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Description Juvenile Justice Robert Taylor 5th Edition- Test Bank Sample Questions Instant Download With Answers Juvenile Justice, 5e (Taylor) Chapter 3 Juvenile Crime, Criminals, and Victims 1) Accurate records concerning juveniles who commit delinquent acts are sometimes difficult or impossible to obtain because of ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) confidentiality and sealing restrictions B) gag orders C) secrecy laws D) protection laws E) necessary laws
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
2) Variables that are related to each other are called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) independent variables B) dependent variables C) correlates D) causation variables E) risk factors
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) Variables that, by their presence or absence, are correlated with delinquency are called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) critical variables B) risk factors C) dependent variables D) spurious variables E) determinate variables
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
4) Variables that correlate with not committing delinquent acts are called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) aggravating variables B) mitigating variables C) risk factors D) protective factors E) crime prevention variables
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5) In the context of the three measures of juvenile crime, which of the following is a strength of official statistics? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) They allow for trend analysis and comparisons over time. B) They accurately track the dark figure of crime. C) They provide the most accurate measure of juvenile crime. D) They include all juveniles who are processed informally. E) They provide an accurate measure of status offending victimless crimes involving juveniles.
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
6) According to the text, the most comprehensive official measure of crime in the United States is ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) the Michigan State University Survey of Crime B) the Justice Department Crime Analysis C) the Uniform Crime Reports D) the Self-Report Study E) the News and World Report Study
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7) The Uniform Crime Report is compiled annually by the ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Department of Homeland Land Security B) Justice Department C) Federal Bureau of Investigation D) Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences E) American Society of Criminology
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
8) In the context of the three measures of juvenile crime, which of the following is true of victimization surveys? 1. 2.
A) They track the dark figure of crime. B) They require that the primary measures of victimization surveys be sent to juveniles directly. 3. C) They are filled out by juveniles who volunteer information about their criminal and drug histories. 4. D) They provide an accurate measure of juvenile crime. 5. E) They provide the most accurate picture of police activity in juvenile justice.
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
9) In the context of the three measures of juvenile crime, which of the following is true of self-report surveys? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) They fail to provide insights into motivation, demographics, and correlates of juvenile crime. B) They are a poor measure of status offending victimless crimes involving juveniles. C) They are the most accurate measure of juvenile crime and offending. D) They are insusceptible to problems such as exaggeration and confusion over definitions. E) They focus exclusively on certain types of youths, such as chronic truants and serious habitual delinquents.
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
10) Which of the following is not part of the Violent Crime Index? 1. A) terrorism 2. B) murder 3. C) rape 4. D) robbery 5. E) aggravated assault
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
11) The Denver Youth Survey was designed to assess the level and correlates of juvenile crime, and the survey respondents were 1,527 children and youth. Research conducted in the survey revealed that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4.
A) the best predictor of victimization was being female B) most youths were both victims and perpetrators of crime C) less than one-third of the youths were chronic multiple victims D) 20 to 35 percent of juveniles were victims of violent offenses or theft over a five-year period (1987-91) 5. E) about 60 percent of the youths were victims of serious violent offenses over a five-year period (1987-91)
Answer: B
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12) The way in which the number of cases processed through the juvenile justice system decreases at each successive step is called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) diminishment B) reduction C) the liberal effect D) the shrinkage factor E) the funnel effect
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
13) Which of the following terms is used to describe the number of crimes that are committed but are undiscovered or unreported? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) misinformation B) missing information C) the dark figure of crime D) the mismeasurement of man E) the missing data
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
14) Crimes in which victims are often willing participants, such as prostitution or gambling, are known as ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) crimes of opportunity B) property crimes C) violent crimes D) victim-precipitated crimes E) victimless crimes
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
15) An example of a victimless crime is ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) murder B) assault C) larceny D) auto theft E) prostitution
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
16) The rule used in collecting data for the UCR that states that only the most serious crime in any one criminal event will be counted is called ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) the hierarchy rule B) the seriousness rule C) the common sense rule D) the most serious consequences rule E) the index of offenses rule
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
17) A national survey of households on the subject of victimization that is conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics is called the ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) National Crime Study B) National Crime Victimization Survey C) National Gang Crime Research Center D) Uniform Crime Report E) Crime Census
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
18) Which of the following statements is true of juvenile victimization rates and trends? 1. 2.
