ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃ.ﺩ .ﻅﺎﻓﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻨﻲ ﺃﺴﺘﺎﺫ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻲ ،ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﺽ www.dr-algarni.net algarni2003@yahoo.com
ﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻤﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﹼﻰ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻴﻌﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴ ﹴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ؛ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻴﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﹼل ﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻷﻱ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻝﻬﺎ .ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭ ،ﻓﻤﺎ ﺯﺍل ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻅﻡ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﺍﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺒل ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺭﻤﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﻁﻌﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻭﻁﹰﺎ ﻋﻅﻴﻤﺎ .ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺴﻨﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻝﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺯﻡ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺤﻠـﺔ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ .ﻭﺴﻴﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﻭﺍﻋـﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ،ﻭﻓـﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻅﻡ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺴﻬﺎ .ﺒﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ،ﺴﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﹼﺘﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻘﻠﹼـﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﻓﺠﻭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻠﻔﺕ ﺃﻨﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺇﻝﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗل ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ.
ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﺤﻅﻴﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎ ﹴﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻎ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺼـﺭﻡ ،ﻭﺘﻁـﻭﺭﺕ ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺎ ﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺩﺍﻨﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻔﺎﻭﺘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﻨﻅـﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ" :ﻨﻅﻡ ﻤﺅﻷﻝﺔ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤـﻊ ﻭﻤﺘﺨـﺯﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﺴـﺘﺭﺠﺎﻉ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴـل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ" ] ،1ﺹ .[13ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝـﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ) (Spatial Dataﻫﻨﺎ ،ﺘﻌﻨﻲ 1
ﻻ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺯ ﻝﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﺤﻠﻴل )(Analysis ل ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻡ؛ ﻭﺇ ﱠ ﻜّ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ .ﻭﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻤﺅﻷل ) ،(Automatedﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒـﻪ ﺍﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻥ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻌﺭﻴﻑ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﺴﻡ )ﺃﻭ ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ( ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺘﻪ ،ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ،ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻔﻅ ﺍﻹﻨﺠﻠﻴﺯﻱ ،ﻝﻴﺴﻬل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻲﺀ ﺒﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﻎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ. ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻅﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻗﺴـﻤﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴـﻴﻴﻥ :ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻜ ﻤﻴـﺔ ،(Quantitative ) Informationﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ،ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ) (Qualitative Informationﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ )ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ( ] .[2ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﺄﻤل ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻴﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻲ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻻ ﻴﺸـﻜل ﻋﻘﺒﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﻓﺎﺩ ﺃﻱ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺠﻠﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺩﻗﹼﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ، ﻜﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ) ،(GPSﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼـﻭﻴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠ ﻭﻴﺔ ) ،(Photogrammetryﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ) .(Remote Sensingﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺴﺭﻋ ﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ،ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻅﻠﹼﺕ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻓﺎﻝﻜﻤﺎل ﻏﻴـﺭ ﻤﺘﺤﻘـﻕ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺫل ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺩ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺭﺍﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ،ﻓﻜﻴﻑ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐﺫﹼﻱ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﹸﺒﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﻬﻠﻪ .ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺃ ﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﺴﻴﻅل ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﻝﻠﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻨـﻰ ﻝﻪ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺘﻪ؛ ﻓﺈ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ. ﺴﻨﺘﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻔﺼﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓـﻲ ﻨﻅﻤﻬـﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺜ ﻡ ﻨﻀﺭﺏ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ،ﻭﻨﻘﺘﺭﺡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭل ﺃﻭ ﻤﻔﺎﺘﻴﺢ ﻝﻠﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻤﻨـﺎﺹ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻁﺎل ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ.
ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﺩﻉ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﻝﺞ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺈﻨﹼﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴـﺘﻁﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻬـﺎ ﺘﻌﻤل ﻋﻤل ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻓﺘﺭﺍﻩ ﻻ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﺒﺴـﺭﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ،ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺘﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺠﺯﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺠﺯﺘﻪ ﺒﻜﻔـﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻗـل ﻭﺠـﺎﺀﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﹼﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻁﺌﺔ .ﻭﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺴـﺎﺒﺎﺕ
2
ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺒﻁﻲﺀ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ .ﻴﻠﺨﺹ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (1ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻨﺎﻗﺽ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻵﻝـﺔ ﻭﻋﻘـل ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ. ﺠﺩﻭل ) :(1ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨ ﹰﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﱡﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ. Information
Man
ا ن
ا
Quantitative
Difficult *)(
Easy ,-.
Qualitative
Easy ,-.
Difficult *)(
ا ت آ ّ
ّ
Machine
ل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﻤـﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﻜ ّ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﻝﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﻘ ﺩﻤﺎ ﻫﺎﺌ ﹰ ل ﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠﹼﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ .ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (2ﺸﻴﺌًﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻗﺼﻭﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜ ّ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺩﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ.
ﺠﺩﻭل ) :(2ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.
ا ا ت
Qualitative Quantitative
آ ّ
ّ
Information
Numerical 67دي
Lingual 123ي
Model
Mathematical >=<;8
Semantic د839
Automation
Advanced E6FGHم
Weak AB)C
Integration
Advanced E6FGHم
Poor IBFJ
Interpretation
Advanced 6BK
Poor IBFJ
Education
Emphasized IHآّP
Overlooked <NGHه,
ا ت ا ّ ذج ا
ا !
ا ! " ا ! #
3
ﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺴﻨﻭﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻴﺭﺍﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻔﻴﻥ؛ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ] ،[2ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺯﺍﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻉ ﻭﺍﺴﻊ ﻤﺘﺸﻌﺏ.
ﺃﻭ ﹰﻻ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺜﻤﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﺫﻝﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻲ ،ﻝﻸﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺫﻜـﺭﺕ ﺁﻨﻔﹰـﺎ، ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﺒﻬﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﹼﻴﻔﻴـﺔ، ﻭﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻝﻘﺒﻭﻝﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻓﻀﻬﺎ .ﻭﻝﻜﻲ ﻻ ﻨﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻨﻠﺨﺹ ﻤـﺎ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (3ﻷﻫ ﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺍﻗﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﺼﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ. ﺠﺩﻭل ) :(3ﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻴﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻁﹼﻴﻔﻴﺔ ،ﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﺍﻗﻁ. Coverage Spectral Radiometric Temporal Spatial 2 ) (km Resolution Resolution Resolution Resolution Satellite ]1ع اIYF3
MSS TM IRS-ID SPOT IKONOS QuickBird
ا PBBYG3ا87<)Z9 28 = 256 28 = 256
ا PBBYG3ا8]<^Y3 80 m 30 23.5
ا PBBYG3ا8\HّP3 16- days 16 24
5.8 10 2.5 4 1 2.44 0.60
12 26
28 = 256
1.5
211 = 2028
1-3.5
211 = 2028
28 = 256
ا PBBYّG3ا8XBّV3 4 7 3 color
اUBV2G3 185x185 185x185 141x141 C
1 B/W 4 color 1 B /W 4 color 1 B/W 4 color 1 B/W
70x70 B/W 60x60 11x11 16.5x16.5
ﺇﺫﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻲ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﹼﺤﺴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻗﺔ ﻤﻁﹼﺭﺩ ،ﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﻤﻬﻴﺄﺓ ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠـﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ؛ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫل ﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ؟ ﻻ ﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻔﻲ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ،
4
