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INDEX Embol and the etical dilemma of using experimental drugs The pollution of the atmosphere
HI V- AI DS
President Trump's Family Separation Policy
THE HOMOSEXUAL, IS BORN OR IS IT MADE? Humanity in the 21st century A NEW FORM OF STEM-CELL ENGINEERING RAISES ETHICAL QUESTIONS
THE PROBLEMS OF CAPITALISM Plan biotechnology Stress and your body Diabetes mellitus What is genetic counseling? Breast cancer
how anger affects your brain and body Abortion in the world The person with special needs in the 21st century
Homophobia National strategy to prevent teen pregnancy 2
The New York Times revealed that a leading doctor in the fight against the disease in Sierra Leone, Sheik Umar Khan, died despite the fact that he could have received the drug. Liberia quiere use the drug experimental ZMapp.
The Ethics Committee of the World Health Organization, WHO, approved the use of experimental treatments in the victims of the current outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, without being certain about the efficacy of the same, nor their possible side effects. Previously - and with apparent success - two infected American workers received the drug ZMapp, which (BBC Mundo, 2014)had not been previously tested in humans. It was also applied to a Spanish priest who later died. That the drug was originally supplied to only three white people, while the death toll was still growing in the African countries affected by the outbreak, generated a lot of controversy.
The WHO and MÊdecins Sans Frontières (MSF) colleagues discussed the situation intensively and, in the end, decided not to treat it with the drug, fearing that if it had an adverse effect, its use would end up raising suspicions about the doctors. in the country, a situation that was already hindering efforts to contain the outbreak. "It's a bit political, that's what it seems to me," said Dr. Khan's brother Alhajie Khan. "Why not give it to him? The man who helped all those people." HISTORICAL DISTRUST I do not think there can be a fair distribution of something that is available in such a small amount Marie-Paule Kieny, assistant to the WHO Director-General Certainly the ethical question of the fight against Ebola is complicated by the historical background of countries scarred by a colonial past that included experiments and treatments done 3
with the local population without their consent. On the other hand, the disease has also generated a particular stigma between victims and health workers. Medical ethicist and lawyer Daniel Sokol points out in a BBC article that all Ebola outbreaks have met resistance and hostility from the population towards Western doctors. Among other examples, Sokol cites what happened in the epidemic in Uganda between 2000/2001 when the possessions of some survivors were burned and spread the rumor that whites sold the organs of the victims. "Western doctors were viewed with suspicion and were sometimes suspected to have brought the disease." Similarly, Sokol refers to the outbreak of the virus in 1995 in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo. "The link between the hospital and those who died of Ebola was such that it generated a popular rumor: that doctors were murdering workers who had smuggled diamonds from nearby mines."
them will take time, so again the problem of the fate of potentially life-saving treatments appears. "I do not think there can be a fair distribution of something that is available in such a small amount," Marie-Paule Kieny, assistant to the WHO director general, acknowledged at a press conference. Kieny highlighted the exceptional circumstances of the decision to use experimental drugs, provided that criteria such as "transparency on all aspects of treatment, informed consent and freedom of choice, respect for confidentiality, preservation of dignity are followed. of the affected and the participation of the community ". Beyond the conclusion of the WHO Ethics Committee, in practice the option of testing drugs to contain an outbreak that has more than 1,000 deaths is still surrounded by unknowns.
SCARCE DOSES After the decision of the WHO Ethics Committee was announced, the Canadian government announced that it will donate up to 1,000 doses of an experimental vaccine against the disease to help contain the outbreak. In turn, the drug ZMapp was sent free to Liberia, following a request made by that country and with the controversy over its previous use exclusively in foreign workers.
Kent Brantly is one of two Americans who has been treated with the experimental drug ZMapp.
But doses of experimental sera are very limited and developing 4
The pollution of the atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere is the gaseous part that surrounds the Earth and that is maintained around it by the action of gravity. We call "air" the mixture of gases that constitute the atmosphere and that is an essential element for life on the planet, whose alteration can generate pernicious effects on living beings and material elements. Law 34/2007, of November 15, on air quality and protection of the atmosphere defines atmospheric pollution as "the presence in the atmosphere of materials, substances or forms of energy, which imply serious annoyance, risk or damage to safety or the health of people, the environment and other goods of any kind ". The main mechanisms of air pollution are the processes developed by man that involve combustion, both in the industrial sector, as well as in transportation or in the domestic environment. Although pollutants are also released into the atmosphere in production processes that do not involve combustion, as is the case of aerosols, volatile chemicals, etc. Atmospheric pollution can also occur from natural causes, such as volcanic eruptions, unintentional forest fires, release of methane by decomposition of organic matter, etc. Air pollution is caused by the discharge into the air, whether continuous or discontinuous, of substances, materials or energy sources, from any source susceptible to contamination. This is what is known as polluting emissions, which can be specific, when they come from a defined focus, such as chimneys of industries or heating, automobile exhaust pipes, etc., or else diffuse, when they are generated sparsely in an area located, as in a quarry, during the transfer of bulk, etc. Once in the atmosphere, pollutants do not remain indefinitely in it, but experience complex processes of transport, mixing and chemical transformation, which give rise to a variable distribution of their concentration in the air, both in space and time. The concentration of one or several pollutants, measured at ground level, at a point more or less distant from the emission source, is known as immission or air quality at that point.
