Tile Today Issue 89 | April 2016 by Elite Publishing Co Pty Ltd

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contents

TILE TODAY

ARCHITECTURE & SPECIFICATION 20 Advanced ceramics: R&D is the key 24 How much of the tile joint needs to be filled with grout?

MARKETS AND TRENDS 08 Ceramicwood: the practical benefits 14 Digital printing will drive demand 18 Will a pool add value to your property? 27 World production & consumption of ceramic tiles 33 Ceramic tile imports: new record levels in 2015

INSTALLATION 50 Adhesives Selection Guide 54 Adhering tile to tricky surfaces. Part 1 - Metal 58 Recurring industry related problems 62 Basement waterproofing

INTERVIEW 46 Andrew McEnally, RLA Group 40 Design 68 Feature Products 72 News 74 Advertiser Index

READ ON THE GO: Scan code to view the latest FREE digital versions of the magazine on our website. Simply click on the front cover once you have scanned the code.

ALLMARBLE Available in Altissimo and Statuario in Naturale and Silk finishes.

Pictured - Allmarble Statuario.

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FO REWOR D

MEET THE TEAM

Welcome to the latest edition of Tile Today magazine issue #89. When our very first edition of Tile Today (Issue 88) landed on reader’s desks, it very quickly came to our attention that there were some major omissions and errors in two particular articles. Naturally, we were mortified that this had occurred and, after investigation, discovered that these mistakes happened at our proofing and editing stage. The errors did not occur in the material supplied by Anthony Stock or Peter Halliday as neither of these contributors were involved in editing or proofing the publication. We unreservedly apologise for our mistakes and we have taken steps to ensure this does not happen again. To guarantee that the quality of content is accurate, and in keeping with our promise to produce the very best publication for the tile industry, we have reprinted the corrected articles ‘Ceramic tile imports: New record levels in 2015’ and “Adhesive Selection Guide 2016”, in their entirety in this edition of Tile Today.

Vicky Cammiade Publisher

This issue of the magazine also includes a study of some Recurring industry related problems; part one in a series of articles about Adhering tiles to tricky surfaces- metal; a look at the World production and consumption of ceramic tiles; digital printing and ceramicwood. We also have Fred Gray, Laticrete’s Technical Service Manager discussing How much of the tile joint needs to be filled with grout while The Australian Insitute of Waterproofing’s Barry Schafer explains the ins and outs of waterproofing basements.

Jennifer Curtis Group Managing Editor

Vicky Cammiade, Director & Publisher Elite Publishing Co Pty Ltd

Anthony Stock Contributing Editor

Ashley Cooper Group National Sales & Marketing Manager

Renaissance Glass, Classic Blue, 600x150x8mm from Everstone. EVERSTONE PTY LTD www.everstone.com.au

FRONT COVER IMAGE

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6 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Ecru is part of the Urban Wood series by Everstone. These attractive glazed porcelain tiles are produced in a large 1800 mm x 180 mm format in three colours. The product is available in R10 and R11 finishes.

T R EN D S

Ceramicwood:

the practical benefits By Anthony Stock

atural timber is a great flooring material. It is durable and relatively easy to clean. In addition it has a natural elegance which holds wide appeal for home owners at home and abroad. The first largely unsuccessful ceramic imitations of timber appeared in the mid-1990s. Since then several fresh attempts have been made to effectively imitate the charm and warmth associated with timber flooring. Major advances in digital inkjet printing have enabled manufacturers of tile and surface finishes such as vinyl to produce compelling imitations of timber. In Europe ceramic tiles that look like timber are described as Ceramicwood, a term which does not do justice to the

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incredible advances that have taken place in relation to accurately imitating the appearance of a wide variety of real timbers, and the creation of totally distinctive ceramic tiles and planks which are quite unique. Let us examine some of the benefits that design/construct professionals can count on when they choose Ceramicwood, as opposed to natural timber.

Looks Whether you prefer the well-worn, distressed look, or a high polished timber finish, there are a plethora of ceramic tiles to choose from. The aesthetic possibilities are literally endless, ranging from traditional parquet designs to giant planks and tiles produced in sizes which are simply not available in real timber. This permits

end users to mix and match sizes and finishes.

Application Real timber is not the best floor finish in wet areas where moisture can pose a problem. Conversely, well-chosen tile can be used in wet (even fully immersed) environments without fear of the product warping or shrinking. Ceramicwood tiles can be laid throughout the home, and the tiling can easily be extended outdoors to decks, entertainment areas and poolside. In many instances the same tile can be used because most manufacturers produce internal and external surface finishes in a variety of colours. A light colour tone could be used internally, a darker anti-slip product drawn from the same series can be employed externally. 10

T R EN D S

Painted Wood by Colortile (NSW) is a new series, which provides an intriguing glimpse of the power of digital ink-jet printed decoration.

Cleaning, maintenance and life cycle analysis Most ceramic tile surfaces can be maintained by regular light sweeping and mopping using water and a mild detergent. Microfibre wipes provide a practical solution. Timber surfaces are also relatively easy to clean but, in time, faint marks, indentations and abrasions will become evident on even the hardest timber surfaces. The problem can be resolved by sanding back and restaining the surface, however the number of times this can be carried out will depend on the thickness of the timber. As time goes by, the cost of this exercise inevitably increases. In the long run a Ceramicwood floor will outlast the product it imitates, and will cost significantly less to maintain. 12

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The Baltic series by D W Tiles (NSW) is designed for use on walls and floors in a variety of residential environments. The 150 mm x 900 mm matt finished planks are produced in black (featured), natural, powder, and taupe.

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T R EN D S

Additional key advantages

Ace Ceramics (NSW) recently released the 200 mm x 1400 mm Quebec series of matt finish porcelain floor and wall tiles which are available in cream (featured), tan and dark brown which are named Haya, Natural and Nogal respectively. The series is designed for use in internal residential and commercial environments.

In spite of our warm climate, a growing number of Australians opt to install underfloor radiant heating, particularly in new homes. This does not pose a problem with ceramic tile but it is problematic with many types of real wood flooring. It is also important to remember that wood burns and will, literally, add fuel to any fire. Tile is an inert material. Its surface may char but it will not burn, aid the passage of fire or release volatile organic compounds into the immediate environment. These salient factors can save lives. Naturally some specifiers and home owners prefer using the real thing, consequently they prefer real timber or natural stone to imitations, no matter how sincere. In my opinion the question they should be asking themselves is simply: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Which is the superior product in terms of life cycle analysis, durability and maintenance issues?â&#x20AC;? Given that Ceramicwood tiles cost less to maintain, will last longer, and look incredibly authentic, there should be only one practical answer to that question. â&#x2013;

ELEGANCE RANGE Rigorous, practical, essential, Elegance is complete project of glazed porcelain, available in five contemporary colours. Colours: Dark, Taupe, Dust, Light, Silver Finishes: Matt, Lappato, External Size: 300x300, 300x600, 600x600, 450x900 Areas of application: Flooring, Indoor, Living Room, Bathroom

ORGANICA TIMBER ORGANICA has the features of nature and environmental protection and become a lowcarbon consumption mode by replacing the expense wood floor. ORGANICA provides a natural, original cological and green lifestyle for you who live in the bustling but blundering city. Colours: Ivory, Beige, Grey, Black Finishes: Internal Size: 225x900 Areas of application: Flooring, Indoor, Living Room, Outdoor

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T R EN D S

Calcatta Gold extra from the Slimtech series by Lea Ceramiche (Italy), is a product of advanced digital technology. The product combines the elegance of marble with the durability of porcelain.

Digital printing will drive demand By Anthony Stock

hen the first digital printers emerged in the textiles industry at the turn of the century analysts predicted that the digital printing process would revolutionise the way clothing is designed. By 2015 only two per cent of the sector has adopted digital printing technologies. In stark contrast the global tile industry has adopted digital printing to such an extent that it is anticipated that more than one third of all ceramic tiles produced within the next few years will be digitally decorated. This is a remarkable figure given that a very large percentage of manufactured tiles are single colour products. At this stage, many industry protagonists stick to tried and trusted, traditional manufacturing processes when it comes to decorating mono colour products.

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However, that situation will inevitably change as manufacturers accept the introduction of electronically controlled drop-on-demand print head technology, which allows precise application of colour to the entire surface of the tile. Let us remind ourselves of the reasons why the global tile industry has welcomed digital printing processes with wide open arms. The design-to-print technology is so rapid that it permits manufacturers to start production within minutes. Digital printing permits manufacturers to produce compelling imitations of natural materials like stone and wood, with virtually no replication within an entire batch. The process provides superb print quality, significantly reduces material costs and saves time and money while providing photo-realistic images.

The future Rapid acceptance by the tile industry of digitalised printing processes has encouraged leading manufacturers of print machinery to focus on the needs of the tile sector. Tile wholesalers and retailers frequently fail to appreciate that many of the radical advances in technology, which are made in tile production and decoration, are actually inspired by machinery manufacturers in response to direct requests from the industry. Independent research conducted by machinery manufacturers is designed to foresee the needs of the sector, and the processes, which can be introduced to improve the appearance and the performance of ceramic tile in the built environment.

Drop-on-demand ink-jet printing (DOD-IJP) is the basis for the widespread dissemination of ink-jet printers in all the leading countries that produce large volumes of ceramic tiles. Our own National Ceramics Industries Australia employs Creta ink-jet printers to produce its own impressive portfolio of products. Manufacturers worldwide enjoy the advantages associated with DOD-IJP, which include noncontact decoration, rational ink management, and the possibility of producing textured surfaces and sharp high quality images, which can be reproduced from a CAD design rendered by an architect, or a high resolution digital image captured by an amateur photographer. At every level the march of progress in one area frequently outpaces the development of related products in other sectors. When flat-back, single-fired monocottura tiles first appeared in the mid1970s, most tile fixers in the United

Kingdom were still laying tiles in sand and cement, and pre-soaking tiles in dustbins full of water. These processes did not work with impervious monocottura tiles, so thin-bed cement-based adhesives were rapidly introduced. The relatively recent development of slim tiles and large format products preceded the emergence of appropriate machinery required to cut and shape these novel materials. Delays incurred in introducing appropriate tiling tools inevitably delayed the acceptance of these products, in much the same way as the absence of appropriate installation standards can cause specifiers to hesitate when specifying advanced materials for specific projects. With regard to DOD-IJP the advantages are so significant that the technology already has significant runs on the board. Nevertheless, new challenges lie ahead; manufacturers will be principally concerned with gaining more knowledge about the

technological behaviours that occur during the manufacturing phase. Investigations will primarily focus on pigment micronization, successful long term storage of ink and improvements in the firing process. This work will be conducted at a rapid pace for two overriding reasons: DOD-IJP is undoubtedly the prime element in future developments related to tile manufacturing. It also holds the key to opening the door to new markets for a product, which is primarily utilised in residential environments. The prime challenge for producers and marketers of tile relates to explaining how tile designs can be produced which feature any image that designers or consumers care to create or submit. When you couple the outstanding technical merits of tile with the rapid and accurate reproduction of designs suitable for application to any internal or external, vertical or horizontal surface, the full potential of tile as a decorative medium will be fully unleashed. â&#x2013;

My Brick is a stunning digital recreation of facing bricks by leading Italian manufacturer Fiordo. The 300 x 565 mm interlocking tiles create interesting 3-D effects.

www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 15

T R EN D S

Ezarri mosaics are exclusively imported by Europe Imports (NSW). This amazing pool, which was built by Design Pools in Sydney, features Niebla 2505-A glass mosaic.

Will a pool add value to your property? By Anthony Stock

emarkably, many of the swimming pools located in Australian backyards are situated in bayside suburbs. Perhaps it is an indication that the residents spend a great deal of time in or by the ocean, so pool ownership is a must. If the statistics are correct, one in four homes in Australia boasts a pool, which is the highest figure in the world. We all appreciate the benefits that are associated with ownership of a pool – outdoor entertainment, a place to unwind and an opportunity to exercise. Obviously, the local climate will play a large part in the decision to build a pool. In some States it is probably deemed to be a necessity, in others it might be a white elephant. Many potential purchasers located in cooler climates will worry about the cost. The burning question for many will be, “Will it add value to my property?” If most of the homes in your area have a pool, the answer to that question will probably be yes. While owning a pool is an essential for many buyers, it may be a turn-off for others. The cost of installation is a prime factor. Some sites are relatively inaccessible; others are flat and navigable. If the block is sloping, construction may be problematic.

