EQ November/December 2012 Issue

9 772231 094004

I SSN 2 2 3 1 - 0 9 4 0

17

November-December 12

INTERNATIONAL www.EQMaglive.com

Performance of Solar Power Plants in India

Update on India’s RPO & REC Markets

Customized Roof Mounting Solutions for Industrial Installations

Solar Resource Analysis For Setting Up Utility Scale Solar Power Plants

SunCarrier Omega Net-Zero Energy Building

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EDITORIAL India Solar Market 2013 : “A GAME CHANGER” What IHS missed out in “Top-10 Solar Market Predictions For 2013” is that India could be a game changer and outperformer in 2013. India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change which sets target for achieving 3% Solar RPO by 2022 would require 34 GW Solar Installations by 2022.

Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh has released Tenders for project allocations of 1 GW of Solar Projects, Rajasthan for 200 MW, Kartanata for 130 MW and very soon Tenders are expected in other states like Uttar Pradesh. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy has announced the draft guidelines for the Phase II of the JNNSM which targets 10 GW of Grid Connected Solar Installations and 1 GW of Off Grid Installations by 2017. Government of India has recently announced further hike in the Diesel Prices @ Re.1 per month for next 10 Months which will further boost the Diesel Replacement Market driven by economics. Further the Roof Top Solar Market, RPO & REC Driven Market, Accelerated Depreciation Driven Market has potential of 8.5 GW installations by 2017.

However the opportunities in India is challenging for Project Developers due the Shortage of Time Availability for submitting the bids and building the project questions over evacuation and transmission facilities, payment security mechanism. Tamil Nadu has not put a cap on the upper limit of the project. Another major challenge arise from the initiation of Anti-Dumping Investigation on import of Solar Cells & Modules from China PR, Malaysia, Chinese Taipei & USA. Solar Manufacturers Assocation led by IndoSolar, Websol Energy, Jupiter Solar had filed an application alleging the dumping of Solar Cells & Modules. As of November 2012 there were 6 different solar trade cases proceeding involving China, USA, Europe and India.

Report by India Education bureau, New Delhi: The Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah informed LokSabha recently that the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) is created for funding research and innovative projects in clean energy technologies. Any project/ scheme relating to innovative methods to adopt to clean energy technology and research & development shall be eligible for funding under the NCEF. The total tax revenue generated through ‘Clean Energy Cess’ for NCEF was Rs1,066.45crore (Actual) for the financial year 2010-11 and Rs 3,249.40 crore (Revised Estimates) for financial year 2011- 12. In respect of the current financial year (2012-13), the budgetary estimates are of Rs. 3,864.20 crore.

India’s REC Market continue to disappoint the investors. REC’s closing balance as per REC Inventory is increasing every month and the Solar REC’s buy bids placed at IEX & PXIL looks very volatile. The biggest concern is that even at the floor price, there are no takers for nonsolar REC’s.

As per IHS, The global PV market will achieve double- digit installation growth in 2013, but market revenue will fall to $75 billion.Industry revenues— measured as system prices multiplied by total gigawatts installed—peaked at $94 billion in 2011, . but fell sharply to $77 billion in 2012, as presented in the figure below. Revenue is projected to decline once again in 2013 to $75 billion, on the back of lower volume growth and continued system price declines, given that PV component prices continue to fall. The Solar Module industry will further consolidate in 2013.

Anand Gupta Editor & CEO

INTERNATIONAL

FirstSource Energy INDIA PRIVATE LIMITED

17 Shradhanand Marg, Chawani Indore – 452 001 INDIA Tel. + 91 731 255 3881 Fax. +91 731 2553882

www.EQMagLive.com

EDITOR & CEO:

ANAND GUPTA anand.gupta@EQmag.net

TRENDS & ANALYSIS

SAUMYA BANSAL GUPTA saumya.gupta@EQmag.net

PV MANUFACTURING

CONTENTS PV MANUFACTURING

VOLUME 2

Janne Oksanen

Carsten Mohr

24 Understanding The Importance Of Yield Strength And Elongation In PV Connector Ribbon

30 Silver Pastes for More Efficient Solar Cells

ANIL GUPTA

ANITA GUPTA

Consulting Editor: SURENDRA BAJPAI

Editorial Contributions:

Janne Oksanen,Carsten Mohr, Jayaprakash Babu, Solar Consulting GmbH, Bergen Associates, Amit Chheda,Srinivas Maganti, Dasari Sriram, Ling Reinhard, Rakesh Khanna, Ashim Bose, L&T Construction Solar Projects, Jifan Gao, MARC KLEIN, Suresh Thangavel, Sanjay Chakrabarti,Willam Ash

Sales & Marketing:

GOURAV GARG gourav.garg@EQmag.net

SOLAR ENERGY

PUBLISHING COMPANY DIRECTORS:

SOLAR ENERGY

ARPITA GUPTA arpita.gupta@EQmag.net

Amit Chheda

Srinivas Maganti

38 Customized Roof Mounting Solutions for Industrial Installations

40 Mounting Strategies For FutureStreamlined Processes And Project Management Form The Key To Optimization In Future

Subscriptions:

PIYUSH MISHRA piyush.mishra@EQmag.net

Advertising Sales North America Office :

4928 Eastlake Drive Apt 16G Murray, UT 84107 United States of America

Layout and Design: MD SUHAIL KHAN

Publishing:

ANAND GUPTA Disclaimer,Limitations of Liability While every efforts has been made to ensure the high quality and accuracy of EQ international and all our authors research articles with the greatest of care and attention ,we make no warranty concerning its content,and the magazine is provided on an>> as is <<basis.EQ international contains advertising and third –party contents.EQ International is not liable for any third- party content or error,omission or inaccuracy in any advertising material ,nor is it responsible for the availability of external web sites or their contents The data and information presented in this magazine is provided for informational purpose only.neither EQ INTERNATINAL ,Its affiliates,Information providers nor content providers shall have any liability for investment decisions based up on or the results obtained from the information provided. Nothing contained in this magazine should be construed as a recommendation to buy or sale any securities. The facts and opinions stated in this magazine do not constitute an offer on the part of EQ International for the sale or purchase of any securities, nor any such offer intended or implied Restriction on use The material in this magazine is protected by international copyright and trademark laws.

You may not modify,copy,reproduce,republish,post,transmit,or distribute any part of the magazine in any way.you may only use material for your personall,Non-Commercial use, provided you keep intact all copyright and other proprietary notices.If you want to use material for any non-personel,non commercial purpose,you need written permission from EQ International.

Cover Currently Power-One is the second largest manufacturer of solar power inverters globally, Power-One’s Renewable Energy Solutions has seen remarkable growth in the past 12 months.

Power-One has also made heavy investment in North American manufacturing by recently opening two manufacturing centers in Phoenix, Arizona and Toronto, Canada. The Power-One Aurora brand of renewable energy power inverters offer best-in-class performance and reliability along with a global customer care package.

SOLAR ENERGY

SOLAR ENERGY

Ling Reinhard

Jifan Gao

42 IBC SOLAR’s Multifaceted Approach To Business In India

50 How Remote Regions Could Take Leapfrog Development on the Renewable Energy

SOLAR ENERGY

INTERVIEW

Eq International Magazine Editorial Advisory Board 6 Eq Business & Financial News

8-23

PV MANFUACTURING 26 Cost Or Value? Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturers Look Beyond The Cost Of Ownership 32 Introduction To Hybrid Solar PV Panel.

34 Efficiency Starts With The Raw Material – Manufacturers Can Get More Out Of Porous Silicon 36 Fast In-Line EVA CrossLinking Test

SOLAR ENERGY

Rakesh Khanna

MARC KLEIN

44 Active Cooling For Maximum Yields

51 ONE on ONE with MARC KLEIN - SOCOMEC INDIA

48 Solar Resource Analysis For Setting Up Utility Scale Solar Power Plants

PRE SHOW REPORT 55

SOLAR ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Ashim Bose

Suresh Thangavel

46 SunCarrier Omega Net-Zero Energy Building

52 Semiconductor Solutions for Renewable Energy

56 The Indian Renewable Sector - A Transitional Mode

SMART GRID 58 Smart Grid “Could” Be The Answer India Is Seeking To Address Its’ Energy Distribution And Optimal Usage Challenges

POST SHOW REPORT 59 6th Renewable Energy India 2012 Expo: Sets high standards as Asia’s top RE show

PRODUCTS 61-63 CONFERENCE & EVENTS 65

EQ International Magazine Editorial Advisory Board

K Subramanyam Former CEO Tata BP Solar

Thomas wittek Managing Director & CEO Refu Solar Electronics Pvt. Ltd.

Rajesh Bhat Managing Director juwi India Renewable Energies Pvt Ltd

Rabindra Kumar Satpathy President Reliance Solar

Shaji John Chief Solar Initiatives, L&T

G. Kalyan Varma Country Head TUV Rheinland (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Gyanesh Chaudhary Managing Director Vikram Solar Private Limited

Gaurav Sood Managing Director Solairedirect Energy India Pvt Ltd

Ravi Khanna - CEO, Solar Power Business Aditya Birla Group

Shivanand Nimbargi MD & CEO Green Infra Limited

Pashupathy Gopalan Managing Director MEMC-SunEdison

Inderpreet Wadhwa CEO Azure Power

Paulo Soares CFO & Director Inspira Martifer Solar Ltd

STEWARDS OF TRUST IN INDIA FOR INDIA

UL is the global leader in Product Safety Standards Development, Independent 3rd Party Testing and Certification Services. UL has a network of labs across the globe that have been serving PV Equipment manufacturers, helping them ensure the quality and safety of their products and to access global markets. UL has set up the 10,000 Sq Ft and fully functional laboratory capable of testing PV Modules, both Crystalline Silicon and Thin Films to all applicable International Standards. The lab is accredited by National Accreditation Body for Labs (NABL) for compliance to ISO standard requirements and also is approved and listed on MNRE and TEDA websites. UL also provides independent 3rd party testing and inspection services.

