Forming Terra by Eli Block

World Design as Next Manufacturing Paradigm RISD Industrial Design FW2015

Produced for RISD ID Special Topic Studio: Next Manufacturing Paradigm This publication ÂŠ 2015 by Eli Block

NMP Final Presentation7-55 Research (World Building)56 Future Event Projections60 Planets? Why Asteroids?77-1 Value Creation77-2 Methodology77-3 Planet Construction78 Terrain Building80 Planet Painting82 Research Backlog86 Research CD-ROMBack Cover

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x. Planet Craft

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Mission Statement3 Terraforming vs. Asteroid Mining5 Technology Roadmap6 Projection Summary8 Concept Rendering13 Exploded View Drawing14 User Scenarios16 Future Event Projectionsx Research (World Building)x Planets? Why Asteroids?x Value Creationx Methodologyx Research Backlogx

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x. Contents

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Above: image by Daniel Beltra/Foundation for Deep Ecology

Above: image by Pablo Lopez Luz/ Foundation for Deep Ecology.

x. Background Information

Above: image by Mark Gamba/Corbis/ Foundation for Deep Ecology

Above: image by Daniel Dancer/Foundation for Deep Ecology

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x. Planet Craft

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Over the last several hundred years, Homo sapiens have come to dominate the surface of the Earth. We have not only transformed our own lives, but also altered the air, water, soil, and climate. As human populations explode to more than 8 billion individuals, we are bringing about the sixth great biological extinction in natural history. Already, food, clean drink, and space on our planet have become limiting commodities for life. Not only sustenance and habitats, but all environmental resources are becoming sparse—in the next decades, rare earth metals essential to humanity’s great technologies will run out. Having turned inward on the Earth and consumed, people must now, for the first time, seriously consider looking out. But a move off-planet faces considerable obstacles, none-the-least of which are the steady march of time, the complexity of building in space, and the brevity of human lives. Soon, revolutionary advances in health, engineering, and computational technologies will allow humans to transcend traditional lifespans, machines to self-replicate and reproduce themselves in the absence of technicians, and strong AI to guide the formation of multiple worlds. In this new technological age, our societies will be tasked with producing novel terraria within which to gather resources and sustain the life quickly fading from the Earth. We are entering the age of the Long Near, argues London-based futures consultancy The Future Laboratory; with novel tools—quantum computing, automated mining, space elevators, and powerful spacecraft engines—“generations, rather than individuals, will be tasked with shaping our world.” In this next manufacturing paradigm, asteroids and planets will become the raw material for incredible acts of creation. Complex diggers will hollow out asteroids, spin them by angling the ejection of their tallus, and create shielded, gravitationally stable environments for the species of the Earth to inhabit. At the same time, gases will be transported to Mars, to bolster its atmosphere and warm its surface, enabling habitation. By developing a series of practical world-building protocols to address the modulation of pressure, gravity, and radiation on potentially-habitable rocks in nearby orbits, contemporary companies can establish strategies that position them to take the lead in exceeding our spatiotemporal boundaries, healing our planet at home, and catapulting our civilization into the solar system.

Far left: Habitable spacecraft from the 2014 film Interstellar. Left: Artist imagining of what a terraformed Mars would look like.

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In this next manufacturing paradigm, asteroids, rather than planets, will become the raw material for incredible acts of creation. Modular diggers will be built in space to carry out mining and world building operations. The manufacture of these diggers, when compared to the equipment and resources required to terraform planets, will be extremely lean. The technology will be readily scaleable and will produce a high return on initial investments (since our own solar system is home to a vast number of transformable asteroids). What’s more, terraforming asteroids into Earth-like environments provides an iterative production model where systems can be upgraded and improved over time. Simultaneously, this model enables a dual value creation, whereby asteroids are both mined and terraformed at different stages of the same manufacturing process. Finally, the transformation of asteroids avoids the ethical complications associated with steamrolling the life that may exist on nearby, potentially habitable planets (i.e. Mars and Venus) while building value in space and returning that value to Earth. By developing a series of practical world-building protocols to address the modulation of pressure, gravity, and radiation on potentially-habitable rocks in nearby orbits, contemporary companies can establish strategies that position them to take the lead in exceeding our spatiotemporal boundaries, healing our planet at home, and catapulting our civilization into the solar system. Terraformed asteroids will provide a platform for increasing agricultural production through the creation of new farm land, for the construction