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Pool ownership probably appeals to young, athletic, outdoor types. It may not appeal to the older generation. Local real estate agents can provide advice about the wisdom of building a pool.

there is no doubt that a well-designed in-ground pool, which is correctly integrated into the landscape, is a status symbol that will prove irresistible to a growing number of buyers.

The great outdoors

Glass mosaic is the prime interior pool finish. A large backyard pool may feature 80 square metres of mosaic, providing plenty of scope for creativity in regard to creating attractive vignettes of cascading colour, interesting geometric designs or fascinating one-off emblems, which become the focal point of the design. The featured images illustrate precisely why some homeowners find the allure of a pool hard to ignore. While a pool may be a status symbol for some buyers, it is a way of life for many. ■

An article by Holly Jones, (www. realestate.com.au - 27.1.2014), entitled ‘Swimming Pools and Bedrooms Top Aussie Property Wish List’ stated that building an extra bedroom topped the wish list for more than 25 per cent of Australian home owners; owning a pool came a close second. Looking at in purely practical terms most families opt to build an extra bedroom, especially in circumstances where it comes down to a stark choice between added indoor space versus the joys of taking a relaxing dip and lingering by the pool. However, as property prices soar and growing numbers of Australians seek to make the most of every square metre of their property, outdoor living has become big business. Our climate is almost as hot as the property market, and buyers of million dollar homes are not daunted by the prospect of spending big on their property. Real estate advertisements always promote the presence of a swimming pool; it is a big plus for those families that want one. While the cost of pool maintenance may dissuade some,

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Brillinte 241 mosaic by Trend Group (NSW) features in a stunning pool built by Award Pool in Sydney.

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Advanced ceramics: R&D is the key By Anthony Stock

he term advanced ceramics relates to a wide variety of products, which are used extensively in our day to day lives. Advanced ceramics play a significant part in electronics, telecommunications, medicine, defence, even space exploration. New applications are constantly discovered and developed. Back in 2010 researchers at Industrial Research Ltd (IRL) in Wellington, New Zealand developed oxygen enriched sialons called O-Sialons, which are produced by combining clay, silica sand, and silicon metal to create a plastic mix that can be accurately shaped. O-Sialons can withstand heat while providing exceptional thermal shock resistance. As a result O-Sialons have been used to construct conduits, pipes and tubes, which contain and channel non-ferrous molten metals. A paper published by sciencelearn. org.au in April 2010, entitled Uses for Advanced Ceramics, pointed out that boron carbide has been used to design body armour for police and the military. Ceramic insulators are used in the transmission systems of modern motor vehicles. Researchers at IRL also developed BSCCO (pronounced ‘bisco’), which is a super conducting ceramic that

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increases the capacity of the ceramic to carry ‘much higher electric currents’, while achieving very low energy losses. Some ceramic materials are also magnetic. Ceramic magnets are typically composed of strontium and iron oxides. They can be found in lawn mowers, electric drills, automobiles, washing machines, refrigerators, computers, telephones, televisions, hair dryers and countless other everyday household items and machines that we use. The value of the tile industry is set to almost double In 2012 the global value of the tile industry was US$60.74 billion, by 2019 it is anticipated that it will virtually double to US$112.32 billion. The continued growth and sustainability of the industry will rely heavily on the development of new products and technologies. The advances made in digital ink-jet printing, the introduction of slim ceramic tiles and panels are advances that were unforeseeable in the not too distant past. While ceramic tiles and special ceramic pieces will play a significant role in the shaping of our built environment, there is a need to discover alternative raw materials that can be used if any of the

Fish bone ash obtained from Egypt’s Nile Perch (below) and other marine creatures has been successfully used to partially replace potash feldspar in tile production. With the global value of the tile industry set to practically double within a few years, the need to discover alternative raw materials becomes increasingly important.

standard materials become finite resources. To that end experiments have taken place that involve the use of solid wastes as low cost alternative raw materials. Ceramic tiles are considered to be one of the most complex ceramic materials, which utilise vast quantities of virgin raw materials in their production. Many experiments have been conducted including: • The use of waste derived from recycled glass to completely replace ordinary feldspar flux. • Glaze sludge and glass ceramic frits have been used to partially or completely replace non-plastic raw materials in the production of impervious ceramic stoneware. 22

“In 2012 the global value of the tile industry was US$60.74 billion, by 2019 it is anticipated that it will virtually double to US$112.32 billion.”

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ADVANC ED C ER A M I C S 20

• Waste from processes applied to cut and polish granite have been used to manufacture ceramic tiles that have proved to be mechanically stronger, less porous and more resistant to pyroplastic deformation than standard commercial products. • Coffee husk has been used to replace feldspar in the production of porcelain tiles, providing up to 40 per cent of regular clay based ceramic formulas. • Any calcium containing materials may have a part to play as a suitable fluxing material. Significantly, the use of waste materials provides an environmental benefit by reducing the demand on natural resources, reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions. • One of the most remarkable experiments relates to the use of fish waste as an environmentally compatible raw material media in tile production. The hard parts of the humble Nile perch – the bones, teeth and scales consist of 60 to 70 per cent hydroxyapatite crystals. Fish bone ash obtained from the heat treatment of Nile perch and other marine creatures provided researchers with the raw material required to partially replace traditional feldspar in the production of stoneware tiles.

In all probability, the results of these experiments will result in the discovery of one or more reliable alternative materials. Worldwide research will continue in an attempt to provide solutions to potential problems, and to obtain ceramic tiles which are both hard wearing and environmentally friendly. The experiments conducted with fish bone ash proved that it is possible to partially replace potash feldspar with fish bone waste. However, while the tiles had lower thermal expansion than regular products, the products became less dense and more porous as the quantity of fish bone ash increased. Ceramic tile is a remarkable material. Many readers will be aware that up to 27,000 ceramic tiles of varying thickness are used to protect the surface of a typical space shuttle during its ascent and re-entry. The tiles act as a thermal barrier and are capable of withstanding tremendous heat. If the value of global consumption of tile practically doubles by 2019, the pressure to discover alternative raw materials will increase, in line with the demand for finished products that cost less to produce and ship, are easier to handle and cut. Watch this space. ■

“One of the most remarkable experiments relates to the use of fish waste as an environmentally compatible raw material media in tile production. ”

INDUSTRY ANNOUNCEMENT GLA S S M OS A I C T I LES austral i a & CLARIFICATION THERE IS ONLY ONE ORIGINAL EZARRI MOSAIC TILE Europe Imports would like to clarify that EZARRI Spain, the manufacturers of Ezarri Glass Mosaic tiles, produce only Ezarri mosaics and have never collaborated with other glass manufacturers to share the mosaics produced at the Ezarri factory. Europe Imports would also like to clarify that the JointPoint® backing system produced by Ezarri, is exclusive technology that has been developed wholly and solely for the use with Ezarri glass mosaics and no other company has access to this JointPoint® technology.

Paula Cowell-Yench & Carl John Yench

Directors

This is our Certificate of Guarantee that verifies our confidence in Ezarri.

STATEMENT FROM EZARRI

Thank you for having chosen Ezarri glass mosaic tiles for your unique project.

We are confident that you will be completely satisfied with their unique beauty and their high quality. “Ezarri” the company was founded in 1979 and is one of the largest glass mosaic manufacturers today and exports to 80 countries worldwide. With state of the art machinery and carrying the BVQi certificate of management, Ezarri boasts the highest technology along with the most energy efficient methods of production, thus assisting the world’s determination to have an ecologically friendly planet.

Certificate of Guarantee & Authenticity This document you have received is your guarantee of quality of Ezarri Glass Mosaic Tiles. It is also a guarantee that you have received an authentic Ezarri product and not an inferior substitute. Ezarri tiles are highly suitable for use in Pools, Spas, Kitchens, Bathrooms, Murals, Wellness areas and walls both indoor and outdoor, for both domestic and commercial. They are produced from the highest quality 100% recycled pure glass with the finest colour pigments selected. Ezarri tiles are non-porous and are guaranteed against colour fade. The proven JointPoint® backing system of the tile was pioneered by Ezarri and complies with the very strict European and Australian Standards AS3958.1.2007, giving you confidence, and ensures that you have maximum glue coverage for adhesion. It is the safest backing system on the market today. This guarantee does not cover the tiling nor the maintenance of the finished product. It is therefore essential to choose a qualified and licensed tiler who uses the precise glue and grout for the project, who follows the manufactures’ instructions for the project and guarantees his workmanship. For pools, it is also essential that you maintain the correct chemical balance to ensure longevity. Please keep this certificate for your reference. Europe Imports strongly advises the use of complete adhesive tiling systems intended for the application. For further advice on installation please call the adhesive company. Director of Europe Imports

Invoice #:

Date:

GLA SS MO S A I C T I LE S

a us t ralia

setting the industry standards

AWARD WINNING TILES AWARD WINNING COMPANY

On behalf of Ezarri Spain

Phone: 1300 EZARRI (392-774)

ORIGINAL EZARRI MOSAIC BOXES POOL box

DEC�R box

ONLY TRUST “ORIGINAL” EZARRI TILES Ph: 1300 EZARRI (392-774) • Email: sales@europeimports.com.au www.europeimports.com.au • 28 Prince William Drive, Seven Hills NSW 2147

S PECIFICATION

How much of the tile joint needs to be filled with grout and additional considerations How much of the tile joint needs to be filled with grout? Is it right to just fill any remaining space left in the grout joints after the tile laying process is complete? What if I am relying on stress absorbing grouts in the joints? Do you need to grout at all? What are the key considerations when the grout chemistry is different to the adhesive chemistry? I get these types of question on a fairly regular basis. I hope the following observations will provide some clarification. By Fred Gray, Technical Service Manager, Laticrete.

The image depicts mosaic installed with an epoxy adhesive and cementitious grout in immersed conditions. The grout is disintegrating exposing the adhesive.

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recently found myself in the middle of a robust discussion on how much space should the grout actually occupy in the joint and to what extent should the adhesive be removed from the joint during or after the fixing process. In this case the grout was epoxy and the adhesive material was cementitious. The contractor objected to the engineerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assertions and his specification that the joints should be completely filled with epoxy grout and that the tile laying operation should be carried out in such a way to achieve this objective. Firstly, I pointed out that if the engineer specified this, he had the right to enforce it. Next I went straight to our tiling guide AS3958.1 & 2 to see what it had to say, and whether there was any guidance on this matter that was in line with, or contrary to, what I thought. The information on grouting in the tiling guide, amongst other things, includes a definition of adhesive, grouting/grout and a diagram of a tile joint, (Figure 1.1*). â&#x20AC;&#x201C; This is the only illustration of a filled tile joint in the guide.

Figuree 1.1

Recommendations regarding joint widths and alignment are accompanied by advice about removal of any surplus bedding materials and removal of tile spacer pegs, prior to grouting. Advice is also given about removal of building dust and deleterious material prior to grouting. While I agree with this advice I did not find any precise or definitive information and discussion on whether a joint was required to be totally filled from top to bottom of the tile with the specified grout. So, am I to assume from the featured image and the advice provided in regard to removal of surplus bedding material, that these are requirement for achieving a totally filled joint – unless, of course, the bedding material and grout is one and the same? The guide goes on to advise that higher strength grout mixes may not take up induced stresses as well as lower strength mixes. Would this also mean that high strength adhesives would need to be removed from the joint prior to installing stress absorbing or compressible grouts? My answer is yes to all, but with some caveats. For instance, I see no real need to remove a sound, improved cementitious adhesive layer from the lower parts of say a 10mm deep joint where a CG2 grout is specified and adequate movement joints are in place. However, I would have a problem where varying depths of adhesive resulted in grout thicknesses that range from say 2 – 8mm in the joint, which amongst other things, may create inconsistent curing and colour variation issues. This is also

relevant where, contrary to good trade practice, plastic spacer pegs are left in the joints creating varying grout thicknesses. On the other hand, if the intention was to use a stress forgiving grout I would definitely advocate that the grout should be installed to the full joint depth, unless the bedding mortar or adhesive was of the same compressive strength and general characteristics. However, where grout is to be used with a thin tile, say around 3mm thick, in consistently thin layers, or as skims greater than 1.5mm thick, it is important that the grout is installed to its designed thickness. The structural integrity of the background, and the ability of the grout to bond to these backgrounds and the tile flanks will maintain its durability and aesthetics. In immersed conditions and in areas subject to heavy wear, it is critical that the prepared backgrounds are sound and stable. Projects of this kind require a suitably experienced tile fixer to ensure that the grout is applied evenly to the required depth, and that joints are finished flush and smooth. The cleaning off process is critical, especially where epoxy grouts are employed. Poor installation practices have a tendency to leave shallow, washed out, concave and under filled grout joints that result in typically thinner than desirable sections that become problematic and obvious, especially where the grout colour varies from the adhesive colour. So the deeper and more even in thickness the joints can be made the better it will be for the grout aesthetics, curing and durability.

