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AA SED MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2015-16
Authorship Declaration Form
Term 2 Design Project
Refurbishing the City Part II
TITLE
NUMBER OF WORDS
STUDENT NAME(S):
DECLARATION: “I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.” Signature(s):
Date:
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SUMMARY Working trends are constantly being reshaped by social and economical factors. With the individual-oriented activity growing, living and working spaces merge into a single environment. Individuals who embrace these trends are young motivated professionals involved independently in the digital and creative industries. They seek an affordable, productive and collaborative environment to channel their initiatives. Thus the increase in popularity of co-working spaces, offering startups instant networking opportunities and resources that are difficult to recreate in traditional office. It also promotes spatial flexibility to accommodate changes with team organizations offering memberships ranging from monthly to daily drop-ins. This has been taken into consideration when designing the space organization of our project focusing on connectivity between different working zones; privacy and accessibility, an open plan typology allowing space flexibility and finally bridging the indoor with the public realm through allocating public functions to the ground floor and maximizing glazing surfaces to enhance permeability. Findings were taken into considerations from our term 1 outputs and from analyzing the existing Stamford Works building but also from our visits to multiple co-working spaces across London. The design was based on environmental studies, spot measurements and computation tools, to assess how our massing would impact outdoor thermal comfort and enhance the users experience throughout the square considering the different seasonal uses. Internal layout was established following environmental design principles coupled with architectural values to create a free running low cost low profile space that meets the requirements of the brief and offers adaptive opportunities to its users. The building provides a framework where the users become the main actors and its aesthetic is defined by their interaction. The architectural solution emerges as a synthesis of its urban context, local socioeconomic needs, and adaptive architectural strategies.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The group would like to thank the entire teaching staff of the MSc/March Sustainable Environmental Design 2015/2016 programme at the Architectural Association School of Architecture for mentoring and gradually giving us helpful insights during our 3 presentations in this second term project. We would like to address particular acknowledgments to our tutor and director, Simos Yannas for the generous knowledge shared and moreover, for providing a careful guidance through our development as apprentices. We would like to express our warm consideration of the kindness with which the community of the Gillett Square have received us. The group would like to thank in particular Dominic Ellison, head of the Hackney Co-Development, for taking the time to provide important information for us to grasp more accurately the Gillett Square. We would also like to express our great appreciation to Joe Bacon, artist and architect living in the Stamford Work building, for taking the time to take us inside and introducing us to the different current actors. We are fortunate to have benefited from such intimate insights of the square. Elias Milad Anka, Rafael Alonso Candau and Florencia Collo would like to acknowledge the AA bursary committee for the bursary they were awarded to attend the AA SED MArch course 2015 to 2017.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 0: Brief and climate conditions Chapter 1: Site selection and program Chapter 2: Outdoor analysis Chapter 3: Inputs Chapter 4: Building development Chapter 5: Strategies and performance Conclusions Appendix
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11 15 27 35 41 59 79 82
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CHAPTER 0: BRIEF AND CLIMATE CONDITIONS
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Project Brief This term’s project is a vehicle for design research, putting the principles taught by the SED course into practice to create visions of sustainable living and working in London. Where last term’s case studies were mostly empirical and analytical in nature, this term’s emphasis will be on imaginative design explorations of future scenarios for the city. The project will be undertaken in teams of 2-4, with each team formulating its own research agenda and design brief. Design research should focus on architectural and environmental issues highlighted by last term’s case studies. Projects must follow the principles of inhabitant-centred adaptive architecturing introduced last term, encompassing the urban realm as well as building forms and elements. Environmentally, project teams should provide evidence that occupant thermal and visual comfort can be achieved at zero carbon emission. The project will run for eleven weeks supported by weekly tutorials and the continuing programme of lectures and other events. Team memberships should be confirmed during Week 1. Project teams will then be expected to present their research agendas and design briefs at the beginning of Week 3. There will be interim presentations of design proposals on Week 6, final presentations on Week 10 and project submission on Thursday 24 March 2016.
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London Climate - 2010 GILLETT SQUARE
The historical data used to analyze this project is has been taken from meteonorm. The selected weather station was London Central because of its urban context. Climate analysis taken from the SED PET spreadsheet shows that the temperature in summer fluctuates between 10°C and 22.4°C, whereas in winter the maximum is around 9°C and minimum around 4.3°C.
Temperature (C) or Solar Radiation (kWhm2) 32 30 28 26 24 22
The prevailing winds are mostly South-west with considerable winds from the West as well.
20 18
For the purpose of this research, the adaptive thermal comfort band is calculated using the EN 15251:2007 & CIBSE Guide A which considers that users can acclimatize according to recent climatic conditions. Specifically, the following formula has been used to define thermal neutrality:
16 14 12 10 8
Tn= 18.8 + 0.33 Trm (Trm= Weighted running mean of the daily mean external temperature)
6 4 2 0
LONDON WEATHER C
JANUARY
Figure 0c. Weather station location
m/s 10.00
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m²]
AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m²]
Comfort band limit [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MIMIMUM TEMPERATURE [°C]
32 30
7.00
28 26
5.00
24
4.00
22
3.00
20
2.00
18
1.00
16
0.00
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 JANUARY
Figure 0e. London sky conditions frequency (Source: @Satel-Light)
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m²]
AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m²]
Comfort band limit [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE [°C]
AVERAGE MONTHLY MIMIMUM TEMPERATURE [°C]
Figure 0c. Climate analysis (Source: SED PET Spreadsheet)
A comfort band width of 8 °C was considered to define the limits of comfort.
London Climate - 2050 Climate analysis taken from the SED PET spreadsheet shows that the temperature in summer fluctuates between 10.5°C and 22.4°C, whereas in winter the maximum is around 9°C and minimum around 4.3°C.
Temperature (C) or Solar Radiation (kWhm2)
8.00 6.00
(Source: Grasshopper)
APRIL
(Source: SED PET Spreadsheet)
9.00
Figure 0d. Annual prevailing wind
MARCH
Figure 0.b Climate analysis
(Source: Meteonorm 7.0)
1 Jan 1:00 - 31 Dec 24:00 Calm for 0.09% of the time- 8hours Frequency 1.5%= 131 hours
FEBRUARY
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CHAPTER 1: SITE SELECTION AND PROGRAM
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London Figure 1a depicts a noticeable concentration of low standards of living in the eastern parts of London. Accross time, these areas have remained the most deprived. Located downstream of the Thames river, the East was receiving the waste from wealthier upstream areas. After the industrial revolution, these zones were even more undermined due to the prevailing South West wind blowing the smoke from the factories; Today’s repartition of deprived areas is directly deducted from these historical facts, hence the actual easterly locations of areas of opportunity as revealed by figure 1.b. In order to redevelop these zones, the city of London is carrying several works. Major interventions are planned over transport facilities such as the Crossrails 1 and 2 (figure 1.c). These operations will enhance the connection to the city, therefore offering attractive opportunities for emerging businesses.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 The most deprived
Areas of opportunity
The least deprived
Figure 1a. Standard of living.
Figure 1b. Areas of opportunities within deprived areas
Source: English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015
Source: Regeneration Areas: The London Plan (2011)
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Crossrail Figure 1c. Crossrail 1 and 2. Source: www.crossrail.co.uk
East London Figure 2.a draws closer attention to the previously mentioned interventions in East London. With the opportunity of the 2012 Olympic games, the Park was strategically allocated far East to foster further development in the area (figure 2.b). In the same period, technological startups concentrated in Old Street, the eastern edge of the City. As the area was attributed the name of Tech City, big companies took over the opportunity to settle in the area, consequently gentrifying startups away to the more accessible borough of Hackney (figure 1.c).
Hackney
Hackney
Islington
Islington
OLYMPIC STADIUM
START UPS
START UPS
Tower Hamlets
City
Figure 2a. Areas of opportunity in East London Source: English Index of Multiple Deprivation 2015
Areas of opportunity Crossrail
Tower Hamlets
TECH CITY
on
ond
of L
City
on
ond
of L
Area in development
OLYMPIC STADIUM
Area in development
Figure 2b. Development areas
Figure 2c. Crossrail 1 and 2.
Source: London ReGeneration, A.D. (2012)
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Hackney Figure 3 indicates in red, new regeneration areas of high potential within Hackney, whereas the green highlights are the metropolitan open spaces across the borough. The grey axis expresses the Crossrail 2 development bridging the City to suburb and finally the grey dots point out the State Regeneration areas.
Stamford Hill
While strolling the streets of Hackney, the amount of people cycling is striking. Figure 4.a shows the singularity of the borough in hosting the largest cycling culture in London. Studies have reported that cycling culture has become associated with local arts and media-led gentrification (Source: Journal of Transport Geography, The case of cycling in the UK. R.Aldred, K. Jungnickel)). Two reasons are put forward to explain this statement: first, because young professionals do not usually have children; second, they also tend to associate their occupation with a pro environmental behaviour.
Clapton
Stoke Newington
Dalston Kingsland
Hackney’s population has grown significantly in the last 10 years, showing the main increase in the younger range between 25 and 34 years old (figure 4.b). Therefore, the borough is considered to be relatively young compared to London’s average.
Dalston Junction
OLYMPIC ZONE Homerton
Hackney Central
Hackney Wick
London Fields
Stratford
Haggerston
Moreover, this population is composed of more than 18 ethnic groups, for which the professional activity tends significantly towards digital, creative industries and high streets, summing up to 32% of the total employment in Hackney (figure 4.c).
Hoxton
BOROUGH OF HACKNEY
The target of the project will be set on the young, modern, diverse and dynamic population with interest in culture, and creative vectors. In these sectors, professions are predominantly service-based with a smaller proportion of product-based initiatives. Therefore, these actors are more likely to pursue their activities in offices rather than artists studios.
Shoreditch High Street
Metropolitan Open Spaces Crossrail 2 State Regeneration Area Key Regeneration Area
Figure 3. Current development in Hackney Source: London Building Centre
90 and over
90 and over
80-84
80-84
70-74
70-74
60-64
60-64
50-54
50-54
40-44
40-44
30-34
30-34
20-24
20-24
10-14
10-14
Figure 4a. Percentage of people who travel to work by bicyle.
Source: Census Data 2011
Harrow
Havering
Bexley
Redbridge
Croydon
Enfield
Barking and Dagenham
Barney
Hillingdon
Bromley
Sutton
Newham
Outer London
Brent
Greenwich
Ealing
Waltham Forest
Merton
Hounslow
Lewisham
Harringey
Kensigton upon Thames
Westminster
City of London
Kensigton and Chelsea
Richmond upon Thames
Camden
Tower Hamlets
Southwark
Inner London
Wandsworth
Hammersmith and Fulham
Islington
Lambeth
Hackney
0-4 20.000
0-4 10.000
0
10.000
20.000
Male Female
Figure 4b. Age pyramid of Hackney and London
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Source: Census Data 2011
600.000
300.000
Male Female
0
300.000
600.000
Creative Industries Digital and Technology High Street Business Other Figure 4c. Employment in Hackney Source: Census Data 2011
Dalston
Gillett square cultural hub
Our attention was drawn to Dalston, for it being the most densely populated area of Hackney. Its location at the crossroads of transport facilities (Crossrail 1 & 2) sets the area at the very core of a dynamic social, professional and leisure hub. Dalston is more specifically the 3rd largest centre of employment, has the 2nd highest levels of digital, tech & creative industries, and also the 3rd largest high street in Hackney. The masterplan that is currently being developed (figure 5), aims to generate commercial and cultural hubs, along with shaping the outdoor spaces into lively parks.
Dalston Main Comercial Axis
Future Crossrail Station
Dalston Kingsland Station
In the central cultural hub of Dalston, the Gillett Square presents itself as a social & cultural oriented public space.
Dalston Street Market
Dalston Junction Station
Already developed areas Proposed areas to develop Development in construction Green spaces Masterplan border Main axis of development Figure 5. Current Dalston Masterplan Source: Hackney Local Development Framework
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Gillett Square Before the establishment of Gillett Square, the area was once an entire parking lot (figure 9) considered to be the number 1 drug dealing point of London. Although half of that parking space has now been transformed, the historical reputation remains. The square blends contemporary urban design with building forms more traditional to Hackney (Source: Hackney Co-operative Development 2015 annual report). With such available space and location, the square gradually became attractive with a diversity of independant social businesses settling in. The current tenants are composed of street shops, cultural venues, restaurants and bars. Combined with a programme of community and cultural events in the Square itself these actors contribute in creating a distinct and vibrant atmosphere.
Figure 6a. Gillett Square
Figure 6b. Gillett Square
Figure 6c. Gillett Square
Figure 6d. Gillett Square
Dalston has a long history as a cultural and creative hub. Local organisations and enterprises make an important contribution to the town’s economy and the character, identity and urban life. Hackney Council adopted a Community, Cultural and Creative Quarter in its planning policy. Dalston’s Area Action Plan notes that ‘Gillett Square provides a focus for the cultural, creative and community sector including a setting for various events. The southern part of the square is more developped than the northern side (figure 6) with a very active frontage to the square. The Dalston Culture House accommodates the Vortex Jazz Club as well as being a lively hub of micro-businesses, small social/cultural enterprises, community groups and other voluntary sector organisations.