x. Mission Statement

of new habitats and ecosystems via a novel design practice, and for the accommodation of a large number of people, non-human animals, and plants. This crafting of new environments will ultimately lead to increased diversity and the expanding of the social spectrum. In the end, the production of worlds becomes a multifaceted resource acquisition protocol, where the space available for life and the materials available for technological development are both exponentially increased. And so begins this generative process; complex diggers will hollow out asteroids, spin them by angling the ejection of their talus, and create shielded, gravitationally stable environments for the species of the Earth to inhabit. Once hollowing is complete, the world-building machines will travel in reverse down their tunnels. On their trips down the tube world’s central axis, these mobile world engines will construct massive lamps; they will produce sun-like rods that regulates cycles of day and night. Finally, the diggers will seal off the openings of their cylinders, using their own structural materials to produce infrastructure for the worlds’ future societies. The machines will pump gases into the worlds to generate an atmosphere (harvested from gas heavy worlds like Jupiter’s moon Titan) and water to produce liquid bodies. Lastly, the machines will let out their plant and non-human animal cargo and their human passengers—these massive world-building arks will liberate the species that will come to call these uncanny and yet beautiful new environments their homes.

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Above: “Artist imagining of what a terraformed Mars would look like” (“Terraforming”). Right: “Artist’s conception of a terraformed Mars. This portrayal is approximately centered on the prime meridian and 30° North latitude, and a hypothesized ocean with a sea level at approximately two kilometers below average surface elevation” (“Terraforming”).

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x. Option Visualization

Above: Habitable spacecraft from the 2014 film Interstellar. Left: Habitable space torus and spacecraft from the 2013 film Elysium.

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x. History of Earth

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x. Technology Roadmap

Present

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Fig. 1 — Technology Road Map (See following page for date specific events)

250

2500

2300

100

150

2015

x. Planet Craft 5 of 21

Worlds Inhabited

Age (Years)

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x. Projection Summary

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x. Scale Reference

Sun Diameter: 1,377,648 km

Jupiter Diameter: 142,740 km

Earth Diameter: 12,765 km

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x. Scale Reference 2

Earth Diameter: 12,765 km

Moon Diameter: 3,476 km

World Engine Diameter: 2 km

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x. Scale Reference 3

Moon Diameter: 3,476 km

World Engine Diameter: 2 km

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x. Scale Reference 4

World Engine Diameter: 2 km

International Space Station 109 m by 73 m

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Universal wheel has grinding surfaces

Grappling hook turrets fire when craft needs to grab onto rock faces

Rear turns counter-clockwise

Free spinning ring for human habitation

Grinding surface turns counter-clockwise

Jumbo space shuttle docking ports

Cargo storage

Interior cargo storage (filtered mining ore)

2 km

Outward facing engines for angling ship/increased maneuverability

Grinders abrade asteroid surface

Casing prevents debris from creating dangerous cloud in space

Middle turns clockwise

Universal wheel (rolls/orients craft in any direction)

Grappling hook turrets fire when craft needs to grab onto rock faces

2 km

Grinders abrade asteroid surface

Grinding surface turns counter-clockwise

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x. Concept Rendering

Middle turns clockwise

Casing prevents debris from creating dangerous cloud in space

Outward facing engines for angling ship/increased maneuverability

Interior cargo storage (filtered mining ore)

Cargo storage

Jumbo space shuttle docking ports

Free spinning ring for human habitation

Rear turns counter-clockwise

Universal wheel (rolls/orients craft in any direction)

Universal wheel has grinding surfaces

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Forward facing material trap

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Grinding blades

Grinding face

x. Exploded View Drawing

Turrets (grappling guns)

Rear facing material trap

Central drive rod

Space shuttles

Universal wheel assembly

Angled engines

Interior cargo ring

Rear engines (x5)

Cargo/fuel (material storage)