Epoxy grouts are used for their greater chemical resistance, durability and aesthetic qualities. When an epoxy grout is to be applied to a tile laid with a cementitious adhesive, it would make sense to provide sufficient depth to allow the grout to perform as expected. Joints must be cleaned out to allow for the full designed grout thickness otherwise the purpose of using epoxy grouts may be defeated. Cementitious grouts can fail to bond to the dense often glassy surfaces of an epoxy adhesive. This may be especially problematic when thin tiles are specified. Static/dynamic physical loads and chemical softening caused by chemical imbalances in pool water will exacerbate or accelerate likely problems with shallow installations of cement grouts. I would maintain that epoxy grouts should be used, especially when shallow grout joints are used in association with slim tiles. Coloured epoxy adhesives with matching coloured grouts are available and would help greatly in this situation. One of my major objections to not grouting stone or tile work relates to efflorescence, which may occur in exposed installations, or in situations where tiles are constantly immersed or are subjected to constant wetting. For example, exposing open jointed tile or stone work to the cyclic effects of water flow over an infinity edge spill wall will nearly always result in disfiguring efflorescence. I believe that when and wherever possible it is always good practice to fully grout all work. ■ * Figure 1.1 from AS3958.1-2007 – the only diagram in the guide depicts a fully filled grout joint. www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 25

M A R K ETS

World production and consumption of ceramic tiles

By Anthony Stock

Regular readers will recall that we publish an annual feature dedicated to world production and consumption of tile. As per usual we extend our thanks to Ceramic World Review for the following snapshot, which is based on a report prepared by the Acimac Research Department (Italy). The full report features 260 pages of graphs, tables and comments, which analyse developing international trends over the past 10 years, up to and including 2014. Production and consumption slows In 2014 global tile production grew by 3.6 per cent; consumption increased by 4.2%; import and export growth numbers rose by a mere 1 per cent compared to 5.4 per cent in 2013 and 7.4 per cent in 2012. In 2013 world tile production reached 11,973 million square metres; in 2014 the figure climbed by 3.6 per cent to reach 12,409 million square metres. Growth was evident in practically every region, including eight of the 10 leading nations that produce ceramic tiles. Asia produced 8,747 million square metres in 2014 (4.8 per cent up on 2013) bringing its share of world output to 70.5 per cent.

Total production in the European Union (EU 28) increased by a mere 0.6 per cent to 1,192 million square metres, conversely production in non-EU European

countries declined by 5.9 per cent from 606 million square metres to 570 million square metres. This was largely due to contractions experienced in Turkey and Ukraine. The combined figures for the American continent totalled 1,499 million square metres, comprising 1,191 million square metres in Central and South America (a rise of 33 million square metres) and a more or less static 308 million square metres in North America. In Africa, production climbed by 7.6 per cent to reach 396 million square metres in 2014. 28

Table 1. WORLD MANUFACTURING AREAS AREAS EUROPEAN UNION (28)

2014 (Sq.mt. Mill.)

% on world production

% var. 13/14

1,192

9.6

+0.6

OTHER EUROPE (Turkey included)

570

4.6

-5.9

NORTH AMERICA (Mexico included)

308

2.5

+0.7

CENTRAL-SOUTH AMERICA

1,191

9.6

+2.8

ASIA

8,747

70.5

+4.8

396

3.2

+7.6

0.0

12,409

100.0

+3.6

AFRICA OCEANIA TOTAL

www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 27

M AR K ETS

Total world consumption rose by 4.2 per cent to reach 12,095 million square metres: Asia’s share climbed by 6.1 per cent to reach 8,166 million square metres. Most of the increase can be attributed to rising consumption in China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam. Demand in the European Union declined by 0.8 per cent from 855 million square metres to 848 million square metres. The downturn in Italy, Spain and Portugal continued. By contrast growth was strong in Germany and positive in Poland and the United Kingdom. Consumption in non-EU European countries fell by 6.1 per cent to 543 million square metres as a result of a continuing negative trend in Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. The highest percentage growth in consumption occurred in Africa, continuing a trend established in 2012 and 2013. Growth increased by 6.4 per cent, rising from 701 million square metres to 746 million square metres. The largest consumers of tile were Egypt, Nigeria, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya. Libya’s consumption fell by 33 per cent, registering the only fall in Africa. Demand in Central and South America remained steady at 2013 levels of 1,282 million square metres. Falls in Argentina and Venezuela were offset by a rise in Brazil. Consumption in North America rose 2.9 per cent to 462 million square metres. World exports increased by 1.05 per cent from 2,655 million square metres to 2,683 million square metres, a much lower increase than achieved in the last four years. The biggest increase in exports occurred in the

Table 3. WORLD EXPORTING AREAS AREAS

2014 (Sq.mt. Mill.) 819

30.5

+3.9

OTHER EUROPE (Turkey included)

150

5.6

-3.2

NORTH AMERICA (Mexico included) CENTRAL-SOUTH AMERICA ASIA AFRICA OCEANIA TOTAL

European Union, which increased its share by 3.9 per cent by comparison with 2013, rising from 788 million square metres to 819 million square metres. The EU share of total exports totalled 30.5 per cent. This figure was achieved due to continued recovery in Italy and Spain. Surprisingly, Asia registered its first real slowdown in exports; however, figures remained relatively stable with growth of 0.06 per cent, which equated to 1,488 million square metres, representing 55.4 per cent of total world exports. A small 2.6 per cent increase to 120 million square metres occurred in Central and South America. Exports declined by -3.2 per cent to 150 million square metres in non-EU European and from 68 to 66 million square metres in North America (-2.9 per cent), a further fall of 16.7 per cent from 48 to 40 million square metres was experienced in Africa.

Leading manufacturers Once upon-a-time this chart was dominated by the Europe’s leading tile producers – Italy and Spain. Over the last 15 years, the landscape has

2014 (Sq.mt. Mill.)

% on world consumption

% var. 13/14

EUROPEAN UNION (28)

848

7.0

-0.8

OTHER EUROPE (Turkey included)

543

4.5

-6.1

NORTH AMERICA (Mexico included)

462

3.8

+2.9

CENTRAL-SOUTH AMERICA

1,282

10.6

+0.4

ASIA

8,166

67.5

+6.1

746

6.2

+6.4

AFRICA OCEANIA TOTAL

0.4

0.0

12,095

100.0

+4.2

28 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

% var. 13/14

EUROPEAN UNION (28)

Table 2. WORLD CONSUMPTION AREAS AREAS

% on world consumption

2.5

-2.9

120

4.5

+2.6

1,488

55.4

+0.6

1.5

-16.7

0.0

2,683

100.0

+1.1

changed. While both of these leading producers still produce the best tiles in terms of design and performance, they have been surpassed in volume terms by China, Brazil and India. Nevertheless, both countries are recovering from their respective post-GFC blues. While it remains difficult to precisely quantify what is occurring in China, given the variances which exist between published production figures and the best estimates made by Acimac, it is safe to say that Chinese production reached 6,000 million square metres in 2014, a rise of 5.3 percent in comparison to 2013. This is equivalent to 48.4 per cent of world production. According to China’s own sources, production capacity exceeds 10 billion square metres, furnished by over 1,400 companies, utilising approximately 3,500 firing lines. A glance at Table 4 reveals that China’s main competitors lag well behind in terms of pure numbers. China is undoubtedly the largest producer and exporter of ceramic tiles. In spite of that, China experienced a 3.3 per cent decline in exports in 2014, falling from 1,148 to 1,110 million square metres. This figure represents 41.4 per cent of world exports. While Brazil continues to increase its production and exports, it has reduced its imports, particularly from China. In 2013 Brazil imported 49 million square metres from China; in 2014 the figure declined to 29.5 million square metres. Anti-dumping tariffs introduced at the end of 2014 are expected to account for further falls in imports from China. 30

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M AR K ETS 28 Table 4. TOP MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES COUNTRY

2010 (Sq.m Mill.)

2011 (Sq.m Mill.)

2012 (Sq.m Mill.)

2013 (Sq.m Mill.)

2014 (Sq.m Mill.)

% on 2014 world production

% var. 13/14

CHINA

4,200

4,800

5,200

5,700

6,000

48.4%

5.3%

BRAZIL

754

844

866

871

903

7.3%

3.7%

INDIA

550

617

691

750

825

6.6%

10.0%

SPAIN

366

392

404

420

425

3.4%

1.2%

INDONESIA

287

320

360

390

420

3.4%

7.7%

IRAN

400

475

500

410

3.3%

-18.0%

ITALY

387

400

367

363

382

3.1%

5.2%

VIETNAM

375

380

290

300

360

2.9%

20.0%

TURKEY

245

260

280

340

315

2.5%

-7.4%

MEXICO

210

221

231

230

1.9%

0.0%

TOTAL

7,774

8,709

9,189

9,864

10,270

82.8%

4.1%

WORLD TOTAL

9,644

10,630

11,230

11,973

12,409

100.0%

3.6%

Source / Fonte: Acimac Survey dept. “World Production and Consumption of Ceramic Tiles”, 3rd edition 2015 Table 5. TOP EXPORTING COUNTRIES COUNTRY

CHINA

2011 (Sq.m Mill.)

2012 (Sq.m Mill.)

2013 (Sq.m Mill.)

2014 (Sq.m Mill.)

% on 2014 national production

% on 2014 world exports

% var. 13/14

Value 2014 (million €)

1,015

1,086

1,148

1,110

18.5%

41.4%

-3.3%

5,530

Average export price (€/sq.m) 5.0

SPAIN

263

296

318

339

82.7%

12.6%

6.6%

2,328

6.9

ITALY

298

289

303

314

82.2%

11.7%

3.6%

4,109

13.1

IRAN

114

109

26.6%

4.1%

-4.4%

364

3.3

INDIA

11.1%

3.4%

80.4%

325

3.5

TURKEY

27.0%

3.2%

-3.4%

450

5.3

BRAZIL

7.6%

2.6%

9.5%

232

3.4

MEXICO

27.0%

2.3%

-3.1%

296

4.7

UAE

54.1%

2.0%

3.9%

n.a.

200

5.2

31.3%

1.6%

-12.5%

TOTAL

POLAND

1,961

2,103

2,248

2,275

23.4%

84.8%

1.5%

WORLD TOTAL

2,346

2,520

2,655

2,683

21.6%

100.0%

1.1%

Source / Fonte: Acimac Survey dept. “World Production and Consumption of Ceramic Tiles”, 3rd edition 2015 Table 6. TOP IMPORTING COUNTRIES COUNTRY

2010 (Sq.m Mill.)

2011 (Sq.m Mill.)

2012 (Sq.m Mill.)

2013 (Sq.m Mill.)

2014 (Sq.m Mill.)

% on 2014 national consumption

% on 2014 world imports

% var. 13/14

USA

130

131

139

160

159

68.8%

5.9%

-0.6%

SAUDI ARABIA

117

134

155

149

61.0%

5.6%

-3.9%

IRAQ

105

121

102

99.0%

3.8%

-15.7%

FRANCE

104

110

107

86.1%

3.7%

3.1%

GERMANY

79.2%

3.5%

6.7%

NIGERIA

89.1%

3.4%

7.1%

SOUTH KOREA

63.3%

2.8%

16.9%

RUSSIA

33.3%

2.7%

-8.8%

UAE

54.5%

2.0%

1.9%

PHILIPPINES TOTAL WORLD TOTAL

63.1%

2.0%

731

799

879

949

950

66.2%

35.4%

0.1%

2,128

2,346

2,520

2,655

2,683

22.2%

100.0%

1.1%

Source / Fonte: Acimac Survey dept. “World Production and Consumption of Ceramic Tiles”, 3rd edition 2015

30 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

15.2%

M AR K ETS

In terms of exports, Spain consolidated its position as the world’s second largest exporter of tile. Italy experienced an increase of 3.6 per cent, rising from 302.7 million square metres to 313.7 million square metres. The average price of Italian exports increased from 12.6 to 13.1 euros per square metre. By comparison Chinese tiles cost five euros per square metre. Significantly, India increased its exports by 80 per cent from 51 to 92 million square metres, earning it fifth spot in the rankings of leading exporters of tile.