Undevelopped Northern Side
Developped Southern Side
Dalston Culture House Figure 6e. Gillett Square. Bird eye view Source: Apple Maps
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Jazz Vortex Club Market Pods
Office Building
Housing and office
Shops and Housing
Plot The 2015 Hackney Council LDF report, (figure 8) identifies the north-western corner of the square as a plot with potential to be developed.
38.58m
In order to resolve the persistent drug dealing reputation, an intervention over the car park should aim to finish transforming it into an extension of the square. Moreover, with the predicted increase of cycling culture and the development of the new transport facilities, getting rid of this car park should benefit from the support of the local community (figure 7).
12.87m
26.40m 17.92m
With such an extension, the building will present the opportunity to be directly connected to the square and contribute to the existing and growing vibrant atmosphere. 22.25m
On the western side, the suggested plot also offers the possibility to interviene over the passage connecting the northern neighbours to main streets. Nevertheless, this passage should be preserved for it being a functional requirement to the neighbouring houses and a service passage to new building. Moreover, the defined area hosts an existing building that stands by the name of Stamford works (figure 10).
Figure 7. Plot
Figure 8. Plot suggested by Hackney Development Framework Source: Hackney Local Development Framework. Action Plan
Figure 10. Current building in plot
Figure 9. Gillett Square in 1998
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Source: Google Maps
Current situation of plot Several reasons support the decision to demolish the Stamford Works building (figure 11). First, removing it will help the square overcome previous unwanted connotations. Second, the old facade show numerous cracks announcing the near future collapse of the building. Moreover, the very leaky facade induces uncontrollable infiltration rates resulting in high heating loads in winter.
- Drinking drug dealing spot Parking:Parking Drinking andand drug dealing spot
Deteriorated conditions - collapsing Deteriorating conditions: collapsing
of connection Building - Square Lack ofLack connection: Building-Square
Inappropiate addtions - Previous refurbishments Inappropiate additions / Previous refurbishments
Although the current configuration of its openings do not present issues related to connectivity with the car park, the previously mentioned intervention over the car park will suggest to provide direct connections with the public realm for the building to get along with the Gillett Square community. In addition, the building was subjected to several improvised and inappropriate refurbishments through time, that have in some ways deteriorated the building even more. Finally, the Stamford Works building was originally twice as wide before its eastern half was taken down for it to become an modern office building.
Figure 11. Reasons for demolition
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Suitability of program into plot As mentioned earlier, there is a high demand of affordable workspace for start ups in Hackney. The Hackney Cooperative Developments acknowledges this need in its 2015 annual report (figure 1.r). In addition, a meeting with Dominic Ellison, Director of the HCD, confirmed the suitability of a start ups office in Gillett Square.
HACKNEY
GILLETT SQUARE
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Start-up offices During the last decades, the explosion in the new means of communication and access to information has transformed lifestyle and professions. There is more opportunity for individuals and small teams to form their own company - start-up office - without the need of traditional facilities. Workspaces have evolved to meet this new demand. However, buildings moved at a slower pace than people. (figure ?)
“There has been an explosion of microbusinesses in the UK : from 700.000 in 1980, to 5.100.000 today. Yet, our buildings really haven’t changed , our cities haven’t really reconfigured to keep pace with that reality. ” “The old demarcation between work & life and work & home is really breaking down, and people want to be inspired, exposed to new ideas, close to where they work.”
In order to gain better understanding of how a start-up office may function, several working spaces were visited (figure 12). The team also benefited from obtaining a free one day pass to experience working at the HUB in Piccadilly Circus. The program brief defined in the following design steps of the building is directly informed by these preliminaries.
(Source: Second Home manager)
A web interview of the manager of Second Home workspaces, confirms that start ups are multiplying in the area. He also points out new tendencies of lifestyles and how old working schemes are being transformed by the emerging professions.
Google Campus (Shoreditch)
Figure 12a. Start up office
Figure 12b. Start up office
Source: www.campuslondon.com
Source: http://centralworking.com/
Second Home (Shoreditch)
Figure 12d. Startup offices
Figure 12c. Start up office Source: http://secondhome.io/
Central Working (Westminster)
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The HUB (Picadilly circus)
Start-up offices The start up offices are based on a system of monthly memberships (figure 13) providing gradual access to the available features. Hot desking (figure 14.a) enables people to come and go and choose a table. Although they are more likely to be undertaking individual tasks, they will benefit from a collaborative and productive atmosphere, along with ease for networking. Fixed desking (figure 14.b) offers attributed work spaces allowing growing initiatives to further establish their project as a company and provide opportunities for teams to build up. Figure 14a. Hot desking
Source: www.campuslondon.com
Figure 14b. Fixed desking
Figure 14c. Enclosed offices
www.impacthub.net/
The enclosed offices(figure 14.c) offer choice for privacy whilst still benefitting from advantages of the ensemble (shared facilities). Moreover, it will offer users the possibility to convert the space into ateliers for more product based projects.
MEMBERSHIP TYPES
This set of options enables the users to choose the best suited environment to their respective projects and also to benefit from shared facilities, such as meeting rooms (figure 15.b, figure 15.c), printing room, kitchen area, electricity bills, telecommunication bills and any other common expenses. Moreover, the engaging community will foster events and mentorship tutorials to promote growth (figure 15.a).
HOT DESKING
PUBLIC CONNECTION
GROWTH PROMOTION
FIXED DESKING
SHARED FACILITIES
HOUSING POSSIBILITY
Combining previous inputs in the analysis with the intention to cope with the tendencies of new working lifestyles, the program will incorporate housing in order to bring the living spaces closer to the working environment and therefore maximise productivity. The coupling of affordable workspaces and housing will offer a suitable solution for young entrepreneurs to focus on the growth of their initiative. The ground floor of the building will present an active frontage, establishing a bridge with the public realm through a cafe, an auditorium and a flexible showroom to host pop up installations, indoor markets or events.
ENCLOSED OFFICES
Design of internal spatial configuration, with provision for convertible spaces and choice for user
Generic office buildings have only their core and shell designed, whereas in this case the internal spatial configuration will be carefully designed to offer spaces suitable to each membership type. Their organisation will meet the respective functional requirements, flexibility and choice to be provided to the users.
Scheduled 7 days a week / 24 hours with intermittenly used spaces designed accordingly Figure 13. Functioning of start-up offices
As the building will be running 24 hours, 7 days a week, the environmental features will be designed accordingly.
Figure 15a. Mentorship
Source: www.campuslondon.com
Figure 15c. Meeting rooms
Figure 15b. Shared common spaces Source: www.impacthub.net/
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Source: internet
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CHAPTER 2: OUTDOOR ANALYSIS
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Gillett Square analysis Gillett Square is regarded by Hackney Council as a vibrant center for community, cultural and creative activity. Its proximity to main public transport facilities (Dalston Kingsland tube station and Dalston Junction overground station) exposes the square to intense circulation flows (figure 16). The latter will intesify in the near future, with the completion of crossrail 2 (figure 17). Gillett Square presents three access points. The south entrance provides connection with the commercially active Bradbury street. West and East entrances set the square as a junction for the residential area of Islington with the 24 hour thriving economy of Dalston’s high street. The tenants of Gillett Square diversify in their activity from shops, pubs & bars, to restaurant & cafes and offices for the creative industries.
Figure 16. Gillett Square analysis
Shops Pubs and bars Restaurants and cafes Offices and creative industries Residential Pedestrian flow Vehicular flow Figure 17. Gillett Square
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Current use of Gillett Square Happenings take place on the public place from March to October. During summer Gillett Square hosts concerts, events and surrounding cafes extend their terraces for people to gather (figure 18). It is also often transformed into a pop-up playground. In winter, the paved area is essentially taken over by skaters as the square is mostly overshadowed and does not offer convenient conditions nor options for pedestrian comfort (figure 19). Gathering areas for dwellers are reduced to a platform that skaters are unable to take over. Summer use
Figure 18a. Concert at Gillet Square Source: internet
Figure 18b. Gathering at Gillet Square
Figure 18c. Pop-up playground at Gillet Square
Source: internet
Source: internet
Winter use
Figure 19a. Skaters taking over the square
Figure 19b. Gathering space minimised to tree platform
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Fieldwork Several visits to the site have raised the team’s awareness over the existence of an urban microclimate in the square. The environmental parameters presented notable behaviors which brought us to conduct spot measurements in order to read the conditions on a winter day with an overcast sky at midday.
0.6
12.6
2.3
12.6
12.2
12.6
1.9
12.2
4.2
m/s
3.2
4.0
12.7
The air temperature appeared to be nearly even all throughout the square with an average of 12.5 °C and did not present any remarkable environmental patterns to interpret (figure 20.a).
12.8
12.3
12.4
°C
12.1
12.4 12.8
12.7
12.8
2.3
3.8
3.5
2.2
3.5
3.0
1.5
13.5
12.4 13.0
6.9
14.0 (°C)
0.7
13.0
1.0
1.5
1.3
We can observe in the measurements that whenever a spot is protected from the South West prevailiing wind, the values recorded are lower. As the sky conditions of the day were cloudy, the PET is not influenced by the sun, but mainly from the wind. PET, calculations show a variation of 5.8 K throughout the square. Higher values are observed in the areas covered from the wind, and lower values are observed where the prevailing wind is funneled by the urban morphology (figure 20.e). Considering the absence of sun on the studied day, the PET calculations were mainly influenced by wind speed variations (figure 20.d). o
During a sunny day, solar radiation would considerably increase PET in the car park area.
12.5
0.5
Figure 20b. Spot measurements: Wind Speed
9
14
8
13
7
12
6
11
5
10
4
9
3
8
2
7
1
6
0 PET (°C)
29 JAN
Temperature (°C) Windspeed (m/s)
13.1
9.6
8.4 +14.0 C
9.7
8.1
9.4
13.0
8.1
12.0
11.0 8.9 13.1
11.0
11.1
12.0
11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0
11.5
8.8 Figure 20e. Summary Spot Measurements
30
0
PET
12°C
12:30 pm
Humidity: 68-72% Overcast Sky
Figure 20d. Summary Spot Measurements
7.3
Figure 20c. Wind flow Source: Flow design
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8.2
9
1
1.2
3,0
11.5
Figure 20a. Spot measurements: Air temperature
9.8
12
2.0 1.5
12.0
12.9
15
2.5
3.0
12.5
On the opposite the wind speed measurements were predominantly higher along the west to east axis, revealing the presence of a wind corridor (figure 20.b). This was further confirmed by running a flow design simulation with a south-west prevailing wind (figure 20.c).
Velocity (m/s) 18
4.5 m/s
7.0
Envimet simulations In order to explore summer conditions and further develop winter performance, simulations were conducted with ENVI/met. During winter, wind speed observed shows a similar behaviour than the spots measurements undertaken by the team. The possibility to simulate a sunny winter day depicts the high impact of solar radiation of PET temperatures in the square. A sharp edge is observed corresponding to the casted shadow by the southern volumes of the square. The PET may vary up to 6oK within a few meters. In order to improve the outdoor comfort during winter, the new scheme should aim to control the prevailing wind to reduce the turbulence inside the square. In addition, it is desirable to maintain a high solar access in the square to raise PET.
Wind Speed
Wind Speed 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
Figure 21a. Winter Wind Speed - 13:00
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
Source: Envimet
Figure 21c. Summer Wind Speed - 13:00
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
PET <9.5 C 11.5oC 13.5oC 15.5oC 17.5oC 19.5oC 21.5oC 23.5oC 25.5oC 27.5oC
<23oC 26oC 29oC 32oC 35oC 38oC 41oC 44oC 47oC Min: 25.8oC 50oC Max: 53.6oC
o
Source: Envimet
However, the team acknowledges that 50oC of PET seems to be too high. This innaccuracy may be due to the numerous amount of inputs required for a more detailed calculation.
Source: Envimet
PET
Figure 21b. Winter PET - 13:00
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
Min: 9.1oC Max: 28oC
Figure 21d. Summer PET - 13:00 Source: Envimet
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During summer, wind speed patterns are similar to those observed during winter. The range of PET values is significantly wide, with a difference of almost 30oK. The asphalt pavement, lack of shading, water, or vegetation may raise PET values considerably. In addition, the highest PET values are again observed in areas protected from wind.
In order to improve the comfort in the square, shading devices would be desirable. Increasing the wind speed would not be an option since it may induce problems during winter.
M Pet In order to assess how users are adapting to the current microclimate, we conducted the mPET analysis (figure 22) of the people encountered in the square on a regular basis. Amongst them, can be found skaters, pedestrians and dwellers. The corresponding Mpet calculations have helped identify more accurately the comfort zones related to them. The skaters seem to be the only users whose activity is suited for the shaded windy areas for their metabolic rate is more important.
Resting area
Although a more important clo value is attributed to pedestrians and dwellers, the latter remain subjected to find comfort near the trees or other wind obstructed areas.
Resting area
Skating area
Skating area
Figure 23 shows a picture that was taken at noon on a day with clear sky and sun. We can observe the surrounding building overshadowing the Gillett square and restricting solar access to the car park. Therefore, pedestrians are constrained to use the skating installations to sit and benefit from the sun (figure 24).
Resting areas
The square refurbishment needs to take into consideration different scenarios in order to balance the uneven existent situation.