For more information please contact: Hitesh Jain at M: 91.97174.88144 / E: Hitesh.Jain@ul.com UL AND THE UL LOGO ARE TRADEMARKS OF UL LLC Š 2012

8

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12 802327 623995

RAJASTHAN

TAMIL NADU

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

UTTAR PRADESH

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

CCCL Infrastructure Limted

DDE Renewable Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Electromech Maritech Pvt. Ltd.

EMC LTD.

FINEHOPE ALLIED ENERGY Pvt. Ltd.

Indian Oil Corporation Ltd.

Khaya Solar Projects Pvt Ltd

785581

708087

602851

611385

592317

747665

512040

750601

449600

700695

641076

787320

677819

701409

767109

Azure Power (Rajasthan) Pvt Ltd

721259

RAJASTHAN

827668

RAJASTHAN

Amrit Energy Private Limited

SEPT’12

Alex Spectrum Radiation Pvt Ltd.

AUG’12

ORISSA

Aftaab Solar Private Limited

JULY’12

State

Company Name

OCT’12

802069

682376

837649

713200

806502

777204

570260

826740

873.36

829367

785.5

681667

607998

740539

530616

750131

729729

611390

650291

688631

709002

666700

NOV’12

Company Name

RAJASTHAN RAJASTHAN ANDHRA PRADESH

Vasavi Solar Power Pvt. Ltd.

Welspun Solar Ap Pvt. Ltd.

RAJASTHAN

Unj Lloyd Solar Power Ltd

Viraj Renewable Energy

RAJASTHAN RAJASTHAN

Saidham Overseas Private

RAJASTHAN

Northwest Energy Pvt. Ltd.

SunEdison Energy India P Ltd

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

State

Newton Solar Pvt. Ltd.

Mahindra Solar One Pvt. Ltd.

Maharashtra Seamless Ltd

695715

873826

715300

JULY’12

AUG’12

756000

522795

697908

574253

703795

666400

763600

750601

714237

777309

813818

653831

792588

750601

SEPT’12

814620

813742

663000

779282

862895

918636

755994

832706

OCT’12

770500

739150

696708

605800

691524

723391

838828

686445

674367

775500

NOV’12

Performance of Solar PV Plants of size 5 MW under JNNSM-NVVN-Phase I-Batch I

www.EQMagLive.com

10

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12 112373

SEPT’12

OCT’12

ORISSA

UTTARAKHAND

Metro Frozen Fruits & Vegetables Pvt. Ltd.

TAMIL NADU

Harrisons Power Private Limited

M/S. S.N.MOHANTY

147137

HARYANA

RAJASTHAN

ANDHRA PRADESH

Gajanan Financial Services Pvt Lt

H.R. Minerals & Alloys Pvt. Ltd.

TAMIL NADU

MAHARASHTRA

DR. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR SSK LTD

Lanco Solar Pvt. Ltd

UTTAR PRADESH

Dhruv Milkose

M/s RL Clean Power Pvt Ltd.

72195.49

PUNJAB

66960

88776

250526

110600

76192

110800

82890

92764

291518

119100

77598

87500

89650

144696

125884

109592.6

313694

121400

97752

115340

124005

104800

112827

137600

129174

131790

136975

HARYANA

118394

Carlill Energy Pvt Ltd

120851

C&S Electric Limited

97538

ANDHRA PRADESH

107341.84

BHAVANI ENGINEERING

140853

TAMIL NADU

137803

128475

139731

B&G Solar Private Limited

137947

116485

145511.8

NOV’12 138732.4

82335

85040

150168

119180

112600.3

74650.9

136216

125100

110485

135070

107010

121927

130595

122168

108057

AUG’12

APIIC

ANDHRA PRADESH

JULY’12

116035

Amrit Jal Ventures Ltd.

Amson Power Private Limited

State

ANDHRA PRADESH

Company Name Company Name

State

ORISSA RAJASTHAN ORISSA ANDHRA PRADESH ANDHRA PRADESH PUNJAB RAJASTHAN

Abacus Holdings Private Limited

Aftaab Solar Private Limited APGENCO Kishore Electro Infra Pvt Ltd SOMA ENTERPRISE LIMITED VIVEK PHARMACHEM (INDIA) LIMITED

RAJASTHAN

Zamil New Delhi Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.

Aew Infratech Pvt Ltd

RAJASTHAN HARYANA

Tayal & Co

ANDHRA PRADESH

SunEdison Energy India Pvt. Ltd.

HARYANA

SDS Solar Pvt. Ltd.

ORISSA

JHARKHAND

ORISSA

SriPower Generation (India) Pvt Ltd

Raajratna Energy Holdings Private Limited

Molisati Vinimay Pvt. Ltd.

MGM Minerals Ltd.

100496

93923

115550

134500

81386.1

95150

133021

71827

JULY’12

110010

118700

83169

108350

112161

85582.5

71355

AUG’12

124740

638.3

144200

93690

112305.4

116175

147153

90750.5

SEPT’12

OCT’12

140099

98166

136490

129825

121547

122529

150163

109800

144231

119024

139605

94900

NOV’12

98958

98954

129920

108675

101346

95957.5

114795

95500

Performance of Solar PV Plants of size 1 MW under JNNSM-RPSSGP Scheme

www.EQMagLive.com

SKiiP 4th generation ®

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3600A

Imrs [A]

SKiiP®3

SKiiP®4

More power

1200V 1700V

750A

1030A

37%

775A

1030A

33%

Calculation prerequisites: Vdc=650V, Vout=400V, fSW=5kHz, cosᵠ=0,85, Ta=40°C, 150% OL, fout=2 - 50Hz, 4 half bridges in parallel, same heat-sink

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12

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

JHARKHAND

CHHATTISGARH

MAHARASHTRA

UTTARAKHAND

JHARKHAND

JHARKHAND

AKR Construction Limited

Chhattisgarh Investments Limited

Citra Real Estate Limited

JAY ACE TECHNOLOGIES LTD.

Kijalk Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd

KVR CONSTRUCTIONS

Priapus Infrastructure Limited

UTTAR PRADESH

MADHYA PRADESH

Adora Energy Private Limited

PCS PREMIER ENERGY PVT LTD

State

Company Name

160600

90000

104240

138178

169400

JULY’12

154100

109300

192680

163054

152890

AUG’12

195930

247604

224162

213860

169800

236746

SEPT’12

255700

258570

246200

282959

321682.6

302671

OCT’12

116971

183900

190200

188960

227473

251650

252163

203400

269499

NOV’12

RV Akash Ganga Infrastructure Ltd.

Premier Solar Systems Pvt. Ltd.

New ERA Enviro Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Dante Energy Private Limited

Technical Associates Limited

Singhal Forestry Private Limited

Sepset Constructions Limited

Saimeg Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd

Company Name

UTTARAKHAND

JHARKHAND

JHARKHAND

UTTAR PRADESH

UTTAR PRADESH

CHHATTISGARH

MAHARASHTRA

JHARKHAND

State

151200

166200

43369

203338.3

157141

148920

155760

JULY’12

204725

142400

159800

210981.1

177350

163762

135900

AUG’12

175400

209450

219351.2

228770

216990

158600

SEPT’12

239600

259011.2

287080

OCT’12

206561

248850

270050

194800

NOV’12

Performance of Solar PV Plants of size 2 MW under JNNSM-RPSSGP Scheme

www.EQMagLive.com

& EQBusiness Financial News Top-10 Solar Market Predictions For 2013 “The photovoltaic industry is in the midst of wrenching change—buffeted by government incentive cuts and nose-diving prices that has hurt solar suppliers worldwide, rocked by trade disputes among its major players, and hamstrung by a sputtering global economy,” said Ash Sharma, director, solar research at IHS. “However, there are some bright spots ahead: Solar installations are on the rise, technology is becoming more efficient, and a weak EU market roiled by financial turmoil will be offset by an ascendant China and the United States.”

operating integrated facilities that are underutilized will be more than many can handle financially. .

.

Below are the top 10 predictions for 2013 from the IHS solar research team.

The global PV market will achieve doubledigit installation growth in 2013, but market revenue will fall to $75 billion.

Industry revenues—measured as system prices multiplied by total gigawatts installed—peaked at $94 billion in 2011, but fell sharply to $77 billion in 2012, as presented in the figure below. Revenue is projected to decline once again in 2013 to $75 billion, on the back of lower volume growth and continued system price declines, given that PV component prices continue to fall. .

The solar module industry will consolidate further in 2013. As 2012 comes to a close, fewer than 150 companies will remain in the photovoltaic upstream value chain, down from more than 750 companies in 2010. Most of the consolidation will involve companies going out of business entirely. Many integrated players, particularly those based in China, will fold up shop in 2013.

The large expense of building and then

.

.

PV module prices will stabilize in 2H 2013 as oversupply eases. Despite a drastic decline in prices along the silicon supply chain since March 2011, solar prices will stabilize by mid-2013.

Changes in market dynamics will help restore the global supply-demand balance.

Solar trade wars will rage on in 2013, yielding few winners. As of November 2012, there were six different solar trade cases proceeding involving China, Europe, the United States and India.

This cycle of sanction and retaliation will not help solve the fundamental challenge of overcapacity plaguing the global PV industry.

South Africa and Romania will emerge as PV markets to watch in 2013. The two countries next year will expand from virtually no solar installations to capacity of several hundred megawatts.

The PV uptake in both markets is driven by distinct factors. In South Africa, PV additions will mainly stem from the tenders awarded in 2012; in Romania, the growth driver will be a green certificate (GC) scheme that will stay in place until 2014.

Double-digit returns remain possible for European PV projects in 2013. With the subsidy schemes that are currently in place, all EU countries continue to offer attractive conditions for both private and institutional investors. Meanwhile, an evaluation of no-incentive scenarios

shows that the most mature market segments are on the cusp of grid parity, allowing healthy returns on investment. .

