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Contents Preface Location The city of Athens Municipalities of Athens Districts of the municipality of Athens Building phases of Athens Cultural context of Athens Athens through the years Urban Development of Athens Triangle of Athens Architectural Styles Timeline The centre of Athens Streets Metro Green zones Landmarks The Monastiraki Square Genius Loci Nodes Monastiraki through the years The site Approach Prospect and skyline Aspect and skyline Massing Site sections Figure grounds
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8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 62 64 66 68 70 71 72
Circulation Land use Vegetation Sunpath Diagram Sunpath Study Tempratures Architectural ethos of Athens Texture and materiality Cultural centres of Athens Brief Schedule of Accomodation Concept Site Strategy Precedence Oslo Opera Oxford Universtiy Hypar Pavilion Concept development List of Illiustration References
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Location
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The city of Athens Athens is the capital of Greece and also the biggest city in the country with a population of 3,753,783 (sta− It became the capital of Greece in 1834 and since then it has grown into a modern metropolis (visitgreece − Athens, 2015). The capital is the administrative, economic and cultural centre of Greece. The greater Athens includes Piraeus where the port is located. There are various of different municipalities from which Athens is consisted that have been connected during the years. In addition, the suburbs, outside of Athens include the biggest industrial output of Greece. For instance, manufactures of wool, silk, cotton tex− tiles, ships, steel, machinery, food products, beverages, pottery, chemicals, carpets and printed materials. The Greater Athens is a transportation hub which is served by rail lines, highways, airports and ports. Water supplier of the city is the Marathon reservoir (encyclopedia − Athens, 2015). tistics.gr, 2015).
Aigaleo
Parnitha
Geography of Attica The city of Athens is located in the plain of Attica between the Kiffisos and Illissus rivers, near Saronic Gulf.It is surrounded by four mountains. The Aigaleo, Par− nitha. Penteli and Hymettus mountains. The city of Athens and the mountains are depicted at the photo.
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Arial view of the geography of Attica..
Penteli Hymettus
http:/www.modmovathens.gr/wp−content/uploads/2013/07/026−027sm.jpg
Municipalities of Athens The city of Athens is divided in 40 different municipalities. The list of the municipalities is metioned al− phabetically below and are shown in the map at the side. The municipality of Athens is located at the middle of plain of Attica and it is displayed with red color and number seven. (ModMovAthens, no date)
1. Agia Paraskevi 2. Agia Varvara 3. Agioi Anargyroi − Kamateros 4. Agios Dimitrios 5. Aigaleo 6. Alimos 7. Athens 8. Chaidari 9. Chalandri 10. Dafni − Ymittos 11. Elliniko − Argyroupoli 12. Faliro 13. Filadelpheia − Chalkidona 14. Filothei − Psychiko
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15. Galatsi 16. Glyfada 17. Ilion 18. Ilioupoli 19. Irakleio 20. Kaisariani 21. Kalithea 22. Keratsini Drapetsona 23. Kifisia 24. Korydallos 25. Likovrysi − Pefki 26. Marousi 27. Metamorfosi 28. Moschato − Tavros
29. Nea Ionia 30. Nea Smyrni 31. Nikaia − Agiou Ioanni Renti 32. Papagos − Cholargos 33. Peiraias 34. Penteli 35. Perama 36. Peristeri 37. Petroupoli 38. Vrilissia 39. Vyronas 40. Zografou
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2 5 24 31 28 33
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Districts of the muncipality of Athens The municipality of Athens is divided into seven districts. Those district are shown at the map. The District one were the site is loccated includes the centre of Athens or as it is called the commercial triangle due to the design of the master plan between the Omonia Square or the Concord Square, the Stadium and Plaka that is located at the north slope of Acropolis. The second district includes the neigh− borhood of Neo Kosmo or New World and the Stadium. The third district includes the south − west neighborhoods such as Asteroskopion, Petralona, Metaxourgio and Thisio. The fourth district is combined by the west neighborhoods for example Kolonou, Academy of Platon, Sepolia and Patisia. In the fifth district has the north − west neighborhoods for example Probona. The central and north neighborhoods such as Patisia and Kipseli belong to the sixth district. The last distict is combined by the north − east neighborhoods of Athens for example Ampelokipous, Erithros and Poligono.