Air velocity_0.4 m/s R.H_ 63.2% DryBulb_13.6 °C MET_1.0 1.52 clo PET_11.3 °C mPET_ 14.4°C
Air velocity_2.0 m/s R.H_ 60.8% DryBulb_13.4 °C MET_5.5 0.57 clo PET_0.2 °C mPET_ 33.1 °C
Air velocity_1.7 m/s R.H_ 62.6% DryBulb_13.5 °C MET_1.0 1.52 clo PET_7.7 °C mPET_ 10.4 °C
Figure 22. mPeT calculations Source: Rayman
Figure 23. Gillett Square: cars in the sun, people in the shadow
Figure 24. Gillett Square: people seeking for sun
32
Air velocity_0.4 m/s R.H_ 63.2% DryBulb_13.5 °C MET_1.2 1.52 clo PET_9.8 °C mPET_ 14.2 °C
Conclusions During summer, the square is used by a wide range of actors and the existing area is exploited to its full potiential. If the square were to be extended to the carpark, where solar access is permanent, additional shading devices should be provided. Maintaining the flexibility of the space is instrumental to encourage all these different activities. However, during winter, the square remains nearly exclusive for skaters due to the suitability of their activity to the existing miroclimate. The current configuration undermines the options for pedestrians and dwellers to reach comfort. By considering an intervention over the car park and make use of the solar availability, new zones of comfort will help balancing the respective comfort of the users.
33
34
CHAPTER 3: INPUTS
35
Term 1 learnings For this term 2 project, our team was composed of 4 members coming from different term 1 groups, therefore respective learnings were compiled. We reflected to retain relevant points and cover a range of topics that would inform the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design.
Y:Cube
HOK Office
Copper lane
CCL
-Sealed envelope undermines the potential of the atrium for natural ventilation. -Limited daylight influence of the atrium on the adjacent spaces due to its height to width ratio. -Limited accessibility of thermal mass leads to a restricted performance with high internal gains.
-Optimization of the courtyard´s microclimate by units arrangement and massing. -Mixed concrete and timber construction delivers a good thermal performance. -Lack of understanding of the adaptive opportunities the building provides affects the thermal comfort of its users.
-Airtightness and insulation values deliver a good indoor environment with limited internal gains. -Reduced flexibility due to the prediction of the building use and strict separation of functions.
-Effectiveness of an operable envelope. -Materiality of atrium in order to improve the canyon effect -Location of exposed thermal mass is key to optimizing delivered performance.
-Take into consideration massing and trees implementation to reduce high wind velocity and avoid overshadowing.
-Achieve a decoupled indoor thermal performance with outdoor conditions
Analysis Outputs -Common corridor affecting privacy and predicted daylight performance. -Timber construction delivers an interior performance coupled with the outdoor environment .
Design Implications -Private spaces openings should avoid to face common spaces. -Lightweight construction can be used to achieve free running as long as it's balanced with thermal mass.
36
-Facilitate the use of adaptive opportunities
-User-based design implies proper choice of materials and adaptable spatial configuration.
Stamford works Building As a first iteration in the design process, analysing the performance of the current building is key in order to understand how a base case building performs in the plot. The building (figure 30) is a two storey warehouse from the 19th century, oriented due south, with a 5m high ground floor and 3m high first floor. Its uninsulated facade is only made of bricks.
Depth of plan: 9-13 m Window to floor Ratio: 16% Floor height: - Top floor - Ground floor
Figure 30. Current building
Daylight autonomy50% (300)
The daylit area (figure 31) revealed by the Daylight Autonomy metric indicated an average depth of plan of 6 meters with a well performing 16% window to floor ratio for the top floor. The ground floor showed better results regarding the depth of plan. However, the 5m floor to ceiling height is not viable for commercial reasons.
3m 5m
Existing 20 m2/p 1.5 ach/h 8 W/m2 16 W/m2 Top Floor
U-values Walls Roof Ground floor Windows Skylight
KWh/m2 400 374.8
2.06 6.00 2.55 5.90 2.7 2.7
W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K
300
100 33.4 0
Upgraded
0.25 ach/h Ground Floor
12 W/m2 20 W/m2
Daylit area (DA >50%)
U-values Walls Roof Ground floor Windows Skylight
Source: DIVA
1st
Heating 4.9 GF
Cooling
KWh/m2 400
0.35 0.25 0.25 2.7 2.7 2.7
W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K W/m2K
300 200 100
Winter Setpoint: 21oC Summer Setpoint: 24oC
0
Partially lit area (10%>DA>50%)
Figure 31. Daylight Analysis
209.6
200
Winter Setpoint: 21oC Summer Setpoint: 24oC
12 m2/p
The daylighting scheme of the existing building is performing ideally. In order to gain a full understanding of the overall performance of the building this geometry should be assessed through thermal simulations.
Figure 32. Thermal Analysis Source: Open Studio
37
61.7 15.0 1st
Heating 30.6 13.5 4.9 GF
Cooling
The existing building performance (figure 32), due to the leaky facade and high U values, results in a heating load of 209 and 374 kwh for the ground floor and first floor respectively. The first floor presents a worse performance as it holds an uninsulated metallic roof for a ceiling. The leaky facade keeps the cooling loads very low in summer. In order to assess its performance with an up to date envelope, the U values and infiltration rate were upgraded. In addition the internal gains where matched with those expected in the future design. New results reported a predicted substantial reduction of the heating loads and a slight increase in the cooling loads. In conclusion, this preliminary assessment of the existing building has indicated the strong potential that holds the site to host a free-running building. Furthermore, the geometrical values (window to floor ratio, floor to ceiling height and depth of plan) of the building were useful starting points for the following design iterations.
Site possibilities The northern location of the lot relatively to the square allows the building to benefit from unobstructed solar radiation (figure 33.a). Although the surrounding buildings protect part of the square from the prevailing winds, the open space presents sufficient length for the air masses to reshape and therefore offering opportunities to design with natural ventilation (figure 33.b). The enclosed edges of the square and availability of the wind and sun generate an urban microclimate to be accounted along the development of the building’s design. Control over this microclimate will also be an aspect regarded while defining the massing of the building and also while designing the new outdoor spaces. The most significant constraints of the site are the neighbouring buildings setting the northern and eastern limit of the plot as party walls (figure 33.c). As a result, the rooftop configuration will be a key element for the building’s performance. W
N
N
62.5º
27 m 45 m
45 m
15.5º 10 m
10 m
Figure 33a. Solar access possibilities
Figure 33b. Wind access possibilities
38
Figure 33c. Site constraints
Design considerations With respect to the previously identified needs of the area and its changing population, considerations are to be taken throughout the design process (figure 33). An intended low profile aspect will maintain the construction costs low, to ensure the affordability of the spaces in the market and will preserve the expected character of Gillett Square. In order to do so the design will incorporate the reuse of the bricks and other valuable elements of the Stamford Works. Moreover, choice of low cost construction elements and open source furniture will be carried while ensuring a maximal involvement of locally manufactured resources and talent. With respect to future visions of London, the implied urban exposure of the building along with its strong environmental identity will aim to raise awareness amongst the community towards more sustainable considerations.
LOW PROFILE DESIGN
An architecture that blends in with its surroundings with respect to the existing urban fabric and social identity.
REUSE OF BRICKS AND FLOORINGS
LOW COST CONSTRUCTION
Preserving the identity of the existing structure through the recycling and reuse of the facade bricks and wooden floorings.
Use of low-cost raw natural materials Avoid using heavy structures and high-tech construction mechanisms. Low embodied carbon materials.
OPEN SOURCE FURNITURE
Affordable Sustainable Self built Flexible
COMMUNITY ENHANCER
Enhances the local manufacturing community Textile, fabrics, wood. Figure 33c. Design considerations
39
URBAN INFLUENCE
Taking part in movements towards future sustainable developments in the area.
40
CHAPTER 4: BUILDING DEVELOPMENT
41
Massing of the building Starting with the suggested plot by the Hackney Council, closing the square will strengthen its geometry and offer wind obstruction to improve comfort in the outdoor comfort.
6 sto 4 sto
Although the same report indicated the maximum allowed building height, the 6 storey high square volume will be brought down to 4 to mind the scale of the square. The previously identified northern blind wall will generate an unwanted deep plan area as well as the southern extrusion generating similar issues. Therefore, consideration of the lowest solar angle in winter and the facing volumes casting shadows over the building, inform the decision of tilting the roof 16 o. As a result, solar gains over the northern part of the building are restored and previously generated deep plan areas of the second and third floor have recourse to solutions for natural ventilation and daylighting.
Figure 34b. Maximum envelope allowed
Figure 34a. Closing the square + obstructing the wind
The previously conducted daylighting study of the Stamford Works building had indicated a depth of plan of 6 meters and the presence of blind walls. Consequently a top opening is to be considered, therefore an atrium will be allocated to resolve ventilation and daylighting matters.
Figure 34c. Minding the scale of the square
16°
As the groundfloor and first floor remain subjected to deep plan areas along the building’s corner, a courtyard will be allocated to be similarly effective as the atrium. This succession of decisions (figure 34) result in a final enveloppe of which the urban impact is next be assessed.
Figure 34d Northern blind wall creating unwanted deep plan areas
Figure 34e. The extension also obstructs previous solar-exposed areas
Figure 34f. Winter solar incidence suggests a roof inclination of 16°
6m
Figure 34g. New building envelope to be carved
Figure 34j. GF and 1st floor are still subjected to a deep plan
42
Figure 34h. Analysis of previous building indicated a passive zone of 6m
Figure 34i. An atrium is suited to cope with ventilation and daylight
Figure 34k. A void will ensure for the area to be daylit and ventilated
Figure 34l. Resulting envelope
Impact of the massing in the square In order to assess the environmental impact of the new buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s massing over the square, a comparison is made of flow design simulations with the former massing and with the new one. In this case the accounted prevailing wind is South West. Velocity (m/s) 18 15 12 9 Figure 35a. Current wind flow in square Source: Flow Design
Figure 35b. Resulting wind flow in the square
0
Source: Flow Design
The obstruction caused by the new massing over the former wind corridor is confirmed and will help improve the outdoor comfort of the square (figure 35). Looking at solar access over the square, the massing of the new building is appropriate to cause minimum overshadowing to the surroundings and allow maximum solar gains onto the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s facade (figure 36). The new building casts shadows onto the square exclusively in the afternoon shading only small portions of approximately 5% to 15% of the total square area. As the winter simulations depict, the bigger shadow casted occur at the winter solstice in the afternoon. However during December, days with clear sky and sun are scarce, therefore the previous analysis remain accurate.
Figure 36a. 21st December 10:00hs
Figure 36b. 21st December 12:00hs
Figure 36c. 21st December 15:00hs
Figure 36d. 21st March/September 10:00hs
Figure 36e. 21st March/September 12:00hs
Figure 36f. 21st March/September 15:00hs
Figure 36g. 21st June 10:00hs
Figure 36h. 21st June 12:00hs
43
Figure 36i. 21st June 15:00hs
Envimet stage 2 Iterations of ENVI met simulations were aimed to fully understand the impact of the implementation of the new building over the square. Step 1 corresponds to the current situation without the new building (figure 37). Step 2 corresponds to the presence of the building without the intervention over the outdoor space (figure 38). As previously mentioned the massing of the building will obstruct the prevailing winds to a certain extent, and reduce the overall wind speed in the square. By closing the square on the north-west corner, the modification induced over the behavior of the wind have defined new zones of comfort.
Wind Speed
Figure 37a. Summer Wind Speed 13:00
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
Figure 38a. Summer Wind Speed 13:00
Source: Envimet
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
Source: Envimet
Although new zones of comfort have been revealed, these remain in the unexploited car park. Considering transforming the car park into an extension of the square will introduce new opportunities mostly during winter for dwellers and pedestrian to reach comfort.
Wind Speed 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
These new zones of comfort are adjacent to the new massing implemented.
Figure 37b. Winter Wind Speed 13:00
Figure 38b. Winter Wind Speed 13:00
Source: Envimet
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
Source: Envimet
PET
Figure 37c. Summer PET 13:00
<23oC 26oC 29oC 32oC 35oC 38oC 41oC 44oC 47oC Min: 25.8oC 50oC Max: 53.6oC
Figure 38c. Summer PET 13:00
Source: Envimet
Source: Envimet
PET
Figure 37d. Winter PET 13:00 Source: Envimet
Figure 38d. Winter PET 13:00
44
Source: Envimet
<9.5oC 11.5oC 13.5oC 15.5oC 17.5oC 19.5oC 21.5oC 23.5oC 25.5oC Min: 25.8oC 27.5oC Max: 53.6oC
Program The building programme categories are subdivided, and the area allocated to each part of the programme has been identified through the visits conducted. The workspace and housing are the most relevant areas of the programme, consequently they account for most of the building area, 510 m2 and 620 m2 respectively. The different parts of the building brief have a highly varied occupancy schedules and densities, and that will influence their location within the scheme and the functional and environmental requirements of each of the spaces.
MEMBERSHIP TYPES
HOT DESKING 140 m2
PUBLIC CONNECTION
GROWTH PROMOTION
FIXED DESKING
SHARED FACILITIES
HOUSING POSSIBILITY
360 m2
SHOWROOM 243 m2
LECTURES
AUDITORIUM 55 m2
EVENTS
CAFETERIA
120 m2
NETWORKING
ENCLOSED OFFICES
MENTORING
120 m2
PRIVACY
PRINTERS KITCHEN BILLS SERVERS RECEPTION 80 m2
ATELIER
45
MEETING ROOMS 30 m2 AUDITORIUM 55 m2
COMMON KITCHEN COMMON ROOM 90 m2
STUDIOS 420 m2
Program distribution In order to distribute the program, the incident solar radiation (figure 41) was simulated and regarded in parallel to the listing and breakdown of the internal gains of all the rooms (figure 42). It is remarkable that the internal gains of the program greatly vary from a room to another, ranging from 13.43 up to 88.30 W/m2.
