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Description Juvenile Justice 6th Edition by Kären M. Hess – Test Bank Sample Questions Instant Download With Answers Chapter 3 – Theories of Delinquency and Juvenile Offending
Multiple Choice
1. The two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law are: 2. strain theory and deviance theory 3. decency theory and inhumane theory 4. radical theory and dominant theory 5. consensus theory and conflict theory ANS: D REF 64-65 LO: 2
2.
The theory that suggests individuals within a society agree on basic values is called: 3. decency theory 4. common theory 5. consensus theory 6. dominant theory ANS: C REF: 64 LO: 2
3. 4. 5. 6. d
Which of the following suggests that laws are established to keep the ruling class in power? conflict theory consensus theory dominant theory common theory
ANS: A
REF: 65
LO: 2
4. The Durkheimian perspective views punishment: 5. as revenge 6. as an ineffective means to restore social order 7. as a short-term means to solidify social order 8. as unnecessary ANS: A REF: 64 LO: 3
5. The Marxist perspective views punishment: 6. as a means to elevate the lower class 7. as a way to preserve the upper class 8. as cruel and unjustified 9. as inhumane ANS: B REF: 66 LO: 3
6. The two competing world views that exist regarding responsibility for crime are: 7. the pessimist view and the optimist view 8. the deterrence view and the offensive view 9. the classical view and the positivist view 10. the consensus view and the dominance view ANS: C REF: 65 LO: 4 7.
____________ describes how two different organisms can live together in a mutually beneficial relationship.
1. Phrenology 2. Endomorphism 3. Symbiosis 4. Physiognomy ANS: C
REF: 77
LO: 5
8.
Psychological theories draw attention to the variety of individual factors that help differentiate delinquents from nondelinquents. These factors may be any one of the following EXCEPT: 9. low impulse control 10. body types predict predisposition to criminal behavior 11. intelligence callousness 12. learned attitudes, values and behaviors ANS: B REF: 73 LO: 6
9. 10.
Biological theorists believe that: environment impacts criminal behavior more than heredity
11. negative reinforcement is the strongest predictor of criminality 12. criminals are born, not made 13. criminal behavior is reduced through extinction ANS: C REF: 71 LO: 6
10. The biosocial perspective includes all of the following elements EXCEPT: 11. Family studies 12. Twin studies 13. Adoption studies 14. Community studies ANS: D REF: 72 LO: 5
11. The different types of Sociological theories include all of the following EXCEPT: 12. Strain Theory 13. Social Disorganization Theory 14. Labeling Theory 15. Functionalism ANS: C REF: 75 – 80 LO: 6
12. The social disorganization theory did NOT contend that: 13. urban areas produce delinquency due to weak community controls 14. delinquency was passed down from one generation to the next 15. high residential turnover had little impact on social disorganization 16. many different ethnic groups could key role in social disorganization ANS: C REF: 78 LO: 6
13. 14.
The basis of the anomie or strain theory was that: since most people strive for the American Dream and fall short, they experience a strain 15. people who worked long hours in mills were physically strained, causing stress 16. people aren’t motivated by monetary gains in our society 17. owners of large mills needed to share in the physical work load during the Depression ANS: A REF: 79 LO: 6
14.
Sutherland and Cressey (1939) proposed that the principal part of learning about criminal behavior occurs: 15. when a person is victimized 16. when a family member is victimized 17. within intimate personal groups 18. despite positive reinforcement ANS: C REF: 81 LO: 6
15.
According to body type theories, the somatotype that corresponds to an “athletic, muscular, aggressive” personality is: 16. endomorphic 17. macromorphic 18. mesomorphic 19. ectomorphic ANS: C REF: 71 LO: 6
16.
Crimes that were originally differentiated as mala in se have the following characteristics EXCEPT: 17. wrong in and of itself 18. origin in mores 19. natural law 20. human-made law ANS: D REF: 63 LO: 1
17. Bohm explains that negative reinforcement: 18. increases a stimulus that maintains a response 19. removes or reduces a stimulus 20. does not employ aversion stimulus 21. seldom is effective to change behavior ANS: B REF: 82 LO: 6
18. Social control theorists focus on: 19. why people commit crime 20. why people hurt others 21. why people do not commit crimes 22. why people do not learn from consequences ANS: C REF: 80 LO: 6
19.
