Epigram issue 359 by Epigram

Alice Clarke and Megan Evans SU Correspondent and News Editor

arlier this year Bristol Students’ Union launched a survey to start a research project into consent culture and sexual harassment at the University of Bristol. Commissioned by Jason Palmer, Equality, Liberation and Access Officer 2019-2021, the research follows on from Bristol SU’s 2018 Let’s Talk about Sex survey which reported that over half of students who completed the survey had experienced sexual harassment. The initial online self-selection survey which formed the first part of the ‘No means no’ research was completed by 885 students. This survey has provided a series of recommendations for Bristol SU and the University of Bristol to work towards. Some of the key findings within the research highlighted areas such as students not feeling comfortable asking for or verbalising consent, low awareness of where to go for help, and 1 in 2 students expecting to experience sexual harassment at university. The report split the research findings into 5 categories: consent culture at the University; awareness of support; experiences of sexual harassment and assault; reporting harassment; and assault and seeking support.

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Editorial

epigram 26.10.2021

Co-Editor in Chief Co-Editor in Chief Deputy Editor Deputy Digital Editor

Holly Beaumont Filiz Gurer Joseph Marshall Flora Pick

Editorial Team 2021-2022

hile it has only been four weeks since the last time I was writing for our first edition, life already feels as though it’s moved so quickly. This has me reflecting on my last three years in this wonderful city and how easy it is to get bogged down in all the stresses of being a university student that you forget to take in the once-in-a-lifetime moments. The hundreds of pages of reading required for just one week of seminars, the having to think of three meals a-day to cook for yourself every day of the week, and having to remember to find time to be social and have fun. All these things can feel daunting and make you forget to enjoy the moment you are in, before it is gone. In my case, this being my final year, I am trying to remember that more than ever. A particular highlight of the year so far has been settling into my role at Epigram. It has enabled me to feel even more a part of Bristol and the student community, getting to meet so many new faces. It has shown me how much we, as students, have to offer. This particular moment, captured

News: Editor: Megan Evans Co-Deputy Editors: Roya Shahidi, Jess Millson Digital Editor: Jack Crockford Subeditor: Isobel Turner SU Correspondent: Alice Clarke Investigations Editors: Helen March, Greg Burke, Alfie Neville-Jones, Joe Green, News Reporters: Louis Chandor, Joe Sharp, Bibi Lebersoger, Freya Shaw BAME Affairs Correspondent: Tia Bahia Features: Editor: Flossie Palmer Deputy Editor: Alexander Sampson Digital Editor: Allegra Letts Subeditors and Columnists: Thea Powell, Marine Saint Investigations Editor: Billy Stockwell Opinion: Editor: Mark Ross Co-Deputy Editors: Katie Sowerby, Caitlin Palmer O'Shaughnessy Digital Editor: Charlie Osborne Subeditor: Mansi Virmani Arts: Editor: Katie Chalk Co-Dputy Editors: Oscar Hunter, Kate Bowie Digital Editor: Greg Evans Arts Critic: Bamidele Madamidola Subeditor: Sophie Sherman TV & Film: Editor: Ben Carpenter Deputy Editor: Isha Vibhakar Digital Editor: Madeleine Ellis Columnist: Evelyn Heis Subeditor: Chezelle Bingham Music: Editor: Theo Kent Co-Deputy Editors: Emma Pope, Mia Smith Digital Editor: Josh Templeman Subeditor: Chezelle Bingham Sci-tech: Editor: Sarah Dalton Deputy Editor: James Emery Digital Editor: Bethany Winget Subeditor: Isabella Ferguson Sports: Editor: Nischal Schwager-Patel Deputy Editor: Lexi Bothamley-Dakin Digital Editor: Artemis Denton Investigations Editor: Charlie Wilbraham Subeditor: Leo Harland Chief Proofreader: Hester Cameron

in this edition of Epigram, is a particularly special one, being that it is Black History Month. We have commemorated Black History Month, notably, in our Film & TV section where you can find examples of Black cinema that are focused on positive Black experiences, as well as in our Sport section where we shed light on Bristol Bear’s first Black player. Along with this, you can find out about the charity campaign run by a Bristol alumnus, aiming to raise £10,000 for Black Minds Matter UK. So, take it all in and don’t miss the moments captured in Epigram’s 359th edition. Seeing the newspaper come together this month fills me with immense pride at the colossal team effort that goes into its making and all of us here at Epigram hope you love reading it just as much as we love writing it. As well as these, this edition includes the world premiere of the new Bristol based drama, ‘The Outlaws’, which Filiz and I were lucky enough to attend earlier in the month. This was undoubtedly a highlight of the year and not one to miss! Enjoy reading!

Business Team

Managing Director Tim Edwards Head of Marketing Sophie Brassey Deputy Director Joshua Ang Head of Ads and Sales Lucas Arthur Head of Finance Matthew Chang Head of Alumni Elena Venturelli In print and online, Epigram is the independent student newspaper of the University of Bristol. We are run for students, by students, and have a combined readership of over 20,000. Our content is not controlled by the University or the Students Union and we remain politically neutral. Views expressed in this publication are not those of the University or Bristol SU. The design, text, and photography are copyright of Epigram and its individual contributors that may not be reproduced without permission. Epigram is printed regularly and can be found around campus, in cafes and student accommodation. We have a large editorial and business team who work hard, alongside their degrees, to create Epigram for both print and online. Printed by: Newsquest Media Group, 4th Floor, Queens House, 55/56 Lincolns Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LJ

Clarifications, Corrections and Retractions

As an independent publication, Epigram strives to be as accurate and impartial on student news as possible. However, should you wish to raise any editorial, commercial or legal concerns, please email editor@epigram.org.uk with the problem, addressed to the Editors-in-Chief. Please be sure to include the issue number and article headline if the article was in print, or the URL if the article was online. We endeavour to correct any inaccuracies as soon as they are raised with us.

News

Editor Co-Deputy Editor Co-Deputy Editor Digital Editor

Got a story for the newsteam? Email newsteam.epigram@gmail.com

Megan Evans Roya Shahidi Jess Millson Jack Crockford

• Sneak peak of Epigram's interview with the newly appointed co-leader of the Green Party, Carla Denyer. Full interview available online at Epigram.org.uk Billy Stockwell Investigations Editor

arla Denyer, the new co-leader of the Green Party, speaks with clarity and warmth about her vision for the Green Party going forward. Speaking to Epigram on the day that the UK Government's £1trillion net zero plan was released, Denyer gives her advice to students trying to bring about change on University campus and beyond. Epigram: You said recently that you realise climate change was a really important issue at university. If you were to go back to that time, what advice would you give your

younger self, that today’s students might want to hear? Carla: That's a really interesting question. My advice to my younger self or to other people who are in similar situations, is just try and focus on where you can have an impact. It doesn't matter if that's small to start with, because as your skills and your confidence grows, your sphere of influence will grow as well. In my final couple of years at Uni, as well as finishing off my engineering degree and getting some work experience in the renewable sector, I also stood for election as 'environment rep'. I used that position to lobby my college to provide recycling facilities, because amazingly in 2007, 2008, they still weren't providing recycling in student bedrooms. Which is like, come on guys, recycling isn't new anymore! I put together a case for why it wouldn't cost too much money, that it costs less in the long run, and I presented that to the college management. I managed to persuade them to make that change, and ended up winning an award for it. That

Carla Denyer/Green Party

‘You can achieve real change!’: Carla Denyer, co-leader of the Green Party, gives her advice to university students

was quite a small thing … but it gave me the experience of lobbying for something, and winning and getting what we were asking for. That experience of being part of

an organised campaign, lobbying for something and getting a win, teaches you so much. You can apply that to other areas of your work or your life.

And it's not just a practice ground either. You can achieve actual change! Full interview available online at Epigram.org.uk

Government propose to reduce student loan repayment threshold • The proposal to lower the student loan repayment threshold from £27,295 to £23,000 per year has angered students and MPs • This would affect all those who have taken out student loans since 2012

Helen March

News Investigations Editor

t the beginning of September, The Financial Times reported that the government planned to reduce the student loan repayment income threshold from £27,295 to £23,000 per year. This is set to affect all previous and current students who have tak-

en out loans since 2012. The current plan would reverse Theresa May’s 2018 decision to increase the income level at which graduates must start repaying their student loans. This government proposal, which comes alongside the announcement that National Insurance rates are set to go up, has been met with adversity on many fronts. Both MPs and organisations such as the National Union of Students have publicly opposed it. The proposal, which was initially put forward in the Augar review of 2019, also suggested extending the period before the expiry of repayments from 30 to 40 years and

Waltmann, senior research economist at the Institute of Fiscal Studies, argued that an extension of the period within which graduates must repay their student loans would be of greater benefit than a reduction of the repaymeent threshold. This is not the first time such measures have been suggested: in June 2021, the Guardian released an article suggesting that by lowering the repayment threshold, the government would save around £4 billion. The aim of the change in threshold, according to the financial times, is to channel young people into more ‘technical’ and less ‘soft’

It is estimated that it would cost current students and graduates on the average salary £800 more annually. reducing fees from £9250 to £7500. The changes are set to save the government around £2 billion. Ben

degrees such as the arts, with the government attempting to dissuade young people from viewing univer-

sity as the default option. This proposal, put forward by Chancellor of the Exchequer Rishi Sunak, has been met with severe adversity from the National Union of Students, who have released a petition calling for the government to rethink these measures. It is estimated that it would cost current students and graduates on the average salary £800 more annually. In a recent poll conducted by Epigram, we found that 91% of over 200 people who voted disagreed with the proposal to lower the repayment threshold. On top of this, 93% of voters said they did not feel that the government were doing enough to support both current and postgraduate students after the pandemic. The adverse effects which this could have on students in the coming years has caused much concern. Second-year English and History

student Madeline Willis said: ‘The imposition of this underhand amendment to student-loan repayments represents a continuity in what feels like a penal system that systematically cripples students financially in the years following their graduation.’ This sentiment was echoed by fellow second-year student Katie Sowerby: ‘I feel misled about my student loan and think it is completely unacceptable. Once again I feel let down by our government.’ Despite this negative response from students, the government continue to stand by their current position. In a response to The Guardian, the Department of Education said: ‘The student loan system is designed to ensure all those with the talent and desire to attend higher education are able to do so, whilst ensuring that the cost of higher education is fairly distributed between graduates and the taxpayer.’

4 News

epigram 26.10.2021

a "bubble" where you will get a slap all Bristol students. The results have on the wrist.’ given us a better understanding of The report revealed very low levels what needs to happen next and have of awareness of where to seek supprovided a good evidence base to port from the University if they or present to the university.’ someone they know had experienced Bristol SU will work in partnersexual asOf this small number who were ship with the sault or University of aware of the services, an even Bristol on these harasssmaller number (less than 30) published recment. Only again had felt comfortable enough ommendations 8% of respondents to share experiences of reporting and hold them r e p o r t e d sexual violence to the university. and ourselves that they accountable knew what services were offered for tackling sexual violence in our Alice Clarke and Megan by the University's Sexual Violence student community. Evans Liaison Officers and similarly, just Claire Slater, Director of Student SU Correspondent and News 11% of respondents were aware of Life and Well-being at the University Editor the services provided by Report and of Bristol, said: Support service. ‘We encourage all students who Continued from the front page: Of this small number that were have experienced harassment in any he report notes how ‘almost aware of these services, an even form to contact us even if they don’t half of respondents had smaller number (less than 30) again want to tell the whole story, it’s imexperienced sexual harasshad felt comfortable enough to share portant they tell us something has ment since starting university, and experiences of reporting sexual vihappened so we can signpost them 29% had experienced sexual assault,’ olence to the university. The report to, or offer, appropriate support. This with sexual assault most often being notes how of this number, ‘students can be done anonymously via Recommitted by a fellow student. appeared to have positive experiencport and Support if they prefer. Most often respondents reported es reporting to Sexual Violence Liai‘Along with other universities, that harassment and assault had ocson Officers, but more mixed experiBristol has a team of Sexual Viocurred at clubs, pubs or on the street ences reporting their experiences to lence Liaison Officers who can prorather than campus itself. This highResiLife or through the University’s vide specialist advice – referring lights the importance of a city wide, Report & Support service.’ to services both inside and outside cohesive effort to combat sexual viLeah Martindale, the current the university as appropriate. Since olence as highlighted in this report. Equality, Liberation and Access Ofthese new roles have been introThis comes just a few weeks after ficer said: duced, we’ve seen a steady increase two 18 year old men were arrested ‘The fact that 1 in 2 students exin the number of students coming after viral footage from Pryzm Brispect to experience sexual harassment forward and those we’ve been able tol showed a woman's drink being at university shows the wider issue to help. spiked at the nightclub. around consent and harassment in ‘We also work with students to When asked ‘what more, if anysociety. These issues recur on the raise awareness of the importance thing, do news again of consent when they first come to you think ‘The fact that 1 in 2 students expect and again – it's Bristol, with the aim of changing the Uni- to experience sexual harassment heartbreaking behaviours and attitudes. We are versity and to see. I want committed to continuing to work in at university shows the wider issue the Stuthis research to partnership with Bristol SU to adaround consent and harassment in help us switch dress this important issue.’ dents' Unsociety.' ion can do up what we do ‘Bristol SU has already committed to build a at the Universito continuing work with students stronger culture of consent on camty, but we all have a responsibility groups to increase understanding pus?’, there was a strong emphasis for change in wider society.’ and knowledge to tackle sexual by many respondents on making the Tackling Sexual Violence and violence. We will also look to imconsequences to those who commit Misconduct and improving the culplement the recommendations that sexual assault very clear. There were ture of consent at Bristol is one of will improve our responses as an calls for a clear and visible policy on the 2021/22 Bristol SU Officer team organisation, such as ensuring our what happens to students who compriorities. governance structures, policies and mit sexual harassment or assault Leah continues: ‘The aim of the procedures are supportive and emwere also prominent in the responsresearch was to develop our underpowering for survivors.’ es. Many would like to see serious standing in order to help us improve The SU will begin to conduct the repercussions for the perpetrators. the support available to students and second phase of the project in NoOne respondent said, ‘EMPHASISE inform our approach to sex and convember. This will investigate conthat if someone has sexually assult education at Bristol. Some of the sent culture in student groups and saulted another person in university, statistics from this research are realconsent education further through it won't only be the university that ly worrying and highlight some of a series of focus groups. Those who gets involved, the POLICE will be inthe wider issues around consent and would like to be involved in the next volved if the victim presses charges, harassment in our society. phase of the project, or read the full and the perpetrator will face severe ‘I’m really determined that we use report, can visit bristolsu.org.uk/noconsequences. The university is not this research to improve the lives of means-no.

Graphs from Bristol SU's 'No means no' report

• The results released last week by Bristol Students' Union reveal the scale of sexual harassment at the University • The report published follows follows on from Bristol SU’s 2018 Let’s Talk about Sex survey

Graphs from Bristol SU's 'No means no' report

No means no – Bristol SU shares results of consent culture and sexual harassment research

News 5

epigram 26.10.2021

University of Bristol secures partial planning permission for Temple Quarter Campus • Following delays and complications securing planning permissions for the prospective campus, the University has gained permission for the construction of a research hub in the Temple Meads area. • The research facility is due to be open in 2022

Joseph Sharp News Reporter

t has been confirmed that the University has secured the planning permission to convert two industrial buildings into its ‘most state-of-the-art and world-leading research facilities’. This new research facility is to be located on Avon Street, in the St Philips area of Temple Meads. This will replace the former Vauxhall Drive workshop and plans to be open by early 2022.

However, the space will not be fully complete until early 2023. The research facility will host the Bristol Digital Futures Initiative, an innovation focused initiative that emphasises the creation of technologies for the betterment of the world. It will also host the MyWorld initiative which aims to make Bristol and Bath a centre of creative technologies. Both schemes are supported by £100 million and £46 million of university funding respectively. The planned space boasts features such as an auditorium, a research and development studio space, a collation-focused ‘Neutral lab’ and the world’s first ‘Reality Emulator’ space, which aims to use digital interaction to allow teams to interact with ‘digital models of physical and social worlds’. These planning permissions The planned space due to open in September come after delays boasts the world’s first 2022. caused by comThe current plans for the ‘Reality Emulator’ full campus, which intends plications with wider developto span 14.85 acres and ment plans in the St Philips area, host 3,000 students, have not yet with the full campus (rather than been fully secured. just the research hub) initially being However, the university aims to

Concept art. University of Bristol

have the construction on this site start in summer 2022, to be finished for summer 2025. Robert Kerse, the University's Chief Operating Officer, stated: 'This is an important and exciting milestone [...] and will provide a fantastic new base for some of

the University’s most exciting and world-leading research programmes. 'This will be the first step in regenerating and delivering the future vision for Temple Quarter and St Philip's Marsh and will help drive the city and region’s post Covid recovery.'

News 6

epigram 26.10.2021

News in Brief

Freya Shaw

mongst feelings of high tensions regarding women’s safety, the campaign Girls Night In has been launched across the UK to raise awareness for the increase in spiking. The campaign was launched by Bristol Student Milly Seaford, who is currently intercalating in Edinburgh, and another Edinburgh student Martha Williams. The Instagram account @ girlsnightoutbristol told Epigram that ‘They started the page as they had growing anxiety on nights out with fear of being spiked especially by injectables. Although Bristol doesn't seem to have as bad of a spiking problem the recent video of the alleged spiking in Bristol Pryzm shows that we're not exempt!’ The student led boycott in Bristol is set to happen on 27 October but is happening nationwide as a movement. GNI Bristol also said that ‘Ideally our end goal is to change the class

of date rape drugs from class C to a higher class so there are more consequences for offenders.’ In under 24 hours the Instagram account gained over 1.4k followers, clearly showing the widespread support for the anti-spiking movement across Bristol Students. 2nd Year Bristol Student Olivia Raymond said, ‘I feel like there is a constant threat to my friends and I, and that we can never fully relax and enjoy nights out’, and that as a result she fully supports the boycott to help stop spiking. Another student Lottie Adams similarly commented that ‘Stories of being spiked have wrongly become part of the normalised discourse surrounding club culture. Hopefully this campaign will change that.’ The fears were summarised by another female student affected by the spiking Marine Saint who said, ‘It’s really important for the conversation surrounding spiking to focus on stopping victim-blaming and

how to stop spiking people. Given the anxiety and health risk it has created for clubbing and nightlife, it is vital that there is urgent change to the way clubs are run and people are educated on nights out.’ GNI highlighted to Epigram how ‘We are doing more than simply boycotting. We have been in contact with many night clubs and university clubs (UOB and UWE) to see what we can achieve together. In particular lizard lounge has offered to increase the amount of posters for awareness on spiking and where to turn for help, they have also considered ordering cup caps and bottle stops to prevent adding substances to drinks and they are undergoing staff training in drink spiking on Tuesday 26/10. We've also had contact with Fishies who run sports night - they are bringing up our concerns to the owners of Bristol clubs. The SU and other committees are discussing the spiking epidemic in meetings.’

Region's top football clubs back new campaign to tackle domestic abuse

he pandemic highlighted aspects of society that many had previously tried to ignore, not least women’s safety. In recognition of this, top sports clubs in the South-West have launched a campaign with the University of Bristol that encourages men to assess their behaviour towards women, both in ongoing relationships and in understanding how they may have been abusive in the past. The #ChangeChampions campaign involves asking men who are concerned about how their actions in relationships could be abusive to take part in the 23-week REPROVIDE programme to help them to understand and change their behaviour. Bristol Rovers, Bath City FC and County In

University of Bristol

Charlie Wilbraham

The Community (Newport County AFC) have signed up to support the campaign by helping to publicise REPROVIDE across their club and member forums. A statement from the University describes REPROVIDE as being led by researchers from “Bristol's Centre for Academic Primary Care in partnership with the charities Barnardo's, Splitz Support Service, NextLink, Phoenix Domestic Abuse Services and Respect” and that “the programme was awarded National Urgent Public Health Priority Status by the National Institute for Health Research [NIHR] due to the increase in domestic violence and abuse during the coronavirus pandemic”. Typ-

ically, women’s safety conversations in our media are warped by male understandings of the issue that centre it around how women can adapt their actions to reduce the chance of their being abused or assaulted. This campaign rightly places the onus on men to better understand how their behaviours can affect those around them, encouraging them to speak openly about their feelings throughout the programme. Alongside this, the campaign supports and involves the partners and ex-partners of the participating men so that the effectiveness of the programme can be understood. Dr Karen Morgan, Research Fellow in the Centre for Academic Primary Care at the University of Bristol spoke of the importance of this approach: ‘Not all domestic abuse is physical. It can be emotional, sexual, financial or controlling behaviour, but whatever form it takes, it is important that men who are concerned about their behaviour in relationships have somewhere to turn for help.

