WHY HAS TERRORISM GONE GLOBAL? BY ELENA LIE
THIS BOOKLET INCLUDES: 3 RECENT TERRORIST ATTACKS 3 DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE ON TERRORISM ANSWERS TO THE QUESTION WHY HAS TERRORISM GONE GLOBAL
RECENT ATTACKS
BALI 2002 THE ATTACK IN BRIEF Bali Bombing (2002) Who?
When & Where?
• 202 People Killed (88 Australians, 38 Indonesians, 28 Britons), 240 Injured • Terrorist group: Jemaah Islamiyah • Co-ordinator of attacks: Mukhlas/ Ali Ghufron • Amrozi and Ali Imron (Brother of Mukhlas) play key roles in attack • Idris- gathering funds, arrange transport, acccomodation for bombers • Amrozi- buy chemicals and minivan for Sari Club attack • Dulmatin- assemble bombs • Abdul Ghoni- mixed explosives • Umar Patek- make explosives • Ali Imron- make main bomb for Sari Club • Iqbal- duty to explode bombs • • • •
12 October 2002, 11:05pm Paddy’s Club, Kuta Sari Club, Kuta US Consulate, Denpasar
What?
• Bombing attacks in a tourist district (night club place) and a US Consulate
How?
• Three bombs- backpack-mounted device in Paddy’s Club, large car bomb in Sari Club, smaller device detonated outside the US consulate in Denpasar
Why?
• In support of Osama Bin Laden’s US war on terror and Australia’s role in the liberation of East Timor • Bali was chosen because it was frequented by Americans and their associates -Ali Imron (jailed in 2003 for being part of the attack) Quoted Imam Samudra: It’s part of a jihad or holy war to defend the people of Afghanistan from America (only 7 died from US)- poorly informed and manipulated
The Bali Bombing of 2002 is by far the most shocking and one that made the biggest impact in terms of terrorism in Indonesian history. Led by the biggest terrorist group in South East Asia, Jemaah Islamiyah, this terrorist attack is meant to support the infamous terrorist group Al Qaeda in killing Americans in order to send a message to the government. However, being poorly informed, they kill mostly Australians and Indonesian citizens instead. This could actually proof on how easy these infidels are when it comes to being indoctrinated or manipulated. There definitely is a lot of historical context that comes with the planning of this attack and without a doubt a lot of indoctrination that happens along side that. Though it’s uncertain whether it’s a suicide mission or not as it is investigated that the bomb did go off prematurely, these bombers are prepared to die. I would say the main reason being is because they have been indoctrinated that if they do what they’re supposed to do (bombing the place, supposedly for their religion) they will be rewarded, and that is called the Jihad. I would say that this is quite a well-planned terrorist act and if I were to see this in the terrorist’s point of view, I would say it’s a very successful attack as it caused terror, it clearly sent the message and it became global news, which I would think is also the main reason these extremists do this in the first place.
RECENT ATTACKS
MADRID 2004 THE ATTACK IN BRIEF Madrid Train (2004) Who?
• 191 people killed (142 Spanish, 16 Romanians, 6 Ecuadorians), 2050 injured • Islamist terrorist • Al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist cell • Jamal Zougam carried the attack • 4 terrorists died in the suicide explosion
When & Where?
• Madrid, Spain • 11 March 2004 7:30-8:00 (Three days before the general election)
What?
• 10 Explosions aboard 4 commuter trains • Left from the following stations: Atocha Station, El Pozo del Raimundo Station, Santa Eugenia Station, Calle Tellez
How?
• 13 Improvised Explosive Devices placed on the trains
Why?
• Force spanish government to withdraw spanish troops from Iraq • Islamic fundamentalists want to kill their main opponents
The Madrid train incident is also an Al Qaeda-inspired terrorist attack. This terrorist attack is strategically three days before the general election. The terrorists or freedom fighter (depending on your viewpoint) are indoctrinated Islamist fundamentalists from Tunisia and are conditioned to do such deeds as they think they are doing the honorable thing. The reasoning behind this terrorist attack is quite political because a political party promised to withdraw Spanish troops from Iraq while the other aim to keep their men to stay and fight in Iraq.
The only explanation to why one (or a group of them) can chaos such damage is because they have been indoctrinated and they most probably believe in Jihad. I think this attack is a great example in the sense of explaining that terrorism has indeed become global because we’re talking about Tunisian men killing hundreds and injuring thousands in Spain to rescue their brothers in Iraq.