Primary and secondary deviance are differentiated in which of the following theories:
20. labeling 21. strain 22. differential association 23. social control ANS: A REF: 83
LO: 6
20. A bond to society develops as a result of all EXCEPT: 21. attachment to others 22. commitment and involvement in conventional activities 23. belief in the individual 24. belief in moral order and law ANS: C REF: 82 LO: 6
21. Labeling, conflict, and radical theory are examples of: 22. critical theories 23. conflict theories 24. radical theories 25. dissociation theory ANS: A REF: 82 LO: 6
22. When discussing theories and delinquency, which of the following is true? 23. social control theory is the predominant explanation 24. social learning theory is the predominant explanation 25. a single theory is not sufficient to explain delinquency 26. psychological theory is the predominant explanation ANS: C REF: 84 LO: 7
23. Primary deviance is: 24. the initial criminal act 25. the initial criminal thought 26. the act of retribution 27. the accepting of the criminal label ANS: A REF: 83
LO: 6
24. Conflict theory emphasizes which of the following? 25. how law is used as a means by which certain groups dominate others 26. how education is used as a means to influence youth 27. how society is impacted by a variety of influences 28. how individuals positively resolve conflict ANS: A REF: 65 LO: 2
25.
A motivated offender, suitable target, and a lack of a capable guardian are examples of which of the following theories? 26. social control 27. routine activity 28. social disorganization 29. strain ANS: B REF: 84 LO: 6
26.
Throughout history, law has served many secondary functions which include all of the following EXCEPT: 27. protect the interests of society 28. govern behavior 29. allow antisocial behavior 30. enforce moral beliefs ANS: C REF: 63-64 LO: 2
27. 28. 29. 30.
Principles of classical theory include all of the following EXCEPT: individuals have free will focus is on behavior laws should bring the greatest measure of happiness to the largest number of people 31. those who break the law should be punished according to penalties established in the law ANS: B REF: 66 LO: 5
28. 29. 30.
Principles of the positivist theory include all of the following EXCEPT: the focus is on the criminal individuals’ actions are determined not by free will but by biological and cultural factors 31. the purpose of law is to avert revolution and convince the masses to accept the social order 32. individuals have free will ANS: D REF: 68 LO: 5
29.
Biosocial criminologists can point to empirical evidence from all of the following sources EXCEPT: 30. family studies 31. friend studies 32. twin studies 33. adoption studies ANS: B REF: 70-71 LO: 6
30. 31. 32. 33. 34.
Psychological causes of crime include all of the following EXCEPT: criminals are insane mental and moral degeneration cause crime personality is developed in early childhood certain people have personalities so deviant that they have little or no control over their impulses ANS: A
REF: 73
LO: 6
True/False
1.
The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as a way to restore and solidify the social order. ANS: true REF: 64 LO: 3
2.
Acts considered immoral or wrong in themselves, such as murder and rape, are called mala prohibita. ANS: false REF: 63 LO: 1
3.
Consensus theory was expanded upon by the French historian and philosopher Charles de Montesquieu. ANS: true REF: 64 LO: 2
4.
Sutherland posited the proposition that criminal behavior is learned through imitation or modeling. ANS: true REF: 81 LO: 6
5. An example of conflict theory would be today’s vagrancy laws. ANS: true REF: 65 LO: 2
6.
Marx saw punishment as a way to diminish the power of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism. ANS: false REF: 65 LO: 3
7. A leader of the classical school was Cesare Beccaria. ANS: true REF: 66 LO: 5
8.
Robert Agnew suggested that most people are more interested in being treated fairly in whatever goals they pursue. ANS: true REF: 80 LO: 6
9.
According to the general theory of crime, prior crime has no relationship to subsequent crime. ANS: false REF: 84 LO: 6
10.