D1 Omonia D2 Neos Kosmos D3 Petralona D4 Kolonos D5 Patisia D6 Kipseli D7 Ampelokipoi
(ModMovAthens, no date)
Diagram of the districts of the municipality of Athens.
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http:/www.modmovathens.gr/wp−content/uploads/2013/07/026−027sm.jpg
Building phases of Athens
At the first diagram are shown the construction phases of Athens according to the year that each area was built. At the second diagram are shown the number of the sto− ries of the buildings of each area.
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Cultural context of Athens The residents of the city are hospitable, sociable and relaxed enjoying life to the full. In the streets of Athens you can meet people from many different social and educational backgrounds. Most of them are very friendly to help and willing to advise and guide visitors. They are very enthusiastic and passionate when discuss the political, economical, sport news and ideas about philosophy. The lifestyle of Athens could characterised as vibrant. There is a variety of choices that will satisfy the most demanding visitor. The personality of Athens is a blend of Eastern and Western cultures. One of the most favourite activity of the people is socializing with friends while drinking and eating. The city also offers a range of gastro− nomic opportunities, suc as restaurants, tavernas, cafes, bars, pubs and ouzeries. The nightlife of the city is very vivid with many clubs and live music halls. During the night mostly in the centre of Athens there are many people out. The climate in Athens is excellent, and that gives the capability to the residents to social− ise outdoors most of the months of the year. (travel, no date). The ascedant of Ancient Greek language is a the Modern Greek language and it is on the most significant principles of the Greek cutlture. Another important principle in order to comprehend the society and the culture is religion. Almost the 98% of the Greeks are Christians Orthodox. The 2% population are Jewish, Roman Catholics and Muslims. (Holidays in Greece: Travel to the islands, 2016)
http:/www.tff.gr/article.asp?catid=36302&subid=2&pubid=129402372
Athens through the years
442 B.C.E. This series of photos attempt to show the way that Athens grew around the Acropolis hill from its creation until today. In addition, how the density of the buildings changed the last forty years.
165 A.D.
http:/www.blendswap.com/blends/view/72326
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1200 A.D.
1874
1895
Today
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Urban development of Athens
3.500 − 600 B.C.E.
479 − 338 B.C.E.
1565 − 1205 A.D.
1205 − 1456 A.D.
86 B.C.E. − 267 A.D.
267 − 408 A.D.
1456 − 1687 A.D.
1687 − 1833 A.D.
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Triangle of Athens Stamatios Kleanthes and Eduard Schaubert de− signed the first masterplan of Athens. Their goal for the master plan was to correspond to with the reputation and the greatness of Athens and also to be valued for the period that it was designed. (Bastea, 1999). This plan was applied differently in the end. with th most important buildings moed to different locations. based on changes by the con− sultant of Ludwig of Bavaria Leo Von Klenze. (Philippides, 2001). The masterplan remains until today an important part of the centre as it in− cludes the main traffic circylation and connects the most significant areas of the city. Athens in the 19th century: Stamatios Kleanthes and Eduard Schauber first masterplan,
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Leo Von Klenze, final plan for the city of Athens.
Architectural Styles Timeline The Parthenon, 447 − 338 B.C.E.
The Archaic Era 600 − 480 B.C.E.
The theatre of Dionysus, 530 B.C.E.
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The temple of Athena Nike, 427 − 425 B.C.E.
The Classical Era 479 − 323 B.C.E.
The Propylea, 437 − 431 B.C.E.
The Erechtheum, 421 − 413 B.C.E.
The temple of Hephaistus, 449 B.C.E.
The stoa of Eumenes
The Horologion
The Helenistic Era 338 B.C.E. − 86 A.D.
The agora of Athens
The stoa of Attalos
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The Hadrian’s Arch, 131 A.D.
The Odeum of Herodes Atticus, 161 A.D.
The Panathenaic Stadium
The Roman Era 86 B.C.E. − 267 A.D.
The Hadrian’s Library, 132 A.D.