Rooms
W/m2
Studios
13.43
Enclosed offices
16.73
Showroom low scenario
16.99
Cafeteria
42.65
180 135
Fixed desking 2nd
45.01
160 120
Showroom high scenario
46.82
Fixed desking 1st
52.90
Hot desking
63.78
Auditorium
74.00
Informal meeting / Common kitchen
83.50
Meeting rooms
88.30
Consequently, the distribution is achieved by balancing rooms with high internal gains along with zones receiving low solar gains (figure 43). kWh/m2 200 150
140 105 120 90 100 75 80 60 60 45 40 30 20 15 0 Figure 41. Cool period incident solar radiation
Figure 42. Internal Heat Gains
Balance
Fixed desking Fixed desking
Studios
W/m2
Studios
60
Enclosed offices
Hot desking
Showroom
Cafeteria
55 50 45 40 35 30 25
Figure 43. Program distribution
20 15
46
10
Building Anatomy In order to fully understand the development of the building, this serie of diagrams gradually reveal its anatomy (figure 44). Starting from the previously established program distribution, concrete thermal mass is allocated in the structural elements in order to maximise flexibility and minimise cost. For similar reasons, low cost OSB panels were allocated as light internal partitions.
Concrete
OSB Panels
The enveloppe is entirely composed of locally sourced polycarbonate. A sensitivity analysis was carried over the sizing of the openings. The latter were carefully dimensioned to ensure optimal daylighting and thermal performances. The defined geometry results from a developped grasshopper tool assessing the floor to ceiling height, window to floor ratio and depth of plan according to daylighting performances on the first hand. Then, validated values were run through thermal soft computations to be approved definitely. Accordingly, the team designed a translucent shading device made of polycarbonate that can be adapted to different orientations. The device provides solar protection and glare protection while still diffusing daylight. Moreover, it can be used as a night shutter and remain user friendly as an adaptive feature.
1. Programme distribution
2. Thermal mass allocated in structural elements to allow flexibility
3. Light internal partitions
4. Polycarbonate envelope + openings based on depth of plan
5. Addition of translucenshading devices
6. PV panels to provide energy
Finally, pv panels are place on the roof top to minimise reliance on grid electricity.
Polycarbonate
Studios Enclosed Offices Showroom Fixed desking 1 Fixed desking 2 Hot desking Figure 44. Anatomy of the building
47
Cafeteria
Outdoors The square refurbishment and outdoors intervention was based on Envimet results and spot measurements that informed us about comfort zones concentrated in the corners where wind velocity is at its lowest. A resting area was designed North East of the square with wooden decks and trees to enhance comfort by reducing wind in winter and providing shading for the users in summer. To preserve the entity and microclimate of the square, we opted for pine, first, for being the most common type of trees in the area, and second because of their low dense canopy, which ensures visual privacy and blocks wind at lower levels. We dedicated bike racks on each of the entrance to promote the cycling pro-environmental activity. The stone paving of the square stretches out inside the showroom to ensure continuity, both visually and through the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience. Tables are placed under the canopy and beyond it to extend the cafeteria to strengthen the connection with the public ground floor functions. Because of the various activities occurring during different seasons all year long, we had to keep the square as flexible as possible to be able to host skaters who practice fours times a week during winter and massive crowds that flock to the square to enjoy all sort of activities during summer events from March to October.
Figure 45. Typical square plan
48
Plans During winter, the southern overshadowed part of the square is dedicated to skaters whereas the northern part is kept empty. The change of paving materials in the center will hopefully prevent skaters from using the other part meeting safety and privacy concerns. During summer, different scenarios promoting communal life and local talents are imagined: -Music events with a temporary stage set where local bands and artists gather to play -Pop-up childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s playground using inflatable toys -Light-weight structures retail and street food stalls
Figure 46. Summer concert
Figure 47. Summer market
Figure 48. Summer playground
Figure 49. Winter scenario
49
Building Plans As previously mentioned in the massing of the building, the layout of the proposal responds to the environmental availabilities and restrains offered by the site, and the scheme being proposed. The functional requirements have determined the location of the public programme on the ground floor that will function as a bridge between the building activities and the community. These facades are the active frontage of the programme and create the link through which local young entrepreneurs are introduced to the different stages of the building organisation. The free hot desking area is located facing the rear passage in order to limit the impact of the square activities on its functioning, as well as being the more protected spot from solar radiation and square noises. This rear passage is used for a 24h private entrance as well as a service access for the building.
B’
A’
B’
A’
6.80
8.40
8.40
3.40
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
8.40
8.40
Figure 47a. Ground Floor - 1:300
Figure 47b. First Floor - 1:300
Figure 48a. West Elevation - 1:300
50
8.40
8.40 A
8.40
8.40
B
3.40
B
The north part of the project comprises the smaller units of the programme, where privacy plays a significant role in the functional requirements, such as enclosed offices and studios. The latter are units of 30m2, with a private toilet and a small kitchen. These private uses are related to lower occupancy ratios, therefore lower internal gains, which are balanced with higher solar access. Moreover, the small size of the units is complemented with common facilities, such as a common kitchen, a common laundry, and a common living room overlooking the exterior rooftop terrace. The location of the atrium in the back part of the plan creates a vertical space where casual connections might occur through the vertical connections, moreover it provides daylight and the possibility for cross ventilation to the adjacent spaces.
6.80
A
The workspace volume is an open, flexible plan, designed as an interconnected space where the different types of memberships come together. The furniture is not fixed to be able to reconfigure the space based on the user’s needs. Three meeting rooms are provided, together with a common kitchen, phone booths, and a shower to allow workers to commute by bicycle. The spatial distribution enhances the ventilation strategy, key element for such a densely occupied space, as well as being perfectly suited for the building typology were networking and occasional encounters play a major role. Different grades of privacy are distributed on a vertical and horizontal axis with a common centre point in the central void next to the courtyard, where the main access is located.
Figure 46a. Section BB’ - 1:300
B’
A’
A’
B’
Figure 46b. Section AA’ - 1:300
6.80
3.40
8.40
8.40
3.40
6.80
6.80
6.80
6.80
Figure 47c. Second Floor - 1:300
Figure 48a. South Elevation - 1:300
8.40
8.40 A
8.40 B
8.40 A
8.40
8.40
Figure 47d. Third Floor - 1:300
Figure 48a. North Elevation - 1:300
51
B
6.80
Shading device In order to make use of the potential of the southern orientation of the building, the design of a shading device is required. A retractable system offers adaptive opportunities to the users to cope with seasonal and daily variations of the solar geometry. The device is composed of two translucent articulated panels where each one measures as long as half of the window size. Therefore the opened position allows the device to act as an overhang to obstruct sunlight effectively as it is in this case double layered. Gradual closing of the device offers an engaging control for users to cope with glare whilst still allowing daylight through (figure 50).
Figure 49a. Shading device simulation: Open
Figure 49b. Shading device simulation: Partially closed
Source: DIVA
Source: DIVA
Figure 49c. Shading device simulation: Closed Source: DIVA
Once on the closed position, the panels align and diffuse daylight through only one layer allowing the interior space to be fairly daylit. Also, adding a significant Uvalue to the window as it acts as a night shutter will reduce heat losses during winter night time. For different orientations of the facade, the device can either be allocated horizontally or vertically respectively for south or West and East oriented facade.
0.6 m
52
1.20 m
1.20 m
First design experimentations were conducted through DIVA by using the generic translucent material set by C.Reinhart to allow 20 % of light transmission (figure 49). Altough different positions were tested, the team did not feel confident in relying on the simulation results for a device with such importance in the project.
Experiment with shading device A Hackney based supplier provided us with 2 panels of translucent opal polycarbonate with a light transmission of 17 %. This material represents a sample of what the facade would be composed of. The assembly of the two panels was easily made with 2 pairs of small and flat hinges. In order to install the device and for it to stay in position, adjustable strings were attached to the edges. The same previously simulated position of the device were assessed with the experiment (figure 52). Figure 52a. Device open
Figure 52b. Device partially closed
As it can be observed over Figure 53, the glare protection for an office user at table height is performing efficiently as the dirrect solar radiation (red stain) is being diffused.
Figure 52c. Device closed
Spot measurements were taken to assess the light transmission of the material, and its relative thicknesses according to positions.
Figure 53a. Device open
Figure 53b. Device partially closed
We can observe that when the device is open, the light levels above 2000 lux and hence, with glare probability are much higher and penetrate deeper than when it is partially or completely closed. When the device is closed, the limit of the 2000 lux is reached nearer the window, and the absolute values above 2000 are lower than in the case of the device completely open. Nevertheless, daylight penetrates almost at the same depth, reaching the value of 300 lux at around 1m away from the window. To summarise, glare is only observed very near the window. The device eliminates it without compromising average daylight levels.
Figure 53c. Device closed 0.9 m
0.60m lux
0.6 m
7000 1.80 m
6000
1.20 m
5000
1.20m
0.9 m
4000 3000 2000 300 0
0 Figure 54a. Light measurements
50
100
150
200
meters 53
Figure 54b. Comparison section
Date: 12-03-16 hour: 13:00 Sky illuminance: 23.000 lux
0.9 m
Construction details
Figure 55. Construction detail: Roof
Figure 56. Construction detail: Walls and floors
54
Materiality The material design of the project (figure 57) has been carefully developed according to the following principles: Prefabricated Hollow core concrete slabs Structural topping Lightweight concrete finishing Specific heat: 830 J/kgK Concrete structure Casted in situ Specific heat: 830 J/kgK
OSB Internal Partitions Metal stud frame Noise insulation
Opal Polycarbonate 25mm Opal X wall structure U Value= 1.7 W/m2K Light Transmission= 17 %
Reused bricks from Stamford Works Painted in white - Higher reflectance Specific heat: 790J/kgK
Opal Polycarbonate 25 mm Air chamber: 10 cm Insulation 15 cm Plasterboard: 0.015 cm U-Value: 0.28 W/m2K
Aluminum double glazed windows U-Value: 2.7 W/m2K
Figure 57. Materiality
55
- Promote local industries through the selection of locally available materials from regional supliers - Deliver an improved thermal performance through the strategic location of thermal mass, without compromising future flexibility - Maintain low construction costs, through the implementation of standardised construction assemblies and rationalised design solutions - The intended interior atmosphere is left with an unfinished look, providing the users the capability of adapting the interior environment to their needs
Renders The exterior design of the proposal relies on the adaptive devices introduced for thermal and daylighting comfort to become the main architectural expression on the faรงade, modifying its perception from the square with seasonal and diurnal variations. During summer, the scheme is perceived as a shelter from the animated square. The limits of the volume are blurred with the operation and variability of the shading elements, through which the building breaths, maximising ventilation. The perforated envelope reveals a shaded interior protected from the sun where activities take place. During summer nights the situation is inverted, and the inner activity is revealed through a fully open building which reveals the inner activity.
Figure 58. Building in a summer day
Figure 59. Building in a summer night
56
On a winter day the materiality of the facade merges with the environment, creating a subtle yet identifiable presence on the square. The scheme´s compactness emerges as a response to the external environment. During winter nights, the envelope of the building is fully closed and the compactness of the form is revealed, minimising heat losses and stablishing a strong limit with the exterior. As a conclusion, the architectural image of the proposal is defined as a neutral framework where the interaction of the users with the envelope will determine how the building is perceived.
Figure 60. Building in a winter day
Figure 61. Building in a winter night
57
58
CHAPTER 5: STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE
59
Strategies Free running strategies for the south due volume are compiled in Figure 62. Daylight Stamford works building informed us that a south-facing window to floor ratio of 16% determines a daylit passive zone of 7m deep. The light at the back of the plan is evened out by the atrium, introducing a background light. The materials that conform the perimeter of the atrium are highly reflective to enhance the canyon effect: white railings and reused bricks also painted in white. Summer Shading devices are designed to prevent solar radiation from entering the room during the warm period. The sliding windows of 1.2 m height enable ventilation for cooling, as the breeze will directly impact the users. In addition, the top windows (0.6 m) contribute to a higher ventilation rate during warmer days. The cross ventilation of the space is possible through a connection window with the atrium. The wind driven ventilation is improved at the level of the atrium with the addition of the buoyancy driven effect. The top of the atrium has been designed in order to increase its effect with the prevailing wind direction, and considers a possibility of future growth of the neigbouring building. In the interest of the low profile of the design, the existance of a BMS has been avoided. The top windows are manually open from May to September approximately (The simulations consider the opening on May 15th and closure on September 15th). Winter During the cool period, the solar shading enables low winter sun to penetrate the space, significantly contributing to the heat balance of the room. When the shading device is closed, it acts as a night shutter to reduce the heat losses through the windows. Ventilation is reduced to the minumum fresh air requirements, achieved with the opening of the top window. It maintains the required air quality without stricking directly on the occupants. Low winter sun angles suppose a high risk of glare for the users. The translucency of the shading device reduces glare, and maintains daylight levels inside. It is adjustable to different heights to offer adaptive opportunities to the users.