Habitation ring

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Grapping hook turrets

Grinding disks

Space for mineral processing equipment

Engines

Space for industrial manufacture machinery and apparatuses

Cargo storage vessels

Interior rock grinding space

Human habitation

Off-axis engines

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x. Section View Drawing

Interior rock grinding space

Space for mineral processing equipment

Grinding disks

Grapping hook turrets

Off-axis engines

Human habitation

Cargo storage vessels

Space for industrial manufacture machinery and apparatuses

Engines

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The Earth, our home, the third rocky planet from the Sun. The Earth orbits between two potentially terraformable worlds: Mars and Venus.

x. Solar System Overview (Not to scale)

The Sun, center of our solar system

A transformable, metal-rich (M-type) asteroid located in the Main Asteroid Belt between the orbits of Mars (on the inside) and Jupiter (on the outside). The ideal asteroid is several kilometers in diameter, but not larger than the dwarf planet Ceres. Thousands of such asteroids exist in our celestial neighborhood.

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Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 1

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Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 2

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Ship begins boring tunnel into the asteroid

Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 3

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Ship begins boring tunnel into the asteroid

Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 4

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Once digging is completed, the ship travels in reverse, building the sunline of the world

Ship begins boring tunnel into the asteroid

Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 5

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View of the roughly completed tube world, with the sunline exposed along the cylinderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central axis

Once digging is completed, the ship travels in reverse, building the sunline of the world

Ship begins boring tunnel into the asteroid

Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 6

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Capped tube world—the ship now spins the asteroid by ejecting talus. Once the cyliner has gravity, oxygen, water, and organisms can be imported

View of the roughly completed tube world, with the sunline exposed along the cylinder’s central axis

Once digging is completed, the ship travels in reverse, building the sunline of the world

Ship begins boring tunnel into the asteroid

Ship approaches, fires grappling hooks to grab onto the rock surface

Raw asteroid to target

x. User Scenario, Frame 7

Animals and Higher Organisms

Plants and Primary Producers

Gases and Water

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x. Build Scenario (User Scenario #2)

Desert tube world terrain

Mountainous tube world terrain

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x. Build Scenario (User Scenario #2)

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Tools, programs, works, concepts in the direction of constructing a planet

x. Planet Craft

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Left: Material map from "The Boltham Legacy," a project that explores what a mining effort on a distant planet would entail, emphaszing the transgenerational timescale it would require for such an operation to begin.

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2022–2060: New Horizons completes its study of the Kuiper Belt

2016: First Hotel in Space

2020–2026: BepiColombo arrives in orbit around Mercury

2019: The first mission to a gas giant using solar sail propulsion

2023–2060: Asteroid sample return mission

2018: The Japanese Hayabusa-2 probe arrives at 1999 JU3

2030: Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE) reaches the Jovian system

2040: Transit of Mercury

2030: The UK space industry has quadrupled in size

2028: The International Space Station is decommissioned

2027: The Europa Clipper arrives in orbit

2024–2030: 99% of near-Earth asteroids have been catalogued

2021–2025: Manned exploration of nearEarth asteroids

2016: The Juno probe arrives at Jupiter

2019: The first manned outpost beyond the Moon begins assembly

2017: The Cheops satellite is deployed to study exoplanets

2016: The first manned flight of SpaceX's Dragon V2

2022–2060: The AIDA mission arrives at Didymos

2017: The first manned flight of the Dream Chaser

Present

Space Exploration

2090: Manned exploration of the Jovian system

2090: Manned exploration of the Saturnian system

2100

2150: Interstellar travel is becoming possible

2200

2250: Accelerated development of the Solar System

2500

2500: Terraforming on Venus is underway

2250: Microbial life is confirmed on an exoplanet

2300

2018: Japan lunar rover mission

2017: China launches an unmanned sample return moon mission

2017: The world's first lunar tourist

2016: The International Lunar Observatory begins operations

Present

The Moon

2023–2060: Establishment of the first manned lunar bases

2025–2050: Manned missions to the Moon

2024–2030: Lunar Mission One drills into the Moon's south pole 2060: Helium-3 mining on the Moon

