Internship at DGS by Elena Ardighieri

INTERNSHIP 9th semester SPRING 2010 | AAU Msc3 A&D ELENA ARDIGHIERI

INTERNSHIP AT DGC PRF DGS //INTERNSHIP AT DAVID GARCIA STUDIO

//AUTHOR Elena Ardighieri Master student in Architecture and Design | AAU | DK Bachelor degree in Architecture of construction | POLIMI | IT elenardighieri@gmail.com //ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR Peter Mandal Hansel AoD, Architect pmh@aod.aau.dk //INTERNSHIP SUPERVISOR David Garcia mail@davidgarcia.dk //STUDY SECRETARY Birgith Skipper Thomsen bsth@create.aau.dk //INTERNSHIP PERIOD from 01-02-2011 to 31-07-2011 //REPORT DELIVERY 16-05-2011 //INTERNSHIP EXAMINATION 25-05-2011 //COPIES n째 3 //COPYRIGHT the report contains confidential material, and can not be distributed without the permission both of the Author and David Garcia Studio

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

//INDEX

preface

p. 4

David Garcia Studio

p. 5

time overview

p. 6-7

minor project: The BikeShed | Tullinsgade _ CPH

p. 8-9

main projects: Museum Competition | JĂ¸ssingfjord _ Norway

p. 10-17

introduction to MAP | Manual for Architectural Possibilities MAP 04 | 01 FLOOD _ analysis MAP 04 | 02 FLOOD _ architectural possibilities

p. 18-19 p. 20-21 p. 22-25

academic summary

p. 26-27

experience report

p. 28-29

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

DGS PREFACE DGS //PREFACE

As part of my 9th semester of Master in Architecture and Design at Aalborg University, I have chosen to attend an internship at David Garcia Studio in Copenhagen, for a period of 6 months, starting from the first of February 2011. The internship is taking me in a new working environment that allows me to experience the different approaches concretely taken from an architectural studio. In the specific I have been involved to be part of all the tasks that an architectural studio has to face, developing a project: from the design process to the delivery of the project. The task and skills I have developed derives from a 360째 control of the process of all the projects I have been committed and are fundamentally: control of the project from its preliminary phase direct relation with architects, designers, engineers, building societies control of the decisions and direct evaluation of the possibilities experience how to organize and manage an architectural studio, administration aspects included deal with tasks of different entities and scales work with an international team, and thus with a multifaceted working methodology This report shows the projects I participated and the ones I am still developing. It includes a description of them, with a span time of working phase for each. This gives an idea of the working methodology adopted by the studio, the way it has been organized and the points where it still lacks of a strong management. An academic summary and an experience report are the conclusion of this presentation, with my personal evaluation of the learned matter.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

DGS PRF THE STUDIO

//DAVID GARCIA STUDIO David Garcia Studio is an architectural platform of experimental architecture, where international and young designers and architects work together following a researching way of doing and thinking about architecture at all scales. The aim is to find new architectural solutions, challenging the architectural schemes through inventiveness and avantguarde approach. The studio is producing and mapping the researched projects in MAP, a Manual of Architectural Possibilities. This researching projects, independently set in concrete or abstracts place, have been questioned and should be kept in question by the observer, as a point to start to think about a new architectural solution. The studio is also challenging itself participating into national and international competitions, keeping the same intention of extra-ordinary architectural solutions.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

TIMETABLE

february 05 Bike shed | Tullinsgade _ CPH

march 06

design process

presentation

design process

detailing

printing//presentation

MAP

research MAP

analysis process

design pr

EXAMINATION

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

april 13

may 14

june 18

july 23

rocess

printing//presentation

25/05/2011

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BIKE SHED JØM MAP MAPA MAPP Tullindsgade | CPH | Denmark > February 2011 //BIKE SHED architectural design, small scale project

The first project I have been involved is a bike shed for the courtyard of an apartment block in Copenhagen. I have been working on the design, the structure, the material research and the administrational part of it with another colleague.

Design of a private bike shed, for an housing block in København. Design and management of the whole process, from the form finding to the chose of materials and the search of the materials companies, to the costumers’ presentation.

The design consist of a light and simple curving shape, that follow the free space available to park the bikes. The concept is to give the maximum area available for the bikes and give a quality to the space, using mirrored aluminium composite panels that have the aim of reflecting the sky. The structure is light and thin, it can be seen just underneath the shed and it’s not disturbing the main concept.

3 weeks Autocad, Photoshop, Illustrator, Sketchup + V-ray

//Mirror Finished Aluminum

The material used to create the reflecting idea of the sky, is a system of mirror finished aluminum composite panels. The BikeShed besides being a protector for the bikes agains rain and snow, gives quality to the inner courtyard, through the effect create by the aluminum sheets. Dimensions of a panel: 190x100x0.4 cm

[1] presentation of the BikeShed concept from a 3D view [2] [3] views of the Serpentine Pavillion | SAANA

[4] sketches showing the idea of the thin structure reflecting the sky

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

The Bicycle Shed takes shape after the existing lines which are present in the courtyard. We have emphasized that it should have the character of a pavilion more than a shed. This is done by keeping an uneasy light and open structure which would merely serve as a partitioning of the bikes as well as protect them from rain.

Alum. Mirror Finish Plate thickness 0.5 mm Plastic Composite thickness 2 mm Alum. Mill Finish Plate thickness 0.5 mm Alum. Composite Mirror Finish Plate Dibond Spejl UV 3050 x 1250 x 5 mm

We have attached great importance to the shed would appear interesting seen from above, after the property will be equipped with balconies. This is achieved by the roof material: a polished aluminum plate that will act as a mirror. Using this we “pull” the sky into the yard so that the residents can sit on their balcony and look down where the clouds are drifting by.