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Statistics for the fight against AIDS, for Mexico: *4,500 people die every year from this disease *Approximately 12 thousand people are infected each year in the country, this is 33 people every day *There are 76,000 that are infected and do not know 260,000 cases of HIV-AIDS have been detected *At the moment, only 144,000 people who suffer from it are alive. *Of the total of infected, 16% are elderly *The Ministry of Health invests 3,300 million pesos for the acquisition of medicines and monitoring tests. These are data mentioned by the general director of the National Center for the Prevention of HIV and AIDS Control (Censida), Patricia Uribe, who explains that 34 years ago the first case of AIDS was detected in Mexico. The representative of the Population Fund of the ONU, Arie Hoekman, reported that worldwide each year 1.8 million people are infected with HIV-AIDS and that in 2016, one million died from this cause. He commented that 17 million people on the planet do not have access to retroviral drugs and that the goal is for 30 million people who have been infected to have treatment in the year 2020.
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President Trump's Family Separation Policy
President Donald Trump continues to falsely blame Democrats for an administration policy that has led to more than 2,000 children being separated from their parents at the U.S. border. Speaking at a White House event on space Monday morning, Trump again said that the policy is “the Democrats’ fault” because they will not work with Republicans to revise immigration laws. The family separations began earlier this year after Attorney Gener al Jeff Sessions announced a new “zero tolerance” policy of referring all border crossings for federal criminal prosecution, which leads to children being separated as their parents are sent to jail. “If the Democrats would sit down instead of obstructing, we could have something done very quickly — good of the children, good for the country, good for the world,” he said. “We have the worst immigration laws in the entire world. Nobody has such sad, such bad … and actually in many cases, such horrible and tough. You see about child separation, you see what’s going on there.” Here’s a closer look at the facts behind the family separation policy.
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What is the family separation policy? In May, Sessions announced that the U.S. would take a stricter stance on illegal crossings at the Mexican border which would result in parents and children being separated, rather than keeping them together in detention centers. “If you are smuggling a child then we will prosecute you, and that child will be separated from you as required by law,” Sessions said at a law enforcement event in Scottsdale, Ariz. “If you don’t like that, then don’t smuggle children over our border.” From April 19 to May 31, some 1,995 children were separated from roughly as many adults at the U.S. border, officials announced on Friday.
How have past presidents handled families that crossed the border? The Trump Administration is not the first to face surges in migr ants crossing the border nor is his the first to have to address the issue what to do about of families crossing the border. The Bush Administration aggressively pursued prosecutions of illegal entrants under a similarly “zero tolerance” policy in response to upticks. A Bush-era Inspector General report from DHS found that family separations happened when a parent is criminally charged or if family shelters and facilities lacked space. And according to the Bipartisan Policy Center, in response to Congressional pressure over the separations, the Department opened a family detention center in Texas to expand its capacity only to face more backlash due to the fact that the facility was a former medium -security prison. The Obama Administration dealt with a major surge in migrants and primarily detained families together in administrative facilities or released them, according to the Migration Policy Institute. It also faced fierce backlash over its family detention policy, including from Congressional Democrats and advocates who criticized officials who said detentions could serve as a deterrent, and faced a number of legal challenges over it. 9
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THE HOMOSEXUAL, IS BORN OR IS IT MADE? We are in full controversy about the genesis of human homosexuality. There are theories on genetic basis; others advocate a hormonal or psychological cause, or the social process itself. 065/5000 The first psychological hypotheses of homosexuality go back to the disciples of Freud, Stekel and Adler. The Austrian Wilhelm Stekel described this sexual orientation as "a psychic infantilism", close to the neurosis, susceptible of a remarkable improvement and, sometimes, even of healing. The German Alfred Adler was the first, in 1917, to put homosexuality in relation to a complex of inferiority to one's own sex, which consequently manifests itself, in man, as a complex of lack of virility. In at least some cases, the genetic traits of homosexuality were transmitted through the female members of the family. They are on the X chromosome, the only one that males inherit exclusively from the mother. And, indeed, in the long arm of this chromosome (Xq28) different characteristics are detected. Homosexuality is not born, it is done; what happened in childhood influences, according to a study A new study from 2 million people indicates that family experiences in childhood influence sexual orientation The study was published in the October 2006 issue of the Archives of Sexual Behavior, based on data from two million people born in Denmark between 18 and 49 years old. Denmark, a tolerant country with all kinds of alternative lifestyles, was the first country to legalize homosexual unions and has comprehensive statistics of same-sex unions since 1989. Sexual identity is rooted in the biology of every human being before birth, springs from a variation in chromosomes and is linked to genes, said Selma González, of the Human Sexuality Program of the Psychology Faculty of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