Critical theories include labeling theory, conflict theory and social disorganization. ANS: false REF: 82 LO: 2
11. Classical theorists believed that delinquency was the result of free will. ANS: true REF: 66 LO: 4
12. The focus of the classical view of criminality is on the criminal. ANS: false REF: 67 LO: 5
13.
Functionalism promotes social solidarity and clarification and the maintenance of social boundaries. ANS: true REF: 78 LO: 6
14. In the 1950s group counseling became common in most juvenile institutions. ANS: true REF: 72 LO: 6
15. Psychological theories explaining crime contend that individual differences in thinking or emotion regulation can explain why some people commit crime and others do not. ANS: true
REF: 73
LO: 6
16. Proponents of the classical view advocate rehabilitation for offenders. ANS: false REF: 67 LO: 5
17.
A combination of theories should be considered when attempting to explain delinquency. ANS: true REF: 84 LO: 7
18.
Research indicates that identical twins were more likely to demonstrate concordance than were fraternal twins. ANS: true REF: 71 LO: 6
19. The focus of the positivist view of criminality is on the crime. ANS: false REF: 68 LO: 4
20. Social control theorists focus on why people commit crime. ANS: false REF: 80 LO: 6
Short Answer
1.
Acts that are considered immoral or wrong in and of themselves; for example, murder are called __________________. ANS: MALA IN SE REF: 63 LO: 1
2.
A person becomes delinquent because of a(n) _____________ favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law. ANS: EXCESS OF DEFINITIONS REF: 80 LO: 6
3.
Two prominent theories about the underlying purpose of law are ____________ and __________. ANS: CONSENSUS, CONFLICT REF: 64-65 LO: 2
4.
This theory holds that individuals within a society agree on basic values is ______________. ANS: CONSENSUS THEORY REF: 64 LO: 2
5.
The breakdown of societal norms as a result of society’s failure to distinguish between right and wrong is ________________. ANS: ANOMIE REF: 65 LO: 3
6.
Shaw and McKay’s ____________________theory contended that urban areas produced delinquency directly by generating a subculture of delinquency passé on from one generation to the next. ANS: SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION REF: 78 LO: 6
7.
Those acts prohibited because they infringe on others’ rights, not because they are necessarily considered evil by nature, such as having more than one wife, are called ___________. ANS: MALA PROHIBITA REF: 63 LO: 1
8.
The Durkheimian perspective sees punishment as revenge and as a way to ___________ and ____________ the social order. ANS: RESTORE, SOLIDIFY REF: 64 LO: 3
9.
Marx saw punishment as a way to enhance the ___________ of the upper class and an inevitable result of capitalism. ANS: POWER REF: 65 LO: 3
10.
Two distinct and opposing views exist as to whom or what is responsible for crime, the ______________ and the _________________.
ANS: CLASSICAL, POSITIVIST
REF: 66
LO: 4
11.
In labeling theory, _______________ is the initial criminal act and ______________ is accepting the criminal label. ANS: PRIMARY DEVIANCE, SECONDARY DEVIANCE REF: 82 LO: 6
12.
Lombroso believed that criminals were literally born not made; consequently, the primary cause of crime was ______________. ANS: BIOLOGICAL REF: 68 LO: 6
13.
The positivist world view holds that humans are shaped by their society and are the product of ___________and ____________ influences. ANS: ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL REF: 68 LO: 4
14. Proponents of the positivist view advocate ____________ for offenders. ANS: REHABILITATION REF: 69 LO: 5
15.
_______________ views human behavior as the product of multiple environmental and cultural influences rather than a single factor. ANS: DETERMINISM REF: 69 LO: 5
Essay
1. ANS:
Differentiate between classical theory and positivist theories.
*Classical theory –
–
individuals have free will
the focus is on crime
*Positivist theory cultural factors
–
individuals actions are determined by biological and
REF:
the focus is on the criminal 66-68 LO: 4
2. Discuss the two theories that exist to explain the purpose of the law. ANS: *Consensus theory – holds that individuals within a society agree on basic values, on what is inherently right and wrong. *Conflict theory class in power REF:
–
64-66
suggests that laws are established to keep the dominant
LO: 2
3.