A) Sexual assaults make up nearly one-third of all pre-teen victimizations. B) Preteens are less likely to be victims of kidnapping and forcible sex than older children. 3. C) Juveniles ages 12 to 17 are less likely than adults to be robbery or aggravated assault victims. 4. D) Juveniles ages 12 to 17 are less likely than adults to be victims of nonfatal violent crimes. 5. E) Juveniles ages 12 to 17 are less likely than adults to be victims of simple assault.
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
19) In the context of biological and genetic risk and protective factors, the most powerful predictors of individual violent criminality in general are ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) age and gender B) substance abuse by parents and the ability to show empathy C) IQ and locus of control D) chronic pain and a congenital defect E) parenting and attachment styles
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) conducted a major study of frequent drug-abusing juveniles with a sample of 611 juveniles. The study found that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) the majority of the crimes committed by the juveniles were robberies and assaults B) almost 95 percent of the juveniles used cocaine daily C) 88 percent of the juveniles reported carrying a weapon most or all of the time D) less than 75 percent of the juveniles used marijuana three or more times a week E) about 30 percent of the crimes committed by the juveniles were drug transactions of some type
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
21) The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) collects and reports summary crime statistics (counts), whereas the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) provides data on criminal incidents (cases).
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
22) Juvenile arrest rates for violent crimes have declined from 2004 to 2006.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
23) The Uniform Crime Report is compiled by the Department of Homeland Security.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
24) Juvenile arrest rates for property crimes rose substantially from 2000 to 2006.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
25) An example of a victimless crime is prostitution.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
26) The “dark figure of crime” refers to the terrible effects of crime on victims.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
27) First-born children are less likely to be delinquent than second- or later-born children in large families.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
28) The larger the family size, the more likely it is that a child in the family will be delinquent.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
29) The Uniform Crime Report is a very accurate report of the number of juvenile crimes in America.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
30) The UCR uses a hierarchy rule that states that only the most serious crime in any one criminal event will be counted when compiling data.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
31) The term darkfigureofcrime refers to the national drug problem.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
32) The way in which the number of cases processed through the juvenile justice system decreases at each successive step is called the funnel effect.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
33) Juveniles are responsible for most crimes in the United States.
Answer: FALSE
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34) Weak school commitment by an adolescent and poor school performance are related with increased involvement in delinquency and drug use.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
35) Having peers who disapprove of delinquent behavior has not been found to be a protective factor against delinquency.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
36) The presence of a father in a home reduces the likelihood of a delinquent son.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
37) Risk factors put juveniles in greater risk of becoming delinquent, whereas protective factors insulate a juvenile from becoming delinquent.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
38) Research shows that characteristics such as hyperactivity, restlessness, risk-taking behavior, and aggressiveness are predictors of future delinquency and drug use.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
39) In the context of the social environment of juveniles, having structured free time and being involved in extracurricular school activities serve as protective factors in juvenile delinquency.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
40) The Rochester Youth Study found that gang membership had a strong impact on the incidence of violent behavior, even when other risk factors such as poverty, prior involvement in violence, and association with delinquent peers were constant.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
41) What are the four crimes that are included in the Violent Crime Index?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
42) What are the four crimes that are included in the Property Crime Index?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
43) What is the Uniform Crime Report?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
44) How is the Uniform Crime Report compiled?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
45) What is the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
46) What is the “hierarchy rule”?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
47) How can a crime be victimless? Give some examples.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
48) What is NIBRS?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
49) What are the risk factors in juvenile delinquency?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
50) What are the protective factors in juvenile delinquency?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
51) Explain the overall trends in juvenile arrest rates over the last 25 years.
Answer: Answers will vary.
