ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ GIS ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ /ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﲪﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﳐﱪ – GISﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻦ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ – ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ frahmeh@scs-net.org
ﻣﻠﺨــﺺ: ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺨﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻏﺪﺕ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻼﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﳌﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻏﲑ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ. ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﹰﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﻀﻬﺎ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻛﺄﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ. ﻭﻟﻌﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺷﻴﻪ ،ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ،ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻐﲑ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺃﳕﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﳏﺪﻭﺩﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻛﻠﻒ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ. ﺇﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﻥ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﰲ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ ﻭ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻤﺤﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﻭ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺘﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﻭ ﰒ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻣﺮ ﻭ ﺃﺧﲑﺍ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻃﻤﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻣﺮ .ﻓﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﺑﻞ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺘﺄﻣﲔ ﺑﻨﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ ﳌﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲟﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺩﱏ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ. ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺽ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ : ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ . ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﲨﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ .
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ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ. ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ. ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﺳﺄﻋﺮﺽ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ. -١ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ: ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ) (Geographic Information System: GISﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﳉﻤﻊ،ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ،ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ،ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ،ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ )ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ،ﺻﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺻﻮﺭ ﻓﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ، ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ،ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ،ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ،ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ )ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﱐ ﻭﺇﺣﺼﺎﺋﻲ( ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ،ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻭﺭﺳﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ][1,2 ﺍﻟـ GISﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ) ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ( ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ( ﻭﲞﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ( ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ GIS
ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ[3]. ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ...ﺍﱁ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺈﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭﺃﺳﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻴﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ. ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻋﺎﻡ ١٩٦٤ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ. ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻢ ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﻭ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻭ ﳕﺬﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ[4]. ﻭﺍﻫﻢ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ :ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ]،[6,5 ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ] ، [7ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ] ،[8,9ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ] ، [10,11ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ] [12,13ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )ﺯﻻﺯﻝ،ﺃﻋﺎﺻﲑ،ﺍﻧﺴﻜﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻄﻴﺔ....ﺍﱁ (].[14,15 ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ][1
٢٦
-٢ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ: ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﺎﱐ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ GISﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻨﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ. ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺍﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻮﻛﻠﺔ ﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻭ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﺋﻖ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ[16]. ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺎﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﲡﺮﺑﺔ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻠﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﰊ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭ ﻳﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺳﻌﻴ ﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺅﻭﺏ ﲝﺜﹰﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﰊ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ) ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ( ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ. ﻭﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﰊ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ .ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻋﱪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ،ﻭﻳﺪﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺩﰊ ،ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ،ﻭﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺐ .ﻭﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻭﻳﻦ ،ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﺎﺩﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ .ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺟﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ .ﻭﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﰲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﺛﻮﺍﻥ .ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ .ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ،ﳝ ﹼﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﰊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ[17]www.exploredubai.ae: ﻭﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﰎ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ[18].
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ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺤﺖ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ GISﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻭﻓﹼﺮ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻭﺇﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ. ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻌﲔ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﳕﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﳍﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﱵ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺔ ﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ[19]. ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ، ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘـﺮﺍﺭ. -٣ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ: ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﻀﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﳊﻀﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ .ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺎ ﻃﺮﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪﻫﺎ .ﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺛﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭ ﻋﺎﺋﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﲤﺖ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻳﻬﺪﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ. ﲤﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺪﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﻮﻣﻴﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﺣﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﳝﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﱪﻯ ﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ. ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻻﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﳐﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺘﻤﻊ ،ﻭ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺣﺎﺿﺮﺍ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ. ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ GISﻟﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﰲ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻻﲣﺎﺫ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻗﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ. ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟـ GISﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟـ GISﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﲨﻊ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ[20] .
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ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﰎ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺬﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ)ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ – ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ (...ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﻭﺣﻴﻮﻳﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻓﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﺮ ﻭﻧﺰﻭﻻ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻀﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻣﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ .ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺯﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳊﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ [21].