Party wall future proofing Wind driven ventilation coupled with stack effect
1.25m Summer strategies
Winter strategies
62.5o
62.5o The shading device prevents sun access inside the building during summer Full window open enables high ventilation rates
0.60m
15.5o The shading device allows full penetration of sun in winter
1.20m
Top openings: fresh air provided without the cooling of occupants
0.60m
15.5o 0.60m
Adaptability
0.60m
Choice of high reflectivity materials to enhance canyon effect
Adaptive shading device for glare protection When closed, translucent material diffuses daylight
To summarise, general strategies defined in the massing of the building are completed withvthe implementation of a highly adaptive window and shading device unit. It allows users to adjust the envelope to their needs throughout the day and throughout the year.
The device also works as a night shutter
7m
3.8 - 5.6 m
Depth of plan according to the passive zone - Atrium size according to dark areas Figure 62. Strategies
60
Strategies Figure 63 shows the strategies for the Southern volume. The urban context of the building blocks the solar access during winter in most of the volume. Furthermore, it has been shaped to prevent overshadowing and to allow solar and wind access to the deep plan of the top floors. Daylight Daylight in the space is ensured by a window to floor ratio of 30%, evenly distributed with different strategies. The introduction of the courtyard is a key element to solve the deep plan, enhancing the daylight and ventilation of the space. In addition, top skylights facing north significantly contribute to even out the daylight within the plan. 15.5o Winter sun does not reach the facade of the lower volume
15.5o Winter sun reaches the upper levels of the higher volume
Summer Similar strategies for solar control are applied as in the previous section, with the addition of a veritacal typology of the shading device, that blocks east and west sun. Ventilation for cooling is also designed as in the previous section relying on a highly perforated envelope, enhanced by the courtyard. Operable skylights opened from XX to XX contribute to the ventilation scheme with buoyancy driven ventilation.
Northern openings to enhance daylight 62.5o
Summer: Full window opening
Winter: Fresh air without compromising comfort
Ventilation: wind + stack effect
0.60m Winter Both vertical and horizontal shading devices are used as night shutters to reduce the heat losses through the windows, and maintain the heat stored in the thermal mass during the day. Ventilation is reduced to the minumum fresh air requirements. It is achieved through the opening of the top window. It maintains the required air quality without stricking directly on the occupants. The possible glare in the east and west facades is also solved with the translucency of the shading devices, that block direct sun but still maintain daylight.
1.20m
0.60m
As a resume, the same principles are applied, but adapted to a different architectural solution due to a different urban context. Adaptive shading device
Courtyard as a solution for the deep plan
13.6 m
3.4 m
7m
Figure 63. Strategies
61
62
Environmental matrix
400
The different nature of the spaces within the building led to the elaboration of an environmental matrix in order to identify where the design decisions should be pointed and where would them be more effective in terms of area affected.
350 300 250
As a result, the spaces presented in the following pages were chosen in order to cover the wide range of scenarios occuring in the building and how the design addressed the environmental requirements.
200 150 100 50 Showroom Cafeteria Auditorium
Hot Desking
Enclosed Offices
Meeting Rooms
Informal meeting - Kitchen
FixedDesking
Studios
Common Room
Environmental Parameters Daylight
Natural Ventilation Solar Access
Views out Accoustic Isolation Individual controls Other Parameters Privacy
Security
Glare control Figure 64. Environmental Matrix
63
NOT DESIRABLE
DESIRABLE
NOT IMPORTANT
CRITICAL
Spaces presentation During the design process of the building, decisions have been made in order to achieve an optimal performance in terms of daylighting and thermal comfort. What seems to have been a strict performance based criteria during its massing has led to its architectural definition during detailed design. Vertical voids, such as the atrium, courtyard and the workspace central opening play a key role enabling buoyancy driven ventilation as well as providing daylight further into the plan. Moreover, they create visual relations, foster networking, allow a spatial enrichment and contribute to the full experience of the architectural atmosphere. As a consequence, performance based decisions are located and fine-tuned according to architectural implications, whose influence on the performance is negligible but the spatial result is significant. Performance compromises enrich the architectural ambience, and spatial considerations enable better functioning of environmental assets. The economical constrains set by the targeted users have determined the way in which the building is operated, simple devices whose control relies on the users and whose potential is enhanced with the location of major design decisions, which create the most identifiable interior features of the scheme.
Figure 65. Space Location
Figure 66. Studios
Figure 67. Enclosed offices
64
The functioning of the design The ventilation strategies for the scheme have been designed in two levels: 1. General strategies: The relation of the massing of the building with the voids introduced in order to allow buoyancy driven ventilation. The north blind wall is solved with the atrium whereas the deep plan created by the L shape is solved with a courtyard. Top openings in the office volume will enhance the stack effect created through the vertical connection of all the spaces. In order to keep construction and maintenance costs down a BMS has been avoided, and the openings are manually operated on a seasonal basis. They will be open by a member of the staff before the warm period and closed when the cool starts. Simulation inputs: Top atrium 15 May to 15 Sept 100% of operable area Opened Skylight in Workspaces 15 May to 1 Sept Opened 50% of operable area
Figure 68. Fixed desking
2. Window components design, that constitute the adaptive strategies and which will rely on occupant control in order to assure thermal comfort and indoor air quality. They will activate the ventilation, mostly wind driven, but with the back-up created by the buoyancy driven general strategies. Simulation inputs: Summer 50% of the operable envelope will open at 25oC 50% at 27oC Connection window towards the atrium at 27oC. Winter: Half of the workspaces top windows will open twice a day during 10-20min to maintain indoor air quality (see appendix) In order to assess the need for a mechanical system and the estimated loads, a similar set point has been used as the thermal comfort limit for free running buildings previously stated. So that hours out of that comfort standard would be the one needed to be offset by the mechanical system. Cooling set point: 27oC Heating set point: 19oC
Figure 69. Hot desking
Figure 70. Showroom
65
As the building will be occupied 24hs, there is a need to establish a strategy for artificial lighting. It will be a hybrid daylight-linked control system. Two types of lighting systems are to be incorporated in the design to ensure substantial savings in terms of artificial lighting loads and comply to the required lighting levels for offices. The building will provide local desk lighting with on or off switching control, offering to the users the possibility to adapt according to their individual need for visual comfort. The building will also provide general lighting equipped with daylight-linked controls such as photosensitive dimmable electronic ballasts to ensure the visual comfort level of the office space. Below a certain level of daylight, supplementary electric lighting is assumed to top up adequately the required level of illuminance. Additionally, the general lighting scheme benefits from a supplementary occupancy schedule based control system. It will therefore become hybrid and result in significantly higher savings.
Studios: Daylight performance As a starting point, the team analysed the performance of the space using Useful Daylight Illuminance (figure 72), without shading device. The whole room is daylit (Mean Daylight Autonomy of 64%), with minimum values in the deeper area of the plan of 57%. The problem encountered is the potential glare due to the high contrast in light levels. When adding the shading device open (figure 73), the Mean Daylight Autonomy is almost the same, 65%. The glare possibility is significantly reduced, as we can see a decrease in the blue area in the figure. The shadow mask (figure 75) proves that the sun is blocked at noon during summer, but not during winter. Consequently, at 1m away from the window, the UDI remains of around 50%.
UDI_100_2000 64% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 65% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 48% Mean Daylight Autonomy
A final simulation was carried out with the translucent shading device closed (figure 74). Glare probability is now completely eliminated, the daylight is diffused and levels are maintained. UDI values near the window are above 70%. Users are provided with the operable translucent shading device that give them the opportunity to adapt internal conditions to the desired light levels.
% of occupied hours 100
83 South oriented
South oriented
South oriented
67
50
The internal layout of the plan was designed considering daylight levels. The desk area is located near the window, where maximum illuminance levels can be attained. The bed is in the darker area, and the kitchen is highly daylit through the atrium window.
33
17
0
Figure 72. Studios UDI, no shutters.
Figure 73. Studios UDI, open shutters.
Source: DIVA
Figure 74. Studios UDI, closed shutters.
Source: DIVA
Source: DIVA
cd/m2 749 421 237 133 74 42 23 Figure 71. Studio plans
Figure 75. Shadow mask Source: Grasshopper
Figure 76. Studios daylight. shutters open
66
Source: DIVA
Figure 77. Studios daylight. shutters closed. Source: DIVA
13
1000
30
Cooling Heating People Window losses Lights
900 25
800
Equipment
700
20
600 Ventilation Losses
500
15
400 Solar Gains
10
300
Opaque losses Interzone Heat Gains
0
Direct Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) Wind Speed [m/s]
Outdoor Temperature (°C) Indoor Temperature (°C)
07/14
07/13
07/12
07/11
07/10
07/09
0 07/07
of time in comfort period: 24 hs
100
07/08
86%
200
5
Studios: thermal performance The performance of the studios achieved 86% of time in comfort for a occupancy period of 24 hours. During summer (figure 78), the temperature remains stable within the comfort band. This performance is attained due to the effectivenes of the shading device and cross ventilation through the atrium. As it can be observed in the graph, the inner temperature is not affected by high solar radiation, and stays stable (see 12/07 and 13/07). During warmer days, the stack effect created by the atrium ensures a sufficient ventilation rate to keep inner temperatures within comfort. During winter (figure 79), the temperature remains stable within the comfort band. The big size of the window and the dimension of the shading device allow solar radiation to penetrate the space and warm it up during the day (see 11/12, and 12/12). During the night, the temperature is maintained owing to the closure of the night shutters combined with the occupancy period. Moreover, when temperature is outside the comfort band, it is mainly between 1oK and 3oK(figure 80), and is concentrated within a period of 50 days (figure 81). As a result, heating and cooling loads are negligible.
Air changes / hour Windows Opening Factor (%)
Figure 78. Temperature simulation in warm period Source: Open Studio
30
Nº of hours
1000
1000
900
800 0 615
600
25 800
400 200
0 100
0
0 0
>1°K >3°K >5°K Hours Out of Comfort
Weekdays Weekends
700
20
600
Figure 80. Degrees out of comfort Source: Open Studio
500
15
Nº of days
400
350 300
10
300
250
25 m2 20.8 m2/p
200 150
5
50
100
0
Heating Load Cooling Load
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Direct Solar Radiation Rate [W/m2]
Indoor Temperature (°C)
12/12
Air Changes / hour Night Shutters: Open/Close
Figure 79. Temperature simulation in cold period Source: Open Studio
12/11
12/10
12/09
12/08
<1
KWh/m2 Annual
12/07
1
0
12/06
Figure 81. Hours out of comfort
x
13.43 W/m2
x
0
12/05
>2 >4 >6 >1 Occupied Hours Out of Comfort
KWh/m2 Annual
0.2 a.c./h
200
100
Source: Open Studio
W/f 16%
67
U-Values Exterior wall: 0.28 Roof: 0.20 Party Walls: 0.37 Windows: 2.7 Windows+night shutters: 0.80
Total internal gains
Enclosed offices In order to assess the performance of daylight inside the enclosed offices, the team also employed UDI simulations. The starting point was again the space without the shading device (figure 83). The Mean Daylight Autonomy achieved is of 56%, and there is a high probability of glare next to the window. The room is not performing as well as the studios since there is no intermediate wall to reflect the light and hence improve the illuminance. The addition of the shading device (figure 84) significantly reduces glare next to the window and keeps the Mean Daylight Autonomy above 50%. The simulation of the space with the shading device closed (figure 85) proves again that the translucent nature of it eliminates glare while keeping good illuminance near the window. The desks in the space should be placed next to the window to allow maximum daylight and adaptability. The meeting space is kept in the deeper area since it is the function that requires less daylight.
UDI_100_2000 56% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 51% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 25% Mean Daylight Autonomy
% of occupied hours 100
83 South oriented
South oriented
South oriented
67
50
33
17
0
Figure 83. Enclosed offices UDI, no shutters.
Figure 84. Enclosed offices UDI, open shutters.
Source: DIVA
Figure 82. Enclosed offices plans
Source: DIVA
Figure 86. Shadow mask Source: Grasshopper
68
Figure 85. Enclosed offices UDI, closed shutters. Source: DIVA
ENCLOSED 1000
30
Cooling Heating Window losses
900
People
25
Lights
800 700
20
600 Ventilation Losses
500
15
400
Equipment
10 Opaque losses
300
Solar Gains Interzone Heat Gains
91%
200
5
100
of time in comfort period: 24 hs
0
Direct Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) Wind Speed [m/s]
Outdoor Temperature (°C) Indoor Temperature (°C)
07/14
07/13
07/12
07/11
07/10
07/09
07/08
07/07
0
Enclosed offices: thermal performance The performance of the enclosed offices achieved 91% of time in comfort for a occupancy period of 24 hours. During summer (figure 87), the temperature inside remains very stable within the comfort band. The ventilation strategy reached through the stack effect and high wind availability from the square maintains indoor temperature within comfort even for outdoor temperatures over 25oC. As it can be observed in the graph, the inner temperature is not affected by high solar radiation, and stays stable (see 12/07 and 13/07). During winter (figure 88), indoor temperature is essentially driven by internal gains, since it is kept inside the comfort band when the space is occupied. At night, night shutters diminish the heat loss through the window and keep the temperature almost in comfort. During weekends, with a lower occupancy, the temperature falls to the edge of the comfort limit. The simulation considered windows opened twice a day for 10 minutes for fresh air requirements (see appendix). Moreover, when temperature is outside the comfort band, it is only between 1oK and 3oK (figure 89). As a result, theoretical heating and cooling loads are extremely low (figure?).