Discuss Deterrence and note the difference between specific deterrence and general deterrence. ANS: Several aspects of the classical view are found in the juvenile justice system. Classical theory suggests that the threat of punishment will lower youths’ tendency toward delinquency. If the punishment is severe enough, youths will avoid delinquent activity, a process known as deterrence. As first mentioned in Chapter 2, deterrence aimed at a particular offender, such as sentencing a juvenile shoplifter to probation or community service, is called specific deterrence; the sanction is intended to dissuade that juvenile from further delinquency. When such a sanction influences other juveniles’ behavior and turns them away from delinquency by demonstrating the consequences of aberrant conduct, it is called general deterrence. REF: 67
LO: 6
4.
Differentiate between the function of punishment according to the Durkheimian and Marxist perspectives. ANS: *Durkheimian – punishment is a way to restore and solidify the social order –
The general population is involved in the act of punishing, giving it legitimacy
–
is marked by deeply emotional, passionate reactions to crime
*Marxist
–
punishment as a way to control the lower class and preserve the
power of the upper class REF:
64-66 LO: 3
5.
Discuss the two competing world views that have existed over the centuries. What are the important concepts of each view? ANS: *Classical theory –
–
individuals have free will, the focus is on crime
the focus is on crime
*Positivist theory
–
individuals actions are determined by biological and
cultural factors – REF:
the focus is on the criminal 66-68 LO: 4
Chapter 5- Juvenile Victims
Multiple Choice
1. The largest single cause of death in young children is: 2. child abuse 3. malnutrition 4. second-hand smoke 5. neglect ANS: D REF: 134 LO: 2
2. The following are the three levels of abuse EXCEPT: 3. collective 4. institutional 5. correctional 6. individual ANS: C REF: 134 LO: 3
3. The most common form of child maltreatment is: 4. child abuse 5. neglect 6. malnutrition 7. inconsistent healthcare ANS: B REF: 134 LO: 4
4. Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT: 5. begging 6. stealing food 7. inappropriate dress 8. constant fatigue ANS: C REF: 137 LO: 5
5. Physical or sexual assault is a higher risk in families with: 6. step-parents/sibling and single parents 7. two biological parents 8. two adoptive parents 9. two foster parents ANS: A REF: 134 LO: 5
6. 7. 8. 9.
The Missing Children’s Act passed in 1984, does NOT define a missing child as: one whose age is less than 21 years of age one whose whereabouts are unknown to such individual’s legal custodian one whose disappearance indicates that the child has been removed from the legal guardian’s control without the custodian’s consent 10. one whose circumstances indicate the child is likely to be abused or sexually exploited ANS: A REF: 149 LO: 11 7.
___________ strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others when around a victimized individual. 8. Secondary 9. Peripheral 10. Vicarious 11. Projected ANS: C REF: 142 LO: 9
8.
Typically, the three components of child abuse/neglect laws are the following EXCEPT:
9. criminal definitions and penalties 10. a mandate to report suspected cases 11. mental health treatment 12. civil processes for removing a child from the abusive or neglectful environment ANS: C REF: 138 LO: 6
9. The two leading causes of child abuse are thought to be: 10. violence between spouses and poverty 11. ongoing exposure to violent video games and movies 12. malnutrition and lack of health care 13. drugs and alcohol abuse ANS: A REF: 140 LO: 7
10. Individual maltreatment includes situations when: 11. there is sexual abuse of a child 12. one or more people emotionally abuse a child 13. one or more people physically abuse a child 14. students bully peers at school ANS: D REF: 142 LO: 3
11. Child abuse can be directly linked with: 12. illiteracy 13. drug abuse 14. DUI/DWI 15. delinquency ANS: D REF: 143 LO: 9
12. Victimization rates are: 13. inversely related to age, with the youngest children being the highest 14. similar among all ages, with the median age being 8 15. highest among foster parents 16. highest among legal guardians ANS: A REF: 131 LO: 9
13.