Joe Green

Former University of Bristol student returns to Uni to study PhD aged 60

niversity of Bristol alumnus Harry Benson is returning to the University at the age of 60 study a PhD with the School of Policy Studies. After completing a psychology degree at Bristol, Harry has gone on to run his own relationship charity in the city, with the Bristol Community Family Trust helping 7000 people across 700 courses before closing down in 2013. Since then, Harry has been research director at the Marriage Foundation, a charity that advocates for healthy marriages. The return to education is the next step in a career that has also seen him fly helicopters for the Navy and work as a banker in Hong Kong and Bangkok. Having initially become interested in marriage after his own relationship with wife Katie reached breaking point while working in Asia, Harry’s move back to the West Country has seen him spend his working life

Canva

Girls Night In campaign launched to spread awareness for the increase in spiking victims

helping others build and maintain healthy marriages. Regarding his motivation for returning to University at this stage in his life, the father-of-six declared that ‘life begins at 60,’ and that ‘our last child left home this year and I thought “I’m still hungry”.’ Having started his course in recent weeks, Harry intends to publish several papers on marriage over the course of his PhD that will achieve ‘legacy and impact.’

Features

Editor Flossie Palmer Digital Editor Allegra Letts Deputy Editor Alexander Sampson

Bristol's nightlife scene unpacked: spiking spate and street (un)safety

Following recent cases of drink spiking in Bristol nightclubs, Epigram investigates just how safe the city's streets are at night. Marine Saint

Features Columnist & Subeditor TW: This article includes sensitive topics, such as sexual harrassment, that may be triggering for some readers. lubbing, going to bars, and meeting friends for drinks at the pub has become ingrained into many university students’ routines since the start of the new term. But one thing eclipsing students' experiences has been the rise in spiking since clubs opened fully this summer. The experience of both walking back home or to a venue in the dark, and also drinking in clubs or bars has exacerbated long-standing dangers of spiking and sexual harassment which contion of drink spiking was brought to tinue to threaten the student body our attention, we reported it to the and have resulted in anxiety and police and will continue to help with elaborate precautions for safety. the ongoing investigation. The safeThe viral video of a man appearty and welfare of our guests is our ing to drop a substance in a woman’s number one priority, and we do all drink in Bristol’s PRYZM nightclub we can through our We Care initigenerated a huge impact amongst ative to create a safe and fun night students and highlighted how easily out. We urge anyone who sees suswe can be made vulnerable in clubs picious behaviour or suspects they through spiking, which is often difhave been a victim of drink spikficult to prove on camera or through ing, to seek assistance immediately testimony. Confessions pages across from a member of staff or security social media have spread similar who are trained to help and who also news of spiking experiences in other have the support of our onsite medic. university towns, without the reperWe take all allegations of this nature cussions of curfew conditions the very seriously and anyone suspected two Gloucestershire teens (arrested of being involved, as in this case, is after being identified by Avon and handed over to Somerset police) ‘Women's safety apps do the police. We are facing. not target the heart of the would also like E p i g r a m to remind peoreached out to problem: male violence ple on a night PRYZM after the against women.' out to be vigireported spiking lant and never case, and they leave their drink unattended, never highlighted the club’s duty of care accept a drink from somebody they and efforts to maintain their We Care don't know, and to not drink anyinitiative. Set up by the UK’s largthing they didn't see being poured.’ est specialist operator of late night Elaborate methods to cover one’s bars and clubs, Rekom, it outlines drink, such as anti-spiking clingfilm, the support mechanisms in place at and even the frequently used ‘Text clubs such as an onsite medic, the me when you get home’ message to Ask Angela policy if you need to friends at night, emphasises how in alert staff that you feel unsafe, and addition to clubs and bars taking acfree phone charging services to be tion to prevent unsafe situations in able to keep in contact with friends clubs despite their often busy and throughout the night. crowded environment, society at A spokesperson from PRYZM, large needs to be educated on how Bristol said: ‘As soon as this allega-

Epigram / Flossie Palmer

to protect vulnerable women and police, which in itself can be difficult support victims. to achieve if venue staff are uncomWomen’s safety apps, such as the pliant, or the alleged victim is alone call service ‘Strut Safe’ (0333 335 or has experienced memory loss, 72 0026), offer a call when walking alone per cent were reported as female by at night on weekends, and more genthe British Transport Police between eral apps like Life 360 can be used 2015 and 2019. Across this time, to track your friends’ locations. As a there were more than 2,600 reports consequence of the murder of Sarah of spiking incidents reported to the Everard, BT has launched the GPS police as revealed by the BBC Radio tracking system 5 Live Investiga‘Walk me Home’ tions Unit. ‘72 per cent of spiking for lone women The official victims are female.' at night which and, devasallows users to tatingly, even call 888 and raises an alarm if they greater unreported figure continues do not reach their expected destinato rise and has led to social media tion. However, as The End Violence campaigns such as ‘I’ve been spiked’, Against Women coalition and other set up by Mair Howells after her own campaigners reported to the BBC, the spiking experiences, or ‘Everyone’s use of such apps does not target the invited’, a sexual assault testimony heart of the problem: male violence and awareness space founded by against women and girls. Soma Sara, to circulate advice as to It has been made abundantly clear how we can spot spiking and assist through experiences of students and those in need. clubbers with spiking, and recent poAccording to Drinkaware, alcohol lice cases of women assaulted whilst is more frequently added to drinks to alone at night, that action must be spike them, but date-rape drugs such taken. At a UK level, a positive start as Rohypnol or GHB or recreational would be to sign Victoria Parrott’s drugs like LSD, Ketamine, or Ecstasy petition for free spiking kits in clubs, can also be used. Symptoms, which available on the government’s petivary depending on your previous altions site. For Bristol students, folcohol intake, the mix of substances, lowing the Bristol Nights campaign and bodyweight, include lowered rules for a safe night out, and sharinhibitions, loss of balance, visual ing experiences of sexual harassproblems, confusion, nausea, vomment on nights out anonymously to iting, and unconsciousness. Date The Bristol Cable is encouraged. rape drugs take effect within 15-30 Of spiking cases reported to the minutes, and they advise that if you

think there may be a possibility of sexual assault you should try to confide in someone you trust, visit the police, local GP surgery or hospital, or call the Rape and Sexual Abuse Support Centre on 0808 802 9999 (12–2.30pm and 7-9.30pm every day). The Student Union has collated their advice to keep students safe at night, which can be accessed on their website. Bristol SU’s Equality, Liberation and Access Officer Leah Martindale stressed how they plan to lobby for ‘funding for drink toppers, and a commitment from our university bars to sign up to a scheme like Ask Angela.’ Martindale emphasised how the SU is working hard to address student safety as part of their communication around the Welcome period, especially in light of the circulated spiking video, and are continuing to prioritise this issue. Whilst it is reassuring to know that there exists online support such as women’s safety apps and networks of shared experiences, it is apparent that the campaign for night-time safety needs more basic practical solutions. Most importantly, there needs to be compulsory education for our peers, especially male students given the proportion of male perpetrators, regarding consent, behaviour in clubs and bars towards strangers, and the legal implications of harassing or spiking others at night.

Features

epigram 26.10.2021

In memory of Olisa Odukwe, Young Goat launches its biggest charity campaign yet with Black Minds Matter UK Bristol alumni clothing brand, Young Goat, are aiming to raise £10k for Black Minds Matter UK Allegra Letts Digital Features Editor

ounded by University of Bristol alumni, the Young Goat clothing company believes that ‘anyone can be the GOAT’. That mentality has been embedded in the group of founders since they were just a few students playing on the Uni football team, planting a seed to start up a brand that fosters a sense of community, acceptance, and inclusion. It’s the same sentiment that Arthur Leventhorpe, Head of Ops and Co-Founder of the brand, reiterated when he told Epigram about their biggest charity campaign yet with Black Minds Matter UK. Black Minds Matter UK is a charity focused on providing individuals and families from the black community with free mental health resources and support, specifically by offering individual sessions run by black therapists. Through this, the charity is aiming to remove the neg-

Epigram / Young Goat

ative stigma that surrounds mental illness within the community, and to make information around the subject more accessible and pertinent to black people in the UK. According to a report by the Race Equality Foundation, ‘the evidence suggests that black and minority ethnic communities are at high risk of mental ill health and are disproportionately impacted by social detriments associated with mental illness.’ In this case, Young Goat’s campaign is not only providing funds to support

these valuable sessions, but is also contributing its platform to a wider discussion about the stark racialisation of these issues. In terms of philanthropic efforts, this isn’t Young Goat’s first rodeo; they have worked with charities and organisations focused on mental health initiatives in the past, including leading mental health charities like Second Step and Off The Record. However, it’s certainly their biggest, producing a collection of unisex tees from which 100% of profits will be

memorate Olisa’ s love for UK rapdonated directly to the charity. Arper Dave’s song, Purple Heart. For thur told Epigram of their ambitions Young Goat, this campaign is perand aims to raise £10,000 for the sonal. Certainly, it should be for stucharity. At the time of interview, dents too. Mental illness is a harsh they were nearing £2000 having reality for many within the student only launched days before. With the community, but a reality we can all University of Bristol’s Student Untake steps to change by supporting ion backing the campaign, it would campaigns and initiabe an achievement not tives just like these only for the brand at Young Goat. and charity, but To show also for the your supstudent port, you commucan purnity at chase a Bristol Black Minds as a whole. Matter UK x Further motiYoung Goat T-Shirt vating the team at online on the Young Goat’s deYoung Goat websire to ensure the site. All profits will campaign’s success be donated to Black was the passing of Minds Matter UK. their friend and colA pre-order system league, Olisa Odukwill be available we, who lost his Epigram / Young Goat when sizes sell out. own battle to menTo keep track of the tal health at just 20 campaign’s progress, Arthur has diyears old, while studying at Bristol. rected supporters to the @youngArthur explained the personal mogoat Instagram, where updates are tivation to honour the life of Olisa, made frequently, and links are availwith the addition of a purple heart able to make direct donations. on the sleeve of the t-shirt to com-

Funding and finding textbooks: the added expense of studying

Features Subeditor

t’s safe to say that our studies, whichever degree we choose to study, are rooted in the resources we read and have access to: they are not only full of another world of information and critical opinion, they are the springboard for our independent thought, and allow us to expand our minds at a level not offered to us in our previous schooling. And yet one of the biggest surprises I’ve found upon reaching university is the difficulty students face when trying to find or fund the essential resources for our weekly work – and a lot of people I’ve spoken to about it are pretty peeved, too. The first dilemma you might

face is actually getting your hands on the books you need. Naturally, English reading lists are longer than other degrees with a different selection of reading, such as STEM subjects, but from speaking to friends who study a whole variety of subjects, the struggle to find the essential and recommended reading stretches far beyond the arts. The inspiration for this article came from a trip to Waterstones, where a Law student friend and I both spent over £120 each on books for the next 12 weeks – I mean, really? Obviously, we all know the library is amazing, and I mean in no way to criticise the resources the library is able to provide with the funding it has. But when there are over 80 people on a particular unit, all studying the same set texts, and there are less than 10 copies of this text in the library, it leaves students in a bit of a pickle, to say the least. If you don’t get your hands on a copy early, you’re left with long

waiting lists that can’t guarantee you having the text in time for the seminar, and if you do manage to find one, someone else will request it, and you’re stuck having to return the book that you intended to use for the whole term within 7 days, or else have your library account suspended. Nightmare! So, what’s left? Whilst E-books are known to disrupt sleeping

habits, cause pain in your neck and shoulders, shorten your attention span, and strain your eyes, the alternative is no better: the price of buying only the essential texts needed for my seminars for this term would be Epigram / Flossie Palmer

Reading lists and insufficient library resources pose an extra cost to student life. Thea Powell

£246.30 . Reading online or breaking the bank are my two basic options, and neither of them are

sticking out to me as preferable, if I’m honest. And then, of course, we come to the eternal dilemma. It’s the 21stcentury equivalent of Shakespeare’s iconic question, and if he was here, he’d probably recognise this as more important than being, or not being: to Amazon, or not to Amazon? If we’re forced to buy our books, buying second-hand and supporting local businesses might lessen the financial pain a little, and make us feel slightly better and greener than supporting Jeff Bezos, but we can rarely rely on these shops for all our resources, nor can we expect them to provide multiple reasonably priced copies of ridiculously niche textbooks that no sane member of the public would ever dream of buying. Our resources are our degree – shouldn’t the £9,250 we pay every year for our studies include guaranteed access to at least our essential reading?

epigram 26.10.2021

Features 9

Peequal is bridging the gender divide in public hygiene facilities Features Editor

ristol graduates, Amber Probyn and Hazel McShane founded Peequal – the UK’s first touch-free women’s urinal – in a bid to end gender disparity in public hygiene facilities and unnecessarily long queueing for women’s toilets. Peequal’s mission is to ‘pioneer pee-equality that is safe, sanitary and sustainable’, something it is certainly achieving with its touch-free design, which has ten fewer touch points than public toilets, and its open-air feature, providing not only a more hygienic the business and manufacturing alternative but a COVID-safe soluindustries after graduating. Peequal tion. However, Peequal goes much further than its mission statement in originated as a practical dissertation as part of Amber and Hazel’s study establishing pee-equality. of Innovation. However, as Amber In their research, Peequal’s explained, the project began with co-founders discovered that queues the desire to solve the real-world for women’s toilets are much longer problem of than men’s because of inev‘Ten men's urinals can fit pee-inequality itable biological into the same space as a and disproportionate access to and lifestyle singular woman's toilet public hygiene needs; women cubicle.' facilities – the spend more time women’s urinal in public toilets as a solution came later. while menstruating, wearing tighter The urinal functions through an clothing, supervising children and implemented semi-squat design, for the simple reason that they biologically pee more than men. The requiring the user to squat over the urinal to use it. This design was urinal acts as a temporary solution influenced by Peequal’s research, at larger events, such as festivals which found that 80 per cent of and marathons, creating a stream of women squatted over a toilet seat in faster queueing to reduce waiting public facilities anyway. ‘Instead of times for cubicle toilets, so that going against the grain, we’re taking those who need to access them can. that and modifying it to make it However, the urinal also aims to more hygienic and anti-splash back,’ solve another unprecedented issue. Amber explained, ‘We’re also makIn Peequal’s research, it was discoving it a lot more comfortable by acered that the ratio of women’s toilet commodating different squat heights cubicles to men’s urinals is 1:10, meaning that ten urinals can fit into and different height adjustability.’ The pedestal of the urinal accomthe same space as a singular toilet modates three key squat heights cubicle. So, Peequal’s mission is as – the high, low and wide squat; as much about making space equity Amber pointed out, ‘women of all equal as it is about improving the kinds of squatting ability are able quality and access to public hygiene to use it!’. Angled flooring also facilities for all genders. prevents slipping and stabilises the Both Amber and Hazel studied user during squatting, while as well Innovation alongside their Anthrohandholds and elbow rests increase pology and Physics degrees at the security. University. They felt that their InAlthough the urinal has been novation background, which taught designed to prioritise safety and them the practice of applying creausability, Peequal’s co-founders tive solutions to real-world probalso expressed their desire to create lems, provided them with a knowlan empowered space for women in edgeable background for entering

we can cut down [the emissions] possible, which is brilliant.’ However, immediately.’ ‘we’ve been in many workshops, Conveniently, the Peequal urinal seminars and meetings where’s its also has further environmental benbeen all men – white men – who efits, such as through Peequal’s part- think that they know best.’ nership with Peepower, which transAmber went on to admit the forms the urine collected from the difficulty of not assimilating to a urinal into electricity. Surprisingly, level of acceptance of male superias the Peequal team discovered ority within the industry, noting that from the CEO ‘You do sort of of Peepower, ‘Women's toilets are the believe it to a women’s urine safe space where women point. You have is the perfect can empower each other.' to have so much candidate for the confidence and partnership, as it such thick skin is biologically able to generate more to push through that. I think we’re electrical power than male urine. On learning that and building up our top of recycling the urine collected, resilience, but it’s still so frustrating the design of the urinal itself is also when a guy, or someone who has no 100% recyclable, and can be ground idea about what you’re doing, tells down after eight years of use to be you what to do because they think made into new urinals. that they know better. Business Without a doubt, the Peequal’s and manufacturing are both very Epigram / Peequal team has created an undeniably revmale-heavy. Pioneering in both of public. Even the stabilising design of olutionary innovation and sustainathese areas is difficult, but it has to ble solution with its women's urinal, the urinal is meant to uplift women, be done.’ and yet the male response has been as Amber explained that ‘When you The Peequal team have continued an unsurprising challenge for the squat, we want the user to be in a to break down patriarchal stigma two entrepreneurs. ‘We have to safe and strong position. When you within these industries by pitching approach it with humour, especially squat it's quite a vulnerable feeling, their women's urinal at the Santandto guys’, Amber explained, ‘It’s not but when you’re up on the plater x Entrepreneurship Awards 2021 the idea. I think they just see us form, you’re above or at someone’s at Wembley Stadium on 6 October, as inexperienced. We’ve had a few standing. It removes that feeling of in which they progressed with their comments like "we need more heavvulnerability.’ Beyond the design, pitch into the semi-finals. They have yweight people on the team", such the Peequal team have also recogalso implemented the urinal at three as a man to strategize with us.’ nised the importance of empowered festivals during Summer 2021, inWhen asked about how they have women’s spaces in public, and the cluding Shambhala and Valley Fest, tackled sexism in the business and sense of community they can breed; and a running event with over 5,000 manufacturing ‘In our research, women’s toilets are attendees, all at which they made a the safe space where you empower hugely positive impact for female each other, where you can pep talk users, with one user claiming; each other, and we love that!’ ‘I loved it! I don’t know why Amber exclaimed, ‘We we haven’t always been doing don’t want to crush that, it was so easy!’ that at all, we Looking forward into want to foster that in the future of Peequal, this safe space.’ Hazel and Amber are The team has also hoping to find investconsidered implement for the urinal menting mirrors in January, with June and music to the 2022 marked as the already mulprospective date for ti-coloured design retail and rental opto cultivate an exportunities. Hazel periential space and also expressed the enjoyable experience team’s desire to for all users. expand Peequal’s The urinal is also horizons beyond flat-pack by design festivals and marathons to to address the issue of disaster sites and refugee camps, Epigram / Peequal ininequal space equity of public where access to hygiene facilities is dustries, hygiene facilities, meaning they are most crucial and Peequal presents Amber identified that ‘The young six times more efficient to pack and the most practical solution. female is a tricky position – there transport than a portable toilet. As Wherever Peequal is headed next, has been greater investment in Hazel elaborated, this also benefits the aim of establishing pee-equality women in business and there have the environment; ‘We are a tempoand providing basic access to public been greater opportunities so we’ve rary solution to one of the biggest hygiene facilities for all, regardless definitely come at a time where contributors of CO2 – transport. If of gender, is at the very heart of there has been as much support as we’re at a travelling circus festival, their mission.