RECENT ATTACKS
JAKARTA 2009 THE ATTACK IN BRIEF JW Marriot Jakarta (2009) Who?
When & Where?
• 9 people killed (including 2 suicide bombers), 53 injured • Terrorist: Jemaah Islamiyah • Led by Noordin M. Top • Dani Dwi Permana- 18 year old graduate of private senior high school in Bogor, suicide bomber in JW Marriot • Nana Ikhwan Maulana- 28 year-old former reisdent of Pandeglang, Banten, suicide bomber of Ritz Carlton • • • •
Jakarta, Indonesia JW Marriot Ritz-Carlton 17 July 2009 7:47-7:57
What?
• Suicide bombing • 5 minutes apart JW Marriot First and then Ritz-Carlton
How?
• Bomb smuggled into JW Marriot one day before the attack, rented by Ibrohin
Why?
• The hotels are American and the Islamic fundamentalists are angry at the American government for launching a war on terrorism • Same reason as the Bali Bombing
This attack was carried out by Islamic fundamentalists and it managed to kill 9 people and injured more than 50. The main reason to why they attack these two hotels within 5 minutes apart of one another is because of their hatred towards American government launching a war on terrorism. This attack was led by Noordin M. Top and is under the biggest South East Asian terrorist network Jemaah Islamiyah. Just like the two other recent attacks, this too is of the result of indoctrination. This attack surely brought the attention of media around Indonesia and also globally. The Islamist fundamentalists call themselves freedom fighters but are fighting for their so-called freedom in a violence manner with terror. Even though the casualities aren’t hundreds, I would still think this is still a successful terrorist act because it did get its message across and it attracted attention. I don’t think the two suicide bombers are engaged in this terrorist act because of socioeconomic reasons because the bomber of JW marriot graduated of a private senior high school which would mean that he has money and also that he is educated. This could be because of his lost of hope in life, the indoctrination and misinterpretation of the Quran. I would think that it is also the same case for the suicide bomber of Ritz Carlton. This is quite a well-planned terrorist attack but I don’t think they thought of it to the details because they do have CCTV and people grew suspicious of that certain hotel room. Nevertheless, it killed and injured innocent civilians and also got its message across.
VIEWPOINTS ON TERRORISM
MALALA YOUSAFZAI THE SOURCE IN DEPTH In the three videos of Malala Yousafzai that I looked at, they gave me a little more information about her situation and of what she thought. In 2007, there’s terrorism in where she lives which is in Swat. She said no tourists would come and she can’t attend school freely. Even though she’s not supposed to, Malala continues to go to school. At that time, speaking up was a big thing and she did it because she wants justice and not terrorism. She wants to make it her purpose to fight for humanity and for their rights. From the sources, I also learned that she was shot in the head and she had to get surgery to get the bullet out of her head. Where she lived was controled by the Taliban, which is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan. She also wasn’t afraid at that time because she have the motivation. What the Taliban did is flog girls in front of a crowd, torture, took control, ban girls from getting their education as well as spread terror and fear.
“THEY WERE LIKE BARBARIANS, OR SOME KIND OF OTHER ORGANISMS”
To view the sources that I analyzed, click on the following links below: Eight Grader Stood Up Against Terrorism Interview with the BBC Interview after her recovery
ANALYSING THE SOURCE
ORIGIN OF THE SOURCE Malala was an eight grade student when she witnessed terrorism in her own home in the valleys of Mingora, Swat. She has always been a passionate education activist and she aspires to be a politician that fights for the education rights for women. Malala was the only one at that time who was brave enough to talk to the media about terrorism in the place she way living in. Advised by her father, she kept a diary for four months, pouring her heart out writing about what she felt, what she saw and what happened. She then send this to BBC. Malala was by far the youngest person ever to be nominated for the Noble Peace Price and she received some recognition of her own, she built a foundation for education and she even have a school named after her!
I think that Malala Yousafzai is quite a valuable source mainly because she was there to witness the terror and that she isn’t saying all of these things based on assumption and other information. Because she lived through the terror and because she have seen people tortured and killed, she is more subjective. As quoted on the red box. she did describe them as barbarians or some kind of other organisms. She don’t categorize them as evolved humans and I would say that’s quite harsh. But having witnessed all of this and not swear, call them with even harsher names and involve a lot of emotions while speaking also makes her a very valuable source. Even for an eight grader at that time, she didn’t give a lot of biased opinions. She spoke very calmly and she tried to focus on the future rather on what already happened. However, she only speak in her perspective and possibly the victims as well. The limitations to this source is because it’s biased as she is a victim herself and she didn’t include the terrorist’s point of view. A more subjective source would include of what possibly the terrorists were thinking and for what purpose they did that. I do think this source is quite subjective because she’s emotionally attached to this but she didn’t show much emotions or swear to express the anger that she has. Even so, this only includes her perspective and doesn’t make the cut of being an objective source.