2100

2150: Large-scale civilian settlement of the Moon is underway

2200

2300

2500

2020–2026: Mars 2020 rover mission

2033–2050: More manned missions to Mars

2022–2060: Japanese probe to a Martian moon

2024–2030: Mars One planned mission to Mars

2019: The ExoMars rover touches down on Mars

2016: InSight touches down on Mars

Present

Mars

2060: Mars has a permanent human presence by now

2100

2100: Terraforming of Mars is underway

2200

2300

2500: Terraforming of Mars is underway

2500

2016: Deforestation

2017: Glacial melting

2018: Scientists drill into Earth's mantle

2016: Greenhouse gase emission

2016: Climate change becomes widely accepted

2019: The final collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf

2017: Ocean acidification

Present

The Earth

2025–2050: Solid waste is reaching crisis levels

2045: A tipping point for permafrost melting

2040: Extreme weather patterns are commonplac

2026–2060: Aquaculture provides the majority of the world's seafood

2100: 12% of bird species expected to be extinct

2090: 80% of the Amazon rainforest has been lost

2080: Many former Winter Games venues no longer provide snow

2060: Nearly half of the Amazon rainforest has been deforested 2030: Orbital space junk is becoming a major problem for space flight

2027: Carbon sequestration is underway in many nations

2025–2050: Vertical farms are common in cities

2100

2150: Geoengineering is attempted on Earth

2150: The first partially synthetic ecosystems produced

2200

2200: A global rewilding effort is underway

2300

2500

Present

2025–2050: Some of Britain's most well-known animal species are going extinct

2060: Global extinction rates are peaking

2040: Animal species to continue to go extinct

2045: Major extinction of animal and plant life

2029: Madagascar's radiated tortoise is extinct in the wild

2023–2060: Gorillas are going extinct in Central Africa

2031: Leatherback sea turtles are on the verge of extinction

2023–2060: Borneo’s rainforests have been wiped from the map

2018: The last of Nigeria's rainforests have been felled

2021–2025: Global average temperatures have risen by 1°C

2025–2050: Rhinos are going extinct

2024–2030: African elephants are going extinct in the wild

2030: Dramatic conservation efforts begin to gain traction

2028: Resurrection of several extinct species has been achieved

2022–2060: Water is becoming a weapon of war

Mean Biodiversity

Life on Earth 2100

2100: Emperor penguins extinct in the wild

2200

2500

2500: Food grown in space exported to feed Earth

2300

2080: Some humans are more non-biological than biological

2060: Fully synthetic humans are becoming technically feasible

2045: European Americans become U.S. minority 2025–2050: China is becoming highly urbanised

2025–2050: Medical nanobots are being developed

2026–2060: Youthful regeneration of aging heart muscle via GDF-11

2020–2026: Complex organ replacements grown from stem cells

Population

2017: Wireless, implantable devices that monitor real-time health

Age

2040: Stem cell pharmacies are commonplace

2045: Global population reaches 9 billion

2033–2050: Zero population growth birth rates in many countries

2024–2030: The biggest refugee crisis in world history

2026–2060: New treatments for Alzheimer’s disease

2100

2150: The world's first bicentenarians

2100: People engineered to be small for space travel exist alongside large people and medium-sized people

2090: The average employee works less than 20 hours per week

2060: Longevity treatments able to halt aging

2033–2050: Ectogenesis is transforming reproductive rights

2025–2050: 3D-printed human organs

2026–2060: Multiple parent children

2030: Global population is reaching crisis point

2025–2050: Unemployment is soaring

2020–2026: Progress with longevity extension

2016: Three-person babies

Present

Humans and Health 2200

2250: Humanity is a Type 1 civilisation on the Kardashev scale

2300

2500: Humanity is becoming a Type 2 civilisation on the Kardashev scale

2500

Present

2029: Human-like AI is becoming a reality

2020–2026: Internet use reaches 5 billion worldwide

2026–2060: Blurring of physical and digital

2021–2025: Traditional microchips are reaching the limits of miniaturisation

2022–2060: Consciousness uploading/digital immortality transforms human relations

