INDEX

A

A/An, 13, 220 generalizations with, 81 use of, 13, 79 with be, 13, 72, 84 with questions, 220 with specific nouns, 13, 30, 79, 220, 230 with statements, 220 A few vs. (a) little or very little, 220 with count nouns, 220 A little vs. (a) few, 220 with noncount nouns, 220, 230 A lot before comparative form, 258 A lot of vs. too much/too many, 219, 226 with count and noncount nouns, 219, 226 Action verbs vs. nonaction verbs, 127, 130 with present continuous, 127, 277, 292 with simple past, 156, 277, 292 with simple present, 277, 292 Adjectives, 12–13, 234–253 after adverbs, 248 after be, seem, or sense-perception verbs, 6, 12, 13, 187, 188 after impersonal expressions (it + be), 188 before enough, 249 before nouns, 238, 249 comparative form, 258, 259 ending in -ed, 238 ending in -ing, 238 ending in -ly, 243 infinitives after, 185, 187–189, 206, 248, 278 nouns as, 241 possessive, 93, 95, 105 summary, 12, 238 superlative form, 258, 259 vs. adverbs, 243 with as . . . as, 219, 226 with plural nouns, 13 with too, 226, 248 with very, so, quite, and extremely, 238, 243 Adverbs, 234–253 before adjectives, 248 before enough, 249 comparative form, 258 of frequency, 54

of manner, 237 -ly forms, 237, 243, 258, 270 spelling of, 244 summary, 243 superlative form, 258 vs. adjectives, 243 with as . . . as, 219, 226 with too, 226, 248 with very, so, real, and quite, 243, 248 Affirmative statements, 281–282 with future, 281, 282 with modals, 282 with present continuous, 281 with simple past, 282 with simple present, 35, 47, 281 Almost with simple present, 54 Always with simple present, 54 Any vs. no, 72 vs. some, 79, 84, 220 with there + be, 72, 75 American experiences, 254–273

Denali, 256 unique customs of, 263 Apostrophes for contractions, 10, 12 for possession, 91–93, 108, 110–111 Articles, 64–87 definite (the), 79 after quantity words, 220–224, 226–227 before superlative form, 260 classifying or defining subject, 13–14 use of, 79 with specific nouns, 79 indefinite (a/an), 79, 84, 220 classifying or defining subject, 79 generalizations with, 81 use of, 79 with specific nouns, 79, 220 with there + be, 72, 84 summary, 84 As . . . as with adjectives and adverbs, 219, 226 As many/much . . . as, 219, 226 At

as preposition of time, 58, 60 Auxiliary verbs, 274–298 frequency questions, 56 in tag questions, 290, 292 subject questions, 108 with too and either, 288, 292

B

Base form. See Verbs: base form Be

adjectives after, 12 forms, 5, 28 in contractions, 10, 12, 28 negative statements with, 14 present, 2–31 short answers with, 18 simple past, 160 simple present, 5, 13 use, 6, 28 with adjectives, 13 with born, 160, 292 with how, 19 with prepositions of place, 28, 278 with that, 27, 28 with there, 72, 75, 84 with these, 27, 28 with this, 27, 28 with those, 27, 28 with time, 278 with weather, 278 yes/no questions with, 18 Be able to, 193, 194, 206 Be allowed to, 193, 194, 206 Be going to, 141–143, 148 vs. will, 143, 148

C

Can, 193–195 for ability/permission, 194 for politeness, 204 Cannot/Can’t, 193–195 for ability/permission, 194 pronunciation of, 195 Clauses if, 146 time, 146 Commas with adjectives, 238 with if clauses, 146 with infinitive phrase, 190 with time clauses, 146 Comparatives, 254–273 common, 258 forms, 258, 259 irregular, 258 summary, 257, 270 use, 264 with adjectives that end in -e, -y, 259

with as . . . as, 219, 226 with as many/much . . . as, 219, 226 with less and fewer, 270 with more, 258 with than, 264 with short adjectives and adverbs, 259 word order with, 266, 270 Contractions in informal writing, 10 in speech, 10 negative with be, 14 with be, 10, 28 with can’t, 193 with don’t/doesn’t, 18, 39 with is, am, are, 116 with modals, 193 with negative statements, 288 with present continuous, 118, 122, 123 with pronouns and be, 141 with pronouns and have or has, 198 with short answers, 18, 20, 43 with should, 193 with simple present, 122, 123 with subject pronoun and be, 14, 115 with subject pronoun and will, 137 with there + be, 72, 84 with was/were not, 158 with wh- question words, 19 with who, 105 with will, 137 with would, 193, 204 Could for past ability, 231 for past permission, 278 to ask permission, 204, 278 to make a request, 206, 278 Count nouns, 210–233 a few with, 220 articles with, 79, 220 plural, 213 quantities with, 217 questions using any, 220 questions using how many, 230 no with, 220 some with, 220 summary, 214–215 too many before, 226 using a/an, 79, 220 using some/any, 79, 84, 220 vs. noncount nouns, 210–233 with a few or several, 220 with a lot of/many, 219, 226 with as many … as, 219, 226 with expressions of quantity, 230