١-٣ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ،ﲨﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ: ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺪﺑﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﻠﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ %٧٠ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ[22]. ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺣﻴﻞ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻀﺒﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﺻﻌﺒﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻭﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ. ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺃﺩﻗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳑﻜﻨﺔ .ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ):ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﺣﺎﻡ ،ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ....ﺍﱁ ( ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺠﻢ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. ﻭ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ. ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟـ GISﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ،ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻠﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ [23]. ﲣﻄﻂ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﳍﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ﺑـ GPSﻭﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﲞﺼﺨﺼﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲝﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﺳﲑ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻭﻟﲔ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﳍﻢ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ،ﺍﻟـ GPSﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﻘﺐ ﺳﲑ ﺷﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﻟـ GISﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﰲ ٦ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﺘﺘﻢ ﺧﺼﺨﺼﺘﻬﺎ[24,25].
٢-٣ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ : ﺗﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺒﺔ ،ﻧﻈﺮﹰﺍ ﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ):ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ
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ﻭﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﻴﺔ ،ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻱ ،ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ،ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻟﻖ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳋﻄﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﳏﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻭ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ) ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ، ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ ،ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ،ﺍﻻﳓﺪﺍﺭ ،ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ، ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ( .ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟـ GISﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﻭﳏﺎﻭﺭﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ[26]. ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـ GISﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﻠﻰ ﳌﻄﺎﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻂ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ (Buffer, ) Overlayﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﱐ ﻭﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ) (Weighting, Preferencesﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳊﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ [26]. ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺟﺪﺍﹰ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺮ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ .ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺳﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ. ﻟﻠﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﳊﻘﻞ ﻃﻤﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )،(١ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ (Spatial ) ، Overlayﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺿﻊ[27]: .١ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺑــﺔ ﻏﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﳌﻨــﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ.ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).A-(١
.٢ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﺼﺪﻋﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ )ﻓﻮﺍﻟﻖ( ،ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻟﻖ، .ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).B-(١ .٣ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻀﺎﻥ ،ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).C-(١ .٤ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).D-(١ .٥ﻭﺃﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺣﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﳉﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻭﳚﺐ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﻮﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺍﺕ.ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).E-(١ ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﺑﺈﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗـﻊ ﺍﳌـﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﺣـﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻏﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻟﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ،ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﺍﺀ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).F-(١ ﲣﻴﻞ ﺍﻧﻚ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻃﻤﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻮﺃ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ،ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ،ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ[28].
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ﰎ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﺘﺮﺍﻃﺎﺕ ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻳﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ .ﰎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ: ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ٢٥٠,٠٠٠: ١ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﺘﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ٢٥٠,٠٠٠: ١ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻐﻄﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳌﺼﺮ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ٢٠٠٠٠٠٠ : ١ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﲟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ٥٠٠٠٠ :١ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﺪﺍﻓﻦ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻼﺣﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻞ ﳏﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﲤﻬﻴﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ[21].
)(Aﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺎﺭﻳﺔ
) (Bﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻟﻖ
٣١
) (Cﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ
) (Dﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ
) (Eﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ
) (Fﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ): (١ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﳊﻘﻞ ﻃﻤﺮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ
٣-٣ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ GISﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ: ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﳝﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻜﻬﺎ .ﻭ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ .ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ. ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ .ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﳏﺒﻄﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺮﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ [29].
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ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺼﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ .ﻓﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ: • ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. • ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﱯ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ. • ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ . • ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻠﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ.
٤-٣ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ GISﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ: ﺇﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭﺣﻠﻬﺎ. ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻟـ GISﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﻮﺭﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ [30].