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Humanity in the 21st century It's not really hard to understand, but you have to start from the beginning. All living beings need energy, and that energy comes from the sun. Green plants, algae and some bacteria capture energy in the form of light and transform it into chemical energy. Practically all the energy that consumes the life of the terrestrial biosphere - the area of the planet where there is life - comes from this process called photosynthesis in which the free carbon dioxide is absorbed into the atmosphere, which in the case of plants is It becomes part of your organic tissue and in return oxygen is released. For most of the evolution of planet earth, the atmosphere was unbreathable, and there was a dense layer of gases from millions of years of volcanic activity and the incandescent state of the planet's interior. Life emerged in the oceans about 3500 million years ago and there it stayed for a long time and it was not until just about 500 million years ago when life began to move from the oceans to the emerged surfaces. The first forms of life that populated the continents were the plants, and for hundreds of millions of years there were huge forests of ferns and all kinds of vegetation on the surfaces emerged that along with the algae and cyanobacteria of the oceans were responsible for cleaning the excess carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere and made it breathable. Only then other forms of life began to adapt to live outside the seas. First it was the amphibians, then the reptiles and the birds and all the others until they reached the mammals. The current proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is 0.04%, which is sufficient to maintain the carbon cycle and allow photosynthesis. The remains of all that organic life accumulated for hundreds of millions of years were trapped in huge deposits of sediment that by their own weight were sinking into the bottom of the sea beds and with the pressure of the upper layers and the heat of the interior of the earth's temperature increased hundreds of degrees and continued to simmer until it became what we call fossil fuels, that is oil, coal and so-called natural gas. This process of forming oil and other fossil fuels represents the energy of the sun captured by algae, plants and other living organisms for hundreds of millions of years, as well as representing billions of tons of carbon that were sequestered from the atmosphere so that it became breathable. Life has the capacity to transform the
same conditions of the environment that allow more life; By cleaning the excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, life could extend to the most remote confines and the most inhospitable conditions. Oil and other fossil fuels are high concentrations of energy that were, so to speak, withdrawn from circulation, at the same time that the atmosphere was cleaned and the ideal conditions for the development of life were allowed. All ecosystems tend to homeostasis, or a climax state of dynamic equilibrium; This is the state of greatest complexity and diversity possible. The more diverse an ecosystem is, the more flexible, more adaptable, and more resistant to fluctuations in the environment; it also recovers more quickly in the event of alterations or catastrophes that affect it. A diverse ecosystem is a healthy ecosystem. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem; it is the ecosystem that includes all the others, and over millions of years it has developed a whole series of self-regulation mechanisms that allow the ideal conditions for life. Life calls more life, and life consists of a network of relationships of infinite complexity in which each species and each individual finds a niche to which it is perfectly adapted and which allows it to survive and reproduce. By changing the conditions of the environment, either gradually or abruptly, organisms and species have to adapt to the new conditions, and those that do not are left out of the game. Adaptation is the key, and at the same time that environmental factors condition organisms, they transform the conditions of their environment, on a very small scale at an individual level but with cumulative effects. Every ecosystem has a limit to the amount of life of each species that it can maintain; this limit or portative capacity of the ecosystem is what every population tends to when there is an abundance of food and the absence of predators, but it can not be exceeded without consequences. Nature can be very lavish, but it can also be very cruel and indifferent. Throughout time there have been millions of species that have come and gone. Currently it is thought that there are between 5 and 15 million different species, which represent And we became addicted to oil. We appropriated the reserves of oil stored for millions of years and began to burn them cheerfully, in the most irrational way possible. We found all kinds of uses, and in just a little over a hundred 11
years we became so completely dependent on the substance that our modern society could not function a single day without it. Oil is the blood that runs through the veins of our industrial society. Its most obvious use is in transportation and millions of kilometers of roads have been built so that its majesty the car can reach the most hidden corners of the planet. The whole distribution network of goods on a global scale, including food, is based on the consumption of cheap oil, and any product that we buy in the store, including food, had to travel hundreds or thousands of kilometers to reach the shelf. where we acquired it Food is no longer produced locally, young people no longer want to work the land, and there is a whole system of industrial agriculture based on cheap oil in charge of the production and distribution of food. Because it is not only the distribution but also the production of food that is completely dependent on oil. Industrial agriculture based on monocultures could not maintain the fertility of the land needed to produce the millions of tons of food consumed annually were it not for massive doses of petroleum-based fertilizers that are injected into the soil, as well as massive doses of herbicides and insecticides also derived from petroleum that are necessary to keep plagues at bay in monocultures. There is a whole petrochemical industry that is responsible for producing all kinds of petroleum products that have become indispensable in our modern life, starting with plastics that are ubiquitous and seem to be everywhere. And from there follow the paintings, adhesives, solvents, thinners, resins, detergents, waxes, petroleum jelly, kerosene, PVC, polyester, nylon, asphalt, medicines, polymers, polyurethane, polystyrene, and so on, and so on. All are petroleum derivatives. And also, and very mainly, the generation of electricity. What would we do now without electricity? As it turns out, on average 70 percent of the electric power produced in Mexico and the world comes from huge, highly polluting thermoelectric power plants that are burning huge amounts of coal, natural gas and oil to produce electricity; 20 percent is produced in hydroelectric power plants and the rest in nuclear power plants. Less than one percent of the electricity produced in the world comes from the so-called alternative energies.