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52) What are the strengths and weaknesses of self-report statistics?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
53) What are the strengths and weaknesses of victimization surveys?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
54) What are the six areas of risk and protective factors in juvenile delinquency?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
55) The text offers five possible reasons for the lower levels of juvenile crime since 1994. Explain each of these reasons.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Juvenile Justice, 5e (Taylor) Chapter 5 Social Structure, Social Process, and Social Reaction Theories 1) Which of the following is a factor that influences delinquency? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) family relationships B) association with delinquent peers C) lack of opportunity D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
2) Which of the following theories seeks to explain delinquency based on where it occurs? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) labeling theory B) age-graded theory C) learning theory D) ecological theory E) conflict theory
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) Which of the following statements is true of life course theories? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) They are concerned with the role that the government plays in creating an environment conducive to crime. B) They focus on the development of criminal careers and the different influences on individuals as they age. C) They emphasize that juveniles who are labeled delinquent or criminal will eventually commit secondary delinquent acts to live up to the label. D) They state that the reaction to delinquency is what causes it in the future and emphasize that system processing brings about continued delinquency. E) They examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior.
Answer: B
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4) ________ examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Social reaction theories B) Life course theories C) Social process theories D) Social structure theories E) Social detachment theories
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
5) ________ focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Social reaction theories B) Life course theories C) Social process theories D) Social structure theories E) Social detachment theories
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
6) ________ see delinquency as a result of a lack of opportunity. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Differential association theorists B) Mobility theorists C) Frustration theorists D) Adaptation theorists E) Strain theorists
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
7) ________ developed five modes of adaptation. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Shaw and McKay B) Merton C) Agnew D) Cloward and Ohlin E) Cohen
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
8) In the context of Robert Merton’s strain theory, which of the following is true about conformists? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) They accept the goal of economic success but reject the institutionalized means to obtain it. B) They frequently escape into drug addiction and are highly likely to commit crimes to support their drug use. C) They accept the cultural goal of economic success and accept the institutionalized means to obtain success. D) They invent new means to obtain economic success other than education and employment. E) They respond to strain by lowering their aspirations for financial success, but they still accept the means to obtain it.
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
9) ________ sought to explain why juvenile crime rates were so high in areas of a city characterized by urban decay. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Shaw and McKay B) Merton C) Agnew D) Cloward and Ohlin E) Cohen
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
10) ________ believed that individuals from the lower class had different values, norms, and beliefs than those held by the middle class. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Shaw and McKay B) Merton C) Agnew D) Cloward and Ohlin E) Cohen
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
11) ________ focused on serious delinquency committed by urban, male gang members. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Shaw and McKay B) Merton C) Agnew D) Cloward and Ohlin E) Cohen
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
12) Which of the following is an example of subculture theory? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Cohen’s delinquency and frustration theory B) Cloward and Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory C) Miller’s lower-class focal concerns theory D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
13) According to ________, three distinct types of gangs might form in neighborhoods, which are criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and retreatist gangs. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Cloward and Ohlin B) Sutherland C) Akers D) Miller E) Sykes and Matza
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
14) ________ asserted that delinquent behavior is a function of learning and not a function of either the ability to obtain economic success or living in a socially disorganized area of a city. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Cloward and Ohlin B) Sutherland C) Akers D) Miller E) Sykes and Matza
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
15) ________ thought that most delinquents hold conventional values, norms, and beliefs and must learn to neutralize the values before committing delinquent acts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Cloward and Ohlin B) Sutherland C) Akers D) Miller E) Sykes and Matza
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
16) ________ identified six focal concerns that describe six values of a lower-class subculture. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) Cloward and Ohlin B) Sutherland C) Akers D) Miller E) Sykes and Matza
Answer: D Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
17) In the context of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s differential opportunity theory, which of the following is true about conflict gangs? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) They are known as retreatist gangs because their members are unable to become successful. B) They have access to illegitimate opportunity structures to obtain their goals. C) They mostly commit crime that is individualistic and unorganized. D) They exist in neighborhoods that are highly organized. E) They have adult criminal role models who tutor young offenders.
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
18) In the context of social control theories, Walter Reckless believed that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) inner containments such as tolerance of frustration lead to delinquent behavior B) both internal and external forces operate when juveniles make decisions to avoid or commit delinquent acts C) inner containments such as internalized moral codes are always absent prior to the commission of delinquent acts D) a weak self-image insulates juveniles from delinquency E) outer containments are more effective at inhibiting delinquent activity than are inner containments
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
19) Which of the following theories was developed by Terence Thornberry and suggests that the fundamental cause of delinquency is weakened social bonds to society? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) age-graded theory B) conflict theory C) interactional theory D) labeling theory E) subculture theory
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) In the context of conflict theory, John Hagan proposed that ________. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) the tendency to commit crime is found in the level of self-control exercised by an individual B) juveniles who are labeled delinquent eventually commit secondary delinquent acts to live up to the label C) the reaction of society to delinquent behavior leads to continuation of the behavior D) delinquency occurs because of inner pressures and pulls E) delinquency must be explained in terms of power relationships
Answer: E Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
21) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves acceptance of the cultural goal of economic success and rejection of the institutionalized means to obtain it? 1. 2. 3.