Peequal is the UK's first women's urinal aiming to establish pee-equality in public hygiene facilities. Flossie Palmer

epigram 26.10.2021

Features 10

Epigram interviews Bristol's Pro-Life Feminist Society

Epigram interviews the Pro-Life Feminist Society's former president. Holly Beaumont Co-Editor in Chief

Content Warning: This article contains themes of abortion, sexual assault and rape.

said. ‘People don’t seem to see that support Other online criticism was men have a place which I find pergrounded in the Society’s inclusion sonally rather sad’. of men, with one student tweeting a Despite this, Maria maintained photo of their stall at Freshers' Fair that she does not mind this aspect and writing, ‘a man running this of being part of what she described stall you have to laugh’. to be a ‘controMaria did not understand why versial’ society. some people would take issue with a ‘Academic disman being on their committee. course is about ‘Just because you don’t have a having difficult chicken farm, it is good to have an opinion on animal This view was echoed on the rights, Society’s Facebook page in which I which, when asked about a think goes child conceived in the case of down the same line’, rape, the Facebook’s admin she said. replied, ‘We simply don’t think ‘First of one crime justifies an even all, he is involved in the conversations. pregnancy. He has made his contriIt’s a good way bution to that. It’s about protecting

ollowing the SU Welcome Fair that gave a platform to Bristol societies to engage with new and returning students, Epigram interviewed the University of Bristol’s Pro-Life Feminist Society’s former President and current Media Representative, Maria Rupprecht. In the time since the interview, the Society has come into focus within the student community: many have argued for its abolition, seeing a contradiction between pro-life and feminist beliefs. Maria, however, tells Epigram she believes the two terms to be 'absolutely compatible'. The Society’s Facebook page states that: ‘We deny the lie that to achieve equality, women must be able to end their own child's life for convenience. It disempowers women to tell them they cannot succeed in the world without being able to kill.’ The Pro-Life Society’s stance on this and decision to call themselves ‘Feminist’ has led to several comments of disagreement online. One Bristol student, Tilly Blais, commented on their Facebook page, stating: ‘Being a Feminist and Pro-life is COMPLETELY contradictory.' Another student, Charlotte Wood, commented: ‘Stripping a woman of her rights is not Feminism.’ the human right of life and I think The Society’s stance on this is everyone can have a say in that’, she also in stark contrast with the Bristol Intersectional Feminist Society 'It's about protecting the human and Women’s right of life and I think everyone Network. In their can have a say in that' open letter to the SU, IFemSoc declared that continued. they ‘take issue with the use of the Given some of the negative social term ‘feminist’, as the group have media posts regarding the Society’s a focus on merely the single issue presence at Freshers' Fair, I asked of restricting reproductive rights’. Maria about the reception they The first thing that the letter calls faced. for is ‘an official change of name to ‘We had some positive responses remove ‘feminist’ from their title’. but some people made it very clear This letter has since been signed that they don’t agree with us’, she by over 500 Bristol students in

to grow personally’, she said. She also spoke positively about her time with the Society and encouraged new students to join. ‘It's amazing!’, she said. ‘For those who have the pro-life position already, or those who are undecided, our society provides a friendly basis to discuss those questions.’ One topic that Maria found particularly difficult to speak on, however, was that of the abortion laws in some U.S. states. Specifically, we asked her about the Texan abortion laws that made abortion illegal after a heartbeat can be detected and the Arkansas abortion laws that have banned abortion even in the case of

rape. She tried her best to sum up her position, stating, ‘Well, I am against abortion so, it’s not a question of whether I think it’s fair, maybe I cannot say. I don’t know how to

individual is a solution to a crime.’ When asked to clarify whether abortion following rape was acceptable, she stated it was not. This view was echoed on the Society’s Facebook page in which, when

asked about a child conceived in the case of rape, the Facebook’s admin replied, ‘We simply don’t think one crime justifies an even more serious one which also is against an innocent human being’. Maria admitted that she would struggle to afford to have a baby in the U.S, branding the '$5000' cost of having a baby through hospital costs ‘unthinkable’. When reflecting on the UK she later went on to say that financial difficulties did not justify an abortion procedure: ‘I just think it's always [financially] doable’. Maria, however, concluded that answer this question and I think it’s in spite of her stance she does not okay to say that I don’t know how blame anyone’ and believes ‘fundato answer that question’. mentally, With ‘People don’t seem to see that people reference to men have a place which I find always the abortion try to laws that personally rather sad’. do their have banned best’. abortion ‘I just can speak for myself, I just even in the case of rape, Maria said, would not want to live with that de‘I think it would be worse for me cision and I wouldn't want anyone to consider myself a murderer than else to have to live with it either’, give birth to the child. It’s not the she said. baby’s fault’. Epigram approached The Universi‘We have two crimes; we have ty of Bristol’s IFemSoc as well as the the crime of rape and the crime of Women’s Network for comment, but abortion. I don’t think taking it out both declined to comment. on an even more helpless human

Features 11

epigram 26.10.2021

Thrifting in Bristol and the Society spotlights anatomy of a charity shop A look at the University of Bristol's most quirky societies. Madison James

Just how ethical and sustainable is thrifting or charity shopping, especially in Bristol? Alaska St Clair

Third Year, Politics & International Relations

t’s 5 p.m. on a Wednesday, one hour before closing, and Bristol’s vibrant charity boutique The Emporium of Loveliness shows no signs of slowing down for the night. It’s a kaleidoscopic candy shop of clothing and curios – the kind of place you could go to pick up anything from a bold Twiggy-esque mini-dress to a perfectly broken-in copy of Annie Proulx’s ‘Accordion Crimes'. In other words, it may as well be 'Depop in real life' — as owner Cherry Heaven affectionately calls it. With a penchant for design and an unmistakably genuine solicitude to all her customers, she is exactly the sort of person you’d hope would be masterminding an enterprise like this. At a Gambian’s friend’s suggestion, Cherry’s mother Jo paired her love of fashion and community action 12 years ago to found 'Empower the Gambia' — an entirely community-led resource allocation program. Originally powered by a single shop in Swindon, the project has since blossomed into a small family of boutiques across the South West co-managed by Cherry and her mother. Given the white saviorism problem of mainstream charity shops, transparency is one of the Emporium’s core values. Reports are regularly published online clarifying where the charity’s donations, Gift Aid, sponsorship and shop profits are being directed in Gambia. Cherry was also quick to comment on the moral quandary charity shops pose to the larger environmental landscape — the primary concern being

that without fast fashion, charity vironment over taking centuries to shops would not exist. break down in landfill, considering 'It’s so weird,' Cherry told me, 'Be- it a net positive is still a bit illucause [charity shops] are seen as the sive — the surplus of textile exports martyrs, the main spearheads of the tends to prevent local economies renewable fashion community but from being able to organically build we are almost just warehouses for themselves up. unused, unwanted fast fashion.' Cherry mentioned that she does She noted that the shop endeavors her best to keep recycling to a minto strike a balance between being imum, even going as far as to leave conscious of the fact that a lot of unsellable clothes on the pavement their stock is fast fashion and foloutside for anyone in a financially lowing a more ethical agenda where tense position. Bedding, for examthey actively seek out small busiple, she can’t resell due to hygiene nesses, local creators, and ethically reasons, but often repackages for sourced materials. hostels around Bristol instead, savThough the chimerical ‘death ing both materials and money. of fast fashion’ would inevitably Resale service ThredUp reports limit the longevity of the charity that in 2016, 45 per cent of UK shop industry, in the meantime, the buyers over 18 ‘had bought or were Emporium team have relentlessopen to buying’ secondhand clothes. ly committed By 2020, this themselves to ‘45 per cent of millennials percentage had sustainability. jumped to 86 and Gen Z-ers now In practice, per cent. A 2021 refuse to buy from non- update to this this takes form sustainable retailers.' through trying study discovered to maximize the that 45 per cent amount of clothing kept in circuof millennials and Gen Z-ers now lation. While donations are highly refuse to buy from non-sustainable variable, ranging from ten bags per retailers. week to only one per month, Cherry While there is clearly both an emphasized that she tries to save urgency and precedent widely felt as much as possible, crediting the by the younger generations to spend creative whimsicality of Bristolians money more sustainably, it is essenfor wearing pieces those in other cit- tial that the older generations who ies might not consider salvageable. serve as the gatekeepers for systemic Even with this imagination though, industry change take note and act she added, 'If you get six bags of accordingly. donations, at least four of those On an individual level, while are recyclable.' What doesn’t pass: thrifting poses a less directly harmanything 'Very bobbly, excessively ful option than buying fast fashion ripped up, or stained beyond hope of off the racks, there is unfortunately washing out.' no way in our current system to buy Recycling is through a third-party clothes (or anything) without effectcompany which ships clothing out ing some kind of distant collateral to other countries — Poland, Pakidamage from processes working stan, and Kenya most commonly, behind the scenes. For that reason, according to a 2020 Statista review. Cherry advises, simply upcycling or Shops are given minor compensarepurposing old clothes is the best tion in exchange. solution for now until the moment Although recycling clothes might the final light flickers to black in the be a better alternative for the enworld’s last H&M.

Epigram / Flossie Palmer

as International Cheese Tasting Evenings, Big Fat Cheesy Quizzes and Cheese family nights, as well as offering tasty discounts from local businesses. With an affordable memSecond Year, Politics & French bership fee, setting you back just FROGSOC: The golden age of £4 for the year, it’s perfect for those internet frogs is well and truly here, who want a fun and casual way to something that the President of meet new people and try new foods. Frogsoc, Arianna, found very helpful And for those who are worried their when setting up this amphibian-orineeds won’t be represented, their ented society. Despite previous atEquality Officer assures members tempts by Bristol students to create that the lactose intolerant are also the group ending in disappointment, welcome. she felt that the time was right and FOLKSOC: If you’re dramatically this wholesome society celebrating or musically inclined but want to try frogs and toads of all descriptions something a little different, Bristol’s has at last been born. Frogsoc Folk Society is one of the most acorganised an in-pertive and well-established son scavenger hunt choices you can make. earlier this year, Formed in 1981, and members can Folksoc holds expect ‘bigger regular events and better soall year round, cials’ including such as Rag a trip to the Morris, their Aquarium and vibrant Morris Bristol Zoo, dancing side, frog-spotting the Folk Club, meets, coffee which hosts music lS mornings and hopesessions and ceilidhs o t s i / Br fully a guest speaker or (large group dancing Facebook two. Experts and casual frog sessions) and Rag Mumfans alike can join this friendly and mers, a traditional folk event where close-knit society at a cost of just £3 members get together to perform for the year. Of course, we couldn’t plays. Morris practice sessions run fail to mention Arianna’s personal every Thursday from 8-10pm in the favourite frog, which is none other SU, while music sessions take place than the Australian Green Tree Frog. at The White Bear on Monday eve‘They're just so smiley!’ nings. It’s completely free to sign up COFFEESOC: If you feel you and you can get involved as much have a slight addiction to a certain or as little as you like - they are a caffeinated beverage, this one is for very friendly society which accepts you. From those who enjoy purchas- people from all years and levels of ing a slightly overpriced flat white experience. every once in a while, to those who BUHABS: HOT AIR BALLOONING actually know what an AeroPress SOC: When you’re living in the UK’s is, coffee-lovers of all kinds can hot air balloon capital, why not try join this fun and casual society out a completely new experience this year for ‘Cheese Society's Equality and hitch a ride only £3. Set up yourself? As Officer ensures that lactose one of only two earlier this year, intolerant members are Coffeesoc has student-run hot so far organised air ballooning also welcome.' virtual coffee societies in the mornings, in-person coffee-drinkUK, catching a flight with BUHABS ing socials and even discount codes is a unique opportunity that you for local roasteries. Members can won’t want to miss. Membership expect regular café socials, a great costs £25 and flights themselves are opportunity to meet new people in £40, usually setting off on Wednesa relaxing environment, and the day afternoons or weekends. This President Samborne has hinted at investment allows you to access the some espresso-making sessions at a cheapest flights around – booking café on the horizon. with a local ballooning company CHEESESOC: A well-established will likely set you back around £150. member of Bristol’s society repSigning up will give you access ertoire, the Cheese Society caters to the pilot’s exclusive ballooning to lovers of socialising, wine, and invitations and a chance to help out cheese of all kinds. Whether you with the famous UoB balloon among fancy a roquefort or just a good other exciting opportunities. And to old-fashioned cheddar, Cheese make it even more accessible, BUSociety has something for you. They HABS encourages eligible students remained active throughout 2020 to apply for up to an £100 grant and plan to return this year with a through Bristol’s Activity Hardship whole host of regular events, such fund. What have you got to lose?

Opinion

Editor Digital Editor Co-Deputy Editor Co-Deputy Editor

Twitter: @EpigramOpinion

Mark Ross Charlie Osborne Katie Sowerby Caitlin Palmer O'Shaughnessy

YES Should lecturers Excessive workloads, precarious employment, pay inequality and dwindling pensions prove why University staff need to strike Jamie Melrose Bristol UCU President

a rental contract, start a family or even afford a bus or train ticket for a job they may not have a few weeks from now. No one takes strike action lightly or as a first resort. After all, striking members of University of Bristol lose money: for every hour, day

member, born in 1996, starting at the University today at Grade J of the University’s pay scale (earning roughly £38K), could expect to accrue a pension of £28.2k a year by the time they retire at age 68. Thanks to the sums done by our Bristol UCU Pension Officer, the

A UCU victory would include greater security of employment, better work-life balance and the same pay for the same job

veryone deserves a workplace that has predictable or week they strike, they see their employment, gives you a employers make equivalent deducworkload that you can get done, tions from their wages. Striking is pays you fairly and won’t leave you never the easy option, especially struggling to make ends meet in old for our staff who are already facing age. Those rights should be taken the gnawing precarity of uncertain for granted but sadly they have contracts and shrinking pay packbeen eroded at your University. ets. After the last COVID-wracked This leaves staff exhausted, worried academic year, a year of increased, about money and unable to focus unpaid workload and near impossion the day-to-day work of our ble working arrangements, Univerinstitution: producing research and sity of Bristol staff are well aware teaching students. of the challenges of further struggle This isn’t the environment we and strife. want to work in and it’s certainly We know many of you already not the environment we want to suffer some of the same issues as provide for you to study in. us in your own workplaces through From Monday, 18th October unpredictable and unfair contracts, University and College Union (UCU) unachievable workloads and dismembers will be balloted for induscrimination. trial strike action over the union’s Indeed, a UCU victory, a victory current disputes over pensions, pay that would include greater security equality, precarious employment of employment, better work-life and excessive workloads. balance and the same pay for the As in previous periods of dispute same job, would be a victory for and strikes, student support means many confronted with the levelthe world to us. The NUS President ling-down machine that is the curLarissa Kennedy puts it well, ‘Staff rent employment market. We want working conditions are student your future as well as ours to be learning condiThis damaging 'Deliveroo' model of hiring tions’, means pleading for short term loans or asking and it has your landlord to please defer your rent again always been a fairer and more stable. source of great encouragement for On the pensions, for example, striking union members, the solidarUCU members face a stark choice. ity shown by students at Bristol in Either accept life-changing detriour disputes and industrial action. mental changes to their pension or You may not know this, but many take strike action as a last resort, to of your lecturers, for example, even get Bristol and other University UK those that may have been working employers to rescind their proposals in academia for years, are on short and revalue the pension scheme, term contracts which they have a valuation that if done properly, to fight to renew. This damaging would conclusively demonstrate ‘Deliveroo’ model of hiring many that there is simply no need for of your teachers, and our contract UUK’s efforts to cut staff pay – penresearchers, means pleading for sions being a form of deferred pay. short-term loans or asking your What does that mean for our staff? landlord to please defer your rent For example, under the current, again because the University won’t non-cuts USS pension provision, tell you if you’ll still have a job a lecturer, a member of the Uniin two months’ time. Staff are left versity’s Digital Comms team, unable to plan if they can take on or an IT Services frontline staff

current pro-cuts UUK proposals, supported by Bristol, represent a loss of between 14 and 54 per cent of the value of that pension. If inflation remains low, members could lose 15 per cent of that pension, getting a pension of around £23.9k, or if inflation is moderately high, members get a pension around £13.4k, a 53 per cent drop. How can you plan for your old age when you don’t know how much money you’ll have? On pensions, UCU’s key contention is that there is no reason to make any cuts, the USS valuation is wrong, and employers, rather than opting out, need to opt in and join UCU in halting USS in their recklessly prudent tracks. Pensions are not the only issue in our dispute. UCU’s ‘Four Fight’ dispute is based on our four pillars of pay, pay equality, workload and anti-casualisation. Alongside a headline pay uplift of £2,500, we are asking UK universities to make good cuts and cut workloads and casualised temporary contracts, to agree to binding measures to end pay injustice and to insist on measures to roll back the ‘robber baron’ approach to remuneration at ‘World-leading centres of HE excellence’: ‘a maximum sector wide pay ratio of 10:1’. In short, UCU members across UK Higher Education will be asked to take action, including strike action, to force university managements, in universities such as Bristol, UWE, UCL, Cambridge, Queen’s University Belfast, the University of Aberdeen, to take decisive, meaningful national action to close gender, ethnic and disability pay gaps and reduce workloads and casual employment of our lecturers, researchers, librarians and student support staff and in ‘pre-92’ universities such as Bristol, Exeter, Sheffield and Newcastle, to revoke deep and painful cuts to university’s staff pensions. No one wants disruption adding to that caused by COVID-19 and

the blame should be laid at the feet of UK university managers that simply do not want to build back better; refusing to invest in their institutions. If it comes to it, UCU members look forward to all – students, staff, the Bristol community – joining us on our picket lines.

The sense of solidarity between students and lecturers has only strengthened over the pandemic Vita Ellis

Politics and Russian, Second Year

of rent strikes earlier this year. This sense of solidarity between students and lecturers has only strengthened over the pandemic, and it is likely that we will see a continuation of this support. Our anger should not be directed at the lecturers for taking action, but instead at the University for not moving forward in negotiations, where they act as a key player. Instead, the University has chosen to hide behind UUK, expressing superficial support for lecturers. And whilst lecturers have already demonstrated their commitment to teaching and caring for students, the administration is yet to do so. In 2018 students voted in support of the strikes at the SU Annual

niversity lecturers are at the core of our education here at the University of Bristol. So when the working conditions and futures of our lecturers are compromised, how should the University expect its students to react? The strikes, which began in 2018 and coincided with the Covid-19 pandemic, resulted in severely reduced teaching hours. Whilst no one could have predicted the scale at which teaching would be affected by the pandemic, little has been done by the University to compensate for the time that students have lost over strike periods, especially for those facing extra hardships such as financial constraints or problems with their mental health. wThe withheld pay that lecturers

Members Meeting. The policy, lasting three years, saw the assignment of funds to student led initiatives in support of UCU campaigns as well as meetings with the UCU and the University. Many students are hoping for similar initiatives in the next round of strikes

Our anger should not be directed at the lecturers taking action, but at the University for not moving forward with negotiations gave up during previous strikes was supposed to be funnelled back into support for students, however this support did not materialise. On the contrary, university lecturers have continuously been supportive of students, with several even rejecting prize nominations from the University in response to the administration's poor handling

in order to resolve the dispute and return to ‘normal’ teaching (in the context of the pandemic). Whether or not your teaching is impacted by the strikes, it is important that we carefully consider who is responsible for these failings. Is it the lecturers fighting for fairer pensions, or the University who continuously fail to provide support for the people that make up this institution?

Opinion 13

epigram 26.10.2021

go on strike?

Workers are right to protest, but striking risks weakening their campaign... Mark Ross Opinion Editor

Courtesy of Epigram/Maddy Russell

niversity staff are being mistreated and undervalued by their employers. I support and understand their efforts to protect their pensions and enforce their rights as workers. However, striking – after a year and a half of disruption to students’ education – could change little and risks completely eroding student support for their

Courtesy of Epigram/Maddy Russell

movement. Katie Sowerby Striking is premised on the idea Opinion Co-Deputy Editor that those inconvenienced by n addition, many students had industrial (in this case, students) their education disrupted even will harangue the employers into before COVID-19, due to the enacting reform. With the University 2018-2020 UK higher education and College Union strikes, this will strikes. The 2018 pension strikes, be unlikely to occur for two reasons. according to the World University Firstly, students are used to a Ranking, were believed to have disrupted education. Thanks to the affected ‘More than one million pandemic, us students are all too students… and more than 575,000 well acquainted with pre-recorded teaching hours lectures, lost during 14 If our protests were ignored a lack of days of escalatin-person during the pandemic, why ing industrial teaching would they be heard now? action at 65 and acauniversities’. demic supThis statistic port. Therefore, lecturer strikes will can be seen as a prediction of what not cause enough relative disrupis to come for students if university tion to jolt students into lobbying staff are to strike. University Employers (the UUK, in And with this, we have to ask this case). ourselves Secondagain whethStudents are used to a disly, students er this camrupted education, so strikes already feel paign will be voiceless. The will not cause enough relative effective or inadequacies disruption not? As Mark of the late says, striking Education may only Secretary weaken their campaign. Gavin Williamson – such as his On top of the reasons mentioned ‘luring’ of students back to camby Mark, for the last two years puses under the false promise of there have been many predictions in-person teaching in 2020 – have suggesting that we are heading toleft students feeling thrown by the wards another recession. And after a wayside. If our protests were ignored year and a half of COVID-19, would during the university pandemic, In 2018, more than 575,000 staff striking why would not be seen teaching hours were lost during they be heard now? 14 days of industrial action at as a slap in the face to This un65 universities the many dermines the who have key tenet of found themindustrial action: that those affected selves unemployed as a result of the will actually complain to those pandemic, and who are struggling in power. Instead, meddling with to get by? students’ education after a year and Even more so, when students who a half of disruption will leave lecturhave graduated during the pandemers seeming uncaring and ignorant ic are struggling to find work; The in the eyes Guardian of students. Let's hope that the new Educastated this Strikes risk year that, tion Secretary is more willing alienating the student to support workers' rights than ‘Unemployment among population, his predecessor recent gradukey supportates has risen ers of of the to levels last workers’ cause. seen during the austerity era, with However, we cannot simply do young people worst affected by job nothing. If strikes aren’t the answer, shortages due to the pandemic. ’ maybe appealing to the new SecreThese statistics show just how tary of State for Education, Nadhim insensitive lecturers could appear Zahawi, is a viable alternative. should they decide to strike at this Let’s hope that he is more willing time and therefore how much to support workers’ rights than his support they stand to lose from predecessor. students.