USA tops the import charts In 2014 the USA imported 159 million square metres of tile. This equates to 69 per cent of total consumption, which remains stable at 231 million square metres. Saudi Arabia and Iraq

are second and third respectively on the imports chart (Table 6), in spite of the fact that they both registered falls. By contrast South Korea (+16.9 per cent) and the Philippines (+15.2 per cent) experienced significant rises.

In conclusion Acimac has long maintained that the import/export flows experienced over the years coincides with their belief that tile is a material which is produced close to the area in which it is consumed. While exports represents 21.6 per cent of production and 22.2 per cent of global consumption, more than 50 per cent of this volume comprises exports shipped to destinations within the same geographical area as that of production.

For example, 87 per cent of South America’s exports remain in South America, 75 per cent of North America’s exports remain within the NAFTA region, and 60 per cent of Asian exports are shipped to other Asian countries. The EU provides a partial exception to this trend, with 50 per cent of exports shipped to non-EU countries. This is confirmed by the fact that the share of world production and consumption tends to be similar in each continent. For example, Asia accounted for 70.5 per cent of production and 67.4 per cent of world consumption. Regional trends in relation to price, product quality and design, and speed of delivery inevitably play a part in this equation. ■

M A R K ETS

Ceramic tile imports: new record levels in 2015 By Peter Halliday

EDITOR’S COMMENT: In the last issue of Tile Today, some of the tables in Peter Halliday’s article were inadvertently truncated during the publishing process, affecting some of the totals shown. We reprint this article in full with apologies to our readers.

Highlights • • • • •

Total imports increased by 9% to 43.281 million square metres Only four countries now supply 90% of imports China increases market share to over 66% Italian and Spanish imports increase by 13% New South Wales makes up over 37% of the Australian market

welve months ago, data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) showed that ceramic tile imports had reached record levels during 2014. New records in import levels have now been set in 2015 on the back of the building boom, which continued throughout the year. Imports rose by an impressive 9% during 2015 which followed on from a similarly impressive 15% increase in 2014. Ceramic tile imports rose from 39,635,250 square metres in

2014 to 43,281,009 square metres in 2015. The declared customs value of tile imports increased by 24%, which followed a 26% increase in 2014. The total value of ceramic tile imports in 2015 was AUD$464,476,306. The larger percentage increases in value compared with import volume reflects the significant deterioration in the value of the Australian dollar over recent years against foreign currencies in which ceramic tiles are typically purchased, notably the

US dollar and the Euro. There is also evidence of an increase in imports of higher value, larger format tiles, sintered slabs and panels. Figure 1. graphically illustrates the slide in the value of the Australian dollar, comparing the value of one Australian dollar against the US dollar and Euro over the last three years. Note the sharper decline in the US dollar exchange rate, which in turn has encouraged an upturn in European imports over the last two years. 34

Fig. 1 Australian Dollar Exchange Rate 2013 -2015 1.1000 1.0000 0.9000 0.8000 0.7000 0.6000

n-‐

20 1 ar 3 -‐2 M 013 ay -‐2 01 Ju 3 l-‐2 0 Se 13 p-‐ 2 No 013 v-‐ 20 Ja 13 n-‐ 2 M 014 ar -‐2 M 01 ay 4 -‐2 0 Ju 14 l-‐2 0 Se 14 p-‐ 2 No 014 v-‐ 20 Ja 14 n-‐ 2 M 015 ar -‐2 M 015 ay -‐2 0 Ju 15 l-‐2 0 Se 15 p-‐ 2 No 015 v-‐ 20 15

0.5000

USD

EUR

Source: Reserve Bank of Australia

www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 33

M AR K ETS

33 Fig.2 Ceramic Tile Imports 2015 (Square Metres) by HS Category HS Category

New South Wales

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Total M2

Customs Value AUD

AV $/m2

HS6907 Unglazed

2,549,589

91,739

1,733,410

441,135

768

1,725,860

548,017

7,090,518

97,113,849

$13.70

HS6908 Glazed

13,531,064

547,333

7,131,747

1,819,411

206,899

8,412,512

4,541,524

36,190,491

367,362,457

$10.15

Grand Total

16,080,653

639,072

8,865,158

2,260,547

207,667

10,138,373

5,089,541

43,281,009

64,476,306

$10.73

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Fig.3 Percentage of State Total HS Category

New South Wales

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Total M2

Customs Value AUD

HS6907 Unglazed

16%

14%

20%

17%

11%

16%

21%

HS6908 Glazed

84%

86%

80%

100%

83%

89%

84%

79%

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Glazed tiles (HS Code 6908) represented 84% of all import volume, and 79% of the value of imports. Unglazed tiles (HS Code 6907) represented 16% of the total, a decline from 17% in the previous year. Glazed ceramic tile imports totalled 36,190,491 square metres with a declared customs value of AUD$367,362,457. This was an increase of 3.29 million square metres over the 32,899,957 square metres with a declared customs value of A$291,657,126 imported during 2014. Unglazed ceramic tile imports in 2015 totalled 7,090,518 square metres with a declared value of AUD$97,113,848. This was up by 355,225 square metres on the 6,735,293 square metres with a declared customs value of AUD$84,122,813 imported during 2014. Figure 2. and Figure 3 show a breakdown by the destination

state of the two HS categories in square metres and percentage of total imports. The full table of total ceramic tile imports including country of origin and destination state can be seen in Figure 4. (overleaf). Four counties supplied almost 90% of all tile imports to Australia. China supplied the vast majority with 66.2% of the total market share while the next largest source, Malaysia, supplied 10.2 percent. Italy supplied 9% and Spain 3.7%. All four countries increased exports above the total Australian market growth. The growth of this top four was at the expense of countries whose imports declined such as Indonesia (-26%), Thailand (-27%), Vietnam (-26%). Imports from Italy increased by 13% in 2015. While Italy supplied 9% of all Australian imports, it accounted for 20% of the total

import value. The average price per square metre from Italy rose only by 3% in 2015, one of the smallest increases from any source country; however, at AUD$23.88 per square metre, the average price is the highest of any of the top 10 source countries. Like Italy, imports from Spain also increased by 13% in 2015. Spanish imports accounted for 3.7% of total imports and 6% of the total value. The average price per square metre of Spanish imports rose by 22% to AUD$18.18. Imports from Thailand dropped by 27% in 2015 which followed a 9% drop in the previous year. Imports from Sri Lanka fell by 28%; however, imports had increased by 60% in 2014, which catapulted Sri Lanka to sixth largest supplying nation to Australia, overtaking Indonesia. Imports from Turkey increased by 10% in 2015. 36

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Four counties supplied almost 90% of all tile imports to Australia. China supplied the vast majority with 66.2% of the total market share while the next largest source, Malaysia, supplied 10.2%. Italy supplied 9% and Spain 3.7%.â&#x20AC;? 34 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

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M AR K ETS 34 Fig. 4 Total Ceramic Tile Imports 2015 Square Metres by State Country of Origin

State of Destination New South Wales

Argentina

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

963

Australia (Re-imports)

38,279

Belgium

20,229

Victoria

Western Australia

101,612

Canada

3,425

14,930

998

1,257

506,829

6,113,827

1,505,729

131,314

3,044

0.0%

94,169

60,098

0.1%

632,346

42,171

3,374

6,575,061

2,858,047 621

Czech Republic

2,501

Egypt France Germany

264

1,200

20,955

2,862

66,042

Hong Kong (SAR of China)

100,616

India

152,726

Indonesia

80,171

1,359

31,537

3,068 48,565

1,105

Italy

1,554,181

38,873

412,482

8,102

903

2,329

Jordan

1,526

179,828

Iran Japan

228

39,347 15,942

2,609

6,443

27,620

2,677

20,937

45,646

Mexico

1,198,774

3,122

5,098 220

Morocco

1,841

Netherlands

1,864

New Zealand

1,840

Pakistan

54,193

366,791

2,750

7,215

Sri Lanka

81,565

Switzerland

6,516

34,312

266,183

0.6%

3,711,093

518,584

1.2%

5,340,815

1,141

0.0%

43,356

857,433

817,390

3,908,293

9.0%

93,321,531

70,557

1,307

83,198

0.2%

1,608,653

0.0%

5,127

45,746

0.1%

454,875

0.0%

37,340

10.2%

33,992,900

288

2,426

960

11,894

0.0%

142,554

998

156

237

2,138

65,101

635

12,400

17,811

Taiwan

3,226 414,154

Tunisia

1,048 1,742

236,454

27,743

52,752

United Arab Emirates

388,528

6,182

122,603

10,350

60,554

8,114 35

United Kingdom

26,704

10,983

United States of America

17,991

4,896

Viet Nam

0.0%

248,980

0.0%

477,198

13,379

0.0%

145,204

215

0.0%

3,443

285

0.0%

6,613

131,271

0.3%

2,085,481

2,963

0.0%

31,401

1,037

0.0%

15,675

868

0.0%

17,899

1,841

5,231

0.0%

74,729

24,564

0.1%

270,700

433,203

219,233

1,601,318

3.7%

29,115,086

16,819

383,406

607,638

1.4%

5,719,661

740

1,031

0.0%

101,256

102

1,266

5,731

0.0%

173,094

1,054

201,055

177,973

1,060,175

2.4%

8,070,007

2,900

0.0%

58,376

2,900

Turkey

3,215 13,998

21,212

291

Thailand

897,708

106,669

2,906

119,333

5,566

0.1%

1,383

483 36,467

0.0%

73,121

628

188,302

1,464 33,165

44,540

3,352 950

16,230

1,277,828

1,037

705,352

36,031

0.0%

4,134,601

240

Spain

0.0%

4,396,251

Serbia Singapore

621 2,501

0.6%

2,072

South Africa

255,778,406

312,422

891

Seychelles

66.2%

1,387,109

425

9,683

28,648,766

0.3%

285 31,983

22,748

2,082

Poland Saudi Arabia

0.0%

241,191

215

Portugal

707

137,367

12,134 10,242

3,287,092

9,831

1,383 1,074,880

97,403

0.4%

7,369

100

Lithuania

0.0%

11,914

Korea, Republic of

2,698 167,766

124,612

36 206,997

Customs Value AUD

1,590

707 10,957,959

% Total m2

2,081

Croatia

Malaysia

Total M2

2,698

Brazil China (excluding SARs and Taiwan)

Northern Territory

1,875

36,926

57,021

279,652

0.6%

3,516,094

93,284

22,731

581,267

1.3%

4,988,609

52,438

267

90,428

0.2%

1,317,819

25,817

0.1%

340,420

1,200

1,729

135,690

19,255

60,848

20,996

20,334

33,213

290,335

0.7%

2,627,129

Grand Total

16,080,653

639,072

8,865,158

,260,547

207,667

10,138,373

5,089,541

43,281,009

100%

464,476,306.23

State Share

37%

20%

23%

12%

100%

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 36 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

M AR K ETS 36 Fig.5 Top 10 Source Countries 2001 - 2015

Fig. 6 Total Ceramic Tile Imports Calendar Year

New South Wales*

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Total M2

2010

11,919,529

460,314

8,569,680

2,189,254

278,247

8,259,896

4,341,119

36,018,039

2011

11,777,954

365,113

7,645,293

2,288,794

197,135

9,195,169

4,346,110

35,815,567

2012

11,636,414

410,709

6,625,784

1,931,324

157,121

8,085,630

3,743,340

32,590,322

2013

12,161,585

508,742

7,000,476

1,992,126

182,316

8,502,425

4,091,458

34,439,127

2014

14,409,415

663,506

8,056,465

1,993,568

188,544

9,290,549

5,033,204

39,635,250

2015

16,080,653

639,072

8,865,158

2,260,547

207,667

10,138,373

5,089,541

43,281,009

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Fig. 7 State Share of imports Calendar Year