T- Beam Stainless Steel LEMVIGH-MÜLLER 50 x 25 x 5 mm Stainless Steel Tubes LEMVIGH-MÜLLER diameter 51 mm Flat Beam Stainless Steel LEMVIGH-MÜLLER 25 x 5 mm

Material Price Sheet Product Specs 3050 mm x 1250 mm x 3mm

Stainless Steel Tubes

OUTER DIAMETER: 38mm WALL THICKNESS: 1.25mm

98 DKK per meter total tubes needed: 34 total meters approx.: 80 meters total price: 7.840 DKK

OUTER DIAMETER: 51mm WALL THICKNESS: 1.25mm

180 DKK per meter total tubes needed: 34 total meters approx.: 80 meters total price: 14.400 DKK

T - beam Stainless Steel

50mm x 25 mm x 5 mm

20 DKK per 1 kilo 6 meters = 17 kilos total needed approx.: 35 meters = 102 kilos total price approx. : 2040 DKK

Flat beam Stainless Steel

25 mm x 5mm

14 DKK per 1 kilo 1 meters = 1 kilos total needed approx.: 35 meters = 35 kilos total price approx. : 500 DKK

weight: 14, 40 kg / plate

Price / Total full palette 60 plates = 330 DKK m2 approx. = 75. 500 DKK half palette 30 plates = 370 DKK m2 approx. = 42. 500 DKK Total needed 15-20 plates

2.00 m 2.10 m

LEMVIGH-MÜLLER info@lemu.dk 4533141414

Product Description DIBOND SPEJL UV TYKK: 4MM DAEKLAG: 0,3mm ALU FRONT FINISH: MIRROR 992 REVERSE: MILL FINISH THICKNESS: 4mm

2.00 m 2.10 m

Company / Contact Info. Rias Tue: tmh@rias.dk

Note: Prices exclude: Construction costs and extra construction materials

Total Without Moms approx. Half palette (30 plates), 38 mm Stainless Steel Tube 52.880 DKK

[5] [6] [7] plan of the thin structure, east elevation, south elevation of the BikeShed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH JØSSINGFJORD MUSEUM MAP MAPA MAPP

ET DALANERÅD

KURRANSE DESIGNKON PLAN- OG LEGG MUSEUMSAN FOR NYTT . RD I JØSSINGFJO

NATUR MENNESKER -

clusters’ conformation

- TEKNOLOGI

flow’s direction

views from the building

Jøssingfjord | Norway| > February-March 2011 //MUSEUM COMPETITION | ILMENITE architectural design, medium scale project

Jøssingfjord is a particular area where both geology, industry and community have made their inroads into this dramatic landscape.

The headline for the planning work has been 'People - Nature Technology'. This has to reflects on: - the links between today's modern mining and the region's long industrial history and power; - the intimate connection to the hard surrounding; - the historical experience of the 2nd World War and of the Magma Geopark to visit the mines.

This can be read in three different ways: horizontally, experiencing the valley, vertically, experiencing the skylights, and historically, experiencing the old buildings and their miner origin. The project's aim is to well fit in these three goals, both in the surrounding scale and in a human scale. It is in these surroundings valleys that the Council and Dalane Folk Museum will establish the region's new documentation, dissemination and adventure centre. Realizing with the 'Project Jøssingfjord Centre' a mining and geology place.

5 weeks

skylights and rainfall

vertical landscape

[1] diagramatic explanations of the main idea [2] overall vision of the museum settled in the landscape of Jøssingfjord

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

horizontal landscape

historical landscape

By distributing the different space program flows as a coherent cluster that surrounds an inner courtyard, inspired to a traditional Norwegian yard, each volume of the building forms a close relationship to the terrain and a visual connection to the historical buildings and the surrounding landscape. The inner courtyard provides a unique opportunity to have a single circular access to all features and an outdoor exhibition that can be closed. In this way, nature is both an external and an internal part of the visit experience. A further way to experience the environment and the nature at eye height, is been done by the roof, that provides both the light and a vision to the high mountains. The rooms have varying heights, which lead to a roof structure that in a natural but effective way copes with the winter snowfall. The varying heights draw in addition a unique profile of the sky and the mountains, while the openings in the roof pointing to the vertical landscape, both frame the particular parts of nature and draw daylight into the rooms.

Bergen Stavanger

Til Stavanger

Oslo Kristiansand

BJERKREIM

Vikeså

Ørsdalen

## ##

Bjerkreim +

Tagholt

## ##

Hellvik ##

# ##

EIGERSUND

LUND

Egersund

E39 ##

## ## #

Koldal

Moi

Til Kr.sand

Gursli

SOKNDAL ##

## ##

Sandbekk

Hauge +

Tellenes

## ## ##

Jø

fjo

g sin

Til Flekkefjord

[3] masterplan of the museum 1m

1000 m

2000 m

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH JØSSINGFJORD MUSEUM MAP MAPA MAPP

1 8

9 11

6 5 12

ENTRANCE

Administration Garderobe/toilet Permanent exhibition Temporary exhibition Café Lab Boutique Auditorium Outdoor exhibition Deposit

1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

4 bibliotek Arkiv

18 m2

Administrasjon 202 m2

+9,50 Auditorium

The moment the visitors enter Ilmenite, in a distribution scale, can immediately recognize the common functions and the begin of the exhibition. Tickets and information are to the right, while the locker room and the main entrance to the exhibitions are on the left. The main axis is at the same time foyer containing the shop and cafe further down, and it gives a look on the courtyard, the exhibition in the nature and the cave houses, framed with mountain in the background. From the first exhibition room, the visitors have access to the old power station, and its interior becomes itself part of the museum experience. The continued flow follows the farm's perimeter, through a transparent transition, where the power station can be seen.