Opinion

epigram 26.10.2021

Twitter: @EpigramOpinion

Can the Pro-Life Why can't the government society ever be leave us a loan? feminist?

Olivia Stephenson

English, Third Year

nothing short of amoral. Any reform to loan repayments would prove, at least on a shortterm basis, that the Treasury has little regard for keeping their promises. Our generation is experiencing immense, yet often unacknowledged change in education: there was examination reform under Gove for GCSEs and A-levels, and university exams were overhauled during the pandemic. Courtesy of Lucy O'Neill / Epigram

Changing the threshold of student loan repayments impacts low-income graduates the most. How can we avoid this?

The government inflates the extent to which it views students as a priority the new threshold. Keeping the level at £27,295 is crucial. It allows graduates on an average, or below-average salary to gain traction and savings in an already challenging economic environment. Understandably, the treasury needs money from somewhere. Moreover, lowering the threshold may funnel prospective students towards much-needed vocational careers. However, cutting the take-home salary of a graduate with great potential, who could recognise this during their studies, is punitive and an inefficient solution.

he Treasury has proposed to lower the level at which students must begin to repay their student loans, to create a more significant flow of income from graduates. Currently, the repayment threshold stands at £27,295: a term of a contract that students were willSome students believe that the ing to accept. value of a degree has dropped due to the limitations during the However, The Independent reports What can we do instead? pandemic, which is reflected in the that the government is looking to petitions for tuition fee reimbursedrop the threshold below £25,000, ments. If students have to begin reversing the changes introduced • Tony Blair, the pioneer of repaying their loans sooner, they tuition fees, suggested that the govby Theresa May. There is no conwould end up spending more on ernment reinvest in maintenance crete figure that the government something with arguably decreasing grants. This would give low-income has released, but Lord Willets, who value students an incentive to continue pioneered the shift to raise the tuiThe government often inflates the their studies, whilst reducing the tion fee cap to £9000, is encouragextent to which they view students amount they would need to pay off as a priority and an investment. ing ministers to bring the threshold in the long-term. Boris Johnson’s attempts to turn down to £21,000. However, we knew • Introduce a tax which impacts ‘generation rent’ into ‘generation that we had an obligation to repay the higher end of the spectrum. The buy’ through the our loans at government’s insistence to leave inIntroducing a kind of retro- 95 per cent mort- come tax untouched means that it is some point. gage scheme have not the higher earners who are most So why is this spective taxation would be been scuppered affected, but the lowest. VAT, for such a big by these growing nothing short of amoral example, supplements this instead. deal? costs as we enter A regressive tax, which charges a When apinto full-time fixed rate, inevitably has a greater work. Arguably, each time there is a plying to university, I remember impact on those earning less, as a government initiative to help young being encouraged to apply on the greater proportion of their income is people, there always seems to be premise that student loans and their deducted each year. something swept under the rug repayments were not as daunting, It’s too late to lower the repaywhich holds us back. ment threshold when students have and likely not as immediate, as we Last month’s rise in National signed up on a different premise. may think. The knowledge that loan Insurance will also exacerbate If the government wish to deter a repayments are dismissed after 30 matters. The large proportion years was drilled into me. Financial It's too late to lower the of 18–24-yearIn reality, it’s a great fallacy Times calcurepayment threshold when olds from univerthat these loans are never repayed lated that if sity, and instead students have signed up on a because graduates end up paying a the threshold place a focus on never ending debt until the cut-off different premise is lowered, an vocational careers point, because of the high interaverage gradand apprenticeest rates on these loans. Although uate would ships, then they can, and indeed RPI (the measure of inflation) pay out over £800 more annually, plan to. But giving us no choice is has decreased over the years, it is including the NI increase. unfair and misleading. Can’t they expected to jump to 4.5 per cent by For many graduates on an just leave us a loan? the 1st of January 2022. above-average wages, they would At the least, the government canfeel these cuts, but not devastatingnot introduce these new measures ly. Yet the students from lower-infor the next four years. Undergradcome households, who already uates did not sign up for this part have a significantly larger loan to of the deal. Introducing a kind of repay, will be hit hard if they begin Courtesy of nus.org.uk retrospective taxation would be employment only marginally above

A Pro-Life feminist society will always be oxymoronic. Here's why. Caitlin Palmer O'Shaughnessy Opinion Co-Deputy Editor

undamentally, feminism is all about choice. At its very core feminism holds that women should have the right to choose to do whatever they want to do with their lives and with their bodies. Whatever it is you decide to do with your life,

Facebook page reveals a shocking aspiration. It is a video in which the view is shared that the ultimate goal is abortion being made illegal. The weight of this statement is huge. Of course, that goal is implied within the group's title, but to hear it said out loud is something else. Women have fought so unbelievably hard to be heard and to have the right to abortions. Perhaps the existence of the Pro-Life society is perceived to be okay because the threat of losing these rights is deemed impossible. But unfortunately, that is not the case and for many, not an impossibility. Abortion still remains an incredibly stigmatised

Women have fought so unbelievably hard to have the right to abortions whether that’s raise a family, live alone, get married, travel the world, so long as you have had the choice to live your life that way, then that aligns with feminist values. So, in the scenario of getting pregnant, the feminist logic would be that a woman can choose whether she wants to keep the baby or have

topic, and whilst it was made legal up to 12 weeks in Ireland in 2018, the country still lacks the resources and framework necessary to implement the law. And, as of just this month, it is now illegal in Texas for a woman to have an abortion once a fetal heartbeat can be detected, which can often occur before many

If we understand that feminism is fundamentally to afford women a choice, then feminist and pro-life positions are irreconcilable an abortion. With this in mind, I was slightly confused upon seeing the pro-life feminist society amongst the other stalls at Freshers Fair a few weeks ago. The pro-life stance holds that life begins from conception and that abortion is an act of murder. Hence, if we understand that feminism is fundamentally to afford women a choice, then feminism and pro-life viewpoints are irreconcilable. And if, within an ideology, a woman does not have the choice of an abortion, then there is simply no essence of feminism within that ideology. Yet, whilst I do fundamentally disagree with the usage of the word feminism in the groups title, that is not the only issue this group presents. Other than stating that they aim to protect all human life from the point of conception, the Bristol Student Union information page on the Pro-Life Feminist Society is relatively scarce. Regardless, one of the most recent posts on the Society’s

even know they’re pregnant, effectively banning abortion in the state of Texas. Whilst the existence of the Pro-Life Feminist Society may seem unthreatening, what they propose to take away is not only frightening, but also not completely unrealistic. Although the group's message is frightening, you must accept their right to hold an opinion you may disagree with. However, I’m pretty sure we have established that abortion is a woman’s issue – it’s a woman’s body; so it’s her life affected, right? That’s why I was shocked to discover that there were men on the committee for the Pro-Life Feminist Society. Should a man’s reproductive biology be up for debate then the idea that woman could have a say is unimaginable, so why are men given a place when deciding what a woman can do with her biology? Ultimately, there is nothing feminist about the Pro-Life Feminist society. They propose a frightening reality in which women are stripped of one of their most fundamental rights.

Opinion 15

epigram 26.10.2021

Sex work in Bristol: misogyny or feminist empowerment? There is something undeniably misogynistic about the belief that any woman who flaunts her sexuality can only do so out of desperation Lauren Sanderson

arguing that the council has a responsibility to prevent attitudes that lead to harassment. However, the controversial proposal has also faced significant backlash from both Bristol’s sex workers and the wider feminist community. The decision to restrict women’s choice to work in a safe and regulated environment is simply another example of outdated and oppressive morals, based on the belief that only womEnglish and Philosophy, Second Year en deemed as morally acceptable are deserving of protection. This is the exact perception of sex tripping and the world of workers that intersectional feminism sex work has long been a has been working for years to repoint of contentious discusverse. The stereotype of the stripper sion amongst modern feminists. In a as the passive, promiscuous or stupid generation where the right to choose woman who lacks the will or intelliexists at the heart of intersectional gence to say no reduces sex work to feminism, is strip work to be seen as victimhood. an act of empowerment, or one that Why are financially self-suffisanctions and reinforces the comcient women who modification of the choose, with their female body? This is the debate The limiting of women's own free will, to at the forefront of choice to enter into sec profit from their being Bristol City Council’s work is becoming more sexuality reduced to vicefforts to withdraw prevalent worldwide tims, and why is licences for sexual this not a greater entertainment venues concern than their apparent objectiin the city, a proposal being strongly fication? fought for by the Bristol Women’s There is something undeniably Commission. misogynistic about the belief that The limiting of women’s choice any woman who flaunts her sexualito enter into sex work is becoming more and more prevalent worldwide, with Iceland making the drastic move to make any commodification of nudity illegal as of 2010. Had campaigners succeeded in implementing the radical ban, Bristol would have become the biggest city in the UK to ban lap dancing and strip clubs. Campaigners in favour of closing Bristol’s two clubs have pointed to strip work as a breeding ground for a misogynistic culture that normalises violence against women - the stereotype that strip clubs are sleazy places where consent must be bought seems prevalent within their arguments. Such views have garnered significant support amongst Bristol’s political figures, with the proposal gaining approval from the leader of Bristol city council’s ruling Labour group, the city mayor, and Avon and Somerset’s police commissioner. The proposal’s supporters have pointed to equality legislation as its grounds,

tionships with authorities, you take ty can only do so out of desperation, away their ability to demand their rather than confidence and empowrights and better working standards. erment. The barrister for Bristol strip club Even the supporters of sex work Central Chambers told Bristol City do not deny the professions potential Council that ‘Feminism fails when it to become exploitative, with human tells a woman what she can and cantrafficking often cited in arguments not do with her body’. When camopposing the industry. paigners claim that strip work can However, the same poor labour only exist in an environment that practices present in the sex industry harbours misogyny, they reinforce - like low, unfair wages and assault centuries of ingrained slut-shaming - are equally present in other indusCourtesy of @central_chambers | Instagram that tell women we are not allowed tries where workplace environments to define the uses of our bodies. are poorly regulated. Construction, Criminalising one of the oldest inmining, agriculture, and other fields dustries in the world, while assuming who work in them are protected.’ She dominated by workers from low-inthat the workers involved will simworries that ‘If you bring in this polcome backgrounds all have high ply get through, reflects a blinding icy, I am fearful of what will become rates of labour trafficking. The exploitation involved in sex work Should strip work be seen as an act of empowerment or one and stripping cannot that sanctions and reinforces the commodificaiton of the female simply be reduced to body? the gender imbalance of the occupation - the ignorance of the danger involved in of the industry’. conditions that foster abusive enviputting hundreds of workers out of Sex work is not just going away, ronments are complex and require legally paid work. and female sex workers, including genuine legal regulation. The belief The shaming and ostracisation of strip club dancers, already face exthat restricting legal access to sex women who choose to work in lap treme ostracisation. Making Bristol work – particularly in strip clubs dancing or strip clubs is not the aninto a community where sex workers will make all sex work and any poor swer to the exploitation present in are further marginalised and offered labour practices prevalent within it the industry. Instead, by supporting little legal protection, simply endisappear, is absurd. these platforms, we can ensure the courages the human rights abuses of Co-owner of Bristol’s Urban Tiger participation of sex workers in the these women. and Central Chambers Carrie Hale policies and laws that regulate and When you take away both their described her clubs as ‘Well-run protect their rights and safety. working platforms and their relavenues where the women and men

Courtesy of @central_chambers | Instagram

SciTech

Editor Sarah Dalton Digital Editor Bethany Winget Deputy Editor James Emery

Twitter: @EpigramSciTech

We all know how it feels when you have a big scare, your heartrate goes up as well as your breathing rate termining whether it is a legitimate threat, whereas the slower response

before and considering other clues about whether it is a real danger. If

James Emery

Digital SciTech Editor

Deputy SciTech Editor

There’s something on your face! No really! There are loads of microscopic mites hanging out in your eyebrows that you might not even know about. The mites Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis both make their homes in your eyebrows, hairline and eyelashes and we are each estimated to be carrying 1.5 to 2.5 million of the little critters. But these mites are actually our friends and have a symbiotic relationship with us where they help to remove dead skin cells and excess oils. However, if there are too many of them, they can cause an allergic reaction or even lead to infection!

Zombies do exist! Well zombie ants anyway. There is a fungus found in tropical forests called Ophiocordyceps unilateralis which can infect unsuspecting ants through its spores. The fungus will slowly start to take control of the ant’s behaviour making it leave its colony and move to somewhere more humid to give the fungus better growing conditions. The ant will be made to climb about ten inches up a plant where it will clamp onto a leaf on the north facing side. The fungus will them consume the ant's innards until the ant is dead with the fruit of the fungus erupting from its head a few days later! Pretty scary stuff!

Issy Ferguson SciTech Subeditor

Nie wo ln

es Em mation ery is sent along to the hippocampus. There it is further scrutinized to apply meaning by assessing if you have seen this stimulus

Bethany Winget

James Emery

Jam

Did you know that when you eat pineapple, it is eating you back! That's right, pineapples are technically classed as carnivorous. This is because pineapple contains bronelain, an enzyme that digests the protein in your body. Regardless of whether you like pineapple on pizza or not, I reckon that's scary enough to put anyone off! Luckily, once you swallow the pineapple, the acid in your stomach destroys the bronelain enzyme - but maybe best not to leave it sitting for hours on your tongue!

m/ igr

ir am

SciTech Editor

he fear response is very old and has evolved as a defense mechanism to help us protect ourselves or escape when we’re in dangerous situations. Although, it can be easily triggered by things we know are not actually dangerous (better to be safe than sorry though I guess!) We all know how it feels when you have a big scare, your heartrate goes up as well as your breathing rate and you get goosebumps and start to sweat. But what actually causes all these physiological changes when frightened and why do they happen? The fear response all starts with a stimulus, whether it be a jump scare in a horror movie, a spider hanging from the ceiling and catching you by surprise or an ominous bump in the night. This stimulus is then processed by the thalamus which is the area of the brain which controls where to send sensory information. When a threat is detected by the thalamus, the information is then sent down two pathways simultaneously, with one being a quick response and the other being slower. The quick response primes your body for immediate danger without de-

nals the amygdala which in turn signals the hypothalamus which turns off the fight or flight response. So, we have covered what goes on inside the brain but how does that cause the effects in the rest of the body? Well, when the fight or flight response is initiated by the thalamus it activates the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system sends signals through nerves to the glands and muscles of the body to get ready, also signaling the adrenal cortex – found in the adrenal glands on top of the kidneys – to release adrenaline and noradrenaline into the bloodstream. This then causes an increase in heartrate and blood pressure. Whereas the adrenal-cortical system uses only the bloodstream and involves the hypothalamus releasing corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) into the pituitary gland, also known as the ‘master gland’ of the endocrine system, which causes it to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) into the blood. The ACTH then travels through the blood where it also arrives at the adrenal cortex and triggers the release of multiple different hormones which go on to stimulate the body for action. It is this stimulation of the body for action which causes the effects we are used to. For example, the stimulation of tiny muscles under the skin - in the hair follicles - causes you to get goosebumps and the hairs on your arms to stand up. The reason it is thought this happens is from a mechanism that would puff up our fur to make us seem bigger (back when humans had fur anyway!)

Sarah Dalton

zto f

Deputy SciTech Editor

This combination of the two pathways is the reason you are scared for a few moments from a jumpscare before you quickly calm down

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James Emery

the stimulus is determined not to be a threat, then the hippocampus sig-

We all know how it feels to be scared, but do you know what actually causes it? Our Scitech Deputy Editor, James, explains

takes time to assess the situation and make an informed decision. This combination of the two pathways is the reason you are scared for a few moments from a jump scare before you quickly calm down. During the quick response, once the thalamus detects the threat the information is sent to the amygdala. The amygdala, an almond shaped group of neurons which forms part of the limbic system and is found in the temporal lobe, then helps to process the emotional response caused and its importance. The hypothalamus will then be signaled by the amygdala to start the fight or flight response. In the slower path, the sensory information does not go straight to the amygdala but instead takes a detour to the sensory cortex. The sensory cortex will then scan the information for context clues to determine if fear is the correct response. If it determines it might not be, then the infor-

Our favourite scary science facts

ns p la sh

Fight or fright: the science of fear

Snails are not as harmless as they seem…in fact, they kill thousands of people a year. Many species of freshwater snails lay eggs in water which is inevitably drunk by people worldwide, triggering a parasitic disease in the body called schistosomiasis. You would’ve thought the most devastating thing a snail could do is eat the plants in your garden, yet be warned, these seemingly innocuous creatures are seriously deadly. Maybe snails should be added to the list of most deadly animals along with crocodiles and snakes, despite being a fraction of their size!

SciTech 17

epigram 26.10.2021

Ghost busting: the science behind the supernatural

Our SciTech Editor, Sarah, drives a scientific stake into some supernatural myths Sarah Dalton SciTech Editor

s we indulge ourselves in the Halloween spirit this October, it seems easy to laugh at the supernatural. TV footage of paranormal investigators jumping at the twitch of the wind and horror stories told at sleepovers seem to most people – ridiculous. ‘A pseudoscience,’ some might say. Yet, plenty of scientists have dipped their feet into the muddy waters of the supernatural. Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of the fiction series Sherlock Holmes, was a trained physician himself, and yet became a firm defender of spirituality in the later part of his life. In the 1920s, the accredited publication Scientific American was open minded enough to offer a significant financial reward to anyone who could provide

for evidence to prove their pre-exconclusive evidence of ghosts. You isting theories. However, in science may be surprised to learn that a something is not true because it is number of universities today offer possible to prove it, but because it is opportunities to conduct scientific impossible to disprove it. research into parapsychology. Fear also acts as an extraneous So, how scientific is the supernatvariable in paranormal research. As ural? Firstly, it’s important to note humans, our brains are wired to want that the most important indicator of reasons and explanations for strange whether something is ‘scientific’ is occurrences and when we fail to find not the results you find, but how you any logical reason, we naturally turn conduct the experiment. Many modto fear. This makes paranormal ern ‘ghost hunters’ and ‘soul research very unreliable, as searchers’ are incredibly fear makes it difficult to biased, as they embark objectively observe on their research what is happenfor the sole reaing. son of alSo, how ready behas science lieving attempted in the on alt D to explore superh ara S the supernat/ m a r natural? ural. ig Ep Although Thereno-one has fore, there is ever been able often a signifto study a ghost icant pre-existing under controlled conbias. ditions, there have been atTV series such as tempts to quantify the soul. In 1901, Sightings and Beyond Belief search

Dr Duncan McDougal conducted an experiment in which he weighed the

on the scales may simply be the result of sweating out moisture. Dogs,

Experiments and spooky sightings like this have been disproved by scientific explanations across the globe bodies of individuals in their dying moments. Dr McDougal pinpointed a 21 gram loss of mass in humans at the moment of death, and yet found no change in mass when repeating the experiment with dogs. Using this data and his pre-existing beliefs, Dr McDougal claimed that this 21 gram loss in humans was the mass of their soul leaving their body. A poor argument in the eyes of dog lovers… Many counter-arguments have since been made, reducing the credibility of this study. Psychologist Richard Wiseman noted how the human body heats rapidly at the point of death and therefore, this change

unlike humans, do not have sweat glands all over their bodies (hence why dogs pant). Experiments and spooky sightings like this have been disproved by scientific explanations across the globe, many stemming from neurological occurrences in the brain or functions of the body. Currently, no one has yet been able to find conclusive evidence for the existence of the supernatural or paranormal activity, whilst conducting a well-controlled and repeated experiment. However, scientific discoveries are still being made each year and as a result, certain scientists continue to search for evidence of the supernatural.