The two organizations that have concurrent jurisdiction for missing and exploited children are:
14. NAF and OJJDP 15. ACYF and OJJDP 16. Communities in Action and NAF 17. ACYF and CPS ANS: B REF: 155 LO: 10
14. Warning signs of suicide often include all of the following EXCEPT: 15. threatening to kill oneself, and talking as if no one cares 16. preparing for death, such as giving away possessions 17. expressing hopelessness and giving up on oneself 18. wearing dark clothing ANS: D REF: 158 LO: 13
15. Collective maltreatment is seen in the effects of: 16. poverty and other forms of social injustice 17. sickness and hospitalization 18. gang activity 19. poor educational facilities ANS: A REF: 134 LO: 5
16. The broken home, in and of itself: 17. causes delinquency 18. does not cause delinquency 19. causes physical abuse 20. causes emotional abuse ANS: B REF: 136
LO: 5
17. The leading cause of teen suicide is: 18. drug use 19. untreated anxiety 20. alcohol abuse 21. untreated depression ANS: D REF: 157 LO: 12
18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
OJJDP is focused on: social welfare and emergency care approaches for missing and exploited children educational approaches for missing and exploited children mental health approaches for missing and exploited children the challenges missing children present to law enforcement and the justice system
ANS: D
REF: 155
LO: 10
19. Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through: 20. school counselors 21. hospitalization 22. Child Protective Services 23. National Institute of Mental Health ANS: C REF: 131 LO: 1
20. 21. 22. 23.
All states mandate agencies to do the following EXCEPT: assess reports of child abuse and neglect investigate reports of child abuse and neglect offer rehabilitative services to families where maltreatment has or is likely to occur 24. offer home educational services to families where maltreatment is likely to occur ANS: D REF: 131 LO: 6
21.
An act or omission by a parent or other caregiver that results in harm or serious risk of harm to a child is referred to as: 22. maltreatment 23. abuse 24. neglect 25. exploitation ANS: A REF: 131 LO: 3
22. Most common types of maltreatment include all of the following EXCEPT: 23. neglect and medical neglect 24. physical abuse and sexual abuse 25. psychological maltreatment 26. emotional maltreatment ANS: D REF: 131 LO: 3
23.
Sexual abuse by a parent or other family member is referred to as:
24. suprafamilial sexual abuse 25. intrafamilial sexual abuse 26. extrafamilial sexual abuse 27. parafamilial sexual abuse ANS: B REF: 144
LO: 4
24. Rates of victimization of females are typically: 25. about the same as that of boys 26. slightly lower than that of boys 27. higher than that of boys 28. considerably lower than that of boys ANS: C REF: 148 LO: 9
25. The “dark underbelly of cohabitation” refers to: 26. drug abuse 27. abusive-boyfriend syndrome 28. alcoholism 29. depression ANS: B REF: 134 LO: 4
26.
__________ ________ are emergency messages broadcast when a law enforcement agency determines that a child has been abducted and is in imminent danger: 27. Amber Alert 28. Caution Alert 29. All Points Alert 30. SOS Alert ANS: A REF: 154 LO 11
27. Physical indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT: 28. frequent hunger 29. poor hygiene 30. appropriate dress 31. consistent lack of supervision ANS: C REF: 19 LO: 3
28. Behavioral indicators of neglect may include all of the following EXCEPT: 29. begging 30. stealing food 31. highly energetic 32. alcohol or drug abuse ANS: C REF: 19 LO: 7
29. The three primary risk factors for child abuse include all of the following EXCEPT: 30. domestic violence 31. poverty 32. individual temperamental factors 33. wealth ANS: D REF: 26 LO: 6
30. Physical Indicators of child neglect include all of the following EXCEPT: 31. frequent hunger 32. poor hygiene 33. inappropriate dress 34. falling asleep in class ANS: D REF: 137 LO: 3
True/False
1.
It is estimated that 500,000 teens attempt suicide every year with 5,000 succeeding. ANS: true REF: 158 LO: 12
2.