have a better standard of living, and more energy is needed. The projected demand for the year 2025 is 123 million barrels per day.
And as oil is used for all the demand has increased exponentially. At present the production and consumption worldwide is 90 million barrels per day. A barrel is 42 gallons, or 159 liters, giving a total of 14.3 billion liters per day. It is a huge amount. If we put that amount of oil in a container of 100 meters per 100 meters of base, or one hectare, it would have a height of 1430 meters, or almost a kilometer and a half. That is the amount of oil that our industrial society needs every day to continue working. And it is not enough. The demand is increasing. Countries such as China and India are industrializing by leaps and bounds, everyone wants to 12
A NEW FORM OF STEM-CELL ENGINEERING RAISES ETHICAL QUESTIONS As biological research races forward, ethical quandaries are piling up. In a report published Tuesday in the journal eLife, researchers at Harvard Medical School said it was time to ponder a startling new prospect: synthetic embryos. In recent years, scientists have moved beyond in vitro fertilization. They are starting to assemble stem cells that can organize themselves into embryolike structures. Soon, experts predict, they will learn how to engineer these cells into new kinds of tissues and organs. Eventually, they may take on features of a mature human being. In the report, John D. Aach and his colleagues explored the ethics of creating what they call “synthetic human entities with embryolike features” — Sheefs, for short. For now, the most advanced Sheefs are very simple assemblies of cells. But in the future, they may develop into far more complex forms, the researchers said, such as a beating human heart connected to a rudimentary brain, all created from stem cells. Such a Sheef might reveal important clues about how nerves control heartbeats. Scientists might be able to use other Sheefs to test out drugs for diseases such as cancer or diabetes. Whatever else, it is sure to unnerve most of us. Established guidelines for human embryo research are useless for deciding which Sheefs will be acceptable and which not, Dr. Aach argued. Before scientists get too deeply into making Sheefs, some rules must be put in place. Dr. Aach and his colleagues urged that certain features be kept off limits: Scientists, for example, should never create a Sheef that feels pain. “We’re going to have to get a lot of input from a lot of quarters,” Dr. Aach said in an interview. “The problems are just too big.” Scientists began grappling with the ethics of lab-raised embryos more than four decades ago. In 1970, the physiologist Robert G. Edwards and his colleagues at the University of Cambridge announced they had been able to fertilize human eggs with sperm and keep them alive for two days in a petri dish. During that time, the embryos each divided into 16 cells. Dr. Edwards won the Nobel Prize in 2010 for his research, which opened the door to in vitro fertilization. The discovery also made it possible to study the earliest moments of human development. Governments around the world began deliberating over how long research laboratories and fertility clinics should be allowed to let these embryos grow. In 1979, a federal advisory board recommended that the cutoff should be 14 days. Adherence to the 14-day rule led to tremendous advances. In 1998, scientists isolated stem cells from early embryos and eventually figured out how to develop them into just about any tissue in the body, from heart muscle to nerves. “We need to address this now, while there’s still time,” Dr. Aach said.
Sophia Roosth, a Harvard historian of science who was not involved in the new paper, said she did not think ethicists would have to start from scratch to find rules for these strange new Sheefs. She was optimistic that experts could draw on the many regulations in place for other kinds of research — including cloning, human tissue studies, and even studies on animals. “I don’t think the baby has to be thrown out with the bathwater,” she said.