Air changes / hour Windows Opening Factor (%)
Figure 87. Temperature simulation in warm period Source: Open Studio
30
Nº of hours
1000
1000
900
800
25
600
800
400 28 217
200 0
0 0
0 0
>1°K >3°K >5°K Hours Out of Comfort
Weekdays Weekends
700
20
600
Figure 89. Degrees out of comfort Source: Open Studio
500
15
Nº of days
400
350 300
10
300
250
25 m2 6.3 m2/p
200 150
200
100
5
50
100
0
Heating Load Cooling Load
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Direct Solar Radiation Rate [W/m2]
Indoor Temperature (°C)
12/12
Air Changes / hour Night Shutters: Open/Close
Figure 88. Temperature simulation in cold period Source: Open Studio
12/11
12/10
12/09
4
KWh/m2 Annual
12/08
6
12/07
Source: Open Studio
12/06
Figure 90. Hours out of comfort
0
0
12/05
>2 >4 >6 >1 Occupied Hours Out of Comfort
KWh/m2 Annual
W/f 30%
69
x0,7
x1
x1
x1
0.2 a.c./h x0,5
x1
x0,7 x0,3
x x1
x
U-Values Exterior wall: 0.28 Windows: 2.7 Windows + night shutters: 0.80
16.7 W/m2
Total internal gains
Fixed desking In order to assess the performance of daylight inside the fixed desking, the team also employed UDI simulations. The highly perforated envelope together with the courtyard and skylights are endowing the entire space with generous daylight throughout the year (Mean Daylight Autonomy of 64%) (figure 92). However, the desks next to the windows have a high probability of receiving glare. The mezanine has ideal illuminance in the hot desking, but the potential of glare in the desks is very high. The addition of the shading device (figure 93) significantly improves the performance (Mean Daylight Autonomy of 72%), and reduces glare, both in the first and second floor, as we can see a considerable reduction in the blue area of the plans showing UDI. However, the situation is not ideal since all the desks still have areas that are overlit. These conditions were further tested in a glare analysis (figure 95). With the shutters completely open, the Daylight Glare Probability is of 0.42 which corresponds to intolerable glare. An additional simulation was carried out to compare the performance with the shading device partially open (figure 96). The DGP was reduced to 0.39, which corresponds to perceptible glare.
UDI_100_2000 64% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 72% Mean Daylight Autonomy Window orientation
Window Orientation
UDI_100_2000 74% Mean Daylight Autonomy Window orientation
South
South
South
East
East
East
West
West
West
The simulation of the UDI in the spaces with all the shading devices closed (figure 94) shows the best performance (Mean DA of 74%)and proves that the risk of glare can be completely eliminated without compromising optimal illuminance levels. The glare analysis reveals a DGP of 0.29 which corresponds to imperceptible glare. (figure 97)
Figure 92. Fixed desking UDI, no shutters.
83
Source: DIVA
Source: DIVA
DGP= 0.29
DGP= 0.39
DGP= 0.42 % of occupied hours 100
Figure 94. Fixed desking UDI, closed shutters.
Figure 93. Fixed desking UDI, open shutters.
Source: DIVA
cd/m2 5000 4500 4000
67
3500 3000
50 Figure 91. Fixed desking plans
Daylight Glare Probability Imperceptible Glare: DGP<0.35 Perceptible Glare: 0.35<DGP<0.4 Intolerable Glare: DGP>0.45
33 17
2500 2000 1500 1000 500
0
0
Figure 95. Glare Analysis, shutters open Source: Grasshopper
Figure 96. Glare analysis. Shutters partially closed
70
Source: DIVA
Figure 97. Glare analysis. Shutters closed Source: DIVA
Opaque losses
1000
30
Heating
Fixed desking: thermal performance
People
900
Ventilation Losses
Lights
Equipment
25
800 700
20
600 500
15
400
Interzone Heat Losses
Solar Gains
Window losses
10
300
Interzone Heat Gains
82%
200
5
Direct Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) Wind Speed [m/s]
Outdoor Temperature (°C) Indoor Temperature (°C)
07/14
07/13
07/12
07/11
07/10
07/09
07/08
0
07/07
100
of time in comfort period: 24hs
0
Air changes / hour Windows Opening Factor (%)
Figure 98. Temperature simulation in warm period Source: Open Studio
1000
30
Nº of hours 1000
8 937
800
900 25
600
800
400 0 162
200 0
0 0
700
20
>1°K >3°K >5°K Hours Out of Comfort
Indoor air velocity Vol. 308 m3 35 ach Operable area (50 %south facade) = 3.3m2 x 4 = 13.2 m2 Air velocity= (308 x 35)/3600 = 3 m3/s / 13.2 m2 = 0.25m/s
Weekdays Weekends
600
Figure 100. Degrees out of comfort Source: Open Studio
The performance of the fixed desking achieved 82% of time in comfort for a occupancy period of 24 hours. During summer (figure 98), the indoor temperature is quite variable from 21 to 26oC, but always inside the comfort band. The very high internal gains are outweighed by very high ventilation rates of up to 35 ac/h. The ventilation strategy relies on a highly perforated envelope (30% window to floor ratio) with operable windows and top skylights that are seasonally opened. The volume is blocking prevailing winds from entering the square and the interior benefits from this condition when the envelope is permeable. During still days, ventilation is achieved through the skylights and the stack effect generated. These provoke indoor temperature to slightly fall below the comfort band during night. During winter (figure 99), internal gains maintain indoor temperature inside the comfort band, which can be clearly noticed in the lower temperatures during the weekend. At night, night shutters are able to keep the heat generated during the day. Owing to the location of the space within the scheme, solar gains play a negligible rol into the heat balance. There is an increased amount of occupied hours outside the comfort band, but only for 1 to 3oK (figure 100), and are more scattered than in the previous spaces (figure 101). The main reason for these conditions is the seasonability in the operation of the manually operated skylights that generate cool hours at night during summer. The team decided not to include a BMS system to avoid extra costs, and keep it affordable. Even though the larger amount of hours outside comfort are below the comfort band (figure 100), heating and cooling loads are similar. This is due to the skylight windows being open when theoretical cooling switches on.
500
15
N° of days
400
350 300
10
300
250
82 m2 3 m2/p
200 150 100
200
5
50
100
0
Heating Load Cooling Load
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Direct Solar Radiation Rate [W/m2]
Indoor Temperature (°C)
12/12
Air Changes / hour Night Shutters: Open/Close
Figure 99. Temperature simulation in cold period Source: Open Studio
12/11
12/10
12/09
1
KWh/m2 Annual
12/08
>1
x1
x0,5
x1
x0,5
x x2
0
0
12/07
Source: Open Studio
12/06
Figure 101. Hours out of comfort
x1
0.2 a.c./h
x
12/05
>2 >4 >6 >1 Occupied Hours Out of Comfort
KWh/m2 Annual
W/f 30%
71
U-Values Exterior wall: 0.28 Windows: 2.7 Windows + night shutters: 0.80
52.9 W/m2
Total internal gains
Hot desking / Cafeteria In order to assess the performance of daylight inside the hot desking and cafeteria, the team also employed UDI simulations. The position of the space on the ground floor, and blocked from the sun during a large period of the year reduces the solar access inside. The first iteration (figure 103) carried out showed very high values of illuminance in the entire plan. However, the large glazing facing the square induces a high probability of glare in the cafeteria area. The second iteration (figure 104) with shading devices and canopy prove the suitability of these to eliminate the risk of glare in the space.
UDI_100_2000 65% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 70% Mean Daylight Autonomy Window orientation
Window Orientation South
% of occupied hours 100 83
South
67 50 West
West
33 17 0
Figure 103. Hot desking and cafeteria UDI, no shutters. Source: DIVA
Figure 102. Hot desking and cafeteriaplans
72
Figure 104. Hot desking and cafeteria UDI, open shutters. Source: DIVA
HOT DESKING + CAFE Opaque losses
1000
30
Cooling Heating People
900 25
Ventilation Losses
800
Lights
700
20
600
Equipment
500
15
400 Interzone Heat Losses
Solar Gains
Window losses
10
300
Interzone Heat Gains
200
5
93%
100
of time in comfort
0
Direct Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) Wind Speed [m/s]
Outdoor Temperature (°C) Indoor Temperature (°C)
07/14
07/13
07/12
07/11
07/10
07/09
07/08
07/07
0
Air changes / hour Windows Opening Factor (%)
Figure 105. Temperature simulation in warm period Source: Open Studio
30
Nº of hours
1000
1000
The performance of the hot desking and cafeteria achieved 91% of time in comfort. During summer (figure 105) indoor temperature varies from 21 to 27oC, but always inside the comfort band. It is mainly driven by internal gains, effectively dissipated by the high ventilation rates. As the space is connected with the fixed desking, the strategy is the same one. However, as the space is further from the skylights, the temperature does not drop as much as in the first floor. In addition, the thermal mass used in the service core is offsetting the diurnal heat to night time. During winter (figure 106), the indoor temperature varies considerably from 15 to 26oC. It remains inside the comfort band within the occupied hours. At night, due to the high glazing surfaces, the temperature drops quicker than in the rest of the building. In the morning, as these spaces function in a first come first served basis, the temperature rises quickly into the comfort band. During the weekend, a lower occupancy in the hot desking area, drops the temperatures below the comfort band. However, the combination of the hot desking with the cafeteria make it difficult to predict the occupancy scenario. The simulation considered windows opened twice a day for 10 minutes for fresh air requirements (see appendix). As the space is only occupied from 10 to 22, the percentage of time within comfort rises, with a small amount of hours outside comfort, by only 1 to 3oK (figure107). Even though the percentage is higher than the other spaces, the theoretical heating and cooling loads are higher (figure 108). This is due to the fact that in the case of having a mechanical system, all the spaces are connected, and it would need to be turned on 24hs.
900
800
25
600
800
400 200 0
Hot desking: thermal performance
35 140
9 33
3 4
>1°K >3°K >5°K Hours Out of Comfort
Weekdays Weekends
700
20
600
Figure 107. Degrees out of comfort Source: Open Studio
500
15
Nº of days
400
350 300
10
300
250
172 114 m2 3 m2/p 2.7
200 150
200
100
5
x1
x0,25
100
0
Heating Load Cooling Load
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Direct Solar Radiation Rate [W/m2]
Indoor Temperature (°C)
12/12
Air Changes / hour Night Shutters: Open/Close
Figure 106. Temperature simulation in cold period Source: Open Studio
12/11
12/10
12/09
12/08
9
KWh/m2 Annual
0
12/07
Source: Open Studio
0
12/06
Figure 108. Hours out of comfort
x
12/05
>2 >4 >6 >1 Occupied Hours Out of Comfort
7
x0,2
0.2 a.c./h
x
50
KWh/m2 Annual
W/f 30%
73
U-Values Exterior wall: 0.28 Windows: 2.7 Windows + night shutters: 0.80
52.9 W/m2
Total internal gains
Showroom In order to assess the performance of daylight in the showroom, Useful Daylight Illuminance and Daylight Autonomy were the two metrics regarded. (figure 110) The UDI indicates a lot of glare near the facade for it being oriented due south with no shading device. The northern area of the UDI floor plan, indicates that the illuminance levels are either excessive or insufficient . Therefore, an additional metric such as the Daylight Autonomy indicates that the space receives plenty of daylight. The showroom is located right under the atrium. The daylighting simulations confirm the appropriate sizing of the roof opening for it allowing sufficient sunlight into the deep plan area of the building. Moreover, the abundant daylight received on the ground floor indicates the successful performance of the canyon effect over the atrium. Although the activities intended in the showroom do not require any particular value of illuminance such as for office spaces, allowing high amount of daylight may offer an attractive opportunity for exhibitions.
DA_300 63% Mean Daylight Autonomy
UDI_100_2000 62% Mean Daylight Autonomy
% of occupied hours 100 83 67 50 33 17 0
Figure 110a. Showroom DA.
Figure 110b. Showroom UDI.
Source: DIVA
Source: DIVA
Figure 109. Showroom plans
74
1000
30
Cooling Heating Window losses
900
People
25
800
Lights
700
20
600 Equipment
500
15 Ventilation Losses
400
Solar Gains
10
300
Interzone Heat Gains
Direct Solar Radiation Rate (W/m2) Wind Speed [m/s]
Outdoor Temperature (°C) Indoor Temperature (°C)
07/14
07/13
07/12
07/11
07/10
0
07/09
100
07/08
86%
of time in comfort
200
5
07/07
Opaque losses
Showroom: thermal performance
0
Air changes / hour Windows Opening Factor (%)
The performance of the showroom achieved 91% of time in comfort, with occupancy from 10 to 22. During summer (figure 111), the indoor temperature is variable, but within the comfort band. The unprotected large glazing, for functional and commercial purposes, highly raises the solar gains in the space. However, due to the wind availability of the square and the maximum stack height, the ventilation strategy ensures effective rates to offset the heat gains. During winter (figure 112), the rise in indoor temperature is driven by solar and internal gains. Yet, the heat losses due to the large glazing area and the connection with the atrium outweigh the heat gains, that are not sufficient to maintain the indoor temperature within the comfort band. Nevertheless, owing to the functional connection with the square people are expected to be carrying higher clo values than in the other indoor spaces. Consequently, higher indoor temperature would not be desirable. The comfort distribution (figure 113) shows that although there are a large amount of occupied hours out of comfort per day, they are by less than 1oK, and are not shown in figure 113. As in previous spaces, loads are calculated on a 24h basis, and result in increased heating and cooling values.