Solar will surpass wind in the United States. The year 2013 marks an important milestone, representing the first time that new U.S. solar PV capacity additions will be greater than those made by wind. This is partly a result of the near-term uncertainty over the federal production tax credit for wind. However, it is also a reflection of solar PV’s increasing competitiveness as a form of renewable power generation in some key U.S. markets.

.

China will become the world’s largest PV market. Total PV installations in China next year are predicted to surpass 6 gigawatts, allowing the country to surpass Germany as the No. 1 solar market on the planet.

.

Energy storage will transform the solar industry. Batteries increasingly are being seen as an attractive way of retaining PV electricity, letting people use the power later in the day to avoid paying high prices for electricity from the grid.

Next year IHS forecasts a big jump in the number of residential PV systems installed with batteries attached.

New technology will revive equipment vendors’ prospects. Improved technologies will help PV manufacturers cut costs, increase margins and ultimately distinguish themselves from the competition. Such a focus creates an opportunity for both manufacturers and equipment suppliers to obtain larger revenue streams.

Government of India Creates National Clean Energy Fund For Research And Innovative Projects Report by India Education bureau, New Delhi: The Minister of New and Renewable Energy, Dr. Farooq Abdullah informed LokSabha recently that the National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) is created for funding research and innovative projects in clean energy technologies. Any project/scheme relating to innovative methods to adopt to clean energy technology and research &

development shall be eligible for funding under the NCEF. The total tax revenue generated through ‘Clean Energy Cess’ for NCEF was Rs1,066.45crore (Actual) for the financial year 2010-11 and Rs 3,249.40 crore (Revised Estimates) for financial year 201112. In respect of the current financial year

www.EQMagLive.com

(2012-13), the budgetary estimates are of Rs. 3,864.20 crore. Guidelines have been laid down for appraisal and approval of the projects/schemes eligible for financing under the Fund. Fifteen projects envisaging total support of Rs 1,974.16 crore, out of the NCEF have already been recommended by the Inter-Ministerial Group (IMG) till date.

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

13

& EQBusiness Financial News Solar Power Capacity Requirement (FY12-FY22) As per the National Tariff Policy, it is envisaged that the targets for Solar RPO shall be 0.25% by 2012-13 extending to 3% by 2022. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has been the first step towards achieving these targets.

RPO requirement by 2022 on the basis of expected demand in India.

To achieve 3% RPO compliance by 2022, we would need ~34,000MW of solar capacity

Assumptions:

To be able to achieve such capacity additions, states have come up with Renewable Purchase Obligations ,with yearly targets , based on Model regulation by FOR.

The following table illustrates the Solar

Key Inference:

Average CUF for Solar Power Technologies to be 19%

Solar Power Capacity Requirement by 2022

Note: *Based on the National Electricity Plan for Generation January 2012

State- wise Solar RPO targets

14Â EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

www.EQMagLive.com

& EQBusiness Financial News Solar RPO Compliance Status

Source: CEA base data for 2011-12 and escalated for 2012-13 based on 18th EPS escalation rates for the same period Based on the data provided by NVVN, State Agencies & Project developers

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For more information about the new DEHN subsidiary in India visit: www.dehn.in DEHN INDIA Pvt. Ltd. 346 UdyogVihar, Phase-II, Gurgaon - 122012, Haryana, India, Tel.: +91 124 4007680, Fax: +91 124 4007684, info@dehn.in

*

& EQBusiness Financial News Update on the Solar REC Market (December 2012) CERC in 2010 announced the renewable energy certificate scheme under which a generator gets an opportunity to earn RE certificate on generation of 1 MWh of electricity apart from the physical form of energy. The scheme has been categorized into Solar and Non-solar RECs. The projects registered under solar RECs have

Sr.No.

State

Energy

been listed below. Till date about 20 MW of solar capacity have been registered under the REC scheme. Of which M & B Switchgear’s, Gupta Sons, Omega Renk Bearings Pvt. Ltd. & Kanoria Chemical’s aggregate capacity of 5.05 MW solar project has been commissioned and issued RECs from NLDC.

RE Generator

Source 1

Madhya Pradesh

Solar PV

Star Delta Transformers Limited

Almost 5549 Solar REC have been issued till date and 5080 Solar RECs have been redeemed till 31st Nov 2012. The Solar RECs got traded in last 7 months only. The statistics for the same is mentioned in table in table below.

Project

Capacity

Date of

No.

(MW)

Accrediation

Date of Registration

001

0.5

04-12-2012

N/A

2

Madhya Pradesh

Solar PV

Deepak Spinners Limited

001

1

04-12-2012

N/A

3

Rajasthan

Solar PV

R. H. Prasad & Company Pvt. Ltd.

001

0.25

31-08-2012

N/A

4

Maharashtra

Solar PV

Enrich Energy Pvt. Ltd

001

1

12-06-2012

N/A

5

Maharashtra

Solar PV

Jaibalaji Business Corporation Pvt. Ltd.

001

1

06-06-2012

25-06-2012

6

Madhya Pradesh

Solar PV

M/s Gupta Sons

001

0.5

09-05-2012

22-05-2012

7

Madhya Pradesh

Solar PV

OMEGA RENK BEARINGS PVT. LTD

002

0.105

09-05-2012

14-06-2012

8

Rajasthan

Solar PV

Kanoria Chemicals & Industries Ltd.

001

5

28-03-2012

20-04-2012

9

Tamil Nadu

Solar PV

Swelect Energy Systems Limited

001

1.055

20-02-2012

10-04-2012

10

Madhya Pradesh

Solar PV

M AND B Switchgears Limited

001

2

03-02-2012

04-04-2012

11

Maharashtra

Solar PV

Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd.,

002

8.5

20-10-2011

22-05-2012

(Source: REC Registry as on 12.12.2012, NLDC)

Solar REC Inventory as per REC Registry

Month, Year

Opening Balance May, 2012 0 June, 2012 239 July, 2012 221 August, 2012 370 September, 2012 181 October, 2012 464 November, 2012 85 December, 2012 469

REC Issued 249 324 328 190 1443 1412 1603 992

REC Redeemed 10 342 179 379 1160 1791 1219 0

Closing Balance 239 221 370 181 464 85 469 1461

Solar REC Trading Statistics in 2012 on PXIL

Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

16 EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

Buy Bid (No. of certificates) 0 1007 3319 225 5 130 200 603 525 2100 1120 583

Sell Bid (No. of certificates) 0 0 0 0 100 22 130 250 527 1012 930 484

MCV (No. of certificate) Qty (MWH) 0 0 0 0 5 6 86 250 425 971 486 277

MCP (Rs. / Certificate) 0 0 0 0 13000 12506 12800 12850 12900 12500 12100 12100

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& EQBusiness Financial News Solar REC Price Discovered in 2012 on PXIL Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

MCP (Rs. / Certificate) 0 0 0 0 13000 12506 12800 12850 12900 12500 12100 12100

Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

Buy Bids (REC) 2,635 582 5,782 289 1,637 9,489 8,554 1,728 1,317 1,263 1,458 1,608

Forbearance Price 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400

Floor Price 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300

Solar REC Trading Statistics in 2012 on IEX Sell Bids (REC) 0 0 0 0 149 541 419 310 1,094 864 758 977

Cleared Volume (REC) 0 0 0 0 5 336 93 129 735 820 733 931

Cleared Price(Rs/REC) 0 0 0 0 13,000 12,750 12,800 12,850 12,500 12,680 12,720 12,620

Solar REC Price Discovered in 2012 on IEX Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

Non Solar REC Inventory as per REC Registry

Cleared Price(Rs/ REC) 0 0 0 0 13,000 12,750 12,800 12,850 12,500 12,680 12,720 12,620

Month, Year July, 2011 August, 2011 September, 2011 October, 2011 November, 2011 December, 2011 January, 2012 February, 2012 March, 2012 April, 2012 May, 2012 June, 2012 July, 2012 August, 2012 September, 2012 October, 2012 November, 2012 December, 2012 Total :

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FORBEARANCE PRICE 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400 13400

Opening Balance 24824 36480 43197 71447 102487 132657 109091 39915 34463 38545 89688 151461 173777 397941 598642 902320 1299566 1559699

REC Issued 30224 31813 74612 126544 135697 88055 102348 200736 203819 122369 230448 258801 382384 474594 568124 619946 392485 348198 4451592

FLOOR PRICE 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300 9300

REC Redeemed 18568 25096 46362 95504 105527 111621 171524 206188 199737 71226 168675 236485 158220 273893 264446 222700 132352 0 2543695

Closing Balance 36480 43197 71447 102487 132657 109091 39915 34463 38545 89688 151461 173777 397941 598642 902320 1299566 1559699 1907897

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& EQBusiness Financial News Non Solar REC Price Discovered in 2012 on PXIL Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

MCP (Rs. / Certificate) 3051 3051 3100 2201 2150 2460 2202 1555 1500 1500 1500 1500

Forbearance Price 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300

Floor Price 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

MCP (Rs. / Certificate) 3051 3051 3100 2201 2150 2460 2202 1555 1500 1500 1500

Non Solar REC Price Discovered in 2012 on IEX Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

Non Solar REC Trading Statistics in 2012 on PXIL Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

Non Solar REC Trading Statistics in 2012 on IEX

Buy Bid (No. of certificates) 18113 28933 51401 26813 25449 35475 11400 35150 25082 90469 77376 100000

Sell Bid (No. of certificates) 6072 19045 7405 26842 28728 30320 32194 59213 46530 161483 308685 597842

Buy Bids (REC) Jan-12 Feb-12 Mar-12 Apr-12 May-12 Jun-12 Jul-12 Aug-12 Sep-12 Oct-12 Nov-12 Dec-12

18Â EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

Cleared Price(Rs/REC) 3,051 3,066 2,900 2,201 2,402 2,402 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

414,387 360,330 272,366 237,100 339,882 313,973 149,628 248,168 239,364 132,231 54,976 173,644

Sell Bids (REC) 186,610 215,157 223,907 105,844 246,501 330,371 435,348 568,097 664,641 851,177 921,376 855,784

FORBEARABCE PRICE 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300 3300

FLOOR PRICE 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500

MCV (No. of certificate) Qty (MWH) 6064 15706 7383 8949 15550 13321 10851 25725 25082 90469 77376 100000

Cleared Volume (REC) 165,460 190,482 192,354 62,277 153,125 223,164 147,369 248,168 239,364 132,231 54,976 173,644

MCP (Rs. / Certificate) 3051 3051 3100 2201 2150 2460 2202 1555 1500 1500 1500 1500

Cleared Price(Rs/REC) 3,051 3,066 2,900 2,201 2,402 2,402 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500

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& EQBusiness Financial News Solar Polysilicon Pricing In October Declines By Highest Rate Since February Global demand and pricing in October for solar polysilicon fell at the highest rate seen since February, indicating that supply still exceeds demand, according to the IHS Solar Polysilicon Price Index from information and analytics provider IHS (NYSE: IHS).