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THE PROBLEMS OF CAPITALISM Since the world is world there have always been rich and poor. The recognition of this reality has something of resignation and something of realism. What matters - in any case - is not to ignore the obvious, but to think what is done with the data that society exhibits. Rich richer and poorer and poorer, they realize an unfair situation. For many years the common sense of society justified poverty with arguments of a religious nature, blaming the poor themselves for their fate or looking the other way. Today any of these versions is contested. Neither original sin, nor the supposed laziness of the poor, nor indifference, can be presented as intellectual or moral alibis. Today it is not necessary to be a crusader of egalitarianism to admit that the ideal societies, the just societies, are those where the gap between the poor and the rich is getting smaller and smaller. In principle no one would oppose this formulation. Conservatives, liberals, socialists, religious, on this point agree, although for reasons of political correctness. Problems or differences arise when discussing how to access a more just society. It is here where the differences become visible because interests and ideological visions begin to gravitate. A visible feature of the 21st century is the deepening of the gap between rich and poor. The phenomenon includes the developed and backward countries. The figures, in this respect, are conclusive, and the great popular mobilizations that are taking place in the great capitals of the world give an account of this reality. In most cases capitalism is not challenged, but some of its modalities are challenged. The struggle to reduce the gap between rich and poor is also the struggle of the new generations to conquer the future. The feeling or the suspicion that there is no future is another of the signs of the crisis. There is no future in a world of accumulation of wealth as there never was. The injustice is evident. One of the key signs of progress in the twentieth century was to install the principle that children would live better than parents. That relationship has been broken or, at least, has been questioned. The symptom of decline is manifested in the expansion of poverty. The impoverishment is expressed through
individual dramas and social tragedies. Poverty degrades, corrupts, sickens and kills. The retreat of the rich towards the private corresponds to a public space the real and symbolic constitution space of society- that deteriorates. Its symptoms, in this sense, are typical: collective and individual insecurity, public institutions in ruins, roads, bridges and highways in poor condition and expensive public services and deficient. "No society can prosper or be happy if the majority of its members are poor and unhappy." The text belongs to the founder of economic liberalism, Adam Smith, who after writing "The Wealth of Nations," as if to heal in health, wrote about the moral assumptions of capitalism. By then poverty was a symptom that highlighted the failures of the system. In the twentieth century it is estimated that the golden period of modern Western societies was manifested during the so-called "glorious thirty years". It was at that time that the apparently irresolvable contradiction between the model of accumulation and distribution could be resolved in a satisfactory way. The gap between the poor and the rich was visibly reduced and in some societies it did so to a minimum. Full employment, good wages, social rights and civil and political liberties seemed to crown the ideal of progress. The distinctive feature of these societies was upward social mobility and its conclusion was expressed in more integrated, predictable and secure societies. The public did not deny the private, but it set limits. Likewise, privileging the public included protecting private interest. For more than one sociologist, the public expressed a level of perfection of the private. The social fact was constituted on the basis of the individual free, rational and solidary. The distinction was necessary because it marked the difference with the totalitarian regimes (fascism and communism) that also said privileging the public over the private, but overriding freedoms. The problem was present when at the end of the seventies, and in the context of the internal transformations of capitalism, the gap between rich and poor began to grow. The welfare state resulted in a welfare state for the rich. Social expenses were reduced in the name of the minimum State. According to this 15
point of view the State should not intervene to protect the losers, but if it had to do so to finance military campaigns, expand the spheres of social control or rescue bankers doublĂŠ The problem was present when at the end of the seventies, and in the context of the internal transformations of capitalism, the gap between rich and poor began to grow. The welfare state resulted in a welfare state for the rich. Social expenses were reduced in the name of the minimum State. According to this point of view, the State should not intervene to protect the losers, but should do so to finance military campaigns, expand the spheres of social control or rescue bankers doubly benefited: to provoke the crisis and to be rewarded later. The official ideology of this device of power was called neoliberalism, an ideology in the most classic sense of the word, insofar as it fulfills the function of protecting class interests in the name of universal values. Perhaps the most stark expression of this vision of the world was expressed at the time by Margaret Thatcher when she postulated that society does not exist, but rather the individual and the family. Conclusion, the balance of "the thirty glorious ..." was unbalanced, and the imbalance included all social variants. Hayek claimed his revenge against Keynes. The figures are eloquent. According to historian Tony Judt, a General Motors manager in 1970 earned a salary sixty times that of a factory worker. Today, that difference has grown to nine hundred times. In an article published in the newspaper La NaciĂłn, political scientist JosĂŠ Nun points out that between 1979 and 2007, one percent of the richest families appropriated sixty percent of the total growth of wealth. Conversely, ninety percent of households received less than nine percent.