Figure 111. Temperature simulation in warm period Source: Open Studio
30
Nº of hours
1000
Indoor air velocity
900
Volume 525.4 40 ach Operable area (30% doors + ventilation window) = 17.9 m2
800
Air velocity = (525.4 x 40)/3600 = 5.83 m3/s
1000 800
25
600 400
10 369
200 0
0 80
0 3
700
20
>1°K >3°K >5°K Hours Out of Comfort
/ 17.9 m2 =0.32 m/s
Weekdays Weekends
600
Figure 113. Degrees out of comfort Source: Open Studio
500
15
Nº of days
400
350 300
235 m2
10
250 200
LOS: 4 m2/p | HOS: 2.3 m2/p
150 100
200
5
50
x5
Heating Load Cooling Load
Outdoor Temperature (°C)
Direct Solar Radiation Rate [W/m2]
Indoor Temperature (°C)
Figure 112. Temperature simulation in cold period Source: Open Studio
75
Air Changes / hour
12/12
12/11
12/10
12/09
12/08
12/07
<10
KWh/m2 Annual
0
0
12/06
Source: Open Studio
12/05
Figure 114. Hours out of comfort
x
0.2 a.c./h
x0,25
100
>2 >4 >6 >1 Occupied Hours Out of Comfort
<10
x1
LOS: 17 W/m2 HOS: 47 W/m2
x
0
KWh/m2 Annual
W/f 15.5%
300
x3
x10
LSO
U-Values Exterior wall: 0.28 Windows: 2.7 Windows + night shutters: 0.80 Ground floor: 0.41
HSO
Total internal gains
ENVImet Analysis Iterations of ENVI met simulations were aimed to fully understand the impact of the implementation of the new building over the square and the intervention over the car park. Step 1 corresponds to the existing situation of the square (figure). Step 3 corresponds to the design situation with the new massing implemented and the intervention over the outdoor space (figure 38). With the introduction of the new massing closing the square, combined with the allocation of trees and low gradins at the north east corner of the square, the wind speed show substantial decrease in winter from step 1 to step 3.
Wind Speed
Figure 115a. Stage 1. Summer Wind Speed 13:00
0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
Figure 116a. Stage 3. Summer Wind Speed 13:00
Source: Envimet
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
Source: Envimet
The gradins are located where solar access is permanent in the square. By step 3, users will be offered more choices to reach comfort in winter with new gathering and resting areas protected from strong wind corridors, on a solar exposed area, free of skaters.
Wind Speed 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 >2.7
In summer as the wind speed got decreased by the interventions, the presence of trees will
Figure 115b. Stage 1. Winter Wind Speed 13:00
Figure 116b. Stage 3. Winter Wind Speed 13:00
Source: Envimet
Min: 0.0m/s Max: 7.4m/s
Source: Envimet
PET
Figure 115c. Stage 1. Summer PET 13:00
<23oC 26oC 29oC 32oC 35oC 38oC 41oC 44oC 47oC Min: 25.8oC 50oC Max: 53.6oC
Figure 116c. Stage 3 Summer PET 13:00
Source: Envimet
Source: Envimet
PET
Figure 115d. Stage 1. Winter PET 13:00 Source: Envimet
Figure 116d. Stage 3. Winter PET 13:00
76
Source: Envimet
<9.5oC 11.5oC 13.5oC 15.5oC 17.5oC 19.5oC 21.5oC 23.5oC 25.5oC Min: 25.8oC 27.5oC Max: 53.6oC
2050 - Future Scenario
% Occupied hours within comfort (19-27ÂşC) 100 90
91 89.2
86 85
The building thermal performance has been tested for the 2050 predicted climate (figure 117) and the results have been compared to the present results. Due to the relative accentuation of temperature peaks for 2050 the overall performance remains in a similar range occupied hours within comfort. The building design is then capable of providing a good performance for the climate change scenario.
93 92.7 86 83.6
82 79.2
80
81 79
70 60 50 40
Social and economical values are not so predictable, and the environmental performance of the scheme would be undermined if its social relevance fades over time. As a consequence, providing enough flexibility for it to adapt to different future needs within the area results indispensable. (figure 118) This adaptability is organised on three levels:
30 20 10 0 Showroom
Enclosed Offices
Studios 2010
Hot desking (10-22)
Fixed desking 1 Fixed desking 2 (24h) (24h)
2050
Figure 117. 2050 climate
Residential Divisible volume
Diversified
Individual ownership
Market driven
ÂŁ
Workspace
Local market Flexible space
Unpredicted scenarios
Enlarged Hot Desking
?
Non-divisible volume
Dedicated
Commercial pods
Open plan Common use
ÂŁ Figure 118. Future scenarios
77
1.- The north volume, already subdivided into smaller units, would adapt to future individual needs in the area driven by the market. If required, the whole volume would turn into enclosed offices or studio units, as their modulation is equivalent and the existing partitions are lightweight. 2.- The south volume, more unified and interconnected, will ensure a community based use, as its function would rely on a common interest broader than individual needs. Even market driven initiatives would need to be cost effective in order to provide an atractive offer to the local community. 3.- The showroom would provide room for unpredicted scenarios without a specific need, such as a local market, an expanded hot desking area, community based events... Its strong connection with the square, and the high ventilation rates provided by the atrium provide the perfect environment for a wide range of activies.
78
Conclusions The project addresses an arising typology with a research based approach, where visits to similar schemes and material research play a significant role in the development of the proposal. The design relies on a low profile architecture, suited to its context, where the building adapts to the changing needs of the users. They become the drive of the project and their influence is actively represented by the buildings frontage. What would have been a stereotype of the new technologies has been questioned and tested to inform a reasonable brief to deal with issues of a specific context. The application of major design decisions based on environmental parameters has resulted in an enriched architectural atmosphere, where performance and ambience are blurred. From a performance point of view, cooling and heating loads are significantly reduced, negligible in most of the spaces, and temperature remains within comfort during a high percentage of the occupied hours. Regarding the architectural results, features added to improve the thermal and daylighting behaviour of the building have resulted into the main design identity of the scheme, proving to be a successful yet effective design approach.
79
REFERENCES BOOKS -Baker, N. and K. Steemers (2002). Daylighting Design of Buildings., James & James Science Publishers. -Yannas, S. (1994) Solar Energy and Housing Design Volume 1: Principles, Objectives, Guidelines, Architectural Association Publications, London. -Littlefield D. (Jan/Feb 2012) London (Re)Generation, Architectural Design, Profile no 215 - Atkins (2015), Future Proofing London, Oxford Economics -CIBSE (2010) Applications Manual AM10, Natural Ventilation in Non-domestic Buildings -Allard F. and Santamouris M. (1998), Natural Ventilation in Buildings: A Design Handbook, James and James, London. PAPERS AND DISSERTATIONS -Cotta J. (2012), The impact of window design in the environmental performance of work environments in SĂŁo Paulo, Architectural Association Publications, London. -Aspeslagh C., Natural ventilation in the urban environment: Design guidelines for schools, September 2010. -Rodriguez Alvarez J. (2014), Planning cities for the post-carbon age, Architectural Association Publications, London. -Calleja H.(2012), Cool workspaces: Passive cooling strategies for a digital creative industry hub in Malta, Architectural Association Publications, London.
80
Alonso Candau, Rafael
Anka, Elias
Collo, Florencia
Dambron, Olivier
The term 2 project was approached as a team challenge, in order to test the recently acquired knowledge into a full design proposal. The possibility to select site and brief enabled the group to choose a topic and a location with which we soon felt identified.
The enriching discussion we had at an early stage of the term concerning the outcome of the existing StamfordWorks building and whether to refurbish or demolish it has influenced our design approach and lead us to conduct measurements and simulations to achieve a deep understanding of its daylight and thermal performances, and deduce lessons from its massing, orientation, envelope and fabric. The opportunity to apply Term 1 lessons coupled with findings from the existing building along with environmental analysis tools and computations to design a free running building has been most challenging. The intention to link environmental, social and economical factors to create a low cost low profile project deriving from the community and belonging to the community has been most helpful in finding the right balance between architectural ethics and environmental initiatives. It helped me consolidate my understanding of adaptive opportunities and assess when and how to integrate them in a way that is reflected in the identity of the building and its envelope. Conducting an experiment with the polycarbonate-shading device gave us a more practical understanding of the elements weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re theoretically implementing in our design. This also brought the team closer together by having tangible down to earth results. The teamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s motivation and well organization was driving us all in the right way to provide a project Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;m proud of.
The possibility of choosing the site and program enabled us to establish ourselves the scope of what we wanted to learn and achieve through this project. I was particularly interested in the hybridization of the building in order to learn from different kinds of programs and their consequent interaction in terms of sustainable design. In addition, designing affordable spaces forced us to find cheap solutions to every problem we encountered, instead of relying on BMS or other systems that are not real to implement currently back in my home country. Keeping the design down to earth was one of my major concerns during the entire process. Therefore, my role inside the team was to balance all the aspects of the design and to constantly be aware of the bigger picture so that all the features came together in a unified ensemble. Having been able to synthesize several functions in one single device that is still aesthetical is what I think was our major achievement.
Designing a building for people. A low profile one. So that they relate to comfort. So that they love it. Reasonable set of decisions through conversations. Researching by iterations. Experimenting. Informing. A living and working space with nearly zero heating and cooling loads. A building that is never in the dark during the day. A building that tells the outsiders how it adapts to its own users. A facade that is animated by time. A project for youth. And for the future
The design methodology benefited from a research component where the programme, occupancy schedules, internal gains and material were tested. Moreover, the team decided to work in a similar environment as the one proposed to fully understand the implications of the brief selected. This inputs informed the design in a way that otherwise would have been unrealistic. The performance assessment of the different aspects of the building played a key role in the design process, and its outputs became a central design feature in the architectural atmosphere of the building. The border between performance and atmosphere was blurred through the understanding of the performance inputs and its adaptation to architectural meanings. My personal contribution to the project was focused on thermal studies, in order to assess how the different spaces, perform in the design framework established by the team. Inputs from term 1 case study became very relevant in order to face the design challenges found in the design proposal. After term 1 case study, the term 2 project has been a thrilling step towards gaining a deeper understanding of the knowledge and principles behind adaptive architecturing and how the design process can benefit from performance based inputs.
81
The team provided me with the most thrilling design experience I have lived.
APPENDIX
82
ner
in e
F
Project Name : Dwelling type : Location : Latitude : Mean temp ( C)
illett DETAC ED LONDON 51 2 12. 0
Area (m ) Total Floor Area E posed floor E ternal Walls (gross) Roof Other Mean U-value
21 0 0. 6 21.62 5 0 5 .
1 2
Obstruction angle degrees : Floor to ceiling height (m) entilation rate (ac h) olume (m ) Window floor ratio overall ( ) U-value (W m ) 0.21 0.2 0.20 2. 0
Wm
A
15
Internal gains (kWh) Aditional intern. gains (kWh) Fuel type : Mean whole house temperature ( C)
0.25 6 20 2 .
Area (m )
U-value (W m )
Net area (m )
.0
2. 0
1
.
D
12 .2
2. 0
101.
D
5
15. 615.