Spot market pricing for 9N solar polysilicon in October plunged by more than 9 percent, while the contract segment decreased by about 1 percent. Pricing for the 6N to 8N grade fell by 7 percent on the spot market, and the contract segment tumbled by more than 8 percent.

Such retreats continued the pattern of weak demand and general price erosion that has plagued the solar polysilicon market since January.

“Worldwide polysilicon demand decreased in October, with reduced shipments on both the contract and spot markets,” said Glenn Gu, senior analyst, photovoltaics, at IHS. “Not only did overall shipment volumes in October fall by 14 percent from the month before, supply levels and inventories also decreased in October as second- and third-tier Chinese suppliers reduced production. Still, these manufacturing cuts weren’t sufficient to bring supply in balance with demand.”

Pricing is expected to drop further in November before a potential rebound commences in the December and January time frame.

Solar Polysilicon Pricing Set to Rise Slightly in Early 2013 Spot market pricing for solar polysilicon may bottom out and then rise slightly at the start of 2013. But the seeming turn for the positive may be short-lived, with the pricing driven by expectations of improving market conditions, rather than a true balancing of supply and demand.

All told, spot market pricing in December 2012 and January 2013 for solar polysilicon in the 6N to 8N grade is expected to rise by 2.4 percent, the first increase since January of 2012, and a dramatic change from the 8.5 percent plunge in September and the 7.0 percent drop in October. For 9N and higher-grade polysilicon, spot market pricing will be flat during the same time period—the first time in nine months in which there would be no decline.

“Suppliers are trimming production, inventories in the channel are continuing to be depleted and most industry players are expecting a rebound in demand in 2013,” Gu said. “Because of this, spot market pricing for solar polysilicon will uptick slightly at the start of next year. Even so, spot prices will remain significantly lower than those on the contract market, causing solar polysilicon suppliers to continue to cut contract prices as they strive to catch up with the spot market. Overall, this indicates that supply will remain in excess of demand, and that pricing will return to a state of decline later in 2013.”

On the spot market, polysilicon is sold for cash by third parties and delivered immediately. In contrast, on the contract market, polysilicon is sold directly by suppliers on credit, often with long-term agreements (LTA) for delivery and pricing.

When prices are lower on the spot market compared to contracts, that indicates prices will remain on the decline.

When spot market prices eventually rise above those of contracts, the period of oversupply and price decreases will have come to an end.

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& EQBusiness Financial News Doha Climate Conference Opens Gateway To Greater Ambition And Action On Climate Change At the UN Climate Change Conference in Doha, Qatar (COP18/CMP8), governments have taken the next essential step in the global response to climate change.

Countries have successfully launched a new commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol, agreed a firm timetable to adopt a universal climate agreement by 2015 and agreed a path to raise necessary ambition to respond to climate change. They also endorsed the completion of new institutions and agreed ways and means to deliver scaled-up climate finance and technology to developing countries.

remaining elements of this work will be continued under the UN Climate Change process.The next major UN Climate Change Conference – COP19/ CMP9 - will take place in Warsaw, Poland, at the end of 2013.

“Doha has opened up a new gateway to bigger ambition and to greater action – the Doha Climate Gateway. Qatar is proud to have been able to bring governments here to achieve this historic task. I thank all governments and ministers for their work to achieve this success. Now governments must move quickly through the Doha Climate Gateway to push forward with the solutions to climate change,” said COP President Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah.

.

The Executive Secretary of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Christiana Figueres, called on countries to swiftly implement what has been agreed in Doha so that the world can stay below the internationally agreed maximum two degrees Celsius temperature rise.

“I congratulate the Qatar Presidency for managing a complex and challenging conference. Now, there is much work to do.

Doha is another step in the right direction, but we still have a long road ahead. The door to stay below two degrees remains barely open. The science shows it, the data proves it,” said Ms. Figueres.

“The UN Climate Change negotiations must now focus on the concrete ways and means to accelerate action and ambition. The world has the money and technology to stay below two degrees. After Doha, it is a matter of scale, speed, determination and sticking to the timetable,” she said.

In Doha, governments also successfully concluded work under the Convention that began in Bali in 2007 and ensured that 20 EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

The results of COP18/CMP8 in more detail 1) Amendment of the Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol, as the only existing and binding agreement under which developed countries commit to cutting greenhouse gases, has been amended so that it will continue as of 1 January 2013.

Governments have decided that the length of the second commitment period will be 8 years.

The legal requirements that will allow a smooth continuation of the Protocol have been agreed.

The valuable accounting rules of the protocol have been preserved.

Countries that are taking on further commitments under the Kyoto Protocol have agreed to review their emission reduction commitments at the latest by 2014, with a view to increasing their respective levels of ambition.

The Kyoto Protocol’s Market Mechanisms – the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Joint Implementation (JI) and International Emissions Trading (IET) – can continue as of 2013.

Access to the mechanisms will be uninterrupted for all developed countries that have accepted targets for the second commitment period.

JI will continue to operate, with the agreed technical rules allowing the issuance of credits, once a host country’s emissions target has been formally established.

Australia, the EU, Japan, Lichtenstein, Monaco and Switzerland have declared that they will not carry over any surplus emissions trading credits (Assigned Amounts) into the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.

2) Time table for the 2015 global climate change agreement and increasing ambition

before 2020 Governments have agreed to speedily work toward a universal climate change agreement covering all countries from 2020, to be adopted by 2015, and to find ways to scale up efforts before 2020 beyond the existing pledges to curb emissions so that the world can stay below the agreed maximum 2 degrees Celsius temperature rise.

A significant number of meetings and workshops are to be held in 2013 to prepare the new agreement and to explore further ways to raise ambition.

Governments have agreed to submit to the UN Climate Change Secretariat, by 1 March 2013, information, views and proposals on actions, initiatives and options to enhance ambition.

Elements of a negotiating text are to be available no later than the end of 2014, so that a draft negotiating text is available before May 2015.

In Doha, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon announced he would convene world leaders in 2014 to mobilize the political will to help ensure the 2015 deadline is met.

3) Completion of new infrastructure In Doha, governments significantly advanced the completion of new infrastructure to channel technology and finance to developing nations and move toward the full implementation of this infrastructure and support. Most importantly, they have: endorsed the selection of the Republic of Korea as the location of the Green Climate Fund and the work plan of the Standing Committee on Finance. The Green Climate Fund is expected to start its work in Sondgo in the second half of 2013, which means that it can launch activities in 2014. confirmed a UNEP-led consortium as host of the Climate Technology Center (CTC), for an initial term of five years. The CTC, along with its associated Network, is the implementing arm of the UNFCCCs Technology Mechanism. Governments have also agreed the constitution of the CTC advisory board.

4) Long-term climate finance

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& EQBusiness Financial News Developed countries have reiterated their commitment to deliver on promises to continue long-term climate finance support to developing nations, with a view to mobilizing 100 billion USD both for adaptation and mitigation by 2020.

The agreement also encourages developed countries to increase efforts to provide finance between 2013-15 at least to the average annual level with which they provided funds during the 2010-2012 faststart finance period. This is to ensure there is no gap in continued finance support while efforts are otherwise scaled up.

Governments will continue a work

Adaptation Governments have identified ways to further strengthen the adaptive capacities of the most vulnerable, also through better planning.

A pathway has been established towards concrete institutional arrangements to provide the most vulnerable populations with better protection against loss and damage caused by slow onset events such as rising sea levels.

Ways to implement National Adaptation Plans for least developed countries have been agreed, including linking funding and other support

programme on long-term finance during

Support of developing country action

2013 under two co-chairs to contribute to

Governments have completed a registry to record developing country mitigation actions that seek recognition or financial support.

The registry will be a flexible, dynamic, web-based platform.

the on-going efforts to scale up mobilization of climate finance and report to the next COP on pathways to reach that target.

Germany, the UK, France, Denmark, Sweden

Governments have launched a robust process

A new work programme to build capacity through climate change education and training, create public awareness and enable the public to participate in climate change decision-making has been agreed in Doha.

This is important to create a groundswell of support for embarking on a new climate change regime after 2020

to review the long-term temperature goal.

New market mechanisms

and the EU Commission announced concrete finance pledges in Doha for the period up to 2015, totaling approximately 6 billion USD. Other key outcomes of COP18/CMP8 in Dohaâ&#x20AC;¨Review

This will start in 2013 and conclude by 2015, and is a reality check on the advance of the climate change threat and the possible need to mobilize further action.

A work programme has been agreed to further elaborate the new market-based mechanism under the UNFCCC, and also sets out possible elements for its operation.

A work programme to develop a framework for recognizing mechanisms established outside the UNFCCC, such as nationallyadministered or bilateral offset programmes, and to consider their role in helping countries to meet their mitigation targets, has also been agreed.

Actions on forests In Doha, governments have further clarified ways to measure deforestation, and to ensure that efforts to fight deforestation are supported.

Carbon Capture and Storage Governments meeting in Doha have looked at ways to ensure the effectiveness and environmental integrity of projects under the Kyoto Protocolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Clean Development Mechanism that capture and store carbon emissions Development technology

and

transfer

of

Countries have taken forward work on enabling the development and transfer of technologies that can help developing countries adapt and curb their emissions.