D

Definite article (the), 79 after quantity words, 79

before superlative form, 260 classifying or defining the subject, 79, 81 use of, 79 with specific nouns, 79 Do/Does/Did, in questions, 51, 94, 103, 108 Don’t/Doesn’t, 39 Don’t have to vs. must not, 198–199

E

Edit, 31, 63, 87, 111, 133, 151, 181, 209, 233, 253, 273, 297

Editing advice, 30, 62, 86, 111, 132, 150, 181, 208, 232, 252, 272, 296 practice, 30, 63, 87, 111, 132, 151, 181, 208, 233, 253, 273, 297 Education, 2–31 college admission test, 26 community colleges, 4 public schools, 17 -ed adjectives ending in, 258 for regular past verbs, 166 Enough, 234–253 as an adjective, 249 -er, comparative form, 254–273 -est, superlative form, 254–273 Ever questions with, 54 short answers with, 54

F

Few vs. (a) little, 220 Fewer vs. less, 264 Flight, 152–181 airplanes, 154

Earhart, Amelia, 157

Goddard, Robert, 163

Lindbergh, Charles, 157

Ride, Sally, 170–171 rockets, 163

Wright Brothers, 154 Frequency words and expressions, 54–60 answering how often with, 55, 57 in short answers, 54, 60 position of, 55 with simple present, 54, 60 From, as preposition of time, 58, 60 Future, 134–151 affirmative statements with, 137 forms, 141 in time clauses, 146, 277 negative statements with, 137 use, 139, 142 with be going to, 141, 142

with short answers, 137 with statements, 137 with there + be, 137 with time/if clause, 146, 277 with wh- questions, 137, 141 with will, 137, 139 with yes/no questions, 137, 141 Future, our, 134–151 career, choosing, 136 futurists, 140

G

Generalizations, making, 81 using some/any, 84, 220 Good vs. well, 243 Got to, informal pronunciation of, 198

H

Hardly vs. hard, 243 Have, as action vs. nonaction verb, 127 Have got to, 198 Have to, 193 Healthy living, 210–233 energy, 212 water, 218 weight management, 225 Housing 64–87 apartments, 71 costs, 66 tiny houses, 78 How many/How much with there + be, 72, 75, 84 How often, 57

I

If clauses with future, 146, 148, 277 with simple present, 146, 148, 277 Imperatives, 182–209 In, as preposition of time, 58, 60 Indefinite articles (a/an), 79, 84, 220 classifying or defining subject, 79, 81 generalizations with, 81 use of, 79 with there + be, 72, 84 Infinitives, 182–209 after adjectives, 187, 188 after be, 187, 188 after expressions with it, 188 after pronouns, 206 after nouns, 188, 206 after too and enough, 249 after verbs, 189 objects before, 189 to show purpose, 190 with too, 248 with verbs, 186

Information questions. See Wh- questions -ing form after time words, 130 as adjectives, 238 of verb, 117 spelling of, 117 with present continuous, 281 In order to, 190 Irregular adjectives and adverbs comparative form, 258, 266 superlative form, 258 Irregular noun plurals, 67, 70, 84 Irregular verbs, 35 simple past, 155, 167

It

infinitives after expressions with, 278

L

Late vs. lately, 243 Less vs. fewer, 264 Little vs. (a) few, 220 -ly adverbs, 237, 243, 244, 258, 270 with more, 258

M

Many vs. much, 219, 226 May for permission, 195, 204 for politeness, 204 for possibility, 204 vs. can, 195, 204 vs. maybe, 199 Maybe vs. may/might be, 199 May not, 193, 206 Might, 199, 206 for possibility, 199, 206 Modals and related expressions, 182–209 affirmatives, 193 answers, 193 be able to, 194, 206 be allowed to, 194, 206 can, 193, 194, 204, 206 can’t/cannot, 193, 206 could, 204 for politeness, 204 have got to, 198 have to, 197, 198, 206 imperatives, 206 may, 199, 204, 206 might, 193, 199, 206 must, 197, 206 must not, 198, 206 negatives, 193 not have to, 198, 206 patterns, 193

phrasal, 193, 206 questions, 193 should, 193, 196, 206 should not, 193, 206 statements with, 193 summary, 193, 206 will, 143, 148, 199 would, 193, 204, 206 would like, 206 Modifiers. See also Adjectives; Adverbs; Noun modifiers