ﺒل ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺒﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝ ﹼﺘﻀﺨﻡ .ﻓﺩﻋﻭﻨﺎ ﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﹼﻕ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻨﻔﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ ،ﻭﻨﺭﻯ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺩﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺍﻝﻌـﺩﺩ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﺤﻜﹼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻴﻅل ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﺃﺼﻌﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻴﺤﻤل ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﻻ ﺠﺯﺀﺍ ﻴﺴﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻅﻡ .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻻﺌل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﻤﻭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻀـﻌﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺇ ﹼ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ؛ ﺁﺘﻲ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻭﻨﺤﻴل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠـﻊ ﺍﻝﺴـﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺯﺍﺩﺓ. ﻓﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺩﻻﺌل ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻠﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻪ؛ ﻓﺘﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻨﺘﻔﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻭﺍﺤـﺩ ﻝـﻪ؛ ﺒـل ﻨﺴﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ) .(4ﻭﻻ ﺘﻘﺘﺼﺭ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ،ﺒل ﺘﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﻝﻌﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ. ﺠﺩﻭل) :(4ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﻠﱡﻐﻭﻴﺔ(. ﺸﻲﺀ Thing Names of Quntitative Information Spatial Locational Graphical Geographical Class Feature Object Target Concept Entity Hypothesis Theme Pattern
Names of Qualitative Information Non-spatial Non-locational Non-graphical Non-geographical Attribute Textual Descriptive Nominal Footprint Metadata Semantic Aspatial Interpretive
5
ﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﺒل ﺸﺭﻑ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﻤﻰ؛ ﻓﻨﻘﻭل :ﻫﺫﺍ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻝﻭ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻗﺎﺌل :ﺇ ل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﻱ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻗﻭﻡ ﻭﻴﺠﻬل ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﻬـﺫﺍ ﻨﻘـﺹ ﻅـﺎﻫﺭ، ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤﺔ ﻝﻜ ﱢ ل ﺃﻫل ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻴﺘﺩﺍﻭﻝﻭﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺠﺩﻭل ).(5 ﻭﻋﺏﺀ ﺜﻘﻴل .ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﻝﻜ ّ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ) :(5ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﻭﻣﺎﻫﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﲣﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ. Thing
Discipline
Feature Class Pattern Theme
)Remote Sensing (RS
ا !ّ+,-
ا /0ء
Concept Hypothesis
)Computer Vision (CV
Entity
CV, Digital )Photogrammetry (DP
Object
RS, DP
Target
Military and Ground Surveying
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻻﺌل ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻁﻭل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ .ﻓﻘﺩ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻨﺔ ] ،[3ﺘﺸﻐل ﺒﺨﻠﻴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻝﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻩ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ) .(1ﻭﻻ ﺭﻴﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﻴﻅل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﺭ ﱠﻜ ﺒﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻤـﻭﺯ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﺍﻷﻴﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل. ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻨﹼﻙ ﺘﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻨﺘﺤﺎﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻑ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻝﻴﺩﻝﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺔ ،ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﻌﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻨﺭﻴﺩﻩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺩﻭل ) (6ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ] ،[4ﻭﺠﺩﻭل ) (7ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻨﻭﻙ ل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺎﺕ .ﻭﺭﻏﻡ ﺴـﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﻫـﺫﻩ ] .[5ﺃﺼﺒﺤﻨﺎ ﻨﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺃﺼل ﻜ ّ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﺎﻤﻀﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻘل ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ؛ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﹼﻤﻭ ﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺒﻬﻤﺔ.
