery facility in India will serve as domestic manufacturing hub for developing regions on site of former Honda factory

Today Power Global, a leading provider of high-performance clean energy and mobility products for everyday applications, introduced its first mass market product, the eZeeTM swappable battery for light mobility vehicles. The launch of the eZeeTM product line marks the global debut of Power Global, founded by Romeo Power co-founder and former SpaceX engineer Porter Harris and international auto industry veteran Pankaj Dubey, with a mission to provide electric vehicle and clean energy products to global markets that have been left behind in the world’s push toward electrification. Beginning in India, where three-wheeled vehicles represent a TAM of $16B, but rely on two of the most damaging environmental culprits - internal combustion engines (ICE) and lead-acid batteries - Power Global’s eZeeTM offers auto-rickshaw drivers a simple, low-cost path to EV adoption. While traditional EV products carry a high upfront cost of ownership, Power Global solves this problem through their affordable energy-as-a-service membership program. Through this unique subscription service, drivers receive a swappable eZeeTM battery module backed by Power Global’s zero-maintenance lifetime service guarantee. Drivers can either recharge the module at home or swap at Power Global’s convenient kiosks for a fully charged battery in less than a minute. Power Global’s eZeeTM battery module is currently available by subscription pre-order, with initial distribution in Greater Noida, on the outskirts of New Delhi. “We are on a mission to improve access to clean energy solutions in India and other emerging markets by sharing our collective years of expertise in bringing affordable battery technology to market,” said Pankaj Dubey, co-founder and CEO of Power Global’s

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India subsidiary. “While the eZeeTM will give light mobility vehicles new life, it also represents a path to help build local economies with direct and indirect job creation, while supporting evolving regional environmental goals, such as India’s FAME II mandates.” The company’s first facilities include its in-country battery production plant, located on the site of a former Honda facility in Greater Noida, India, and its R&D lab and battery manufacturing facility in Pasadena, California, which will focus on new product innovations for electric vehicles and stationary storage applications. Soon to be the largest leading domestic manufacturer of lithium-ion batteries in India, Power Global’s initial facilities position the company to easily serve neighboring markets in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Egypt, and Nigeria as well as other locations in Southeast Asia and Africa. Following the launch of the eZeeTM battery module, Power Global will announce its first line of Retrofit Kits to convert diesel- and petrol-fueled auto rickshaws into zero-emissions electric vehicles. The swappable eZeeTM battery module will also power future product lines, including upcoming applications for second-life stationary storage and automotive sectors. “The demand that we see in emerging markets is greater than those experienced by the United States, as millions of drivers are limited by options to affordably switch to electric mobility,” said Porter Harris, CEO and founder of Power Global. “With our team’s breadth and depth of experience, there is a major opportunity to bring affordable, high-performance electric vehicle technology to these communities to serve new markets while helping these regions improve air quality and ultimately their quality of life.” EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Press Release

KBL introduces a new line of its Self-Priming Coupled Pumpset fitted with KBL make Ultra-Premium Efficiency IE5 motor

• The KBL-make of indigenously developed Ultra-Premium Efficiency IE5 motor makes it a highly energy-efficient product. It consumes up to 16.5% less energy for pumping the same amount of fluid • It offers ultra-premium efficiency with a lower life cycle (LLC) and operating cost • AC induction motor design offers ease of operation, maintenance, and service as there is no use of permanent magnets and accessories or control equipment

Kirloskar Brothers Limited (KBL) – a world-class pump manufacturing company with expertise in engineering and manufacturing systems for fluid management–is now offering its Self-Priming (SP) coupled pump-set with new and indigenously developed KBL make IE5 motor having ultra-premium efficiency. This SP coupled pump-set is versatile in use and is most suitable for handling light chemicals, effluents, sewage, handling rain or flood water, pumping water from docks, ports and vessels. It is also useful for draining accumulated water from basements, parking lots, highways, and cooling water for marine engines, shovels and piling equipment. This pump-set has been coupled with the KBL make of IE5 motor, which makes it a highly energy-efficient product. It consumes up to 16.5% less energy for pumping the same amount of fluid. Its cast-iron motor body makes the pump-set easy to operate, maintain, and service. The pump is self-priming, thus resulting in a quicker start time. It offers ultra-premium efficiency with a lower life cycle (LLC) and operating cost. The SP Coupled pumpset with IE5 motor has high efficiencies achieved with AC induction motor design. It is easy to operate, maintain, and service at local levels as there are no permanent magnets, added accessories or control equipment. With a robust design and high-grade insulation, it is most suited to work under varied field conditions and can withstand extreme power fluctuation, guaranteeing reliability, enhanced equipment safety and

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longer life. Some of the other prominent features of the product include its fan and fan cover design for optimum power consumption and quiet operation. It has a head range of up to 32 metres and a discharge range of up to 75 litres/ sec, and also its high-quality mechanical seal eliminates leakage, ensures lower friction loss and protects the shaft from wear and tear. With the hydrogenating acrylonitrilebutadiene rubber (HNBR) combination, it can withstand fluid temperature up to 120 degrees Celsius. The non-clog impeller of the pump can handle suspended soft solids of up to 40 mm and is coated with Cathode Electro Deposition (CED) for corrosion resistance. The pump is suitable for wastewater handling, sewage handling and dewatering applications. These pump sets are ready for use and can also be serviced locally at any of KBL’s authorised service centres across India. Many of KBL’s products also play an integral role in energy conservation. Be it the wide range of energy-efficient BEE & BIS rated pump models, Lowest Lifecycle Cost (LLC) pump series, as well as the pumps with IE3 and IE4 motors. The newly-launched SP coupled pump-set with KBL IE5 motor falls in the same league. KBL remains a renowned name, which is known for its innovative technological advancements and high-quality products. A proud "Make in India" company, KBL's next-gen SP coupled pump set with IE5 motor promises reliability, durability and significant savings! EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

News

News of the month

CESC to focus on power distribution biz for growth

RPSG group flagship CESC would focus on distribution for growth as electricity generation, especially thermal power, will not remain its core area of focus. This was disclosed by RPSG group chairman Sanjiv Goenka at the annual general meeting of the company here on Wednesday. The group chairman made it clear that the company will be a greener one and regressive thermal power will not be the growth driver. He added that most of the subsidiaries of CESC which are in distribution business have made a turnaround except the one in Kota, Rajasthan.

Recently, Eminent Electricity Distribution, the power distribution arm of RPSG group, had its own distribution licence for Chandigarh beating the likes of Tata Power, Adani, NTPC, Vedanta and others. The company was floated after consolidating all non-Kolkata power distribution business of the company earlier this year as part of the group restructuring of the distribution business. Goenka also told the shareholders that CESC was among the first to register with UNFCC approval for carbon credit and claimed that its combined T&D losses at 8% is also one of the minimum in the country. “We shall continue to grow in distribution,” he added. Besides Kolkata, different subsidiaries of CESC had distribution licences in other cities. These include Noida, Malegaon, Kota, Bharatpur, Bikaner. Chandigarh would be the latest addition in the list. The RPSG group had planned to demerge CESC’s distribution and generation business as well along with other businesses but later that plan was put on hold following regulatory issues. EM

Gencos to be allowed to sell power in open market if not paid by discoms The ministry of power has proposed to allow power generating companies (gencos) that do not receive payment for a quantum of power supply from the power distribution companies (discoms), to sell to a third party. In draft amendments to the Electricity (Late Payment Surcharge) Rules, 2021, the ministry has made the propositions in order to reduce the retail tariff for the consumers and also reduce the burden of regular payment on the discoms. “The generating companies are being given an option to sell power to third party and recover their cost. To this extent the fixed cost burden of the distribution licensee shall be reduced,” it said. The amendment pertains to the pending payment including Late Payment Surcharge outstanding of the discoms towards the gencos. “After the expiry of seven months from the due date of payment as prescribed in the Power Purchase Agreement or the Power Supply Agreement, the generating company

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may sell power to any consumer or any other licensee or power exchanges, for the period of such default, while retaining its claim on payment of fixed charges or capacity charges from the distribution licensee, after giving a notice of at least fifteen days to the distribution licensee,” said the draft amendment. The claim of the gencos on the payment of discoms would be reconciled on an annual basis and would be limited to only under recovery of the fixed charges or capacity charges. EM

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NTPC announces recruitment of an all-Female Engineers batch on Women Equality Day

On Women’s Equality Day, NTPC ltd, India’s largest integrated energy company has recruited its first all-Female Engineering Executive Trainees (EETs) batch to reaffirm its stand on diversity and inclusion. NTPC received an overwhelming response of the recruitment advertisement, which was published in April, 2021. The engineering graduates were selected based on the performance in GATE 2021 in the Electrical, Mechanical, Electronics and Instrumentation disciplines. Company has envisioned an all-female Operation Control Room at NTPC in the near future, towards a brighter future ahead for females in the organisation. Out of 50 offers sent by NTPC, 30 Female Executive Trainees

(ETs) have already joined the company between 31st July and 6th August 2021. This special all-female EET batch is currently undergoing a customised induction-cum-training programme at NTPC’s state of the art Regional Learning Institutes (RLIs) located at NTPC Sipat, NTPC Vindhyachal and NTPC Simhadri in the Mechanical, Electrical and Control & Instrumentation (C&I) disciplines. NTPC is establishing the regular interaction of new recruiters with the senior management and other employees to ensure that the youngsters are assimilated into the spirit & culture of the organization. NTPC has been working on improving its gender ratio wherever possible. It has always believed in providing equal opportunity to all the sections of society and has consciously promoted diversity through its hiring practices. As a responsible corporate citizen, NTPC has institutionalized policies like Human Rights and Right to Equal Opportunity. NTPC promotes equality and diversity amongst its employees. To support the women workforce, company adheres to policies like Child Care Leave with Pay, Maternity Leave, Sabbatical leave and NTPC Special Child Care Leave on Adoption of a Child/Delivering Child through Surrogacy. Statutory requirements and policy guidelines are adhered to without any discrimination. NTPC makes no distinction on basis of caste, creed, colour, gender and religion. EM

Tata Steel announces Rs 270.28 crore annual bonus for 2020-21 Private steel major Tata Steel will pay a total of Rs 270.28 crore as annual bonus for the accounting year 2020-2021 to its eligible employees of all applicable division /units of the company, a release said. A Memorandum of Settlement was signed on Wednesday between Tata Steel and the Tata Workers' Union, for payment of annual bonus for the accounting year 2020-2021, the release issued by the company said. The total payout for eligible employees of all applicable divisions/ units of the company will be Rs 270.28 crore. Out of this, various divisions at Jamshedpur including Tubes, an amount of Rs 158.31 crore will be given. The minimum and maximum annual bonus payable will be Rs 34,920 and Rs 3,59,029 respectively. T V Narendran, CEO & MD, Atrayee Sanyal, Vice President (HRM) ||www.electricalmirror.net||

and other senior executives signed on management's behalf while Sanjeev Kumar Choudhary, president, Tata Workers Union, Shailesh Kumar Singh, deputy president, Tata Workers' Union, Satish Kumar Singh, general secretary, Tata Workers' Union and other office bearers signed on Union's behalf. Further, a Memorandum of Agreement has also been signed between the steel company and the Indian National Metal Workers' Federation (INMWF) and Rashtriya Colliery Mazdoor Sangh (RCMS). Total payout on account of annual bonus at Coal, Mines and FAMD is Rs 78.04 crore approximately. Another Memorandum of Settlement was signed on Wednesday between Tata Steel and the Tisco Mazdoor Union. Total payout on account of annual bonus for growth shop is Rs 3.24 crore approximately. EM || September 2021 ||

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News

News of the month

Electric vehicle battery startup Ample raises $160 million

Ample, a San Francisco-based developer of swappable electric vehicle (EV) batteries, has raised $160 million in a new funding round, the company said on Thursday. The company has developed a battery for EVs and an automated process for quickly swapping out depleted batteries for newly charged packs, according to founders Khaled Hassounah and John de Souza. The Series C round brings to $230 million the total raised by the seven-year-old startup, which plans to expand testing and deployment to New York City, then Madrid and Singapore,

Hassounah said in an interview. "We've been saying for the past few months that this technology is ready for prime time, so now we intend to prove it" by expanding the fledgling service to more cities and drivers, he said. Long charging times that are common at most public and commercial charging stations have dampened consumer and fleet demand for electric vehicles. Ample is part of a growing group of companies, including Chinese EV makers Nio and Xpeng, trying to revive and update an old idea: Leapfrog charging hurdles by offering quick battery swaps to EV owners concerned about running out of juice while driving. Unlike the Chinese carmakers, Ample aims to make its batteries and swapping process more widely available to different brands. Hassounah and de Souza say their process can replace a depleted battery with a fully charged one in less than 10 minutes, using an automated process that "works with any electric vehicle" at a cost "as cheap as gasoline." EM

EV battery swapping startup BatteryPool raises funds for business development Electric vehicle (EV) fleet and commercial vehicles battery charging solutions startup BatteryPool on Thursday said it has raised an undisclosed amount of growth capital as part of its seed funding round. The freshly infused capital will be used for scaling up BatteryPool’s business development efforts and adding new fleet charging products to its portfolio, the company said. According to a media release, the round was led by Indian Angel Network (IAN) and the Pune-based Venture Center under the NIDHI-Seed Support Scheme, and saw participation from lead investors including Arjun Seth and Harshavardhan Chitale. Previously, the Pune-based startup had raised grants from the Department of Science and Technology (GoI) and an angel round along with the 100X.VC investment. Ashwin Shankar, founder of BatteryPool, said, “We identified that while EVs made sense commercially, challenges around battery charging can lead to downtime of commercial and fleet electric vehicles. Battery swapping can serve as a viable option to eliminate this downtime. However, the existing

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| September 2021 ||

battery swapping services require fleet operators and drivers to conform to a certain battery standard and this can be expensive and significantly restrict the fleet operations to where these services are being offered. Therefore, we built hardware that is agnostic to battery type and can be used by fleet operators regardless of the battery standards being used in their fleets.” EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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Cover Story Transformers

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|| SEPTEMBER 2021 ||

||www.electricalmirror.net||

Identification of defect in OLTC of 160MVA 220/132kV Autotransformer and In-house repairing & retrofitting thereof. By- K.K.Murty, Former CE(T&C), M.D.Palande, E.E.( SD), C.B.Kushwaha, AE (T), Katni and S.K.Chaturvedi AE, 400kV S/S, Katni, M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. 1.0 Abstract: The 220kV and 400kV EHV Transformers and the Transmission lines of MPPTCL constitute the important part of the WREB (Western Region Electricity Board)along with other constituent members. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to keep all such EHV Transformers and Transmission lines of 220kV and 400kVin healthy condition. Any outage due to failure of main components etc of the EHV Transformers of 220kV and 400kV Voltage class call for immediate attention by way of detecting the faults and carrying out In-house repairing work etc. In-house repairing work in-turn saves MPPTCL from many related and tangible losses. There had been a case of failure of a Diverter-switch of OLTC of an old 160 MVA 220/132 kV, Auto-Transformer N0-1,( manufactured in1996 ) in

||www.electricalmirror.net||

the 400kV Sub-station at Katni in M.P .Power Transmission Co. Ltd., on dated 24/06/2019. The fault was diagnosed/ detected by the Testing team of Katni on the 24/06/2019 and was put back in service after its in-house repairing /retrofitting job carried out by the Sub-Station Maintenance team, 400 kV S/s, Katni, in minimal possible time on its own plinth on date 04/07/2019, without availing the services of the OEM’s service team. This paper has been written by the authors highlighting the activities of detecting the fault without DRM and carrying out in-house repairing/ retrofitting etc with limited resources and putting it back in service. 2.0 Key words: OLTC (On Line Tap Changer), Diverter Switch, Selector Switch. TWRM (Transformer Winding Resistance Meter), DRM (Dynamic Resistance meter).

|| SEPTEMBER 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Cover Story

T r a n sfo r me r

3.0 In-tank type OLTC (also known as MR type in Power Utilities):

Fig.1: In-tank OLTC in a Transformer

Fig.3: Sketch showing winding configuration of 160MVA, 220/132kV Auto Transformer No.1, made at tap position at Normal tap 9. (Red coloured fonts and lines)

Fig.4: Components of Diverter switch

4.1Maintenance schedule of the Transformers; As per the prevailing practice in M.P. Power Transmission 4.0 Brief History: Co. Ltd., the Transformer maintenance is carried out twice Details of the Transformer; in a year before and after the monsoon. In one of such • Location of installation: 400kV Sub-station, Katni. maintenances, problem in Diverter switch of this 160MVA • Rating: 160 MVA, 220/132/33 kV, Auto-Transformer No.1. 220/132/33kV Auto Transformer No.1 was detected on dated • Date of commissioning: 11/02/1998. 24/06/2019 • Date of OLTC/diverter switch failure: 24/06/2019. 4.2 Detailed report of fault detection: Fig.2: Switching sequence in Diverter Switch

• How connected: Running in parallel with 160MVA, 220/132/33 kV, Transformer No.2 • Maximum Load recorded on this transformer:136 MVA • Sharing of total load: 248 MVA along with 160 MVA, Transformer No.2.

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A). On 12/03/2018 shutdown was taken to carry out Pre-Monsoon maintenance as per schedule. Winding resistance measurement started after checking diverter switch, make before break operation by moving tap from any odd to even and to odd tap using digital meter as analogue multi-meter was not available. Continuity check ||www.electricalmirror.net||

was also done by using digital multi-meter.

As a last test, winding resistance measurement was started from 2W phase (B-phase in RYB convention) and resistance of tap no. 1 and 2 measured successfully and while shifting the Tap position from tap no 2 to 3 manually the winding resistance kit developed defect as shown in the table no1.

Presuming that the failure of the Winding resistance kit might have been due to the internal circuitry of winding resistance kit itself and since no other winding resistance meter was available in the S/S. and as the evening peak-load period was approaching fast, thus the Transformer was charged and put back in service without measurement of the winding resistance. B). On dated 24/06/2019 shutdown on the same Transformer was again arranged to carry out Pre-Monsoon maintenance as per schedule. a) All tests were performed successfully except the winding resistance test. b) Finally, as the last test, the winding resistance measurement was being carried out using the same kit which was used on 12/03/2018(after getting it repaired through the OEM). c) The winding resistances of the 2U, 2V phases were taken successfully, d) While measuring the winding resistance of 2W phase, the kit developed defect, while shifting the tap no.2 to tap no.3, though the measurement of the winding resistance was successfully carried out while moving the tap from tap no.1 to tap no.2.

Table.2: Failure of Winding resistance kit on 24/06/2019 while shifting the tap from 2nd to 3rd Tap of 2W phase.

4.3 Probable reason for failure of Winding resistance kit: As per practice, the Winding Resistance measurement kit was kept in circuit during tap-changing operations; however, in this instant case the kit appeared to have failed because of its design constraints constraints (not capable for high resistance measurement or open circuit.) The TWRM meters of other manufacturers are capable of identifying open circuit and other faults in the Diverter Switch and Selector Switch of OLTC if any, by clearly indicating open circuit if there is any such condition in any of the transition resistances, formation of carbon on the fixed or moving contacts of Diverter switch and/or due to snapping of any connecting lead at the Selector switch end of Tap-winding. Note: DRM (Dynamic Resistance Measurement) Kits of other manufacturers are equipped with a display screen on which the curve of switching operation including the Transition resistance can be viewed (Fig.6). Any deviation in the curve during subsequent measurements as compared to the initial signature curve shall be treated as faulty Diverter switch.

w w w. e l e c t r i c a l m i r r o r. n e t

Table.1 Failure of Winding resistance meter while measuring Winding resistance of the Transformer on dt.12.03.2018.

Observation: It was observed that kit again got defective while measuring the winding resistance of same phase ie of 2 W and under same conditions as prevailed on 12/03/2018. The winding resistances measured with the same repaired Winding resistance kit by the OEM are tabulated in the Table no 2. Fig.5: Typical DRM curve of OLTC in operation. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Cover Story

T r a n sfo r me r

from even to odd. 4.4 Checking and verification through other methods. To confirm whether the fault was due to design constraints Reverse Direction; in the Transformer Winding Resistance Measurement kit or i. Continuity is observed written as” OK” while shifting it was in the winding of phase 2W itself. from odd to even to odd position in the descending (i)DC battery method; As analogue multi-meter was not available at that time therefore resistance measurement was carried out using 9-volt battery and 2-volt centre zero volt-meter (used in battery maintenance work) and found a flick while moving tap from 2 to 3 and break was also observed in other taps movement. (ii)Analogue Multi-Meter Method: Following day, an analogue multi-meter was arranged from the Testing Division Jabalpur and continuity was again checked with it. It was observed that the result was found to be similar to the previous day results as checked using 9 volt battery and battery voltmeter set. The test report is as follows;

Table.3 Continuity checked while operating taps in ascending and descending order with keeping analogue multi-meter it in circuit during tap operation

Observations: (Pease refer to Table No3). Forward Direction; i. Continuity is observed is written as” OK” while shifting from even to odd position in the ascending order (forward direction) in case of 2W phase. ii. Flick is observed written as” flick observed” while shifting from odd to even position in the ascending order (forward direction) in case of 2W phase. iii. While in case of 2U&2V Continuity is observed written as” OK” against each shifting from odd to even and 28

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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order (reverse direction) in case of 2Wphase. ii. Flick is observed written as” flick observed” while shifting from even to odd position in the descending order ((reverse direction) in case of 2Wphase. iii. While in case of 2U&2V Continuity is observed written as” OK” against each shifting from odd to even and from even to odd.

Observation; As observed from the Continuity test as stated

in table No.3 At all odd taps Continuity OK, whereas at all even tap it was found OPEN. Thus, failure of the TWRM due to its design constraints was established. From the above observation it seemed that either one of the transit resistances might have been opened (since the Diverter Switch has only 2 positions) or one of its contacts must have got jammed and therefore not changing its position and showing OPEN position in EVEN Tap nos. while moving the position of the Diverters switch “to and fro” manually. Thus, it was confirmed that the problem was in the Diverter Switch only. Therefore, it was decided not to charge the Transformer. The DGA of OLTC oil was carried out and high concentration of hydrocarbon gases found in sample. On the basis of LT test and DGA gas analysis it was decided to open 2W phase OLTC Diverter Switch. 5.0 Condition of the Diverter Switch: After removing the Diverter Switch assembly, it was found that Transit resistance found OK and Main contact, insert contact, Moving Contact, stationary contact and 132kV take off contacts damaged very badly and jammed due to sparking and welding/pitting as predicted. Please see the figures. 6 to 10. The condition as-found was beyond repairs.

Fig.6 View showing carbonised worm Gear and other operating mechanism after top cover removed. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Fig.7: Inspecting faulty Diverter switch unit removed from the Transformer

Fig.9:No.1&2 are moving contacts (male). 3-Arcing Moving contacts. (Used during transient period)

Fig.10: 1 & 2-Insert fixed contacts(female).3-Arcing Stationary contacts [Note: (a) contact no.1 is seen very heavily welded. (b)Arcing first fixed Contact of no.3 little welded.]

6.0 Details of repairing and retrofitting works: The damages revealed that the Diverter Switch was beyond repairs (Ref. fig. 6 to10). Similar Diverter Switches 2 nos, mounted on an old Fig.8A: Condition of the Bottom plate of the Diverter switch. 125 MVA, 220/145kV TELK made, abandoned AutoSpring loaded contacts A&B seen badly burnt and melted. Transformer in 220kV S/S Damoh were removed and [Note: Bottom plate of Diverter switch insert which rests on safely transported to the 400kV S/S Katni. the two Silver coated studs at the bottom of the Insulation cylindrical of the Diverter Switch (fig. 8B) on which 2 nos. spring loaded Contacts A & B rest. This cylindrical shell is suspended inside the tank and the132kV lead is connected to the132kV Bushing. Fig.11: Thoroughly cleaned diverter switch tank.