More as comparative, 264 before comparative form, 258 Most as superlative, 258 Much before comparative forms, 258 vs. many, 219, 226 Must, 206 for necessity, 206 for prohibition, 206 vs. may/might, 206 vs. should, 206 Must not for negative conclusions/deductions, 198 vs. don’t have to, 198

N

Names, 88–111 customs of naming, 97 for hurricanes, 102 trends, 88 Negative questions with be, 47 with be going to, 148 with modals, 193 with present continuous, 281 with simple past, 282 with will, 148 Negative statements with any, 220 with be, 14 with be going to, 148 with future, 281, 282 with modals, 282 with present continuous, 281 with simple past, 169, 282 with simple present, 39, 281 with some/any, 84, 220 with there + be, 72, 84 with will, 148 Never verb after, 54, 55 with simple present, 54 Nonaction verbs vs. action verbs, 127

with present continuous, 127, 277 with simple present, 277 Noncount nouns, 210–233 a little with, 220, 230 articles with, 220, 230 groups of, 214–215 plural, 213 quantities with, 217 questions using any, 220, 230 questions using how much, 230 summary, 214–215 too many before, 226, 230 too much before, 226, 230 much with, 219, 230 many with, 79, 219, 230 no with, 220, 230 some with, 220, 230 vs. count nouns, 220–233 with a lot of, 219, 226 with as much . . . as, 219, 226 with some or any, 79, 84, 220 with units of measure, 217 Non-subject questions, 103 Nouns. See also Articles adjectives before, 12 after enough, 249 as compound words, 241 as modifiers, 241 before infinitives, 188, 206 comparatives with, 266, 270 contractions with, 5 count nouns, 210–233 definite article with, 79 irregular plural, 67, 70, 84 noncount nouns, 210–233 plural, 67, 70, 84, 105 possessive, 91, 105, 108 pronunciation of, 69 regular plural, 67, 84 singular, 67, 105 superlative before, 270 with indefinite articles, 13, 30, 79, 220, 230 with quantity words, 219, 220, 226 with there + be, 72, 84 with too much/too many, 219, 226 Noun modifiers, 234–253

O

Objects after preposition, 98 after verb, 98 before infinitives, 188, 206 defined, 98 direct, 98 inanimate, 91, 108 possessive with, 91 word order with subject and verb, 98

Object pronouns, 108–111 after preposition, 98, 108 after than, 264 after verb, 98 before infinitives, 188, 206 word order, 98 Often with simple present, 54 On, as position of time, 58, 60 One of the, before superlative, 58

P

Past. See Simple past People on the move, 274–298

Irving, Barrington, 276

Ntakarutimana, Chimene, 287

Salopek, Paul, 280 Planet, saving the, 112–133 birds, disappearing, 123 climate change, 126 lemurs, 114 parrots, cape, 116 Plural nouns, 64–87 count nouns, 210–233 generalizations with, 81 irregular forms, 67, 84, 91, 105 noncount nouns, 210–233 possessive forms, 91, 105 pronunciation of, 69 regular forms, 67, 84, 91, 105 spelling, 67 units of measure with, 210, 233 with are or there are, 5, 30, 72, 84 with some or any, 79, 84, 220 Possessive forms, 88–111 as noun modifiers, of adjectives, 93, 95, 108 of inanimate objects, 105, 108 of nouns, 91, 105, 108 of pronouns, 95, 108 of -s form of nouns, 91, 105, 108 with whose, 94, 108 Prepositions in fixed expressions, 25 object of, 98 object pronoun after, 98 of place, 24–25, 28 of time, 58, 60 word order with, 98, 260 in wh- questions, 25, 103 Prepositional phrases, after superlative form, 260 Present. See Simple present Present continuous, 112–133 affirmative questions with, 281 affirmative statements with, 115, 281 forms, 115–117, 125 negatives statements with, 116, 281