2033–2050: Off-planet operations by AI

2030: AI is widespread

2025–2050: Human brain simulations are becoming possible

2022–2060: Implantable AI becomes a fad

2019: Computers break the exaflop barrier

Computing

2060: Technological singularity

2080: Hyper-intelligent computers

2100

2200

2300

2500

2021–2025: Fully reusable, single-stage-to-orbit spacecraft

2023–2060: Laser-driven fusion energy makes progress

2017: The first test flight of NASA's Space Launch System

2025–2050: Mouse revival from cryopreservation

2021–2025: The maiden flight of Ariane 6

2016: The mining industry is highly automated

Present

Technology

2040: Full immersion virtual reality

2080: The first space elevator is becoming operational

2060: The first generation of extremely high-powered spacecraft

2045: Robots are a common feature of homes and workplaces

2100

2150: Androids/Quantum hybrids indistinguishable from evolved humans

2200

2200: Strongly propelled craft make space travel easier

2300

2500

68 2025–2050: Contact with the Voyager probes is lost

2028: Launch of the European ATHENA X-ray observatory

2025–2050: The Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope (ATLAST) conducts its life-searching mission

2020–2026: The Euclid Space Telescope reveals new insights into dark matter and dark energy

2017: Launch of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS)

2016: The world's largest single-aperture telescope is completed

Present

Observation 2100

2200

2300

2500

2022–2060: The emergence of the hyper-rich

2022–2060: War on water

2026–2060: Asteroid mining is becoming feasible, becomes a lucrative private venture

2045: Increased power and development in Southeast Asia

2060: Divergent societies

2045: AI rights revolution

2040: World expands inwards

2100

2080: Denmark supplied entirely by renewable energy

2080: Androids are widespread in law enforcement

2060: Acceptance of human differences

2060: Mainstream androgeny

2033–2050: First war fought entirely by robots

2030: Human interest in screen-interfacing with the internet wanes

2023–2060: Backlash against individually-owned material goods

2022–2060: Complete world literacy

2018: Continued wars over oil, religion

2017: Eternal brands focus on ageless, genderless products

2016: Extreme funding for military

2030: Value is placed on physical experience

2025–2050: Bioterrorism is a significant threat

2020–2026: Major systems converted to shared services

2017: Privatization of space continues

2016: Space industry becoming privatized

Present

Society

2100: Designer babies become mainstream

2100: Depression epidemic

2200

2500

2250: Emergence of a world state following at least one more world war

2500: Mars becomes a major political force

2250: Space federations become major political forces

2300

2022–2060: Nostalgia prompts efforts to store genomes of millions of species

2025–2050: Increased diversity globally

2023–2060: New luxury

2021–2025: Underlying governmental distrust

2020–2026: Societal world views begin to diverge

2017: Frustration over degrading environment

2016: Interest in AI booming

2020–2026: The first human relationships with computers

2021–2025: Health becomes a commodity

2016: Movements for increased accemptance across differences

2060: Underlying distrust of AI

2040: Pushback against leaving Earth

2033–2050: Exreme value of artist/designer/thinker/ philosopher

2025–2050: Connection without physical boundary

2023–2060: Forced environmental cooperation

2017: People feel they have control over their personal identities

2016: Non-human animal rights gain value

2018: Mainstream sorrow

2016: Interest in space expanding

Present

Emotion 2100

2100: Individual/family experience valued above all else

2200

2250: Species of Earth become united under the announcement that we are not alone in the universe

2300

2500

2022â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2060: Governments wane, private/shared policy services replace them

2022â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2060: Checks are placed on AI ability

2017: World policy addresses climate change seriously

Present

Policy 2100

2100: New private governments vie for control of the solar system

2200

2300

2500

2018: Private companies begin taking over public services

2022â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2060: Extreme engineering firms emerge

2017: Responsible brands become highly valued

Present

Companies

2060: Commercial hypersonic air travel

2100

2150: 500 year corporations

2200

2300

2500: 1000 year corporations

2500

2016: Forecasting

2016: Synthetic biology

2023–2060: Artist/designer becomes a dominant profession

2025–2050: World design

2023–2060: Climate change reversal specialist

2025–2050: Nano medicine

2022–2060: Termination of older lives

2024–2030: Vertical farming

2023–2060: Climate change reversal specialist

2019: Bioprospector, conservationist, ethologist become popular careers

2016: Geoengineering

2016: Caring

Present

New Fields

2060: Space exploration

2090: Unknown fields

2100

2200

2300

2500

Worlds

2016: Virtual contact comes to exceed physical contact

2040: Cosmic Call 1 will reach Gliese 777

2029: Message from Earth will reach Gliese 581

2023â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2060: Experiments into brain tissue grafting expand human intellect