Changes in our skeleton don't have to be genetic As a result, a phenomenon called text neck has occurred. Text neck, is neck pain thought to be due to the increased time that we spend head down and hunched over looking at our phones. This has increased in prominence in recent years, especially in young adults (aged 18-25 years old). One study found larger and more pronounced (30 millimetres) external occipital protuberance at the back

of the neck in this group compared to previous models (eight millimetres). Grazing animals, such as horses, also have this spiny protuberance for the attachment of the nuchal ligament. This helps to reduce muscle fatigue in the neck associated with bowing the head down to reach t h e grass on the ground for prolonged periods of time. In humans, the external occipital protuberance is associated with the attachment of the trapezius muscles as well as the nuchal ligament. The nuchal ligament

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e all know that there are certain differences between the skeletons of early humans and modern humans. Most of us will have seen ‘The March of Progress/ The Road to Homo Sapiens’, the 1965 illustration of evolution or orthogenesis from early primates to the modern man. Yet, has the change accelerated in recent years as our lifestyles have altered significantly? Humans have had a sedentary lifestyle for many years as we have developed agriculture. This change has resulted in some noticeable skeletal differences in the human skeleton. Modern humans (Homo Sapiens) have more gracile bones, mean-

to the skeleton. But changes in our skeleton don’t have to be genetic. Our bones are plastic (meaning continuously changing shape to resist stresses), even though you may think of them as solid and brittle. In the same way that our bones can repair when broken and fractured, they can also become denser and increase in size when exposed to increased stress where increased force is applied on the muscle and its attachment to the bone.

m/ Jam

Third year, Anatomy

ing they are thinner and less dense so they generally have less skeletal mass compared to other hominoids. The major downside of having more gracile bones is they have a greater risk of fracture. In the world of modern medicine, this isn’t as big of a challenge as it once was because the mortality rate from infections due to broken and fractured bones is much lower than what it was in previous decades. However, this problem can be compounded as we experience decreases in bone density in old age. This can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis. With the addition of recent technology, such as computers and mobile phones, our lifestyles have changed further from our ancestors - have our skeletons adapted to this change in lifestyle as well? You may think that there hasn’t been enough time since the advent of smart phones for our skeletons to evolve to fit our increasingly bad posture. In some ways this is true, as there has been no significant genetic shift which has caused changes

Epigra

This spooky season, anatomist Emily explores how the human skeleton might not look exactly how you’d expect Emily Connor

How modern life has changed the human skeleton

in humans is associated with stabilizing the head during running. However, some critics have discredited this study exploring the back of the neck, citing that it doesn’t measure mobile phone usage in the individuals it measured. So, despite the typical skeleton that you w i l l see in shops this Hallow- e e n , the Homo Sapien skeleton is constantly changing and adapting to adjust to our changing ways of life. Many adaptations to fit our new lifestyle could be an advantage, reducing muscular neck problems in our future.

18 SciTech

epigram 26.10.2021

The missing statues in STEM

After the unveiling of Henrietta Lacks' statue, we take a look at the influential black scientists who are not celebrated Sarah Dalton SciTech Editor

lack History month is being celebrated by the University of Bristol through the unveiling of a statue of African-American Henrietta Lacks in Royal Fort Gardens. Lacks’ HeLa cells have been incredibly influential in the world of medicine, but who are the other black contributors to STEM missing from our history books?

Dr Patricia Bath (1942-2019) Dr Patricia Bath was born in New York City’s Harlem neighbourhood, and is best known for developing laser cataract treatment, as the inventor of the Laserphaco Probe. Working as a laser scientist, humanitarian and academic, her contributions to science and expanding diversity are endless. In 1976, Bath co-founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness which increased eye-care availability for those unable to afford it, stating that ‘eyesight is a basic human right’. In addition to her life-changing development of laser cataract treatment, Bath also ‘dabbled in' cancer treatment in her early life (and by ‘dabbled in’; I mean revolutionised). Having won the National Science Foundation Scholarship while still in high school, Bath undertook a research summer programme at Yeshiva University in 1960, studying cancer. During this, she discovered a mathematical equation that could be used to predict cancer cell growth, at the youthful age of 18. Needless to say, the head of the research program

Epigram/Sarah Dalton quickly realised the gravity of this teenager’s findings and published them in a scientific paper, winning her the ‘Merit Award’ of Mademoiselle magazine for her contribution. Interviewed by ABC News a year before her death, Bath noted that: ‘I had a few obstacles, but I had to shake it off. Hateration, segregation, racism, that’s the noise you have to ignore and keep your eyes focussed on the prize.’ Her determination to prevent blindness despite the obstacles she faced was invaluable to the STEM community. So where is Bath’s statue, you ask? Yet to be sculpted.

Dr Herman Branson (19141995) Dr Herman Branson is credited

study, Branson groundbreakingly managed to narrow down the possible helical structures to only two helices – Alpha and Gamma. When he presented his work to research partner Linus Pauling, the revelation was initially dismissed as impossible. However, Pauling later published the discovery in his own name. When Pauling received a Nobel Prize for his contribution to Chemistry in 1954, Branson was not mentioned or credited in any way and his name simply faded into the shadows. Leaving Pauling behind, Branson returned to work as a professor at Howard University for 27 years, from 1941 to 1968. He continued to research and publish more than one

Branson was a pivotal figure in protein biology and left behind a legacy of scientific striving, activism and equality with discovering the Alpha Helix, a common protein structure. The pioneer in biophysics was born in Virginia and began life as an academic at Howard University after receiving his PhD. In 1948, Branson joined the California Institute of Technology and began to focus on the structure of proteins. After several months of

hundred articles in his lifetime. Branson became an advocate for equality in higher education, founding the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education. As a part of this, Branson visited the White House to speak to President Richard Nixon about the disparity in financing for higher ed-

ucation – resulting in Nixon’s plans to raise Federal aid to HBCUs. When he died in 1995, Branson was a pivotal figure in protein biology and left behind a legacy of scientific striv-

So where is Bath's statue, you ask? Yet to be sculpted

Dr Warren (1939-present) ing, activism and equality.

Carolyn Parker (1917-1966) Carolyn Parker lived a short but highly influential life as a physicist who worked on the Dayton Project, which focussed on polonium research as a subsection of the famous Manhattan Project. She was one of only a few African American scientists and technicians on the project, overcoming a significant amount of racism and sexism by White male scientists. The Manhattan Project was led by the United States during the Second World War and continuing into the Cold War, producing the first nuclear weapons. As a part of this, Parker undertook top-secret research exploring the potential to use polonium as the initiator for atomic explosions. Unfortunately, Parker’s influential research was also the probable cause of her early death from radiation induced leukaemia, aged just 48. Prior to her contributions to the Manhattan Project, Parker is also considered

You asked and we answered! Edward Deacon, SciTech Columnist Why can’t you sneeze with your eyes open?

In theory, it is possible to sneeze with your eyes open, but closing your eyes is an unconscious reflex to sneezing. It is suggested that, since sneezing occurs to expel irritating particles in the nose, your eyes automatically shut to ensure these particles don’t also end up in your eyes.

Is it true that eating a spoonful of nutmeg could kill you?

A spoonful, no. But consuming large quantities of nutmeg can be harmful. The toxic effect of nutmeg is attributed to myristicin oil which can cause tachycardia (a heart rate that is too fast), nausea, vomiting, agitation, and hallucinations. It is reported that consuming five to 15 grams of nutmeg could cause a lethal intoxication (depending on the quality and length of storage of the nutmeg).

How is non-stick material stuck to pans?

to be the first African American to earn a postgraduate degree in physics, paving the way for future black physicians. She earned two master’s degrees in both mathematics and physics, and had completed the coursework for her PhD when her illness struck, preventing Parker from completing the doctoral program.

‘Non-stick’ usually refers to PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) which is a type of plastic - a well-known brand being Teflon. To deposit PTFE onto pans, they are first blasted with fine particles to roughen the surface which helps the PTFE to attach. PTFE at a high temperature is then sprayed onto the pan sequentially in layers and is allowed to set. Only once it has cooled does it take on its familiar non-stick properties.

Washington

Dr Warren Washington is a climate scientist who developed the first atmospheric computer model of Earth's climate. Despite being an internationally recognised expert in atmospheric sciences and climate research, the frequent whitewashing of the climate crisis means that very few everyday citizens know of his work. After completing his PhD in meteorology, Washington made his ground-breaking model as a research scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). In 1978, he went on to serve the President on the National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere, and in 1996, he assumed the chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change. Washington later was awarded the National Medal of Science by Barack Obama in 2010, the nations’ highest science award. I only hope that his statue is being sculpted as we speak.

SciTech 19

epigram 26.10.2021

‘Breakthrough Bursary’ aimed at BAME tech entrepreneurs relaunched by the University SETsquared Bristol has relaunched its Breakthrough Bursary that offers BAME entrepreneurs strategic advice and coaching for startup businesses Edward Deacon PhD, Physics

ETsquared Bristol is a world leading technology incubator led by the University of Bristol. Its Breakthrough Bursary covers 75 per cent of a one-year SETsquared Startup Membership (worth £112.50) which provides investment readiness, training, mentoring, events and advice clinics, as well as access to University of Bristol expertise. Any UK-based BAME entrepreneurs who are developing or already have a tech business, with the ambition to impact the world, are eligible to apply. BAME founders who identify as female are particularly encouraged to apply given their underrepresentation in the tech industry. Since the launch of the Break-

out Bursary, the number of BAME founders who are part of SETsquared has increased from 14 per cent to 23 per cent. This figure is in stark contrast to the number of BAME senior technology leaders across the UK, which is less than nine per cent. ‘We're committed to unlocking in-

receive support from the SETsquared Bursary in 2021. Founder and CEO Chen Mao Davies said: ‘The Breakthrough Bursary made it more accessible for me to join SETsquared Bristol. ‘The membership has given me a huge amount of exposure as well

Women BAME founders are particularly encouraged to apply given their underrepresentation in the technology industry novation and true sector representation through diversity and inclusion initiatives like the Breakthrough Bursary,’ explains Monika Radclyffe, the SETsquared Bristol Centre Director. ‘We look forward to welcoming new recipients to our community.’ To date, £300,000 has been raised in investment by nine companies who received the Bursary. LatchAid – a breastfeeding support app - was one of six companies to

as the support and network to grow very fast. It’s been a real boost of confidence for me.’ Bursary alumnus Neciah Dorh Co-founder and CEO of University of Bristol spin-out, FluoretiQ - said: ‘The Breakthrough Bursary enabled us to join a community of amazing founders to learn from.’ The Bursary is funded by SETsquared alumni members and was a key recommendation from a SETsquared funded research report

Epigram/University of Bristol that considered BAME entrepreneurs. More information about the Breakout Bursary can be found on the

SETsquared Bristol website. Applications to the Bursary close on the 8 November 2021.

Epigram/Sarah Dalton

Bristol museum's lodgers: ‘The Bristol Dinosaur' and other prehistoric locals

Bristol Museum and Art Gallery's current exhibition provides a detailed description of the dinosaurs that once roamed across Bristol Matthew Jackson Second Year, Biology

reading up the stone staircase of Bristol Museum and turning the corner, I look up to see a leering, motionless skeleton silhouetted by the gentle light glowing from behind. Its head looming nine feet above me, and hung a few

feet from my eyes: its long, threatening claws brandished in front. This menacing-looking display is a cast of a 220-million-year-old fossil, found in Germany. Dinosaurs seem distant, both in time and space. Then, from the corner of my eye I spot a plucky little creature with a bright blue patch on its neck. This diminutive dinosaur is the Thecodontosaurus (theek-o-donto-saurus), the first dinosaur fossil found in Bristol, earning it the name of ‘The Bristol Dinosaur’. The Thecodonosaurs was discovered by the curator of the Bristol Institution, Samuel Stutchbury, on Durdham Downs, and it lived during the Triassic pe-

riod. Its name means 'socket-tooth lizard', referring to the fact that the roots of its teeth were not fused with a jaw bone. The bright colouring of this model’s neck is purely theoretical but pulls into focus an interesting point of palaeontology: What colour were dinosaurs? The fossilisation process mostly preserves solid bone, therefore softer body parts and colours are rarely found in the geological record. Researchers get around this

The exhibit shows how fantastic and diverse life was in the prehistoric era, bringing the distant dinosaur much closer to home by making predictions based on how modern animals are coloured. Many animals today use bright colours to attract mates or neutral colours as camouflage to hide from predators.

The creator of this model has transferred these traits onto a possible interpretation of Thecodontosaurus: a bright blue neck with bland brown tones and a few beige stripes running down the back of its neck and tail. A large section of the exhibit contains the remains of three individuals of extinct herbivores called Scelidosaurs, a relative of the Stegosaurus, with bony spines protruding all over their back and tail. As you walk through the exhibit, the first of these dinosaurs has been identified as a young male and despite missing its head, this specimen displays some well-preserved armour plating. The second has been identified as an adult male with discolouration of the throat, which scientists have determined was due to either food being eaten or vomit. The last Scelidosaur has uniquely preserved fossilised skin imprints. The skull of the

specimen isn’t fully formed and so is thought to have been very young when it died. The free exhibit, open at Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, shows how fantastic and diverse life was in the prehistoric era, bringing the distant dinosaur much closer to home- definitely worth a visit Ever changing and reshaping our knowledge of the long-deceased beasts, scientists continue to find fossils which help to piece together the variety of animals, their individual

lives, and how they all came to rest upon the land that we now call Bris-

tol.

Epigram/Sarah Dalton

Arts

Editor Digital Editor Co-Deputy Editor Co-Deputy Editor

Twitter: @EpigramCulture

Katie Chalk Greg Evans Oscar Hunter Kate Bowie

Arts Editor Katie Chalk takes an inside look at the new digital art and dance project set to decolonise Bristol's landmarks of slavery. Katie Chalk Arts Editor

hat’s my thing with art and creativity, don’t ask for permission. Don’t wait to be picked. Pick yourself and just do it’, insists

counter-memorialisation of Bristol’s legacy of enslavement in a new digital art project. Decolonising Memory: Digital Bodies in Movement will take place here in Bristol, and is a project funded by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). A series of monthly workshops from now until Summer 2022 will culminate in several new dance-based memorials that center cultures of the African diaspora which visitors can view through an augmented reality app. Designed in collaboration with Digital Technologists, Michele Panegrossi and Luca Biada from FENYCE, this app will allow viewers to hold

Our bodies hold memory and trauma too. Trauma can be handed down through our genes to the next generation

'Brainwash' by Matryx

artist, movement specialist and digital creative Kwesi Johnson. It is with this insistent determination that the statue of the trader in enslaved people Edward Colston was finally publicly torn down, despite decades of unsuccessful legal campaigning. It is with this same attitude that Kwesi, alongside former Green Party Lord Mayor Cleo Lake, and Bristol University lecturer Dr Jessica Moody aim to continue their

their phones against sites identified by project members as being significant to Bristol’s legacy of enslavement and see augmented versions of the sites with no planning permission needed! ‘The project will create new collaboratively designed digital memorials which challenge, counter and dialogue with existing sites of memory in Bristol in ways which both acknowledge the truth of these

sites and Bristol’s history of enslavement and also bring new narratives to these spaces’, Dr Moody explains. The alternative memorials will centre around African diaspora dance culture with users of the app being able to access site-specific performances interacting with the memorial site. Dancing inspired by the culture and history of the African diaspora is used here to communicate stories of slavery, of power and resistance, providing a form of commemoration that is ‘embodied’. ‘Dance is unique in the way it taps into several parts of our physical and non physical energy. Our bodies hold memory and trauma too. Trauma can be handed down through our genes to the next generation’, Kwesi suggests. He cites a study conducted by Cambridge University which explores this theory of ‘epigenetic inheritance’. Essentially, enslavement and the repercussions of continued institutional racism has produced trauma that is generational both physically as well as economically and socially. Dance, Kwesi insists, is a healing force. ‘Dance incorporates physical, emotional, creative, wellbeing and social

aspects, it has many benefits. Before it became a passive experience that was performed in front of an audience, its roots were in ritual, social commentary and healing. That was its purpose.

A t t h e moment science says that nothing is stationary in the universe, everything is vibrating at different frequencies, which is the case with our bodies, that in turn influences our mental state. The same can be said with our

mental state influencing our body. If we can work in a medium that deals with all these elements we believe dance to be the key. ‘But then again’ he adds, ‘I'm biased as my background is in dance.’ Clearly, this ‘bias’ is well placed, with dance set to play a central role in this ‘guerilla memorialisation’ of the physical geography of Bristol and, as Dr Moody suggests, reparative justice for the legacy of enslavement. 'To quote the reparations movement, “Education is Preparation for Reparation”. Education, research, teaching and learning together, can play an important role in reparative justice as forms of truth-telling and sharing. Acknowledging and accepting history is an important first step, and interrogating the way this history has been (mis)remembered must be a part of that process too. ‘There is no doubt that there is much more that the University of Bristol can do and I know many people are working on these issues now – but this is a long process that must be taken seriously over the long term. I think projects like ours can play a part in reparative justice by acknowledging the past, learning together, sharing that knowledge and valuing different kinds of knowledge too.’ Kwesi adds, ‘There needs to be atonement, not guilt. Feeling guilty is not good, people have to be proactive.’ With the project set to kick off on November 1, the creators are keen for new participants to take part. ‘We need like minded people to come together for this project’ Kwesi concludes. ‘They should be interested in the arts, correcting injustice, decolonising their minds and creating a project that has a legacy and blueprint so that it becomes a beacon for atonement, truth, community and art.’

Learn more about the Decolonising Memory project by attending the informal information event on zoom. You can ask for the link by emailing decolonisingmemory@gmail.com. You can also follow the project on instagram on Instagram: @decolonisingmemory_bristol and Facebook https://www.facebook.com/Decolonising-Memory-Digital-Bodies-in-Movement-260885502450943/.

Project symbol courtesy of the Decolonising Memories Project

‘Don't ask for permission': Inside the Decolonising Memory Project

Arts 21

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pointing out the ignorance and outright racism of some of the hallowed early Feminists and Suffragettes. Explosive material!

It may be Black History Month, but these are works which should be read all year round.

Photo by Milan Perera

Literature not just for Black History Month his own personal experience as a Black youth growing up in a country where he was constantly told to

Akala addresses the deep-rooted flaws in the educational system which always seem to benefit a small minority of the society

Milan Perera

Second Year, English Litertaure

he last 18 months have been momentous in the wider discourse of Black History. The tremors of the unlawful killing of George Floyd in Minneapolis under police brutality felt in Bristol where people irrespective of creed or colour took to Park Street and toppled down the monument to the slave owner Edward Colston in a symbolic gesture. Euro 2020 saw England football players taking the knee in recognition of the racial inequality that prevails. On this fertile loom arose a plethora of books and publication on Race and Racism some of which are ground-breaking.

‘go back to where you came from!',

Photo by Milan Perera

WOMEN, RACE & CLASS by Angela Davis Angela Davis has been a scholar and activist extraordinaire whose campaign trails covered not just the inherent racism in the apparatus but

Cornel West needs no introductions. This prominent and often provocative public intellectual makes a compelling case on the slackening of Black Activism after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In the prologue he laments, what he refers to as the fundamental shift from a collective consciousness to a more self-centred consciousness. He makes the stark warning to the African American community not to subscribe to the seductive myth of Individualism in American culture. In a series of dialogues/interviews hosted by the German academic Christa Buschendorf, West offers an illuminating perspective on the doyens in Black Activism such as Frederick Douglass, W.E.B Du Bois, Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X and Ella Baker. Furthermore, he elaborates on the far-reaching impact of these

The author does not shy away from pointing out the ignorance and outright racism of some of the hallowed early Feminists and Suffragettes also American jail system. In this seminal work published in 1981 Davis thematically discusses the origin of women’s rights in the 19th century, the Suffrage Movement and the Emancipation of Black women. The clarity and the sparkling intellect make this a compelling read where the author does not shy away from

campaigners. In a closing essay, he reminds his audience the importance of renewing the activist zeal.