Investigations concluded that an estimated 899,000 children were abused or neglected during 2005. ANS: true REF: 131 LO: 1
3.
Maltreated youths are at an increased risk for performing poorly in school and displaying symptoms of mental illness. ANS: true REF: 132 LO: 1
4. The risk of kidnapping increases substantially for male juveniles after age nine. ANS: false REF: 153 LO: 9
5. More than half of all maltreatment victims are white. ANS: true REF: 131 LO: 9
6.
Foster parents, residential facility staff and legal guardians each made up less than one percent of maltreatment perpetrators. ANS: true REF: 132 LO: 4
7. Child abuse has been identified as the leading cause of death of young children. ANS: true REF: 134 LO: 2
8.
Vicarious strain refers to real-life strains experienced by others around the individual. ANS: true REF: 142 LO: 9
9. The broken home, in and of itself, causes delinquency. ANS: false REF: 136 LO: 4
10. Children who are abused are less likely to be violent themselves. ANS: false REF: 143 LO: 7
11. Premature birth increases a child’s risk of being abused. ANS: true REF: 140 LO: 6
12.
Children who experience intrafamily violence are no more at risk for child abuse than children who are exposed to this type of violence. ANS: false REF: 141 LO: 6
13.
Witnessing actual violence or fearing its potential occurrence has no real effect on children. ANS: false REF: 142 LO: 9
14. Child abuse has been directly linked with delinquency. ANS: true REF: 143 LO: 8
15.
A central complexity of the juvenile victim justice system is that it encompasses two distinct subsystems, the criminal justice system and the child protection system. ANS: true REF: 161 LO: 8
16. Cultural values do not play a role in determining what constitutes abuse. ANS: false REF: 147 LO: 3
17. Less than one-third of violent crimes with juvenile victims occur in a residence. ANS: false REF: 149 LO: 4
18. More than one-third of juvenile victims of violent crime are under age 16. ANS: false REF: 148 LO: 9
19.
Researchers theorized that early puberty creates unusually high levels of distress for adolescents. ANS: true REF: 151 LO: 8
20.
The Cycle of Violence has been used to describe the phenomenon by whereby a victim is transformed into a victimizer over time: ANS: true REF: 142 LO: 7
Short Answer
1.
Most maltreatment cases enter the child welfare system through___________ agencies. ANS: CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES REF: 131 LO: 1
2.
Victimization rates were highest among young children from _________________. (Provide an age range.) ANS: BIRTH TO AGE 4 REF: 131 LO: 10
3. The leading cause of suicide is untreated ___________________. ANS: DEPRESSION REF: 157 LO: 12
4.
The two most frequently mentioned personal problems indicated by runaway youth were ___________ and ____________. ANS: POOR SELF-IMAGE; DEPRESSION REF: 155 LO: 10
5. Fatal neglect cases usually result from a caregiver’s _____________. ANS: FAILURE TO ACT REF: 134 LO: 5
6.
The three levels of child maltreatment are ___________, ________________, and ___________. ANS: COLLECTIVE, INSTITUTIONAL, INDIVIDUAL REF: 134 LO: 3
7. Institutional maltreatment of children is sometimes called ________. ANS: ADMINISTRATIVE ABUSE REF: 134 LO: 3
8. The homes of neglected children often are ______________. ANS: DISORGANIZED REF: 137
LO: 4
9.
Frequent hunger, poor hygiene, inappropriate dress, consistent lack of supervision are considered __________________ of child neglect. ANS: PHYSICAL INDICATORS REF: 138 LO: 5
10.
Begging, stealing food, extending school days by arriving early or leaving late, constant fatigue, listlessness or falling asleep in school, alcohol or drug abuse are examples of __________________ of child neglect. ANS: BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS REF: 138 LO: 7
11.
In _______________________ the court held that “The parent is the sole judge of the necessity for the exercise of disciplinary right and of the nature of the correction to be given.” ANS: PEOPLE v. GREEN (1909) REF: 139 LO: 5
12.