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The temple of Olympian Zeus
The church of Agioi The church of Pantanassa, Apostoloi, 1000 − 1020 A.D. 10th century
The Fetiye Mosque, 1456
The Byzantine Empire 330 − 1453 A.D.
The Ottoman Empire 1453 − 1821 A.D.
B.C.E. A.D.
The church of Kapnikanarea, 10th century
The Tzistarakis Mosque, 1759
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The Greek Parliament, 1836 − 1847
The Academy of Athens, 1859 − 1885
The Technical University of Athens, 1861 − 1885
19th century till present
The University of Athens, 1839 − 1864
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The National Library, 1885 − 1892
The Zappeion Megaron, 1874 − 1888
The Cathedral of Athens, 1842 − 1862
The National Theatre, 1891 − 1901
The Mansion of Vassilios Melas, 1884 − 1887
19th century till present
B.C.E. A.D. The Numismatic Museum, 1878 − 1880
The Mansion of Othon Stathatos, 1887
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The cinema ""Rex"", 1935 − 1937
The American Embassy, 1959 − 1961
The museum of Acropolis, 2003
19th century till present
The ’’Hilton’’ hotel, 1958 − 1963
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The Athens concert Hall, 1991
This timeline presents the evolution of architecture in the cetre of Athens from its creation until tooday. Through this timeline it is obvious that Athens is a city with a variety of different architectural styles. At this cer− tain timeline the categories were separated between the different eras of Athens. At the beggining there was the Archaic Era and after that it was the Classic Era when were built significant monuments that are important for the history of the city until today. After that were the Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Eras. After that the chronological periods were sep− arated based on the architectural styles that flourished. From the beggining of 20th century we have examples of Neoclassicism, Romantism, Historism, Modernsim and Post− Modernsim.
B.C.E. A.D.
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The centre of Athens The centre of Athens is a combination of many differ− ent architectural styles. Due to the fact that the city of Athens was spread around the Acropolis through it urban evolution there are many significant examples of build− ings from many different eras. It gives the feeling that the beggining of the city is the Parthenon and as you are di− verging from it, can be found newer buildings. In the centre of Athens are located the most important buildings as far as the archaeological significance is concerned, for instance the Acropolis, the Greek Agora, the Roman Agora, but also the Greek Parliament, the University and the National Library.
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Streets
Scale 1: 10000
The most important streets of the centre of Athens are those which were designed at the fisrt masterplan of the city. Those streets are the Athena, the Stadiou or Stadi− um, the Panepstimiou or University and the Emou or Hermes Streets.
Athena Street
Stadiou or Stadium Street
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Ermou or Hermes Street
Panepistimiou or University Street
Metro
Scale 1: 10000
The metro of Athens has a history over than 150 years. It has three lines and 65 stations that cover central areas of the city. The first historic line opened in 1869 and it was one of the first public transportation of a city in Europe. The trains were steam locomotive until 1904, when were upgraded to electrical. The most significant period for the metro of the city was during 2000 when it was ex− panded with the construction of 14 new stations for the Olympic Games of 2004 in Athens. Since then the number of the stations is increased and there is a plan for extension of the subway network by adding four new lines.
Map of the Athens Metro.
http: / p ortal.tee.gr/ p ortal/ p age/ p or− tal/ t eetkm/ D RASTHRIOTHT− ES/EKDHLVSEIS/EKDHLWSEIS_2 004−2006/METRO%20−%20YPOT HALASSIA%20ARTHRIA/Tab587 1262/%C7%20%C1%D4%D4%C9%CA %CF%20%CC%C5%D4%D1%CF%20% C1%C5.pdf
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Green zones Athens is an overpopulated city that it has grown dramat− icaly from 1950. Most of the spaces in centre of the city have been replaced by multistory buildings. The green zones in the centre of the city are the archaelogical areas, for instance around the Acropolis hill, the ancient Agora. and around the temple of Zeus and the Kalimarmaro stadi− um. In addition the other green zones of Athens are the hills of Lykavitos and Filopappou. A very important green space next to the centre of the city are the gardens next to the Old Royal Palace.