New South Wales*

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

Western Australia

Total M2

2010

33.1%

1.3%

23.8%

6.1%

0.8%

22.9%

12.1%

100%

2011

32.9%

1.0%

21.3%

6.4%

0.6%

25.7%

12.1%

100%

2012

35.7%

1.3%

20.3%

5.9%

0.5%

24.8%

11.5%

100%

2013

35.3%

1.5%

20.3%

5.8%

0.5%

24.7%

11.9%

100%

2014

36.4%

1.7%

20.3%

5.0%

0.5%

23.4%

12.7%

100%

2015

37.2%

1.5%

20.5%

5.2%

0.5%

23.4%

11.8%

100%

Western Australia

Total M2

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Fig. 8 Percentage Change on Previous Year Calendar Year

New South Wales*

Northern Territory

Queensland

South Australia

Tasmania

Victoria

2010

19.5%

20.4%

18.4%

0.0%

8.4%

13.6%

22.9%

17%

2011

-1.2%

-20.7%

-10.8%

4.5%

-29.2%

11.3%

0.1%

-1%

2012

-1.2%

12.5%

-13.3%

-15.6%

-20.3%

-12.1%

-13.9%

-9%

2013

4.5%

23.9%

5.7%

3.1%

16.0%

5.2%

9.3%

2014

18.5%

30.4%

15.1%

0.1%

3.4%

9.3%

23.0%

15%

2015

11.6%

-3.7%

10.0%

13.4%

10.1%

9.1%

1.1%

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

38 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Figure 5. shows historical import volumes over the last 15 years, highlighting the top 10 source nations. Figure 6. shows total ceramic tile imports by destination state since 2010 while Figure 7. shows the state percentage of national total imports and Figure 8 shows the percentage change on the previous year. When analysing the 2015 import figures, every state increased imports over 2014 except Northern Territory. While the overall national increase was 9%, New South Wales again increased imports at a rate higher than the national average. South Australia experienced a significant rise in imports, increasing 13.4% over 2014, while Tasmania, Victoria and Queensland were within one percent of the national increase. Western Australia was well below the national average at 1.1% increase, reflecting, in part, the end of the mining boom and its associated impact on the local economy. New South Wales accounted for 37.2% of all imports (up from 36.4%), Victoria 23.4% (unchanged), Queensland 20.3%, Western Australia 11.8%, South Australia 5.2%, Northern Territory 1.5% and Tasmania 0.5%. The total Australian market size for ceramic tiles in 2015 can now be estimated at around 49 million square metres once local production is included. This represents a usage of 2.1 square metres per head of population. â&#x2013;

finishes& finishes&SURFACES MEDIA KIT 2016

SURFACES

THEpreview OFFICIAL & review of brand new products > Annual PUBLICATION FOR FINISHES > Innovative ideas, aspiring projects & SURFACES EXHIBITION > Distributed to leading specifiers, interior designers, retailers and newsagencies Australia wide

Published by

www.elitepublishing.com.au www.infotile.com/publications

For more information and advertising opporturnities please contact: Vicky Cammiade

Phone: +61 3 9890 0815 Email: vicky.cammiade@

Flooring>Carpet>Tile>Stone>Veneers>Vinyl>Laminate>Paint>Glass>Timber>Concrete

DE SIGN

Classic Herringbone The kitchen splashback is a small but vitally important area where a few metres of mosaic or tile provide a prime focal point. Herringbone by Ace Ceramics is a cool porcelain mosaic, which is available in black and white in gloss and matt finishes. The mosaic is mounted on 310 x 273 mm sheets. ACE CERAMICS 02 9584 4000 www.aceceramics.com.au

Tuscan Limestone Wall Cladding Tuscan Limestone Wall Cladding is available from Cinajus (NSW), in random lengths and modular heights. It is principally used on exterior and interior walls. The product, which varies in thickness from 25 mm to 35 mm, is fixed individually with an appropriate thick or thin-set adhesive. It can be adhered to a variety of substrates including masonry and some fibre cement products. It is also available in charcoal. Both products are available for prompt delivery.

CINAJUS PTY LTD 02 9773 5677 www.cinajus.com

Reverso Colortile has just released Reverso, a remarkable new glazed porcelain product which captures the look and feel of smooth cross-cut travertine in 300 x 300 mm, 300 x 600 mm and 450 x 900 mm formats. The series is available in ivory, beige (featured), and grey. An external version is available in the larger size. The series is supported by stunning water-jet cut decors.

COLORTILE 1300 265 678 www.colortile.com.au

Striking 300 mm x 75 mm wall tiles Market leader Everstone recently released a striking contemporary collection of 300 mm x 75 mm wall tiles, which are available with bevelled or irregular edges. The series is available in black, white and grey. A brilliant metallic silver finish is available with an irregular edge. These bold Spanish wall tiles are designed for use in the commercial, residential and hospitality sectors. EVERSTONE 02 9795 2000 www.everstone.com.au

40 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Into Infinity Southern Cross Ceramics has enhanced its reputation for production of coordinated collections of contemporary ceramic and glass tiles with the recent launch of Infinity. The series is available in 12 designs, which were specifically created to suit Australian taste. The range comprises 24 colours, augmented by complementary plain tiles. The 300 mm x 600 mm wall tiles are carefully crafted to provide beautiful textural effects in a variety of environments. SOUTHERN CROSS CERAMICS 03 9561 9911 www.scceramics.com

Indulgence The Indulgence collection by Starstile accurately replicates the appearance of several popular natural stone products: Carrara, onyx and quartzite. The light coloured products are produced with polished and satin surface finishes to provide a touch of luxury in private residences. STARSTILE info@starstile.it www.starstile.it

Uptown The Uptown collection from Distinctive Tile Imports (Qld) is manufactured by Vitra in two popular formats: 300 x 600 mm and 600 x 600 mm for use in contemporary residential and commercial interiors. These hard wearing glazed porcelain wall and floor tiles accurately emulate the appearance of concrete in several popular colourways: cream, mink, white and dark grey. The featured image is Uptown matt. DISTINCTIVE TILE IMPORTS 07 3892 9195 www.dtiqld.com.au

Rhombus Radical advances in digital ink-jet decoration processes are responsible for enhancing the appearance of ceramic products, which faithfully replicate other popular surface finishes. The other big trend relates to shape. Ceramic tiles are available in a plethora of shapes and formats. Rhombus by Ace Ceramics is a bold geometric wall tile, which is available in 152 x 263 mm gloss finish in white, light grey, dark grey and ash blue and black. Spectacular design can be created by blending a variety of formats in modular patterns, or by experimenting with one format in two or more colours. ACE CERAMICS 02 9584 4000 www.aceceramics.com.au

www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 41

NO TOOLS NEEDED EASY REMOVAL The New Tuscan SeamClip The Tuscan SeamClip™ is the world’s first one-piece tool less joint levelling system that will greatly assist in the installation of porcelain, stone, ceramic, marble, granite and large format tiles on floor or wall from 3mm - 13mm in thickness.

NEW! FOR FLOORS & WALLS

Lippage Free

P P The interlocking design of the Tuscan SeamClip™ essentially P eliminates lippage whilst simultaneously minimising the possibility P of warping resulting in a smooth flat surface. P

1-Piece System that virtually eliminates lippage during tile installation No tools needed Easy to use Made in the USA* from recyclable material Designed for calibrated Tiles 300mm and above

AVAILABLE IN 3 SIZES

White 3mm - 6.5mm thickness

Blue 6.5mm - 9.5mm thickness

Red 9.5mm - 13mm thickness

LIPPAGE FREE HASSLE FREE The Tuscan Leveling System is the way to professionally lay large tiles, fast.

Position strap and cap

Lay the tile

Attach setting tool

P The system is easy to learn and use at any skill level P Makes installation twice as fast and more profitable P Reduces installer fatigue and stress

Tuscan Leveling System Setting Tool - Ergonomic 1 unit

Tension until level

Wait for glue to dry

Remove strap and cap

P Prevents tiles from moving whilst drying P Drastically reduces the need for grinding P For use with tiles 300mm or larger

Tuscan Leveling System Cap Box of 250 pcs

Tuscan Leveling System Strap Box of 200 or 1000 pcs

Phone 03 8552 6000 to find your nearest stockist. For more information or a demonstration visit www.tuscanleveling.com *Patent Pending

INFOTILE

infotile.com.au Infotile.com.au is your online resource for all things tile and stone. It contains: • free access to our extensive and growing list of articles on selection, installation, care and maintenance; • answers to frequently asked questions on tile and stone; • directories of key suppliers and manufacturers; as well as information on relevant publications, industry associations and eco labelled products. Infotile Product Profiles exist to provide consumers and design and construction professionals with concise information about a wide variety of ceramic tile and natural stone products. Users can search by product type or application to discover information about each material’s prime characteristics including abrasion, slip resistance and porosity.

All products contain full contact details of the manufacturer, wholesaler or retailer. Visitors can select an appropriate adhesive, grout, levelling compound, acoustic membrane, expansion joint,

sealer and other related products in the Allied Products category. Make sure you check out the website regularly for exciting new products as well as information and advice from the industry’s experts. ■

DIAREX ULTRA ELECTROPLATED CORE DRILLS ®

THE PROVEN PERFORMERS Diarex ULTRA, VIPER, LEGEND & BLACK MAGIC Thin Turbo Blades cut fast and cut clean. Like the ULTRA & VIPER our new LEGEND & BLACK MAGIC have been specifically developed for the tile trade. Featuring a new generation of diamond matrix with a unique rim pattern, the new VIPER Thin Turbo Blade last longer and produces even cleaner cuts in porcelain, stone and glass tile.

For your nearest stockist Phone 03 8552 6000

Wet and Dry use. For Porcelain, Ceramic, Marble and Limestone with straight or hexagonal shank plus removable pilot drill.

INT ERVIE W

Andrew McEnally, the National Sales and Marketing Manager for Ceramic Tiles, talks about the recent launch of the RLA Group.

Andrew McEnally, RLA Group Tile Today talks with Andrew McEnally regarding the relatively recent acquisition of RLA Polymers by the Nan Pao Group. Q: RLA Polymers is now part of the Nan Pao Resins Group. RLA was formerly a part of the Vita Group. When did Nan Pao acquire the business? A: Nan Pao acquired RLA Polymers in January 2014 and it included RLA Malaysia. Q: You now trade as the RLA Group. Who are the members of the group? A: The group still trades as RLA Polymers with brand names such as, Aftek, Atherton Chemicals, Roberts and Holdfast Adhesives. Q: The Nan Pao Resins Group operates in Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, India, the Philippines, several locations in China and now Australia. Tell us about the group’s broad activities. A: RLA Group, with its expanding brand names, covers the construction market with the Aftek range. Hardware and plumbing supplies are represented by Aftek, Protek and Plummas plumbing products. The soft floor and carpet compound markets have tried and tested brand names such as Roberts and Holdfast Adhesives. The Tiling adhesive division has two brand names that are well known to the market: tilers have been using RLA and Atlas products for over 15 years. We also manufacture a range of industrial products including PU, PVC, and latex based products. 46 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Q: Will you extend the range of products and services you provide locally? A: We will gauge the market in Australia and talk with our customer base and look at other potential product lines we can introduce. Q: Obviously the tiling element is your prime interest. What can the RLA Group offer in the way of new products and enhanced services? A: We have developed a brand of commercial products, which includes waterproofing, a moisture barrier system, adhesive for moisture sensitive stone and a new epoxy grout. They are traded under the name Commercial WPM Plus. We now have access to further water based, PU and other technologies, which we will be looking at in the near future. Q: The adhesive market in Australia is ultra-competitive. Does Nanpao’s backing provide you with greater confidence in the future? A: Yes, I have every confidence in the future. Nan Pao wants to expand further into the Australian market and bring new technology and knowledge from other divisions in the Nan Pao Group. They want to be one of the largest adhesive manufacturers in Australia.