questions with, 120, 281 short answers with, 281 spelling of -ing form, 117, 281 uses of, 119, 125, 130 vs. simple present, 124–125 with action verbs, 130 with nonaction verbs, 127, 130, 296 Present progressive. See Present continuous Pronouns after than, 264 contractions with, 141 definite, 79 indefinite, 79, 84 object, 98–101, 108–111 possessive, 93, 95, 96, 108 relative, 103, 105 subject, 8, 43, 76, 93, 98, 101, 108, 137 that, 27 there, 76 these, 27 they, 76, 93 this, 27 those, 27 Pronunciation of -ed, 166 of -s form of nouns, 69 of -s form of verbs, 38 of can/can’t, 195 of going to as “gonna,” 141 of got to as “gotta,” 198 of irregular plural nouns, 70 of simple past of irregular verbs, 155, 167 of simple past of regular verbs, 155, 166, 178 of there and they’re, 76 of want to as “wanna,” 186 Punctuation apostrophes for contractions, 10 for possession, 91–93, 108–111 commas with adjectives, 238 with if clauses, 146 with time clauses, 146 Purpose, infinitives to show, 190, 278

Q

Quantity words and expressions units of measure, 210–233 using a few or several, 220, 230, 266 with a lot of, much, many, 220, 230 with count and noncount nouns, 210–233 with specific and non-specific nouns, 210–233 Questions about the subject, 103–111, 120–122, 130, 148, 158–159, 172–181 frequency words with, 57, 60 how often in, 57 non-subject, 103 prepositions in, 25 subject, 103 wh-. See Wh- questions with any, 220 with be going to, 141 with be in past, 160 with be in present, 10, 12 with do/does, 103 with modals, 282 for politeness, 204 with present continuous, 281 with simple past, 282 with simple present, 22, 43, 60 with some/any, 220 with there + be, 75 with verb tenses, 43 with what, 103, 108 with which, 103, 108 with who, 103, 105 with who’s, 105 with whom, 103, 105, 108 with whose, 94, 105 with will, 148 yes/no. See Yes/No questions

R

Regular noun plurals, 67 Regular verbs simple past, 155 Relative pronouns that, 95 which, 103, 108 who, 103, 105 whom, 103, 105 whose, 103, 105

S

Sense-perception verbs adjective after, 127 as action vs. nonaction verbs, 127 -s form of nouns plurals, 67, 70, 84 possessive forms, 91, 108 spelling of, 67 -s form of verbs plurals, 37 possessive forms, 108 pronunciation of, 38 spelling of, 37 Shopping, 182–209 digital, 184

Shopping (continued) returns, 203 tips, 201 Short answers with be, 18 with be going to, 141 with can/can’t, 193, 195 with frequency words, 54, 55 with future, 137, 281, 282 with modals, 282 with present continuous, 120, 281 with simple past, 282 with simple present, 22, 43, 65 with subject pronoun, 65 with there + be, 73 with wh- questions, 20 Should, 196 vs. must, 206 Simple past, 152–181, 277 affirmative statements with, 158, 159 forms, 155 irregular verbs, 155, 167 negative statements with, 158, 169 questions with, 171 regular verbs, 164 pronunciation of, 166 spelling of, 165 use, 156, 160 with short answers, 158 with be, 160 with wh- questions, 158, 159, 172 with yes/no questions, 158, 159 Simple present, 32–63 affirmative questions with, 75 affirmative statements with, 35, 47 after than, 264 forms, 35, 60 in if and time clause, 146, 148, 277 in time clause, 58, 146, 148, 277 negative questions with, 75 negative statements with, 18, 39 plural and singular nouns with, 35, 67 prepositions of time with, 58, 60 short answers with, 18, 20, 60, 65 subject, 8 use, 36, 37, 60 vs. present continuous, 281 wh- questions with, 20, 22, 47 with be, 5 with frequency words and expressions, 54, 55, 60 with nonaction verbs, 128, 129, 277 with there + be, 72, 84 with yes/no questions, 21 Singular nouns, 64–87 count nouns, 213–214 indefinite articles with, 79

generalizations with, 81 possessive with, 91 vs. plural nouns, 64–87 with a/an, 79 with there + be, 72, 84 Some, 79, 84, 220 as indefinite pronoun, 79, 84 vs. any, 79, 84, 220 Subjects classifying or defining, 160, 278 defined, 5 nouns as, 8 pronouns as, 8, 43 questions about, 103, 105 with be, 5, 12, 13 with simple present, 39 word order, 98 Subject pronouns, 5, 8 after than, 264 contractions with, 14 possessive, 91, 108 use, 8, 65 vs. object pronouns, 105, 108 vs. possessive adjectives, 93, 108 who, whom, whose, who’s as, 105 Superlatives, 254–273 common, 258 forms, 258, 259 irregular, 258 summary, 257 the before, 258, 260–262 use, 260 with adjectives that end in -e, -y, 259 short adjectives and adverbs, 259 with the most, 258 with usually, 269 word order with, 262 Student life 2–31 college admission tests, 26 community colleges, 4 public schools, 17