99 m2

Foajé

Laboratorium 49 m2

Garderobe

Kjøkken Kafé

Butikk

11 m2

60 m2

152 m2

fleksible skjermer Faste utstillinger

permanent exhibition routes

292 m2

A Skiftende utstillinger 170 m2

Fast utstilling

main services and auditorium

85 m2

Fast utstilling 137 m2

Magasin

Magasin 64 m2

50 m2

Inntaksrom for større gjenstander 50 m2

Verksted 41 m2

access for security and maintenance

1 m 100 m

500 m

1000 m

[4] [5] diagrams of flows and functions | opportunities of exhibitions flows [6] floor plan of the museum

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

The Foyer-axis divides the building into two main areas: the exhibition that is flexible and can be closed as needed, and the administration services that can work both for themselves and in conjunction with the exhibition area. A common area that includes a café, some toilet facilities with changing rooms and a shop, tie the two areas together. Magazines and workshops are strategically placed so that they can supply both temporary and permanent exhibitions as well as having a direct access to the delivery of goods from outside. The administrative part of Ilmenite is organized as an open office environment where museum employees, project employees and future employees will sit. The light streams in through the meeting room, which would be daily opened, but can be shielded by meetings. Room height allows indoor plants to enrich the study through the dark months. Furthermore there is a direct access to the foyer and auditorium directly from the outside, in a way that can be used when the museum is closed.

+ 19,00 m + 18,70 m

+ 18,00 m

+ 16,60 m + 16,00 m

+ 15,80 m

+ 13,70 m + 13,40 m

Åpningstider Opening Hours Mandag - Torsdag: 09:00-18:00 Fredag: 09:00-19:30 Helgedager: stengt

Billetter Ticket prices: Voksne (Adults): 80 NOK Barn (Child): 40 NOK Studenter (Student): 60 NOK Gratis inngang for barn under 3 år ( Free for childer under age of 3) Welcome in Ilminitt Center. For more information please ask the information desk.

+ 9,50 m

Kafé

til Laboratorium

til Auditorium

Butikk

til Administrasjon

Turistinformasjon og billetsalg

Stormklaff

[7] [8] [9] entrance | cafè | exhibition [10] section from the main access to the cafè

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH JØSSINGFJORD MUSEUM MAP MAPA MAPP

10 campers 10 staff’s cars 5 buses 30 visitor’s cars

+ 20,80 m + 19,70 m + 19,50 m + 18,20 m

+ 16,50 m + 15,50 m

+ 12,10 m

+ 9,50 m

Utstilling

til Skiftene utstilling

Foaje og butikk

Auditorium

[15] [16] [17] diagramatic explanations of the landscape, the parking lot, and the noise suppressors [18] section C-C

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

On the west side the parking lot and the entrance are settled. When the visitors cross the main axis of the museum, passing the inner courtyard, a park landscape is open up, where nature is reinstated without removing the tracks from the past miner industry. The landscape is processed with "stone-beams" that keep the landscape and leads the visitor through the valley, toward the bridge and the cave houses. In this way the landscape adaptations relate themselves to the historical tradition: using natural and industrial materials such as tracks, which could be seen from the climbing route and can create a resting place. The route to arrive at the museum has been changed, allowing a best settlement for the museum, without cutting off the power station from the rest of Ilmenite. Furthermore the road has been immersed in relation to the building to prevent noise from cargo trucks. Outside the entrance, a private parking lot for the staff and a public one for the visitors has been designed in front of the entrance, while buses and climbers who arrive by car or campers, can park on the other side of the creek. The terrain and the vegetation act as noise suppressors for the building.

+ 21,30 m + 20,00 m

+ 16,50 m + 15,85 m

+ 13,50 m + 12,50 m

UTSTILLING > INNLEDNING

Jøssingfjord er en eneståde mulinghed for at bringe den besøgende taet på lokal historien og på samspillet mellem matur, teknologi og samfund.

ILMENITT TITANHVITT

FRA

TIL

De fem kommunene Bjerkreim, Eigersund, Flekkefjord, Lund og Sokndal utgjør det 2329 km2 store området som er deﬁnert som Magma Geopark.

KULTURHISTORISK Dalane Folkemuseum er regionmuseum for Dalane, og har bygninger og anlegg spredd over hele regionen. Museet ble grunnlagt i 1910.

+ 9,50 m

Hovedanlegget er på Slettebø ved Egersund. I juni 2010 var det nyåpning av Egersund Fayancemuseum, som ligger i de tidligere fabrikklokalene

Kontor

Administrasjon

Foajé

Garderobe

Utstilling

Korridor

Helleren kraftstasjon

[19] section B-B

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH Jร SSINGFJORD MUSEUM MAP MAPA MAPP The building outside aspect is designed in local and natural materials, which underlines the strong connection to the mountains, forests and the fjord. In the same way as the extraction of titanium ore, the museum breaks out of the building basement, with its titanium structure and surface. The material selection is important to point out the relationship between nature, technology and people. The faรงade refers to, and reflects, the raw context, while the interior rooms are created to stay and contemplate. The openings in the walls and in the ceilings designate particularly interesting look to the surroundings and therefore provides a constant reminder that we are in the middle of the geology and history.