Scale 1: 10000
View of the Lykavitos hill.
View of the National Gardens.
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View of the Filopappou hill.
View of the Aeropagus hill.
Landmarks In the centre of the city of Athens are located the most significant landmarks of the city. As you draw away from the hill of Acropolis you meet more new architectural examples of the history of the city. Tha is happening due to the fact that the whole city grown around the Acropolis hill. At the map it is shown the location of the most monumental land− marks of the city.
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Scale 1: 10000
The Monastiraki Square The Monastiraki Square is one of the most central areas of Athens today, but also during the urban devel− opment of the center of the city through the years. Its name has change many times base on the circum− stances of each different era. Some of its names are Fountain Square, carriage Square and Hadrian’s Square. It was a central point throughout the years of history, as it is located between the agora of classic Athens and the Roman Agora. The Square is a vivid example of the history of Athens, as there are building from many different architectural periods of Athens. The Square, is surrounded from the Library of Hadri an an architectural example of Roman era, the church of Pantanassa that it was build during the Byzantine Empire and the Tzistarakis Mosque on of the most significant examples of Ottoman architecture in Athens. The train station at the centre of the square is a classic Romantic building that was built between 1890 and 1895. (www.athensattica.gr, no date). In addition, in the square there are three modern buildings that two of them had refurbished facade which are examples of the results of the planning law of 1960. (Νικολάου, 2015). After, the construction of the train station Monastiraki becomes one of the most central areas of Athens. Until 1985 it was an intersec− tion of the central streets of the city. Since then it started getting the form of a proper square with important dates in 2004 when it was refurbished for first time and in 2008 is applied the designed proposal for the square with the creation of a mosaic drawing in the square. (Γιαννουλάτου, Δεστούνη, and Ντετσάβες, 2012). The character of the square is a compo− sition of historic and commercial. It is lively space in the centre of Athens as it is the desti− nation for everyday people that go to their work, but also a place of history for tourists and visitors of the city that want to experi− ence the old Athens and do shopping. At the Approximate diagramme of the period figure it is shown the evolution of the archi− that the the buildings around the square tectural character of the square through the were built. last century.
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http:/www.thegree
Genius Loci The area around the site has mixed uses. There is a variety of many different architectural styles from diferrent eras. Close to the site there are architectural examples from Classic, Hele− nistic. Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Neoclassical era that unfold the architectural timeline of the capital. It is a central space of the city were someone can meet people from many different backgrounds. There are people that going to their jobs because it is one of the most central train stations of Athens but also tourists, mostly during summer from all around the world that are visiting the archaeological areas, the Flea Market next to the Monastiraki Square and the restaurants. The identity of the people is everywere around the site through graffities one the walls and many events that are taking place in the square. It is the most central area of Athens were some− one can learn the history of the city and comprehend the pulse of the everyday life in the the capital of Greece.
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Nodes Aound the site there are many significant architectural examples. The site is located between the Greek and the Roman Agora. There are buildings from Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Neoclas− sial architecture. Those buildings are shown at the diagrams.
4. Train Station 5. Byzantine church Pantanassa 6. Tzistarakis Mosque 7. Hadrian’s Library 8. Roman Agora
1. Greek Agora 2. Stoa of Attalos
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Monastiraki through the years
http:/www.in2life.gr/features/notes/arti− cle/298829/monasthra− ki−mia−fotografikh−volta−ston−hrono.html
1758 The Hadrian’s library and the surrounding buildings that consist the area name as kato pazari.
1805 The street of pano pazari.
http:/anemourion.blogspot.gr/2015/10/− blog−post_3.html
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1821 View of the bazzar.
http:/neotera.gr/158829/pos−zousan−oi−athi− naioi−stin−tourkokratia
http:/www.lidoriki.com/2014/12/blog−post_717.html
1890 The Tziastrarakis Mosque with some small locals shops in front of it, next to the Hadrians library. 1892 The construction of the railway that leads to the Monastiraki Station.
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1895 View of the open market.
1915 The neoclassical Station next to the mosquae and the library.
1945 The Athena Street that leads to the square. It is visible the tram that flourished that period in the city.
1920 General view of the square. At the background the Acropolis. In the photo are depicted architectural styles from many different eras.