Fig .8B Hollow insulation Cylinder (item No 6 in fig.4) inner side with 2 Nos. Silver coated Copper studs ||www.electricalmirror.net||

The Diverter Switch brought from 220kV S/S Damoh was installed after thoroughly cleaning of the Diverter Switch and the tank (fig:11), but it was found that there was no movement in the Diverter switch while trying to change the tap positions. The said Diverter switch was again removed and was subjected to force to and fro motion manually with the help of a pipe as shown in the fig: 12 but it did not move. || September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Cover Story

Finally manual operations were done and found that; • Resistances between the fixed contacts were checked and found 6.4 Ω each. • Continuity between the odd taps and even taps to 132 kV take off point checked and found in order.

Above results revealed that the Diverter Switch has becomes healthy in all respects. Therefore, the same has been installed on the transformer. Thereafter filled with fresh oil and Then the bottom plate was removed for checking the reason tap-operations checked. The Diverter Switch started moving for its no- movement. Following were found; smoothly and due synchronised sound heard with selector • It was found that 2nos. insert contact and 1 no. stationary switch positions. Then filtration of all the three Diverter arcing contact damaged. Switches was done with a 2000 LPH filter machine for 4 • Main contact shaft bearing (bottom) found clogged. hrs (8 cycles) each.

T r a n sfo r me r

Fig.12: Due to jamming the Diverter switch it did not move when tried manually.

The BDV of the oil was checked and found to be 78.5kV. Then continuity checked with tap operation from 1 to 17 and 17 to 1 carried out and no flick observed. It gave a feeling that the repairing and retrofitting was successful. Then all L.V. Testing of transformer done and found in order. Then winding resistance of each phase taken by TWRM make- DV Fig.13: bottom Bearing power, results found satisfactory as could be seen from the The above defective parts and the bottom bearing as shown test result tabulated below (Table:4) confirming that Diverter in fig.13 were replaced carefully using these parts from Switch has been successfully repaired and retrofitted. another Diverter switch brought from 220kV S/S Damoh, contacts brazing and finishing was done at local engineering work shop and re-assembled it after thoroughly cleaning all the internal parts with fresh oil. The re-assembled unit was checked for it’s to & fro motion manually.

Fig: 14: Completely repaired and re-assembled Diverter Switch

Fig.15: To & fro motion accomplished after repairing and re-assembling of the Diverter Switch. 30

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Table.4: Winding resistance measurement after finally Installing the retrofitted repaired Diverter Switch.

||www.electricalmirror.net||

(i) Since we do not operate taps on load therefore there should not be any chance of arcing and oil decomposition. As per previous history taps are operated during periodic maintenance only while taking winding resistance in every 2 years in off- condition. Observation of oil decomposition, clogging of contacts pitting/welding like spots, sludge deposition give rise to a feeling that at some point of time some contact must have become loose and the insert moving contact must have stuck inside the fixed contact and got welded at tap no.9 (N) position. Such incidences lead to failure of Diverter switch in this instant case. (ii) It is also observed that the copper braided flexible leads were found badly burnt and melted as could be seen in fig. nos.9. Perhaps, their current carrying capacity appears to be inadequate.

Fig.16: Insert contact of TELK make (MR Type) DS, having very small contact area and complicated design.

Fig.17: Proposed design of insert fixed contact.

We inspected 5No. Diverter Switches of the same make (MR Type) and found similar problem, so it is clear that design of insert contact has to be improved to avoid such deterioration, which takes place without any on-load tap operations. It is felt that the insert fixed contact design may be improved as proposed in fig.17.The OEM may take a note of this. 8.0 Suggestion for consideration: 9.0 Gains/advantages to MPPTCL; While going through the repairing process it was observed Following are the gains/ advantages to the MPPTCL due to that insert stationary contact of the Diverter Switch is having in-house repairing and retrofitting using available means.; very small contact area and also it is in two separate pieces (i) Repaired, retrofitted and restored supply in minimal time. assembled together with spring loaded arrangement. It (ii) Restoring its importance in the Grid-network appears to be of complicated design (see fig16), increasing (iii) Avoiding Load shedding for long periods, thus avoiding contact resistance to main contacts, while all132kV current dissatisfaction amongst the consumers at large. flows through it during normal working condition. Because (iv) Avoiding over loading of transformers of nearby sub stations of very small contact area of insert contact, continuous for long and thus enhancing their life expectancy. heating take place during entire working period, results (v) Savings on; in decomposition of oil near main & insert contact area, a. Cost of new Diverter Switch and transportation charges to continuous deposition of sludge at bottom of the Diverter the site. switch tank which clogged 132kV take off contact (braided b. Service charges for repairs etc to the OEM’s repair team copper lead), and clogging main & insert contacts. This or other agency. appears to be the reason of the Diverter switch getting (vi) and many more intangible advantages. heated up without its operations. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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All test results were sent to higher authorities for their perusal and approval. After having received their concurrence, the transformer was charged on date 04/07/2019 successfully and put on load on date 05/07/2019. 7.0 Probable causes leading to such failure: The Diverter Switch comes into action when changing taps on load. It changes position from odd to even and vice-versa by inserting transition resistance during the on-load tap changing operations without break in the circuit. When the Diverter Switch changes its position from odd to even or even to odd on load, arcing take place in arcing contacts, resulting in generation of Hydrocarbon gases and some decomposition of Diverter Switch oil and which is categorized a normal phenomenon.

Cover Story

10.0 Appreciation/ Commendation: -

Hon’ble MD of MPPTCL highly appreciated the on-spot repairing work of Diverter Switch and awarded the AE 400kV S/S Katni

and his team on 15 AUG 2019 (Independence Day) for this exemplary job carried out by them and also saving of the Transmission-company’s money and time.

A u t hors (1) K.K.Murty (Principal Author)

T r a n sfo r me r

He is B.E.( Hons) Elec. Engg, FIE(India) & CE (India),Member-CIGRE’ India. • Former Chief Engineer & HOD (Testing & Commun.), M.P. Power Transmission Co. Ltd. Jabalpur. (Served in MPSEB & MPPTCL, Jabalpur for 33 years at different levels from the Assistant Engineer to the Chief Engineer) • Empanelled as an Expert Professional on the panel of CPRI, Bangalore and carried out TPI of Power equipments on behalf of CPRI, Bangalore/Bhopal.( from 2008 to 2012) • Worked as Advisor (Testing) in SOUTHCO, Berhampur. Odisha (A DISCOM in Odisha of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani group). (from 2004 to 2006). • Worked as Metering Consultant to M. P. Electricity Regulatory Commission, Bhopal, for 1year. In 2005). • Worked as the Course Director for the Graduate Electrical Engineering Trainees, in the Training Institute of MPPTCL, Jabalpur. (For 2-batches, 2006 & 2007 batches.) • Presently rendering services as Sr. Visiting /Guest Faculty, for the In- house Training Institutions of the MPPTCL, Jabalpur and the M.P. East Zone, DISCOM, Jabalpur. • Recipient of plaque in recognition of eminence and contribution to the profession of Electrical Engineering at the National level by Institute of Engineers India, Kolkata in Oct 2015.

(2) M.D.Palande He is EE(SSD). He had obtained Diploma in Electrical Engineering (Hons) from Board of Technical Education Bhopal M.P. in the year 1980 & stared service carrier in Nov 1980 in MPEB. Thereafter obtained Bachelor’s degree (Part time degree course) in Electrical Engineering from the Jabalpur University, in the year 1991.In the span of 38 years of service worked in different wings of erst while MPEB viz O&M, Revenue section & Sub transmission network, construction of Distribution system. Testing & Commissioning and O&M of EHV Substations. He has very rich knowledge of EHV S/S Construction, Testing & Commissioning thereof. He is presently posted in the sub-station design cell (Plg &Design office) of M P Power Transmission Co. Ltd. He has expertise in designing EHV S/s layout including Earthing arrangement drawings up to the level of 400kV.He is an asset to MPPTCL.

(3) C.B. Kushwaha • • • • • •

Education - Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering. Has 3 year working experience in design, construction and commissioning of 33/11 KV Substation. Has 13 year working Experience as a testing and Commissioning Engineer. Currently Working as Testing and Commissioning Engineer with MPPTCL. Presently posted as Executive Engineer (Testing), Shahdol. Felicitated by MD MPPTCL for quick restoration of supply at 132 KV Substation Srinagar, Jabalpur. 5 Nos 33 Kv Bay and 2 Nos 132 KV Bay tested and commissioned, along with cable laying and C/R panel erection work, within 72 Hours.

(4) S.K. Chaturvedi He is Diploma in Electrical Engg. and a B.Tech. (Distance Learning course) (year 1988-89) Presently working as an Assistant Engineer (Maint.), 400kV S/s Katni since Oct, 2013 in a 950 MVA, 400/220/132kV/33kV AIS independently and he is managing the Operation& Maintenance and Erection/ Installation jobs successfully. Commendable jobs done & earned awards; a) Felicitated by MD MPPTCL for on spot repairing and installation of EMR make Diverter Switch of 24 years old 160MVA, 220/132kV TELK make Transformer at 400kV S/s Katni and put back in service within a very short time resulting in saving in time, money and maintaining supply reliability . b) Erection of 400kV, 125 MVAR Bus Reactor and all associated equipment of its bay successfully at 400kV S/s Katni, within challengeable minimal time. c) Obtaining ISO: 9001-2008 Certificate in year 2015, for 50 years old 132/33kV AIS Kymore, complete renovation. d) Retrofitting and replacement of 220kV, 132 kV, 33kV, 22nos. old pneumatic circuit breakers/VCBs successfully with new ones within minimal time, reconditioning of 2no, 40 years old 132/33kV Transformer successfully without any mishaps, affecting the health of workmen and material. 32

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||www.electricalmirror.net||

|| September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

ase Study of the Month

Er. P.K.Pattanaik, is presently working with OPTCL as General Manager, EHT (O&M) Circle Bhubaneswar - Odisha and associated with the Protection and Control schemes of Electrical systems. Having 29 years of technical experience on various HT and EHT voltage level in the field of transmission sector. Specialization on the development technoeconomical design of protection control schemes for system development and planning. At present involved with various on-going projects on GIS, SAS and updated Remote SCADA control stations of OPTCL. Published 105 technical papers in National and International arena and is a regular contributor to the National journals like Electrical Mirror, Electrical India, CBIP journal and IEEMA journal and author of many technical books. Also Awarded in various arena on National level. He is also the coordinator of a Nationwide Power Engineers’ Technical Group named “SPARK- Ignited to share” consisting of Senior Electrical Engineers from different parts of the country. ele.pkpattanaik@optcl.co.in 1. Introduction: For the last few months, the response of the readers to the case studies on various incidents is overwhelming. Hence this month we are again choosing the write up on similar kind of studies for developing the synchronization of practical observation to the theoretical concepts. The analysis of each incident being supported by actual observations had been described during the situation to add awareness amongst the operation, testing and commissioning engineers to know the cause of problems and be helpful for easy rectification of the problems. This can also help to develop economic schemes for the smooth running of the operation and control system in the Grid Sub-Station. 2.1. Damage of Internal Metering Solid Insulation Set: At one of 33/11KV GIS station, the incomer metering unit was found burst severely and 34

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VARIOUS CASE STUDIES ON OPERATION AND CONTROL SCHEMES FOR GRID SUB-STATION Contd…. resulted tripping of the incomer supply from the Grid Sub-Station. (Refer Fig 2.1)

Fig 2.1 Damage of Metering Unit ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Observations:

1. This GIS sub-station was connected from one of the 132/33 Kv Grid sub-station and was availing 10 MWatt loads. 2. The metering unit was provided on the base of the cable entry point to the GIS cabinet. 3. This metering unit was of solid cast insulation type and was used for the commercial purpose to measure the power availing from the Grid Station. 4. On the day of failure, it was observed with approximately 11 Kamp current at the Grid Sub-Station. 5. So the incomer also tripped along with all the transformers on high set instantaneous element. 6. The cause of tripping was analyzed.

2. The current on the CT was very less of 200 Ampere for the 800/1 Ampere CT. 3. As the stud was of annealed Copper metal, so required Bi-metallic strip was also wrapped through the clamps. 4. But it was observed with heating on the clamp and resulted with red-hot on the termination point.

1. The GIS installation floor was checked and found that the GIS room was on the ground floor. 2. The cable vault was of Underground system with HT cables had been run through cable trenches. 3. The level of the cable trenches has also been maintained properly. 4. But the Metering unit was provided in the limited space of the panel structure with minimum ventilation space. 5. In this case it was of the heat generation by the metering unit and gradual crack of the insulation resin cast material. 6. After few days of run, the crack have also absorbed moisture due to the ground level Cable trench. 7. This became prominent after shutdown of this feeder for few days for maintenance of the GIS station. 8. When this feeder was charged and after few hours of connection and loading on the system, the metering unit burst.

Solution:

1. The Placement of metering unit was made external and at the OH gantry structure with Oil filled metering unit. 2. The commercial meters were also connected in the metering box and used for the commercial metering purposes. 3. The problem was solved and failure of metering unit got reduced. 2.2. Red hot on CT Clamp: At one of 132/33KV Grid Sub-Station, it was observed with burning of CT clamp causing red-hot at the 33 KV CT Stud (Refer Fig 2.2 and Fig 2.3).

Observations:

1. This CT was connected with the Gantry mounted beam structure and fitted with pad clamp of proper size.

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Fig 2.2.1 Clamp used for the CT stud

5. So, the rectification action was taken. The clamp was removed for checking and found with burning pits on the bi-metallic strips. 6. No other deformity was observed.

Technical Analysis:

1. The Clamp was of proper size, connected with even bi-metallic strip in the system. 2. On checking it was found with burning of Bi-metallic strip due to generation of heat. 3. Before opening of the clamp, the tightness of the nuts was also checked and found in order. 4. Only one issue was there in the way of connection of the conductor jumper to the clamp.

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Analysis:

5. The jumper was connected such the water droplet during drizzle rain was getting entry to the stud and getting || September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

C As e Study of the month

Case Study

deposited at the end mouth of the clamp and stud. 6. In this case the jumper connection was the culprit and deposition of the water droplet with gradual heating was resulting the red-hot and burning of the bi-metallic strip as like shown in the fig 2.2.2.A. 7. The jumper connection was changed to such that gradual sippage/ingress of water droplet got blocked. (Fig 2.2.2.B) 8. The new clamps were also changed using bi-metallic strips to avoid further heating of the clamps. 2.3. Tripping of 132Kv line: One of the 132Kv line tripped during a particular rainy day with drizzle rain. But during next charge, the line stood OK and catered load.

Observation:

1. This line was of 132KV SC (Single circuit Line), connected between two different Grid Sub-station. 2. These two stations were the interconnection of power supply sources. 3. One of drizzle rain, this line tripped with R phase to Ground fault. 4. Considering the fault being transient in nature, the line was charged after few minutes and successfully charged without causing and further tripping. 5. But the line in-charges were asked to patrol the line to know the cause of tripping. The line was thoroughly checked and found with of no evidence. 6. But at the declared distance zone, obtained from the fault record of the distance protection relay at the grid station, it was observed with few bird nests exactly on the top of line insulator on the cross arm. 7. The places of bird nest were investigated and found with one nest being scattered with sticks and other nest material on the insulator. 8. This might be the culprit, causing the reduction of creepage and also the arcing distance. 9. So during drizzle rain the nest material being hung from the nest resulted of the fault. (Refer Fig 2.3.1)

10. This fault was of transient in nature, for which closure on the next attempt became successful. 11. After closing, the line was also allowed for availing load on this line.

Action Taken: 1. The line was availed with shutdown for clearing of the nests. 2. During clearing of the bird nest it was also found with few aluminum wires on the nests. 3. The cause of availability of Aluminum wires were investigated. 4. On inquiry it was confirmed that another nearby 132KV line had been attended with mid-span joint work on the ACSR conductor due to the conductor snapping. 5. The Aluminum wire residues were left scattered at the work place instead of gathering and brought back to safe storage. 6. The area nearby was also cleaned and rest of the wire residues were collected and kept in the store. 7. The line was again charged, stood OK and loaded as per the requirement.

Recommendation: During attending the field Transmission line works, the conductor strands and its residues should not be left over at the workplace. These should be collected and stored in the Store to avoid the birds to carry and prepare the nest, which may cause un-wanted tripping of the line. 2.4. Failure of Line 220KV IVT: One of the 220KV IVT burst during early morning hour causing the blackout of the Grid Sub-Station.

Observation: 1. The incident resulted at one of the 220/132/33 Kv Grid Sub-station of being radially fed from a power Station. 2. The pattern of failure is of scattering of the porcelain insulator stacks above to the EMU (Electromagnetic Unit). 3. Because of this failure, the system caused the bus fault and tripped of all the system connected to the concerned BUS causing the total outage of the system and blackout of the system. 4. This was on the BUS-2 and all the systems were transferred to the healthy BUS-1 and system was revived with the available incoming link.

Fig 2.3.1 Nest on the Cross Arm of Transmission Line

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| September 2021 ||

5. All the system loads were loaded and planned for the shut-down of the BUS-2 for replacement of the IVT. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

6. The fail IVT is shown in figure 2.4.1.

was ignored for action. Even the oil level in the glass window was not getting monitored regularly. 5. On the day of the failure it was also observed with slight voltage rise during early morning. 6. So combined of the issues as mentioned above that the failure might be due to the reduction of oil level. 7. The portion above to the EMU was not having oil could be the reason. So the arching might have been occurred with formation of gas that has attempted of rushing out of the porcelain cabinet. 8. During the gas explosion, the weak portion has exploded with bursting of the insulator stacks.

Recommendations: 1. To avoid such sudden failure of EHT switchyard equipment following procedures should be maintained. a. Physical monitoring of Oil Level by naked eye or by binocular vision b. Thermovision SCANNING of BUSHING and EMU. On Thermovision scanning, the thermal Barrier shall be indicative or patch of Temp rise shall be known. Fig 2.4.1 Failure of 220 KV IVT

7. The IVT was replaced with good one, this BUS was again charged and loads were accordingly distributed to this BUS. 8. The system was made normal by the correct way of load distribution on BUS-1 and BUS-2.

Technical Analysis: 1. Any FAILURE of IVT/PT/CVT- the voltage activated EHT items are due to few of the following reasons. a. Gradual Deterioration of Insulation due to ageing effect. b. Oil LEAKAGE and No/ Low oil availability in the BUSHING/ EMU (Electromagnetic Unit) the bottom TANK.

c. During Thermo-vision scanning if any portion is not being available with oil, then Temperature Barrier shall be found in the vision. 2. The other annual testing could be done availing Shut-down of the system. 3. But the methods as described in the point no 1, does not need any outage of the system. This can be done ON-LINE with system alive. 4. The IVT/PT/CVT failure never results suddenly. So, proper monitoring could be helpful for saving the failure of this voltage activated items. Because in this equipment no current is involved during the work function, as this gets connected across the voltage with respect to ground.

c. Sudden Voltage rise and heating of insulation.

5. So, the abnormal voltage rise and gradual deterioration of the insulation is the only cause of failure.

2. From the pattern of Porcelain insulator stack, just above the EMU, indicates about the issues in the paper insulation used in the IVT.

6. For the specific case of CVT, the capacitor stacks and the individual capacitor unit usually gets shorted.

3. But as far as failure of the oil impregnated paper insulation indicates about the development of heat on this portion. 4. This IVT was having minor oil leakage on the secondary box, but due to its leakage rate being very less, it ||www.electricalmirror.net||

7. This failure of individual capacitor at the top or bottom stacks could be monitored by the secondary voltage measurement technique by on-line method. 8. So proper monitoring and continuous could be helpful for saving this voltage activated units. EM

|| September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Mr. Rajneesh KhattaR GRoup DiRectoR, eneRGy poRtfolio

infoRma maRKets, inDia

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| September 2021 ||

REI 2021 being held on 15th –17th September at India Expo Centre, Greater Noida is destined to showcase India Inc.’s ambitious vision, relentless persistence.

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Q. What are the highlights of REI 2021 when it is

back in its’ physical avataar this year ?

Q. Which other sectors will get a limelight in this

year’s show?

For sure Solar and Bio energy will continue to be the show stoppers. However, very soon Electric Vehicle ( EV ) sector will also embark upon its’ presence @ REI besides wind regaining its’ focus. It’d be pleasure to witness a healthy intra-sector competition with each domain trying to grab a share for itself whilst India stands geared up for next leap of 450 GW by the Yr 2030.

Q. What precautions have been planned for organising the event amidst Covid-19 scenario?

Very pleased to confirm that being an Exhibition and Conferences organizer of global repute, we have already formalized our in-house H&S document called “Informa AllSecure”. This is far more stringent in compliance than the H&S guidelines issued by Federal Govt of India and provides multiple additional rings of safety to all the participants alike. To begin with, REI 2021 will observe QR Code based Contactless Registration, ensuring there are no long serpentine-like queues as in past and no crowding. Besides we have also adopted staggered registrations in order to check visitors density inside each hall strictly in line with Govt guidelines. We are permitting by all means prefabricated booth structures only for raw scheme stalls. Each exhibitor

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Q. What will be your renewable energy industry outlook for the year 2022?

My outlook for the Yr 2022 is extremely optimistic as India is fairly galloping towards its’ ambitious goals of 450 GW by 2030. We have recently celebrated our Century of Pride on the achievement of 100 GW of installed Renewable Energy capacity ranking India # 4th largest installed RE capacity worldwide. This is in addition to another 50 GW under implementation and yet another 27 GW under tendering. I take this opportunity to Congratulate people of India on this amazing achievement that once again reposes our faith in Federal policies, its’ larger-than-life vision and above all gaining the feeling of Self-Belief. There’s pent-up demand that’s going to take India’s RE sector forward as there’s 17 times increase in installed Solar capacity in last 7 years even Open Access solar installations stand increased by 56% in Yr 2020 despite challenges. The booster dose of “Self-Reliant Bharat” is destined to give push to indigenous enterprises by working tirelessly on the demand side of the sector. The robust pipeline of tenders is good enough to determine the intentions set forth by the Centre and demonstrates a silver lining at the end of dark COVID 19 - induced tunnel. The Indian electricity sector is on the cusp of a solar-powered revolution. Solar power is set for explosive growth in India, matching coal’s share in the Indian power generation mix within two decades or even sooner. This dramatic turnaround is driven by India’s policy ambitions, notably the ambitious target to reach 450 GW of renewable capacity by 2030, and the extraordinary cost-competitiveness of solar, which’d out-compete existing coal-fired power by 2030 even when paired with battery storage. So is the focus on Off-Shore wind sector and Compressed Bio Gas ( CBG ) that are bound to carve out a newer identity for India’s RE sector in times to come. RM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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The most promising highlight of this edition is our “Return to where we belong to” i.e. Physical Version after witnessing the most challenging year humanity has ever faced so far. This has been a phenomenal whirlwind of a year throwing off plans of all stakeholders and causing unimaginable disruption by further weakening the supply chains’ ecosystem. REI 2021 being held on 15 – 17 September at India Expo Centre, Greater Noida is destined to showcase India Inc.’s ambitious vision, relentless persistence, deep urge to contribute to set the economy back on track and a great intent aiming to boost India’s RE portfolio to stratospheric levels in years to come. This is in addition to 125 + exhibitors on the floor, galaxy of highly acclaimed industry stalwarts speakers and VIPs and large gathering of business visitors…this being consistent hallmark of REI over the years anyway !

will be provided Disinfectant kit in addition to Thermal scanning, Sanitiser installations at multiple check points, App based food ordering systems, thereby, encouraging digital payments practice, keeping provision of isolation room for those who report unwell at the time of entry etc to name a few. All attendees and Exhibitors are any which way advised to maintain social distancing within the booth & switch to other contactless mode of greetings. Meeting tables to have sneeze guards and Informa COVID Ambassadors will be present on the floor to ensure compliance in totality.