[11] west view from the valley [12] east faรงade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

1 m 100 m

500 m

1000 m

The windows break out of titanium facade in wood frames, forming a fine interplay between the harsh external facade and the soft material inside the building. The titanium facades mark the site's nature and emphasizes the relationship between nature, technology and people. With its soft reflection, the environment and the light are reflected on the building. The titanium lining panels of the facade are thus a symbol of the processing of the landscape, in a manageable human scale. As a building material it has many advantages: It is a flexible material that can withstand harsh climatic conditions as a west coast winter storm. It has a long life, low corrosion, which makes it resistant to wind and water. It is sustainable when it is 100% recyclable, and it is energy efficient with a high insulation value. Titanium is a lightweight material, so it is only achieved minimal burden on the supporting concrete structure, which can be designed to a minimum.

[13] east view of the museumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entrance [14] west faĂ§ade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH JĂ&#x2DC;M MAP MAPA MAPP CPH | Denmark //MAP Manual of Architectural Possibilities MAP aims to exercise architecture in the realm of speculation, through the boundaries and directions set by research and investigations, carried out into a series of fields and themes with direct spatial implications. 3 months of researches 3 months of designing projectual solutions Rhyno, Photoshop, Illustrator, Indesign

first publications of MAP: 001 Antarctica | 002 Quarantine | 003 Archive

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

The studio was mainly born with the aim of researching on architectural solutions for different extreme topics and environments. The aim of each research subject is to find theoretical and practical architectural solutions. MAP (Manual of Architectural Possibilities) is the publication of this research that aims to merge the fields of science and research on one hand, and architectural design on the other. Each issue deals with a single subject, sometimes abstract, sometimes concrete, which is placed under scrutiny through the collection of data and research from multiple perspectives. The architectural projects are a direct response to the research, sometimes pragmatic, critical or even ironic.

Each publication is composed of two pages in A1 format: one showing a data page of the research done on the subject under analysis and a second page with possible architectural projects.

MAP 001 ANTARCTICA is cast in an uninhabited land. The design on this extreme environment is the first challenge of the research. Just the mere climatic contradiction that the Antarctica (larger than Europe) is 70% ice, but a desert at the same time, makes it an unavoidable subject to be studied.

MAP 002 ARCHIVE investigates the concept of containment from the biological to the political, the geographical and beyond. Four projects are treated on this issue: A Domestic Isolation Unit, an Instantly Quarantinable Farm, a Zoo of Infectious Species, and a Quarantined Library on a cargo ship.

MAP 003 ARCHIVE aims to propose an alternative way to control and categorised our environment, and knowledge. From the antiquity we have been obsessed with systematically collecting and reorganizing what in effect already exists, in its own kind of order, or disorder. All of this occupies a huge amount of space.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

TI AL TO RR EN DE AT HS

004 MAP FLOOD ANALYSIS page research on floods in the World, its effects and problems, and ways to avoids the problem or use it as a new prospective.

RA IN

189 071 95

004 MAP FLOOD has now concluded the three months of research on the effects and problems of Flood in the world, which has been examined by collecting data and research from multiple perspectives.

DIIS PLA CED

DAM / LEVEE FAILURE

CPH | Denmark > December - February 2011 //004 MAP FLOOD | analysis Analysis page

41 29 5

K SQ ION ILL

1508052 DISPLACED

5 CTE FFE MA

3659 DEATHS

STORM HS 14 97 DEAT

DISPLACED 1738898

295294

S DEATH

E CYCLON

BSH JĂ&#x2DC;M MAP MAP Analysis MAPP

83 52 5

D EA TH

EA VY

RA IN

46 5 48

D 25

SM TH EA

ON SO ON

FACTORS OF FLOODING Whether a flood will occur and how it will develop depends on six factors: volume, spatial distribution, intensity and duration of rainfall over a containment; the capacity of the watercourse or stream network to convey runoff; containment and weather conditions prior to a rainfall event; ground cover; topography; and tidal influences.

IN RA

LACED DISP 000 5000 ACED 6 DISPL 157814 SNOW ATHS DEATHS 1147 DE 160 100

TSUNAMI

EFFECTS OF FLOODING

Floods affect more people and result in greater economic loss than any other natural disaster. However, investing into protection against a flood before it occurs saves 7 times the resources a population would invest into rehabilitation efforts after the flood. Buildings that are situated close to flood plains are at most risk structurally during a flood, especially earth or masonry buildings with water-soluble mortar, buildings with shallow foundations or weak resistance to lateral loads or impact. Flooding can damage roads, bridges, and cause traffic congestion. Elements related to nature and agriculture can also be influenced: vegetation, crops and orchards, and confined livestock. Farmland can be degraded if flood water is salty. Flooding can cause death, injury, and accelerate the spread of disease, especially food poisoning.

1 73 12 10 11 4 30 70 68 28

6 19 65

AC PL DIS

AC PL IS D

PL DIS

ED AC

96 16

238

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BENEFITS OF FLOODING Flooding (in particular the more frequent, smaller floods or those that contain freshwater) can also bring many benefits, such as recharging ground water, making soil more fertile and providing nutrients to the soil. Periodic flooding was already essential to the well-being of ancient communities along the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers, the Nile River, the Indus River, the Ganges and the Yellow River, among others. Today, many cultures are still using seasonal flood water in traditional agriculture. Moreover, constant flow of water is crucial to growing rice or wetland taro. Flood waters provide much-needed water resources especially in arid and semi-arid regions where precipitation events can be very unevenly distributed throughout the year. Freshwater floods in particular play an important role in maintaining ecosystems in river corridors and serve as the key factor in maintaining floodplain biodiversity.

CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN

DEVONIAN

SILURIAN

CARBONIFEROUS

PERMIAN

TRIASSIC

JURASSIC

CRETACEOUS

PALEOGENE

NEOGENE

QUATERNARY

The magnitudes of sea-level change in this chart follow the estimation of Haq and Shutter (2008), and Hardenbol and others (1998). However, there is little consensus on the range of sea-level changes though it is a general belief that the sea-level during most of the Phanerozoic has been less than ±100 meters of the present day level.