Avoiding negative consequences of climate action In some cases, the implementation of actions that reduce emissions could result in negative economic or social consequences for other countries. In Doha, governments discussed measures to address such consequences in a special forum.

China Probes U.S., Rok And EuPolysilicon The Ministry of Commerce announced on Monday the beginning of anti-dumping and countervailing investigations into imports of solar-grade polysilicon, a material used in solar equipment manufacturing, from the United States, the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the European Union (EU).

The ministry will deliver a final ruling after the probes, the ministry said in a statement on its website.The investigation into imports from the EU will be finished before Nov.

1, 2013 but may be extended for another six months under special circumstances, according to an earlier statement from the ministry.The probe was made in response to requests filed by Chinese polysilicon manufacturers, including LDK Solar Co., Ltd. and the China Silicon Corp. in September, the statement said.

The case follows an anti-dumping probe into imports of solar-grade polysilicon from the United States and the ROK launched

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on July 20.The statement said the ministry will combine the two cases and make an accumulative evaluation.Customs data showed that China imported 9,300 tonnes of polysilicon from the EU in the first half of 2012, an increase of 30.8 percent from a year earlier.However, the average price for polysilicon imports during the period dropped 47.5 percent compared to the previous year, the data showed. Enditem

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& EQBusiness Financial News Initiation of Anti-Dumping Investigation concerning imports of Solar Cells whether or not assembled partially or fully in Modules or Panels or on glass or some other suitable substrates, originating in or exported from Malaysia, China PR, Chinese Taipei and USA. Solar Manufacturer’s Association has filed an application before the Designated Authority in accordance with the Customs Tariff Act, 1975, alleging dumping of Solar Cells or Modules from Malaysia, China PR, Chinese Taipei and USA for initiation of anti-dumping investigation and for levy of anti-dumping duties on the imports of the subject goods, originating in or exported from the subject countries.

Authority finds sufficient prima facie evidence of dumping and injury to the domestic industry, and causal link between the dumping and injury, the Authority hereby initiates an investigation into the alleged dumping, and consequent injury to the domestic industry in terms of the Rule 5 of the Anti-dumping Rules, to determine the existence, degree and effect of any alleged dumping and to recommend the amount of anti-dumping duty, which if levied, would be adequate to remove the injury to the domestic industry.

The application has been filed by Solar Manufacturer’s Association on behalf of

M/s Indosolar Ltd (100% EOU), M/s Jupiter Solar Power Limited (DTA unit) and M/s Websol Energy Systems Ltd (SEZ unit).

There are a number of other producers of the subject goods in India. But, as claimed by the applicant, the other Indian producers of the subject goods are themselves importers of the subject goods from the subject countries. In this context, the Authority had made efforts to ascertain the position from other known Indian producers. From the responses received, the Authority notes that most of them have acknowledged to have imported the subject goods from the subject countries during the POI. However, none of the respondents provided the required information in the prescribed format. From the available information, the Authority prima facie notes that the production of the applicant accounts for “a major proportion” of total production of the product under consideration in India. The Authority, therefore, prima facie determines that the applicant constitutes domestic industry within the meaning of the Rule 2 (b) and the application satisfies the criteria

of standing in terms of Rule 5 (3) of the Rules supra.

The period of investigation (POI) proposed by the applicant was 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2011 (12 months). However, for enabling the Authority to make required analysis on the basis of more updated data, the Authority hereby determines the POI as 1st January 2011 to 30th June 2012 (18 months). The injury investigation period will however cover the periods April 2008-March 2009, April 2009-March 2010, April 2010March 2011 and the POI. The applicant has requested for retrospective imposition of duty as the injury is claimed to be caused to the domestic industry by massive dumping of subject product in relatively short time. They have further submitted that considering the huge volume of such imports, unless duty is recommended retrospectively, the desired remedial measures of anti-dumping duties may not be accomplished. The interested parties may make their submissions in this regard.

MNRE Sanctions Funds to 41 Cities Under “Development of Solar Cities” Programm The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is implementing a Scheme on ’Development of Solar Cities’ which provides support for 60 cities to develop as Solar Cities in the country. The Ministry has given sanctions for 41 cities for developing as Solar Cities.

Gandhinagar, Nagpur, Chandigarh and Mysore are being developed as Model Solar Cities. The Ministry has approved the Master Plants for the 28 Cities and the project installations have already started in few cities.

In pursuance of the programme, a one day ‘National Meet on Solar Cities’ was inaugurated by Shri Gireesh B Pradhan, 22 EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on 22nd November 2012, at India International Centre, New Delhi. The Secretary asked the Municipal Corporations to enhance the use of renewable energy in their area and save the fossil fuel based energy. They can amend the building bye-laws suitably to promote the solar water heaters, solar SPV rooftop systems, kitchen waste based plants in the various establishments of the city. Smt. Nisha Singh Joint Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, emphasized the need for the concerned Ministries to work in coordination with each other.

in the one day event including the representatives of Municipal Corporations, Developers, Financial Institutions, International Agencies, Manufactures, Investors, Technology Providers and State Nodal Agencies, banks etc. The aim of this meet was to discuss the “Ways Forward” after Master Plan for execution of renewable energy/energy efficiency related projects in respective solar cities. The Municipal Commissioners of Thane, Mysore and Shimla actively participated in the event.

About 150 persons actively participated

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& EQBusiness Financial News PR Fonroche sets up 5 MW solar PV project in collaboration with Mahindra EPC in Bikaner, Rajasthan First to commission the solar PV power plants under National Solar Mission Phase I Batch II PR Fonroche, a joint-venture between PR Clean Energy (India) and Fonroche Energie S.a.s (France), has collaborated with Mahindra EPC, a part of the USD 15.9 billion Mahindra Group, to commission a solar photo voltaic based power plant (5 MWp) at Gajner Village in Bikaner, Rajasthan on 23 December 2012, under the National Solar Mission’s Phase I Batch II. This project is the first of two projects totalling 20MWp to be commissioned by PR Fonroche and executed in collaboration with Mahindra EPC. This project was awarded to Fonroche Energie in December 2011 under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) scheme that aims to increase capacity of Solar Plants in the country to 20,000MW by 2020. Of the 22 companies allotted in Phase 1, Bidding Round 2, this is the very first project to be technically commissioned in this Batch. PR Fonroche and Mahindra EPC thus have become the first team to commission solar PV power plants under the National Solar Mission Phase I Batch II. The 5MWp solar PV power plant, financed

by Fonroche, is equipped to supply more than 9 million units of clean and green energy. It is expected that the clean energy generated by the plant will displace nearly 7200 MT of CO2 annually. The plant, which comprises more than 67,200 high output thin film technology Solar PV modules from First Solar USA and four power transformers to

generate 5MWp, is spread across an area of 40 acres. Mahindra EPC’s turnkey scope of work included complete Design, Engineering, Procurement and Construction of the 5MWp solar power plant, including construction of a 2.7Km, 33 kV double circuit transmission line to export the generated power to a nearby grid substation.

Speaking about this success story, Thierry Carcel, CEO, Fonroche, said, “Fonroche is pleased to partner with PR Clean Energy and Mahindra EPC on this project. We have delivered a great result on time and on budget. We combine our experience, technical expertise and our solid know-how to finance, develop and build efficient solar plants and enable our utility partners to secure high-quality renewable generation assets in India.”

Tarun Kapoor, Joint Secretary, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, in his message, congratulated the company for the early commissioning of the project and said he hopes that several more such projects would be taken up by the company and commissioned in as short a time as possible.

Speaking about the rapid completion of the first solar plant project under the JNNSM scheme, Pratap Raju, Joint Managing Director, PR Fonroche said, “We are pleased to have commissioned Fonroche’s first solar PV plant in India, and look forward to building more solar PV assets

in the near future. Factors such as rapid land acquisition and a deep understanding of the financing mechanisms, complemented by the international edge that Fonroche brings to this partnership, have aided the fast completion of the project.”

Speaking about this achievement, Parag Shah, Managing Partner, Mahindra Partners, said “At Mahindra Cleantech, our endeavour has always been to partner with like-minded institutions to aid us in our pursuit of producing affordable, clean and green energy. Mahindra Cleantech is delighted to have partnered PR and Fonroche Energie for this landmark project.”

Speaking on the occasion, Basant Jain, CEO, Mahindra EPC, said, “We are delighted to achieve the coveted distinction of being the first to commission projects under NSM Phase I Batch II. Mahindra EPC commissioned this project with high quality standards in record time, thanks to our highly proficient EPC team and excellent cooperation extended

by PR FONROCHE. ” This project, has been executed in Rajasthan with the support of RREC (Rajasthan Renewable Energy Cooperation), the renewable energy nodal agency in Rajasthan, headed by Energy Secretary Shri Naresh Pal Gangwar. The plant has signed a PPA with NVVN (NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam), a subsidiary of NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)

Amendment in the bench mark cost for “Off-grid and Decentralized Solar Applications Programme” being implemented under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) till 31st March 2013.

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

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P V M A N UFA CT URI N G

Understanding The Importance Of Yield Strength And Elongation In PV Connector Ribbon Janne Oksanen, Technical Manager - PV with Luvata Malaysia

I

n photovoltaic module manufacturing, the soldering of interconnecting wire to the cell is a critical process step.

It can break the cell immediately or cause undetectable faults, which eventually break the cell over its years of use.

However, until recently there hasn’t been a widely accepted standard for the interconnecting wire and therefore most of the wire and module manufacturers have had their own specifications. The nomenclature and measurement techniques are often different, contradictory and sometimes misleading.

SEMI® is a global organization that supports the electronics and PV industry and in 2011 it published the standard PV18-0811 “Guide for Specifying a Photovoltaic Connector Ribbon”.