VIEWPOINTS ON TERRORISM
MUSLIMS AGAINST TERRORISM
ORIGIN OF THE SOURCE Kirsten Stephens currently lives in Minnesota, USA and she frequently posts videos on YouTube. Tired of the link of Muslim and terrorism and thinking, ‘Why don’t we ever hear Muslims speaking out against terrorism?’. Kirsten decided to take her video camera and get different viewpoints from Muslims in Minnesota.
THE SOURCE IN DEPTH This source basically is quite a few Muslims living in Minnesota speaking against terrorism and getting their voices heard. Nasir (25)- Terrorists are cowards. There are no rationale or justification for killing people. Malerie- I don’t like terrorism. I think it destroys the moral fabric of our society.
Azba- Terrorists and terrorism do not define Muslims or the world for that matter. How is killing people ok? It’s not. Kalil Amat- Terrorists are disgusting. They’re worse than dried eggs Shanna- Being a good muslim is respecting the value of human life. I absolutely, full-heartedly condemn terrorism Ahmad and Muhammad- Condemn all forms of terrorism Tusni- Terrorism is evil. There’s no excuse for it. Not Mentioned- Terrorists are idiots Muslim Family- Terrorism is the enemy for all societies. It’s not a solution for anything. Ahmad- Suicide undertaking and taking innoncent people’s lives is forbidden in Islam. There’s no support for terrorist acts in all Islamic scripture. In conclusion, from this source, we can find out that the Muslims that Kirsten interviewed are all against terrorism.
ANALYSING THE SOURCE Firstly, I would think that this source is the source that meets in the middle but mostly supporting anti-terrorism. The public determines what they want to think about terrorism after actually hearing both sides of the victim and the terrorists (or freedom fighter). I would actually think it’s going more towards supporting the victims instead of the terrorists, it’s actually quite obvious based on their thoughts. This can be because in the media it’s mostly what happened and people always sympathize on the victims while very few actually hear what the terrorists have to say. Since they live in the US, I would also think that they would follow the US way which is antiterrorism as it’s covered a lot in media.
The value from this source mainly comes from the fact that it comes from different people from different ethnicity, age and gender however they all come from Minnesota. The public value is of course very valuable because of what they choose to process and believe in after everything they hear about. Though the public aren’t directly involved as a victim or terrorist and they hear about it, they’re still quite subjective. This is probably because of their religion, as they are Muslim and their religion is being portrayed badly by fundamentalists and extremist groups. I think that’s mostly where the hatred comes from. I would also think that this source is very biased because it only gets the perspective of Muslim against terrorism, not from the terrorist’s point of view and Muslims that are in support of terrorism. A lot of the words used to describe terrorists are very hard and I think that comes from being subjective. I would argue that this source is very subjective and I don’t think it’s subjective at all because of its biasy. They don’t even consider the terrorist’s point of view and come straight to the conclusion. In conclusion, I think this is quite a valuable source but it has more limitations than it has value because chances are the public don’t know much about terrorism but they just process what they see on media. Also, the source is very biased which is why it’s not as valuable as it should be. To view the source, click here.
VIEWPOINTS ON TERRORISM
ABU BAKAR BA’ASYIR THE SOURCE IN DEPTH In this source, Christopher Parnell interviewd Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir so he could get a glance of his perspective. In this particular interview, Parnell didn’t ask a lot of questions, just three. Firstly, he asked Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir what he has to say with the statement ‘One man’s freedom fighter is another man’s terrorist’. Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir replied that that assumption is quite normal because of political interests. He also said that this has something to do with politics, religion and faith. In his opinion, him and anyone who does those acts are considered as heroes by their religion. Of course, this could be a result of indoctrination and the misinterpretation of the Jihad, but that’s his viewpoint. But at the end, he says that the reason of that statement is because of political or religious interests at work. In this interview, Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir also clarified that he is indeed the spiritual leader of Jemaah Islamiyah and he is the leader of the Indonesian Mujahiddin Council. According to Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir, he have never been involved in terrorist activities. Of course, this could be from the definition of terrorism.