A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes. Science, Vol. 322, October 2008, p. 64-68 De Graciansky et al. 1998 and Haq and Schutter, 2008 300

0.08

200 0.07

100 0.06

0 0.05

-100

-0.05

area : urban :

10 m

2,729/km2 population growth :

2,20% annual

18°58’ N 72°49’ E

24 m

5.299 km2 7.037 km2

density :

location :

elevation:

municipality :

2,90% annual

51°30’ N 0°7’ E

3000

*Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2011-01-01

438 km2 4.355 km2

population growth :

location:

40°43’ N 74°0’ W

2000

0,30% annual

150 km

18.800.000

4,06/km2

0,70% annual

population growth:

100 km

population *

density :

population growth:

1000

municipality :

4,8 /km2

10,63 /km2

50 km

and surroundings

density:

urban :

0 km

SHANGAI

23.300.000

1.572 km2

urban:

area :

area:

*Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2011-01-01

population *

50 km

and surroundings

12.500.000

100

population *

110

120

130

140

150

population *

8.683 km2 municipality: 17.405 km2

160

MUMBAI

and surroundings

170

LONDON

22.200.000

180

0 km

50 km

NEW YORK and surroundings

190

200

210

220

230

240

0 km

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

50 km

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

0 km

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

480

490

-100 m

location :

elevation :

31°12’ N 121°30’ E

14 m

elevation :

Alaska

Northwestern Europe

In Alaska, with just 1 m sea level rise, almost 50 000 km2 of land would be lost. Although this area is sparsely populated, 25 000 people would be affected. These numbers would double with 6 m sea level rise.

In Northwestern Europe, 1 m of sea level rise would cause almost 35 000 km2 land loss and more than 12 million people would be affected. In the worst case scenario these numbers would double.

0 km

30 km

JAKARTA East Asia

In East Asia, 1 m sea level rise would submerge 15 250 km2 of land

Southern United States

With a 6 meters sea level rise 105 000

el rise would In the Southern region of the USA 1 m sea level

million people would be misplaced.

ect more cause almost 65 000 km2 land loss and would affect mo than el rise almost 20 million 2.5 million people. With a 6 m sea level

population *

18.700.000 *Th. Brinkhoff: The Principal Agglomerations of the World, 2011-01-01

area:

ould people be displaced, and 210 000 km2 of land would

be submerged.

urban: province:

740 km2 1.800 km2

density

Mediterrean

14,46 /km2 population growth

In the Mediterrean, 1 m of sea level

2,00% annual

displace almost 5 million people. With a 6 m location:

6°12’ S 106°48’ E

densely populated areas.

elevation:

Amazon Delta

In the Amazon Delta with only a 1 m sea level rise, the land lost would be more than 160 000 km2. Due to the regions dense population more than 13 million people would be displaced. In the case of a 6 m sea level rise, 255 000 km2 of land would be lost and almost 24 million people would be affected.

South Asia

In South Asia, almost 26 000 km2 of land would be ﬂooded with a 1 meter sea level rise and it would affect more than 10 million people. With 6 meters of sea level rise 150 000 km2 would be submerged and more than 105 million people would be affected.

Effect of 1 m sea level rise Effect of 2 m sea level rise Effect of 3 m sea level rise Effect of 4 m sea level rise Effect of 5 m sea level rise Effect of 6 m sea level rise

1 million people affected 10 million people affected 50 million people affected 100 million people affected

200 million people affected

600 000 km² of land under water 500 000 km² of land under water 400 000 km² of land under water 300 000 km² of land under water 200 000 km² of land under water 100 000 km² of land under water 50 000 km² of land under water 0

South-East Asia & North Australia

In the region of South- East Asia and North Australia, 1 meter of global sea level rise would ﬂood 35 000 km2 and would affect almost 47 million people. A 6 meter sea level rise would submerge 630 000 km2 of land and would affect 210 million people.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

BSH JØM MAP MAPA MAP Projects

012 VENICE’S DAM

250

500

CPH | Denmark > March - May 2011 //004 MAP FLOOD | projects Projects page

1000m

[01] [02] Venice’s dam plan and sections

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

004 MAP FLOOD projects page is now concluding its phase. The aim of this part of MAP is suggesting, in a form of a manual, possible architectures, in different sites of the world, that ironically or concretely can be taken into consideration for a real development. The project that have been developed are: Sea Shore Habitat, in Rotterdam, that is using the effect of the flood in a positive way, to create architecture; Maldives, a country that is going to desappear in 2050, with a urban solution on how to save the country and its coral reef, using it to create architecture; Venice and the proposal of a dam, that save the city and create a new one surrounding the historical; Trailer Home, a mobile house that in case of flood can float through inflatable engines.

Taxi

0 10

50m

100

500m

013 TRAILER HOME

ROTKAF

m05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

26 1.016 112 207 21 atolls 960 km 298 km2 1-2 sqm 1.5 m s.l. 2.4 m s.l.