٥-٣ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ:
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﻟﲑﺻﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ .ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻣﺮ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺳﻴﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﲔ : ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ :ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻤﻮﻟﺔ-
ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻼ ﺍﺭﺗﺸﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ. ﻣﺸﻜ ﹰ
ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﺒﻮﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻐﻂ ﰲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺄﺫﻯ .ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺄﺫﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺯ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺭﺗﺸﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻛﺒﲑ . ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻔﺘﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻓﻴﺴﺒﺐ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻏﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ. ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ :
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• ﻋﻤﺮ ﻭﻋﻤﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. • ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ . • ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. • ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. • ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ . ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ: ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻭﺯﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻥ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺻﻒ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻞﺀ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﲡﺎﺭﺏ ﺣﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﱪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ .ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﳓﺴﺐ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﺑﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﹰﺎ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺎ ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻏﻼﻕ ﺍﳌﻄﻤﺮ ﻭ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺟﺎﻫﺰﹰﺍ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮﻩ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻛﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻣﻼﻋﺐ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲡﻨﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ[31] .
٦-٣ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ.GIS ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ .ﻭﻻ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺎﺭ: ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻠﻴﺔ ) ، (Corrosivityﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ ) ،(Toxicityﺍﻻﺷﺘﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ) ، (Ignitabilityﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ) (Reactivity ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ .ﻭﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ.ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ. ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺪﻓﻨﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻭ ﲝﻘﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ. ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﺘﺪﻓﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﱪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﲰﻨﺖ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺣﱴ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺪﻓﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺑﺎﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﻷﺎ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ" ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ .ﻓﻔﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ١٣٨٦ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﻭﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﰒ ﰎ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺮﺽ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﺖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ[32]. ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺎﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﰎ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﻭﺍﻟـ VBﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ[33] .
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ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺎ ﰎ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ،ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ١٤٣ﻣﺸﻔﻰ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ، ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) (٢ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﱐ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ[34].
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(٢ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ -٤ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ:
١-٤ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ:
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﻘﺼﲑ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﲨﻊ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺿﻌﻒ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ. ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ: -١ﻳﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﺮﻳﻎ ﺣﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﳑﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﳍﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺣﱴ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺐ . -٢ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﺒﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ )ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﲬﺲ ﻭﻋﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻨﺔ(.
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-٣ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻲ. -٤ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﲔ. -٥ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ. -٦ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ. -٧ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ. -٨ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺪﺭﻭﺱ ﻭ ﺇﳕﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺁﱐ. -٩ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﻲ ) ﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﻲ( ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻭﻯ . -١٠ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﺀ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺴﻮﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻜﺪﻳﺴﻬﺎ -١١ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻨﻌﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺩﻣﺸﻖ ﻭﲪﺺ ﻭﲪﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﺩﻟﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ، ،ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻤﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﺣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ. -١٢ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﲤﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﱰﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ. -١٣ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ. -١٤ﻧﻘﺺ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ. -١٥ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ -١٦ﲪﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻗﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻟﻔﲔ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ . -١٧ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ. -١٨ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺪﱘ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ. -١٩ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ. -٢٠ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻴﹰﺎ. ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ.
٢-٤ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ :
ﺇﻥ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻘﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ
ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ. ﻏﺎﻟﺒﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ )ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﲞﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ( ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﻝ ،ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻧﺎﻗﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﱐ ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
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ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟـ GISﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺄﺧﻮﺫﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺎﻟـ GISﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺮﺍﺋﻂ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺪﻣﺞ ﺷﺮﳛﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ .ﻭﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ،ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺛﻴﺎﺕ ﲤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ) (featuresﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ ،ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﱐ ،ﻭﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺿﻴﺔ .ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻋﱪ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ،ﻋﺮﺽ ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ، ﻛﺎﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺆﻣﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ.
٣-٤ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ:
ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ) ﲨﻊ ،ﻧﻘﻞ ،ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ،ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ( ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﻭﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ : • ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟـ GISﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ. • ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟـ GISﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻔﻮﺀﺓ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ . • ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺐ . • ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ. • ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ،ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ،ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺣﻨﺎﺕ. • ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﻣﺔ. • ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ • ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨﲔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﺘﻤﻊ • ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ . • ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻳﺮﺍﺩﺍﺕ. • ﺗﺄﻣﲔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ. • ﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ.
٤-٤ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـ : GIS • ﺇﻥ %٨٠ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﱄ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﻜﺎﱐ . • ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ،ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ،ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ،ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ (
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• ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ . • ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻮﻣﻲ . • ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ. • ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻭ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ . •
ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ .
٥-٤ﻛﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﲔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻊ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﳚﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﲔ: • ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ. • ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ. ﺃﻭﻻ" :ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲGIS
ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: • ﲨﻊ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ) ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻝ.(GIS • ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ. • ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ) ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ(. • ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ )ﺩﻣﺞ( ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ. • ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲢﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ. ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲢﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻭﱄ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺟﻞ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ: -١ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﺭﻉ -٢ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ -٣ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ -٤ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ -٥ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺸﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ -٦ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳋﻄﻂ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻧﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ،ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ،ﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻻﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﺍﳉﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ، ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ ) ﺍﻟﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﺍﻵﺑﺎﺭ( ،ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﺤﲑﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻷﺎﺭ( ،ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎﹰ ،ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﺭ ،ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻥ. ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ" :ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﺷﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺩﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺎﻝ ﳌﻮﺍﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ
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ﰲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻫﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺍﺿﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭ ﲣﻄﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺣﱴ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﲔ. ﻗﺪ ﻳﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻓﻀﲔ ﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: • ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ. • ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ • ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺎﻭﻯ . ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﻋﺐ: • ﻛﺴﺐ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ. • ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻙ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ. • ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺳﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻔﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﲔ. • ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ . • ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ. • ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﻇﻔﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ. ﺃﺧﲑﹰﺍ :ﺇﻥ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺫﺍﺎ ﻛﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ .ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﺃﻣﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺧﲑ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ. -٥ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ : ] [1ﺟﺰﻣﺎﰐ ﺳﺎﻣﺢ ،ﻣﻘﺪﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ - 2001 ،ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ) ، (GISﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ 240،ﺻﻔﺤﺔ. ] [2ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ )(Environmental Systems Research Institute URL:http://www.esri.com/ [3] Geography Matters™ An ESRI ® White Paper • September 2002 URL: http://www.gis.com/whatisgis/geographymatters.pdf
] [4ﳎﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ - 2001،ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ): (GISﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ، ﺍﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ ،ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ، 37ﺹ . 24-26 [5] Lesley Hay wilson , Andrew P. Romanek and other,1999- using a geographic information systems to implement Risk Based Decisions in Corrective Action. The University of Texas at Austin. URL: http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/grad/haywilson/EPAGIS.pdf [6] Andrew Paul Romanek and other.1999- Bulding the foundation of Environmental Risk Assessment at the Marcus Hook refinary using geographic information systems, The University of Texas at Austin. URL: http://www.crwr.utexas.edu/0nline.html [7] Milan Pctkovic, Andrcja Milcnkovic, Dcjan Mitrovic and other. Several Examples of GIS Applications in urban and environmental planning .