Wires & Cables

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| SEPTEMBER September 2021 ||

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Impact of EMI on Cables and Power Supplies INTRODUCTION The length and position of the interconnecting cables are often among the most significant parameters affecting the level of conducted or radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) from a system. Early EMI test procedures did not specifically address the disposition of the cables other than to state that emissions should be maximized. As a result, different EMI test labs would come up with very different "worst case" test configurations for the same system. In power supplies, the two prominent types of EMI are conducted EMI and radiated EMI. Comprehensive regulations provide limitations to radiated and conducted EMI generated when the power supply is connected to the mains. Comparing the modern power switches used in power supplies with those from older generations, the new switches have significantly reduced switching times, leading to faster and faster rise and fall times for the voltage and current waveforms. These fast edges produce significant energy at surprisingly high frequencies, and are the root cause of all EMI problems in switched-mode power supplies. This high frequency energy causes ringing in all the resonant tanks, small or large, that exist within the power supply. In general, this wringing does not cause problems; however, in some cases, this may stop the power supply from working properly or passing tests. Faster switching

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also means that losses can be reduced, improving the efficiency of the power supply. But faster switching should also enable higher switching frequencies, ultimately leading to smaller passive components and better transient behavior – a promise that has not been realized. The main reasons for this are the cost of transformers for use at these frequencies and the disproportional complexity of solving high frequency EMI problems. Resonant and quasi-resonant topologies offer an elegant way out of this dilemma. They have been around for a long time, but due to limitations, they have not been widely accepted. The sensitivity to load and line regulations can limit their usage and parameter variations of passive components can make series production difficult and expensive. Further, for some stages of the power supply (e.g. secondary side post- regulation) a resonant version does not really exist. It is only with today’s modern control ICs that quasi-resonant power supplies show their potential while maintaining good EMI performance. So it is not surprising that more and more designs are using this topology.Given these new developments, it is clear that EMI performance can no longer be considered only after the main power supply design is finished. It needs to be designed into the power supply right from the start at specification level, just like reliability and safety, influencing topology and component

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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selection. The goal is to meet EMI regulations while not disturbing other applications nearby. The power supply should also be self-compliant and tolerate a certain amount of EMI from the outside. This paper will show how to “embed” EMI considerations throughout the entire design cycle. The intent is to give the power supply designer a good understanding of the problem and an overview of the measures that can be taken while designing and testing the power supply, to improve time to market and to come up with a robust design. It is not a comprehensive overview on the topic, as a large amount of good literature exists already. In an attempt to make EMI testing more repeatable, recent EMI test procedures have been more specific about cable length and placement. The FCC EMI test procedures [1,2] state that long cables should be bundled under some circumstances. Cable bundles are to be "30 to 40 cm" in length and located near the center of the cable. Other parameters of the bundle such as the number of "loops", tightness, or shape are not specifically addressed, although the procedures do state that cables are to be bundled in a "serpentine fashion". The practice of bundling cables when making EMI measurements raises two important questions: • What effect does bundling the cable typically have on a measurement? • How critical are the various bundle parameters (e.g. length, shape) to the repeatability of the measurement? A simple model of a table-top EMI source with a bundled cable can be used to illustrate the effect that various cable parameters potentially have onthe radiated fields. Although the model and meas¬urements presented here do not account for all possible cable bundle/EMI interactions, they il¬lustrate the magnitude of the EMI measurement repeatability problem and demonstrate the relative importance of various cable bundle parameters.

2. DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMI AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Three things can cause an EMI problem: A signal source creates some kind of noise, there is a transmission path for the noise, and/or there is a receiver sensitive enough to be distorted by the noise, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig.1.EMIsources.

The noise source can be inside or outside the power supply. 42

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Tackling the noise problem at the source means reducing the emission levels — for example, by lowering noise amplitudes. Different coupling mechanisms exist for noise, and many EMI countermeasures focus on these; however, they overlook what can be done at the emitter or receiver. A receiver susceptible to noise injection must exist in the system if there is an EMI problem. Here, the obvious solution is reducing its sensitivity. At this point, a fundamental distinction must be made between the two types of EMI problems: • Improving EMI so that the design meets regulations and will pass EMI testing (also called EMC or electromagnetic compliance) • Improving EMI so that the design works reliably in all modes of operation, with good efficiency, and does so without being disturbed by other (EMC-compliant) equipment nearby For the first type, test methods and certified labs exist. For the second type, it is important to take the design through all design stages, carefully checking to see if poor EMI design may be the cause of the problem. Here, it is important to consider component variations. Maybe the components in the prototype are such that no problem is visible, but the components used in production may cause problems.

The four coupling mechanisms are:

Resistive (or galvanic) coupling: The noise signal is transferred via electrical connections. This works at all frequencies, and is usually fixed by good layout (particularly the ground layout) and filtering with capacitors and inductors or lower signal levels with RC elements. “Common impedance” coupling can be classified as galvanic coupling. Capacitive coupling: Electrical fields are the main transmission path. Capacitance levels are mostly small so this affects small signals and/or high frequencies. Shielding the source using thin conductive layers is most effective. Inductive coupling: This transmission path is quite common in switched-mode power supplies since high- frequency currents in the inductors can cause strong magnetic fields at higher frequencies, where the coupling factors can be higher. Magnetic shielding is less effective than electric shielding since the absorption depth is smaller, requiring thicker materials. Inductive coupling is best addressed at the source. Wave coupling: Here, the noise typically has a high frequency, and is transmitted via an electromagnetic wave. It does not play a major role in power supplies, since frequencies are not high enough, and can be damped very effectively with shielding. This paper will focus on capacitive, resistive, and inductive coupling; as they are the most important sources of EMI issues in power electronics applications. It is generally accepted industry ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Figure 2: Simple EMI Source Model

The radiation from table-top sources at frequencies below 100 MHz is often dominated by the currents induced on the power and interface cables]. A simple model consisting of a cable driven near one end by an unknown source is very helpful for analyzing how various changes in the cable length, termination, and position affect the induced currents and radiated fields . A typical plot of the cable current as a function of frequency is shown in Figure 3.

of the wire is approximately a quarter-wavelength. Now consider the model of a table-top source with a bundled cable illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4: Simple EMI Model with Bundled Cable

The impedance of the cable bundle is represented as a lumped element. The resistance and radiation loss are neglected in this model causing the impedance to be a pure reactance. To obtain a simple, first-order approximation for what the value of this reactance should be, the cable bundle can be modeled as a series of shorted transmission lines as shown in Figure 5a. or a series of open and shorted transmission lines as shown in Figure 5b. The choice of models depends on the orientation of the cable bundle. For a cable oriented as shown in Figure 5a., the input impedance of each transmission line is given by, (1) Zin=jZ0 tanꞵl

s = center-to-center cable separation d = cable diameter ꞵ= phase constant s = center-to-center cable separation d = cable diameter, ꞵ= phase constant The permittivity and permeability of free space can be used for E. and Ix in this model although slightly different values (depending on the cable insulation properties) may be more appropriate for a tightly bundled cable. An approximate expression for the overall lumped impedance of a cable bundled with N loops is,

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practice to consider conducted EMI below 30MHz, radiated EMI above 30MHz, and in most cases up to 1GHz – exceptions do exist, however. Coupling modes cannot be treated in isolation since ideal elements exist only in simulators, not in real life. Parasitic elements are always present. The parasitic capacitors and inductors contribute to the problem, as parts of tank circuits that will resonate when stimulated by a voltage or current edge. The parasitic tanks help to convert one coupling mode into another, and that is why coupling modes cannot be analyzed and fixed in isolation. The third parasitic element, resistance, actually helps to ease the problem by damping the resonant oscillation. Using the amplitude change from peak to peak can help to calculate the parasitic resistance, identify it in the circuit, and optimize the circuit accordingly. LUMPED-ELEMENT MODEL - Consider the simple model of a table-top source illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 3: Typical Plot of Induced Cable Currents

Note that peak currents occur at frequencies where the "system" is resonant. For a straight wire shorted to the ground plane, these resonant frequencies occur at frequencies where the length ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Figure 5: Transmission Line Models || September 2021 ||

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where the value of a depends on the relative amount of coupling between the "loops". Flat cable bundles with relatively insignificant inter-loop coupling would have a value of a near 1, while cables that are more tightly bundled may have a value of approaching 2. Note that the expression for the impedance of the cable bundle contains a term that depends on the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the ratio of the cable separation, s, to the cable diameter, d. A plot of the inverse hyperbolic cosine function is shown in Figure 6. Note that when s- d (i.e. the cable is bundled tightly) the value of this term is very sensitive to small perturbations in s. In other words, we might expect the impedance of a tightly bundled cable to vary significantly from the impedance of a "not so tightly" bundled cable.The length of the bundle is another parameter that contributes to the overall impedance. At low frequencies, the tan 13/ term in Equation 2 is roughly proportional to the length, / (since tan pi- pi for small values of (31). However, at frequencies where the length of the bundle is an integer multiple of a quarter-wavelength, small changes in the length have a big impact on the bundle impedance.

it is a relatively unimportant factor away from resonance. Unfortunately, the highest current and the maxi¬mum radiation generally occur at frequencies near resonance. As a result, cable bundle parameters tend to have the greatest impact at the frequencies of most concern to the EMI test engineer.

CABLE BUNDLE

Figure 6: Inverse Hyperbolic Cosine Function

Referring back to the radiation model of Figure 4, a question that remains is "How much change is required in the cable bundle impedance to sig¬nificantly affect the common-mode cable current and therefore the measured EMI"? The answer to this question depends on the relationship between the cable bundle impedance and the "wire im¬pedance", where wire impedance is defined as the ratio of the open-circuit voltage to the common-mode current at a point on the radiating wire When the wire impedance is relatively high at the cable bundle location, the bundle impedance does not have a big effect on the net cable current. At frequencies where the wire impedance is relatively low (e.g. near resonance) the net current is inver¬sely proportional to the cable bundle impedance. At these frequencies, significant changes in the cable bundle impedance translate to significant changes in the radiated fields. At frequencies where the reactance of the wire is approximately equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the cable bundle reactance, the presence of the cable bundle creates a resonant condition. In this situation, cable currents are maximized and small changes in the cable bundle impedance can have a big effect on the cable current. Another way of viewing this situation is to observe that, in general, the presence of a cable bundle shifts the resonant frequencies of the system. The cable bundle impedance is a critical factor at fre¬quencies near these resonances and

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

|| September 2021 ||

SEGMENTED MOMENT METHOD MODEL Figure 7: Moment Method Cable Bundle Model

MOMENT-METHOD MODELING - The model of the previous section is useful for illustrating the relative effects of certain cable bundle parameters, but it is much too simple to be used to model the behavior of a realistic EMI source configuration. On the other hand, numerical electromagnetic analysis techniques based on the method-of-mo¬ments can be used to model a variety of EMI problems. These techniques are particularly effective for analyzing configurations where the EMI is dominated by the cable currents. Tightly bundled cables cannot be modeled using general purpose moment-method codes, because the wire separation is generally constrained to be several times the wire diameter. However, a con¬figuration similar to the one illustrated in Figure 8 (representing a loosely bundled cable) is readily analyzed. A moment-method analysis of this con¬figuration is useful because, unlike the lumped element model, it correctly accounts for the inter-loop coupling and the loss due to cable resistance and radiation.

Figure 8: Moment Method Analysis Results

Figure 8 shows the result of a moment-method analysis of a ||www.electricalmirror.net||

cable configuration similar to the one shown in Figure 7. The common-mode current is plotted as a function of frequency with the bundle absent, with a "serpentine" bundle, and with a coiled bundle. The dimensions of the bundle were constant so the difference in the "serpentine" and "coiled" results is due to the different amount of inter-loop coupling. Note that the most significant changes in the cable current are due to shifts in the system resonance.

could be predicted from the lump3d element model since, at these frequencies, the wire impedance is nearly constant 30 cm and 50 cm from the source. Since the bundle impedance was not changed, the current induced on the cable was also constant.

Figure 10: Effect of Changing Bundle Location

Figure 9: Test Set-Up for Measurements

MEASUREMENTS - The models described above help to illustrate how each cable bundle parameter affects the overall system response. However, the overall effect of the cable bundle on measurement repeatability is best illustrated by making a number of measurements under controlled conditions. The configuration shown in Figure 9 was constructed in a laboratory. A test cable with a source at one end and a connection to the ground plane at the other end was used because this configuration: • presented a relatively uniform common-mode current to the cable bundle • could be measured accurately and repeatably • lent itself to analysis using a moment-method technique The common-mode current as a function of frequency was measured for a variety of cable bundle configurations. The source was a 15 cm wire antenna driven by a remote network analyzer. The signal from the analyzer was carried to the source location through the inside of the test cable, which was coaxial. The position of the antenna (e.g. horizontal or vertical) was shown to have no measurable effect on any of the results presented here.The plot in Figure 10 shows the current induced on the unbundled cable, as well as the current induced with a cable bundle in each of two different locations. The two cable bundles were virtually identical in length and shape, however the first was located 30 cm from the source while the second was located 50 cm from the source. Note that while the bundled cable measurements were significantly different from the unbundled measurements, the actual location of the cable bundle was relatively unimportant below 90 MHz. This result ||www.electricalmirror.net||

At low frequencies the wire impedance is primarily a negative reactance or capacitance. The bundle impedance (Equation 2) is a positive reactance or inductance at low frequencies. The first system resonance occurs at the lowest frequency where these reactance’s cancel. Therefore, higher cable bundle impedances result in lower resonance frequencies.

Figure 11: Serpentine Bundle vs. Coiled Bundle

This effect is illustrated in Figure 11. A cable bundled in a serpentine fashion has a smaller im¬pedance at low frequencies than a coiled cable due to its relatively low inter-loop coupling (the parameter a in Equation 2). A coiled cable has a higher impedance (inductance) and this im¬pedance is roughly proportional to the loop area. As the plot in Figure 10 indicates, the configurations with the coiled cable resonate at lower frequencies than the serpentine configuration. The coil with the most loop area produces the lowest system resonance. Note that the second resonance that occurs with the serpentine configuration is not simply shifted by the same amount as the first resonance. This is because the wire impedance and the bundle im¬pedance do not vary with frequency in the same manner. Even for the simple configuration measured here, the effect of bundle parameter changes at higher frequencies is very difficult to predict. Figure 10 illustrates how a significant change in the cable bundle can affect the cable currents. A question that remains is "How much repeatability can be expected when the cable is bundled in thesame location, with the same length, and the same number of turns by two different test engineers?" || September 2021 ||

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The plot in Figure 11 shows the current induced on a cable with each of two nearly identical single-loop cable bundles. First, the cable was loosely bundled in a manner similar to the illustration in the FCC test procedures. The configuration was measured and then remeasured after "tightening up" the cable bundle so that there was less space between wires. • As the plot in Figure 11 indicates, at most frequen¬cies there was very little change in the induced currents. However, at frequencies near resonance (where most EMI problems related to would occur), the magnitude of the change was as high as 10 dB. This illustrates how even seemingly insignificant changes in cable bundling technique can significantly affect an EMI measurement.

Figure 12: Effect of Bundle "Tightness"

3. REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS FOR EMI

As electrical consumers moved from simple light bulbs to large motors and particularly to switched-mode power supplies with rectifiers and capacitors at the inputs, the quality of the grid voltage and service worsened. This led to the emergence of worldwide standards to mitigate these problems. Two considerations of these standards are: • Limit the amount of emission (radiated/conducted) which a given application generates • Define the minimum immunity levels (radiated/conducted) a given application must tolerate without malfunction The list of standards is very long. The common theme is that certain standards define the limit values and their measurement methods and conventions, and additional documents define the regulations for classes of applications in more detail. Additionally, standards can be grouped into local/regional standards, MIL standards, automotive standards, standards for the aircraft industry, for physically large equipment, and for more specialized equipment (e.g. smart meters). The two most important standards for power supplies are EN550xx and EN61000. Applications connected to the grid must comply with both. The first covers EMI limits for various applications, defining the measurement methods in more detail for both conducted and radiated EMI, defining limit values, and mostly considering the high frequency content the application

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generates. The following list gives an overview: • CISPR11, EN55011 for industrial, medical, scientific applications • CISPR13, EN55013 for consumer applications CISPR14, EN55014 for home appliances, power tools, involving motion control • CISPR15, EN55015 for lighting equipment CISPR22, EN55022 for computing applications The standard CISPR16 / EN55016 defines the measurement method for the applications listed above and is central to all of them.The standard EN61000 (or “61k”) is the “PFC” standard and considers the line fre quency harmonics a given application generates, up to the 40th harmonic frequency or 2kHz and below. Extension of the standard to consider inter harmonics up to 9kHz is in discussion. No defined impedance is used with the standard but the harmonic current content generated by the application is measured and appropriate limits defined. Using a defined impedance to measure the harmonic current is not required today, but is also under discussion. The standard 61k-3-2 defines the limits for applications <16A, and 61k-3-12 for 16A…75A current consumption. The standard 61k-4-7 defines the measurement and evaluation method. Additional 61k standards define the behavior for voltage and frequency variations, immunity to conducted and radiated radio frequency signals, fast voltage transients, surges, voltage dips / drops, short interruptions and flicker, and magnetic fields. For the standard 61k, the equipment typically is grouped into different classes, with professional equipment above 1000W power consumption still being excluded. Different limit levels exist for the different classes. An overview is given below.In most cases, a good PFC circuit is sufficient to meet the 61k regulations. Circuits that have just an input rectifier and capacitor connected directly to the mains may not be able to meet the requirements without a PFC. It is also important to note that 61k requires repeatability of the test results, within 5%. Class

Equipment

3-phase equipment, household appliances, tools, dimmers for incandescent lamps, audio equipment, everything not B, C or D

Portable tools, Arc welding equipment

Power

Comment

> 75W

Limit values are defined as absolute values

> 75W

Limit values are defined as absolute values

Lighting C

> 25W

Limit values defined as relative values to first harmonic

Lighting

> 25W

Limit values defined only for 3rd and 5th harmonic, relative to first harmonic

Personal Computer, Monitor, Television

75W 600W

Limit values relative per input power

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4. MEASUREMENT AND SOURCES OF EMI

Conducted EMI The impedance of an AC power line varies widely. The impedance at the end of a long cable in some remote area can be quite different from the impedance of a cable in an industrial park, located right next to a transformer station. When a power supply generating noise is connected to this impedance, the noise measurement results will vary widely. For this reason, astandardized impedance is used. The noise current generates a voltage across this standardized impedance, so the results for noise levels can be compared. The standardized setup, as defined in CISPR16 / EN55016 for measuring conducted EMI is shown below:

Differential mode noise is caused by the time-varying current demands of the switching stage, conductively coupled via the bus cap into the lines, and appears as an out-of-phase voltage at the lines. The measurement points showing where to connect the analyzer are indicated in Figure 3. In reality, the two voltages will be quite different, depending on the impedance of the line but can be “decomposed” into their differential and common mode equivalents. An EMI analyzer is shown in Figure 15. Typical specifications include a bandwidth of at least up to 1GHz, and a selectable bandwidth to perform the measurements in line with the standards. A large dynamic range is important. If the analyzer starts clipping high-level peaks, the measurement is unreliable due to noise spill-over.

On the left side, the block called LISN (“Line Impedance Stabilizer Network” also known as AMN, for “Artificial Mains Network”) represents the standardized impedance. The noise signal is taken from this impedance with a high-pass filter, amplified, and connected to a spectrum analyzer. This analyzer is used to measure the harmonic energy content of the noise signal across a wide frequency range. Fig. 14 contains a line impedance stabilizer network to connect the line, load, and the spectrum analyzer. Note that the connections are “live.” The LISN is directly connected to the mains, in contrast to the usual measurement practice where an isolation transformer is used for safety reasons. The ground connections can also carry significant leakage current. It is important to realize this difference, as it has significant safety implications when operating the equipment in test. One important differentiation to make is the one between common and differential mode noise. Common mode noise is caused by a capacitive coupling of the switching stage into ground, and appears with the same phase and amplitude at both lines.

Fig. 14. Equivalent circuit of a LISN.

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Fig. 15. Example Spectrum Analyzer used for EMI testing.

Two measurement methods exist, called “Average” and “Quasi-Peak”, and they have different limit values as shown in Figure 16 below (QP = upper line in red, AV = lower line in blue):

Fig. 16. EMI Frequency Spectrum showing average (AV) and quasi-peak (QP) plots.

The frequency range on the x axis is from 9kHz to 30MHz. The noise level on the y axis is scaled from 0 to 100dBµV, with VdBµV = 20log (Vrms/106). The straight red line represents the limit values for the quasi-peak measurement, and the blue line the limit values for the average measurements (both correspond to the standard EN55011/22-ClassB). This power supply clearly exceeds the limits at around 18MHz. Note that the limits are independent of the rated output power of the power supply, explaining why more effort needs to be made to meet the limits for larger power supplies. The table below shows the limits according to EN55022, class B: Frequency

Limit(dbµV)

Limit(V)

Comment

9kHz...50kHz

110

316mV

Quasi-peak

50kHz…150kHz

90…80

32mV…10mV

Quasi-peak

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Fig. 13. Connection of a LISN to a power supply under test.

Special Theme Quasi-peak;linearly 66...56

2mV...... mV

falling with log (frequency)

56...46

0.63mV...... mV

Average; linearly falling with log (frequency)

150kHz...500kHz

0.5MHz...5MHz

Wi r e s & C a bl e

5MHz...30MHz

630µV

Quasi-peak

200µV

Average

1mV

Quasi-peak

316µV

Average

Note also that there is an increase in the limits at 150kHz, accompanied by a change in measurement bandwidth from 200Hz to 9kHz – this is the main reason (albeit not the only one) why switched-mode power supplies usually operate at main switching frequencies below 150kHz. In fact, a switching frequency of less than 50kHz can be desirable, since this would place the second and third harmonic in the frequency space where higher levels are tolerated. The measurement bandwidth definitions are shown in Figure 6 and defined in standard CISPR-16.

Fig. 17. Bandwidth definitions for EMI measurement.

In switched-mode power applications, conducted EMI is primarily caused by fast voltage changes. Unfortunately, this is how all switched-mode power supplies work. The fast edges contain many harmonics and these harmonics are coupled into both inputs and outputs with different damping. The rise and fall times also influence the high frequency content of the noise. Reducing the switching speed improves EMI behavior but reduces efficiency, especially in hard-switched topologies. In terms of the emitter-coupling-receiver model discussed earlier, nothing can be done at the receiver since this is the defined impedance of the LISN. However the switching and coupling can be influenced. First, the noise signal coming from the switching action has to pass through the DC blocking capacitor. This capacitor is a non-ideal element – if it were ideal, it would have a very low impedance, approaching zero at very high frequencies and effectively eliminating all of the noise. Its parasitic characteristics contribute to reduced damping at higher frequencies, being the main source of conducted EMI in a switched-mode power supply. A capacitor like the (typically electrolytic) bulk capacitor in the SMPS has a parasitic resistance (ESR) and a parasitic inductance (ESL). These are typically modeled in series with the main capacitor, as shown in Figure 18 (the leakage resistor is of lesser importance here).

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Fig. 18. Equivalent circuit model of an electrolytic capacitor.

Typical values for an industrial grade 100µF/450V capacitor, like the B43601 from EPCOS, are ESRmax = 1900m and ESL = 20nH. At lower frequencies, especially the main switching frequency, a current is being forced in and out of the capacitor, causing a voltage drop across the ESR. This pulse current and ESR value can be used to assess the voltage at these frequencies, and comparing it with the allowed levels under EN550xx, yields the required attenuation the EMI filter must provide. At higher frequencies, the ESL impedance is higher than the ESR, and the capacitor behaves like an inductor. For conducted EMI, the basic filter topologies are the pi filter, the T filter, and the L filter. The circuits shown in Figure 19 are for both balanced and unbalanced versions. The left side is always the line side; the right side is the load side. Depending on the required attenuation, the filter needs to have one, two, or even three stages (it is rare to see more than two stages). It is important to consider the power and signal flow when laying out the filter. The best form factor is usually achieved with a balanced implementation: making the filter long and thin, reducing the coupling capacitance, and increasing the impedance between input and output. The components should be large enough to cope with the required peak currents and provide sufficient damping (with a margin). They should not be too large, since all capacitors and inductors have a self-resonant frequency (“SRF”), which depends on the parasitic inductance and capacitance, and this frequency will be lower with larger components. Above the SRF, the attenuation function is basically gone. This explains why sometimes using two smaller components instead of one large may be better.