Q: Have you restructured the business since Nan Pao came on board? A: No, the structure is the same; we have four business units. Q: The countries that Nan Pao trade in have diverse climates, which present tile fixers with some unique challenges. Will their experience assist in regard to the development of products that are specifically designed for our market? A: Our technical teams in Australia communicate with the Nan Pao chemists on a regular basis and will work together to overcome all the ongoing challenges in the tile market in Australia. Q: Have you launched any new product since Nan Pao became involved? A: We have launched new products in all divisions since Nan Pao became involved and will continue to do so into the future. Q: How have your clients responded to these developments? A: The response has been very positive from all customers. The main thing customers are happy about is they are still dealing with the same great sales people and customer service teams in all of our departments. ■

COmmeRCIAl eG

• Two part epoxy grout • Ideal for showers, pools, shops, dairies, hospitals • Wall/floor/interior/exterior applications • Suitable in joints from 1.5mm - 15mm • Can be used as a tile adhesive* • Complies with AS ISO 13007.3-2013 RG1

www.rlagroup.com.au 1800 242 931 NSW | VIC | QLD | SA | WA

P R O JECT SPO TLIGH T

Hilton’s Rainbow Tower The Hilton’s Rainbow Tower stands tall over the Waikiki beach in Honolulu. Whether you spotted it in the opening credits to the new “Hawaii Five-O” or on promotional photographs of this seaside city you have likely seen the hotel’s impressive dual rainbow murals. In 1968, the Rainbow Tower opened with what is considered “the world’s largest ceramic tile mosaic”.

ith 16,000 tiles the murals stand 87 metres tall, eight metres wide and can be seen on either end of the tower. After more than 45 years the integrity of the installation was failing. The murals’ loose and weatherbeaten tiles posed a serious safety concern. The entire installation needed to be replaced.

Challenge Once the murals’ tiles arrived from Johnson Tiles’ Tunstall factory located in Stoke-on-Trent, England, the project faced two major challenges – scale and orientation.

The total square footage of the project is not especially daunting but the tile installation required a flat vertical surface. The nearly-91 metre vertical span of the murals made completely flat surfaces difficult to achieve under the best of circumstances. Richard Goldberg, Principle and President of Procon was intimately involved from the outset and played an integral role in the selection, design and testing of the appropriate tile finishes and installation system criterion. The selection and use of Laticrete systems and materials helped Procon and Hilton achieve an installation system that met the demanding requirements of this iconic project.

Surface flattening and preparation To provide a flat surface over the entire vertical span of the murals, each tower required a thick bed of leveling mortar ranging in thickness from 25 to 100 millimetres. 3701 Fortified Mortar Bed was applied in 12 millimetre increments to level the concrete substrate. 3701 is a factory prepared fortified blend of carefully selected polymers, Portland cement and graded aggregates. Its advantage on the project was that it did not require the use of a latex admix or any mixing of sand and

48 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

cement. The contractors simply added water to the bagged mortar to produce a thick bed mortar with exceptional strength onto which the tiles were placed. Hydro Ban was applied to the expansion joint areas to facilitate proper movement and to provide crack isolation at the movement joints. Laticrete 254 Platinum was used to adhere the tiles, which sat as high as 91 metres above the ground. 254 Platinum is a high performance polymer modified thin-set mortar to install the mural’s 16,000 tiles. 254 Platinum is designed to mix with water, has a long open time and high shear bond strength, which results in an adhesive mortar with unsurpassed adhesion and workability. Permacolor Grout, a high performance ANSI A118.7-compliant polymer-fortified cementitious grout was used to grout the tiles. The grout’s colour consistency was especially important given the wide range of colours seen throughout the mural. Latasil was used to treat movement joints throughout the installation because its high flexibility allows the tile installation to expand and contract without any restrictions. It has excellent movement capabilities of +/- 25% and is perfectly suited for exterior applications, is easy to install and tool which results in a uniform smooth finished sealant joint. ■

Thousands Thousands ofof Pools Pools Around Around the the World World Depend Dependon onLATICRETE LATICRETE

ProvenPojects ProjectsAround Around Globe Proven thethe Globe Snap Snap for more more information. information.

Part and Stone Part of a total Tile and Installation Installation Materials MaterialsSystem System covered by a comprehensive System Warranty.

® WithLATICRETE LATICRETE products, yourof projects aretileprotected The System is composed time proven installationby a materials have been successfully installed the world LATICRETEthatSystem Warranty. Do you want around your pool to look as for 60 as years. source good this?ThisOrsystem perhapsprovides like thesingle Marina Bayresponsibility Sands - Poolforin the demanding andContact high performance applications. Sky project? us and let’stiletalk...

www.laticrete.com.au ll 1800 www.laticrete.com.au 1800331 331012 012

years of building chemistry

Products & Relationships

A DHESIVE GU IDE

Adhesive Selection Guide 2016 INCLUDES RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SLIM TILE PRODUCTS Each adhesive selection features an ISO classification e.g. C2TS2, in accordance with ISO 13007 – 2, 2013. Each combination of letters and numbers provides users with a reference to adhesive recommendations for specific tile types on various surfaces. Below is a key to the letter/number codes used for each product. The manufacturers listed have nominated three prime products to adhere popular tile and stone materials to a variety of substrates in dry, wet and fully immersed locations. Note that each of the participating companies also manufactures additional products that can be used in similar situations. Each company provides comprehensive technical advice. If you require additional information simply call the company in question or visit their website. The materials listed in the Adhesive Selection Guide are not the only products suitable for a particular surface. If more information is required contact the manufacturer of your choice.

ABA 1800 300 863 FLOORS Concrete

ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA

Abaflex Powerstik Glue Plus Rubberstik Powerstik Plus

C2TS1 C1TES1 C2S1 C1TES1 C2TES1

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-33 ADH-31

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1

Compressed Fibre Cement Sheet (Floor)

ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA

Abaflex Glue Plus MPP Rubberstik Powerstik Plus

C2TS2 C2S1 C1S2 C1TES1 C2TES1

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-41 ADH-33 ADH-31

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1

Existing Tiles

ABA Abaflex* C2TS1 ABA Powerstik (internal)* C1TES1 ABA Glue (internal)* C2S1 ABA Powerstik Plus** C 2TES1 *with glaze removed and Abaprime **80% glaze removed

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-33

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-33 ADH-31 ADH-22

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1 C1ET

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-41 ADH-33 ADH-31

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1

WALLS Cement Render (Masonry)

This guide provides users with a reference to adhesive recommendations for specific tile types on various surfaces. Below is a key to letter/number codes used on various products. Always ensure that a compatible waterproofing membrane is employed. As the selection guide shows, the designation of an adhesive consists of the letter of the type (C, D or R), followed by the number of the class and/or the letter(s) corresponding to the characteristics (F, T, E and/or S) which it possesses. Users of the Adhesive Selection Guide are advised that the ISO Classifications entered for each product are supplied by the participating manufacturer. Where absolute clarification about a product’s suitability for a specific project is required the reader should contact the manufacturer for written guarantees. The standard recognises 3 adhesive types: C

Cementitious. In order for a cementitious adhesive to get the normal C1 classification, it must have a tensile adhesion strength of at least 0.5 MPa, when bonding porcelain tiles to concrete, not only in a dry condition, but also after water immersion, heat ageing and freeze-thaw cycling. It must also have a tensile adhesion strength of at least 0.5 MPa, when placing of a porous tile is delayed by at least 20 minutes after the adhesive has been spread.

ACT AUSTRALIA 1300 794 321

Plasterboard

ABA Powerstik ABA Abamastic Plus (internal) ABA Abaflex ABA Rubberstik (internal) ABA Mastik (internal) ABA Powerstik Plus ABA Abamastic Plus ABA MPP ABA Powerstik ABA Rubberstik ABA Mastik ABA Powerstik Plus

C1TES1 D2TE C2TS1 C1TES1 D1TE C2TES1 D2TE C1S2 C1TES1 C1TES1 D1TE C2TES1

MISCELLANEOUS Swimming Pools & Other Total Immersion Locations

ABA Powerstik Plus C2TES1

ADH-55 C2ETS1 Glass Mosaics can be grouted with ADH-55

Slim thickness tile or panel 3-5+mm

Contact the manufacturer for project specific advice.

ADH-55 + AD-1 ADH-55

C2ETS2 C2ETS1

ADH-44

C2ETS1

Floor tiling to receive floor traffic on same day of tiling

ABA MPP

C1S2

Improved C2 class adhesives must have a tensile adhesive strength of at least 1 MPa after the various conditioning treatments. There are also four letter designations that denote different optional characteristics.

ADH-55 Fast Set ADH-44

C2ETS1 C2ETS1

Dispersion.

Shower Floors

Reaction resin.

Fast setting adhesives, where products have a tensile adhesion strength of at least 0.5 MPa within 24 hours.

ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA

Abaflex Powerstik Glue Plus Rubberstik Powerstik Plus

C2TS1 C1TES1 C2S1 C1TES1 C2TES1

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-33 ADH-31 ADH-22

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1 C1ET

Denotes a slip-resistant adhesive (that limits the extent to which tiles might slide down walls).

Adhesives with extended open time (minimum of 30 minutes under standard laboratory conditions).

Vitrified products (Porcelain)

C2TS1 C1TES1 C2S1 C1TES1 C2TES1

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C1ETS1

Only used for cementitious adhesives, where it denotes special deformable characteristics.

Abaflex Powerstik Glue Plus Rubberstik Powerstik Plus

ADH-55 ADH-44 ADH-33 ADH-31

ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA

Granite/Marble

Deformable adhesives (a transverse deformation of 2.5 to 5 mm), while highly deformable.

ABA Abaflex C2TS2 ABA Glue Plus C2S1 (suitable for non-moisture sensitive stones)

Adhesives have a transverse deformation of at least 5 mm.

ADH-55 ADH-55 Fast Set ADH-44 ADH-33

C2ETS1

50 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

C2ETS1 C2ETS1 C2ETS1

ARDEX AUSTRALIA 1300 788 780

ATLAS TILE ADHESIVES 1800 752 679

ASA/BOSTIK 1300 364 710

DAVCO 1800 653 347

FLOORS Concrete

ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX

X X X X

78 18 10 51

C2ES1 C2TES1 C1TES1 C1TES1

Evoflex Expressfix Evofix

C2S2ET C2FE C1S1ET

Techbond Addflex + Addflextra

C2S1ET C2S1T C2S1T

Davco SMP Evo C2S1TE

Compressed Fibre Cement Sheet (Floor)

ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX

X 78 Abaflex X 56 X 51

C2ES1 C2TS1 C1ES2 C1TES1

Evoflex Asaflex Evofix

C2S2ET C2S2E C1S1ET

One-1-Flex Techbond

C2S2E C2S1ET

Davco SMP Evo C2S1TE

Existing Tiles

ARDEX Optima* C2TS2 ARDEX X 78 (dry areas*) C2ES1 ARDEX Abaflex** C2TS1 ARDEX X 18** C1TES1 *no removal of existing tile glaze, or use of special primer for internal applications **80% glaze removed

Addflex + C2S1T One-1-Flex C2S2E Addflextra C2S1T *Existing tiles should be treated with RLA Universal Primer

Davco SMP Evo C2S1TE

Superglue* C2S2EF Expressfix + Megalastic* C2S1EF Evoflex C2S2ET *No glaze removal needed when primed with Specialist Primer

WALLS Cement Render (Masonry)

ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX ARDEX

X 77 Abaflex D5* X 51

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www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 51

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52 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

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I NSTA L L ATI ON

Adhering tile to tricky surfaces Part one: METAL By Anthony Stock

One of the prime benefits associated with the use of ceramic tile relates to its flexibility. Tile can be used internally or externally, on walls, floors, building facades, in wet areas, and in swimming pools. It is equally important that tile can be adhered to practically any substrate, providing the right adhesive is selected and the background is properly prepared. If the use of ceramic tile adhesive is ruled out there is always the possibility of adopting mechanical fixing techniques. However, for the purpose of this small series of articles letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s look at the processes and materials required to adhere tile to a variety of tricky surfaces. First up we will address metal.

hile metal is far from being a common substrate like fibre cement or concrete, tile is adhered to a variety of metal surfaces including ship decks, gangway walls, stair treads, work surfaces, various metal fittings on wall cappings and elevator floors.

Background considerations and preparation Metal backgrounds are often quite flexible and subject to high thermal movement possibilities. While metal surfaces are non-absorbent they can be prone to corrosion, which is caused, in some instances, by contact with the adhesive. Metal surfaces that can be successfully tiled include Zincalume coated mild steel, stainless steel sheet, shower trays, various aluminium surfaces and ship decks constructed from steel or aluminium alloy.