HOW TO ARGUE WITH A RACIST by Adam Rutherford

The title can be misleading, as this is neither a polemical catechism nor a compilation of acerbic street talk that might be of use when confronted by a racist at the freezer section at a local Tesco! The UCL based Adam Rutherford is not only a distinguished geneticist but also a gifted writer and broadcaster. In this gem of a book, Rutherford weaves complex scientific concepts and data on genetics with everyday colloquialism. Armed with cold hard scientific facts, the author dismantles the pseudo-scientific basis for racial purity and supremacy which were contributing factors in colonialism and enslavement of native peoples during the Enlightenment. Rutherford understands that racism to be a social construct, but believes that when strands of pseudo-science is thrown into this heady mix, it provides a layer of legitimacy to justify hatred and prejudice. A tour de force.

Akala addresses the deep-rooted flaws in the educational system which almost always seem to benefit a small minority of the society leaving a whole generation to their own devices. Covering everything from the police brutality, racial

and class that are at the heart of the legacy of British Empire. There are many more erudite authors such as David Olusoga, Afua Hirsch, Andrea Levy and Miranda Kauffman whose publications should be read, considered and discussed during this month.

Photo by Milan Perera

BLACK PROPHETIC FIRE by Cornel West (in collaboration with Christa Buschendorf)

identity to sexual politics and the Far Right, the author addresses directly to the British denial when it comes to confronting issues of race

NATIVES – Race & Class in the Ruins of Empire by Akala The award-winning rapper, author and activist Akala tackles the time-honoured myth of meritocracy in Britain in this highly readable and fact-based publication. Bringing

BOOK

CORNER

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Art spotlight: A Bristol student's surrealist work exploring OCD Kaya Small

First Year, English and Spanish We would love to feature more student artwork in Epigram. Please send us your work by emailing us at Epigram.arts@ gmail.com or commenting on the Epigram Arts 2021/22 facebook

Decolonising the curriculum: in conversation with Dr Samantha Matthews Arts Deputy Editor

n recent years, many academic institutions have been forced to look into the biases that their curriculums and research projects hold. We live in an era where people are finally beginning to realise that injustices and racism are not simply on the nose, but many of the most sinister elements of prejudice are, in fact, subconscious. The University of Bristol has committed itself to ‘de-

head of the English department. She tells me the department have been looking at the issue of decolonisation and diversity since 2015, and it seems to like they are taking it seriously. ‘We recognise that the discipline of English literature and literary studies was founded in the context of nineteenth century British imperialism and is inextricably bound up with practices of colonial power and its legacies. At the same time, literatures written in English are also oppositional and global texts which

long shadow of empire does not obscure those who empire was not very kind to, when it was alive and kicking. In each term and each year of the Undergraduate programme for English at Bristol, there have been major changes in the reading lists and main topics of discussion to create a more diversified experience of English Literature. For example, Dr Matthews told me about the First Term optional modules (one of which I took last year) which include a ‘range of work by BIPOC writers and thinkers, and

English Literature and literary studies was founded in the context of nineteenth century British Imperialism colonising’ its’ curriculum. So, what does that mean of the English Department? ‘Views on what “decolonising the curriculum" means vary', begins Dr Samantha Matthews, the current

interrogate and resist power structures.' So essentially, we must recognise that our educational lives have the potential to be steeped in imperial legacies. We must ensure that the

which facilitate discussion around urgently important ideas, including race.' This is something that I can confirm from my own experience as a first year studying these modules.

Photo courtesy of Imogen Horton

Oscar Hunter

I was pleasantly surprised by the range of diverse writers and topics, from Angela Davis on Intersectionality, to Elif Shafak’s beautiful fiction. Clearly the English Department at the University of Bristol genuinely do care about decolonising and diversifying the curriculum. They will be the first to admit that it is not

perfect, but it is certainly a far better start than many other institutions have made. I is crucial to question the biases in all our departments and subjects. We should all be vigilant and ask questions. Why else are we all at university if not to try and change the way things are?

Music

Editor Co -Deputy Editor Co -Deputy Editor Digital Editor

Twitter: @EpigramCulture

Theo Kent Mia Smith Emma Pope Josh Templeman

The sound of the University of Bristol Epigram's writers share a diverse variety of their favourite albums Epigram Music Writers 20212022

Laura Marling - Song for Our Daughter Jake Paterson, First Year English Literature

Kate Bush - The Kick Inside Elsie King, Second Year English & Film

mong any serious music lover’s record collection is bound to be at least one Kate Bush album. Her music, a kaleidoscopic overlay of sounds and haunting vocals, have made her a key figure in music history. The Kick Inside, Bush’s first ever album, is among my favourites of all time. Each song is boldly eccentric and almost theatrical in its delivery, through Bush’s distinct vocals, that listening to it feels sometimes like a joyous release from the mundanity of the everyday. In addition, as suggested by the album's symbolic title, many lyrics feel especially intertwined with the female experience, making it for me, along with Winehouse’s Frank, an album which shaped my transition into womanhood. This album, as well as providing incredible musical technicality and experimentation, is brimming with poignant storytelling. ‘The Man with the Child in His Eyes’ is a particularly powerful example of this, written by Bush at just thirteen. The album also contains the iconic ‘Wuthering Heights’ which is characteristically flamboyant and seared into British culture. Overall, The Kick Inside is a fantastic album, which is both moving and exuberant.

rked by a sense of nostalgia deep within the stillness of 2020, I put on a CD entitled ‘Spring 2009’, taken from a plastic wallet deep amongst the years of my dad’s musical life. On it, a 16-year-old Laura Marling sings of everlasting love with an unmatched voice. Then, Song for our Daughter fell into my life as a warm bath after running through the rain. The Grammy, Mercury and Ivor Novello nominated record is deeply centred within the themes of femininity and the equality of love, drawing upon influences from the Rape of Lucrecia to Leonard Cohen and Maya Angelou, to leave a piece on a fictional daughter that must navigate the contemporary world. The large textures of her previous records are stripped back to reveal the vulnerability in a single acoustic guitar and the very nature of songwriting. On the title track, and the highlight of the album, Marling sings of “the words that will outlive the dead”, the marks that art can leave on you – be that the lyrics to ‘For You’ on my bedroom wall, or the letter that Marling sent in reply to me in January of this year. Laura Marling's Song for Our Daughter, then, is an album that allows you to see yourself and to find a sense of peace with this. In looking to the past we can try to find a way forward.

Bruce Springsteen - Nebraska James Peppercorn, MA English Literature

here are a couple of records that I know I can always turn to when in need of a friend or a close ally. One of these is Bruce Springsteen’s Nebraska, an album recorded on a 4 track with just an acoustic guitar, a harmonica and the Boss’ lonely voice. To say Nebraska is a lonely and cold record doesn’t do the album justice: nothing I have ever heard sounds quite like it. Every song, from the otherworldly title track through to ‘A Reason to Believe’, is designed to remind you that music is a form of storytelling and communication. Springsteen moans and floats through these songs of loss, deeply forgotten hope and morose empathy. The songs are sparse in the way that a desert is sparse, in the way the album cover is a never-ending road of chilly emptiness. Every word and every syllable on this record is sung in a way to dissect the most human qualities that exist in our world. Springsteen is feeding us stories that tell us that we continue onwards even when everything seems fruitless. Despite the nearly overbearing nature of these sparse tracks, the melodic quality of songs like ‘Atlantic City’ and ‘Mansion on the Hill’ allow these stories to come to life. It may be dark; however, Springsteen is only trying to show you that the world isn’t always perfect. If you want a reason to believe in music, put on Nebraska, sit down, don’t do anything else for 40 beautiful minutes and immerse yourself in a whole new world.

Kanye West – Graduation Jedrzej Borkowski, First Year Politics

anye West’s third release Graduation features a variety of sounds ranging from grandeur synths to smooth strings, sometimes layered with West’s iconic use of sampling, combining into a surprisingly slick cacophany. The memories which accompany the album’s futuristic sound are what help to make it my favourite piece of music of all time. This work means a lot to me, as some of my earliest memories consist of seeing the cartoonish music video to ‘Good Morning' on MTV, or hearing 'Flashing Lights' play on the radio. I also remember hearing ‘Can’t Tell Me Nothing' for the first time whilst watching The Hangover (2009).Although with so many gems it is a difficult choice, I consider 'Flashing Lights' and 'Can’t Tell Me Nothing' to be my favourite songs on the album. The combination of synths and soft strings in ‘Flashing Lights' creates a perfect union of sound, supplying a vibe ideal for either a late night drive or relaxing with friends. In ‘Can’t Tell Me Nothing', West’s bravado transfers perfectly onto the listener, who can’t help but grow in confidence as the catchy chorus comes in throughout the track. The album’s unique sound, coupled with West's bombast helps it withstand the test of time, making it a timeless classic in which I believe everyone can find something to enjoy.

Phoebe Bridgers – Punisher Lauren Sanderson, Second Year English & Philosophy

have never heard an album that expresses the desperation and selfdestruction of heartbreak with such poetic lyricism as Phoebe Bridgers’ Punisher. Her second studio album combines indie rock with an undercurrent of folk in her definitively sombre style, exploring themes like abandonment, the numbness of depression and broken faith. Bridgers is heavily informed by the gentle finger-picked melodies of Elliott Smith and the backdrop of L.A., and her lyrics are vivid and surreal, such as “we spent what was left of our serotonin, to chew on our cheeks and stare at the moon” on ‘Graceland Too'. Bridgers combines poetry describing the sometimes mundane but unbearable pain of lost love that so many can relate to (romantic, platonic and familial) with melodic, even psychedelic music. Lines like “I will wait for the next time you want me, like a dog with a bird at your door” on ‘Moon Song', for example, are brutally honest and haunting. Her rare ability to create a perfect equilibrium between youthful tragedy and a matured sound has been rewarded with high accolades including a Grammy nomination for the Best Alternative Music Album in 2021, and a number 10 placement in Rolling Stone’s 50 Best Albums of 2020. Punisher is bewitching and utterly devastating, and I will be shocked if it is not one of my all-time favourite albums for the rest of my life. It is an album that touches the soul and stings every time it does.

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Music streaming: Too good to be true? Streaming has quickly become the main way we listen to music. Has the industry outgrown it's ethical obligations? Madi James

Second Year Politics & French

wenty years ago, the release of the iPod quietly set off an unstoppable chain of events, catalysing an evolution from the physical to the digital and ultimately transforming the way that we consume music forever. Today, the grip streaming has on our listening habits is undeniable. Yet, it is a well-known fact that your favourite artists are earning only a fraction of a pence from every stream of their discography, with many of them speaking out against a system they regard as unsustainable. It is an uncomfortable dilemma: on the one hand, we want our music to stay cheap and available at the touch of the button, but how can we then claim to care about the livelihoods of the artists we supposedly love when Spotify only pays out an average of $0.004 per stream? As the streaming giant turns 15, musicians from Bristol have weighed in on whether Spotify and other streaming services’ ushering in of the future of music consumption, making music accessible to people all around the world, has come

at a price that is too big to pay for its artists. Streaming came into the fore just as cassettes and CDs did in the past, dying out as more efficient forms of technology overtook them. 62% of music royalties currently come from the use of streaming services. The question is therefore not how we can reverse the rise of streaming, but how it can become fair for the artists that are the source of its massive revenues yet are not reasonably compensated for their work. In many ways, the rise of streaming has revolutionised the music industry and has made it much easier for smaller artists to gain a following. Jake, who performs with the rap-metal band NO:IR, recognises this as a real positive. ‘The global nature of streaming platforms is hugely underrated. Before such platforms existed your potential audience was restricted greatly by who might buy your album in a record shop, but now we can promote our music across the globe.' Alvinos Zavlis, who produces music as well as releasing his o w n work o n

streaming platforms, agrees: ‘I don’t think that there’s ever been a moment in the music industry’s history that can rival the wide range of people my music can now reach. For example, the top five countries that my Spotify listeners come from include places that I’ve never performed at or even visited.' In this way, streaming has made the industry more accessible to people from all backgrounds. The use of algorithms and the inclusion of niche artists through playlisting highlights the way technology is helping artists on a scale that we have never seen before. However, the artists we spoke to agreed that the market has now become oversaturated, with a huge amount of artists vying for their work to be heard over the flood of 60,000 songs uploaded to Spotify daily. Additionally, the potential for greater exposure means little when artists are not compensated fairly for their work, creating huge financial barriers. When Gary Alesbrook, a freelance music composer, started out in the 90s, earning a living from music was v a s t l y

different. ‘Money was still paid up front to new artists. The first band I played in was given an advance of £150,000 to make an album. ‘Streaming services have affected artists massively in that this does not happen anymore, and my income has been slashed considerably - for my 1.5 million streams on Spotify, I received £1700.' As an independent artist, he does not need to split this amount with bandmates or a record label. It is easy to imagine how the situation could be even worse. Services like Deezer have already trialled a more usercentric model, which would compensate each artist based on how much individual subscribers have listened to them. These trials have resulted in revenue being distributed more evenly among smaller artists. For Gary Alesbrook, completely transforming Spotify into a record label, which would allow more effective qualitychecking, is the most desirable route. On an everyday scale, Jake emphasises that buying merch and gig tickets is the best way for those who have the means to support musicians directly, especially since 10,000 streams is roughly the financial equivalent of one t-shirt. And it is a good idea to source music from more ethical platforms like Bandcamp, which only collects 10% of the artist’s profits. The explosion in the popularity of vinyl in the past few years underscores the idea that many of us are more than ever willing to invest in physical music and support musicians. But the reality is that many of us simply do not have the means to do this consistently and Spotify has made millions of artists and songs completely free, open and accessible to so many. This

Inevitably, the onus needs to be placed on the organisations who have created amazing and powerful tools that bring music to people around the world, but whose nebulous royalty system has once again placed profits over people. Earlier this year, MPs called for a complete reset of the market, with artists receiving 50% of all royalties instead of the usual rate of about 16%. Jake is among those in favour. ‘This isn't just an issue with music, we see it in almost all professions. A few people at the top hoard wealth while the people who do the bulk of creating the wealth aren't even given a living wage.' Alvinos adds ‘The difference in our streaming era from previous eras is that we have the voice and leverage to resist and protest.' It is clear that these changes are not only desirable, they are emblematic of a wider need for fundamental societal change. Artist promo (all Bristolbased): Jake Gazzard à Rap-metal band NO:IR, available on any streaming platform. Alvinos Zavlis à Trap, ambient and experimental electronic music, available on all platforms under the name Alvinos Zavlis https:// alvinosmusic.fanlink.to/bXfq Gary Alesbrook à TV and film composer, own music released via http://www. garyalesbrook.com

Discover all of our recommedations on our Spotify @Epigram_Music Image Credits: Gary Alesbrook spotify / NO:IR, Kieran Gallop / Alvinos Zavalis @alvinoszalvis / Spotify

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epigram 26.10.2021

Music of the mind As a generation grapples with its mental health, the ability that music has to heal must not be underestimated Theo Kent Music Editor

n a time that is often referred to as a mental health crisis, it is widely acknowledged that the coronavirus pandemic has had a disastrous effect on the minds of many: young and old. Not only is the epidemiology itself a cause of this, also to blame were the necessary, albeit difficult, restrictions on social contact. By stopping gigs, events, exhibitions and almost all inperson forms of interaction, an already serious problem with mental health was exacerbated – this is especially relevant to the student community. It has become evident by now that in restricting ourselves from the normal patterns of experiencing music, art, and culture, we’re in fact restricting ourselves from sources of joy. However, music is arguably unique in its place as a pandemicfriendly medium; it can be enjoyed in any time or place, and thanks to modern technology, music from around the world has become increasingly accessible.

While music is certainly not a cure-all solution to poor mental health, it can be an incredibly powerful tool – of many – to improve wellbeing. In fact, according to a paper published in Nature Neuroscience, enjoyable music increases dopamine levels by 9%. Those ‘chills’ you feel when a song you love sends shivers down your spine are a result of the same moodenhancing chemical that is released when eating delicious food, having sex, or falling in love. Quite simply, music makes us feel good, and in a pandemicridden world of crisis, this simple fact mustn’t be ignored. Speaking to the Bristol Hip Hop Society, Epigram was told that ‘music has the ability to completely change a person’s mood, regardless of what they are going through. You hear so many stories of people saying how artists have literally saved their lives with their music. Music allows people to channel their emotions in a positive way and, in a sense, it can take you away from reality allowing you to take a break from anything going on.' These benefits of music are increasingly being recognised formally, alongside a more social approach to wellbeing. Social prescribing — being prescribed

Editors' Picks

James Blake Friends that Break Your Heart Theo Kent, Editor

When I first heard James Blake’s 2013 album Overgrown, I was astounded at the originality of his sound. Three albums, eight years, and plenty of mainstream success later, Blake’s unique blend of synth-led, dubby beats with soulful song-writing still seems somewhat ground-breaking. ‘Coming Back’ featuring SZA is a highlight, with its menacing trap beat complemented perfectly by SZA’s hypnotizing vocals. We also see Blake’s firmly-grounded singer-songwriter talents in tracks like 'Say What You Will'. For me, however, it is the production of this album that is impressive: Joining forces with his partner Jameela Jamil for much of the album, we see a new side to Blake’s song-writing. The production gives references to countless different genres, but it’s never derivative. I struggle to think of anyone who has managed to capture a similar sound to Blake, so I think he’s here to stay.

Matt Maltese Good Morning It's Now Tomorrow Mia Smith, Co-Deputy Editor As the title suggests, Maltese's latest effort marks a new dawn. Shaking off his usual cynicism, GMINT offers a new, quiet hopefulness. Though not completely free of his sad-boy persona (track '1000 tears deep' opens 'welcome to the fellowship of sadness'), there are moments of genuine happiness, made only more meaningful by contrast. 'Shoe' is a playful love song, miles away from his old break up anthems; it's cringey but in a poking-fun-at-yourself way, 'you're my right shoe/i'm your left shoe/ we stand together'. With his witty lyricism and soaring harmonies, Maltese proves himself truly worthy of a success greater than being 'the guy who made that one TikTok' song (the vibey tribute to the apocalypse, ‘As The World Caves In').

by a doctor to engage in social said “Music brings people activities such as music lessons – together as it allows people from has been described as the ‘biggest different walks of life, different cultural shift’ in medicine for areas, and different ages to generations. This is according connect. […] Music allows people to the chair of the Royal College to channel emotions and feelings of General Practitioners, Martin that people can’t necessarily Marshall. express, meaning people are able Given the uniquely human to come together and connect.” connection to music, it is no It’s for these reasons that the surprise that it has a valuable Bristol Hip Hop Society recently role to play in social prescribing. held a commemorative “special Music is integral to human night of remembrance” for biology and is a fundamental Bristol student Olisa Odukwe, aspect of our evolution: we who tragically died earlier have evolved alongside music, this year. DJs and musicians because it facilitates social performed at this event, and this contact, emotional relationships, and a way of providing meaning. This powerful tool is quite literally present in our DNA. This social aspect to music is the reason why the IDLES' homecoming gig. Epigram / Mia Smith covid pause on gigs was such a bitter reality for many. Drug Store Romeos However, as we emerge from the more difficult parts of the pandemic, gigs are allowing us to come together once more. Bristol Hip Hop Society

demonstrates how music can bring us together and heal us emotionally. Bristol Hip Hop Society have said ‘we will be donating all profits to mental health charities and welcome any further donations.'

Solomon Cook I & You Emma Pope, Co-Deputy Editor

Injury Reserve By the Time I Get to Phoenix Josh Templeman, Digital Editor

Kacey Musgraves star-crossed

New Zealand artist Solomon Crook has once again impressed with I & You, an efficient collection consisting of only four songs, each as emotional as his previous output, distilled into a concise package. His unique style and beautifully written lyrics meld perfectly with the simple strum of guitar to create a comforting and touching album. In I & You Crook sings about themes of love and nostalgia. He follows on from his 2018 release, ‘Love Juice’, an upbeat, feel-good tune, with ‘breathe for you’ and ‘to be.’, which are more obviously about feelings of doubt, hope lost and uncertainty. In my opinion, these themes work wonderfully when coupled with his smooth voice that deftly guides. Solomon Crook aims to provide listeners with a feeling that they can relate to, emotionally relating to him and his life experiences. I think he has managed it perfectly with I & You.