It is important to note that the EMI filter will work

most of the time in an unmatched setup, with the line and load impedances different from the design impedance of the filter, which is therefore reflecting most of the energy. However, the energy must be absorbed somewhere, underlining the need for lossy components in the circuit. As a general rule, it is better to offer a dissipation path for the unwanted energy, rather than letting it find its own path. A pi filter is used in most applications. The pi filter has an advantage in coupling with the LISN, effectively increasing the order of the filter, and works well in most SMPSs where a large bus cap is connected to the output of the filter. The T filter has an inductive input and output, where ||www.electricalmirror.net||

the input makes life easier for the over- voltage protection at the input (the voltage can rise faster compared to the pi filter where the input capacitor would have to be charged first). For “difficult” lines, this may be a better choice. The output, however, is facing the bus cap and may starve the SMPS if not designed properly. In many cases, the L filter provides a good compromise but offers only 12dB loss per octave since it has only two elements (a double-L may be required in some cases). Here, the bus cap cannot replace the output cap of the filter, since its SRF is too low.

leakage inductance, providing the required inductance level for differential mode (the right inductors) – an elegant and compact solution to the problem. Figure 21 shows a practical EMI filter implementation. The black area in the upper middle part is the input connector. Next to the input connector is the fuse, and the metal box is the main switch. The first choke is below the main switch, followed by the first capacitor (gray square), the second choke and the second capacitor.

Fig. 21. Practical EMI filter implementation.

Fig. 19. Types of input filter.

These filter topologies address differential mode noise but not common mode noise. For this, an additional element needs to be introduced to increase damping on the lines and provide a return path for the noise. The common mode noise is primarily caused by capacitive coupling of the switching stage into the ground line, and the current loop for this noise is then completed via the LISN and the differential mode EMI filter. The coupling capacitance is typically small, so for the filter to be effective, large inductance values are required. The line- to-line caps in the differential mode EMI filter do not help here, and the inductors in this filter are too small to provide useful damping. An effective solution to the problem is the so-called “common mode choke”, where two inductors are wound on a common core, and connected so that the two inductors look like a transformer with the winding starts connected in phase for common mode noise (see Figure 20):

Fig. 20. Common mode and differential mode choke.

This inductor is also called the “zorro” inductor. It is designed to have the required inductance value for common mode (the left inductors) but wound in a way that maximizes ||www.electricalmirror.net||

The purpose of the dark gray resistor is to limit inrush current. Part of the bridge rectifier is visible. This filter is a two-stage L filter using two chokes. No capacitor is connected across the lines at the input side. It is important to connect a capacitor from the lines to ground to provide a return path for the common mode noise current. These capacitors have three requirements. They must be small enough to not cause too high leakage, tripping the ground fault interrupters; they must be large enough to provide low impedance for the common mode noise current; and they must comply with the safety requirements as the ground connection may break, and a user might touch the midpoint. These capacitors are also called Y-caps, since in most cases two are connected from the two lines to ground.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Simple models of a bundled cable suggest that relatively small changes in the geometry of the bundle, can significantly affect the common-mode cable current. Parameters such as length, tightness, location and the number of turns determine the impedance of the bundle. As the impedance of the cable bundle changes, the resonant frequency of the system shifts. This can result in large changes at the very frequencies where EMI problems are most likely to occur. Two different test labs measuring the same sys¬tem can get significantly different results due to minor differences in the way the cables are bundled. Therefore, it is a good idea to test each system with a few different cable bundle configura¬tions in order to determine if there is a potential repeatability problem. Lossy cables or cables with a lossy common-mode termination are less-likely to be sensitive to minor changes in cable bundle parameters. The resonant peaks in a lossy system are smaller || September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

W i r e s & C a bl e

Special Theme

and cover a wider band of frequencies. Small shifts in the resonant frequency do not have as much of an impact on the currents induced at any one frequen¬cy. Unfortunately, very few systems have sufficiently lossy cables or terminations and the FCC test procedures do not allow artificial lossy cable terminations (such as the CISPR clamp) to be used for EMI testing. However, measurements of the current on each cable using a lossy termina-tion can be a useful supplement to the other data collected during an EMI test. This data is less sensitive to details of the test set-up and provides a better indication of how likely it is that a particular system could become a significant source of EMI. As long as voltages and currents are being switched, EMI will be generated and need to be addressed. This implies that there will never be a “silver bullet” — just improvements to the situation to arrive at an acceptable compromise. Once the basic mechanisms are understood, it is easier to analyze and re-engineer a given power supply to improve its behavior and really exploit all the performance advantages of modern power switches.

6. REFERENCES

• Bob Mammano, Bruce Carsten: Understanding and optimizing electromagnetic compatibility in • switch-mode power supplies (TI power seminar series 2003) • Bruce Carsten: Application note for H-field probe (http:// bcarsten.com) • Jonathan Harper: Electromagnetic compatibility design for power supplies (Fairchild Semiconductor

• power seminar series 2004/2005) • Richard Lee Ozenbaugh: EMI filter design (CRC, Nov 2000) • Christophe Basso: Switch-Mode Power Supplies SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs“, McGraw-Hill, 2008 • FCC Procedure for Measuring RF Emissions from Computing Devices, FCC/OET.MP-4 (1987), July 1987. • Procedure for Measuring Electromagnetic Emissions from Digital Devices, FCC/OET TP-5 (Proposed), March 1989. • T. H. Hubing and J. F. Kauffman, "Modeling the Electromagnetic Radiation from Electrically • S mall Table-Top Products," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Vol. EMC-31, Feb 1989, pp. 74-84. • T. H. Hubing, "The Effect of Cable Termina¬tions on EMI Measurements," Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Symposium on Electromagnetic Com¬patibility, Denver, CO, May 1989. • H. Hejase et al., "Shielding Effectiveness of 'Pigtail' Connections", Proceedings of the 1987 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Atlanta, GA, August 1987. • C. E. Brench and B. L. Brench, "Effects of Cable and Peripheral Placement on Radiated Emissions", Proceedings of the 1989 IEEE Sym¬posium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Denver, CO, May 1989. EM

A u t hors Dr. L. Ashok Kumar was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from San Diego State University, California. He was selected among seven scientists in India for the BHAVAN Fellowship from the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum and also, he received SYST Fellowship from DST, Govt. of India. He has 3 years of industrial experience and 20 years of academic and research experience. He has published 173 technical papers in International and National journals and presented 167 papers in National and International Conferences. He has completed 26 Government of India funded projects worth about 15 Crores and currently 7 projects are in progress worth about 7 Crores. He has developed 27 products and out of that 14 products have been technology transferred to industries and for Government funding agencies. His PhD work on wearable electronics earned him a National Award from ISTE, and he has received 26 awards in the National and in International level. He has guided 92 graduate and postgraduate projects. He has produced 6 PhD Scholars and 12 candidates are doing PhD under his supervision. He has visited many countries for institute industry collaboration and as a keynote speaker. He has been an invited speaker in 245 programs. Also, he has organized 102 events, including conferences, workshops, and seminars. He completed his graduate program in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from University of Madras and his post-graduate from PSG College of Technology, India, and Masters in Business Administration from IGNOU, New Delhi. After completion of his graduate degree, he joined as project engineer for Serval Paper Boards Ltd., Coimbatore (now ITC Unit, Kovai). Presently he is working as a Professor in the Department of EEE, PSG College of Technology. He is also a Certified Charted Engineer and BSI Certified ISO 500001 2008 Lead Auditor. He has authored 14 books in his areas of interest and has 11 patents to his credit and also contribute 18 chapters in various books. He is also the Chairman of Indian Association of Energy Management Professionals and Joint Secretary of Institution of Engineers, Coimbatore. He is holding prestigious positions in various national and international forums and he is a Fellow Member in IET (UK), Fellow Member in IETE, Fellow Member in IE and Senior Member in IEEE. Uma Maheswari Y is a PhD scholar in Karpagam Academy of Higher Education. She is a Technology Manager at Pramura Software Private Limited, Coimbatore. She has around 21 years of experience in the field of PCB design and Simulation software. She has completed her graduation program in in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita Institute of Technology, Coimbatore and her post graduation program in Embedded system Technologies, Anna University, Coimbatore. She has authored two books published by Elsevier, UK and Cambridge University Press, UK. Also she has published many papers in National, International Conferences and in Reputed Journals. She also a Japanese Language Proficiency Test (JLPT) N3 Certificate holder. 50

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Transmission & Distribution

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Transmission line characteristics and power flow analysis techniques India needs $60-80 billion investments over the next five years to strengthen its grid transmission infrastructure. The scale of investments envisaged is needed to address the continued structural growth in power demand and overcome operational limitations of the country’s national transmission grid, a study by US-based Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis (IEEFA) suggested. Under the Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana or Saubhagya scheme, the central government has successfully electrified 99 per cent of the households. As a follow-up, there is an urgent need for considerable investments in grid transmission infrastructure to keep pace with growing low-cost renewable capacity so that new households can afford to buy electricity, the IEEFA report noted. Electric power network is an interconnection of generation, transmission, and distribution systems. In the traditional grid, the generation was centralized to large power plants such as coal, nuclear, and hydroelectric. With the advancement of technology, renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, and biomass are becoming more popular and widespread. Renewable energy resources are small in capacity compared to coal and nuclear plants but are spread in the transmission and

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distribution system and located closer to the load centers. The transmission system is used to transfer electrical energy from generation to load centers. This system consists of transmission lines and the substations with transformers and other components used to maintain the voltages as well as the active and reactive power flow. Transmission lines are characterized based on their line resistance, inductance, and shunt capacitance. The power flow analysis is used to analyze the active and reactive power flow in the power system from generation to load centers. This article discusses different types of generation in the power system. Transmission line characteristics and power flow analysis techniques are also presented with the different technologies used for reactive power control. Consolidation Phase for Private Power Transmission Recent media reports suggest that Mumbai-headquartered Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd, T&D space, was keen on selling all its power transmission concessions. This development is in line with the trend, observed over the past two-three years, where developers are seen divesting stake in their power transmission assets. According to reports, Sekura Energy and

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Tr an sm is s ion & Dis tribution

Special Focus

CLP India are in independent discussions to acquire all the four power transmission assets of Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd (KTPL). Sekura Energy is promoted by Edelweiss Infrastructure while CLP India is backed by Canadian pension fund CPDQ. The total investment involved is likely to be in the region of Rs. 3,200 crore, including Rs. 349 crore of equity. KTPL owns four transmission lines—two (Haryana and Madhya Pradesh) in operation and two (West Bengal and Bihar) are under construction. In Jhajjar KT Transco Ltd (See Box: Kalpataru Power: Assets under operation, at the end of the story), KPTL has a 51 per cent equity stake while in Kalpataru Satpura Transco Pvt Ltd, it owns 100 per equity. KTPL has also won two interregional power transmission projects awarded under the tariff-based competitive bidding (TBCB) route. Both these projects are under construction. The first is Alipurduar Transmission Ltd that is building infrastructure to transfer power from Alipurduar in West Bengal to the Eastern Region Grid. This line is associated with importing electricity from upcoming hydropower projects in Bhutan, which are being developed with assistance from India. The second project, under construction, is Kohima-Mairani Transmission Ltd. This Rs.653-crore project involves strengthening of the 400kV network in the northeastern region. The anticipated project completion date is July 2020.

Core EPC business

Although Kalpataru Power officials were unavailable for comment, it strongly appears that the rationale behind the proposed sell-off was the company’s decision to stick to its core business of EPC contracting—not just in India but abroad as well. Cementing this proposition is the fact that in late March 2019, KTPL signed a definitive agreement to acquire 85 per cent equity stake in Linjemontage I Grastorp AB (LMG) for an enterprise value of $24 million. LMG is an EPC firm headquartered in Grastrop, Sweden. It specializes in power supply solutions and services for electricity networks within the voltage range of 0.4-400kV. LMG has an active presence in Sweden and Norway, and this acquisition will help KPTL to gain footprint in other Nordic countries like Finland and Denmark, as well as Western Europe. Selling power transmission assets to focus on core EPC business was also seen in the case of KEC International. In November 2018, the Mumbai-headquartered company signed a purchase agreement with Adani Transmission Ltd for selling its entire stake in KEC Bikaner Sikar Transmission Pvt Ltd (KBSTPL) at an enterprise value of around Rs.227.50 crore. KBSTPL owns an operational 400kV double-circuit transmission line of 344 ckm, running from Bikaner to Sikar, in Rajasthan, operational since December 2017. This sale was in line with KEC’s strategy

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to focus on its core EPC business. Commenting on the development then, Vimal Kejriwal, MD & CEO, KEC International Ltd had noted, “We are happy to inform that in line with our strategy of being an asset light company focused on providing turnkey services to infrastructure sector, we have decided to sell our holding in KEC Bikaner Sikar Transmission Private Ltd to Adani Transmission Ltd.”

Business Restructuring

While the aforementioned cases of KEC International and Kalpataru Power represent cases of sticking to core EPC business, selling of power transmission assets was seen for very different reasons also. For instance, there are at least two instances where infrastructure developers were seen exiting the power transmission space, so as to maintain their focus on other segments. In October 2018, Sekura Energy Ltd agreed to acquire two operating power transmission schemes owned by Essel Infra projects Ltd, the infrastructure arm of the Essel Group. The two assets are Darbhanga-Motihari Transmission Ltd and NRSS XXXI (B) Transmission Ltd. Sekura is also set to acquire WaroraKurnool Transmission Ltd and NRSS XXXVI Transmission Ltd— the two under-construction assets. The stake in the two will be acquired post commissioning. According to a recent report by CEA, the NRSS XXXI (B) scheme and the Warora-Kurnool project are likely to be commissioned by December 2019. The total deal is estimated to be worth around Rs. 6,000 crore. According to reliable information, two transmission schemes (names unknown) of Essel have been acquired so far by Sekura Energy. Essel Group, according to reliable media reports, is facing financial difficulties and has planned to divest its assets in the fields of power transmission, renewable energy and roads. GMR Group, over the years, has been divesting some of its assets in the power generation and transmission space, with a view to focusing on other businesses—principally airports. During 2014, GMR Energy had developed two transmission projects in Rajasthan State of India during FY 2014 awarded on a BOOM basis by Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd, the state transmission utility. The first project, Maru Transmission Services Ltd, involved a 270-km network comprising 400kV and 220kV lines apart from associated substations. This system was commissioned in October 2013. The other project, Aravali Transmission Services Ltd, involving mainly the 400kV single-circuit Hinduan-Alwar transmission line (85 km) was commissioned in July 2014. Adani Transmission Ltd, part of the Adani Group, has since acquired controlling stake in these two projects.

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|| September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Special Focus

Tr an sm is s ion & Dis tribution

A good time for T&D sector

The Indian economy is observing signs of restitution & so is the power sector. A shift in the GoI’s focus to reinforce the power T&D system opens profuse opportunities for the transformer market too. GoI is encouraging investments at the T&D level to boost access to reliable & continuous power supply through schemes such as DDUGJY which scheme aims to provide power for every village & hence provide power to all. This necessitates huge investments in the T&D sector including use of energy efficient transformers, besides renovation, modernization, restructuring, & upgradation of the sub-T&D infra. Major manufacturers have geared up their manufacturing facilities to meet the surge in demand. Bureau of Indian Standard & MoP are keenly working to ensure that quality products are procured by the electricity boards & have consequently fixed mandatory Level-II rating for DTs for DDUGJY scheme. As power is one of the most essential components of infrastructure vital for the economic growth, the existence & development of sufficient infrastructure is important for continual growth of the Indian economy. GoI has foreseen an invest’ plan of ₹ 2.6 lakh Cr. in T/R sector during the FY’17-22, of which estimated ₹ 1.3 lakh Cr. has been allocated for intra-state T/R capacity. Apart from this governments focus is on railway electrification & providing last mile connectivity & electrifying villages so that it can accomplish the set target. Few years since, Indian power T&D sector has observed rise in activities, with government pushing programs such as electrifying villages, railway electrification & enhanced public pvt’ participation & electricity for all by 2019.GoI has introduced policy reforms to boost pvt’ participation that has activated a fresh thrust for buying & sales of transmission (T/R) assets. CoS having core business in EPC or power generation & won electric T/R projects are now ready to monetize such assets to follow new projects. Invest’ firms have also revealed interest & adding to this, there are some CoS, with core business in renewable, now eying T&D assets. With a huge buyer interest from T/R CoS & yield-based invest’ firms, industry experts say it may be a good time for T&D sector. Financial health of the discoms has enhanced due to lower T&D losses, tariff hikes & cost rationalization. Traditionally known to be the weakest link in the energy value chain, the hinge of discoms is also being driven by volume growth. Discoms have also gained from healthy tariff hikes allowed in most states b/w 2011-12&2015-16 apart from cost rationalization initiatives. Electricity regulator had lowered the incentive income available to thermal generators for the period b/w 2013-14&2018-19, which resulted in a dip in per unit costs. GoI also worked on coal linkage rationalization, which has led to lowering of fuel cost for some plants. Mode of development of T/R projects is

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as important as planning for the expansion of the future grid. Report by Crisil has rated the power T/R sector as the most attractive for infra ’invest’ in India. The success of inter-state T/R system PPP projects on the tariff-based competitive bidding model is testimony to the stoutness of the PPP model of the sector. In some cases, tariffs have reduced by 30%&project execution time by 40%. Besides, the Revised Tariff Policy of 2016 has suggested the competitive bidding model for intrastate projects. A big measure of success for the T/R grid is the formation of intra-state n/w’s that will bring electricity closer to the consumer.

Power Sector – Government Initiatives

PSDF: To be utilized for the projects proposed by state utilities to create necessary T/R systems of strategic importance. Install shunt capacitors for improvement of voltage profile. Install standard& special protection schemes. Renovate & modernize T&D systems for relieving congestion, etc. Fuel supply: Coal usage flexibility / coal swapping from inefficient plants to efficient plants. Rationalization of coal linkages to optimize transportation cost & materialization of coal at thermal power plants. Introduction of a new & more Transparent Coal Allocation Policy for Power Sector, 2017 – SHAKTI scheme. GoI targets to produce 1 BT of domestic coal by 2019-20. 24x7 Power for ALL: Joint initiative by the GoI& the state governments, aiming to achieve 24x7 availability of reliable power to all households, industrial, commercial & all other electricity consuming entities by the end of FY’19. Preparation of state specific action plans for24x7 Power for All covering adequacy of generation, T/R capacity & distribution system. 24x7 Power for All documents have been signed for 35 States/ UTs. All states have been onboarded. Total generation capacity by 2019: 389 GW. Total invest’ in system strengthening: ₹ 3,15,582 Cr’s. No of household to be provided access: 60.5 mn. UDAY: MoP, GoI launched Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana which was approved by the Union Cabinet on 5 Nov’15. Under UDAY schemes states will take over 75% of the DISCOM debt as on 30 Sep’15 (50% in FY’16&25% in FY’17), to give a fresh opportunity to debt trapped DISCOMS to transform. Till date, 32 states & UTs have joined this scheme for financial & operational turnaround. About 97% of total outstanding debt of all state Discoms has been covered under this scheme, paving the way for financial turnaround. Financial Turnaround of DISCOMs Operational improvement; Reduction in cost of generation of power; Development of RE; Energy efficiency & Conservation. IPDS: Aims at providing quality & reliable power to urban households. Financial assistance to strengthen urban infrastructure including sub-T & Dn/w’s in urban areas & metering of DTs/ ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Tr an sm is s ion & Dis tribution

Special Focus

feeders/ consumers. IT enablement of distribution sector & strengthening of distribution n/w component has been subsumed under IPDS. Projects worth ` 24,836 Cr. have been sanctioned for 3486 towns. Total outlay of ` 32,612 Cr. aimed at ensuring 24X7 power for all. DDUGJY: Launched in Dec’14 with a goal to provide continuous supply of electricity to rural India. Key areas include separation of agriculture& non-agriculture feeders, strengthening & augmentation of sub-T&D infrastructure including metering at DTs, feeders & consumers & rural household electrification. 590,791 villages (98.8%) in India have been electrified. Free electricity connections provided to 2.5 Cr. BPL households (Out of total 4.27 Cr. connections sanctioned). SAUBHAGYA: Launched by the MoP to achieve universal household’s electrification by providing last mile connectivity & electricity connections to all households in rural & urban areas. Solar photovoltaic based standalone systems to be provided for remote &inaccessible villages. Total cost of `16,320 Cr’s including Gross Budgetary support of `12,320 Cr’s from the GoI. DSM & Energy efficiency: There is sig’ push for increased adoption of energy efficient products through schemes, directives/ regulations & policies. National LED program was launched. DELP &SLNP have been initiated through which household lighting & street are being replaced with LEDs. Over 18.5 lakh LED tube lights distributed as of May’17. Over 20 lakh LED street lights installed under SLNP as of May’17. Green Energy corridors: Launched by the GoI in 2013; envisages grid connected n/w for the T/R of RE produced from various RE projects. Involves construction of the inter-state T/Rn/w for connecting 43 GW of RE capacity under Green Corridor-I.

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Green Corridors-II Program involves connectivity for 20 GW solar parks in different states including AP, MP, KA, RJ & GJ. Total expected invest’: `43,000 Cr’s in intra & inter-state T/R systems. Smart Grids / Automation: NSGM established for planning & monitoring of implementation of smart grid related activities. Provides capital subsidy support to larger implementation projects; 4 projects at bidding stage, 20+DPR shave been received for approval. Inclusion of Smart Grid / Smart Metering investments in IPDS, UDAY, other schemes & mandates of GoI are accelerating early adoption of new tech solutions. Transparency & Monitoring initiatives: GARV (Rural Electrification) App: Provides updates related to the electrification of villages & households in India. Ujala App: Provides real-time updates on the LED distribution. Vidyut Pravah: Gives real-time information on electricity price & availability. URJA App: Helps enhance consumer connect by showing DISCOM's performance in cities & gives data of the IPDS. TARANG (T/R System Monitoring) App: To monitor the progress of T/R System in India. UDAY: Gives the progress of the UDAY yojana. Urja Mitra APP: Enables consumers to access real time & historic outage information for DISCOMs. DEEP: e-Portal for short & medium-term power procurement through transparent bidding & e-reverse auction.