T

Tenses future, 134–151, 277 present continuous (present progressive), 112–133, 277 simple past, 152–181, 277 simple present, 5–31, 277 Than, 264 That as relative pronoun, 95 The after quantity words, 79 before superlative form, 79 classifying or defining subject, 79 use of, 79 with specific nouns, 79 There + be, 64–87 contraction with, 72, 84 indefinite article with, 72, 84 negative forms of, 72, 84 plural and singular nouns with, 64–87 questions with, 72, 75, 84 short answers with, 72 uses of, 84 with nouns, 72, 84 word order with, 84 Think, as action vs. nonaction verb, 127 Time clauses comma with, 146 with future, 146, 148, 277 with simple present, 146, 148, 277

To

form of verb after, 186, 187 in infinitives, 186, 187 with objects before infinitives, 189 with purpose, 190 Too, 234–253 before adjectives and adverbs, 226, 248 before an infinitive phrase, 248 vs. enough, 249 vs. very, 248 Too many before count nouns, 219, 226 vs. a lot of, 219, 226 Too much after a verb phrase, 226 vs. a lot of, 219, 226 with noncount nouns, 219, 226 Too much/Too many vs. a lot of, 219, 226 Travel, 32–63

Great Smoky Mountain National Park, 42

Times Square, 53

Washington, DC, 34

U

Until, 58 Usually with simple present, 54

V

Verbs action, 127 vs. nonaction verbs, 127, 129, 130 auxiliary, 274–298 in tag questions, 290, 292 with comparatives, 264 with too and either, 288, 292 base form after did, 169

after didn’t, 169 after do/does, 43, 47, 288 after don’t/doesn’t, 39, 47, 288 after modal, 278 in infinitives, 278 making -s form from, 37 infinitives after, 292, 296 -ing form, 115, 117 irregular simple past, 155 nonaction, 127 vs. action verbs, 127, 129, 130 -s form of, 35, 37 past of be, 158 present of be, 5, 6, 10, 12, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 28 review of, 274–298 sense-perception as action vs. nonaction verbs, 127 summary, 292 superlative after, 262 with modals, 278, 282, 292 with present continuous, 115, 119, 125, 130, 277, 281, 292 with simple past, 156, 178, 277, 282, 292 with simple present, 125, 130, 277, 281, 292 with the future, 137, 277, 281, 282, 292 word order, 98 Verb tenses. See Tenses Very, 234–253 adjectives after, 12 vs. too, 248 Vowels, 13

W

Was/Were past of be, 155 Well vs. good, 243 Wh- questions about meaning, spelling, cost, time, 51 about subject, 103, 108, 120 about object, 103, 108 informal, 47, 103 formal, 47, 103 how often in, 57 with be, 19, 22 with future, 137, 281, 282 with modals, 193, 282 with prepositions, 25 with present continuous, 120, 281 with simple past, 282 with simple present, 21, 47, 281 with tenses, 21 What happened, 172 Which as relative pronoun, 103, 108 Who as subject, 105 vs. whom, 47, 103, 105 vs. whose, 105 Whom as subject, 105 in wh- questions, 47, 103, 105 vs. who, 47, 103, 105 Whose as subject, 105 questions with, 94, 105 vs. who’s, 105 Who’s as subject, 105 Will future with, 137 vs. be going to, 143, 148 Word order in statements with be, 12, 84 with adverbs, 248

with comparatives, 266, 270 with frequency words and expressions, 30, 54, 57 with negative questions, 47 with object, 98 with prepositions in wh- questions, 98 with subject, 98 with superlatives, 262 with verbs, 98 Women, great, 234–253

Keller, Helen, 235

Ledbetter, Lilly, 240

Obama, Michelle, 247 Would in contraction, 193, 204 Would like, 206 Write, 31, 63, 87, 111, 133, 151, 181, 209, 233, 273, 297 Writing tip, 31, 63, 87, 111, 133, 151, 181, 209, 233, 273, 297

Y

Yes/No questions, 281–282 informal, 43 with be, 18 with ever, 56 with future, 137, 281, 282 with modals, 193, 282 with present continuous, 120, 281 with simple past, 159, 282 with simple present, 21, 43, 65, 281 with there + be, 75 word order in, 65, 75, 120, 141, 159, 172