Galvanised steel is protected from corrosion by its coating. Stainless steel is not subject to significant corrosion. Copper is usually fine but it does develop an oxidised layer. Mild steel surfaces require protection as they may corrode, while aluminium and zinc can be attacked by alkalinity present in cement based adhesives. Salt corrosion can pose problems in some environments, particularly with aluminium surfaces. Protection against corrosion can be obtained by using an appropriate primer, which is recommended for use in association with a particular adhesive. It is good practice to use primers, adhesives and grouts sourced from a single manufacturer. Epoxy based primers provide protection against corrosion; they also provide a good surface for the adhesive to bond to. Where tiles are installed in maritime environments, specific two-part epoxy primers are generally required. 56

Many metal surfaces can be tiled, but careful assessment is required prior to proceeding.

“Metal surfaces that can be successfully tiled include Zincalume coated mild steel, stainless steel sheet, shower trays, various aluminium surfaces and ship decks constructed from steel or aluminium alloy.”

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INS TALL ATION

Use of galvanised metal primers that contain aluminium and zinc powder is not recommended as the alkalinity in the cement component of the adhesive may react with the metal element and create hydrogen gas, which can lead to delamination and corrosion. Ardex technical bulletin – TB133 lists the following restrictions: • Tiling over metal in ponds, swimming pools, spa or near coastal environments as there are risks related to corrosion of the metal in contact with saltwater or chlorinated water, and also deformation of the metal, as opposed to problems with adhesive bond. • Direct tile adhesion to aluminium or zinc. • The application of tiles to metal areas that are subject to high thermal stress such as

metal panels exposed to the sun. The stresses resulting from temperature changes and movements could result in adhesion problems. • The application of tiles over highly deformable steel structure surfaces. TB133 also states that the following applications require careful consideration: • The use of alkyd based, or epoxy modified metal primers (on metal substrates appropriate for these primers) as these are not designed to carry the weight of tiles in vertical applications. • The application of tiles to steel stair treads where there can be significant deflection and loading, which may exceed the capabilities of the tiling system (e.g. size of tile and choice of adhesive).

In conclusion Most of our adhesive manufacturers recommend at least one flexible adhesive that can be used, in association with an appropriate primer and grout, to successfully bond ceramic tile to a variety of metal surfaces. Specifiers, tiling contractors and consumers should contact one of the companies listed in the Adhesive Selection Guide, which appears in this edition. Project specific advice can be obtained. Users should be aware that metal surfaces, which are subjected to full sunshine and exposure to the elements, are potentially risky. ■

Reference material: AS 3958: Parts 1 & 2 Ardex Technical Bulletin – TB133.

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INS TALL ATION

Recurring industry related problems By Anthony Stock

n issue no. 49 of Tile Today, Colin Cass contributed a thoughtprovoking article entitled Don’t be a Slow Learner in the Tile Industry, which addressed several recurring problems: • Reverse water staining • Overselling polished porcelain • Mesh backed mosaic in wet areas • Contaminated surfaces • Movement joints At one time or another the points raised by Colin have been addressed by a variety of industry protagonists including Richard Bowman, Peter Hartog and David Graham.

58 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Nevertheless, ten years on some of these issues still pose a problem. In addition, there are several additional problems that regularly rear their ugly head. But first let us take a look at the current situation regarding the issues Colin highlighted. Colin advises that reverse water staining occurs much less nowadays; when it does, it is usually associated with cheaper product. Fortunately, there is an Australian Standard, which addresses the issue AS 4459 Part 16 – Small Colour Differences. Testing can be conducted locally by Carl Strautins and others.

The overselling of polished porcelain is less of a problem because sales of polished product have diminished considerably. Consequently, much of the product in the marketplace is glazed porcelain or natural porcelain products, which are often sourced from high quality manufacturers based in Europe and Asia. A number of misunderstandings still exist in relation to porcelain. Unfortunately, some specifiers, consumers and industry members remain unaware that porcelain tiles are ceramic tiles. 60

Below: By inserting one arm (only) of a cross shaped (cruciform) spacer peg, or a wedge of an appropriate thickness, tile fixers will allow grout joints to compress correctly. When the whole peg is inserted and left in the adhesive, a tiling failure may occur. The featured drawing depicts the approved approach using the correct ‘twist and slide’ method.

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I NSTA L L ATI ON 58

When I last spoke with Peter Hartog, the author of Tiling at the Deep End (issue no. 28), he reported that he rarely receives a call related to tile delamination caused by excess water soluble PVA used to adhere mosaic tesserae to backing mesh. Once upon a time we had a copy of Peter’s article sitting by the fax machine. Numerous copies were faxed to architects, pool builders, tile fixers and unfortunate individuals who had discover sections of mosaic floating around in their pool. The issue of identifying and avoiding fixing tiles to contaminated surfaces will never disappear. The tile fixer should check if the surface was finished with curing compounds or release agents that may prevent the adhesive bonding to the substrate.

“While the responsibility for failures of this nature are often laid at the tile fixer’s door, in my opinion the responsibility should be shared by the architect, the builder or the client, as they specified and prepared the slab knowing it would be tiled.” The tiler can check the surface by splashing some water on the surface. If it ‘beads’ up and trickles across the floor, it is unlikely that the adhesive will bond properly. While the responsibility for failures of this nature are often laid at the tile fixer’s door, in my opinion the responsibility should be shared by the architect, the builder or the client, as they specified and prepared the slab knowing it would be tiled.

The absence of perimeter and intermediate movement joints is another ‘hardy perennial’ problem that could be easily avoided. The trend to large format products with minimal grout joints exacerbates the potential for this problem to occur. Pop-up failures are likely if big tiles are laid with thin grout joints and no movement joints. The Australian Standard AS 3958 Parts 1 & 2 provides concise advice on the subject: unfortunately, many tilers remain unfamiliar with the Standard, usually by choice. So, ten years on, some of the problems have diminished, and some remain. Irritatingly, some other problems continue to occur. I recently watched an edition of a major television show, which featured a demonstration of tiling that portrayed (close-up) the permanent imbedding of cross spacer pegs in the wall tiling. In issue no. 26 of Tile Today, Peter Hartog contributed Why Get Cross About Spacers, a timely article which patiently explains that only one arm of the cross-spacer should be placed between the tiles. This will allow the fixer to remove and reuse the pegs. More importantly, it means that the field of tiling will not be constrained if movement occurs, which is precisely why grout joints exist. Imbedding spacers defeats the object. Last but not least, I witnessed a tiler fixer serrating adhesive on to a substrate. The face of his trowel was closed at a tight angle to the floor. When I asked his side-kick why he was employing that method, he proudly advised me that they get more square metres fixed per bag because there is less adhesive under the tile. I’m not sure if this is a big problem but it can cause a big failure. Readers can view the aforementioned articles by Colin Cass and Peter Hartog at www.infotile.com in the tile section of Archived Articles located under the Advice button. The Tiles & Tiling Guide, which is currently being prepared by the Australian Tile Council, could include a valuable section dedicated to avoiding these problems. Slow learners need all the help they can get. ■

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INS TALL ATION

Basement waterproofing In the past, residential basements were mainly used for purposes that usually entailed the area becoming partially wet during their usage; for example, car parking and plant rooms. Today, they are increasingly used as habitable room spaces, primarily theatre rooms. This is designed to minimise the transmission of audio sounds from the theatre room. By Barry Schafer, Australian Institute of Waterproofing

his type of usage places additional demands on the waterproofing, as it becomes necessary to prevent damage to surface finishes used in these rooms. This, in turn, produces an increase in the cost of the waterproofing. This results in two types of waterproofing, one for what I refer to as ‘wet basements’, the car parking and plant room type, and the other, which I refer to as ‘dry basement’, the habitable room type.

Wet basements Firstly the wet type. Cars always bring water into the parking space. You can observe this when entering an undercover car park in multi car park spaces on a wet day. In commercial car parks the extent of water deposited on the floor can extend well over 100 metres into the car park. Even in a residential basement of a detached dwelling the floor has to cope with the ingress of water.

Figure 1 – Drainage along wall of underground car park

62 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

The walls and ceiling need to handle the build up of humidity within the car park that can lead to condensation forming on these surfaces. Plant rooms are designed with floor drainage to deal with accidental spills, with similar design requirements to car parks in regard to humidity build up. Figure 1 depicts the type of drainage that is built into floors to cope with water. This particular car park had been built well below the water table level. To reduce the water pressure on the floor of the car park, core holes were drilled though the floor each side of the drainage grate to release water pressure under the floor, allowing it to drain into the grate – as can been seen in the illustration. It is common in units with underground car parks that there are lockable cages along some external walls of the car park for storage of items owned by residents. Figure 2 illustrates how a resident stored the items in the cage on a timber platform placed above the water flow. Water flows in drains along the walls needs to be handled differently than shown in this example. 64

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INS TALL ATION 62

Figure 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Items stored above drain

Water entry at the wall/floor junction is common in car parks built below ground level and is where these storage cages are usually built. If storage units are to be constructed along the walls of a car park then a better way of handling the water flow needs to be created at the design stage to avoid potential damage. Water entry at the wall/floor junction is common in car parks built below ground level and is where these storage cages are usually built. If storage units are to be constructed along the walls of a car park then a better way of handling the water flow needs to be created at the design stage to avoid potential damage. Drainage along the wall/floor junction is the best position for the drain as water inflow is most likely in this location. A removable raised false floor over the drain is a possible solution as it protects the items stored, and allows access to the drain for cleaning. The 64 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

other solution is to build the storage cages in the middle of the space away from the walls, however this usually results in restricting vehicle access to parking spaces.

Dry basements Now for habitable room basements. With habitable rooms not only do you need to prevent water entry, the water vapour transmission through the walls and floor also needs to be lower than any finish applied to them. As the floor of the basement will often be below the water table

level at some stage during the life of the building, the floor needs to be waterproofed as well as having a low water vapour transmission rate. The water vapour barriers used for concrete slabs on ground construction will not achieve this requirement. Due to their thin nature the water vapour barriers frequently have small pin holes made in them and this creates difficulty in making water tight seals between sheets. Pin holes and joins between sheets are not a problem with water vapour transmission as the rate of bleed of water vapour is a function of the total surface area. So a few pin holes or gaps in joins do not greatly alter the total amount of water vapour transmission through the whole surface of the floor. However, even a small pin hole will be a problem in regard to water entry, which must be avoided in habitable room spaces. In this type of construction, it is possible that some of its life will be spent below the water table level. Therefore, a waterproofing membrane with a low water vapour transmission rate is required below the floor. A low water vapour transmission rate is one that is 0.1 gram or less per square metre in a 24 hour period. This low rate requires the use of sheet waterproofing membranes or hydro carbon liquid ones. Any that are water based or require water to activate will not provide the required low rate of water vapour transmission. As the floors are usually concrete, two separate layers of concrete in the floor construction are required to apply the membrane. What is commonly referred to as a wear slab is initially installed, then the membrane is applied. The conventional floor slab is then placed over the membrane as shown in Figure 3. The wear slab is extended out past the floor slab, so that the wall membrane can be joined onto the membrane after the walls are in place. This extension allows a waterproof junction between the wall and the floor 66 membrane.

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I NSTA L L ATI ON

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To limit the long-term water pressure on the wall there must be a sub-soil drain installed below the top of the floor slab as shown in Figure 3. If this detail is not followed then coverings of the floor slab need to be limited to those that will have a high water vapour transmission rate. Otherwise there is the risk of dampness building up under them due to the water vapour transmission through the floor slab. With walls it is worth considering the use of a vented cavity between the wall finish cladding and the structural wall behind it. This would be advisable, as the waterproofing membrane on the wall is frequently damaged during the backfilling operation, even if protection boards are used.

An example of the damage that can occur due to water vapour transmission through a wall in a habitable basement is shown in Figure 4. From the examples discussed in this article it is clear that greater performance requirements are required for waterproofing of habitable room spaces in basements than are deemed necessary for car parks and plant rooms. Unfortunately these extra performance requirements are often overlooked in the specifications used in the waterproofing of habitable room spaces. This frequently results in the need to undertake extensive repairs and/or alterations once the building is occupied to provide the required performance. ■

A Premium, Fast Setting, Self-Levelling Cement Underlayment for internal & external applications from 25mm thickness to feather edge in single pour. Can be bulked out to 100mm thick applications with clean 2-5mm aggregate.