This standard is the first document that specifies all of the necessary information and parameters for specifying and manufacturing PV connector ribbon. SEMI® has also published the “Guide for Testing Photovoltaic Connector Ri bb on C har act er ist ics ”, 24

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

PV19-0811. This standard describes test methods for measuring PV connector ribbon properties.

Applying SEMI® standards to PV connector ribbon

Copper core Copper lies at the heart of PV ribbon and gives it the electrical and mechanical properties that are so crucial to the life-cycle performance of a solar module. Mechanical properties of the ribbon must be specifically tailored not only for the module manufacturing process, but also for the demands of the field where the module will be counted on for decades of operation.

The copper core base material must be in conformance with DIN EN 13602 or correspondingly ASTM B170 and B5. The copper is normally electrolytic tough pitch or oxygen free. Physical dimensions must be within the specified tolerances while stable cross sections keep electrical conductivity and soldering parameters consistent.

The forming process is one of the most important aspects in relation to the copper core.

The ribbon is either flattened from round wire or slit from wide copper strip. Slitting leaves

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internal stresses in the copper and visible burrs on the sides, which may jeopardize the soldering. Further, if the slitting is done after plating, the sides of PV connector ribbon have exposed copper, which may cause discoloration problems to the laminate.

Yield strength A critically important characteristic of PV connector ribbon today is yield strength Rp0,2. Yield strength influences how much stress the soldered ribbon will transmit to a silicon cell during soldering – the higher the stress, the higher the risk of fracturing the cell.

Yield strength is always a calculated value, because tensile testers only measure the force, which makes the sample 0,2% longer. This force must be divided by the ribbon cross section area and that is where there is a lot of confusion. What is the right cross section area to be used? According to the PV19-0811 standard it is the area of the nominal copper core – not including the solder coating. Some ribbon manufacturers prefer to use the total cross sectional area including the solder, thus showing lower yield strength values.

Yield strength is calculated by pulling the ribbon in tension and measuring the force required to stretch the ribbon so the original length is increased by 0.2%. The measured force is then divided by the ribbon cross section of the copper core, not including the solder coating, and this gives the yield strength value.

Elongation Elongation measures the strain performance - the change in length during a tension test where a sample is pulled to the point of fracture. Elongation is influenced primarily by the temper (softness) of the

ribbon. In addition, the elongation can be influenced by the copper microstructure and the dimensions of the ribbon (width and thickness). High elongation values equate to greater ductility, or resistance to fatigue.

Elongation of the ribbon has a direct impact on the functionality of the module during its lifetime of operation.

The interconnecting ribbon moves in the space between adjacent cells as the whole PV module expands and contracts due to temperature changes of the ambient air. If the PV ribbon has low elongation, then over the course of module’s life cycle there is greater risk that the ribbon will break due to these tiny movements between the cells.

The delicate balance between yield strength and elongation So, when considering the ideal mechanical properties for PV ribbon, perhaps most vital is the balance between the elongation and yield strength. The challenge for many ribbon manufacturers is achieving high elongation to ensure ductility, while at the same time reducing the yield strength to make the ribbon softer.

During the ribbon-manufacturing process, softening prior to plating is achieved through annealing. During the annealing process, the deformed grains in the copper microstructure are replaced by recrystallized grains. The ultimate size of these grains primarily depends on the annealing time and temperature.

The yield strength will continue to decrease as the grain size increases during the annealing process. Elongation will likewise increase as grains grow, but peaks before the grain size approaches the total thickness of the ribbon. Further, grain-size consistency in the copper core will translate

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to consistency in the mechanical properties of the ribbon (such as yield strength and elongation) throughout the spool.

The answer to yield strength and elongation The continued trend toward thicker ribbon and thinner cells necessitate a product that will allow module manufacturers to realize these changes without compromising performance and yield loss. Increased use of lead-free solders, especially in Europe and Japan, will require a ribbon that can effectively handle the increased solder temperature without damaging the cell.

Luvata has been improving and refining the manufacture of its PV solar ribbon (branded Sunwire®) for over 20 years. The Group’s latest development is the Sunwire®ES family of interconnecting wires. Sunwire®ES addresses the delicate balance of high elongation (resistance to fatigue) and low yield strength (softness) that module manufacturers have been seeking.

Luvata has developed a process to manufacture PV connector ribbon with yield strength lower than 50 MPa. Most of the other ribbon manufacturers in the industry cannot provide such low yield strength when measured in accordance with PV19-0811.

Sunwire ES includes an an oxygenfree copper core, offfering better electrical conductivity than electrolytic tough pitch, and is manufactured by high precision rolling mills that can provide much tighter tolerances.

The evolution of Sunwire®ES also includes substantial reduction in camber, especially at the flanges of the spool. This, together with the extreme softness of the material, allows PV module manufacturers to align the ribbon precisely over the bus bars of the cell – enabling maximum electrical output.

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Cost Or Value?

Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturers Look Beyond The Cost Of Ownership Applied Material

S

olar is the next great energy frontier.

Interest in renewable energy sources has never been higher, and manufacturing process technology is advancing at a rapid pace to meet the demands of the photovoltaic market. Sunlight is free, but the technology to convert that sunlight to usable energy can be very expensive. Driving down the cost per watt of solar energy will be key to achieving grid parity in major markets, to expanding solar PV application worldwide — and to profit.

In the beginning of the solar-energy era, the cost of manufacturing a solar cell was tied directly to the capital cost of the manufacturing equipment. Price was a key element of a fairly standard process where there was not much differentiation among OEMs and the game was mostly an equipment price battle. Companies did the math to convert equipment cost to productivity, and quickly informed suppliers that the bottom line was more than the market would bear.

New technologies are often very expensive — the cost of the first personal computers was as much as a mortgage payment —limiting the number of potential end customers. Just as innovation in chip manufacturing has radically reduced the size and cost of PCs to the point where most people can afford a computer or smartphone, the solar market was ripe for innovation that would reduce costs and lead the way to grid parity.

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TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP A new metric has emerged that is a more comprehensive way than simple Capital Expenditure (CapEx) to compare and evaluate the cost of different solutions. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), sometimes shortened to Cost of Ownership (COO), was developed by The Gartner Group in the 1980s. It rapidly became a standard methodology providing valuable insight into the direct and indirect costs of a system over a pre-determined period of time. For high-tech companies, this

period is generally five years, because that is assumed to be the amount of time that a piece of equipment will remain relevant before new technology is needed.

In addition to the capital procurement cost of tools, additional factors should be considered in calculating TCO. There are dozens of these, and a true side-by-side comparison can be very difficult to calculate.

Semiconductor companies can seek guidance from SEMI, the global industry association for certain semiconductor manufacturing supply chains. Their document SEMI E35-0307,

Figure 1. Crystalline-silicon roadmap (source: Applied Materials)

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“Guide to Calculate Cost of Ownership [COO] Metrics for Semiconductor Manufacturing Equipment,” recommends quantifying many factors within three main categories: • Fixed costs (essentially depreciation for property, plant and equipment) •

Recurring costs (mostly direct materials, consumables, maintenance and labor)

• Yield costs (essentially scrap and mean performance) Companies may take for granted that all of these variables are known, or can be easily and closely estimated. However, this is not always the case. A realistic estimate of these variables requires inputs from process metrology and regular cost updates for direct materials and consumables. These numbers are often tied to spot market fluctuation.

The crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell technology roadmap (Figure 1) clearly indicates acceleration towards differentiation; both evolutionary and revolutionary approaches are finding traction.

In both approaches, the number of process steps is increasing. Consequently, the process variability and the manufacturing uncertainty associated with the most promising cell concepts are increasing too.

Effectiveness). Equally important is to effectively and rapidly adopt new recipes and cell structures being developed in R&D labs.

This goal requires innovation from solutions, and from solution providers, that minimize the risks of adoption.

This underscores how important material costs are for photovoltaic manufacturers.

The solar market requires thinner and thinner wafers, with a roadmap down to 100 μm. Thinner wafers, however, break more easily and require more delicate and precise processing in a manufacturing line.

TWO EXAMPLES NOT CAPTURED IN TCO: BREAKAGE AND PRINT QUALITY

Breakage rate is part of the typical TCO calculation in the semiconductor industry, but only as a cost of the wafers themselves.

However, broken wafers can incur other costs that directly affect profits. Every broken wafer is missed potential revenue from a finished cell, plus the lost production time for cleaning up the broken silicon pieces.

This adds up to lost profit. Figure 2 models annual loss due to wafer breakage, taking breakage rate and equipment downtime into consideration.

Process yield contributes significantly to OEE and influences TCO. Yield gain can be reached through better alignment for critical process steps, and real time control of out-ofspec material. The following sections use the examples of broken wafers and better print alignment to illustrate the costs and potential profit of improving yield factors.

Breakage The ratio between the price of silicon wafers and the final solar cells is about 60%.

Table 1 provides a picture of the true costs of broken wafers. A fab that can lower its breakage rate by 0.2% can see a potential profit increase of more than $0.5 million per year.

A DIFFERENT APPROACH It becomes clear that a snapshot of the TCO as it currently calculated might not reflect the actual worth of an investment over its entire utilization period. A tool that can differentiate itself by its ability to adapt to changing technologies, and therefore provide greater value over time, is becoming more and more important, especially in a fastgrowing and still-maturing market such as photovoltaics.

In the semiconductor industry, the capital portion of the cost of goods and services (COGS) is typically in the 30 to 50 percent range. For the c-Si solar cell manufacturing segment, it is typically between 5 and 20 percent. While this is an important cost, it is less so to c-Si manufacturers than to semiconductor manufacturers. The trend we see is that whenever a tool can flexibly and rapidly embrace differentiated process variants or additions, that tool will be preferred.

To drive down the cost per watt of solar energy, it is important to achieve high flexibility and OEE (Overall Equipment

Figure 2. This diagram shows how dramatic reduction in breakage provides a $0.5 million per year margin opportunity (assumes 24 million wafers per year at $2.10 per wafer. Source: Applied Materials).