Mistaken for child abuse is the condition ______________ which is characterized by bones that break easily. ANS: OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA REF: 141 LO: 3
13.
The two leading causes of child abuse are thought to be __________________and __________. ANS: VIOLENCE BETWEEN SPOUSES, POVERTY REF: 141 LO: 2
14. Violence is ___________ behavior that is often self-perpetuating. ANS: LEARNED REF: 142 LO: 6
15. The leading cause of youth suicide is ___________________. ANS: UNTREATED DEPRESSION REF: 157 LO: 13
Essay
1.
Discuss four different types of maltreatment and note the most common type of maltreatment in our society ANS: *Physical Abuse – a caregiver inflicts a physical injury upon a child by other than accidental means. *Sexual Abuse – any sexual contact or attempt at sexual contact that occurs between a caretaker or responsible adult and a child for the purposes of the caretaker’s sexual gratification or financial benefit *Physical Neglect – a caretaker fails to exercise a minimum degree of care in meeting a child’s physical needs. *Educational Maltreatment – a caretaker fails to ensure that a child receives adequate education *Most common – Physical Neglect REF: 131
LO: 3
2. Compare and contrast federal and state child neglect and abuse laws. ANS: Federal *In 1974 the federal government passed Public Law (PL) 93–247, the Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act. It was amended in 1978 under PL 95–266. *The law states in part that any of the following elements constitutes a crime: The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of 18, by a person who is responsible for the child’s welfare under circumstances that indicate the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened.
State * Since the 1960s every state has enacted child abuse and neglect laws. On the whole, states offer a bit more protection to children by statute than does the federal government. Legal definitions vary from state to state.
REF: 137-139
LO: 6
3. Discuss the cycle of violence. Provide an example. ANS: Cycle of Violence The cycle of violence has been used to describe the phenomenon whereby a victim is transformed into a victimizer over time: Example “A group of picked-upon students may band together to ambush their bullying tormentors; a battered wife may launch a vengeful attack against her brutal husband; or a child subjected to periodic beatings might grow up to parent his sons in the same excessively punitive way he was raised” (Karmen, 2007, p.6). REF: 142
LO: 8
4.
Discuss, including legislation directly related to, child sexual abuse and the Internet. ANS: “The Internet provides a child predator with access to children on a scale that makes the world his local playground. It is a medium through which digital images and movies documenting the most horrific crimes against children are distributed to a worldwide audience.” Collins notes that all the services the Internet provides—e-mail, the World Wide Web, instant messaging—can be used to facilitate crimes against children. Examples of how this occurs are provided by Collins (2007, p.40).
The Child Protection and Sexual Predator Punishment Act, passed in 1998, imposes tougher penalties for sex crimes against children, particularly those facilitated by the use of the Internet. The act prohibits contacting a minor via the Internet to engage in illegal sexual activity and punishes those who knowingly send obscenity to children. REF: 144-145
5.
LO: 9
Discuss missing and exploited children. Address the NISMART project.
ANS: Oftentimes, these children are “missing” by choice because of intolerable conditions in the home, including abuse and violence.
The Missing Children’s Act was passed in 1982 and the Missing Children’s Assistance Act in 1984.
The Missing Children’s Assistance Act of 1984 defines a missing child as: Any individual, less than 18 years of age, whose whereabouts are unknown to such individual’s legal custodian—if the circumstances surrounding the disappearance indicate that (the child) may possibly have been removed by another person from the control of his/her legal custodian without the custodian’s consent; or the circumstances of the case strongly indicate that (the child) is likely to be abused or sexually exploited.
This act requires the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to conduct periodic national incidence studies to determine the actual number of children reported missing and the number of missing children recovered for a given year.
This requirement is being met through the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in America (NISMART). NISMART has completed its second in-depth study of this population and has identified six episode types of missing children.
The six episode types of missing children included in the NISMART-2 study are missing benign explanation; missing involuntary, lost or injured; runaway/thrownaway; nonfamily abduction; stereotypical kidnapping; and family abduction. REF:
149-150
LO: 11