Outlook 2025

Power transmission is an integral part of the power sector and is as vital as power generation; there is no value for generating power until the power reaches to the destination for final consumer. The huge amount of power generated in power station is to be transported over a long distance to the load centers to cater to the consumers with the help of transmission lines and transmission towers. Though India ||www.electricalmirror.net||

has adequate power generation capacity, it has a substantial proportion of population having limited access to electricity mostly because of lack of proper transmission infrastructure. In order to achieve target of affordable electricity for all by 2019 or even by 2022, India serious needs to have robust power transmission network. Evacuating power safely was the main focus of India's power transmission sector during the initial years. But as the need for electrification of more areas were realized for economic growth, the role of transmission sector changed a lot. As with the changing scenario, the transmission sector started to move towards integrated system planning because generation capacities are distributed unevenly in different regions. While thermal capacity is in the coal rich eastern region, hydro capacity is concentrated in the hilly regions of North and North-Eastern regions while renewable sources like wind or solar are concentrated in west and south regions. Building on massive power transmission sector thus addressed this issue and helped providing power to regions across the country. Thus power transmission in India is in the integrated system planning of power sector and in last one decade this sector has been getting substantial investments to scale up the infrastructure. Now power transmission is considered as important as power generation. India's power transmission sector is mostly controlled by government – both the central and various state governments and various institutions to work in the transmission sector. Till now, with respect to the size of the sector, presence of private sector is negligible though the private sector participation in power transmission is growing gradually with recent policy reforms. In the central sector, the central transmission utility (CTU), known as the Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL), is responsible for national and regional transmission planning while the state sectors have separate State Transmission Utilities (STU). Power transmission was opened up to the private sector in 2010 with the award of the western regional system strengthening to Reliance Infra and the east-north interconnection line to Sterlite Energy. The CERC in 2011 ruled power transmission projects should be awarded through competitive bidding like generation projects. Power Grid was the only company operating in this area till then. The recently amended National Tariff Policy requires projects apart from those of strategic importance, which are to be nominated to Power Grid, be auctioned. Till now, Tala Transmission Project has been the biggest entry of private sector in power transmission though based on publicprivate partnership. Power distribution system is the last stage of electricity sector value chain as it provides power generated in the power ||www.electricalmirror.net||

generating plants to the final consumers. The main function of an electrical power distribution system is to provide power to individual consumer premises. Distribution of electric power to different consumers is done with much low voltage level. Power distribution in India has more presence of private sector than the transmission sector. Until some time back, the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) used to handle the distribution segment completely. But in last two decades power distribution in a few regions/areas, particularly in large cities has been privatized, however the SEBs or the state DISCOMs are still handling a large part of power distribution. The sector has started receiving greater attention and investment with the restructuring of the state electricity boards (SEBs). Several new initiatives have been introduced to reduce aggregate technical and commercial (AT&C) losses along with a definitive regulatory framework. Electricity Act 2003, National Electricity Policy 2005 and National Tariff Policy 2006 are important regulations governing the sector today with an aim to bring competition in the sector and improve the services to the end consumers. Indian government has also made heavy investments in the distribution sector through the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna (RGGVY) (now replaced by Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY) and Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (APDRP) during the Tenth Plan and has continued to extend the same in the Eleventh Plan as well. The aim of these programs is to provide access of electricity to all and bring down the AT&C losses to a level of around 15% across the country. The various policies and regulations introduced by the government are set to increase competition and bring about commercial viability. Participation of private players into the Distribution Sector has also been encouraged through various models such as Public Private Participation as in case of Delhi and Orissa and more recently through input based distribution franchisee models in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Testing & Measuring

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T&M enable predictive and preventive inspections to minimize the risk of defects Performance of an electromechanical system is determined by the performance of individual power electronic components and switching devices. Hence, there is a need for accurate measurement of responses of power electronics, and other electrical and physical parameters. This article describes the different types of measurement equipment required for power electronic systems. To select a measuring instrument for testing these systems, it is necessary to understand the testing parameters at various development stages. Test and measurement (T&M) equipment enable predictive and preventive inspections to minimise the risk of defects, accidents or electronic systems breakdowns. You can also derive optimum efficiency and operation for all kinds of troubleshooting. Faster switching power electronic devices The trend in power electronics is to push the operating frequencies higher to reduce size, weight and cost of the systems. This requires faster switching power electronic devices, such as SiC

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and GaN MOSFETS, and diodes. To test and characterise such devices, you need faster measurement devices like higher bandwidth oscilloscopes and power analysers. For design and architecture stages, key factors that help select test instruments include high-frequency dynamic behaviour, static behaviour, fast inverter switching, trigger for individual waveforms and overshoot on pulses. Measurement at this stage requires mixed-signal oscilloscopes with multiple channels. Measured parameters Dynamic behaviour of power electronics can be measured with a scopecorder (oscilloscope-cum-data acquisition recorder). A data acquisition recorder handles a wide range of power measurements and captures high-resolution details with a 12- or 16-bit ADC. A spacecorder carries out complex calculations to measure power factor, active power and harmonics using a digital signal processor. Dynamic parameters such as switching times (Trise, Tfall, Tdelay

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

T e s ti n g & M e a sur in g

Industry Focus

or Trr) use high- bandwidth oscilloscopes. Static parameter measurements need curve tracers and parametric analysers. Static parameters include VCEon, VDS, RDSon, VF, VGE and leakage currents using curve tracers. Switching energies such as Eon, Eoff and Err are measured using high-bandwidth current probes and oscilloscopes with math functions. Quality control measures Power analysis, conversion efficiency and harmonics are measured for efficiency validation. A power analyser measures efficiency, total harmonic distortion and power factor correction of circuits. For these, the test power analyser should be of high accuracy and high stability. It should have calibration ability that can measure highly distorted current and voltage waveforms accurately. Online inspection and troubleshooting are important to reduce costs and downtime, and improve the efficiency of various electronic components. For online inspection, thermal imagers are useful for PCBs and SMD cards, for fault diagnosis and research purposes. This is due to their high IR resolutions of 320×240 pixels and 640×480 pixels. These can also be used for the mass production of electronic components for monitoring, processing and quality control. T&M equipment for power electronics Nitin Shetty, chief executive officer, Convergent Technologies,

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says, “A galvanically-isolated solution like Tektronix TIVM Series IsoVu can resolve high-bandwidth differential signals up to 2500Vpk in the presence of large common-mode voltages. The latest T&M technology for power electronics is 8-channel, 12-bit ADC and deep memory MSO 5 series oscilloscope. “MSO is available with eight high-resolution channels, easy-to-use user interface and a large HD touchscreen display along with advanced IsoVu probing solutions. It is suitable for designing an inverter, optimising a power supply and testing communication links. It measures across a current shunt resistor, debugging electromagnetic interference or electrostatic discharge issues, and eliminates ground loops in a test setup.” Convergent Technologies offers multiple solutions. These include: • 4-, 6- or 8-flexi channel, 12-bit resolution Tektronix MSO5 oscilloscope with advanced power analysis solutions for three-phase power electronics, automotive electronics, power supply design and DC-to-DC power converters • Battery-operated Tektronix TPS2000 series oscilloscope with fully-isolated and floating channels • Single- and three-phase power analysers: PA3000and PA1000 series from Tektronix

Vijay Bolloju, manager – applications engineering, Rohm ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

w w w. e l e c t r i c a l m i r r o r. n e t

Semiconductors, says, “The requirement of power systems for automotive systems have increased considerably due to heavy electric vehicles and their development activities. This necessitates low-voltage and high-current power supplies to characterise system performance. Efficiency, total harmonic distortion and power factor correction of the systems are measured using regulated AC and DC supplies and power analysers.” He adds, “We provide SiC MOSFET technology and full SiC modules, an extensive series of SiC products like MOSFETS, Schottky barrier diodes and more. We also have regulated AC and DC power supplies, electronic loads, LED load simulators, high-bandwidth oscilloscopes with math functions and spectrum analyser packages. Torque simulators such as Magtrol are used for testing motor drives. Low-footprint, precise current probes are used for measuring the currents in circuits.” Parag Yelegaonkar, business development manager, Testo India, says, “Our latest and most advanced solutions are electrical instruments for inspecting electrical components and circuit failure threats. These ensure longevity and efficiency of various power electronic components that control and regulate the flow of electrical energy. “Our unique clamp meters and multimeters are intuitive, can measure several parameters in a single component and have

patented features. The new range of thermal imagers with smartphone integration are designed to deliver networked thermography mostly used for predictive and preventive maintenance in electric and power sectors. Wireless operation, with the ease of saving and transferring data over networks, makes these user-friendly, interactive and cost-effective.” Challenges Measuring current is always a challenge, as the current probes tend to be bulky and invasive. High-bandwidth compact current probes measure low currents (<5A). These are needed to test low-power systems like ceiling fans and other consumer appliances. To test high-speed power devices such as SiC and GaN MOSFETs, higher bandwidth measuring equipment are needed to capture fast-rising switching waveforms. Equipment for measuring electromagnetic compatibility and surge tests tend to be quite expensive. Low-cost pre-compliance test equipment can expedite the design process. Power quality, switching loss, harmonics, ripple, modulation and safe operating area measurements are other challenges in power electronics. These can be overcome by using latest and faster testing devices. A new way to test power electronics modules A new method for characteristic measurement and reliability testing of thermally sensitive power electronics modules is more efficient and gets to the problem quicker. With the focus on energy savings, there is a rapidly increasing emphasis on power electronics modules used in reusable energy applications, such as solar arrays and wind turbines, as well as the power grids that deliver electric energy throughout the world. They are used in electric and hybrid vehicles and their charger stations. Motor drive controllers and even consumer product chargers use them. With this much use, small improvements in their efficiency can save huge quantities of energy. Meanwhile, several industry consortiums around the world are focusing on improvements to today’s power electronics modules and their applications. The companies in these consortiums are concerned not only with the efficiency of the power electronics modules, but also their reliability because many of the applications require modules that must last for years and decades without replacement. The reliability challenge in power electronics Many of the applications for power electronics modules require long life spans. For example, in wind turbines that

T e s ti n g & M e a sur in g

Industry Focus

may be located out in the oceans, it’s impractical to replace the modules. For solar arrays on satellites, it’s basically impossible to fix them. Electric vehicles and hybrids are expected to last 15 to 20 years without major repairs. So the challenge is to create modules at low cost and weight that will not only support the extremely high current requirements, but also last for many years. One method is to over-engineer, the modules but this approach adds to the cost and weight. If they are designed to meet requirements without over-engineering, how can they then be tested for expected lifespan reliability without putting them in a test environment for years, even decades? The main issues that typically affect reliability are thermal stresses and overheating. We can approach this problem in steps. The first step is to design the modules so that they will work from a heat conduction point of view. The second step is to provide a method of testing the modules for their expected lifetime. First Step: designing components and electronic products for good heat management The biggest enemy of reliability in electronic products is heat. In an integrated circuit, excessive heat at the die can drastically reduce the chip’s life. In power electronics modules, such as IGBTs or MOSFETS, the constant heating and cooling caused by power cycling creates thermal stresses. To first design these modules for reliability and then test them for expected lifespan, a combination of design software and test and measurement hardware is needed. Designing the internal components and the power electronics modules themselves is typically a two-step process. The first challenge is designing the package for optimized flow of the heat generated at the device junction through the multiple heat paths out to the extremities of the package. If optimized, the heat will flow into the printed circuit board (PCB) through conduction, be cooled by fluid (typically air) flowing over a heat sink (convection) or heat pipes, or radiate (radiation) into ambient air. A virtual prototype of the package can be analyzed with thermal simulation software to optimize the heat flow during the design process. This is done by providing the physical structure of the package and thermal properties of all the various layers and then using computational fluid dynamic (CFD) algorithms to estimate the flow of heat through the structure. Various experiments can then be performed with the virtual prototypes. Once a physical prototype of the package is built, the exact

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thermal characteristics can be determined using sophisticated measurement hardware, such as the Mentor Graphics MicReD T3Ster thermal characterization system. This tester measures and graphs the layer-by-layer thermal capacitance and resistance on a graph called a structure function. Reliability testing in power electronics So now you have designed a module with good heat management, that is, it has significant heat flow paths from the junction to ambient. But you still don’t really know the expected lifespan. A method of accelerating the lifespan testing and understanding what exactly is going to eventually cause the modules to fail is needed. The main issue with high power electronic modules is the thermal stresses imposed by the repeated heating and cooling as the module powers on and off during its normal operation. In today’s applications, these modules typically run from 100 to 1,500 amps with life expectancy of tens of thousands up to millions of power cycles. These thermal stresses and overheating can cause any number of failures. The various layers of the substrate can separate and, because air is a poorer heat conductor than the solid material, the well-designed heat path will fail and the die will overheat. The same thing can happen if the actual substrate material forms stress cracks. A power electronics module has multiple wire bonds connecting to the die to carry the heavy current loads. These wire bonds can eventually crack because of the thermal stresses or can detach because of solder failure. Classic versus advanced reliability testing The classic method of lifespan testing for a power electronics module requires multiple cycles through various stages in a laboratory. Typically, the IGBT module is hooked up to a power cycling source. The module may be cycled through a few hundred or a thousand cycles. Then the module is dismounted from the power cycler and taken to a lab for failure testing. If the module has not failed, the process of power cycling and failure testing is repeated. Once the module is determined to have completely failed, it is taken to a lab to determine the cause of failure. This process can involve X-ray scanning, visual inspection or even destructive dissecting of the module. There are several issues with this classic method of reliability testing. First, it’s a long process. The repeated mounting, power cycling, dismounting and failure testing is time-consuming, especially if the number of cycles to failure is high. Second, the cycle count to failure start may be indeterminate. Only after the module has completely failed ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

T e s ti n g & M e a sur in g

Industry Focus

could it be determined to have failed in the lab. Also, if the diagnosis shows multiple failures, it is not always possible to determine the cause and effect; that is, which failure was the initial one that caused the other failure. New technology for reliability testing A more efficient process is needed that can determine the exact cause of the failure quickly. Such a solution needs to be able to measure electrical and thermal effects in the module during the power cycling and recognize the failure cause in real-time, without having to rely on a post-mortem diagnosis. If the power cycling and measurement is contained in the same hardware, there is no need to dismount the modules from the power cycler and take them into the laboratory for failure analysis. Recent developments in the industry, such as the MicReD Industrial Power Tester 1500A from Mentor Graphics, are providing this capability. The key to efficiency is to combine the power cycling with on-line, real-time diagnostic testing and to be able to analyze multiple characteristics of the module under test simultaneously. An example uses a maximum of 1,500 amp power cycling that can either be applied to a single module or as many as three separate modules. It has measurement capability that senses the module’s structure, voltages, junction temperature, and other characteristics in real time. The touch-screen controls make it easy to set up and run, making it appropriate for both laboratory and production environment usage. Using the real-time structure function The structure function produced by the T3Ster provides the ability to “look” inside of the module and measure the thermal characteristics of the module’s substrate layers. This same technology can be used during the power cycling to sense substrate layer delamination and cracking. Figure 4 shows a structure function graph with snapshots taken at this particular module’s 0; 5,000; 10,000; 15,000; 20,000 and 25,000th cycles. The blue and green lines are coincident and basically show the original “good” module’s layer characteristics. But at the 20,000th cycle, we see that the lines start to go more horizontal, indicating an increase in the resistance of the base plate solder layer. This continues to happen through the 25,000th cycle. The increase in resistance indicates a delamination of the layer, an interruption of the heat path from the die to ambient, and will probably result in overheating of the

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die and eventual failure. With the classic method of testing, a failure may not have been recognized at this point. Later in the classic process, after complete module failure, multiple layers may have delaminated because of the excessive heat, but failure of the initial layer would not have been seen. Other causes of failure diagnosed The structure function can be used effectively to sense such failures as substrate layer delamination and cracking. But other failures can occur in the modules, such as wire bond cracking or solder failure. For these types of diagnostics, the power tester has to include very sensitive methods of measuring changes in voltages and currents. For a module that contains multiple wire bonds per die, the ability to see when a single bond has failed is needed. This can be achieved by measuring small increases in the forward voltage being applied during powering up of the module. If a bond fails, the resistance to the die will increase slightly, thus increasing the forward voltage slightly. Benefitting from the new technology The most obvious beneficiaries of a power tester like this that can be used in the lab, as well as the manufacturing floor, are the power electronics module suppliers themselves. They have three opportunities to use such a tester. The first is to use it during the design process to determine if they have created a design that meets their reliability goals while achieving their cost and weight specifications. Secondly, they then can use it to generate datasheet reliability specifications for their customers. The third use is as a production-line quality-assurance tester to make sure that their production line has not varied by random sampling of modules as they come off the line. The second beneficiaries are the Tier 1 suppliers who purchase the modules and then use them in their products. They might want to do their own reliability testing to determine lifespan expectancies, either to double-check the supplier specifications or if the supplier has not supplied specifications. They might also want to do random sampling of modules as they purchase them to make sure they still fall within specifications. OEM product developers have the most interest in good reliability. If their end-product does not hold up, they may be subject to high warranty costs, recalls and reputation damage. They will surely want to test these modules before incorporating them into critical parts of their products. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Oil & Gas

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Overview, Supply chains & Trends The focus is expected to shift to assessing the feasibility of using alternative fuels such as hydrogen to run automotives. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas set up a fund of Rs 1 billion (US$ 18.8 million) with contributions from major oil companies to conduct R&D in hydrogen based fuels. Coal bed methane is also a prospective future fuel, due to its large scale availability. Developing midstream infrastructure The Indian oil and gas industry offers significant opportunities in the development of midstream infrastructure, with an expected capacity addition of 6,000–8,000 km pipeline to the National Gas Grid in the southern and central parts of the country. Further, the city gas distribution network is not developed in most parts of the country except in cities such as Delhi and Mumbai. This particularly offers benefits in the vehicular segment as an alternative fuel, which offers a 20 per cent cost benefit over diesel. As 2019 ended, it’s the time where it can be analyzed the status of both the oil and gas sector as well as the chemicals sector. The oil and gas sector recovered, especially the oil markets from the depths of the post 2018 downturn. Since 2018, oil prices have recovered from $40, reaching $67 in Sep, 2019. The recovery happened due to several factors. One of them is the success of the production restraint agreement between OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum

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Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC countries, which is in force since the beginning of first half of 2020. Other factors that influenced the recovery of the oil and gas markets are the less oil coming to the market from challenged producers and the ongoing global demand growth estimated by the EIA. EIA stands for Energy Information Administration, and the global demand growth for 2018 was estimated at 1.6 million b/d. The questions resulted with a confidence in recovery, which results with high expectations for increased economic growth, commodity prices and investments overall. This is supported by the increase in energy demand above the average levels, as the US and global economy continue to display strong growth rate. Below we can elaborate in more details the top 10 trends in the Oil and Gas Industry, presented by Global Data researchers. Industry Trends The top oil and gas industry trends of 2019, were identified by Global Data researchers, and in their research they use data on online engagement, the number of mentions on Twitter, and different expert analysis. The main trend in the Oil and Gas Industry to watch for in 2019 is the Oil and Gas supply. There are several problems that will influence the Oil and Gas supply such as, the problems with Venezuela and Iran, as well as Qatar’s exit from OPEC.

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Oil & Ga s

Industry Theme

The second trend to watch for is the Energy Outlook. In the past couple of years, the input of gas influencers online, industry whitepapers and journalism give a better and more realistic, expert overview of what is happening and future expectations in this sector. Energy policies are the third trend listed in the GlobalData research, which includes the decisions, from the US Department of Energy and by other organizations as well. What will influence the oil production in 2019, is the rise of the federal oversight regarding the methane and wastewater, and the return of more autonomy to Oil-production parts in the United States. What can make the situation unpredictable, are the changes to the ranks of OPEC, especially in the part of how the countries manage their energy policies, as well as the political situation in the UK that can affect the policies related with the North Sea oil exploration and nuclear energy in Scotland. Many are anticipating the Natural Gas supply to be at the forefront and expecting that in 2019, the global LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) supply will outstrip demand, for few reasons. One is the development in China, of their own Natural Gas Infrastructure and the investments in LNG imports. Next comes, the output of OPEC as a trend. As it has been stated in the beginning of this article, the OPEC has committed to pulling oil from the market. The reduction in oil production still doesn’t scare many experts in the industry. Other identified top trends are related with the Oil Price, Fracking, Oil Demand and inventories of oil, natural gas and goal. You can read more for these trends on the link. Oil and Gas Supply Chain The oil and gas global supply-chain includes activities such as domestic and international transportation, ordering and inventory visibility and control, materials handling, import/ export facilitation and information technology. Every Supply Chain in large industries involves configuration,

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management and continuous improvement of sequential set of operations that includes multiple parties. The goal in Supply Chain Management (SCM) is to deliver maximum service to the customer at the lowest cost possible. The Oil and Gas Supply Chain can be analyzed through three different industry sectors: • Upstream • Midstream • Downstream Upstream vs Midstream vs downstream sector When somebody wants to describe where a company or a service is in the Oil and Gas Supply chain, they usually use the generic business terms “Upstream” and “Downstream”. As companies or services get closer to servicing the end user, the more downstream they are located in the supply chain. Each of these sectors has their own characteristics which will be elaborated in more details, further on in this article. The upstream sector is also known as the E&P (Exploration and Production) sector. It is consisted of processes and operations that involve searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface. In recent years, there is an evident shift towards the inclusion of unconventional gas as part of the upstream sector. This also affects the developments in processing and transporting Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The midstream sector is usually combined in the literature with the downstream sector. This segment in the supply chain, involves the transportation, storage and marketing of various oil and gas products. Transportation options can vary from small connector pipelines to massive cargo ships making trans-ocean crossings, depending on the commodity and distance covered. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

When we are discussing the transportation of oil and natural gas, most oil can be transported in the current state, while the natural gas must be liquefied or compressed. When it comes to the downstream sector, it encompasses the refining, processing, distillation and purification before turning it into usable, sell-able and consumable products e.g. fuels, raw chemicals and finished products etc. All the afore-mentioned services transform crude oil into usable products such as gasoline, fuel oils, and petroleum-based products. Retail marketing activities help move the finished products from energy companies to retailers or end users. Upstream Oil and Gas Sector "The Upstream sector is the part of the oil and natural gas industry that is responsible for finding crude oil and natural gas deposits, along with producing them. It is also known as the exploration and production or E&P sector. This part of the petroleum industry includes all activities that happen out in the field including drilling wells, trucking supplies, and mining oil sands, as well as activities that involve different environmental studies and research analysis. Upstream Sector Characteristics his segment of the oil and gas supply chain focuses and operates around the wells, meaning it cares about where to locate them, how deep and far to drill the wells, how to design, construct, and manage them. The four major business characteristics that describe the upstream segment are as follows: • Carries high risk • Gives high return • Highly regulated, it is affected by global politics • Very technology and capital-intensive The regulation of this segment refers to the production, access to reserves, pricing & taxation, and more strict environmental regulations. It is very typical for the upstream activities to take very long time, and require a lot of investments, especially in the initial, exploration phase. The different sectors within the upstream segment include: • Offshore drilling • Oil sands mining • Supply and service • Manufacturing • Seismic surveys • Geological surveys • Reclamation Exploration, (Drilling) and Production (E&P) The exploration phase first starts with activities of the operator to obtain a lease and permission to explore, from the owner ||www.electricalmirror.net||

of onshore or offshore acreage that might contain oil or gas. This also includes activities of collecting geological, geophysical and geochemical material as well as different descriptions and maps of old mineral localities. Geologists and geophysicists play a major role in this phase, because they use different methods and techniques, such as seismic surveys, satellite images, magnetometers, air guns, explosives and seismometers, in order to assess the presence of hydrocarbons or minerals. When the potential site is confirmed, the drilling of an exploratory well begins process that is also known as drilling wild cat. These activities need to check the physical presence of reserves, so it can decide if additional exploratory wells should be drilled in close location. This way the scientists can confirm and evaluate the entire potential of the reservoir. Production phase includes extraction of the hydrocarbons, separating the mixture of liquid hydrocarbons, gas, water, and solids, and removing of constituents that cannot be sold. The sites used for production can often handle crude oil from more than one well. After production, an additional phase appears called abandonment, which happens when a well lacks the potential to produce economic quantities of oil or gas, or when a production well is no longer economically viable. Upstream Sector Companies List and Categorization There are four major groups of companies that can be identified in the upstream sector of the oil and gas supply chain: • Majors, also known as Major or Integrated Oil companies, such as ExxonMobil, BP, Chevron and Shell. These companies can also have integrated activities down the supply chain as well. • NOC’s (National Oil companies) who are owned and managed by governments, • Independents – these companies exist in each segment, the independence comes from not being integrated into other segments. • Oilfield services companies – These companies offer services, equipment and different technical skills related with exploring, drilling, testing, and producing oil and gas. Midstream Oil and Gas Sector Midstream segment in the oil and gas supply chain includes operations that connect the upstream and downstream participants and companies. Four major groups of services are characteristic for the midstream segments are: • Processing • Storing • Transporting • Marketing || September 2021 ||

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The more detailed services that fall within the midstream sector can be seen in this list: • Diversified Midstream Pipeline and Storage • Crude Oil and Refined Products Pipeline and Storage of Excess • Marine Shipping and Transportation • Natural Gas Gathering and Processing • Natural Gas Pipeline and Storage • Oil Field Services The midstream segment is known for its low capital risk, and it can be highly regulated, especially when it comes to pipeline components. Other important things to know is that midstream asset investments are dependent on the health of the upstream; and oil and gas prices affect the demand from the downstream participants. The high regulation mostly refers to interstate pipeline transmission and cross-border transportation. In the United States this is regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Midstream Main Functions: Gathering, Processing and Transportation

First step in the midstream sector is gathering oil and gas that is produced in the upstream sector. Oil is moved through a web of pipeline, with a small diameter, directly to a central location. When it comes to gathering natural gas, the process is a little bit different, meaning the gas cannot be stored at or near the well and for that reason needs to be purified and processed to remove the water and other impurities. Once the NGL’s are separated, then they can be sent through large diameter pipelines. Next comes the field processing, as the first phase of oil and gas processing starting in the onshore or offshore production field. During field processing, surface units need to be installed. These facilities should do the following activities: • Measure the production rate of the oil, gas and water that is produced from the reservoir • Separate the oil, gas and water from one another • Remove impurities to prepare the crude or gas for sale or the next process • Store the Crude or gas temporarily, long enough until is ready to be moved to the next process The above described process is known as fractionation. Fractionation by definition is the separation or removal process in which certain quantity of a mixture (gas, solid, liquid, enzymes, suspension or isotope) into smaller quantities, called fractions, in which the composition varies. The separated NGL’s (natural gas liquids) can be blend

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components in a refinery and used as fuel or feedstock in the manufacture of petrochemicals. The treated oil and gas, after the fractionation process, should be transported through a complex network of transportation and distribution infrastructure either for storage or further processing. When it comes to transporting crude oil, the most used and safest method is pipeline transportation. More flexible way of shipping crude oil is truck and rail, in terms of timing and close alternative locations. For transporting natural gas, the most used method is large diameter pipelines, because natural gas flows at a much higher pressure than crude oil. LNG is natural gas that has been changed to a liquid form, so it can easier to transport it or store it. After transportation, comes the storage as a step in the midstream activities. Storing crude oil and refined products is very different from the methods used to store natural gas. Storing natural gas is very demanding due to high pressure of the natural gas and for that reason is kept underground, until it is ready to be delivered to market. Common storage facilities are salt caverns, depleted gas reservoirs, and aquifers. Crude oil and other refined products are stored using the following methods: • Field tank batteries • Product Bulk terminals • Refinery and holding tanks • Midstream Companies List – K • y Players In the 1980s, MLP started to form in the United States, known as Midstream Limited Partnerships. These companies, as you can see below are not the large oil companies. These companies provide specific service, and the service range of the companies can vary within the list below: • Barge companies • Railroad companies • Trucking and hauling companies • Pipeline transport companies • Logistics and technology companies • Transloading companies • Terminal developers and operators

Downstream Oil and Gas Sector

The downstream sector is the last one in the oil and gas supply chain, and encapsulates the operations that take place after the production phase right to the point of sale to the end consumers. Here are included the processes of refining crude oil and distributing its byproducts (gasoline, NGL’s, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil etc.) up to the retail level and selling to end ||www.electricalmirror.net||

WHERE OTHER MATERIALS FAIL, EARTHING SPECIALISTS RELY UPON MARCONITE

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consumers. Other products which are not that familiar are lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers and pesticides. These products are called petrochemicals. The downstream sector has important role in the pharmaceutical, packaging and manufacturing industries.