28% GDP 15% GDP 7% GDP 2% GDP

KAAFU

1 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 77 16 55-73 m

1 1

THAA

VATTARU ATOLL 1 1 22-37 m

Islands: 33 Inhabited islands: 9 (6459 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 3 Depth: 51-73 m

MULAKU ATOLL

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

Characteristics: ﬁshers’ islands

DAALU

MEEMU

Characteristics: irregular shape, few islands and farus

Lankanfushi

Himmafushi

Kudahuraa Vabboahuraa Kanuhuraa Thanburudhoo

Islands: 21 Inhabited islands: 8 (6694 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 4 Depth: 49-64 m

SOUTH NILANDHE ATOLL

FAAFU

22 3 46-59 m

Islands: 10 Inhabited islands: 5 Disappeared islands: 7 Depth: 73 m

FELIDHE ATOLL

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

SOUTH MALE ATOLL

Characteristics: one of the most beautifull in the whole World Capital Malé (density 478.7 per Ha, 1/3 of the whole population live here: 103.693 inhabitants) International Airport

50 7 46-64 m

Islands: 14 Inhabited islands: 6 (4641 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 6 Depth: 55-64 m

WAAVU

CAPITAL - MALE

INT. AIRPORT - Hullhumalè

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

NORTH MALE ATOLL

30 m

1 1

Lankanﬁnolhu

NORTH NILANDHE ATOLL

Characteristics: sand, mud and clay in the ground second turistic atoll in the Maldives

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

ARI ATOLL

Islands: Inhabited islands: (867 inhabitants)

RASDHU ATOLL

Characteristics: its reef is steep and it lacks a lagoon

Islands: Inhabited islands: (1461 inhabitants)

THODDU ATOLL

Islands: Inhabited islands: (1135 inhabitants) Depth:

Malè

ALIFF

BAA

Hulhule (Airport)

Characteristics: sand, mud and clay in the ground no coral heads in the centre

Hulhumale

GAHAAFARU ATOLL

Dhoonidhoo

7 3 31-37 m

Farukohushi

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

Vihamanaafushi

GOIFULHAFEHENDHU ATOLL

Characteristics: project for a resort in a natural lagoon

Funadhoo

1 1

Feydhooﬁnolhu

UNDERWATER PROJECT for a resort

Aarah

KAASHIDHU ATOLL

Vabbinfaru

Islands: Inhabited islands: (1917 inhabitants)

Lotus project

Islands: 57 Inhabited islands: 10 Disappeared islands: 10 Depth: 42-49 m

Girifushi

MAALHOSMADULU DHEKUNUBURI ATOLL

Baros Eco-Centre was the ﬁrst in developing coral re-establishment through natural nurseries

4 50 m

Bodhubandos Kudabandos

Characteristics: meaning “between ﬁve islands”

52 5

Islands: Inhabited islands: (11.104 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: Depth:

Thulhaagiri

42-49 m

Villingili

FAADHIPPOLHU ATOLL

Gulhi Falhu

11 1

Thilafushi

FASDHUETHERE ATOLL

FILLED LAGOON Thilafalhu lagoon is now Thilafushi island thanks to wasted material

Islands: Inhabited islands: (535 inhabitants) Depth:

Baros

Characteristics: sandy ground of the lagoon

BIOROCK SYSTEM (GCRA)

Characteristics: coral patches in the middle farus on the west side

Giraavaru

LAVIYANI

Characteristics: full coral lagoon

4 1

MAAMAKUNUDHU ATOLL Islands: Inhabited islands:

NATURAL CORAL NURSERY

Islands: 101 Inhabited islands: 29 Disappeared islands: 6 Depth: 20-25 m

NOONU

SHAVIYANI

Characteristics: micro atolls on the west coast: called Farus

Islands: 51 Inhabited islands: 24 Disappeared islands: 5 Depth: 33-44 m

THILADHUNMATHI ATOLL

Ihuru

MILADHUNUMADULU ATOLL

local airport - Hanimadidhoo

25 7 35-55 m

Tree Vabbinfaru Bernacle and the

MAALHOSMADULU UTHURUBURI ATOLL

RAA

HAA DAALU

HAA ALIFF

Islands: Inhabited islands: Depth:

IHAVANDHIPROLHU ATOLL

Ihuru Island projects: the Banyam

Islands: 66 Inhabited islands: 16 (19.003 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 9 Depth: 42-49 m

ﬁrst World’s divers destination two main int. airports: Hullhumalè (Malè North atoll) and Gan Island (Addu atoll)

tourism: ﬁshery: industry: agricolture:

ofﬁcial language: Dhivehi population 2010: 396.334 turists 2010: 750.000

atolls: islands: disappeared: inhabitated: admin. divisions: total length: area: area average: height average: heighest point:

MALDIVES:

Huraa

BSH JØM MAP MAPA MAP Projects

r yea 0 0 1 50s

Kanduoih-giri Furah-nafushi FILLED LAGOON Hulumalé and Gulhi Falhu are the ﬁrst two

islands) that are encreasing their land mass and heigh through sand from their lagoon

islands (of a govern’amental program of 7

and others uninhabitated islands

ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS expecially for Malé and Hulhumalè

6 59-77 m

66 13

014 MALDIVES’S CORAL CITY QUARRY Characteristics: “lingua franca”, most widely spread and famous dialect in Maldives “second City” of Maldives traditional Maldivian communities

heighest point 2.4 m s.l. - Wiligili Island

growing natural cities on the disappearing farus, the cities and lands on the edges of the volcano can be re-established and linked, to create the typical shape of an at

international airport - Gan Island

Malè

1 1

Hulhule (Airport)

Characteristics: it’s one large single island that was an atoll, whose southern end was open to a spot, now closed by massive coral boulders, thus the inside is now lower that the edges. Filled with silt and two lakes not more salted.

Thilafushi

FUVAHMULAH ISLAND

Hulhumale

Islands: Inhabited islands:

them in a natural way.