2. 0
252.5
D
15
total
per m
1
kg CO2 m2
Continuous heating kWh (useful) Intermittent heating kWh (useful)
S. ANNAS 1
WOR S EET M. DOBRIN & S. ANNAS 1
2
Detached semi-detached small house or a flat Pymouth London Aberporth Cambridge Birmingham Sheffield Belfast Newcastle Obstruction angle affects all orientations
83
AND
OUSIN
DESI N
2
0.50
260
0.50
E cess gains kWh Peak temperature C Number of hours above 2 C
lasgow Aberdeen
OLUME 1 PART I
Net solar gain kWh
0.50
6-2015
OW TO USE T E WOR S EET AND INTERPRET RESULTS: SEE SOLAR ENER 1
Floor reflectance 0.20 - 0. 0
.
kg CO2
INDE
2
as 20.0
Window floor ratio 10 - 50
Windows North NE NW EW SE SW South Total
Building heat loss coefficient W Annual heat loss kWh Total internal gains kWh Total net solar gains kWh Total annual heat gains kWh ains to Loss Ratio ( LR) Au iliary eating Fraction (A F)
ENER
S D or LE
10
AA PUBLICATIONS 1
26
20
1.00m 30°
1.60m
A = Total solar panel Area r = Solar panel yield H= Annual average irradiation PR= Performance ratio
70.4 m2 30% 1250 kWh/m2.an 0.75
E= Energy E= A * r * H * PR
19788 kWh/an
Total power of the system
21.1 kWp
Housing peak energy consumption = Office peak energy consumption =
8.45 kWp Energy to feed into the grid = 11.75 kWp
Total peak energy consumption =
20.2 kWp
84
0.9 kWp
Floorto ceiling Window Sill Height(m) height (m)
0.9 2.8 0.6
0.9 3 0.6
W/F ratio
8% 12% 14% 16% 16% 18% 8% 12% 14% 16% 16% 18%
SouthVolume (4.2x7 m) Depth Summer Winter of plan (m) MInT MInT (7ยบC) (20ยบC) 4. 25 4. 75 5. 25 5. 25 5. 25 5. 25 4. 25 5. 25 5. 25 5. 75 5. 25 5. 75
20. 75 19. 8 19. 44 19. 05 19. 05 18. 7 20. 7 19. 77 19. 37 19 19 18. 65
27. 9 27. 7 27. 7 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 85
Required ventilation rate (m3/h) 340 350 350 350 350 360 340 340 350 360 360 360
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
01/01 01:00:00 01/07 01:00:00 01/13 01:00:00 01/19 01:00:00 01/25 01:00:00 01/31 01:00:00 02/06 01:00:00 02/12 01:00:00 02/18 01:00:00 02/24 01:00:00 03/02 01:00:00 03/08 01:00:00 03/14 01:00:00 03/20 01:00:00 03/26 01:00:00 04/01 01:00:00 04/07 01:00:00 04/13 01:00:00 04/19 01:00:00 04/25 01:00:00 05/01 01:00:00 05/07 01:00:00 05/13 01:00:00 05/19 01:00:00 05/25 01:00:00 05/31 01:00:00 06/06 01:00:00 06/12 01:00:00 06/18 01:00:00 06/24 01:00:00 06/30 01:00:00 07/06 01:00:00 07/12 01:00:00 07/18 01:00:00 07/24 01:00:00 07/30 01:00:00 08/05 01:00:00 08/11 01:00:00 08/17 01:00:00 08/23 01:00:00 08/29 01:00:00 09/04 01:00:00 09/10 01:00:00 09/16 01:00:00 09/22 01:00:00 09/28 01:00:00 10/04 01:00:00 10/10 01:00:00 10/16 01:00:00 10/22 01:00:00 10/28 01:00:00 11/03 01:00:00 11/09 01:00:00 11/15 01:00:00 11/21 01:00:00 11/27 01:00:00 12/03 01:00:00 12/09 01:00:00 12/15 01:00:00 12/21 01:00:00 12/27 01:00:00
As the building behaviour relies on occupant control for indoor air quality, the right estimation will determine the reliability of the thermal simulation results. To maintain fresh air requirements within comfortable limits, half of the top windows of the office workspaces are set to be open during 10-20 min twice a day.
Three reference spaces have been chosen as they depict the different problematic that may be found through the building (Hot desking, studios and enclosed offices).
12000
10000
8000
4000
2000
0 01/01 01:00:00 01/06 23:00:00 01/12 21:00:00 01/18 19:00:00 01/24 17:00:00 01/30 15:00:00 02/05 13:00:00 02/11 11:00:00 02/17 09:00:00 02/23 07:00:00 03/01 05:00:00 03/07 03:00:00 03/13 01:00:00 03/18 23:00:00 03/24 21:00:00 03/30 19:00:00 04/05 17:00:00 04/11 15:00:00 04/17 13:00:00 04/23 11:00:00 04/29 09:00:00 05/05 07:00:00 05/11 05:00:00 05/17 03:00:00 05/23 01:00:00 05/28 23:00:00 06/03 21:00:00 06/09 19:00:00 06/15 17:00:00 06/21 15:00:00 06/27 13:00:00 07/03 11:00:00 07/09 09:00:00 07/15 07:00:00 07/21 05:00:00 07/27 03:00:00 08/02 01:00:00 08/07 23:00:00 08/13 21:00:00 08/19 19:00:00 08/25 17:00:00 08/31 15:00:00 09/06 13:00:00 09/12 11:00:00 09/18 09:00:00 09/24 07:00:00 09/30 05:00:00 10/06 03:00:00 10/12 01:00:00 10/17 23:00:00 10/23 21:00:00 10/29 19:00:00 11/04 17:00:00 11/10 15:00:00 11/16 13:00:00 11/22 11:00:00 11/28 09:00:00 12/04 07:00:00 12/10 05:00:00 12/16 03:00:00 12/22 01:00:00 12/27 23:00:00
For the assessment, a benchmark of 30 m3 per person is used (CIBSE guide A). As the three figures depict, summer ventilation 12000 rates easily meet the requirements. For the winter season, the ventilation rate of the three spaces is kept within an acceptable level. The hot desking area presents the higher fresh air requirements, due to the high occupied density. As it can be seen, the requirements are met during most part of the year (depending on meteorogical wind), which validates the results from the thermal simulations. 10000
01/01 01:00:00 01/07 01:00:00 01/13 01:00:00 01/19 01:00:00 01/25 01:00:00 01/31 01:00:00 02/06 01:00:00 02/12 01:00:00 02/18 01:00:00 02/24 01:00:00 03/02 01:00:00 03/08 01:00:00 01/01 01:00:00 03/14 01:00:00 01/07 01:00:00 03/20 01:00:00 01/13 01:00:00 03/26 01:00:00 01/19 01:00:00 04/01 01:00:00 01/25 01:00:00 04/07 01:00:00 01/31 01:00:00 01/01 01:00:00 04/13 01:00:00 01/07 01:00:00 02/06 01:00:00 01/13 01:00:00 01/19 01:00:00 04/19 01:00:00 02/12 01:00:00 01/25 01:00:00 01/31 01:00:00 04/25 01:00:00 02/06 01:00:00 02/18 01:00:00 02/12 01:00:00 02/18 01:00:00 05/01 01:00:00 02/24 01:00:00 02/24 01:00:00 03/02 01:00:00 05/07 01:00:00 03/08 01:00:00 03/02 01:00:00 03/14 01:00:00 03/20 01:00:00 05/13 01:00:00 03/08 01:00:00 03/26 01:00:00 04/01 01:00:00 05/19 01:00:00 03/14 01:00:00 04/07 01:00:00 04/13 01:00:00 05/25 01:00:00 04/19 01:00:00 03/20 01:00:00 04/25 01:00:00 05/01 01:00:00 05/31 01:00:00 03/26 01:00:00 05/07 01:00:00 05/13 01:00:00 06/06 01:00:00 05/19 01:00:00 04/01 01:00:00 05/25 01:00:00 05/31 01:00:00 06/12 01:00:00 04/07 01:00:00 06/06 01:00:00 06/12 01:00:00 06/18 01:00:00 06/18 01:00:00 04/13 01:00:00 06/24 01:00:00 06/30 01:00:00 06/24 01:00:00 04/19 01:00:00 07/06 01:00:00 07/12 01:00:00 06/30 01:00:00 07/18 01:00:00 04/25 01:00:00 07/24 01:00:00 07/30 01:00:00 07/06 01:00:00 05/01 01:00:00 08/05 01:00:00 08/11 01:00:00 07/12 01:00:00 08/17 01:00:00 05/07 01:00:00 08/23 01:00:00 07/18 01:00:00 08/29 01:00:00 05/13 01:00:00 09/04 01:00:00 09/10 01:00:00 07/24 01:00:00 05/19 01:00:00 09/16 01:00:00 09/22 01:00:00 07/30 01:00:00 09/28 01:00:00 05/25 01:00:00 10/04 01:00:00 10/10 01:00:00 08/05 01:00:00 05/31 01:00:00 10/16 01:00:00 10/22 01:00:00 08/11 01:00:00 10/28 01:00:00 06/06 01:00:00 11/03 01:00:00 11/09 01:00:00 08/17 01:00:00 06/12 01:00:00 11/15 01:00:00 11/21 01:00:00 08/23 01:00:00 11/27 01:00:00 06/18 01:00:00 12/03 01:00:00 12/09 01:00:00 08/29 01:00:00 06/24 01:00:00 12/15 01:00:00 12/21 01:00:00 09/04 01:00:00 12/27 01:00:00 06/30 01:00:00 09/10 01:00:00 07/06 01:00:00 09/16 01:00:00 07/12 01:00:00 09/22 01:00:00 07/18 01:00:00 09/28 01:00:00 07/24 01:00:00 10/04 01:00:00 07/30 01:00:00 10/10 01:00:00 08/05 01:00:00 10/16 01:00:00 08/11 01:00:00 10/22 01:00:00 08/17 01:00:00 10/28 01:00:00 08/23 01:00:00 11/03 01:00:00 08/29 01:00:00 11/09 01:00:00 09/04 01:00:00 11/15 01:00:00 09/10 01:00:00 11/21 01:00:00 09/16 01:00:00 11/27 01:00:00 09/22 01:00:00 12/03 01:00:00 09/28 01:00:00 12/09 01:00:00 10/04 01:00:00
Indoor Air Quality - Fresh Air Requirements 12000
Indoor Air Quality - Studios
10000
8000
6000
4000
Indoor Air Quality - Enclosed Indoor Offices Air Quality - Enclosed Offices
2000
0
Studios ‐ Fresh air required (m3) Indoor Air Quality ‐
Required Provided Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air required (m3) Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air required (m3) Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air provided (m3) Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air provided (m3) Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air required (m3)
86
Studios ‐ Fresh air provided (m3) Hot desking
10000
8000
6000
4000
6000 2000
Enclosed Offices ‐ Fresh air provided (m3)
Indoor Air Quality - Fresh Air Requ As the building behaviour relies o air quality, the right estimation wi thermal simulation results. To ma within comfortable limits, half of t workspaces are set to be open du
12000
Three reference spaces have bee different problematic that may be (Hot desking, studios and enclos
For the assessment, a benchmark (CIBSE guide A). As the three figu rates easily meet the requiremen ventilation rate of the three space level. The hot desking area prese ments, due to the high occupied requirements are met during mos on meteorogical wind), which va thermal simulations.
0
12000 Hot Desking ‐ Fresh air required (m3) Hot Desking ‐ Fresh air provided (m3) Indoor Air Quality - Enclosed Offices
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Fixed desking 1st Density Appliances per person
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
25
91 people/sqm
Tablet Smartphone Laptop Task lamp Monitor
0.5 1 1 1 0.5
2 1 23 20 18
2 2
17.58241758 1600 610
Photocopying machine use Photocopying machine iddle
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
Fixed desking 2nd 30 110 people/sqm
Density Appliances per person
6.711347261 24.29376484 20.6043956 8 52.9
Tablet Smartphone Laptop Task lamp Monitor
0.5 1 1 1 0.5
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
17.45454545
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
0 17.45454545 20.45454545 8 45.9
Cafeteria
Hot desking Density
35
Density
82 people/sqm
34
114 people/sqm Total W 0.2 1 0.2
Instances
Appliances per person
Tablet Smartphone Laptop Task lamp
0.5 1 1 0.5
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
2 1 23 20 18
Appliances per person
2 1 23 10
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
15.36585366
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
15.36585366 38.41463415 10 63.8 87
Tablet Smartphone Laptop
Coffee machine Big fridge Oven Microwave Dishwasher TV Big toaster
1 2 1 1 1 2 1
0.8 1 4.6
1.90877193 1500 25.8 3000 800 400 420 2400 5.90 7.81 26.84210526 8
42.6
Enclosed offices
Studios Density Appliances per person
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
1.2 Tablet Smartphone Laptop
TV Kettle Hair dryer Microwave Espresso Machine Small fridge
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
0.5 1 1
2 1 23
1 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.5 1
1.248 210 240 450 560 180 11
Showroom High scenario 235 people/sqm
Tablet Smartphone
Tablet Projector TV Monitor
4
25 people/sqm
Appliances per person
Tablet Smartphone Laptop Task lamp Monitor Desktop PC
0.5 1 0.7 1 0.7 0.3
Laser printer use Laser printer iddle Espresso Machine Kettle
0.4 1
10 2 5 3
0.357446809 40 600 1050 108
Appliances per person
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
7.7 8.0 26.8 12 46.8
88
2 1 16.1 20 25.2 25.8 3.604 130 10 360 480
2.126666667 5.730666667 3 8 16.7
Density
0.1 1
1 1 1 1
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
13.4
60
Density
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
6.39 5.04 2
Density Appliances per person
25 people/sqm
15
Showroom low scenario 235 people/sqm
Tablet Smartphone
Projector TV
0.2 1
0.8 1
1 1
0.114893617 300 210
2.2 2.3 6.7 8 17.0
Density Appliances per person
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
Tablet Smartphone Laptop
Density Appliances per person
1 1 4.6
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
3.52 25.8 1500 1500 800 3000 400 700 480 16.0 19.5 56.0 8
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
83.5
Density
6
Appliances per person
Tablet Smartphone Laptop
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
0.25 1 0.2
Fridge Toaster Coffee machine Microwave Oven Dishwasher Stoves Kettle
Sub Total (W/m2) see Sheet Caf Total Appliances (W/m2) People (W/m2) Lighting (W/m2) Total (W/m2)
Sub Total (W/m2) General appliances
Auditorium
Informal meeting ‐ Common kitchen 40 75 people/sqm
Meeting rooms 10
Projector TV Tablets
people/sqm
0.25 1 0.25
1 1 5.75
0.5 0.5 2
150 105 8
26.3 54 8 88.3 89
50
75 people/sqm
Tablet Smartphone
Projector Sound equipment
0.25 1
1 1
2 1
1.333333333 600 500
14.66666667 16 50 8 74.0
90
91
92
93
94