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Downstream Sector Characteristics

The main business characteristics about the downstream sector is that it is margin business, which has high complexity, companies should always have the global perspective in mind and it includes working with marketing and delivery of final products to retailers and end users. When discussing about the downstream being a margin business, it defines the margin as the difference between the price of the products from the crude oil and the cost of the crude oil that is delivered to a refinery. The complexity of this chain segments is due to the inclusion of different range of activities such as refining, petrochemicals, distribution, wholesale and retail marketing. Key downstream sectors include: • Oil Refining, • Supply and Trading, • Product Marketing – Wholesale and Retail • Key Downstream Players There are two types of companies that compete in the downstream sector, known as integrated companies and independents. The companies that are called integrated are known for having business operations not only in one specific sector, but are present in both upstream and downstream segments of the oil and gas supply chain. One of the top integrated oil companies in the downstream sector are: Exxon Mobil, Chevron, BP, Shell, and Total. There are also companies called independents, due to the fact that they don’t have upstream, E&P operations. These independents are independent refiners which can have different range of service activities and stations to market their products. Famous independent downstream companies are: Andeavor (formerly Tesoro), Valero Energy Corporation, Sunoco etc. Refining, End user consumption and Wholesale and Retail Marketing Refining represents the processes that enable crude oil compounds, called hydrocarbons, to be broken down and separated as byproducts, with the use of heat and pressure. The byproducts or final petroleum products that have resulted from the refining process can be categorized in three major categories: Light, medium and heavy. The light groups of the chemicals are the first ones that evaporate and usually are lately processed into liquid petroleum or naphtha.

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Hydrocarbons from the middle category, also known as middle distillates-produce jet fuel and kerosene whiles the heaviest group of hydrocarbons, form residual fuel oil. Gasoline is the most, globally-used product of crude oil. Other widely-known fuel products that consist for more than 60% of the global demand are the following products: diesel, jet oil and marine fuel oil. Also other type of products, for example lubricants and waxes, are important and used in other industries such as medicine and cosmetics. The marketing activities in the downstream segment refer to the processes of promoting, searching and supplying customers who have internal demand for refined fuel products or who have large wholesale networks that can distribute the different product to variety of retailers.

Conclusion

India has emerged as a refinery hub. India's current refining capacity stands at 249 MMTPA, comprising of 23 refineries—18 under public sector, 3 under private sector and 2 in a joint venture. Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) is the largest domestic refiner with a capacity of 80.7 MMTPA. Top three companies – IOC, Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and Reliance Industries (RIL) - contribute around 66.7% of India's total refining production from FY 2018 - 19. At present about 16,788 km natural gas pipeline is operational and about 12,672 km gas pipelines are under development. India has witnessed a steady increase in production as well as consumption of petroleum products over the years. The production of petroleum products stood at 243.5 MMT during 2016-17 to 262.3 MMT in 2018-19. Domestic crude oil production for the month of April 2020 was 2487 TMT as against production target of 2643 TMT, showing an achievement of 94.10%. Natural Gas production for the month of April 2020 was 2155 MMSCM as against production target of 2551 MMSCM, showing an achievement of 84.48%. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply is forging ahead on both coasts, with 8 new R-LNG terminals (4 on the west and 4 on the east coast) coming up. Together with the six existing terminals, overall capacity will reach 74 MMTPA. EM

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Automation

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Substation automation makes a smarter and more reliable power grid There was a time when the term "automation" was tightly associated with advanced manufacturing plants full of robotics. While it is true that this is a prime example of workplace automation – the process of replacing human labor with machine labor – it is far from the only example. Automation is present in modern businesses small and large, ranging from subtle features in common software applications to more obvious implementation, like self-driving vehicles. There is much debate about where workplace automation will lead the economy, but observers tend to agree on one thing: The trend is only gaining momentum. Every business process, such as human resource management and customer service departments, is on the table for automation, especially as technology becomes more sophisticated. No matter what the outcome, automation will undoubtedly change the workplace and, indeed, the wider economy. The only question is how much will it drastically transform the workplace? Automation in the workplace today What does automation look like if it isn't towering robotics? Sometimes it's as simple as a set of tools housed within common business software programs. At its

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core, automation is about implementing a system to complete repetitive, easily replicated tasks without the need for human labor. "Automation takes a lot of forms," said Fred Townes, co-founder and COO of real estate tech company Placester. "For small businesses, the most important thing is [repetition]. When you find something you do more than once that adds value … you want to look into automation." Historically, automation required expensive servers and employing a team of experts to maintain them. For many small businesses, this was a cost-prohibitive measure that simply put automation out of reach. With the development of cloud-based platforms, however, automation tools are now accessible to even the smallest companies, Townes said.

Examples of common workplace automation Many small business owners already use at least one common form of automation: email marketing. Companies like Zoho and Constant Contact offer software that allows users to tailor the parameters of their email marketing campaign to their liking and then set it to run automatically. For example, an introductory email can

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be uploaded into the software and sent as soon as a contact is added. The software can be configured to send a follow-up email days later only to those who opened the original email, without requiring any person on your staff to lift a finger. You can use these automation tools to develop relatively sophisticated email marketing campaigns with minimal attention.

basic, repetitive tasks.

Automating these repetitive business processes, Townes said, frees up humans for tasks that are less mundane or more valuable than those that can be completed by machines and software. However, more advanced forms of automation like machine learning can be used to complete higher order tasks that require a bit more adaptability. The ability of these software programs to learn over time means they can more quickly and effectively pore through massive troves of data and contextualize that information in a useful way for supporting internal decision-making.

As data sets become more thorough and available, and as software draws on more sources and synthesizes more data points, Sharma said, contextual information in human decisionmaking will only improve. Machine learning, then, will serve as a supplement (perhaps even an enhancement) to human knowledge. Combine those capabilities with improved data retention through the internet of things (IoT) and the possibilities are seemingly endless.

For example, machine learning automation is making inroads in talent acquisition and employee recruitment, said Kriti Sharma, vice president of bots and AI at accounting and payroll software company Sage. For human resources departments, automating processes like tracking down potential candidates and scheduling interviews frees up time for humans to examine potential hires and determine who the best fit for their organization is. “It turns out it is a big pain to hire the right people," Sharma said. "A lot is happening in recruitment systems and using AI to match the right people to the right team for the right projects." Customer service departments are also getting an automation makeover with the introduction of tools like chatbots. These consumer-facing tools automate typical customer service interactions, answering inquiries immediately and only referring customers to a representative when the chatbot is insufficient for handling their needs. Up to 80 percent of customer service interactions could be handled by a chatbot alone, offering businesses the potential to significantly cut costs associated with conventional customer service. Opportunities to automate common workplace processes are everywhere, which is why automation is becoming a common element of every business. Whether it's providing good customer service, streamlining the hiring process, or more efficiently managing marketing campaigns, automation is already playing a role in many businesses. As technology improves, more tasks will become available for automation as well; we've only seen the beginning of workplace automation. Machine learning as a driver of more sophisticated automation Machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) enable new forms of "smart" automation. As the software learns, the more adaptable it becomes. These technologies open the door for automation of higher-order tasks as well, rather than just

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"I think there's a lot of focus at the moment on these tasks that humans don't want to do," Sharma said. "But what's going to happen in the future is … automation will not just be about automating those tasks humans are doing today, but it will be about realizing potential opportunities."

Townes proposed that a shift toward more attractive user experiences with machine learning programs is already underway. To make interacting with these tools more natural and intuitive, companies will begin tailoring AI and automated technologies for a more organic, human experience, he said. To make customer service chatbots appear more human, for example, Sage has intentionally built "imperfections" into its AI. For example, the answer to a user's question might already be queued up by a chatbot, but Sage built a slight "thinking" delay into its system to simulate a more human customer service interaction. An ellipsis in the chat box indicates that the bot is "writing" a response, even though it immediately pulled up the queried information. Sharma said initial user feedback to the feature is highly positive, reflecting a desire for a more human, less machine-like interactive experience. "Things will get more and more accessible," he said. "These technologies will never replace the human being, but they will relieve the human being of the things that are less valuable, relatively speaking. [Humans] will be able to instead focus on those things that require creativity and touch; we'll see more accessible, better experiences, and we'll see human beings move to their highest and best use." For humans, the shock of an increasingly automated world can be difficult to process. According to Sharma, successfully integrating automation into human life starts with a comprehensive effort to educate people about what automation is, what it isn't and what it means for them. "Users are often initially surprised [by the capabilities of automation,]" Sharma said. "The first time they see something automatically there's a bit of delight, and it's also a bit scary until you show them the process the software went through. It's more of an educational challenge, not so much a tech problem." The growth of a Country depends upon the certain basic pillar of ||www.electricalmirror.net||

Automation plays a major role in the success of effective decision making at the utility level. Real Integration of automation not only helps to fulfill that promise, but enhances the opportunities to add more value and effectiveness to the energy value chain and also paves the way for moving forward towards the “SMARTER GRID”.Technological advancements and innovations driven by rapid electrification of segments like transport, expansion of renewable and digitalization of the grid are transforming the power sector. With decentralization, de-carbonisation and deregulation, the entire business model of utilities is evolving rapidly and state-of-art technologies are making those changes possible that were beyond the imagination a few years back. These technologies are gradually making inroads in the Indian power sector as well.The requirement for making coal fired stations intelligent arises from the bead for highly efficient plant operation and asset management on one hand and wide scale penetration of renewable energy into the grid which results in rapid cycling of the thermal plants, on the other hand. It is expected that several operational challenges will arise due to this interconnection and additionally due to the sustained increase in the generation coming from renewable energy, contributing at present more than 20 % of the produced energy. Traditionally the main issues related with the operation of electric systems have been those concerned with the control of the frequency and voltage for reaching stability of these variables. Power generation plants have systems that control the injected active and reactive power to the network. However, the growth of this electrical system is leading to more requirements in data acquisition, data processing and control systems. Automation in the management of renewable energies is required considering that due to the variability in the available power, they introduce new uncertainties and parameters’ variations into the power ||www.electricalmirror.net||

grid, so that automation systems are required to connect these generation systems to the network and inject the corresponding energy in a coordinated way. India’s power transmission segment is also growing at an unprecedented pace mainly due to the thrust provided by the recent policy and regulatory development as well as the government’s initiatives. The pace of expansion is expected to continue in the future to help meet the government’s 175 GW renewable energy power. While most of the future investment will be for the expansion of physical grid infrastructure, utilities are expected to invest significant sums in new technologies to make grids more reliable, resilient, secure and smart. In the power sector, automation will help in monitoring and predictive maintenance of a wide variety of assets in its value chain. The equipment’s are monitored continuously and the collected data is passed on to cloud. On the basis of the collected data, a conclusion can be drawn on the health and impending failure of the assets by using Artificial Intelligence, and determine the optimal time to perform maintenance. The proactive predictive nature will enable the utilities to schedule the maintenance in advance and also avoid major shut downs and down time. That also means considerable savings in time and cost.

Need of Automation in Power Sector Power generated at voltage levels of 11to 33KV, has to be stepped up to high/extra-high voltagesand then again reduced instages to lowest distribution voltage level of240/415 volts. For maintaining these voltage levels and forproviding stability, a number of transformationand switching stations have to be created inbetween generating station and consumer ends. These grid sub-stations are requiredto be developed to achieve reduction in systemmalfunctions as well as reduction in themeantime to repair. Consequently, human interference and outage times also need to be reduced leading to a significant decreasein the energy losses.

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infrastructure and one of such basic infrastructures is availability of quality and reliable power in the country. The country needs 24x7 uninterrupted power supplies to all the consumers along with transparency in the operation of sector and consumer participation. Power system automation included monitoring, evaluation, analysis, and control of processes associated with generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy from power stations to customers. Three main processes are included namely data acquisition, power system supervision and control, all working in a coordinated automatic fashion. Data acquisition refers to collect data in the form of measured analog current or voltages values or the status of devices (open or closed). Power system supervision is carried out through the acquired data either at a remote site or locally at the device site. Control refers to sending command messages to operate power system devices such as circuit breakers.

The electricity grid has grown and changedimmensely since its origins, when energy systemswere small and localized. With the passing oftime, rising electricity consumption, new powerplants and increasingly decentralised generation (DG) of electricity from renewable energiesrequire grid expansion. However, simplyexpanding the grid, as it is constructed now would be highly inefficient. The wildly fluctuatingpower feed-in from renewable energies (solar, wind) into the entire power grid occasionallyleads to unforeseeable power flows, which canaffect grid stability. Furthermore, theliberalisation of the electricity market in Indiahas led to an increase in electricity trading. Short-term trading activities and the associatedtransmission of electricity over long distancesrepresent an additional challenge for the grid. || September 2021 ||

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Due to numerous small-scalegenerating plants, upsurge in dependencyon electricity and increasing demand ofelectricity, power system has become intricateand is becoming complex day by day. Limitationsof space for electrical installations, rights of wayconstraints for new line routes, environmentalconcerns; all demand newer and more advancedalternatives to more effectively manages thepower supply system. Due to the nature of the changes, the grid needsto be partially reinvented and automated. Gridintelligence and communication is required forgrid operation to meet the requirements of thetransforming energy sector. Nevertheless, datameasurements from various places and variouslevels in the grid are necessary to enable theutilities to monitor everything that happens on areal time basis (or to start with, on a daily, hourlyor quarterly basis). The utilities then can takeactions more accurately, effectively and swiftly, improving the energy services. Digital devices are at the core of smart power distribution. They give facility and maintenance personnel visibility into the electrical network by measuring and collecting data, as well as providing control functions. Smart meters, intelligent electronic devices, IoT sensors, and control and automation software are critical components of digital solutions. Intelligent substations and smart transformers that can be controlled in real time are key emerging digital solutions. These solutions deploy intelligent switchgear, which can connect with the internet and provide comprehensive monitoring and protection as well as measure all electrical parameters in real time to ensure remote monitoring. Operations and maintenance teams need to respond to risks as quickly as possible to avoid the possibility of facility downtime or damage to equipment. Intelligent devices and digitization deliver the data and alarm notifications they need to stay on top of conditions, as well as remote control capabilities to help them act faster when a potential problem arises. In addition, monitoring environmental conditions can help predict operating performance and, in turn, better optimize maintenance schedules and extend the lifespan of the power distribution equipment. Rapid network expansion has rendered the management of grid operations much more complex. In the future, electric power systems will be characterised by bidirectional flows as the world adopts more renewable sources of energy and microgrid or nanogrid models. In such a scenario, automation of substations has gained significance because utilities want to be able to remotely monitor, operate and control their assets to improve system stability, efficiency, security and control. Substation automation involves the integration of the protection, control and data acquisition functions into a minimum number of platforms by eliminating redundant equipment and databases, thereby reducing capital and operational costs, and panel and control

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room space requirements.

Automation in Generation: Automation is a key emerging trend in the power sector that is picking up pace in a big way. Digital technologies allow devices across the grid to communicate and provide useful data for the management and operation of generation, transmission and distribution systems. Smart meters, internet of things (IoT) based sensors, network remote control and automation systems, and digital platforms help in real-time operation of the network and its connected resources. Power plant operation involving intelligencefeatures through IT applications involvesautomation of manual operations, control ofsystems, data acquisition and logging ofinformation to fulfil requirements of versatility,user friendliness and cost competitive. A supervisory and control system that aims to deliver not only operability, reliability and maintainability, but also cost-effectiveness, while at the same time enabling labour savings in operation and maintenance. The new system has been applied to a state-of-the-art coal based thermal power station and combined-cycle power station. Through enhanced interlock, expanded automation, on-site supervisory robots and other technological innovations, the system has enabled integrated operation from the central control room and labour savings. In addition, implementation of protective functions by printed circuit board, software configured alarm system and common sensor system, the system is not only highly reliable and easy to maintain, but also economical. On-site start up operations and commercial operations results has confirmed the effectiveness of these features. SCADA is a centralized system used to supervise a complete plant and basically consists of data accessing features and controlling processes remotely. It will help to improve the overall performance and efficiency of power station and enhance useful life. In the generation segment, automation is mainly carried out for improving power plant efficiency, reducing operations and maintenance costs, lowering unplanned outages and extending the operational life of assets. While generation utilities have been deploying control and monitoring systems, network communication, etc., for the past few years, new digital technologies such as IoT, cloud-based platforms, advanced analysis, predictive data analysis, asset performance management software and intelligent forecasting solutions are gradually growing in the segment. Also, with the growth of digital technologies in the generation segment, the complete remote operation of power plant has become a reality.

Automation in Transmission: Digitalisation and automation solutions have been steadily growing in the transmission segment too. In recent years, ||www.electricalmirror.net||

substation automation has emerged as a key growing technology among transmission utilities. In Transmission segment, there is continuous advancement of transmission equipments with the application of digitlization and automation and make it suitable for smart grid operation and that is more compact, reliable, environment friendly and requires minimum installation and commissioning time. Moreover, as the pace of renewable energy integration increases and there is widespread adoption of smart grid technologies, utilities would be required to increase the deployment of intelligent equipments or to undertake modifications to transform the existing modules into smart equipments as the availability of real-time data is critical in the context of both developments. In times to come, space challenges in transmission are also bound to get more acute. Hence, going ahead, equipment manufacturers need to undertake innovations and more towards smaller but smarter equipments. As a result, there is a need for more sophisticated operation and control to keep pace with the increase in supervisory and operational control in the segment of power generation, transmission, distribution. Power Grid has emerged as a leader in technology adoption in substation automation, with state utilities following suit. Powergrid is undertaking remote operation of several sub-stations from its National Transmission Asset Management Centre in Manesar, Haryana, which was commissioned in April’ 2015. Powergrid is also implementing the wide area measurement system technology across India under its flagship Unified Real Time Dynamic State Measurement project. Digital substations, centred on the IEC 61850 protocol, are the next step in substation modernization. Digital sub-stations comprise

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smart primary devices and intelligent electronic devices to achieve information sharing and interoperability. Powergrid has implemented pilot digital substation projects at Bhiwandi and Neemrana. Based on the experience from these pilots, the company plans to launch similar new projects. Other emerging technologies include Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS), which incorporate power electronics based static controller to enhance control and power transferability of the system. Powergrid is installing FACTS devices such as static VAR compensators (SVCs) and static synchronous condensers (STATCOMs) in the interstate transmission system grid. It has already commissioned one SVC in Jammu & Kashmir and four STATCOMs. Further, 11 STATCOMs are at various stages of implementation.

Automation in distribution: Automation and digitization helps discoms in the judicious utilization of funds. There are certain spare capacities in the distribution network and maintaining these entails additional expenses, which are eventually passed on to consumers. Digitisation provides tools that help in managing these spare capacities by optimizing network design and performance. Further, through digitization, thefts can be pinpointed accurately, thereby assisting the discom in controlling electricity losses due to theft. One of thereason for high AT&C losses of discom has been the low level of billing and collection efficiency, which translate into lower revenues and thus broader loss margins. Low collection efficiency can be attributed to limited collection facilities, delayed delivery of bills, limited payment avenues

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and lack of trained manpower etc. Factors such as defective meters, unmetered connections, rampant electricity theft, overload transformers and inaccuracies in billing software contribute to the low billing efficiency of discoms. To mitigate these issues, the discoms have been encouraging digital payments such by launching mobile applications or web portal for billing purpose. Utilities have taken several efforts on the digitization of metering front in order to mitigate the problems of high AT&C losses and power theft. A range of electronic and digital meters are being deployed by utilities to replace old manual meters. Further, the utilities are installing smart meters to identify and reduce instances of energy theft more efficiently. The growth of net metering policies across states has given an opportunity to consumers to become prosumers by feeding electricity generated from roof top solar photovoltaic panels installed on their premises back to the grid. With this, the distribution grid has become more active as power is flowing in both directions and utilities need technologies to monitor and manage the flow of electricity in real time. In addition, advanced load forecasting technologies are required to deal with the changing load profile as customers become less dependent on central generation to meet their electricity demand.

Smart Grid Technology A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid. To ensure a seamless transition from existing approach to Smart Grid scenario, focus of any utility must be structured around four key priorities. These are Empower Customers to better manage and control their electricity use, Improve Reliability, Maintain Privacy and Security and Support Renewable integration and economic development. The government has taken a number of steps towards making the grid smarter. In the distribution segment, technology initiatives are

being taken under the ministry of power approved pilot projects as well as National Smart Grid Mission. The functionalities being tested in these pilots include advanced metering infrastructure, outage management system, peak load management, power quality management and distributed generation. In order to address the above-mentioned priorities, Smart Grid technologies need to be implemented in conjunction with the existing application / technology. Smart grid generally refers to a class of technology that is being considered to bring paradigm shift in power distribution utility’s performance. The Smart Grid represents an unprecedented opportunity to move the energy industry into a new era of reliability, availability, and efficiency that will contribute to economic and environmental health. The benefits associated with the Smart Grid are more efficient transmission of electricity, quicker restoration of electricity after power disturbances, reduced operations and management costs for utilities, and ultimately lower power costs for consumers, reduced peak demand, which will also help lower electricity rates, increased integration of large-scale renewable energy systems and improved security

Intelligent Automation In Substation Automation System, the various quantities (e.g., voltage, current, switch status, temperature, and oil level) of various equipment are recorded, using a dataacquisition device called Intelligence ElectronicDevices (IED). IED can establish communicationbetween remote sensors and controllers and thecommunications network. Asingle IED can control several different aspects of a piece of equipment so that the entire piece ofequipment works in harmony with the rest of theneeds of the system and within establisheddesign parameters. Automation is based on the principle of converting all inputs and outputs into digital forms. The automation system can be designed and developed using information technology/embedded systems and integrating the sameinto the existing grid substation. Components such as computers, Remote TerminalUnits (RTUs), actuator control of motorizedvalves, breakers, switched capacitor banks,on-load tap changing transformers, load break/make switches, auto re-closures, sectionalizers,and communication systems can be integratedinto the automation system. Integration withAutomated Mapping and Geographical Information System (GIS) Software packages iswidely used at present. IEDs receive datafrom sensors and power equipment, and canissue control commands, such as tripping circuitbreakers if they sense voltage, current, orfrequency anomalies, or raise/ lower voltagelevels in order to maintain the desired level.These systemquantities are transmitted on-line to the remote-control room through a variety of communicationmedia. The measured field data are processed inthe control room for display of any

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operatorselected system quantity through Graphic UserInterface. Any control action (for opening orclosing of the switch or circuit breaker) is initiatedby the operator and transmitted from the remote-control room through the communication channelto the RTU associated with the correspondingswitch or circuit breaker. The desired switchingaction then takes place and the action isacknowledged back to operator for information. Substation Automation is dedicated to the monitoring andprotection of the critical equipment of asubstation and its associated lines or feeder’s andalso generates MIS data, reports and graphs etcfrom remote control centre.