2022â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2060: Human/animal hybridization becomes more accepted

2017: Biology no longer constrains identity

Present

Expanded Boundaries 2100

2300

2250: Space diaspora

2200: Separatists leave our solar system

2170: Asteroid transformation builds new worlds

2200

2500

Worlds

Population

Strong AI

Mean Biodiversity

Age

Present

Quantum AI

Age Extension

Moderate Propulsion

Rewilding

Planet Terraforming

Space Elevators

2100

Self-Replicating Machines

Asteroid Transformation

Strong Propulsion

2200

2300

Space Diaspora

2500

Planets? Why Asteroids? 1. Scaleable 2. Colonies 3. High return on technology development (there are a large number of transformable asteroids) 4. Iteration provides platform for product/manufacturing improvement 5. Simultaneous dual value creation (habitats and mining) 6. Modular 7. Lean development 8. No ethical complications associated with steamrolling life that may exist on nearby, terraformable planets (i.e. Mars and Venus) Value Creation 1. Food/farms 2. Habitats and new ecosystems can be constructed 3. Ascensions provide novel evolutionary landscapes 4. Social diversity/the potential to expand the social spectrum 5. Increased human, non-human animal, plant population accomodation 6. Mining/production of worlds is a form of resource acquisition for further material and technological development Methodology 1. Hollow out/mine the interior of asteroid 2. Spin asteroid by spitting waste from mining/digging in a specific trajectory (determined by sophisticated AI) to generate gravity and determine a safe orbit 3. Once hollowing is complete, the world engine travels in reverse down the tunnel, towards its entrance. On its way, it constructs a light source down the cylinderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central axis to give the world a reasonable day/night cycle 4. Seal off the opening of the cylinder with the mining machinery, which then works to generate infrastructure and to self-replicate 5. Pump in atmospheric gases harvested from Earth or gas heavy planets (like the gas giants or Jupiterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s moon Titan) 6. Pump in ice/water/water forming gases to produce moisture, lakes, oceans 7. Colonize the interior with hearty plants and animals 8. Establish human society, infrastructure

Planet Construction:

Top: Rendering of the exterior surface of Mars. Above: Mars section view, showing the crust, mantle, outer core and possible inner core.

Above: Mars exploded view. Below: Right view of an eploded Mars rendering.

Terrain Building:

Top: Rendering of the rocky, eroded surface of Mars with the inclusion of clouds, to demonstrate what early terraforming efforts on Mars might look like. Middle: Eroded Mars craters beneath low-level clouds. Bottom: Sunset of Mars, once a near Earth-density atmosphere has been established.

Terrain Building:

Above: Photoshop painting of a dry desert planet.

Above: Photoshop painting of Mars.

Above: Photoshop painting of a terraformed, habitable world.

Research Backlog:

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kalpana-built-16b-smsm.jpg

pod-landscape-cam-30b-sm.jpg

Mars-Farm-cam-13-B.jpg

Mars-Farm-cam10.jpg

caroline-corbasson_blank.jpg

tle_03032007_60_schedler.jpg

Mars_image_H.jpg

W2-614x516 tungsten rods with evaporated crystals, partially oxidised by Alchemist-hp.jpg

echo_satelloon_color.JPG

CryoSat-614x477artist's impression of the original CryoSat earth observation satellite in orbit.jpg

OwenGildersleeve_DiscoverersAllianc e3-614x439'Rocks & Minerals', 2015.jpg

Mars-IceHouse_Dusk-01_lr-614x491.jpg

owengildersleeve_discoverersalliance 4.jpg

Screen Shot 2015-11-09 at 2.44.51 PM.png

Mars-Ft-Calgary-cam-19BV-13-08-21-1574x706.jpg

oneillsideview-640.jpg

margolis800.jpg

abalakin1000.jpg

Additional Research Content on CD-ROM. Produced for RISD ID Special Topic Studio: Next Manufacturing Paradigm This publication ÂŠ 2015 by Eli Block, Images printed in research sections and in contact sheets are not the work of the author and belong to their respective owners.