necessary and inevitable that it exists. There is no nation without society and there is no society without a minimum level of trust. Capitalism and markets have proven to be the efficient response to ensure the production of material goods. His innovations have been formidable and aroused the admiration of Karl Marx who pondered his virtues with words that to date no glorifier of the bourgeoisie could match. It is true that, until proven otherwise, private property will continue to be the most effective resource to ensure the development of productive forces, but it is also historical experience that proves and advises us that capitalism is constituted with social components and cultural that exceed the economic relationship. Proof of this is that capitalism today is expressed through different systems. This expression obeys economic stimuli, but also cultural and moral. The debate about what kind of social order is desirable belongs to the exclusive field of politics. Neoliberal economists attribute magical virtues to the market that include economics and morality. However, history has shown that the components that make the capitalist economy work are confidence and credibility, values that come from moral and religious, traditional or secular principles. It is true that men act by privileging their individual interest, but the quality of that interest deserves a political debate. The interest of Al Capone is not the same as that of Soros or that of Einstein or that of a worker. Reconciling those interests and discriminating which are legitimate and which are not, belongs to the field of politics. Planning on the present and on the future of a society includes authoritarian risks, but leaving the social order to the invisible hand of the market leads without escalation to catastrophe. The challenge is not presented in terms of white or black, but finding the "fair middle
"Nobody is an island" says John Donne in one of his most beautiful poems. Society exists and it is also
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Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases with greater sociosanitary impact, not only because of its high frequency, but, above all, because of the consequences of the chronic complications that this disease involves, the important role it plays as a risk factor for atherosclerosis1,2 and of cardiovascular pathology. The consideration of all these factors and the observation that the risk increases with the degree of hyperglycemia have led to the definition of diabetes has been modified in recent years, reducing the upper threshold of fasting blood glucose to â&#x2030;Ľ 126 mg / dl, as well as that of normoglycemia, which has become <110 mg / dl3. Epidemiological Data 90% of diabetics have type 2 diabetes and its prevalence is increasing throughout the western world as a result of the aging of the population and the increase in obesity and sedentary lifestyle habits. In general, the onset of type 2 diabetes precedes the clinical diagnosis in several years and the most important risk factors are age, obesity and family history of diabetes. It is estimated that the deaths of patients with diabetes account for 15 to 20% of all deaths in the population over 25 years, and these figures are doubled in patients over 40 years. In most studies, mortality rates are higher for women than for men. In Mexico, diabetes is the third leading cause of death among women and seventh among men.
elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (130- 159 mg / dl) and, in some cases, mild hyperglycemia (110-126 mg / dl). The recognition of this syndrome is fundamental for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease that constitutes the cause of death in two thirds of diabetic patients. The mortality risk of diabetic patients is the same as that of non-diabetics who have suffered a myocardial infarction (around 20%) 7, and this risk is tripled among those diabetics who suffer a heart attack. Therefore, it is not surprising that the life expectancy of a patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes is reduced by 30%. In addition, when they contract a cardiovascular pathology, mortality is much higher among diabetics than among non-diabetics. These data have led to various scientific institutions, such as the American Heart Association, having declared diabetes as one of the main cardiovascular risk factors. Non-cardiovascular complications The prevalence of different non-cardiovascular complications varies depending on the type of diabetes, time of evolution and degree of metabolic control. It is estimated that 32% of diabetics have retinopathy, 25% have neuropathy and 23% have nephropathy. Diabetic retinopathy affects between 15 and 50% of patients with type 2 diabetes, and about 10% have proliferative retinopathy. In the long term, all patients
Cardiovascular impact In the case of genetically predisposed individuals, obesity and sedentary lifestyle lead to insulin resistance, a condition that precedes type 2 diabetes and is usually accompanied by other cardiovascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and prothrombotic factors6. The frequent association in the same individual of these risk factors is what is called the metabolic syndrome. Clinical evidence of insulin resistance includes abdominal obesity, mild arterial hypertension, slight elevation of triglycerides (150-250 mg / dl), decrease in HDL cholesterol (HDL cholesterol), slight 19
with type 1 diabetes and 60% of patients with type 2 diabetes will have diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes increases the risk of vision loss by 20 times and, in reality, a quarter of cases of blindness are due to the existence of diabetic retinopathy. Nephropathy is a frequent complication in these patients, especially in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of renal failure by 25 times and, in Mexico, diabetes is the leading cause of inclusion in hemodialysis programs. The fundamental role of weight reduction and the increase of physical activity which, in practice, are difficult to achieve will be especially emphasized. On the other hand, recent therapeutic measures, such as the
importance of treatment with beta-blockers in secondary prevention and inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, in fundamental, primary and secondary prevention are aspects that will also be deepened. Finally, the limitations in the percutaneous treatment of coronary lesions in these patients, the comparison with the surgical results, especially with the implantation of mammary arteries, the problem of the high incidence of postangioplasty and intrastent restenosis and the recent advances achieved to solve This important problem will also be discussed extensively in the last chapters of this series about a disease that is already beginning to be considered as the new scourge of the 21st century.
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Stage zero breast cancer: What's Cancer is always a worrying diagnosis, but, with treatment, the outlook for stage zero breast cancer is mainly positive. Doctors use staging to identify how far a cancer has spread in a person. Staging cancer also gives information about how quickly it is growing and how dangerous it might be.
Fast facts on stage zero breast cancer: *Because stage zero breast cancer is small and noninvasive, it can also be difficult to detect. *Stage zero breast cancer is not a type of cancer, but a grading of how far the cancer has spread. *Breast cancer treatment can be painful, costly, and stressful. For most women, it makes sense to treat stage zero breast cancer despite the risks.
What is stage zero breast cancer? The stage of breast cancer provides key information about how invasive it is, and whether it has spread or is likely to spread to other areas of the body. Stage zero breast cancer or stage 0 is noninvasive. That means it has not spread to other cells in the breast or to other organs. Some doctors refer to stage zero breast cancer as precancer. In most cases, it is discovered by accident, such as after a biopsy or during a breast-imaging test to view another lump. Stage zero breast cancer does not usually cause lumps or other symptoms. Although stage zero breast cancer is small and has not spread, it may require treatment to prevent it from spreading to other areas of the body in the future. The right treatment depends on which type of stage zero breast cancer a woman has. With treatment, more than 9 in 10 women with stage zero breast cancer survive 5 years or longer.