Key Benefits of Automation

Substation automation involves the integration of operationsrelated activities like system protection, control and data acquisition into a unified control system. The objective of automating substations is to reduce overall costs and eliminate redundant equipment and database by minimising human intervention. A unified control system in an automated substation includes control of substation systems from one place, comprehensive protection management, compact system designs, decentralized system structure, no conventional mimic board, numerical protection and control, self-interlocking and supervision, modern man-machine interface, operator guidance and maintenance support. Substation automation also refers to using data from intelligent electronic devices control & automation capabilities within the substation and control commands from remote users to control power system devices. Substation automation makes a smarter and morereliable power grid. There are many other benefits associated with an automated substation. These include less use of hardware and panels, reduced operating & maintenance cost, minimum outages, integration of third-party equipment, lower cabling and installation costs, reduced testing and commissioning costs, less space and civil works requirement, easy customization and use, operational efficiency with minimum errors, lower risk, and better power quality.

Challenges: ||www.electricalmirror.net||

These issues have adversely affected thereturns from IT investments. Incoherenttechnology strategy leads to situations whereincompatible options are selected and large sumsof money are wasted in attempts to integratethem. The bottom line is that the businessperformance has not improved. Evidently, fundamental changes are requiredin the working of the power sector entities.Information Technology (IT) would become thekey enabler in the initiatives under the reformprocess initiated by Government of India. Thiswill enable substantial improvement in theoverall health of the utilities. Cyber security is also one of the key threats of automation and digitization. Apart from this, ensuring consumer privacy is extremely important. Consumer data needs to be protected not only from economic point of view, but also from the security point of view. A household’s electricity consumption data can be used to determine how many people are living in the house at a particular point of time. If this data become publicly available, it can pose a serious security risk to the consumer.

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Automation provides tools that help in optimizing network design and performance. Further, through automation, thefts can be pinpointed accurately, thereby assisting the utilities in controlling losses due to theft. Automation and digitalization also extend to associated services as well these include inventory management, asset management, maintenance strategies and monitoring of asset health. The implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions has helped in effectively managing its inventory with better measurement and control of the inventory. It provides significant information about various consumer parameters to the utility which could be used to provide other services.

Developed countries have already automatedtheir complete power supply system and theirgrids are remotely controlled. On the other hand, even after having edge in IT skill, India is waybehind in automation. What to talk of existinggrid network automation, even the new grids (especially, by states) are being constructed withold and outdated technology without anyintervention of automation. Centre Government’sinitiative of providing funds for automation &improvement under schemes are eitherunutilized or are invested haphazardly in IT thatresulted in issues such as: • Stand-alone systems-Coverage to limited geographical areas • Inadequate interface and integration withother applications • Absence of a standard architecture • High cost of maintenance • Basic operations are still manual withoutinbuilt controls

Automation for efficiency and profitability The bottom line of business process automation is, well, the bottom line. Automating processes saves time and allows resources to be diverted elsewhere. It means companies can remain smaller and more agile. Increased efficiency, productivity and lower costs all translate to healthier profit margins for businesses small and large. How automation transforms the economy at large remains to be seen. However, it appears inevitable that we're headed toward a future of more automation. What this means for businesses, workers and consumers will be the subject of much debate moving forward. One thing seems certain, however: If it can be automated, it will be. || September 2021 ||

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Led & Lighting

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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LED lighting have yet to been discovered Introduction The majority of drivers feel stressed in poor visibility conditions, particularly at night when the ability to perceive and judge distance is severely impaired. Despite much lighter traffic on the roads at night, around 40% or more of all traffic fatalities occur in many countries, such as the US, during night-time hours. The strain eases and safety greatly increases if the road ahead is well lit. The recent introduction of LED-based lighting for autos is set to improve driver safety and comfort at night, as well as during the day, and offer additional advantages in cabin lighting. Moreover, international standards will play a key role in the move to solid-state lighting (SSL) in the auto. The need for drivers to see other vehicles — and to be seen by them — after dark emerged naturally as soon as cars first appeared on roads. Lighting had been present on horse-drawn vehicles for a long time because of the same requirement. Initially, in the 1880s, cars were fitted with acetylene and oil lamps. Vehicular lighting had begun a long evolutionary journey. Early car electrical systems were rather unstable and the lamps were subjected to harsh conditions, such as shock and

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widely varying climatic conditions and temperatures. All of these contributed to the somewhat slow large-scale implementation of electric lamps, which started only in the 1920s. Other lamps besides headlamps and tail lights have been introduced gradually to meet additional needs. They include fog lamps and various kinds of signalling lamps such as indicators and brake, emergency, parking, and reverse lights. Slow initial progress Because the ability to see ahead properly is fundamental to safe night driving, improving the performance of headlamp lightbulbs has always been seen as essential. Until the introduction of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, also known as xenon lamps, the light source used in incandescent headlamps was a tungsten filament placed in a vacuum or inert-gas atmosphere inside a bulb or a sealed unit. The main drawback of tungsten bulbs is that their luminous flux (intensity) drops significantly after some 1,000 hours. The tungsten bulbs were further improved with the introduction of halogen gas in the bulbs in the early 1960s. Halogen bulbs had a higher luminous flux and longer useful lifetime. Xenon lamps that generate light based

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Special Feature

LE D & Lighti n g

on the principle of gas discharge were first fitted to motor vehicles in the early 1990s. The xenon lamps represented a major improvement over halogen lamps as their color temperature is closer to daylight, they are brighter, they have a greater range, they better illuminate the edges of the road, and they last at least twice as long as prior lamps. The main drawback to xenon is glare, which can be reduced by various automatic devices. In spite of their qualities, they are not as widely adopted as halogen lamps.

The introduction of LED-based automotive lighting is a relatively recent development. The first LED rear lights and headlamps were fitted to production vehicles in 2003 and 2006, respectively. The benefits of LEDs, especially for headlamps, are already obvious, including the fact that their light color is very similar to daylight. LED headlamps are now being introduced by all major car manufacturers and are seen as the future of automotive lighting. Besides headlamps, LED-based lights can be used for general and interior lighting. Their higher energy efficiency translates into lower fuel consumption and noxious emissions, helping manufacturers meet ever more stringent regional or national limits. LED light sources have a much longer lifetime that can outlast that of the vehicle. They also offer an unprecedented level of design versatility that is essential for manufacturers, allowing them to differentiate their vehicles from the competition.

International regulations and standards Road vehicles are produced and traded globally and are used regularly across national borders. The need for international standards is clear as road safety requires that lights are standardized in terms of characteristics such as performance, color durability, and interchangeability.

market, LED lights are rapidly spreading to all categories of vehicles due to their countless benefits and flexibility. As these lights represent a completely new concept, they require new standards to ensure they meet road safety regulations and operate properly in a very demanding environment. IEC Subcommittee 34A: Lamps prepares international standards for all types of lamps (filament, discharge, or LED), for general lighting and for road vehicles. These standards identify their dimensional, electrical, and luminous requirements as well as their performance requirements. Lamps for road vehicles are submitted to a particularly harsh environment and since they have a direct impact on road safety, tests are essential to ensure they meet all the necessary requirements.

Differing requirements The basic function and interchangeability of filament and discharge lamps for road vehicles differ from those of LED light sources. The former types must comply with the IEC 60809 International Standard that defines the dimensional, electrical, and luminous requirements of lamps for road vehicles. In particular, this standard defines the markings, bulbs, dimensions, colors, caps, and bases. LED light sources, which are based on modules (LED components used by the industry), are not covered by IEC 60809 but by other IEC standards specific to LED modules. However, another International Standard, IEC 60810, which sets out the performance requirements of lamps for road vehicles, applies to the three types of lamps.

LED light sources must meet conditions that do not necessarily apply to filament and discharge lamps, in regard to UV radiation, color maintenance, and electromagnetic compatibility. As LED light sources have a longer rated lifetime than filament The UNECE Working Party on Lighting and Light-Signalling or discharge lamps, their lumen maintenance is assessed (GRE) is the subsidiary body that prepares regulatory proposals differently. on active safety for vehicle lighting and light signalling. This Another issue that manufacturers have had to deal with is group conducts research and analysis to develop lighting thermal management, and LED modules and light sources requirements for vehicles. Most countries — with the notable often come with integrated heat sinks. Unlike their filament exception of the US and Canada, which have their own directives and discharge counterparts, LED light sources are mainly — recognize the UNECE Regulations and apply them in of the non-replaceable type and are usually intended as their own national requirements. Much of the GRE's work components for integration into the luminaire or lighting depends on and references various International Standards device by manufacturers. They are designed and meant to be on lighting for road vehicles prepared by the International indivisible parts of a lighting or light signaling device, or to Electrotechnical Commission. be elements of a module or light engine. The auto industry The relatively recent introduction of LED-based light sources has has developed replaceable LED modular sources, usually led to changes in standards regulating lighting requirements. intended for sale to the general public as a replacement part. Initially fitted to the high-end/luxury segment of the car

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Unparalleled flexibility and benefits

In addition to enhanced driving safety and comfort, LED light sources offer many other benefits: Lighting flexibility: Lighting requirements and limitations vary greatly according to traffic conditions. LED lighting solutions allow the optimal use of environmental and traffic-related dynamically controllable light distribution patterns such as dynamic bending of light or adaptive front lighting systems (AFSs), already used for other types of automotive lamps. Such adaptive lighting is particularly important to avoid blinding other drivers when crossing or following other vehicles, especially in curves, or to better see fixed or moving obstacles on road sides. LED lighting sources are also dimmable. Durability and efficiency: LEDs for automotive lighting have a much longer rated lifetime and use less energy than filament or discharge lamps. LEDs are up to 40% more energy efficient than the former sources. Since less energy for lighting translates into lower fuel consumption, this is a significant feature at a time when tighter consumption and emission rules are introduced in all countries even though road vehicles are required now to use DRLs. Design flexibility: A very important benefit of LED lighting solutions for car manufacturers is the design flexibility they offer. Car design bureaus have much greater freedom to come up with innovative designs using lighting to accentuate or attenuate certain shapes and give cars a common brand signature. LEDs were first fitted to vehicles from the exclusive segment of the market, but they are found now in all classes of cars.

More benefits of LED lighting have yet to been discovered and it can be safely assumed that they will have a bright future in the road traffic environment.

Efficiency A luminaire design, including optics, & the right light source & gear combination, have a direct impact on energy consumption & maintenance costs. Miniature metal halide & LEDs in particular are sources renowned for high quality optical performance with low energy consumption in many applications. Electronic ballasts with high frequency possess the operational edge of better lamp efficacy & life, lowered energy consumption, with capacity for dimming/ power reduction & automatic control, in a lightweight one-piece housing. To maximize energy efficiency, LED drivers can take advantage of flexible drive currents. Used to their full potential in well-designed luminaires these technologies can achieve energy savings in excess of 80% on refurbishment projects. In addition, the S/P ratio properties of these white light sources enable lighting levels to be lowered in certain applications & countries, such as residential areas, thus saving further energy & emissions. LED can last longer compare to other conventional light sources with correct thermal management. When combined with lighting controls that dim & provide feedback as well as the longer life of LED light sources, impact on maintenance demands & costs can be notable, lessens the need for night-time scouting & lessens need to change lamps. Lighting design software’s, helps calculate savings quickly & assess the life cycle cost of a project. Emphasis on sustainable practices is required, such as designing products to last longer, to use materials that can be recycled & easily dismantled at the end of life, & to minimize the use of toxic materials & packaging. EM

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LED light sources can replace all other types of automotive lamps. They are available for headlamps (high and low beam), brake lights, rear combination lamps, center high-mount stop lamps, daytime running lamps (DRLs), turn signals, interior reading lights (map lights), dome lights, accent lights, fog lamps, and position and marker lamps. Moreover, LEDs are being used for ambient lighting and in dashboard and instrument lighting.

Potential not exhausted LEDs for automotive or other applications are constantly evolving. Their potential in the automotive sector is set to expand as LED modules improve and with the introduction of new technologies such as OLEDs (organic LEDs), which produce a comfortable and homogenous light. Night driving does not depend only on good vehicle lighting but also on superior road signage and lighting. LEDs are also increasingly showing the way in this very significant area. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Guest Article

Four Common Mistakes in Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Testing

Gu e st A r ticle

Jeff Ward, Solutions Director at Doble Engineering Company

Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) testing provides insight into the mechanical and electrical integrity of transformers, reactors, and other equipment with windings. An SFRA instrument sends a signal into the transformer winding at a number of discrete frequencies and measures the returning signals. Damage, physical changes, and electrical changes can be detected by inspection of the graphical results or by comparing them with results from previous test sessions or from testing of similar apparatus. When set up and used properly, SFRA testing is a powerful tool - for baseline testing of a new transformer in the factory, as part of routine diagnostic testing, or after a system fault. SFRA tests are particularly dependent upon consistent test setup for each test session in order to provide accurate and reliable results. Incorrect setup can create variations that may mask changes in a transformer or create a false positive.

Avoid these common mistakes and save time on return trips for additional testing:

1. Poor Grounding Poor grounding practices can have a significant impact on test results. The grounding of the transformer is important, as is the entire signal ground path of the measurement setup. When the grounding path introduces additional impedances due to poor connections, the signal is measured with a different reference, causing changes to the traces – from subtle to extreme. For the best outcomes, ensure all safety and measurement grounds are solid! 2. Poor Test Lead Connections Test leads that are poorly connected to bushing terminals introduce extra impedances into the measurement circuit. These impedance changes impact a wide range of frequencies and will yield poor comparison to prior test results made with good lead connections. SFRA measurements are made at a relatively low voltage. A little extra effort to ensure a clean surface for the measurement lead connections can be critical to getting good results! 3. Inconsistent Tap Changer Positioning When tap changers change position (either on-load tap changers or

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Jeff Ward is a Solution Director at Doble Engineering Company, with a focus on off-line diagnostics. Jeff’s portfolio of Circuit Breaker and SFRA test solutions expanded in 2017 to include the entire Vanguard Instruments product line after Vanguard became a Doble brand. As a Solution Director, he acts as a focal point within the Doble and customer communities, working to satisfy the end-user’s requirements with existing Doble offerings, and by establishing the roadmap for ongoing development of products and services. Jeff has more than thirty years of experience in technology work, starting in the U.S. Air Force maintaining secure communication systems, followed by work at several major defense contractors developing intelligence and communications systems. Jeff’s commercial work has included developing network security products at several startups, and he worked previously at Doble as part of the TDR9000 development team. Prior to rejoining Doble in 2009, he was a Senior Member of Technical Staff at General Dynamics Mission Systems. Before taking on his current role at Doble, Jeff was a Project Manager in Doble’s R & D Engineering group. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering Technology from Northeastern University and a Certificate in Project Management from Villanova University. Jeff is a certificated Private Pilot, but limits his aerobatic maneuvers to his fleet of radio-controlled model aircraft. ||www.electricalmirror.net||

de-energized tap changers) the way that the tapped winding interacts with the various RLC networks of the transformer will change. This interaction will have an impact on the response of the transformer to frequency sweeps and different tap positions will cause different responses. It is important to note that changing taps on one specific winding will not only impact that winding’s response but may also impact the responses of other windings. As with all other aspects of the test setup, it is critical to record the tap changer settings in the test record so that the exact setup can be reproduced for future test sessions. Have pity on the next test crew! 4. Inconsistent Configuration of the Stabilizing Tertiary Winding Manipulating the configuration of a stabilizing tertiary winding can cause the transformer’s response to change. Some stabilizing tertiary windings may come out to a single bushing at one corner of the delta, which could be either grounded or ungrounded while the SFRA tests are performed on the primary and secondary windings. Other stabilizing tertiary windings have one corner of the delta brought out to two bushings, which can either be shorted and left floating, shorted and grounded, open and floating, or finally open and grounded. These changes will impact the interaction of the circuit elements that make up the RLC network inside the transformer and will result in variations to the response while performing SFRA tests. The changing response is likely to be seen in traces captured on all windings within the transformer. Once again, recording the setup details for each test is critical! The key takeaway is that for Sweep Frequency Response Analysis results to be truly useful over the life of a transformer or other asset, SFRA testing should be done using the same test setup every time. If it can’t be the same for some reason, the difference in setup should be clearly noted in the test record. The lightweight and versatile Doble M5500 Sweep Frequency Analyzer features easy setup to quickly assess the health of transformers and other equipment with windings. With typical sweep speeds between 15 and 30 seconds, the M5500 offers fast and reliable SFRA testing, often reducing testing time by as much as one-half. Whether the instrument is used at the factory for baseline testing of new transformers, as part of diagnostic maintenance or to determine if a transformer can go back into service after a fault, its highly repeatable measurements detect subtle changes. Use Doble’s new SFRA Software v6 to analyze diagnostic data collected with the M5500. SFRA Software v6 shares a framework with Doble’s powerful Test Assistant (DTA) application to provide data management and analysis tools that streamline testing and interpretation of results. SFRA Software v6 helps users save time by detecting and importing nameplate data ||www.electricalmirror.net||

from existing DTA records, streamlining test file creation, and reducing errors. A flexible test plan editor allows for standard and custom test plan sequences. Performing SFRA testing and analysis of your apparatus has never been easier or more productive with the powerful combination of M5500 and SFRA Software v6. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION • Product Information: o M5500 o SFRA Software v6 EM

M5500

FAST. ACCURATE. REPEATABLE.

SFRA in your diagnostic toolkit means confidence in your transformer’s condition. For more information, visit doble.com/M5500 CONTACT DOBLE TODAY. Sameer Gaikwad Regional Sales Manager. South Asia Doble Engineering Company +91 265 2980995 | doblesouthasia@doble.com

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EST. 1920

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Reliable Safe Secure

Guest Article

Gu e st A r ticle

Is Underloading of Distribution Transformers a cause of concern for Power Utilities? Sustainable development and urbanisation are two sides of the same coin. With the world's urban area growing rapidly, the demand for energy to fuel economic activity is expected to rise as well. When compared to developed countries, India's energy demand is almost certain to accelerate considering the growing population and per capita energy consumption. Foreseeing this demand, the power utilities had to ensure that the demand is met and supply is uninterrupted. To tackle this demand, power utilities planned and built substations with increased load capacity on the distribution side. Typically, the load is predicted and calculated for at least a decade or two in a specific zone where the substation is built to offer continuous power. Earlier, this practice used to be accurate because the power demand was predictable. For this, an estimated power consumption pattern was recognized based on the current population and power consumption. As a result, the installed transformers in a substation would operate at a nearly optimal anticipated load. On the other hand, this is not the case. The demand did not increase as anticipated.

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up to cause poor performance of the transformer. A few of the major concerns are listed below: Underloading losses include decreased revenue as a result of lower electrical unit sales. For higher rated distribution transformers, there are more losses since the excitation current is high. Large size distribution transformers need a higher maintenance budget and space. Because of the larger tank size, oil consumption is higher.

Factors that have contributed to the decrease in demand include: • Concerns about global warming prompted the development of energy-efficient solutions such as LEDs, which have replaced traditional bulbs and CFLs in both indoor and outdoor lighting. On the industry side, the worldwide push for sustainability demanded even more efficiency and energy optimization. • Coal and gas were the only ways to generate electricity back then. However, the widespread use of solar rooftops and renewable energy has turned customers into prosumers. This has further lowered customers' reliance on power utilities, resulting in lower energy demand. • Furthermore, many places did not urbanise as planned.

What makes this a source of worry for distribution utilities?

• Underloaded transformer: Ideally, at no load, the losses are low, and efficiency is high. In reality, transformers running at underload hampers its longevity and efficiency. When a transformer is not correctly sized, the underloaded condition would result in high harmonic currents. This may also cause heating of transformers. All of this sum

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Pankaj Gaikwad International Business Head The Motwane Co. Pvt. Ltd.

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

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Consider the graph above for a better understanding, where a distribution transformer is loaded to only 20% of the rated load consistently for seven days. The live data is extracted from MOT-WARE. • Uneconomical Operation and Maintenance: The substation necessitates frequent maintenance, which adds to the expense. A power utility's performance will suffer if many transformers are underloaded and poorly utilized. Also, it adds to manpower cost. There has been a growing fleet of such transformers in utilities that demand immediate action.

The Solution: Remote Monitoring of Transformer Parameters & Optimization of Operations:

The Internet of Things has made monitoring transformer parameters easier and convenient through 24x7 data access. Modern technology provides solutions that use the power of AI ||www.electricalmirror.net||

and analytics to harness the data to offer predictive insights about transformer health. It allows power utilities to identify and shift load to a single transformer rather than running several underloaded transformers simultaneously. As a result, the transformers on the field are optimised for use, resulting in lower operational expenses and increased productivity. With remote monitoring, the utilities can significantly reduce the cost associated with working on-site to monitor transformer parameters. The new-age artificial intelligence-backed solutions also provide required insights that enable them to devise an actionable plan to match the dynamic consumer demands.