A) ritualism B) innovation C) retreatism
4. 5.
D) rebellion E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: B Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
22) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves rejection of both the cultural goal of economic success and any institutionalized means to obtain it? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) ritualism B) innovation C) retreatism D) rebellion E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: C Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
23) According to Merton, which of the following modes of adaptation involves rejection of the cultural goal of economic success and acceptance of the institutionalized means to obtain it? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
A) ritualism B) innovation C) retreatism D) rebellion E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
24) According to Colvin and Pauly, the factor that began the process of delinquency was a lack of power in the workplace.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
25) Conflict theorists are concerned with the role government plays in creating an environment that is conducive to crime.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
26) Inversion is the practice of removing juveniles from the juvenile justice process and providing them with treatment services outside of the juvenile justice system.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
27) Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory focuses exclusively on delinquency committed by members of the lower class of society.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
28) In the context of learning theories, Edwin H. Sutherland asserted that delinquent behavior is a function of either the ability to obtain economic success or living in a socially disorganized area of a city.
Answer: FALSE
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29) Hirschi stated that there were four elements of a social bond, which are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
30) The four techniques of neutralization are denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, and condemnation of the condemners.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
31) A person is arrested for only one of every three offenses reported to the police.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
32) According to Sutherland’s differential association theory, delinquency is a learned behavior.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
33) According to Travis Hirschi, people usually do not commit delinquent acts because they fear that this behavior will damage their relationships with their parents, friends, families, teachers, and employers.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
34) Three social structure theories support the argument that socioeconomic conditions and cultural values in the lower class lead to delinquency.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
35) In the context of Edwin M. Lemert’s labeling theory, an individual who commits acts of primary deviance is not considered delinquent by his or her parents, family, friends, or the juvenile justice system because the individual’s behavior has gone undetected.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
36) Cloward and Ohlin argued that not everyone has access to an illegitimate opportunity structure.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
37) If lower-class students fail at school, they will not be able to attain their goal of middle-class status, and the inability to fulfill this goal is known as status frustration.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
38) According to Cohen, although members of the lower class have norms and values that differ from those of the middle class, lower-class families can teach their children the proper socialization techniques necessary for middle-class membership.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
39) Juveniles who are unable to cope with strain and who thus commit delinquent acts are likely to be overly sensitive, have an explosive temperament, have a low tolerance for adversity, and have poor problem-solving skills.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
40) According to Hirschi, the cultural goal of American society is economic success.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
41) Shaw and McKay identified three characteristics of interstitial areas, which are cultural heterogeneity, mobility, and poverty.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
42) Three social structure theories include ecological theory, strain theory, and subculture theory.
Answer: TRUE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
43) In the context of social reaction theories, labeling theorists state that delinquent behavior is due to conflict in society that arises from an unfair distribution of wealth and power.
Answer: FALSE Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
44) Explain social structure theories, and name the three major social structure theories.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
45) Explain the two major factors that influence delinquency.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
46) What are the five different modes of adaptation that were developed by Merton?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
47) In what way does the Job Corps meet the needs of disadvantaged youths?
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
48) How can young people of the lower class achieve middle-class membership?
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49) What does it mean to have access to an illegitimate opportunity structure?
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50) Describe the five techniques of neutralization.
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51) Explain how life course theories are different from social learning and social control theories.
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52) Name and explain the two types of social reaction theories.
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53) What are the four elements of the social bond?
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54) According to Merton, what is the difference between ritualism and rebellion?
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55) Why was there increased delinquency in Shaw and McKay’s zone in transition?
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56) Compare and contrast the three different types of delinquent gangs.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
57) Compare and contrast Sutherland’s differential association theory and Akers’s differential reinforcement theory.
Answer: Answers will vary. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
58) Explain the theory of differential association.
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59) Explain the works of Robert Merton.
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