ANALYSING THE SOURCE ORIGIN OF THE SOURCE (1) Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir was the leader of the Indonesian Mujahedeen Council and is the spiritual leader for Jemaah Islamiyah.
ORIGIN OF THE SOURCE (2) Christopher Parnell has been imprisoned in Indonesia for 11 years. He interviewed Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir for this source.
This source is very valuable because it’s from Abu Bakar Ba’Asyir, the head of Jemaah Islamiyah himself. With this interview, we can actually see his perspective regarding terrorism and freedom fighting. From this we already know that he has the assumption that by doing these deeds, they are considered a hero in their religion. With this, we can get the understanding that he was indoctrinated, he minsinterpreted the Jihad as well as the Quran. He spoke about this very subjectively of course because he is directly involved with terrorism (or as he calls it freedom fighting). With this, we can also see that there limitations with this source. We can see for instance, that this source is biased because it only talks about the terrorism point of view and it doesn’t weigh in the other side of the story. Also, this source is really biased because as the head of Jemaah Islamiyah, he would in a way protect his members and of course, he won’t think what he’s doing is terrorism. I would say even though it’s subjective and it’s quite biased, I would argue that this source is very valuable because we are getting information from someone directly involved and someone who knows what he’s talking about. Compared to a random person on the street, he’s of much more value because of his position in this matter. Compared to a historian, I would still argue this source is more valuable because we can really see what he’s thinking. Though a historian or a teacher would weigh in both the terrorist and the victim’s side, I would think getting it straight from the source is much better because then we wouldn’t worry about the reliability of the information. I think we can weigh in both of the viewpoints ourselves, eliminating the middleman where they have a neutral perspective (though at most times biased towards one side). Overall, I would think that this source has more value than it has limitations however it’s biased and not objective. To view the interview that I used for analysing this source, click here.
HOW HAS TERRORISM GONE GLOBAL?
MAP OF RECENT ATTACKS
ANSWERING THE GUIDING QUESTION
WHY HAS TERRORISM GONE GLOBAL? Answering the guiding question won’t be a onepart answer. The question is very complicated, and the answer will be as well. To fully answer this question we need to look at quite a few factors: historical, socio-economoic, indoctrination and recruitment, misinterpretation of the holy Quran, funding, aggressive western foreign policy and technology and interconnctedness. All of these factors are why terrorism has gone so global and the network for it is still growing.
HISTORICAL To fully understand terrorism and its origin, we need to go back to the conflict in the middle east with Palestine and Israel. Ancient Israel used to belong to Jewish tribes and in their holy book, it’s stated to be their homeland. In a time in history, the Jews were exilde from Israel and had to settle to other countries. A large percentage of them settled in Russia and Polland and they were later sent to concentration camps and millions were killed during world war 2. Before then, in the 19th century, a movement called Zionism occured, where Jews return back to the promised land. After the world war 2, they all tried to return back to the promised land but of course, Palestine has already been settled by the Arabs. The United Nations then voted for Palestine to be divided into two; Israel and Palestine. The fight for the land occured as more and more Jewish refugee come to Palestine. That is basically the start to terrorism. Since then, Israel isn’t liked by their Middle Eastern brothers as they are the land of the Jews where all the others are Arab. Israel and America has always been really close and with that conflict in mind, the hatred towards America starts to rise.
You may be thinking on how would history relate to the fact that terrorism has indeed gone global. Well, for starters, without this conflict in the first place, it wouldn’t quite have gone global. Another reason to why it did go global is because it’s in separate hemispheres and it needs to connect with other networks in order to fully plan effective terrorist attacks.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC In recent terrorist attacks, a lot of members including suicide bombers are needed. Recruitment is a very important part in terms of building a global network. To make terrorism global, they basically need a lot of people in different parts of the world. When it comes to the attacks, the mastermind aren’t going to be the one blowing themselves up, they’re going to be one of the people that they recruited. The socioeconomic stance is very important because terrorist networks today rely on getting their recruitment from slum areas, with people with no future, hope, money, education and everything else worth living for. They took advantage of this, indoctrinate and manipulate them in order to get them to join and do whatever they ask them to do. The socio-economic factor is very strategic and it’s very important because I wouldn’t think rich people with a promised future in front of them would want to kill themselves when given that information alone (no indoctrination or anything else). The socio-economic stance play a big part in the attacks because they are the ones who are willing to sacrifice their lives probably to save their family’s lives. With a socio-economic problem, it would most probably mean that that person didn’t have a proper education. With this in mind, it would mean that it would be easier to manipulate.