Islands: 23 Inhabited islands: 6 (28.068 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 3 Depth: 37-46 m

NAVIYANI

CC 001

Characteristics: 30 sandy island just in the middle of the atoll sandy ground of the lagoon the world’s largest atoll the deepest lagoon in Maldives

Villingili

Islands: 235 Inhabited islands: 20 Disappeared islands: 18 Depth: 91 m

HUVADHU ATOLL

edges of the lagoons of the farus, recreating the typical shape of

ADDU ATOLL

local airport - Kaadedhoo

Islands: 82 Inhabited islands: 12 (14.313 inhabitants) Disappeared islands: 12 Depth: 55-62 m

HADDHUNMATHI ATOLL

grow coral quarry, that can secondly build new cities.

SEENU

GAAFU DAALU

GAAFU ALIFF

local airport - Kadhdhoo

the largest Maldives’ island

LAMU

CORAL CITY The new cities are build in the

0° 00° 00° N

Islands: Inhabited islands: (13.846 inhabitants) Disappeared isl.: Depth:

CORAL QUARRY The Byorock System is used to

Huraa

Himmafushi

Coral City 021

EDGES CITIES CONNECTION In 100 years, after a 50 years policy of

oll, as it was at the beginning of its creation

NATURAL BARRIERS

The coral quarry products can be used, not just to built cities, but also to protect them.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

ACADEMIC SUMMARY // ACADEMIC SUMMARY

//PERSONAL REFLECTIONS OF LEARNING

//THE INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

I come from a country where the possibility to grow the own personality is difficult. Once a young italian architect concludes the university, and faces the working world, his/her dreams and thoughts about it start to decrease. I was part of this group once I had my bachelor degree in Architecture of Construction, even if I had attended a prestigious university as the Politecnico di Milano is considered by the architecture public, and even if I had demonstrated in all my career my valuable skills and competences. During my second year of bachelor I had to attend, as part of my study programme, an internship. I attended it into an italian studio of architecture and construction, and I had the confirm of what my young colleagues were telling me. Although I was trying to demonstrate the studio my interests and ability in developing design processes and conceptual ideas, and despite my clear attraction to the organization of the works and to an active participation on it, it was only possible to be a passive part of the studio, like a pawn, directed by others and convolved just in digital works. Therefore the situation I was experiencing wasn't giving me any kind of learning. I could say that while I learned a lot from my italian university, I learned less from my italian internship.

It could seams strange that while I'm here in Denmark I'm having an internship into a studio, sites in Copenhagen, directed by a spanish architect and teacher. It was weird also for me at the beginning, when I received an answer from him to my motivation letter. I was so excited during all the first year of my danish master that the idea of doing something different from their schemes could be able to disorient me again.

In my mind grew the idea that a future in Italy was just a visionary one, a future without personality. That's the reason of my change: change of country, change of plans, change of possibilities. And of course, each country has its own weaknesses, but what I was lack in, was filled by a new knowledge, a new way of learning and a new mentality. So if at the beginning of my Master experience the fears where overcoming the certainties, now that I've experienced an internship abroad, in Copenhagen, the certainties have started to rise to the surface. During the whole internship, difficulties and problems apart, I finally had the semblance that a future in this country should be possible. Saying this I mean a future that respect my personality and fits it, a future that is completely the opposite of being lobotomised by the work you where studying and developing yourself for.

I had an interview and the first impression was replacing me on the taken tracks: the possibility to work in an international work environment and to participate into the project, from its first concept to its delivery to the costumer, like an active and directive part of the team. This was what I wanted to achieve from an internship, having the possibility to develop my skills into a work that could take me as an operative and productive part of it. Since the first day I entered into the studio I had been responsible of organizing all the material concerning the design and the administration of a project for a bike shed, already started. Excited from the assignment, I demonstrated from the beginning a great interest and responsibility in every task I had to cope with, to the extent that, after a week, I had to change the design and all the works done before because of found problems, mostly related to the economy of it. David Garcia and the studio demonstrated interest in my works, and on my side, feeling considered and appreciated for the works done was giving me the reputation and the respect that I was not having before. The further work that involved me, was for a competition. The Studio, is being financed only through scholarships and grants, and thus the competition theme is the most faced, ad it is considered a possibility to further finance the studio, and mostly to develop the knowledge of it abroad. Participating into a competition was progressing the skills I started to experience in my university life. The steps we were taking where similar in schemes and time span to the academic ones.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

The only difference I could notice and appreciate, was the professional environment I was in, where every component of the studio was giving his/her best, or was glad to help and answer who needed assistance regarding technical matter, reaching in this way a standard skills level in all the studio. I further noticed how the tensions where mainly concentrated into the design process, and how they progressively decreased at the end of this phase and in all the detailing one, where the studio's clime wasn't the same I could experience into a university group-room, where the defiance air between groups is more evident, and usually induces to de-concentration.

The organization was excellent and the studio could develop and grow ideas that almost at the end of the design process where gratefully accepted by his judgement. Furthermore it was really satisfying to see how the interest in our project was coming not just from him but also from different entities, like biologists, scientists, companies, ONGs, people that was just crossing the studio, colleagues, architects worldwide, also before MAP's issue.

The most enthusiastic experience I am having from the studio is given by MAP. This manual of architectural possibilities, lead me in discussions and analysis of concrete and global problems that are involving not just architecture. Discussions and researches where also followed by the interest in the research of other entities, not necessary related to the architectural world, but that helped us into knowing more, and in a more appropriate way, about the theme we were processing.

Since the first day I arrived the studio, I started to experience how the organization was mainly leaded by the main components of each group, and how the presence of David Garcia was limited to control the time schedules and the most bureaucratic part of the studio, mainly related to financial matters.