6
.[ﻫـ1426 ، ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻔﻪ]ﻜﻭﻨﺸﻨﻲ:(1) ﺸﻜل
.[4] ﺩﺓ ﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺌﻘﻴﺔ ﻝﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﺤﺩ:(6) ﺠﺩﻭل ID Number ﻑﻌﺭﺍﻝﻤ 143897834 637292842 347348279 234538020
Street Name ﺍﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺭﻉ Maple Ct North St Main St Madison Ave
Lanes ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ 2 2 4 4
Parking ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ Yes Seasonal Yes No
Repair Date ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻝﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ 1982/06/10 1986/08/22 1995/05/15 1989/04/20
.[5] ﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻭﻙ ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎﺔ ﺘﺒﻴﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻼﺌﻘﻴ، ﻤﺜﺎل ﺁﺨﺭ:(7) ﺠﺩﻭل Hotel ID ﻑﻌﺭﺍﻝﻤ 001 002 003
No. of rooms Standard ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻑ
Name ﺍﻻﺴﻡ
Address ﺍﻝﻌﻨﻭﺍﻥ
Mountain Valley Palace Deluxe Ski Lodge
23 High Streest Paine Avenue 10 Ski School Road
7
15 12 40
budget Luxury standard
ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻤﺭ ﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻴﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻵﻝـﺔ ،ﻭﻜـﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺘﺤﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ. ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺒﻁل ﺤﺠﺔ ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﻗﺎ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﻝﻨـﺎ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﺤﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﱢل ﻓﻲ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻋﺩﺩﻴﺔ )ﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ = ﺃﺴـﻤﺎﺀ( ﺘﺼﻑ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﺤﺴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ،ﻭﺘﹸﺤﻭل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﺤﺒﺔ ﻝﺸـﻜل ﺍﻝﺸـﻲﺀ ﻓﺘﻐﻨﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩﻴﺔ ) (IDﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﱠﻌﻘﻴـﺩ .ﺇﻥ ﺏ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻻ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ. ﻑ ﺼﻌ ﹴ ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻑ ﻻ ﻴﻌﺩﻭ ﻋﻨﺩﻱ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﺘﺤﺎﺌ ﹰ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻋﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻀﺤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺜﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﺸﻬﺩﺕ ﺒـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﺤـﺙ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺒﻨﺴﻠﻔﺎﻨﻴﺎ ] ،[2ﺤﻴﺙ ﻨﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻝﻤﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﺜل: RealEstateObject, UnnavigableRivers, NextSubwayStop, NaturalTransportationLink, and ArtificalTransprtationLink.
ﻼ .ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﻠﻠﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﺎﻻﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻭﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺍﺴﻤﺎ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻤﺘﹼﺼ ﹰ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﻭﻓـﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﻻ ﺤﺼﺭ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﺇ ﱠ ﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻋـﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﻝﻪ ﻭﺴﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺏ؛ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺘﻜﻔﻴﻨﺎ ﺩﻝﻴ ﹰ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺀ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﺘﺴﻬل ﻗﺭﺍﺀﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺒﻬﻤﺔﹰ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﺸﻐل ﺤﻴﺯﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻻ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻝﺸﻐﻠﻪ ﺒﻬﺎ. ﻭﻻ ﻏﺭﺍﺒﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻼﺯﻤﺎ ﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﱠﺎﺱ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻙ ﺘﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺸـﻲﺀ ﺒﺎﺴـﻤﻪ، ﻓﻨﺠﻌل ﻝﻪ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﺠﻤﻴﻼﹰ ،ﺜ ﻡ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻠﺒﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﺃﺼﻼﹰ ،ﻤﺜﺎل ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻗﻭﻝﻨﺎ (GIS) :ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﻝـ ،Geographic Information Systemﺜ ﻡ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺜﻴ ﹴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻗﻭل .The GIS System….. :ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺔ Systemﺘﻐﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ Sﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺸﺎﻫﺩ ﻋﺠ ﹴﺯ ﻝﻐﻭﻱ؛ ﻓﻜﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﻨﻘﻭل،Geographic Information System System : ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻘﺎل GI-System :ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻤﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻜـ GISs :ﺃﻭ ،GISesﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺭﺍﻩ ﺃﻫل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻠﱡﻐﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴﺏ .ﺃﻗﻭل ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺃﻨﺎ ﻝﺩﻱ ﻤﺴﻭﻍ ﻝﻐﻭﻱ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﱠﺭﻜﻴﺏ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﱠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼـﻠﻪ ﺩﻝﻴـل ﻋﺠﺯ ،ﻭﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ.
8
ﻭﻤﻥ ﺩﻻﺌل ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﹼﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻀﻌﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻝﻐﺘﻬـﺎ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻝﻭ ﺸﺭﻋﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻝﻁﺎل ﺒﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ؛ ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻨﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﺭﻯ ﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﻌﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺭﻴﺏ .ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻫﻭ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﺴﻡ( ،Metadataﺘﺠﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺫﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺴﺏ ﺍﻵﻝـﻲ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ "ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ" ،ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﹼﻬﺎ "ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ" ]،[7 ﻥ ﺃﻗل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎل ﻋﻥ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻝﻴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺘﹸﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ "ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ" .ﺇ ﻥ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺄﻝﻔﺎﻅ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺅﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺇﻝـﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻝﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺼل ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺇﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭ ﻝﻤﻌﺎ ﹴ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻭﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺜﹼﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ.
ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻅﻬﺭ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﺼﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺠﻬـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ؛ ﻭﻝﻜﻨﹼﻪ ﻴﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ .ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ .ﻓﺎﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺸﺭﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺘﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻠـﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺴﻭﺍﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻻ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻐﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤﻬﻤـ ﹰﺔ ﺠـﺩﺍ ،ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﻫﻲ ﺘﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺼﻑ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻜـﺫﻝﻙ. ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻅل ﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﹰﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻝﻜﻲ ﺘﻔﻬﻡ .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻠﻘﺎﺭﺉ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ "ﻁ ﻭﺃﺨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ" ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ "ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﹼﻘﻨﻴﺔ ] [2ﻓﻴﺄﺨﺫﻩ ﻤﺜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻝﻐﻴﺭﻩ .ﻭﻻ ﻴﺨﻔﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ ﻭﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﹸﻘﺎﺱ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺩﻗﹼﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜ ﻤﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﻗﻠﹼﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﻑ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ؛ ﻓﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻠل ﻅﺎﻫﺭ ﻻ ﻝﺒﺱ ﻓﻴﻪ.
ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤ ّل ﻤﺎ ﺩﺍﻤﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺘﺸﻜﹼل ﻝﺤﻤﺔ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﻝﻴﺘﺴﻨﹼﻰ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻬﻤﻪ ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻭﺘﻴﺴﻴﺭ ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻔﻪ ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ .ﻭﻻ ﻤﻨﺎﺹ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻨـﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺭﻓﺎﺩ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻤﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻤـﺭ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ. ﺹ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻔﺕ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻫﻭ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﹼﺫﻱ ﻋﻠﹼﻤﻪ ﺍﷲ ﺁﺩﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ .ﺃﻝـﻡ ﻴـﻨ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺎل) :ﻭﻋﻠﻡ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺜﻡ ﻋﺭﻀﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺌﻜﺔ ﻓﻘﺎل ﻻ ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺘﻨﺎ ﺇﻨﱠـﻙ ﺃﻨـﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـﻴﻡ ﺃﻨﺒﺌﻭﻨﻰ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺇﻥ ﻜﻨﺘﻡ ﺼﺎﺩﻗﻴﻥ * ﻗﺎﻝﻭﺍ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻙ ﻻ ﻋﻠﻡ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺇ ﱠ 9
ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻴﻡ * ﻗﺎل ﻴﺎ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺃﻨﺒﺌﻬﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻓﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﺒﺄﻫﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﻡ ﻗﺎل ﺃﻝﻡ ﺃﻗل ﻝﻜﻡ ﺇﻨﱢﻲ ﺃﻋﻠﻡ ﻏﻴـﺏ ﺍﻝﺴـﻤﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻜﻨﺘﻡ ﺘﻜﺘﻤﻭﻥ( ] ،8ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺭﺓ .[33-31 ،ﻓﺎﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ،ﻭﻝـﻡ ﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻅﻡ ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﻑ؛ ﻭﺇﻨﹼﻤﺎ ﻨ ﺘﻼﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻠﻤﺴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻤﻨﺎ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ .ﺜ ﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻭل ﺁﻴﺔ ﻨﺯﻝـﺕ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ) :ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ﺭﺒﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺨﻠﻕ( ] ،8ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻕ .[1 ،ﻓﺎﻵﻴﺔ ﺃﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺭﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺫﻜﺭﺕ ﺍﺴـﻡ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻭﻕ ﻜ ّل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺒﻪ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﻓﻲ ] [2ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻀـﺎﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘـﺔ ﺒﻬـﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻁﺭﺤﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل؛ ﻓﻠﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﹼﺔ. ﺜ ﻡ ﻝﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ" :ﺒﻌﺜﺕ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﻠـﻡ" ] .[9ﺃﻝﻴﺴـﺕ ﺤﺎﺠـﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﺎﺴﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ .ﺇﻨﹼﻨﺎ ﻝﻭ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﺤﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠـﻪ ﻋﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻴـﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺘﻪ ،ﻝﻌﻠﻤﻨﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻬﺎ ﺇ ﹼﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺠﻭﺍﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻡ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻌﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﺴﻭﺍﻫﺎ .ﻭﺠﻭﺍﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻡ ﻫـﺫﻩ ﻻ ﺘﺒﻨـﻰ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺸﻤل ﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻭﺃﺩﻗﻪ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻭﻝﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺴـﻭل ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﹼﻡ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺃﺼﺤﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻴﺴﻤﻭﻥ ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﻭﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀﻫﻡ ] .[10 ،2ﻓﻼ ﻤﻨﺎﺹ ﺃﻤﺎﻡ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻋﻠﻭﻤﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺠﻪ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﹼﻡ ﻝﻠﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـﻡ ﺒﺄﻴﺴﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺒل ﻭﺃﻗﺼﺭﻫﺎ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﺤﺜﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺜﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺒﻭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﻝﻔﻅ ﺍﺴﻡ ﻝـﻡ ﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﺎﺱ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﻝﺼـﻼﺓ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺸﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺍﻭل ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ؛ ﻓﺎﻝﺫﻱ ﺒ ﹼ ﻥ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺃﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻡ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻼﻡ؛ ﻝﺫﺍ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ﺇ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻨﻘﻠﻭﻫﺎ ﻫﻡ ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻓﺘﺤﻭﻫﺎ؛ ﻭﻫـﻡ ﻓﺘﺤـﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺒﺄﺴﺭﻩ.
ﺨﻁﻭﺓ ﺃﻭﻝﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺒﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﻤﻭﺍ ﺍﻷﺸـﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺄﺴـﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ .ﻭﻻ ﺘﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻝﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻝﺘﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ،ﻭﻝﻴﺭﺸﺩ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻀﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻴﻨﺎﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻼﺯﻤﺔ ﻝﻜ ّل ﺃﺤﺩ؛ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻨﹼﻪ ﻻ ﺒ ﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺭﻓﺎﺩ ﻜ ّل ﻋﻠﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ،ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋـﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺃﺩﺒﻲ؛ ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺠﻬل ﻋﺭﻴﺽ .ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺸﺘﻐل ﺒﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻫﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻝﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻝﻠﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ
10
ﻋﻤﺎ ﺃﺒﺩﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ،ﻭﻗﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ .ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﺒﺩﻉ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﻭﻥ ﻓﺄﺨﺭﺠﻭﺍ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺘﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻭﺍﻤﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺃﺭﺍﻨﺎ ﻨﺩﻨﻭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻭﻤﺎ .ﻭﻝﻭ ﺃﺤﺴـﻥ ﺍﻝـﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺒﺩﻋﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻝﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﻝﺴﻤﻭﻩ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ،ﻓﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻴﺴﺭ ﻭﺃﺸﻤل. ﻭﻝﻴﻜﻥ ﺃﻭل ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺍﺡ ﺃﺴﻭﻗﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻭﺩﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ -ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﻴﻁﺔ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ -ﺸﻴﺌًﺎ .ﻓﺎﻝﺠﺒل ﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺠﺭﺓ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻥ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺒﺎل ﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺸﺠﺎﺭ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻠـﻡ، ﺱ ﺸﻲﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ .ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﻨﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺭﻨﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺭﺩﺩﻫـﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎ ﻤﺜل ﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ،ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ،ﻜﺎﺌﻥ ،ﻨﻤﻁ ،ﻨﻭﻉ ،ﺼﻨﻑ .... ،ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﻀﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺴﻡ ﺸﻲﺀ ،ﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﻔﻅ ﻭﻻ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ .ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺅﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺌل ﻋﻅﻡ ﺸﺄﻥ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺸﻲﺀ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻭﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻭﻤﻬﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﻤﺯ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﻭل.
ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﻝﻴل ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤ ّل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺴـﺘﻘﻠل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﻭﺓ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ .ﻓﺎﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻴﻜﻤﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﹼﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺘﻤـﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ .ﻭﻤﻜﺎﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤ ّل ﺘﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺒﻨﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺁﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻜـﺭﻴﻡ ﻭﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴـﺙ ﺭﺴﻭﻝﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ ﺼﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺴﻠﹼﻡ .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻘﻭل ﻗﺎﺌل ﻤﺘﻌﺠل :ﻤﺎ ﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ ﻓﻲ "ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ"، ﻓﻨﻘﻭل ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻜ ّل ﻋﻠﻡ ،ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﻭﺠﺩﻨﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺤﻴﺎ ﺓ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻴﺎﻀـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋـﺩﺍﺩ ﻻ ﺘﺩﻝﻑ ﺇﻝﻴﻨﺎ ﺇ ﹼﻻ ﺒﺸﻲﺀ ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﻜﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺘـﺔ ،ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ .ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻨﺴﺄل ﺃﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ :ﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺠـﺩﺭ ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﻥ؟ ﺜ ﻡ ﻝﻨﺴﺘﺭﻓﺩﻫﺎ .ﺒﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻨﻭﻗﺵ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻠﹼﻐﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺠـﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻝﺒﻼﻏـﻲ؛ ﻋﻨﻭﺍﻨـﻪ: "ﺃﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﺸﻴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ :ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻐﻅﻴﻡ" ،ﻓﻠﻴﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻝﻤﻥ ﺸﺎﺀ.
ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ
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[1]Clarke, K. (1995): Analytical and Computer Cartography. 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall.
U) V3 ا،|B )3 ا8Yw)3<ز اN7 ا:UّB\FّG3| واw)3<ء واBZ~<ء اY. أ:هـ1427 ،8w7 x; IJ<y ،8]IF3 ا.[2] . <ضI3 ا،^<نB )3 اU G^H ز1 ، 3ا~و [3] Konceny, 2005: E-Government, E-Commerce and Internet. A lecture presented at College of Eng, Civil Engineering, King Saud University (Personal Communication). [4] Lillesand, T. and Kiefer, R. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 724 pages. [5] Heywood, I., S. Corneliue, and S. Carver (2002): An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. 2nd Ed., Prentce Hall, pp. 295. [6] Algarni, Dafer Ali (2001): Role and Importance of Natural Language in Geomatics Engineering. XVIII Surveying and Mapping Educators Conference 2001: A Spatial Odyssey, Penn State University, United states of America, July 15-19, 2001, pp. 55-65.
. ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻙ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻝﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﻝﻠﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ:(2008) ،( ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻙ ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻱ ﻝﻠﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ )ﺒﺎﺴﻡ.[7] http://basm.kacst.edu.sa/Default.aspx . ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ.[8] ، ﺍﻝﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ،ﻋﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﺩ ﺇﺸﺭﺍﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴ، ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ.[9] .ﻫـ1427 ،www.al-islam.com ،(6731 ﺤـﺩﻴﺙ،)ﺍﻝﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ "ﻭﻋﻠﹼﻡ ﺁﺩﻡ ﺍﻷﺴـﻤﺎﺀ: ﺍﻹﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻭل ﺍﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ:ﻫـ1427 ، ﻅﺎﻓﺭ ﺒﻥ ﻋﻠﻲ، ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻨﻲ.[10] ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻌﻘﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﻤـﻥ، ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻤﻥ ﻝﻺﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻨﹼﺔ،"ﻜﻠﹼﻬﺎ ـﻨﺔ ﻭﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻗـﺎﻑﺔ ﻝﻺﻋﺠﺎﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘـﺭﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺴ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴ،ﻫـ1427/11/8-5 .332-305 ﺹ،"ﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺠﻠﺩ "ﺤﻜﻡ ﺘﺸﺭﻴﻌﻴ،ﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻴﺘﻴﺔﻭﺍﻝﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴ
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