INDOCTRINATION AND RECRUITMENT As mentioned before, this factor is very important when it comes to expanding the network and making terrorism global. Indoctrination is basically like brainwashing. Most of the Islamic fundamentalists that end up in doing terrorist acts are mostly indoctrinated. Most of them believe that they are going to be heroes and that they will be in a better place. Recruitment is a major part of making it global because afterall, how are they going to expand if they have no members? Indoctrination can be done through social networks these days because technology has made it easier for terrorism to go global. Also, they can be taught in Mosques (like the one in Sudan where Osama Bin Laden grew up in). Bottom line, the more people they have in their network, the easier it is for them to expand and make terrorism global.
MINSINTERPRETATION OF THE QURAN The misinterpretation of the Quran and the Jihad is one of the main reasons to why terrorism has gone global. Islam is a world religion, which means it’s already global. If you would ask non Islamic extremists and fundamentalists about the Quran, they would argue that it says nothing about killing people or anything like that. Instead, most people would argue that killing in Islam has big penalties. Jihad, in translation actually means ‘struggle’ and not killing people and you go to heaven for it. A lot of terrorist acts go back to the fact that they think they are doing this for their religion and that they would be rewarded. Jihad simply meant struggle and I think this misinterpretation that has spread worldwide actually triggered more people to join terrorism networks and actually made it more global than it already is. A lot of terrorist networks and fundamentalists use this as a way to get new members and recruits. I would think that they actually believe it or why else would they be doing it themselves? I think this misinterpretation of the Quran and Jihad alone has caused a lot of miscommenucation and has led to a lot of terrorist acts. So to sum up, misinterpretation of the Quran and the Jihad made more people join because they think they would be rewarded.
ANSWERING THE GUIDING QUESTION
WHY HAS TERRORISM GONE GLOBAL? FUNDING
TECHNOLOGY AND INTERCONNECTEDNESS
A big part of terrorism is actually the funding. Believe it or not, guns, explosives, recruitment, communication maintainance and everything else is really expensive. Osama Bin Laden, for example, comes from a really rich family who can easily support all the fundings needed for his terrorist acts. With more money in the bank, the more they can expand their network, get recruitments, develop new technology and basically do whatever they want. This, in my opinion is also why terrorism has gone global because without money, none of it would have happened.
I would argue that this is the biggest part to why terrorism has gone global. All the other factors have existed hundreds and hundreds years ago and terrorism hasn’t quite gone global. These past ten years or so is the start to how terrorism has actually gone global. I would say that this is the most important factor and the factor that ties all six other factors together. While back then they would communicate with phones which is much easier to track, now they can use the internet and various different social medias such as skype to interact. They can build their own websites or use already-existing ones to recruit new members. Everything is endless in the world of technology and unfortunately for us, it has helped make terrorism grow. With technology, members from different parts of the world can connect. They can plan attack in seconds just by communicating through skype or through chats. With everything else in our fingertips, it’s so much easier for terrorists. The internet is also really hard to track. But if we were to look at it in both sides, with technology also have a bad side for the terrorists. Now we have very tight security checks with really hightech stuff to check our bags and all that stuff. 30 years ago, they don’t have this technology which makes it much easier to smuggle in bombs and guns to airplanes, hotels and all different destinations. But in short, the growth of technology has really made the biggest impact in making terrorism go global.
AGGRESSIVE WESTERN POLICY A lot with what have to do with the war in Iraq and America being terrorists is also what triggers a lot of terrorist acts. Most of the Islamic fundamentalists actually want to fight for the US to leave Iraq alone and bring their troops back. For political reasons, the US remained where they are and the anger of Islamic fundamentalists turn into creating terror.
IN CONCLUSION
Above is the map of major terrorist networks of Islam extremists in South East Asia and in the Middle East. This map shows that the terrorism network really is global and that it continues to expand. With this map, we can see that there are thousands of ‘freedom fighters’ and members of that certain terrrorist group. The green areas represent the areas where the influence is in rising whereas the orange area represents the influence in decline.
In conclusion, we can see that all seven factors interconnect with each other. They all need each other to fully explain why terrorism has gone global. I would say the main factor to why terrorism has gone global is due to the advancement of technology because this is something they don’t have years back. I think this factor has made the biggest impact in terms of expanding the network as well as building and communicating within countries through the internet or something similar to that. To explain why has terrorism gone global, All seven factors are very important in terms of explaining why terrorism has gone global.
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