Motwane’s IoTx device for Transformer Monitoring via MOT-WARE: MOT-WARE is the outcome of years of domain expertise of Motwane

in electrical testing. It is a SAAS-based test data platform that aims to propagate the idea of connected field service engineers in power utilities. The software provides a platform where the electrical test and measurement equipment is connected to the cloud. The health data of each of the cloud-connected electrical assets/transformers are sent to (and stored at) the cloud. It enables field engineers to access the health data remotely and take appropriate action on time. The big data analytics involved here empowers the utility engineers to use the open-architecture system of MOT-WARE that seamlessly integrates with any Test & Measurement equipment. Know more about the capabilities of our innovative IoTx device for transformers here: Visit our site https://motwane.com/ product_category/iotx/, now! EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Guest Article

Gu e st A r ticle

Delta Electronics: Committed to Corporate Social Responsibility

To mitigate the risk of COVID-19, Delta Electronics India has joined hands with Uttarakhand Govt. & donated 5 ICU beds in the presence of DM Smt. Ranjana Raiguru (3rd from left) along with CDMO Dr. Panchpal (2nd from left) to LD Bhatt Sub Dist. Hospital Kashipur

On the 50th Global Anniversary, Delta Electronics support various state governments in India for relief work in fighting against Covid-19. Over the years, Delta has devoted itself to environmental protection and energy saving. Delta’s contributions to sustainable development includes energy-efficient products, the use of alternative energy sources, recycling, life cycle thinking, process development, green manufacturing processes, personnel training, waste management programs and taking environmental issues into account when building facilities. We also use a green product management system that takes into account not only our environmental performance but also that of our suppliers. For every company, the most important asset is its people, and currently, people are facing challenges that require everyone to unite and fight against Covid-19 pandemic together. Our organization understands the need for I.C.U. beds and oxygen cylinders in the hospitals. To supplement this shortage and ensure its availability in fighting the pandemic, Delta Electronics India recently took the initiative of donating I.C.U. Beds and Oxygen Concentrators (10 Litre capacity), strengthening India’s fight against COVID-19. On this occasion, Mr. Niranjan S Nayak, Managing Director, Delta Electronics India, said, “At Delta Electronics India, we thrive on exploring such opportunities where we can contribute to the welfare of the society. We are happy to make a difference with our support for Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu governments. For the relief work that ensures our commitment to be there with the people and the country in such challenging times. The government

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is taking various steps, and as a responsible corporate social citizen, Delta is doing its part, caring for the safety of people. We believe business can grow when community flourishes and our new manufacturing plant in Krishnagiri and new R&D Lab in Bengaluru are a testimony to our commitment in leading with a vision of Delta Powering Green India.” Delta’s core competence in high-efficiency power electronics and expertise in the integration of energy-saving solutions have also been demonstrated in the green data center segment. Moreover, Delta’s own eco-friendly data center at its R&D center facility became the world’s first to receive the LEED v4 ID+C Gold certification in 2018, while its Taipei headquarters’ data center obtained a LEED Platinum green data center in 2019. Delta, a global leader in power and thermal management solutions, is celebrating its 50th global anniversary this year under the theme “Influencing 50, Embracing 50” to express gratitude to employees, customers and all stakeholders worldwide for decades of loyal support. Since its foundation in 1971, Delta has leveraged its core competence in high-efficiency power electronics as well as its focus on corporate citizenship to nurture sustainable development through lower carbon emissions. Its corporate mission, ‘To provide innovative, clean and energy-efficient solutions for a better tomorrow’ shall guide Delta’s commitment to ‘sustainable conservation, nurturing life’ for the next 50 years, in which the Company expects not only to advance lower carbon emissions that help mitigate global warming, but also to spark public awareness on the protection of marine ecology. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

K-lite industries won two prestigious awards in The National Architecture and Interior Design Excellence Awards & Conference 2021 Ms. Sharmila Kumbhat, Managing Director K-lite Industries

K-Lite is proud and delighted to announce that we are once again proved of our dedication to keep the K-Lite flag to fly high by winning strings of awards in recent years, which were both artistic and commercial successes. Recently, on 18th August 2021, “The National Architecture and Interior Design Excellence Awards & Conference 2021, Global Edition” has recognised the best efforts of K-Lite and Ms.Sharmila Kumbhat has been awarded with the following prestigious & coveted awards. 1. “Best & Most Innovative Lighting Company of the Year 2021 (India)" under Quality Products and Premium Projects category to K-Lite Industries. 2. “Outstanding Performance & Contribution in Business Domain” awarded to Ms. Sharmila Kumbhat.

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These awards were presented in a glitterati function at Hotel Taj West End, Bangalore, which was attended by over 100 designers & architects These awards are a testament to our team and innovation efforts centered around delivering the best value for our consumers while also being conscious of our impact on the environment. With this added motivation, we will continue to work with renewed vigour towards achieving our vision of "Unlocking the extraordinary potential of light for brighter lives and a better world.” It’s a major boost and a stepping stone for all of us to feel proud of this significant moment as Klite is the only company recognised in the lighting category. Together we can make a difference and make this world more sustainable. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Product Info

Innovative Connection Solution for Industry Phoenix Contact provides safe and reliable solutions for the efficient automation of all processes surrounding the production site. Pipelines and storage systems are the backbone of the oil and gas industry. For this reason, they require integrated communication systems with a large number of connection options. Phoenix Contact offers a wide range of connectors and enclosures for secure & reliable device connectivity.

P r o duct In f o

COMBICON- PCB Terminal block & Plug Connectors

Phoenix Contact brings you a complete comprehensive range of innovative PCB connectors to cope up with each and every application related to data, signal and power connection solution within and outside the device. One can find various connection solutions such as panel feed-through, PCB Terminals, Pluggable Terminals, ranges from 2.5 mm to 20 mm pitch with ratings up-to 232A, 1000V with a variety of connection technologies like screw, spring-cage, crimp, insulation displacement, piercecon. There is also a choice in mounting technologies like SMD, THR, wave-soldering , Press-in and SKEDD direct connection technology.

COMBICON Control:

This range provides connection methods for areas of Measuring, Controlling and regulation technology.2.5mm to 7.62mm pitch & cross-section ranges from 0.5 mm2 to 2.5 mm2 with ratings up to 24A/630V.Multi- level terminal blocks are available to increase the contact density on the PCB. Direct connector with SKEDD technology is also available.

COMBICON Compact:

The range provides solutions for all types of applications in building automation, analytical instruments and telecommunication where space saving is critical. This product line offers pitches ranges from 2.5mm to 7.5mm, with ratings up to 32A/800V and cross-section ranges from 0.5 mm2 to 4 mm2.

COMBICON Power:

This stands for absolute variety for your high current PCB connection. In this range, high-performance PCB terminal blocks and connectors suitable for power electronics with pitches ranges from 5mm to 20mm and ratings up to 232A/1000V and cross-section ranges from 0.2 mm2 to 95 mm2 in versions for wire-to-board or board-to-board connections, panel feed-through or shielded connections - everything is possible. The portfolio includes terminal blocks with a cross-section range up to 150 mm2 with 309 A/ 1000 V according to IEC and 600 V according to UL

PLUSCON - Field Device Connectors

Complex automation process call for high volumes of data at ever-increasing transmission speeds. Benefit now from high-performance connectors and cables for on-site assembly. Whether it is future-proof high speed copper cabling up to 10Gbps , Fiber Optics cabling up to 40 Gbps or innovative hybrid cabling –FDC product range will find the perfect solution for your automation network. FDC product range offer connection technologies that enable the flexible, modular and efficient implementation of various concepts for all your industrial connections, whether it is Signal, Data & Power, where the application demands connections to be water & dust proof. It covers up to 65 pin signal connector, up to 150 Amps power connector & the Data connectors for copper cabling and Fiber optics cabling for networks and fieldbuses like Ethernet, PROFINET, INTERBUS, PROFIBUS, DeviceNet, CANopen etc.

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Copper-based data cabling for networks and fieldbuses

Complex automation processes call for high volumes of data at ever increasing transmission speeds. Benefit now from high-performance connectors and cables for on-site assembly. Whether it’s future-proof high-speed cabling up to 10 Gbps or innovative, efficient hybrid ca-bling we will find the perfect solution for your automation network.

Fiber-based data cabling for networks and fieldbuses

High transmission speed, low attenuation, resistance to electromagnetic interference: fiber optic cables are among the modern transmission media for industrial systems and infrastructure applications. Whatever the fiber type or interface – you can choose the right connection technology from our extensive portfolio.

Modular Distribution patch panel in Copper & Fiber(LIU):

The new splice boxes from Phoenix Contact ensure continuously reliable data transmission in real-time. With their compact and uniform design, the splice boxes provide ample interior space for the secure connection of fiber optics. The new "FDX 20 series" (Fiber Distribution Box IP20) splice boxes are characterized by a compact design, flexible mounting on the DIN rail, and an attractive price level. High quality components guarantee optimum use in a wide range of application areas. The design is based on the ICE design blocks, in order to focus more strongly on corporate identity at Phoenix Contact.

Cross-manufacturer compatible circular connectors

Phoenix Contact is launching a new series of circular connectors with a standard system and a fast locking system onto the market. The M17 to M40 PRO series offers uniform solutions for signal and power transmission. The Oneclick fast locking system enables users to connect their devices quickly and safely.

Enclosure solution:

Wide option of enclosures to house your electronics and give it an innovative aesthetic.

ME-PLC multifunctional housings :

ME-PLC offers solution for large range of applications which demands plenty of space for electronic components and front-sided PCB connections. Optional DIN rail connector for efficient modular communication makes the whole system flexible and ideal to design complex controllers. The housing base can be combined with various covers or the upper parts consist of connection technology carriers comprise of pre-mounted plug-in connectors FKCN 2,5… series available in up to 36 poles or a connection technology with RJ45 plugin connector series. A universal cover is also available for customer specific connection technology. There is also a generous display area available which facilitates customer to provide an individual marking and processing. The housings can be snapped onto an NS 105/20 DIN rail. They can be combined with a DIN rail connector to allow cross connection from device to device for reliable data and current transmission without the need of additional wiring. They are available with the number of positions 50/40 and 10/10, i.e. 50-pos. in the DIN rail / 40-pos. into the device or otherwise 10-pos. in the DIN rail / 10-pos. into the device. It is having built-in mechanical coding system which prevents mismatching during installation of device units.

ME-IO:

The new ME-IO housing system from Phoenix Contact enables customized electronic assemblies like controllers and I/O modules. It offers an integrated Push-in Spring front connection technology for fast and easy conductor connection allows them to connect directly without any extra tools, saving your time during installation. To ensure quick, secure communication, the connection technology equipped with coding profile that prevents mismatching in the device. The modular system is designed for the applications with compact installation space that offers widths of 18.8 mm, 37.6mm and 75.2mm. It can accommodate up to 54 connection terminals per electronic module. The L-type cover is available for optimum integration of data connectors such as RJ45 and D-SUB and also flexible PCB installation, both vertically and horizontally to the DIN rail is possible. Swiveling marking cover permits additional marking.The lock-andrelease system makes locking and releasing of the plug easy from the housing system. ME-IO housings can be snapped on to the NS 35/7.5 DIN rails with the TBUS connectors to provide a bus system for the flow of signals and data and thus reduce wiring. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Product Info “SAFETY IS A WAY OF LIFE – SO USE 2800 KC”

P r o duct In f o

“KUSAM MECO” SPLIT TYPE GROUND RESISTANCE ON-LINE DETECTOR – MODEL 2800 KC “KUSAM MECO” a pioneer in the Field of Test & Measuring Instruments since last four decades has introduced top of the line split type ground resistance on-line detector model 2800 KC which is explosion proof mark Exia II BT3Ga. It can be applied to the corresponding Flammable and Explosive environment. The Model 2800 KC has a 4 digit LCD direct indication. Resistance range is 0.01Ω-200Ω with Resolution 0.001 Ω. Accuracy is ±2%Rdg±3dgt (20°C± 5°C, Below 70% RH), this device withstand for IP56 waterproof level. Power consumption is only 50mA Max. Model 2800 KC has many excellent features such as split type

BATTERY QUALITY ANALYSER

MODEL - KM 900

ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

no need to disconnect the grounding down conductor, easy to install, non contact measurement technology, safe and reliable with Rs 485 interface, network system can be set up to monitor remote real time monitoring. The detector has an audible and visual alarm. The model 2800 KC with LCD display, can be installed and used independently. You can observe the grounding resistance value at any time & set the alarm value. This detector operates on 6V DC, 50MA max external power supply. Its dimension is 11gm x 118mm x 76mm and CT size is 56mm x 26mm, weight 1000gm. It is supplied with Aluminum alloy mounting Parts – 2 PCS, 1M Power communication cable – 1 set. EM

“KUSAM MECO” an ISO 9000:2015 certified company proudly announces the newest addition to their large range of Digital Test & Measuring Instruments. KUSAM-MECO has not introduced the latest technology in Battery Quality Analysing. The model KM 900 is a single quick testing total Battery Quality Analysis solution. It is a super tool for UPS Battery Field Management. It provides Battery Health Analysis under system loading condition. It can measure & display Impedance, Voltage, Temperature, Current & Capacity of Battery. It is most useful Tool for UPS. Back up Batteries in Industrial System-Telecom Renewal Energy Power Plant (Solar, Water, Wind), Recreational, Machine, Airplane, Military, Electric Vehicle & Battery related Industries (Manufacturing, Servicing of Batteries) of most Batteries including Lead Storage, Cells (Lead-Acid Batteries), NickelCadmium Batteries, Lithium-ion Batteries & Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries. It has abundant Data logging & accurate Trend Analysis Feature backed by Internal SD Card with storing capacity upto 7.5 million data in Text & Graphic mode. AC (Four-Terminal) method is used to measure the internal resistance by eliminating lead resistance & Contact resistance to obtain accurate

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results. Multiple Display LCD screen shows internal resistance, voltage & temperature or voltage, current & temperature of the battery simultaneously. Its unique comparator function can provide reliable detection of battery deterioration. For current measurements AC & DC clamp adaptors are provided. It has Interface USB Host/Client 2.0. It has large 4” 32+240 pixel. High Resolution Monochrome LCD. The impedance measuring range is 4mΩ to 4Ω (4 ranges)/1µΩ resolution. The battery range is maximum 100V/ 1200Ah (model KM 900 basis) 3000Ah (model KM 900S Version). 6000Ah (model KM 900C). The voltage range is 4/40/300V. It can measure current (DC) 40/400A & AC Current (Ripple Current) 40/400A. Temperature measurement is -10˚C to 100˚C. Only model KM 900C has Capacity Measurement. The power supply is 7.2V, 2.7A NiMH Battery Pack. It can be use with AC Adaptor having output 12V/1A. It is Handy size & Height Weight (Only 1.2kg). It is supplied with many accessories viz : 4 terminal Battery Test lead (pin type) ; Ni-MH Rechargeable battery pack (Installed), USB PC Interface Package (Program & User Manual in CD, USB Adjustment Bar, ADC Power Adaptor & Internal Charger, Carrying Case with Shoulder Strap. Optional accessories can be provided at extra cost viz 4 Terminal Battery Test lead (Clamp Type); ADC current Adaptor. EM ||www.electricalmirror.net||

“KUSAM-MECO” INTRINSICALLY SAFE TRUE RMS DIGITAL MULTIMETER WITH PC INTERFACE MODEL - KM 822sEX an area where flammable gas can occur in normal operating conditions.

The measuring functions includes :

DC/AC Voltage :60mV ~ 1000V; DC/AC Current : 600micro A ~ 10A; Resistance : 0.1Ohm ~ 60MOhms; Frequency : 5Hz ~ 1MHz ; Capacitance : 60nF ~ 20mF. It also has Diode, Continuity, Duty Cycle

Function “KUSAM-MECO”, the pioneers of Digital Multimeters & Clampmeters in India have introduced for FIRST TIME a new Intrinsically safe True RMS Digital Multimeter with PC Interface Model KM 822sEX. It has high transient protection of 12 KV (1.2/50mS) lightning surge.It has a 4 digit 10,000 counts large easy to read, backlight Dual display. EX marking on meter i.e. Ex ib I Mb, Ex ib IIC Gb, SAEx MS/09-291X, Ex ib falls under Zone 1 which is

In addition it features Splash/Drop Proof, Intrinsically Safe, Beep-Jack Audible & Visible Input Warning, Relative Zero Mode, Data Hold, Ex rating-Ex ib I/IIC T6. It has (optional) PC interface for downloading the data in computer via USB cable & Software. These meters comply to IEC SANS 600790:2000 & IEC SANS 60079-11:1999, which is for Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres. Part 0 (general requirements) & part 1 (intrinsic). The approved explosive protection rating of this

equipment is suitable for use in Zone1 hazardous area. Group I (coal mines) underground & Group II (surface). Safety: It has Double insulation per IEC61010-1 2nd Ed., EN61010-1 2nd Ed., UL61010-1 2nd Ed. & CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 61010.1-0.92 to Category IV 1000Vac & Vdc. For Voltage, Ampere, Milli Ampere & Micro Ampere ranges , the safety category is IV1000Vac & Vdc. It has Fuse protection for micro Ampere & milli Ampere 0.44A/1000Vac &Vdc, IR10kA or better, F Fuse. For Ampere ranges, the fuse protection is 11A/1000Vac & Vdc, IR20kA or better, F Fuse. For Voltage range fuse protection is 1050Vrms, 1450Vpeak. Milli Volts, Ohms & others fuse protection is 600Vdc & Vac rms. It features a rugged fire retardant casing, Protective Holster with probe holder & Tilt Stand. It is powered by one 9V battery no. NEDA 1604G, IEC6F22. Standard Accessories supplied are User Manual, Battery, Test lead & Carrying case. PC Software is optional. EM

“KUSAM-MECO” AC/DC TRMS DIGITAL CLAMPMETER

MODEL - KM 2777

“KUSAM-MECO” has introduced a new AC/DC TRMS Digital Clampmeter Model KM 2777. It meets the requirements for CAT IV 1000V AC & DC & is UL Approved. It has features, functions & ranges never seen before in one Digital Clamp-on Multimeter . It has 3-5/6 digits 6,000 + 3-1/2 digits 1,999 counts Dual LCD display with 5/sec update rate. Its Jaw size is 55mm. It measures AC & DC Current upto 2000 Amps. It can measure fundamental Voltage & frequency of most Variable Frequency Drives (VFD). An additional feature is Non-Contact- EF Detection. For precise indication of live circuits it has Probe contact EF detection function also. It has transient protection upto 12 KV (1.2/50µs) providing excellent protections for those who are safety conscious. It has

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CAT IV 1 KV High Safety over Voltage Category. The Digital Clampmeter has unbeatable 400 KHz DC + AC Performance & VFD features. It has high basic accuracy of 0.5% (DCV) and Resolution 1mV DC. It has Auto & manual ranging functions except in Hz & Capacitance function range. To provide clear reading of the displayed value in the dark, it has backlight LCD display. The Voltage measurement is upto 1000 V AC/DC with high impedance, also it can measure Noisy High Voltage AC Frequencies upto 1999Hz in dual display. It has Capacitance measurement function upto 2000µF. It can do continuity tests at very fast speed. It has PC interface capability with optional purchase of USB Cable software. It has AC/DC Voltage, AC+DC Voltage, AC/DC Current (clamp on),Autocheck DCV,

Autocheck ACV, VFD ACV, Ohm & Autocheck Ohm, Capacitance, Temperature, DC + ACA current (clamp on), Hz line level Frequency, Non-Contact EF-Detection measurement. It has Diode Test, Continuity Test, Peak Hold, Display Hold, Relative-Zero Mode, Range-Lock & Function-Lock function. The meter meets the requirements for Double insulation per IEC/EN61010-1 2nd Ed., UL61010-1 2nd Ed., & CAN/CSA C22.2 No.61010.1-0.92. This meter operates on standard 1.5V AA Size battery x 2. It's dimension is 264(L) x 97(W) x 43(H) mm & weight about 608g . It is supplied with Carrying Case, Test leads(pair), Operating manual & Bkp60 banana plug K-type Thermocouple x 1. USB interface kit BRUA-19X, BKB32 banana plug to type-K socket plug adaptor is Optional Accessory. EM

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

Altanova India Private Limited ..................................... FC

K-Lite Industries............................................................. BC

Cable & Wire Fair 2022 ................................................ 67

Maxwell Scientific Corporation ...................................... 65

Deif India Pvt. Ltd. ....................................................... P-01

Mecc Alte India Pvt. Ltd. ............................................... 09

Doble Engineering Company ......................................... 11

Mikrotek Machines Ltd. ................................................. IBC

FLIR Systems India Pvt. Ltd. ......................................... IFC

Next Gen Equipments Pvt. Ltd. ..................................... 99

Fluke Technologies Pvt. Ltd. .........................................

Parth Cab Cables .............................................................. 51

HARTING India Pvt. Ltd. ............................................... 17

Polycab India Limited ................................................... P-03

H.D. Wire Pvt. Ltd. ........................................................ 13

Power Finance Corporation Limited ............................. P-05

Himoinsa .......................................................................

Phoenix Contact (India) Pvt. Ltd. ..................................... 15

Inter-Tech ....................................................................... 73

Rohitra India pvt. Ltd. ...................................................... 57

IFSEC Expo ....................................................................

The Motwane Manufacturing Co. Pvt. Ltd. ....................... 23

Kalika Industries ............................................................ 51

Wire India Expo 2021 ................................................... 101

E l e c t r i c a l MIRROR 98

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ELECTRICAL MIR ROR

EVENT DIARY 15-17 Sept 2021

12 Sept 2021

India expo mart, greater Noida www.renewableenergyindiaexpo.com

The Lindsay Kolkata, Kolkata, India

www.iceedc.com

The aim objective of ICEEDC-2017 organized by Institute of Technology and Research (An ISO 9001:2008 certified organization) is to provide a platform for researchers, engineers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results and development activities in Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Robotics Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering.

The 14th edition of Renewable Energy India 2020 Expo observed a grand opening on the first day, with participation from leading international stakeholders and experts from across the globe at the India Expo Centre, Greater Noida. Over the years, REI has been established as the most comprehensive, reputed and Asia’s largest expo in this domain where the green community congregates to discuss the trends, addresses challenges and showcases the best and most innovative technological solutions available to overcome them.

27-29 Oct 2021

25-26 Nov 2021

IECC, PRAGATI MAIDAN www.powergen-india.com

Bombay Exhibition Centre, MUMBAI www.oshindia.com

For more than 15 years, POWERGEN India has served as India's premier forum for the power generation industry. Attracting over 8,000 attendees, POWERGEN India covers all forms of power generation, from conventional to renewable energy and other low-carbon options. This leading forum is where the power industry can meet, share and discuss solutions for India's energy future.

1-3 March 2022

Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India www.cablewirefair.com

Cable & Wire Fair (CWF) is now undisputed leading Indian event for the global wire & cable industry. The show is centered at creating a consensus-driven, growth-oriented stage for the wire and cable industry in India. The telecom and power networks act as the nerves and veins of today's societies where the most fundamental integrating elements are wires and cables.

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South Asia’s largest occupational safety & health event, OSH India Expo brings together internationally renowned exhibitors, consultants, business experts and key government officials on an industry platform. The show facilitates exchanges of global best practices and seeks solutions for challenges in upholding workplace safety and health. The show witness safety professionals from across India.

19 – 21 May 2022

Bombay exhibition centre (BEC), Mumbai, India www.led-expo-mumbai.in LED Expo is India's only show covering the entire value chain of the LED industry. It has recognised the industry potential and has identified it as a futuristic technology which will take the lighting industry by storm. It has created a platform for its exhibitors and visitors to source and explore the latest in trend products and technologies from around the globe. Being the foremost and exclusive exhibition showcasing the strength of the Indian LED industry, it has become the maiden choice of the architects, interior designers, construction, real estate companies, builders, contractors etc. for sourcing the latest in trend products and technologies.

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22-25 Sep 2021

Virtual Expo https://www.automationindiaexpo.com/

Automation Expo is the largest Automation & Instrumentation exhibition. It is an ideal platform for the Indian and global automation industry to converge and exhibit cutting-edge technologies, advancements, systems, and services, Factory Automation, Process Automation, Sensors and measuring equipment, Assembly and handling systems, technologies, devices, assembly lines system periphery, and applications.

16–18, Dec 2021

Bengaluru, India https://electronica-india.com/en/

Electronica India is the leading trade fair for electronic components, systems and applications in India. The fair is one of the most important industry gatherings for the electronics industry in Asia. The trade fair showcases products such as Semiconductors, Embedded systems, Displays and LED, Micro and nano systems, Sensor technology, Test and measurement, Passive components, PCBs, other circuit carriers and EMS.

23-25 Nov 2022 Mumbai, India www.wire-india.com

Wire India aims in bringing the economic development of India to higher summit and its objective has increased the importance of the show in all over the world. The participants are availed with incredible business opportunities which aid the exhibitors to establish their brand and advertise it to the worldwide market. Advanced range of products are demonstrated which has pulled the attention and investment of the foreign delegates as well. The exhibitors can also get into new partnership dealings with the attending companies.

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Next Issue October 2021

An outlook of the Electrical & Power Industry

Cover Story

Hydro Power

Reason to Advertise with Electrical Mirror High visibility across the industry Opportunity to promote the brand at nominal cost Create a business opportunity within your business community High volume of circulation, Pan India One of the demanded edition in Electrical & Power industry

Next Focus Gensets UPS Batteries Capacitors Thermal Camera

Contact for Advertisemnet National Business Head Subhash Chandra : +91-98990 72636 Email: s.chandra@electricalmirror.net subh.electricalmirror@gmail.com

West & South Pradeep Kumar : +91-97028 18098 Email: pradeep.k@electricalmirror.net pradeep.electricalmirror@gmail.com

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Tel+91-8042688999

Email - info@mikrotek.org

EM September 2021

Articles inside

Kusam Meco

K-lite

Phoenix Contact

Delta

Vedanta

Motwane

Power Global

Doble