Being the first proper gig I ever had the opportunity to attend, Injury Reserve hold a special place in my heart and this project only cements that. Their first album since the untimely passing of member Stepa J. Groggs last summer, By the Time I Get to Phoenix is something that many Injury Reserve fans never expected to even see. The project is melancholic, dystopian, and even devastating at points, yet simultaneously something so beautifully crafted, pushing hip-hop’s boundaries in ways I wasn’t aware they could be pushed. From the release of the project’s opening single ‘Knees', in which the group rapped over a Black Midi sample, it was clear that the album was to take a drastically more experimental route than their previous releases. By the Time I Get to Phoenix is so much more than just an incredible addition to Injury Reserve’s already glowing discography, it provides an opportunity to mourn whilst also providing a touching homage to their late friend.

Having to follow up your Grammy award winning Album of the Year must be an almost impossible task yet, somehow, star-crossed does it well. Kacey Musgrave’s 15-track long record, which takes its inspiration from the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, incorporates pop, country, rock, and folk to discuss the themes of love, hate and, most significantly, following Musgraves' split from husband Ruston Kelly - divorce. Musgrave’s melodies are as catchy as ever, with psychedelic tracks like ‘what doesn’t kill me’ and ‘good wife’ performing alongside the angry ‘breadwinner’ and emotional ‘angel’ to act as the darker but more mature sisters to the rest of Musgraves’ discography. In the end, Kacey Musgrave’s fifth album compels us to journey with her from an idealistic honeymoon period, through a sensitive divorce and, finally, to a hopeful future.

If you or someone you know needs help, the Student Wellbeing Service is available for support on 0117 456 9860 and can be emailed at wellbeing-access@bristol.ac.uk Courtesy of Bristol Hip Hop Society

Chezelle Bingham, Subeditor

Film&TV

Editor Ben Carpenter Digital Editor Madeleine Ellis Deputy Editor Isha Vibhakar

Twitter: @Epigramculture

Stephen Merchant's Bristol based crime thriller ‘The Outlaws'

Co-Editor-in-Chief

n Monday 4th October, Epigram’s Co-Editors attended the premiere for the new BBC series filmed in Bristol and created by Bristol native Stephen Merchant. The premiere was held at The Watershed and included a red-carpet procession, a drinks reception and a screening of the first episode of the series. The series follows a mismatched group of six who are carrying out community service in a run down community centre in South Bristol. If the first episode is any indication for the rest of the series, Bristol features very heavily, including some of the city’s most memorable spots, like Clifton Suspension Bridge, Cabot Circus and Wills Memorial building. Stephen addressed the audience to thank Bristol residents for sharing

BFI London Film Festival PresentsSpencer (2021) Ben Carpenter Film & TV Editor

o represent Diana as anything less than an angel amongst British culture is, to many, a sin akin to treason. Ironically, Diana herself embodied such sentiment. In donning the feathered shag and delicate accent, Kristen Stewart marks her territory as Hollywood's underrated gem and steps out of the (twi)light and into Diana’s darkest Christmas at the Queen’s Sandringham Estate. Much like Larrain’s Jackie (2016), Spencer highlights said director’s bravery in analysing cultural royalty from an apolitical stance. Labelled ‘The People’s Princess’ for a reason, Diana has long been seen, or at least framed, as a hero of sorts. The same can be said of Jackie Kennedy, albeit with less sweetness. However Spencer is quick to shatter the illusion of perfection, instead

the most intelligent man. A genius’. On Bristol, Rhianne said, ‘I’d never been before. It’s just fun. So lively, so many young people around’. Catch The Outlaws on BBC One October 25th @ 9pm

vouching for a chaotic representation that poses the terrifyingly unbritish question: was she just as bad as the rest of the royals? From the opening frame, Larrain’s Diana is nothing short of a mess, and rightfully so. Speeding to the Estate and turning royal heads, Stewart achieves every actor's dream - you simply forget you’re watching Stewart. A supposed impossibility ten years ago when Stewart was somewhat omnipresent at the height of Twilight fever, every single nuance, every movement pulls you further and further away from Bella Swan. As the Christmas celebrations commence and Diana’s sophistication unravels, Stewart presents Diana with both grace and pettiness, highlighting the flawed woman behind the tabloids and cementing her

place as an Oscar hopeful. And what better way to compliment such an elaborate cultural icon than with an equally elaborate wardrobe. From vintage Chanel to beaded ball gowns Jacqueline Durran, designer of that green dress in Atonement (2007), does more than mimic the princesses' famous fits. Mirroring the film’s overall dedication to resonance over reality, Durran instead pulls outfits inspired by a range of Diana looks. From varsity jackets to sailor hats, Stewart pulls each and every look off seamlessly, with a little Diana head tilt of course. But whilst Stewart’s Diana may look perfect, she is far from it. Existing in a world of her own, Larrain makes it clear from the first act that whilst Diana may be struggling immensely under royal watch, her rock bottom is still much higher than ours. This sense is epitomised in a brief scene in which Diana poses for the cameras, black veil and chanel suit, starkly contrasting the leather clad mud stained herd of photographers screaming her name.

Epigram/Filiz Gurer/Holly Beaumont

Holly Beaumont

the city with him to film the show. ‘Everyone has been so welcoming to us which is very, very appreciated. So, in a way, I feel like I sort of share the credit for this show with the people of Bristol’, he said. ‘The city has really opened its arms so we really appreciate it’. Along with Bristol-born Stephen Merchant, the cast also features another Bristol native, Gamba Cole. ‘For me, especially with the people of Bristol, I want them to be proud of what we’ve done. As they’ll know, we’ve shut off their roads and used buildings and the people of Bristol have been so patient with us and so nice and so gracious’, Gamba said. ‘I hope that when they actually watch it, they enjoy it and see a great representation of what Bristol is’. He described working with Stephen Merchant and Christopher Walken as ‘a dream, it’s just a dream’. Similar to Gamba, another member of the cast, Rhianne Barreto, spoke about the excitement of working with Stephen Merchant. ‘Stephen wrote it, directed it, produced it and is acting in it. It’s his baby. You’ll see it, he plays a bit of a fool in a comedic sense, but as soon as the cameras would cut, he is just

BBC

The Office & Extras Writer returns to his hometown to premiere brand new BBC One show

While Diana may be battling her own inner demons, with a literal army at her disposal and Wellington boots on demand, she still sits head and shoulders above us. People’s Princess? Sure. One of the people? Not quite.Reminiscent of Sofia Coppola’s Marie Antoinette (2006), Larrain takes full creative control of Diana’s narrative. Interjecting fantasy amidst the misery and a cameo from Ann Boleyn herself, the film relishes in its manipulation of reality.

For decades she struggled to control her story. And it’s about time we, as a culture, question the narratives we are spoon fed and so willingly swallow. Do we ever really know what goes on behind closed doors? And is it fair to assume that a fancier door hides fancier secrets? With Spencer, Pablo Lerrain aims higher than a shotgun on boxing day; and boy does he hit his target. Spencer receives a wide release in UK cinemas on November 5th.

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epigram 26.10.2021

To scare or not to scare? Six spooky films to watch this Halloween season Pick and mix from our collection for your Halloween movie night Alicia Taylor

MA English Literature

e’re well into October now which means Spooky Season is officially underway! It’s time to start celebrating Halloween by enjoying the scarier things in life, and who doesn’t like a scary movie? Well, it turns out quite a few of you. So, we’ve put together a guide to help you pick which horror films to watch whilst participating in the grand Halloween tradition, whether scary movies are your thing or not quite the vibe. Three ACTUALLY SCARY Movies The Descent (2005) – dir. Neil Marshall Starting off our list of movies that are sure to give you a fright is The Descent. If you’re afraid of the dark, small spaces and terrifying, cannibalistic cave-dwelling monsters (who isn’t), The Descent is the movie for you. The Descent follows the story of six women who decide to make a name for themselves by venturing into a previously unexplored cave system. Along their way they face various, claustrophobic survival challenges as well as the aforemen-

tioned spine-chilling cave monsters. Dealing with grief, loss and toxic friendships this movie holds a depth that differentiates it from other films with similar premises. Providing some stunning visuals, memorable jump scares and clocking in at just over an hour and a half,

the film for you. Three LESS SCARY Movies

The phanage dir. J.A. Bayona

The D e scent is perfect for a quick thrill that is sure to stick with you. Crimson Peak (2015) – dir. Guillermo del Toro Del Toro has truly made a name for himself in recent years. One third of the ‘Three Amigos’ of Mexican Directors that swept the Oscars a few years back, del Toro’s films now have a firm foothold in the horror genre. Crimson Peak is no exception. With an all-star cast and a plot rooted firmly in the gothic tradition, Crimson Peak has somewhat passed under the radar but is still well worth a watch. If you’re looking for a movie with aesthetically pleasing sets, haunting jumpscares and a macabre narrative then why not check out Crimson Peak for all your Halloween needs?

O r (2007) –

You may be familiar with J.A. Bayona’s academy award winning, The Impossible (2012) but before that he directed The Orphanage. Telling the story of a woman who buys back her childhood home, which also happens to used to be an orphanage for disabled children, The Orphanage is uncomfortable from the start. Shortly after moving her family back there her son begins to communicate with an imaginary friend. That is before he mysteriously disappears. The Orphanage deals with less jumpscares and more psychological horror than our previous suggestions

Addams Family Values (1993) – dir. Barry Sonnenfeld Now I may be biased considering this is a childhood favourite, but topping off our list for less scary, but still Halloween appropriate movies, is Addams Family Values. A short, sweet film aimed at families, Addams Family Values definitely fits the criteria of spooky but not too scary. This sequel to the 1991 classic follows the shenanigans of the titular Addams Family, offering a plot involving a jaded serial killer, scarily smiley summer camps and family fall outs. Yes, it is as weird as it sounds. If you’re looking for the perfect combination of spooky-themed silliness, Addams Family Values is sure to get a laugh out of you. Corpse Bride (2005) –

dir. Tim Burton and Mike Johnson Singing Skeletons, Tim Burton AND Helena Bonham Carter; Corpse Bride ticks all the boxes that make a Halloween staple. A childhood classic, Corpse Bride is usually overlooked for its shinier sibling The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). But there’s something to be said for Corpse Bride’s stunning stop-motion animation, arguably iconic soundtrack and simple but haunting storyline. One particularly memorable moment is the transition from the living world to the underworld, the shift in colour palette creating a jarring yet striking juxtaposition. If you’re looking for another Halloween appropriate flick that won’t give you

and the fact it’s subtitled will make sure you don’t miss any of the scares. If you’re looking for something more artsy, then The Orphanage may be

‘No Time To Die': Daniel Craig's last hurrah as 007 excels in diversity Check out the biggest cinema release since the pandemic Claire Meakins Second Year, English Literature

o Time To Die was always going to be a landmark Bond film. It marks the 25th film in the series, Daniel Craig’s final outing as the character, and, crucially, it is one of the biggest cinema releases since the pandemic began; a lot was riding on the film both for fans of the series and fans of cinema in general (if Bond can’t seduce people into cinemas, who can?). Fortunately, it doesn’t disappoint in providing the action-packed es-

capism Bond is so well-loved for. The film introduces us to a Bond who has retired from active service and is living off grid in Jamaica. Soon enough though, he is dragged out of his tranquil life and into the thrilling hijinks viewers are used to. Still, it’s worth noting that this is a different, more mature and emotionally available version of the character. Daniel Craig shows his adaptability by combining the macho stoicism we’re used to from Bond with new vulnerability. It’s through elements like this that director Cary Joji Fukunaga has created a film which feels quintessentially ‘Bond’, but also breaks away from some of the more problematic aspects that have bogged down the series in the past. It is notable, for instance, that the

‘Bond girls’ in No Time To Die are generally not love interests or merely plopped in for the male gaze. Bond’s only relationship in the film with Dr Madeleine Swann (Léa Seydoux) continues on from Spectre (2015) and it is deeper and more romantic than we’re used to seeing from the series. Plus, Swann certainly cannot be described as a typical ‘Bond girl’ with her cold reserve and protective, maternal strength.

Ana de Armas’ performance as Paloma is especially noteworthy though. Paloma’s initial appearance implies all of the glamour of the traditional ‘Bond girl’ but she quickly reveals herself to be far more capable and multi-faceted than the majority of her predecessors. Armas’ performance is charismatic and quirky, it’s just a shame she wasn’t given more screen time (especially considering the film’s runtime). Another character who deserved more screen time is the villainous Safin (Rami Malek). Safin is the main antagonist, but he feels more like a menacing presence than an actual character. The exceptional Rami Malek cannot be faulted for his acting, but the character is written like an underwhelming caricature of a

Bond villain. Safin’s motives seem somewhat unclear, beyond God-like megalomania and a vague desire for revenge, while his facial disfigurement and ambiguous accent play into the disrespectful trope of using ‘otherness’ as a marker for villainy. In a film that was hotly anticipated for bringing more diversity and equality to the series, Safin’s appearance stands out as tonedeaf.

Read the full article on Epigram's website!

Film&TV

Editor Ben Carpenter Digital Editor Madeleine Ellis Deputy Editor Isha Vibhakar

Twitter: @Epigramculture

Celebrating Black History Month: Black cinema is not always about Black suffering For decades Black films have been synonymous with suffering. Chezelle provides you with some lighter options Chezelle Bingham Subeditor, Film & Television

hen you hear the phrase ‘black cinema’, what is the first film you think of? Perhaps it’s a surreal modern flick like Get Out (2017), perhaps it’s something critically acclaimed like 12 Years a Slave (2013) or perhaps it’s something political like The Hate U Give (2018) or Judas and the Black Messiah (2021). Whichever one it might be, in all these films black people are represented almost exclusively in situations of adversity. In recent years, although cinema has attempted to become more inclusive in its depiction of black stories, it has also seen a dramatic surge in the portrayal of Black Suffering. Also known as Black Trauma, the phrase can be applied to any film or show where black people are consistently berated, harassed, or killed (think episode five of Them (2021-), for example). Though it is obviously extremely important to shed light on the horrific stories that these pictures present, it has become exhausting being repeatedly subjected to watching the racist systems that have underpinned society for generations. It goes without saying that movies such as The Colour Purple (1985) and Antebellum (2020) are brilliant learning tools and are integral to understanding the details of black history. However, I feel it is important to encourage discussion on films where black people are allowed to be astronauts, princesses, vampires, lawyers, or teenagers without racial suffering - not only to normalise black happiness, but also to make sure that we do not become desensitised to the struggles of the black community. In honour of Black History Month, I have compiled a collection of Black stories that do not centre solely on suffering. From inspirational biopics like Hidden Figures (2016) to eclectic black comedies like Zola (2020), these films and shows serve to remind us that black cinema does not

always have to be confined to the traumatic or the grotesque.

HIDDEN FIGURES (2016) Set in 1960s America and directed by Theodore Melfi, Hidden Figures tells the true story of the three black female mathematicians, Katherine Johnson (Taraji P. Henson), Dorothy Vaughan (Octavia Spencer) and Mary Jackson (Janelle Monae), who worked at NASA during the Space Race. While battling sexism and racism in the workplace, the women served an essential role in the Friendship 7 landing. Hidden Figures portrays black women in a way that illuminates their struggles in the 1960s without only focussing on their suffering while successfully managing to present the often ignored scientific and mathematical contributions that black people have made to society.

ZOLA (2020) Based on what became known as ‘the greatest stripper saga ever tweeted’, Zola is a black comedy-drama that follows several chaotic days in the life of Aziah ‘Zola’ King (Taylour Paige), a part-time stripper, after she is convinced to travel to Florida with the rather shady Stefani (Riley Keough) and her mysterious ‘friend’ X (Colman Domingo). Directed by Janicza Bravo, a black woman, Zola is interesting not only in the way it tackles race within sex work, but also in how it captures the friendship between black and white women and in how it configures the black female body. Subverting the ‘angry-black woman’ trope, the character of Zola is savvy, hilarious, and fiercely intelligent, and Paige is brilliant

at playing her. Through Zola, Paige provides us with a strong, self-autonomous black female protagonist that is unlike any I have seen before. In the years to come, I imagine that Zola will gain a cult following that I will be part of, for I can safely that say that Zola was one of the only movies of the year that at times had me crying with laughter and at other times gritting my teeth in uncomfortable suspense.

the struggles of a community (in this case, both the LGBTQ+ community and non-white communities) without drawing solely on their trauma.

BLACKKKLANSMAN (2018)

BLACK PANTHER (2018) Starring an almost all-black cast, Best Picture nominee Black Panther is unarguably one of the most significant films of the past decade when it comes to the cinematic portrayal of black happiness. Marking the debut of the first black superhero, Chadwick Boseman stars as the titular character T’Challa who, after the death of his father, must battle his cousin Killmonger (Michael B Jordan) for the throne of Wakanda, a fictional futuristic African community that is the most technologically advanced in the world. Upon its release, Black Panther became a staple movie for young black boys and girls who had waited for so long to see people who looked like them depicted in superhero movies, and in grossing more than a billion at the box office, showed us that black culture, black stories, and black joy are things that people want to see represented on the silver screen.

POSE (2018-2021) Despite its significant focus on the AIDS epidemic in 1980s and 1990s America, Pose never manages to exploit the suffering of black and brown people. The show, which centres around the lives of those involved in New York’s black and Latino LGBTQ+ ballroom culture, gives a voice to the people who invented many of the popularised culture staples we used today and does so in a fun and flamboyant, but also extremely honest, way. Pose, which features the largest number of trans actors in main roles in TV history, is the perfect example of how to teach an audience about

BlacKkKlansman is a crime comedy based on the memoir of Ron Stallworth, a police officer who infiltrated the Ku Klux Klan in the 1970s. The Academy Award winning movie, which stars John David Washington and Adam Driver in leading roles, is surprisingly hilarious, occasionally absurd and, at times, upsetting in its depiction of race relations in the 70s. In a similar way to Pose, BlacKkKlansman successfully narrates serious subjects regarding black people without exploiting the suffering of black people. In a very Spike Lee fashion, the film manages to balance itself on an equilibrium between immersive comedy and painful reality and will leave the viewer with a bittersweet taste in their mouth when the credits roll.

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Overwhelmed by the new term? Escape from reality with some of our favourite comfort films

When it comes to comfort viewing, you probably want to watch something that gives you hope and a constant reassurance that the path ahead is lit with opportunities and progressive changes. For me, that film is Mona Lisa Smile. Set in the 1950s, the film stars Julia Roberts, a

Columb ia

HBO F I l m s/N

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I couldn’t help but wonder … What says escapism better than $525 Mon-

10 Things I Hate About You (1999) - Evelyn Heis, Columnist Starring Heath Ledger, Julia Stiles and Joseph Gordon-Levitt, this iconic film is one of my favourites- which I quote almost daily. Inspired by Shakespeare’s ‘The Taming of theShrew’, the movie is centred around the lives of Katerina and Bianca Stratford, two polar-opposite sisters who are not allowed to date until they graduate. Desperate to date Bianca, the new kid, Cameron, schemes with the school delinquent, Patrick, to woo Katerina over and get her father’s rule lifted. From its hilarious and memorable

Mona Lisa Smile (2003) Isha Vibhakar, Deputy Editor

Pic t

Sex and the City (2008) Ben Carpenter, Editor

Columbia

scar worthy or Razzie winning, comfort films hold special places in our hearts. As the seasons begin to change and outside pressures increase, there’s nothing quite like sitting back and indulging in something warm and safe. With this in mind we, the 2021/22 Editorial team, invite you to read of our favourite comfort films, and in doing so hope we can inspire you to take a minute (or maybe 2 hours) to yourself to escape reality at this hectic time.

s to n e P i c uch tur To e

Film & Television

free-thinking art professor teaching Wellesley girls including Kirsten Dunst and Julia Stiles out of several others, to challenge conservative social roles by championing women liberation in terms of intellectual freedom further drwfilm which constitutes: "What is art? Is it good or bad? What criteria can be used to decide these questions?"

The Film&TV Team

one-liners, to Heath Ledger’s wonderful presence, and its ‘woke’ and feminist overtones, this iconic romcom is worth every honourable mention. 'But Mr Stratford it’s just a party!’ ‘And Hell is just a sauna.’