I can say that this was what I earned the most from the studio's competences. I have always been involved, both by competitions and academic works, into the analysis of a site given me by others, that I had to analyse and find for it an architectural or urban solution. I was never thinking before of a site decided by our studies on a global theme, where maybe it's inappropriate to decide a specific site, but it result probably more appropriate to decide the logic to work. After the analysis phase, the planning one was the most exposed to discussions and critics. Also in this phase it was great-full to notice how the reputation that David had at the beginning was progressively changing into something more promising. It was of relevant consideration that during this part of MAP the studio was leaded by itself, due to the huge amount of teaching appointments and commitments of David Garcia.

ORGANIZATION

The choices of the competitions, the working methods and the chosen working processes, has always been processed by us, as well as directly being in contact with companies and different entities convolved in our projects and researches phases. This was mostly due to the lack of physical presence by David at the studio. WORKING FLOW Due to the self-manage status of the studio, and its lack of a directing personality in the greatest part of the working time, the organization of the works was following a time span and a working flow managed by us. Despite this method of organization of the work could seems ineffective due to the experience of the young components of the studio, this wasn't: on the contrary, the greater amount of responsibility each component had, was increasing the professionalism at work, and a precision into the communication.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

EXPERIENCE REPORT // EXPERIENCE REPORT

//THE STUDIO EXPERIENCE

//TASKS FOR INTERNS

David Garcia Studio is a small office founded by the spanish architect and teacher David Amador Garcia. David Garcia is the main and only director of the studio, he's currently working as associate at Henning Larsen Studio in Copenhagen, and he's the publisher and editor of MAP, the Manual produced by his studio.

The studio is composed of two architects and eight interns: architect Maria Tranebæk Lindstrøm (DK), architect Christopher Heppel (USA), and interns Tyra Lea Amdisen Dokkedahl (DK), Timea Toeroek (HU), Elena Ardighieri (IT), Nicolas Feihl (HE), Ondine Boutaud (FR), Vera Juul (CA), Brian Puiming Ng (USA) and Justin Tien (USA).

He received his architectural degree in 2002 from The Bartlett School of Architecture, London. Educator and researcher, besides running David Garcia Studio, he is a Guest Professor and Master Course Director at the Architectural School of Lund's Technical College, holds a teaching position at the School of Architecture at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen since 2003 and is a Teaching Fellowship at Unit 3 at the The Bartlett, UCL, London.

The aim of this temporary studio is to develop ideas, having themes to analyse and secondly find a place, concrete or imaginary to develop an architectural project based on the analytical research. This is also the aim of MAP: each intern has to progress ideas that are motivated by a solid research, indeed after a period of research the student can easily go to a design that has informed decisions.

The period of research doesn't allows the intern to draw, but just to gather infos, discuss about the theme of analysis, not just through an architectural point of view, and develop a knowledge that will bring him/her to a certain decision. The goal of the studio is to make all the ideas of a component to be real: whatever you imagine it can be possible although the project should be ironic, critical, pragmatic, but the idea is to react of some of the question that arise from that research.

“In a world where our clashes with our own built and un-built environments put us in ever more challenging positions, architecture must return to inventiveness, ideas and collaboration to react to extreme scenarios”. The nature of the studio is similar to a university group, where the projects are mostly experiments in architecture and the built environment, and the composition of it is basically done by changing and temporary components. Nobody is getting paid from the internship, also the two part-time architects that are part of it. This is the motivation of the temporality of the studio's composition, but this allows a great change in the flow of ideas inside the studio and the possibility of the interns to always experiment a new architectural way of thinking, emphasized through the international environment that characterize the studio itself.

The aphorism of the studio is indeed: what exist is a small part of what it is possible. The “possibility” and the “existence” are the main aspects that lead the researches in the studio. If someone imagine something, this could be possible, using the correct tools: a good analysing research and methodology, and a correct use of technology, being in the tracks of sustainability. The themes that have been used for this student's exercise are based on extreme environments, and so find extreme architectures that could fit them. The interns are learning by researching this global themes and the worlds speculation action. Finding architectural solutions and proposals that can avoid the building speculation process, that is usually the consequence of big world's problems.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

//CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT

//THE EMPLOYMENT'S ENVIRONMENT

Because of the intimate size of the office, and the small amount of people working there (an average of ten employes), it is really easy to get known of the works that each group is processing and it is at the same time easy from the outside to know what it is running inside the studio, due to the showing-windows on the street.

Due to the young average of components, the studio's environment it is really energetic and confidential. Also the working hours are really flexible, due to the fact that nobody is getting paid and has a second job to finance himself. Lunch and dinner are not included in the working position, only the common expenses are paid by the studio.

The aim of David Garcia was to create a platform that tries to give shape to the experimental architecture he is analysing in his lectures. An extreme architecture for extreme environments, a work that spans through various scales and from the social sphere to the technical, always challenging the status quo of the site or the world through inventiveness and a cross-disciplinary approach. â&#x20AC;&#x153;In a world where our clashes with our own built and un-built environments put us in ever more challenging positions, architecture must return to inventiveness, ideas and collaboration to react to extreme scenariosâ&#x20AC;?.

The work of the interns is managed in the office and there hasn't been the possibility to have workshops directed by David Garcia outside the studio. The overall environment and experience gives to the interns a possibility to grow his/her skills in a friendly climate, and the possibility to be known by the public architectural audience, through the MAP issue, beside creates international contacts and references that can help the intern to get the base for his/her own future career.

The nature of the studio is similar to a university group, where the projects are mostly experiments in architecture and the built environment, and the composition of it is basically done by changing and temporary components. Nobody is getting paid from the internship, also the two part-time architects that are part of it. This is the motivation of the temporality of the studio's composition, but this allows a great change in the flow of ideas inside the studio and the possibility of the interns to always experiment a new architectural way of thinking, emphasized through the international environment that characterize the studio itself.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37