Table 1. Total annual losses due to wafer breakage for a line with a 0.3% breakage rate vs. a line with a 0.1% breakage rate (assuming the same number of wafers produced in both cases and value of wafer $2.10).

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Print Quality Print quality is also an important factor in overall solar cell yield. Proper print alignment is increasingly important as the industry moves toward denser interconnects and techniques such as selective emitter and double printing. Cells with improperly aligned printing must often be scrapped or placed into lower yield categories, wasting valuable production time and losing potential profit. Figure 3 and Table 2 illustrate this point. They show printing techniques for a standard single-printing process on six-inch multicrystalline wafers in six categories of sorting (excluding rejected cells). Better print quality results in a percentage of total yearly cells moving from bottom to top categories.

As these examples of breakage and print alignment show, there is quantifiable financial benefit in looking beyond the cost

technology and manufacturing methods, to improve efficiency at high yield and very high factory outputs. Driving down the cost per watt even further, with the speed required to quickly expand global grid parity, calls for process control and optimization.

THE VALUE OF PEGASOTM The new Applied Baccini® PegasoTM platform presents a new benchmark in yield and precision, at twice the throughput of the current market leader: the Applied Baccini Soft Line. Competing systems offer high throughput, but only Pegaso provides a complete pathway to the lowest cost for cell manufacturing over the next decade.

Built to meet solar cell roadmap demands for the next ten years, the Pegaso platform provides a longer depreciation time than most manufacturing equipment. Pegaso draws on the history and expertise of Applied Materials

Table 2. Scenarios of X% of cells moving to higher categories. Assumes solar cell ASP [$/Wp] of $0.86 for 90 MW line.

of equipment and understanding the value that can be gained by process and yield improvement. Scaling production is important in reducing manufacturing costs. Future cost improvements will require major changes in

to provide comprehensive process knowledge off-the-shelf. It enables increased yield through its modular configuration, tighter process distributions, virtually zero wafer breakage and reduced silicon consumption

by processing thinner wafers (to 120 μm, with potential for going even thinner) at high yield.

Pegaso innovations include increased print quality, accuracy and precision driven by high-efficiency cells with double printing and selective emitter structures. It enables new cell technologies, such as back contact structures such as Metal Wrap Through (MWT) and Emitter Wrap Through (EWT), with new process tools, such as lasers, that can be implemented with minimal reconfiguration. The Pegaso system is also configurable for both high productivity and/ or the most advanced process capability, depending on a manufacturer’s needs.

Lowest Breakage Rate for Higher Net Throughput Compared to the market average breakage rate of 0.3%, the Pegaso breakage rate is 0.1%. Pegaso uses these advanced technologies to achieve the industry’s lowest breakage rate: • In the line loader, a belt removes the cells from the slide cassettes instead of a lifting bar. This eliminates a source of pressure and potential breakage.

• Grippers use compressed air and take advantage of the Bernoulli effect to pick up the cells, resulting in softer handling.

• Wafer flippers also use the Bernoulli effect, reducing the potential for breakage.

• A new optical centering device keeps wafers in their proper place through the whole process, ensuring high positioning repeatability.

• When the squeegee pushes paste through the screen onto the wafer, too much pressure can damage the wafer.

Finest pressure control of the squeegee prevents wafer damage.

Figure 3. Model illustrating how better print quality results in more wafers in the higher efficiency categories. (source: Applied Materials)

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• Quality inspection in the printer module provides immediate feedback on a wafer’s integrity. The module detects a wafer’s defects that would likely cause downtime due to wafer breakage during a processing step while being discarded by the final cell tester. Defect detection at the beginning of the line allows a sensitive reduction of the breakage rate because only high-quality wafers will go

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through the printing process. This also saves consumables costs because no paste will be used on a wafer identified as cracked.

Higher Uptime Pegaso also provides higher uptime, with greater than 95 percent availability and more than 90 percent OEE. Uptime gain is aided by several tool features including complete lane independence, plug-and-play modules and functional groups/subgroups, enhanced accessibility, safe calibration mode with Smart Safety implementation, absolute encoders for critical components and ergonomic screen change (print head rotation).

Information Technology Project Savings Manufacturers often must pay outside Information Technology (IT) consulting companies to collect and synchronize process data from disconnected servers.

Pegaso makes that cost unnecessary with embedded metrology and dedicated software tools. Applied Materials’ calculations show that this can save manufacturers up to $425 per 1 MW fab expansion.

A standard single-wire CGA interface provides full remote connectivity and centralized data collection to the real-time front end server. This embedded metrology allows better overall performance and integration, with better control of print quality. The innovative control system architecture of this platform dramatically boosts manufacturers’ ability to gather process intelligence, with excellent data quality and sampling rates.

High-level software, including the humanmachine interface (HMI), also uses a CGA common platform. It is built in and ready to interface with E3™, Expert Connect and fab management tools such as Applied Materials’ SmartFactory™. Leveraging the advanced architecture of Pegaso, manufacturers can use systems such as Applied Materials’ E3 to actively monitor and notify engineers of process deviations as well as to automatically optimize process recipes using metrology feedback. This level of process information, active process monitoring, and control allows manufacturers to optimize their processes to a level that has not been achieved in the past.

Modular Configuration The Pegaso modular platform is upgradeable to meet unique customer requirements and enable the cell technology roadmap with advanced process applications.

Modules can be upgraded to laser and new print technologies. All modules are independently controlled, and all sub-modules have local control. This modularity means easier maintenance and service, with easier software customization.

When manufacturers must change process sequences or change the number of process steps— for example, moving from single printing to double printing, adding one metrology step or extending the number of sorting classes — difficult and expensive reconfiguration is eliminated. Common spare parts for multiple process steps also reduces inventory costs (direct costs) and inventory management (indirect costs).

Larger Scale Production Factories are sometimes constrained by layout restrictions and cannot move to machines with a larger footprint. Pegaso requires less fab floor per wafer produced than other platforms available today. Pegaso enables greater than 2,900 cell per hour (gross) line operation, working from both sides. This high wafer throughput rate is enabled by two print heads, two conveyor lanes, a planar motor and moving shuttles, and Theta alignment controlled by the print head. This fully dual design also provides 50 percent throughput even when one side is down for maintenance or service. The Pegaso platform supports larger-scale factories producing 500 MW – 1 GW, with greater productivity, availability, and reduced use of factory space.

might bring different value to customers. Table 3 shows several Applied Materials calculations that quantify benefits not normally captured by a TCO spreadsheet. The table shows, for example, that improvements in process yield and reducing direct consumables costs can bring a competitive advantage greater than $100,000 through newer and innovative screen printing metallization. Overall, benefits such as easy integration of new process steps, an extendable platform and consumables cost savings could result in about a $2 million advantage over 5 years versus a traditional cell manufacturing platform that is not highly innovative.

CONCLUSION Challenges and opportunities from newer cell structures, adoption of newer and additional processes and a higher sensitivity to process optimization suggest that evaluating TCO is no longer sufficient to assess the quality of a manufacturing tool which is a great investment. Such an investment should be evaluated in the light of its potential for generating differential value along the years.

This paper has cited a number of areas where evaluating a tool solely on TCO does not capture the tool’s value. In fact, quantifying some of these values shows that the added value of the tool may even be comparable with the tool procurement cost itself.

Applied Materials, through significant innovation, is anticipating the market with new concepts that help accelerate the $/Wp reduction towards and beyond grid parity.

CALCULATING VALUE Other platforms with very similar TCO

Table 3. Estimated dollar benefit of Pegaso innovations

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Silver Pastes for More Efficient Solar Cells Carsten Mohr - Manager Heraeus Photovoltaics Business Unit Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG •

New generation of pastes offer higher efficiencies at reduced cost and silver content

Well designed and formulated silver metallization pastes significantly help increase the efficiency of solar cells. Carsten Mohr, manager of the Photovoltaics Business Unit Europe,explains how metallization pastes from Heraeus contribute to achieving more efficient solar cells at reduced costs.

Key factors in reducing customers’ costs are higher efficiencies, lower paste consumption and reduced silver content. Photovoltaics converting sunlight into electrical power - is a market of the future with a high potential for growth. By 2020, 100 GW of Photovoltaic power will have been installed in Europe according to experts. Products such as silver metallization pastes help improving the performance of solar cells. “We are constantly developing innovative formulations to advance the metallization of solar cells and thus increasing their performance. The key customer demand is to reduce the cost per Watt of solar power by employing costsaving materials”, says Carsten Mohr.

PV Silver Pastes for More Efficient Solar Cells Silver metallization pastes are 30

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strategically important materials for the manufacturing of solar cells. The performance of the pastes determines the efficiency at which solar cells and modules will convert sunlight into usable energy. An efficient solar cell requires a well-designed and formulated metallization paste that will conduct the maximum amount of the power generated from the core of the cell to the electrical grid. In the value chain, metallization pastes are needed in the process of manufacturing a solar cell from a silicon wafer. The paste is typically applied on the wafer using screen printing. On the front-side of a conventional cell, the paste is visible as a grid of very fine lines, which are highly conductive. On the backside, metallization paste is necessary to create the back-side contacts, the so-called busbars, or pads. The lines conduct the power from the inside to the outside of the cell.

Finally, a set of cells are soldered to each other and assembled to a module.

Why Silver for the Metallization of Solar Cells?

“Why silver for the metallization for solar cells?” you may ask. And deservedly so: silver, as a precious metal, is a cost-intensive material with a volatile price. However, silver is the most conductive element available

and silver pastes have long-term stability, meaning that their conductivity does not significantly diminish in the course of the lifetime of the cell. Also, silver is highly corrosion-resistant, a necessary feature facing the economic life-time of at least 20 years of solar modules. Finally, silver pastes have good solderability, important in the process of assembling several cells to a module.