Settle down and snuggle up this autumn season with these feel-good classics

olo Blahniks? This sequel to the hit HBO series is everything a comfort film should be. Starring Sarah Jessica Parker as the iconic Carrie Brashaw, the film follows our 4 ladies as they continue to navigate love and life in the growingly unrealistic and ever expensive Big Apple. Often overshadowed by it’s largely inferior and highly ignorant sequel, SATC is full of heart, wit and humour and has since become a classic in the rom-com genre. Benefiting largely from Parker’s ever charming performance and requiring little to no knowledge of the series, this film adaptation is a joy from beginning to end, pulling you straight off of Park Street and right onto the streets of Manhattan. And as Bradshaw herself would say, isn’t that just fabulous?

Spice W o r l d (1997) Chezelle Bingham, Subeditor Despite my indecisiveness making it hard for me to choose just one comfort film, the Spice Girls’ ridiculously fun sort-of-biopic is one that I always find myself returning to when I feel low. Whether your favourite is Baby, Posh, Ginger, Scary or Sporty, it is impossible for a fan of 90s music and fashion to not find at least one element of this ninety-minute-long musical comedy entertaining. It’s

cheesy, eclectic, and humorous, and all these qualities lend the movie its homely, comforting energy.

Featuring Richard E. Grant and Roger Moore in supporting roles alongside Emma, Geri, Mel B, Mel C and Victoria; Spice World’s nostalgia always transports me to 1997 and gets everyone singing along to the Spice Girls’ discography as it does so – because sometimes we’ve all got to spice up our lives. Although the Spice Girls may have taught us at ‘too much of something is bad enough’, in the case of Spice World: too much is never enough. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone (2001) Madeleine Ellis, Digital Editor The first instalment of the Harry Potter franchise serves as a much wanted break from reality during stressful times. Chris Columbus’ directs an enchanting introduction to the wellknown Wizarding world, bringing to life the myriad of magical creatures along with the endearing performances of the young ensemble. Although now known as the precursor to another seven films, Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is a perfect stand - alone movie reminiscent of many peoples’ childhood. Featuring the notable montage of Harry’s first Christmas at Hogwarts and set to a John Williams soundtrack all in all encompasses the meaning of a comfort film and proves itself the perfect antidote to Autumn gloom.

C line ew

Inema

Introducing HONEST REVIEWS - A new space for your Film & TV Get involved with absolutely no effort!

Evelyn Heis

Columnist, Film & Television

or those who don’t have the time to read full reviews, or those who find writing lengthy, academic articles daunting- this new segment is for you. Introducing Honest Reviews- a space dedicated to blunt, brash, and brutally honest reviews on the films that you loved, or absolutely despised. These short reviews will hopefully save you a lot of time - time that may have been spent watching films that aren’t worth it, like the time I won’t

get back after watching Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019). Hopefully they’ll aid your decision-making too! Honest Reviews will be a predominantly online segment, taking place on our Instagram page (@epigram_ film) once a week, where users will be able to comment their punchy, one-liner reviews on a film or series of their choice. Our favourite Honest Reviews will even have the opportunity to feature in our monthly in-print edition of Epigram. Honest Reviews allows students to participate and dabble in journalism, without the academic pressure to be ‘excellent’. We want messy, honest, funny and simple. How do you feel

about the latest blockbusters? How do you feel about these renowned cult classics? We want to hear from you.

October’s views:

Honest

Re-

Cats (2019): ‘Goes without saying.’ - Jake Tickle, Second Year English Midsommar (2019): ‘The amount of similarities between the Swedish cult and the Christian rock festivals I went to when I was 12 is unsettling.’ – Lizzie Roberts, Second Year BioMed No Time To Die (2021):

‘The whole time I wished I was dead.’ – Emily Hughes, First Year English

‘1 star. There were no wolves. Disappointed.’– Jess Hember, Second Year English

Uncut Gems (2019): ‘Worst film I’ve ever seen. Just men shouting at each other for two hours.’ – Anonymous

Monsters Inc (2001): ‘Switching from the exploitation of children’s screams to exploiting children’s laughter doesn’t make you good guys - Ethical capitalism doesn’t exist.’ – Jess Hember, Second Year English

La La Land (2016): ‘White people dancing and singing.’ – Jake Tickle, Second Year English Ma (2019): ‘Octavia Spencer looks great in a bowl cut’ – Ellen Bradbury, Second Year History and Spanish The Wolf of Wall Street (2013):

12 Angry Men (1997): ‘What it says on the tin.’ – Jess Hember, Second Year English Twilight (2008): ‘I’ve had mosquito bites more passionate than Edward and Bella’s relationship.’ – Jess Hember, Second Year English

Sport

Editor Digital Editor Deputy Editor Investigations Editor

Twitter: @EpigramSport

Nischal Schwager-Patel Artemis Denton Lexi Bothamley-Dakin Charlie Wilbraham

Steve Stacey: The story of Bristol City’s first Black footballer Dan Blake

Second Year, History

o most football fans, the name Steve Darrow Stacey may not mean much. From a footballing perspective, Stacey had a consistent if unremarkable career, playing for the likes of Bristol City, Wrexham, Ipswich Town and Exeter City. He was a promising player whose career was plagued by injury, but it is not his footballing ability which makes Stacey such an important figure in English football. He was more than just a footballer - he was a pioneer of the beautiful game; the first African American to play professional football in the UK. Born in Bristol in August 1944, Stacey’s life may have seemed relatively ordinary. Playing football on the streets, attending Ashley Down Primary School where he passed his 11-plus to get into to be together. Fairfield Grammar School, it was This left Evelyn and her family to the life of any other kid growing up raise a young Steve in the Horfield in post-war Bristol. However, there area of Bristol, a lone black child was a key difference - the colour of amongst his white peers. Stacey his skin. grew up as the only black child at His father, Clarence Sims, was a his school, something that would black American G.I. serving for the continue in football changing rooms US forces in England in preparation through large parts of his career. for D-Day. Clarence met Stacey’s By the time he was in his mother, Evelyn teens, he was Stacey, an English wledged By the time he was in aasc kan ofootballing woman from a poor white family, while his teens, he was ac- prodigy, playing based at Muller knowledged as a foot- in mass 20 or Road Orphanage in more a-side balling prodigy Bristol. At the time, games on Horfield segregation was rife within Common. At 15, he began to play the US military and as a serving football in an organised capacity, G.I., Clarence was effectively the signing for Sneyd Park in the Downs property of the US army. The army League. Within three games, Stacey refused permission for him to marry had risen from the fourth team into Evelyn, solely because of their the first team and was attracting difference in race. scouts from Bristol’s professional Instead, Clarence was sent back clubs. Growing up in Horfield, he to America, and it would be almost was naturally a Bristol Rovers fan, 40 years before Steve saw his father but it was their fierce rivals Bristol again. It wasn’t an option for Evelyn City who won the race for the then to emigrate across the Atlantic like 16-year-old. Despite rising through thousands of other British girls who the youth and reserve teams at City, married American soldiers after Stacey didn’t make an appearance the war. With Clarence being from for the Robins in his first spell Kemper County, Mississippi, where despite being on the fringes of the mixed marriages were outlawed, it squad that achieved promotion to was illegal for Clarence and Evelyn the Second Division in 1966.

Following City’s promotion, Stacey left the Robins for Wrexham for £7,000 where he became the first African American to play in the Football League. By that time, he was married to his childhood sweetheart Dot and had two children, Natalie and Michell. He settled well at Wrexham, making 90 appearances for the club in four years and establishing himself as a competent defender noted for his versatility. Throughout one season he played in eight different positions and even once played part of a match as a substitute goalkeeper. Following his success at Wrexham, Stacey made the biggest move of his career to newly promoted First Division side Ipswich Town, where he was coached by future England manager Sir Bobby Robson. But disaster struck on his debut against Bill Shankly’s Liverpool, as Stacey tore his hamstring, an injury he would never fully recover from. Despite this, he had become the first player of African American heritage to appear in the topflight of English football. He departed Ipswich after one year and went on to play for several more clubs in the football pyramid, including a short City and a successful spell at Exeter City. At 30 he emigrated to Australia where

race and colour. As the son of an American G.I. stint return to Bristol City and a successful spell at Exeter City. At 30 he emigrated to Australia where he continued to play as one of the first ever black footballers there. It wasn’t until Stacey was in his 40s that he finally got in contact with his father. After meeting his American family, his eyes were opened to the suffering of the black community in Kemper County, where his father grew up, and he learnt of the atrocities committed against black African Americans. He takes pride in his middle name ‘Darrow’, named after influential Civil Rights lawyer Clarence Darrow. In 2019, Stacey published his autobiography The Colour of Football. In it he reflects on his career and experiences of racism on and off the pitch, describing how being the only black player was lonely at times and made more difficult by the absence of his father. He also speaks of the support he received from his teammates, he continued to play as one of the saying that issues of colour were first ever black footballers there. never raised in the dressing room, It wasn’t until Stacey was in his highlighting the ability of football 40s that he finally got in contact to bring people together even in a with his father. After meeting his time where racism was rife in the American family, his eyes were game. opened to the suffering of the black Stacey’s story is an example of community in Kemper County, the ability of sport to transcend where his father grew up, and he race and colour. As the son of an learnt of the atrocities committed American G.I. and a working-class against black African Americans. English woman, he was a footballing He takes pride in his middle name pioneer and an example of what ‘Darrow’, named after influential football should represent - the Civil Rights lawyer Clarence Darrow. ability for people of all backgrounds, In 2019, Stacey races, religions, and published his to come Stacey’s story is an cultures autobiography The together. Colour of Football. example of the ability Although he was In it he reflects of sport to transcend not one of the big on his career and stars, Steve Stacey race and colour. experiences of was as important to racism on and off t h e English football as any player of pitch, describing how being the his time. Even today in a world still only black player was lonely at plagued by racism, both in football times and made more difficult by and wider society, his story remains the absence of his father. He also as relevant as ever. speaks of the support he received The significance of his from his teammates, saying that achievements in the game are issues of colour were never raised in perhaps best summarised in his own the dressing room, highlighting the words: ‘Today, teams are ability of football to bring people brimming with players of different together even in a time where racism nationalities and colour, and that is was rife in the game. the way it should be. But I like to Stacey’s story is an example of think that, in some small way, I was the ability of sport to transcend part of the beginning.’

Dan Regan/BristolLive

Epigram profiles Bristol's very own football trailblazer

Sport 31

epigram 26.10.2021

A look at the city's finest athletes both inside and outside of sport

Artemis Denton Digital Editor

his year has seen the mass extent of racism suffered by some of the UK’s biggest athletes. Many were shocked by the racial abuse towards Bukayo Saka, Jadon Sancho and Marcus Rashford following the EURO 2020 final, while last month saw even more abuse of players during England’s World Cup qualifier against Hungary. These events only convey how important it is for people to continue showing support for black athletes, and in particular those from their hometowns and local areas. In celebration of Black History Month, Epigram showcases some of Bristol’s exciting black athletes who

are worth following and supporting Bears’ forward of the year after a this year. superb season at the front. Bristol-born and Easton-raised, Not only is Pam busy saving lives Bobby Decordova-Reid is one to look on the frontline, but she is also vocal out for. Currently leading the line about racism. for Fulham, DecordovaH a v i n g Reid was the Cottagers’ With the Commonexperienced top scorer last season and wealth Games coming vile racist already has three assists abuse up in 2022, Sawyers p h y s i cand under his belt in the new al is an athlete to keep assault on campaign. an eye on. A Jamaica a night out international, he has made a superb earlier this year, the Bears star impact in the CONCACAF Nations recently spoke out against the League. A incident in light of Black History s well as being a gamechanger on Month, and what it means to her. the pitch, Decordova-Reid is also Pam explained: 'Black History active off the pitch, speaking openly Month is so important because we about racism in sport. have to celebrate the black people Another athlete worth paying who have made this country what it attention to is Bristol Bears Women is. Loosehead prop and NHS doctor, Simi Black history is something that I'm Pam. Involved in rugby at university, really passionate about, celebrating Pam was quickly captivated by the and talking about, and racism is sport and after just three years of something that I am very open about playing, found herself named the and talk about very openly because

it's something that affects me; at least weekly, racism is something I have to contend with.' In an interview with PACE, she spoke about the importance of using her social media platform to speak on issues such as race, explaining: ‘I’m showing you, I’m telling you, I’m describing it, you can’t now deny the problem. How can you be a part of the solution?’ Although not a Bristolian, Olympic long jumper Jazmin Sawyers graduated from the University of Bristol and is an athlete the city can be proud of. Like Pam, she is multitalented, appearing on The Voice in 2017. Sawyers reached the long jump final at the Rio 2016 Olympics and finished with a jump of 6.69m. With the Commonwealth Games coming up in 2022, Sawyers is an athlete to keep an eye on. There are many Bristolian sport stars making the city proud today,but

John White/John White Media

Bristol’s most influential Black athletes

there are also many sporting heroes of the past to celebrate. Steve Stacey was not only the first black footballer to play for Bristol City, but the first black Bristolian and African American to play professional football. You can read more about Stacey’s story on page 19* (TBC), as well as in his autobiography, The Colour of Football. His career deserves recognition as a player that helped pave the way for generations of black footballers to come. These are just a few of Bristol’s talented athletes that deserve the support of the city. With the Premier League in action, Premiership rugby in full swing and the Commonwealth Games on the horizon, now is the perfect time to be invested in sport. Bristol is teeming with many more inspirational sports stars who we should all be proud and excited to watch.

Sport

Editor Digital Editor Deputy Editor Investigations Editor

Twitter: @EpigramSport

Are the Bears in trouble? After a rocky start to the season with just one win, can Bristol get back on track in the Premiership?

n the space of four months, Bristol Bears Men have gone from topping last season’s Premiership to one win from four and a –76 points difference in the opening weeks of the new campaign. Kicked to death by the returning Saracens, a six-try thrashing at the hands of Wasps and a humiliating collapse to champions Harlequins. A hard-fought win in the West Country derby over Bath has given Bears fans a bit of hope, but we are seeing far from the rampant Bears of last season. So, what’s different? On paper, Pat Lam’s side are still

Gate over the summer break, with England internationals Ben Earl and Max Malins returning to Saracens after season-long loans, and former Tonga captain Siale Piutau being released to move to Japan. Meanwhile, Bristol management did not make a single signing for their first XV this summer, with the most high-profile incoming move being Ioan Lloyd’s promotion from the Bears Academy despite already consistently starting for the first team. On top of this, Bristol are contending with short-term injuries to former All Black John Afoa, 2020 Bears’ top try scorer Luke Morahan, and Gallagher Premiership Try of the Season winner Siva Naulago. Six seismic losses to the starting team without any suitable replacements coming in is a recipe made for disaster, but there is one injury that

the strengths of the others in that backline, rather than trying to find other players to fill his role. Despite all of this, there is certainly hope. October’s fifth consecutive derby win against Bath showed that Bristol can work to find more pragmatic roads to tough victories. Bath showed more attacking flair as they scored three early contenders for try of the season, while the Bears were constantly having to catch up. Rather uncharacteristically, they opted to put faith in their strong forward pack for two tries from driving mauls, and sustained pressure that critically saw two tries from driving mauls, and sustained pressure that critically saw two Bath forwards sent off the pitch in the second half. Returning British and Irish Lions prop Kyle Sinckler led the push with a Player of the Match performance from the front in the

playing the energetic and fearless game plan that defines them to great effect. Bristol dominated their first three matches in terms of possession and metres made, with talisman Charles Piutau providing a highlights reel longer than a Rassie Erasmus video. But with seven tries from four games so far – compared to an average of more than three per game last season – the Bears are struggling to convert what they can achieve in the first 99 metres into finding the white line in the decisive one. This stark contrast in being able to take their chances comes down to a distinct lack of their standout stars on the pitch. Three starters departed Ashton

makes that even tougher. Lam announced this month that Fijian flyer Semi Radradra will be having knee surgery and will be sidelined until the end of January 2022. Perhaps the best offload specialist in the world for the last few years, Radradra is an absolutely crucial player in the Bears’ backline and a key component in their league success last season. Since making his debut in August 2020, Bristol have won 78% of the games that he has featured in (18), compared to 50% of the games that he hasn’t (16). Radradra is a miracle worker in linking the team’s attacking moves together and creating line breaks out of nowhere. It will be important to emphasise

nitty gritty of the heated derby. Despite Bath’s own personnel issues this season, a strong win like this may lay groundwork for how Bristol can close out more important wins for the next year. Perhaps there are still mental wounds to be healed after last season’s brutal Premiership playoff defeat to Harlequins and a frustrating European Champions Cup exit to Bordeaux. However, there is a lot to take from the Bath win in order to bounce back. Earl, Malins and Siale aren’t coming back, but Afoa, Morahan and Naulago will return very soon, as Bristol will hopefully start to see a resurgence in the league after a poor opening month of the season.

Louis Edward

Second Year, Psychology

Epigram / Nischal Schwager-Patel

Nischal Schwager-Patel Artemis Denton Lexi Bothamley-Dakin Charlie Wilbraham

Is this the watershed point in Bristol City’s history? The Robins will fancy their chances of reaching the promised land of the Premier League under Nigel Pearson

Milan Perera

Second Year, English Literature and Community Engagement

ormer Bristol City Men’s manager Dean Holden was no pale weakling, but the writing had been on the wall for quite some time as the Robins succumbed to six straight defeats at the start of 2021 and the inevitable happened. After the departure of Holden in February, a few names swirled around the corridors of Ashton Gate, yet one name topped the list: Nigel Pearson. Even the rumours that Pearson could be heading down to BS3 ignited a morale boost among the tired and defeated players. In his first fixture in the dugout against Swansea City, Pearson undoubtedly proved that he is in it for the long run as Bristol City registered a scintillating 3-1 win. But Pearson is no luftmensch to get carried away. With swathes of experience under his belt as a manager, he is aware that there is a long road ahead. After all, this is a team who found themselves in a relegation battle and are still without a home league win since 26th January. In pre-season Pearson reiterated the importance of playing as a cohesive unit and having the mental and physical toughness to play 90 minutes of high-pressing, possession-based football. With just the sole pre-season defeat at the hands of Premier League side Aston Villa, The Robins began the Championship with confidence and conviction. Early season ambitions were dented when they were knocked out on penalties in the first round of the Carabao Cup by Forest Green Rovers. The following league trip to Middlesbrough was a disappointing display, as poor defending enabled the hosts to net twice from close range. A familiar sight one would have thought. City's start to the season saw them concede three stoppage time goals - two of them late equalisers in the Championship which cost them four points. The frustration was beginning to brew in Bristol, but patience was key if the Robins were to succeed under

Pearson. The hairdryer treatment appeared to have worked as the team began to display a sense of urgency from thereon. If the scenes from City’s last-gasp win at Queens Park Rangers are anything to go by, the Robins are in for a rollercoaster ride. Dan Bentley kept his side in the game which was capped off by Nahki Wells’ 93rd minute injurytime winner much to the delirium of the travelling fans. That win was City’s third consecutive away victory and stretched their unbeaten run to four games. The international break was preceded by an electrifying 3-2 win against Peterborough United, leaving an air of optimism among Pearson’s men. At the time of writing, City are ninth in the Championship and just two points shy of the playoffs, though tough tests against the league’s top two await. It's still early days and we are only a quarter of the way through the season, but the first signs of Pearson's Bristol City are of a hardworking, disciplined team who, on their day, can put in a performance worthy of a trip to Wembley come next May. In addition to the team performance, there have been some solid indiivudal performers so far. Matty James has been a work horse in midfield, having arrived at Ashton Gate this summer from Leicester City. Nathan Baker has played a key role at the back, while Jay Dasilva does not disappoint in defence. A crop of talented young players such as Alex Scott and Cameron Pring would no doubt become a vital force in the years to come, and it is of paramount importance to hone the academy players onto the big stage and resist selling them for a shortterm financial boost. However, of all the players, HanNoah Massengo is the most improved and talked about player this season. The 20-year-old Frenchman displayed a passing glimpse of his brilliance last year and has started this season strongly, blooming as a player and proving to be a crucial foil for the ageing legs Andy King. The road is long, but the signs of recovery and rejuvenation are beginning to show. Can Pearson spark a renaissance at Ashton Gate as he did at Leicester? Only time will tell.