Types There are two types of stage zero breast cancer, both of which are described below:
Lobular carcinoma Lobular carcinoma is cancer of the glands that make breast milk, which are called the lobes or lobules. Lobular carcinoma in situ is a form of lobular cancer that does not normally spread. It is, however, a risk factor for other forms of breast cancer. About a quarter of women with lobular carcinoma eventually develop another type of breast cancer. For this reason, a lobular carcinoma in situ diagnosis may mean a woman will need more frequent breast cancer screenings in the future.
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Ductal carcinoma Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is breast cancer of the milk ducts. The milk ducts in the breast tissues are canals that allow milk to move from the milk glands to the nipple. Left untreated, ductal carcinoma can spread and become more aggressive. In about half of cases, ductal carcinoma will become a more aggressive cancer. Doctors cannot predict which cases of ductal carcinoma will become more aggressive ones. Low-grade tumors or those with welldefined borders and that grow slowly may be less likely to spread, however.
Other stages of breast cancer Staging progresses from 0 to 4 with higher numbers indicating more advanced cancers. To determine the stage of breast cancer, doctors look at three factors: *The size of the breast tumor, which is usually abbreviated as T. *Whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes and how many are affected. This is abbreviated as N. *Whether the cancer has spread to other areas of the body, called metastasis. This is abbreviated as M. There are four stages of breast cancer after stage zero: MRI scans or mammograms may be used to diagnose breast cancer, and determine the stage of the cancer.
*Stage 1: Cancers involve smaller tumors that have spread very little if at all. *Stage 2: These are slightly larger, and have spread to nearby tissue, but not to other organs. They may infect a small number of lymph nodes or a limited bit of nearby tissue.
*Stage 3: These cancers are larger, and have spread further than stage 2 tumors. They may infect breast tissue or nearby lymph nodes but not other organs. *Stage 4: These tumors are the largest and most life-threatening. They may have spread to nearby or distant lymph nodes, or to other organs. Doctors may further divide stages into A and B. Those cancers classified as B are more invasive than A, so stage 1B breast cancer has spread further or is larger than stage 1A.
Will it spread? A breast cancer that is diagnosed as a lobular carcinoma will not typically spread to other areas. However, because it is a risk factor for other breast cancers, it requires more careful monitoring. A breast cancer that is a ductal carcinoma can spread, but there is no way to accurately predict whether a given case of this form of cancer will spread
Treatment In recent years, treatment of this noninvasive form of breast cancer has been the source of some controversy. Because DCIS does not cause symptoms and neither does it always spread, some women are frustrated by the treatment they feel was unnecessary or harmful.
Radiation therapy may be recommended for stage zero breast cancer. Some argue that invasive treatments are uneccesary for this form of cancer, while others argue that not treating the cancer at all is a risk.
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ABORTION IN THE WORLD. Only 0.4 percent of the countries of the world consider abortion as a crime. It is prohibited in any situation and therefore sanctions are applied to the provider and, frequently, to the woman who submits to it.
Some of the most representative cases in favor of abortion Mexico: It was decriminalized in January 2002. It is only allowed in cases of rape, artificial insemination without consent and when problems occur in the fetus. Brazil, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, Peru and Venezuela, in the same cases. Puerto Rico: Abortion is allowed in all cases. Argentina: It is allowed only when the pregnant woman is insane and presents a danger to the baby. United States: Since 1973 legalized abortion in the controversial case Roe vs. Wade and Roe vs. Bolton. Abortion is a crime in no case. Soviet Union: It was the first to legalize abortion in 1920, recognized the right of Russian women to stop an unwanted pregnancy in relation to health problems. China: In the People's Republic of China, an unrestricted abortion law was passed in 1975 and, since then, this method has become very popular. With the current insistence of the Chinese Government regarding families of a single boy and girl, for its policy on birth control. In addition to the economic and social sanctions imposed so that families only have one child for family planning is no longer a personal matter, but is subject to the state. Germany: In 1995, in order to reconcile the abortion laws of the former East and West German republics, Germany adopted a law that expanded the circumstances under which abortion was allowed in what was West Germany, while increased the restrictions on this matter in the former East Germany.Under the new law, the person who aborts can not be processed during the first fourteen weeks of pregnancy and abortion is possible, without any reason that limits it. But women seeking abortion must meet certain procedural requirements and most abortions are no longer covered by national health insurance. Guyana: In 1995, Guyana's abortion law was significantly liberalized. It is now allowed without any restriction during the first eight weeks of pregnancy. After the same, but before the end of the twelve weeks, a woman can have access to an abortion in general terms, including socioeconomic considerations. South Africa: Enacted the Election Law on the Interruption of Pregnancy in 1996, making its law on abortion one of the most liberal in the world. The Law allows abortion without any restriction during the first twelve weeks of pregnancy; within twenty weeks, in numerous situations; and at any time, if there is a risk to the life of the woman or if there are serious anomalies in the fetus. Against abortion It is estimated that only 0.4 percent of the countries of the world prohibit abortion sharply. Among them are Namibia, El Salvador, Colombia, Uruguay, Chile and most Asian and Muslim Countries. 27
FUN FACTS
According WILLIAM GLASSER <<1925-2013>> AMERICAN PSYCHIATRISTAMERICAN PSYCHIATRIST
Known for having developed a theory of cause and effect to explain human behavior
WE LEARN Of those we discussed with other people.