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is4stis5.com/ellhnika/ellhnikh−gwnia/15090−monastiraki 1947 The Streets of the Monastiraki Square when there were streets.
http:/kartson.blogspot.gr/2015/11/15.html 1950 The Athena Street busy from cars and trams.
1954 People and cars in the location of the square today.
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icle/298829/monasthraki−mia−fotografikh−volta−ston−hrono.html
http:/bill−files.blogspot.gr/2014/04/blog−post_21.html
http:/thesecretrealtruth
http:/thesecretrealtr 1960 Taxi rank in front of the train station.
1963 The form of the square and views of the open market.
1968 http:/www.in2life.gr/features/notes/article/501769/10−isto− ries−poy−kryvei−to−monasthraki.html
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w.in2life.gr/features/notes/article/298829/monasthra− otografikh−volta−ston−hrono.html
1973 The Tzistarakis Mosquae and the train station. 1978 Entrance of the Flea Market.
http:/1.bp.blogspot.com/−VnkfoBqL3i0/UkQwVAyda− QI/AAAAAAAAK90/weRR_GVQuGk/s1600/Monastiraki+1978+by+G
1985 One of the most central road junctions in the city.
The tradition continues and the local shops are in their initial place through the years.
1985
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George+Symeonidis.jpg
1986
http:/bill−files.blogspot.gr/2013/03/80.h
http:/www.skyscrapercity.com/show− thread.php?t=648021
http:/www.lifo.gr/mag/features/1090
2008 Reconstruction stages of the square with the creation of a mosaic pavement. 2010 Panoramic view of the square.
https:/toutestinmag.files.word− press.com/2014/02/monasthraki.jpg?w
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2013 The busy Street of Hep− haistou were the Flea Market is located.
http:/www.athensguide.com/monastiraki.html
2015 View of the square today.
w=748&h=501
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The site The area of the site is depicted at the picture. At the two photos below are shown the two sides of the buildings that will demolished. At the back− side are located shops at the entrance of the market and shops’ warehouses.
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Approach Approaching the square from Athena street.
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Approaching the square from Ermou street.
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Prospect and skyline
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Massing The massing around the site differs from the three sides of the site. The buildings on the Ermou street have a variety as far as the height is concerned. Most of them are about seven stories high. Next to them there are older buildings that are three stories height. The sides were all the warehouses and the shops are located are two stories high. The density of the buildings next to the market is greater in contrast with the building at the back side of the Ermou Street. It can be mentioned that the area of the shops and the ware− houses of the market was built without a general plan for the area .
Site sections
East Section
Scale 1: 500
South Section
Scale 1: 500
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Figure Grounds
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Circulation
Scale 1: 500
Next to the square the is a very important interset− cion of the streets Athena and Ermou or Hermes that are shown with red color. With green color are de− picted the streets next to building blocks are narrow and most of them one − way. With yellow color is the pedestrian zone of the square with pedestrian circu− lation that leads into the Flea Market and the taverns and restaurants. Also, with brown color it is shown the circulation of the train. View of the Athens Street.
View of one of the narrow Streets next to Ermou Street.
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View of the open Market.
View of the Ermou or Hermes Street.
Land use At the diagram at the right are depicted all the diffrent uses of buildings at the area around the site. There are many mixed − use buildings with different combinations of retail, restau− rants, offices and houses. The variety of different uses of the buildings gives an essence about the history of the area throught the years. It makes clear were it used to be the market and how the buildings acquire different use based on the character of the area.
Scale 1: 500 retail warehouse and workshop restaurants − taverns vacant building hotels mixed use caffe − offices mixed use retail − offices mixed use retail − housing offices bars train station caffe housing church museum
Land use diagram of the municipality of Athens.
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archaeological site
Cultural centres of Athens The most significant cultural centres close to site are pointed on the map and the site with green color.
1. Athinais Cultural Centre 2. Technopolis Centre (Performiniig arts venue and history museum) 3. Melina Mercuri (Museum and Cultural centre) 4. City of Athens Cultural Centre
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