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See our full range Figure 4 – Internal damage to a wall from water vapour transmission

Silicone just became Elite Silicone

Davco Elite Silicone has been designed to match the contemporary colours of the Elite ColourGrout range.

1800 653 347

parexdavco.com.au

Elite Silicone is a one-component, non-sag, permanently flexible neutral cure silicone sealant that is engineered to deliver excellent adhesion to most common building products without the need for a primer. Available in a range of ten on-trend colours Excellent adhesion to tiles Bacteria resistant Consistent caulking and smoothing Non-paintable Davco Elite Silicone - for a seamless finish

technical@ parexdavco.com.au

/parexdavco

FE ATURED PRODU CTS

WP1 under tile waterproofing membrane WP 1 (the pink one) is a class III waterborne flexible waterproof membrane, which features infused primer technology (IPT), no primer is required. It can be laid under ACT Australia cement based adhesives, over a variety of substrates including Sycon Secura and Cemintel Constructaflor waterproofing boards. Available in 5.5kg and 15kg drums, a 5.5kg drum will provide four square metres of coverage, after two coats.The durable membrane is capable of withstanding structural movement, in internal and external environments, including shower recesses, kitchens and balconies. ACT AUSTRALIA 1300 794 321 www.actaus.com

Forza Sil 10 Silicone

Hydragrout Plus

Novatex Products recently released two new anti-mould silicones.

RLA Polymers recently released Hydragrout Plus, a high performance grout, which is designed for internal and external application in joint widths ranging from 1mm to 15mm. As the name implies this new grout has hydrophobic properties, which aid in its resistance to efflorescence. It can be used to grout the vast majority of ceramic, natural stone and glass products, including mosaic. Hydragout Plus sets and dries quickly. It complies with AS ISO 13007.1 - 2013 Class CG2 WA. It is available in 2.5kg and 10 kg bags.

Forza Sil 10 is a white acetoxy silicone, which provides exceptional resistance to mould growth. It is ideal for use in all wet areas and is backed by a 10-year manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s guarantee. Forza Sil Colore silicone is specifically designed to match Novatex coloured grouts. It can be used in movement joints in wet areas. The product is available in clear, off-white, alabaster, grey, charcoal, pewter and black.. NOVATEX PRODUCTS

RLA POLYMERS

02 9757 3525

1800 242931

www.novatexproducts.com.au

www.rlagroup.com.au

Elite Silicone The Elite Silicone collection by Davco comprises a one component, non-sag, permanently flexible, neutral core silicant, which is designed to provide excellent adhesion to ceramic tile, natural stone, glass, aluminium and numerous building materials. Elite silicone is bacteria resistant and requires no primer. It can be used internally or externally in commercial, residential and public environments. The product is available in 10 contemporary colours. PAREX GROUP 1800 653 347 www.parexdavco.com.au

68 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

Eco Prim Grip Eco Prim Grip by Mapei is a multi-purpose, ready to use acrylic resin and inert silicabased bonding promoter and primer, which has an extremely low level of volatile organic components. The product can be rapidly applied using a roller or a flat brush to a variety of surfaces including concrete, and masonry. Eco Prim Grip is a multi-purpose product, which can also be used to smooth over levelling compounds and adhesives prior to tiling over old existing ceramic and stone floors. The product contains no solvents, and is harmless to contractors. MAPEI AUSTRALIA 1800 652 666 www.mapei.com.au

Hydro Ban Adhesive & Sealant Laticrete has launched Hydro Ban Adhesive & Sealant, a one component hybrid elastomeric adhesive and sealant.

Prolevelling System The Prolevelling System is designed to prevent lippage. It can be used with a variety of hard surface finishes, including slim (3 mm) and conventional thickness ceramic tiles, and 40 mm pavers. The system comprises a clip, which doubles as a spacer in four thicknesses: 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm and 5 mm.

The product is specifically formulated to accord with the latest Green building standards. It contains no harmful components; is volatile organic compound compliant; and it can be used as a bond relief fillet that will not shrink or crack.

The spacer is available in three styles: cross, straight and tee, which has a threaded stem that is perpendicular to the base. Easy adjustments are made by simply turning the cap. Caps can be reversed to allow replacement of a tile before the adhesive sets. To remove the caps simply kick them away, or apply pressure in the direction of the joint. Caps can be re-used. A gun is not required.

Hydro Ban Adhesive & Sealant will adhere firmly to practically any substrate including polystyrene. This durable product can be used on concrete and concrete masonry. Related movements joints can be filled with Laticrete Latasil silicone sealant.

METRO TILES 07 3363 4909 www.metrotiles.com.au

LATICRETE 1800 331 012

For more information or to discuss advertising opportunities, contact: Ashley Cooper E: ashley.cooper@elitepublishing.com.au Ph: 03 9890 0815 Fax: 03 9890 0087

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Access our publications archive and read feature articles in Tile Today, Discovering Stone and Tile+Stone Showcase magazines.

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www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au | TILE TODAY #89 | 69

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LOCAL NEWS Cosentino expands into SA Cosentino has announced its expansion into South Australia with the business establishing local facilities in Adelaide. The move comes as Cosentino gears up for a big 2016, setting some ambitious targets to strengthen its presence in the local market. From 1 March, Cosentino had a team on the ground in Adelaide to offer new customer service and marketing and sales support for Cosentino’s portfolio of brands including Dekton and Silestone by Cosentino. The move will see the business’ three-year partnership with Galvin Hardware evolve to provide distribution and logistics services. The Adelaide team will be led by new recruit, Ben Pinfield, who joins Cosentino as General Manager for South Australia. Ben joins Cosentino having moved to Australia from the UK where he was responsible for business development with Dupont and more recently Porcelanosa. He brings with him a vast knowledge of the industry from fabrication to design. He will be supported by Craig Addams as Commercial Project Sales Manager who joins from Galvins where he previously worked as a sales representative. The team in South Australia will be further supported by Cosentino’s teams in Sydney and Melbourne. Gary Isherwood, Area Director for Cosentino Australia, comments: “We’ve had a presence in South Australia for the last three years thanks to our strong partnership with Will Galvin and his team. We want to thank Galvin Hardware for all of their hard work and we’re looking forward to continuing to work with the team as we move into this next phase.” “I’m happy to welcome Ben and Craig to the Cosentino family and am looking forward to seeing what new approaches they bring to the team. South Australia has a unique perspective and approach to design so we’re really looking forward to working with the local design community to expand our product offering and strengthen relationships with customers.”

Cosentino’s extensive range of product include Dekton, an ultracompact surface with numerous applications and Silestone by Cosentino, available in more than 60 colours and three textural options; matte, suede and volcanic to suit any design or style.

Laticrete Australia appoints technical sales rep In Victoria Laticrete has appointed Erin Fraser to the position of Technical Sales R e pre s e nt at ive of Laticrete Australia. “Erin comes to us with a strong background in the tile and stone industry, having managed tile shops for a number of years and more recently as a Sales Representative in Victoria. Erin will work closely with the Laticrete team to develop and grow our business in Victoria,” said Neil Warden. Erin was born in New Zealand and moved to Australia in 1989. She studied as an interior designer but shortly found her interest was more in the tile industry where she has been for the last 15 years. Erin enjoys dealing with the trade, problem solving and comes with technical sales experience.

Tile Power Conference In late February, Tile Power Limited, one of the industry’s longest standing groups, held its annual, local conference in Newcastle, NSW. The three day event was staged at the Crowne Plaza Newcastle on the banks of the Hunter River. As at past events there was close to full attendance by the Tile Power members and their partners. Past members of the Tile Power family are also invited along to conferences and special occasions and, since this was in his own back yard, a very special guest was in attendance – the founding member of the Tile Power store in Newcastle, Jim Haworth and his wife Phyllis. In the conference meeting Jim gave a very entertaining speech and reminisced about how Tile Power has evolved over

72 | TILE TODAY #89 | www.tiletodaymagazine.com.au

the past 30 years. Jim was an integral part of the company’s development and instigated many positive and profitable moves for the company over the years whilst being a very active and dedicated executive member. Ron Green, the founding father of Tile Power, was also another very special guest. Ron is a legendary figure to Tile Power and still plays a major part with his influence and guidance to this day. Of course there is always a heavy contingent of supply partners and industry figures who join with the Tile Power family in this celebration, bringing along their latest and greatest to showcase to the members. Relationships are strengthened, new ideas developed and bonds are formed in relaxed and casual social settings. The three day event started with an elegant cocktail and canape reception held in the lobby bar. Everyone arrived ready to relax and share a drink and catch up on old and new friendships. The following day started early and was all down to business with a full schedule of meeting formalities, speeches and member discussion. After the meeting the key supplier presentations were held from companies such as Ardex, ParexDavco, Gasparre Pty Ltd, DTA Australia, GND Creative, Nekeema and Designer Stone. While the meeting and presentations were taking place, the delegate’s partners were treated to a champagne shopping trip with lunch at a riverside café. At the conclusion of the business formalities it was time to celebrate. Everyone was treated to an opulent five star seafood buffet held in the main ballroom. The theme of the evening was colourful, with authentic Caribbean style soul music and dancing, where audience participation was a requirement. By all accounts the Newcastle Conference was a great success and all who attended had a marvelous time. Tile Power would like to thank their major sponsors, Ardex and ParexDavco, as well as other supporting sponsors, Amark, Aqua Mix, Ceramica Del Conca, CDK, Darth Industries, Designer Stone, DMT Natural Stones, Gasparre Pty Ltd, GND Creative, GNS, Kaiming, Kimgres and Nekeema. ■

NEWS

ADVICE

PRODUCTS

With over 45,000 unique visitors per month and more than 3000 members, Infotile.com is the place to go for all the latest news, product profiles, installation guides and advice dedicated to the ceramic tile and natural stone industries.

For more information or to discuss advertising opportunities, contact: Ashley Cooper ashley.cooper@elitepublishing.com.au Ph: 03 9890 0815 Fax: 03 9890 0087

Access our publications archive and read feature articles in Tile Today, Discovering Stone and Tile+Stone Showcase magazines.

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advisory

index panel Ace Ceramics

ACT Australia 12, 22, 54. 60 & 65 Aqua-Seal

Ardex Australia

Australian Tile Council Inc

B.A.T. Trims

Beaumont Tiles

Bostik Australia

CDK Stone

43, 44, 55 & 61

Cinajus

Colortile Distributors

29 70 & 71

Distinctive Tile Imports

DW Tiles

Europe Imports

19 & 23

Everstone

7 & 21

Johnson Tiles

Laticrete

Mapei Australia

Metro Tiles

16 & 17

National Ceramics Industries Australia

Parex Group

Prestige Tiles

RLA Group

PUBLISHER Vicky Cammiade vicky.cammiade@elitepublishing.com.au

Raewyn Hughes Ardex Australia

GROUP MANAGING EDITOR Jennifer Curtis jennifer.curtis@elitepublishing.com.au

Peter Hartog Jackson Teece Chesterman & Willis Architects Carl Strautins Safe Environments Alex Njoo Architect and member of ARB, Victoria Fred Gray Laticrete Australia

Tile Power

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR Anthony Stock anthony.stock@elitepublishing.com.au NATIONAL SALES & MARKETING MANAGER Ashley Cooper ashley.cooper@elitepublishing.com.au CIRCULATION MANAGER Georgia Gilmour georgia.gilmour@elitepublishing.com.au GRAPHIC DESIGN Uber Creative – Annette Epifanidis Mobile: 0416 087 412 annette@ubercreative.com.au www.ubercreative.com.au

Andrew Nunn Parex Group

PRODUCTION For artwork and production enquiries please email: production@elitepublishing.com.au

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ELITE PUBLISHING CO PTY LTD. All rights reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced, transmitted or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without the express prior written consent of Elite Publishing Co Pty Ltd. Viewpoints, opinions, claims, etc expressed in articles appearing in this publication are those of the authors. The Publishers accept no responsibility for the information supplied or for claims made by companies or their representatives regarding product performance, etc or for any errors, omissions, misplacement, alterations, or any subsequent changes, or for any consequences of reliance on this information or this publication.

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