Of what we see and hear
Of what we hear Of what we see
Of what we read
Of what we tried
Of what we teach to others
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THE PERSON WITH SPECIAL NEEDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY The article is the look on: ergonomics as a discipline that seeks that humans, with some kind of disability and technology work together in harmony when designing and maintaining products, jobs, equipment and others in accordance with the characteristics, Human needs and limitations in the 21st century. Hence, this article has been developed through an interdisciplinary research whose starting point is for what uses methods and techniques from other empirical sciences, such as anatomy, physiology, and psychology, resorting to consultation in sources Respectively. Subsequently the information collected is summarized analytically and a critical analysis is carried out with the purpose of reaching conclusions as contributions to the research carried out. The first methodological need we have is to have data on human characteristics: physical dimensions, strength and endurance, physiological capacity, sensory characteristics, mental abilities, psychological responses, among others.
Currently employing people with special needs: with motor disabilities every day is a challenge that companies face since people with disabilities look at the person who can have an autonomous life, in defense of rights and a productive life so they are interested in promoting the social construction of knowledge, training at the level of superior technician but also requires a working space to put into practice those skills for active, conscious and supportive participation in the processes of individual transformation and social in the 21st century. It is necessary, according to all the above, to approach a profile of basic labor competencies for the execution of the functions of the positions proposed by the company, for people with physical motor disability, among them we have: to deliver the entrusts in the different units and collect delivery control signature, distribute correspondence, follow oral and written instructions, telephones (receive and elaborate calls) and fax, have courtesy rules for the delivery of parcels reception of the public, external and internal, classify the envelopes and parcels according to the order of delivery, read the names of departments for the delivery of envelopes or parcels, read the receiver that appears on the envelope for delivery, make sequential count of parcels and envelopes, have spatial location to expedite the delivery, to have laterality to facilitate the location of the space, to collect miendas to be sent, receive parcels to be delivered in the different departments, identify folders where the material is to be archived, receive material for archiving, classify the material for archiving, codify the material for archiving, according to the established code, carry out the reading the documents to be archived, filing the received documents in the corresponding files, locating the new folders in their respective filing cabinets, among others. In this sense, the basic competences for the labor incorporation of the person with physical disability will be described qualitatively and quantitatively.
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HOMOPHOBIA The term homophobia is used to designate those people who feel rejection and discriminate against men and women who define themselves as homosexuals. We have all heard the barbarity that "homosexuality is a disease" on the part of those who feel an irrational aversion towards gays. Well, a new investigation turns it around and suggests that the real disease that needs to be studied is homophobia. A new study conducted by university students reveals that those people who have very negative opinions of homosexuals also have higher levels of psychoticism than those who are tolerant. This does not mean that homophobic people are psychotic. Psychoticism is a personality trait suffered by some people who are vulnerable to impulsive behavior According to Emmanuele Jannini, principal investigator and endocrine and sexologist, research on the disease of homophobia is a complex issue. Some studies have suggested that people with a negative and visceral attitude towards gays and lesbians are often hidden homosexuals. Other studies, however, question that idea and argue otherwise. Other factors, such as religion, hypermasculinity and misogyny.
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NATIONAL STRATEGY TO
The goal of this program is to halve pregnancies in mothers between the ages of 15 and 19 and eliminate pregnancies between 13 and 14 years. To achieve this, the Inter-institutional Group for the Prevention of Pregnancy in Adolescents (GIPEA) was formed, composed of government,
civil
society
organizations
and
international
organizations.
Among its actions are the generation of knowledge to better direct the strategy; the creation of the first web page directed to the adolescent population with reliable and sustained information, and the virtual course "Sexual and reproductive health and prevention of pregnancy in adolescents" aimed at training health service providers focused on the adolescent population. The page is named How I do it. The strategy also includes national communication campaigns for the prevention of teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
All sectors of society must participate actively to prevent teenage pregnancy (Government in all its instances, media, civil society organizations, companies and the public in general). Only with the participation of all of us together can we protect the health and development of thousands of adolescents who at this moment, for different reasons, are at risk of experiencing a premature pregnancy.
* Daniel Gonzรกlez is National Communication Officer UNICEF
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