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[8] Thomas H. Cahill, P.E., John Hoekstra, Wesley Horner, Susan McDaniels, and Michele Adams, P.E,2003-. Application of a Water Balance Model and GIS for Sustainable Watershed Management , American Society of Civil Engineers(ASCE) [9] L. R. Levick, M. R. Kidwell, and H. D. Fox,2000 - Integration of Watershed and Ecological Site Land Classification Scales Using GIS Technology, (ASCE). [10] Symeon Christodoulou, Pooyan Aslani, and Annie Vanrenterghem, 2003 - A Risk Analysis Framework for Evaluating Structural Degradation of Water Mains in Urban Settings, Using Neurofuzzy Systems and Statistical Modeling Techniques , ASCE, World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2003. [11] Peter J. Baldwin, George Hare, Steven Nye, Soyun Punyadasa, and Amanda McKevitt, 2003 - Development of a Planning Tool for the Hong Kong Harbour Area Treatment System , ASCE, Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage. [12] Steve Starrett, Omar Itani, Davalos. Hugo, Yacoub Najjar, and Lakshmi Reddi,2001- Locating Waste Management System Sites Using GIS Technology, Civil Engineering Database, section 1, chapter 267 http://www.pubs.asce.org/chrhome2.html. [13] Antonio Caputo,Pacifico Marcello Pelagagge,Federica Scacchia, 2002-GISassisted waste management in a protected area.Environmeental Management and Health.Bradford:2002.Vol.13,Iss.1;pg.71,9pgs. [14] Bambang Rudyanto,1997 - A Research on the Disaster Management System from the Great Hanshin Earthquake by Using GIS,1997 ESRI user conferense [15] Xiaoyi Zhang, 1997 -Hurricane Fran Disaster Response (GPS/GIS) Using Map Objects with Visual Basic Program, 1997 ESRI user conferense. [16] Enterprise GIS for Municipal Government, An ESRI® White Paper • July 2003
URL: http://www.gis.gov.ae/ [ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﰊ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ17] ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘــﺎﺕ ﻧﻈــﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻐـﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺸﻌـﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ- ٢٠٠١ ، [ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ18] ﺇﻗﻠﻴـﻢ: ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ.ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮﺍﻥ
ﺑﻌـﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨـﻤﻴـــﺔ ﺍﳌﺘـﻮﺍﺻــــﻠﺔ
ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘــﺎﺕ ﻧﻈــﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ، ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ،ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫــﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜــﱪﻯ .٢٠٠١ ﺷﺒﺎﻁ. ﻣﺼﺮ، ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ، ﺍﳉﻐـﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ http://www.jounieh.gov.lb:[ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ19] [20] Antonio Casimiro Caputo, Pacifico Marcello Pelagagge, Federica Scacchia,2002 - GIS-assisted waste management in a procted area, Environmental Management and Helth.Bradford: 2002. Vol. 13, Iss. 1; pg. 71 , 9 pgs.
ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ- ٢٠٠٣، ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﺇﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ.[ ﺩ21] ٢٣-٢١ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ- ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻗﺔ ٢٠٠٣ (ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ )ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺛﺎﻥ ٣٢٨ ،ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﺐ، ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ-١٩٩٥-١٩٩٤ ،[ ﻋﺎﻣﻮﺩ ﺣﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﲰﺎﻋﻴﻞ22] .ﺻﻔﺤﺔ [23] Ni-Bin Chang, GIS Technology for Vehicle Routing and Scheduling in Solid Waste Collection Systems,1997- Journal of Environmental Engineering , Vol. 123, No. 9, September 1997, pp. 901-910
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Gaurav Raghuvanshi,2004- Garbage trucks soon with GPS/GIS equipment,Businessline.Chennal: Apr 21, 2004.pg.1 Mehata Rakesh, 2004-At your service, Businessline.Chennal: May 3, 2004.pg.1 C.O. Uy and T.D. O'Rourke, 2000-Advanced GIS Applications for Civil Infrastructure Systems, Draft Version: 8 September 2000 Introducing Arcview GIS Version 3.0,1996-ESRI Pual Schiffer,1997The ABCs of GIS,World Wastes;Jun 1997,40,6; ABI/INFORM Global Darryl L. Petker P.E., Doug Ralston and Steve Barnett ,2000- California Integrated Waste Stream Profiles: GIS Application, 2000 ESRI International User Conference - June 26-30, 2000 Darryl L. Petker P.E.,2001 - Using GIS to Promote the Sharing of Environmental Information, 2001 ESRI International User Conference Damian C. Green,1996- GIS and its Use in Waste Management, 1996 ESRI European User Conference, ESRI (UK), London, England ,2nd - 4th October, 1996 Linh H Le, Trang Q Nguyen, David O Carpenter, and Lynn Woodhouse, EdD, CHES,2001- GIS and environmental health: hazardous waste sites in New York state, http://apha.confex.com/apha/129am/techprogram/paper_28416.htm Li-Hsing Shih and Hua-Chi Chang,2001- A routing and scheduling system for infectious waste collection, Environmental Modeling and Assessment 6: 261– 269, 2001. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands GIS for Hospital Waste Management in Lebanon http://venus.ce.jhu.edu/lebanon/hospital.html
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