Answers to Increasing Cost Pressure With the demand for silver paste increasing and the price of silver rising significantly during the past year, new solutions are necessary in order to reduce the customer cost. New generations of pastes are required to provide increased efficiency while requiring reduced paste consumption and silver content. Those are critical features to reduce the customer costs. There are basically two approaches to achieve this goal. One option is to reduce the amount of paste used per cell, while at a minimum, maintaining the performance of the cell. The other option is to reduce the silver content of paste without sacrificing performance. Heraeus constantly develops new paste formulations with the objective of optimizing the above mentioned key factors. The following fields of

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Dispensing of finger lines

technologyofferoptimization potential: •

Novel solar cell design concepts

•

Optimized screen printingtechniques

•

New printingtechniques

•

New material systems

Novel Solar Cell Design Concepts Novel cell design concepts will always thrive to reduce the disadvantages of conventional cell technologies. One example is the MWT technology, which aims at lowering shading of the front-side contacts.

The busbars typically found on the front-side of conventional solar cells are shifted to the back-side of the cell, thereby reducing front-side shading and allowing more light to actually hit the cell. The reduction of shading increases the efficiency of the cell.

The additional benefit is that less paste is required. Heraeus offers low shunting pastes specially formulated for this design concept.

It can be used as via paste to connect frontand back-side of the MWT-cell and also as paste for printing the solder pads. Heraeus will introduce these new low shunting via pastes to the market in the first quarter of 2012.

N-Type solar cells have turned out to be a successful alternative to conventional solar cells. Higher cell efficiencies can be achieved and with a higher tolerance against metal impurities. Heraeus offers pastes for P+ as well as for N+ surfaces of n-Type monocrystalline solar cells.

In Double Printing, an additional layer of paste is printed on the first layer. The objective of this method is to print tall, narrower lines, thereby increasing the aspect ratio, resulting in lower shading and higher efficiencies.

As compared to crystalline solar cell

(Picture: Fraunhofer ISE)

concepts, Thin Film technologies offer new possibilities for lowering production costs.

In 2011 Heraeus introduced a new series pastes for low temperature processing of thin film cell technologies such as Organic and Printed Plastic solar cells. In the same way, it can be used for PERL, HIT and other crystalline cell technologies.

Optimized Screen Printing Techniques A number of new approaches, both in screen and stencil printing, have led to a significant reduction in paste usage on solar cells. Main drivers are narrower and more uniform lines, better homogeneity and better paste transfer.

The conductivity of the cell’s finger-line is determined and limited by the lowest point in the elevation profile. Reducing the finger-line height variability allows the manufacturer to use the paste more efficiently. As far as the uniformity of the lines is concerned, new stencil-printing techniques lead to improved results compared to screen-printed lines.

The combination of screen and stencil printing is particularly successful, both in research projects and industrial applications.

Let’s take Dual Print for example. For some cell manufacturers, in the first step of the process, the busbars are screen-printed

on the wafer with slots being left empty for the finger lines. In a second step, the fingers are printed using a stencil. Other cell manufacturers will reverse the steps of this process.

The joint effort of screen and stencil suppliers with Heraeus’ ability to customize pastes is helping to improve these technologies and processes. This collaborative effort continues to help lower the paste usage per cell and obtain higher efficiency yields for customers. With Dual printing, one can combine the benefits of a lower content silver, low paste usage, low activity busbar paste with the properties of a high efficiency grid line paste.

New Printing Techniques Screen and stencil printing are two methods used for the contact printing of solar wafers. Beyond that, there are new advanced non-contact printing methods such as dispensing and laser transfer printing.

In joint projects with partners, Heraeus has started the development of pastes and inks optimized for non-contact printing technologies. Non-contact printing will eliminate the cost of screens and opens new possibilities for optimized fine-line printing.

Customized pastes are an important enabler for new printing techniques.

New Material Systems

The MWT-Perc technology reduces frontside shading.

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The Heraeus R&D team constantly researches possibilities to lower customer costs. The silver content of back-side tabbing pastes has been lowered significantly, which helps saving costs. Both in internal projects and together with partners, the in-house R&D team of Heraeus is constantly working on new formulations for pastes with lower Ag content.

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Introduction To Hybrid Solar PV Panel.

Jayaprakash Babu. Gundlamadugu.

Son Et Lumiere.

T

he present paper emerges with an innovative idea which improves the efficiency of the PV modulr by 50%.

The conventional single crystalline cell has got 15% of its area covered with bus bars and grid, thus making this area useless.

An hybrid solar PV panel consists of three technologies, It uses thin film technology , bulk film technology, and surface mounting technology.

The procedure: Glass substrate is coated with tin oxide film, this allows transmission of light , as well

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as collects the photo generated current. Next step the tin oxide film is scribed according to the array of the single crystalline solar cell with Nd YAG laser.

Single crystal solar cells with out silver grid and bus bars are stuck to the tin oxide film with transparent conducting adhesive.

Next process is silver film is deposited using sputtering technique on the backside of the cells which are stuck to the tin oxide film.

The cross section of the Hybrid PV module is shown below.

Trails are in progress, The expected efficiency is about 50%. Because soldering, tabbing are prevented which cause micro cracks which lead to loss due to recombination Above all 100 % of area of the solar cell is utilized in terms of 100% of exposure to solar insolation, and as well as 100 % of collection of photo generated current is obtained..

In the next step scribing is done to facilitate the integral interconnection in series. Bus bars are drawn and lamination is done.

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Furthermore, Samil Power has setup local subsidiaries and local services teams to simplify the communication and reduce the service response time.

The offices are in Australia, Germany, Italy and UK, etc. Additional information about Samil Power is available at www.samilpower.com.

Tel: +86 510 81819968

E-mail: info@samilpower.com

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Efficiency Starts With The Raw Material – Manufacturers Can Get More Out Of Porous Silicon Process Innovation For Purifying Silicon With Popcorn-Like Surfaces And Structures Solar Consulting GmbH

Can recycling of rejects be an answer to the woes of a PV industry hit by overcapacities all along the supply chain? Industry titans reported lately heavy losses in the PV equipment manufacturing business. A closer look to the ongoing difficult situation reveals that despite the dramatic market conditions equipment developers focus on crystalline silicon innovation. Innovations leading to higher silicon efficiencies have a strong leveraging effect on the total efficiency of modules. The lever often justifies investments in the best processing equipment. This applies also to the basic material crystalline silicon. The more you can get out of it the more profitable you can sell.

D

espite good long-term forecasts, the solar industry currently has to make it through a period of low prices. Cost calculations are made with corresponding rigor. Therefore companies are investing intensively in the development of more efficient processes for all steps in the process chain. For silicon manufacturers, the upgrading of contaminated silicon to high-quality solar silicon provides an opportunity to increase profits. Kay Rehberg, CEO of german-based Decker Anlagenbau – specialist in wet-chemical processes – reports the industry’s increased focus on the reduction of manufacturing costs. “Perhaps this has been a watershed year. Companies with the ability to upgrade their production lines will hold their ground. Those companies will carry the industry forward the next years,” states Rehberg. His company has put a silicon-purifying system on the market which is also capable of treating difficult to purify porous silicon. The silicon purified 34

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in this manner is subsequently suitable for production of high-performance solar cells and can be marketed at a correspondingly higher profit.

Silicon with a lower purity level is produced in the edge zones of the crystal during the manufacturing of high purity silicon. During the crystal growth phase, the edge zones are subject to dendrite growth, undesirable disruptions of the crystal structure, and possibly deposits of metals, carbonates, or other substances on this ragged surface. These are undesirable structures which can develop both in the Fluidized Bed Reactor FBR and in the Siemens process.

It is well known that the addition of metals leads to a lower minority carrier lifespan, which reduces the efficiency of the solar silicon. Further causes for the contamination of silicon on the surface and immediately below the surface include the rapid diffusion of metal atoms such as nickel or copper

into the silicon at room temperature, and contamination during transportation, milling, storage, and packaging.

Due to the low quality, such contaminated material fetches lower prices. Highly pure silicon has a purity level of 10 ppb(w) with regard to the metal content, and a charge carrier lifespan of 10 000 nanoseconds. The requirements for PV silicon are lower, but are increasing all the time.

Contaminated material can be upgraded through corresponding purification. A higher purity level also has a beneficial effect on the performance of the CZ pullers, for example.

But due to the complicated popcorn-like surface of the material, the purifying of porous silicon (chunks) is a complex task. The material has fissures, crevices, and cracks, resulting in a very large surface area which is hard to reach with cleaning substances.

The rinsing and drying of materials with such furrowed surfaces is just as challenging.

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Objective: High throughput at low costs Wet chemical processes with either alkaline or acidic cleaning substances or combined processes are suitable for purifying silicon. The material to be cleaned is batched and moved horizontally and vertically in rotating baskets or drums. The “washing cycle” to clean the silicon has, up until now, interrupted the production flow and hence prevented an efficient throughput.

What is required is a fully automated process which passes the silicon through during the wet chemical cleaning process.

But how is it possible to ensure that the crevices and cracks are cleaned and flushed as necessary? What kind of a drying process allows for a high material throughput rate at a competitive cost?

Graphic: Contamination on a furrowed poly-silicon surface

This problem can be solved by moving the purifying process to a conveyor belt. With a band filter which is one of a kind in the world, german-based Decker fluently integrated silicon cleaning into the production process and therefore paved the way for economic silicon cleaning and recycling on an industrial scale. The company, an established worldwide premium manufacturer of silicon etching units, was presented with the award in the “PV Production Technology” category at the Intersolar Europe Innovation Exchange in Munich in July 2011 for its visionary granulate etching system. Not only this recognition proofed the company’s hard labor in conjunction with the development of the technology paid off: the solution has gained increasing significance for a whole industry sector. Many of the large PV technology supplier count among the clients of Decker. It was the customers that prompted the company to change direction. The idea grew with its customers requests and their feedback has

been essential to the development. And the specialists at Decker found a customized solution to the problem. In the company you don’t find sales representatives in the usual sense because technicians are a much better fit for finding a way to channel feedback into ideas for new products.

Rapid purifying of porous silicon down to the ppbw range For a fully automated cleaning process, the silicon chunks are granulated in order to provide access to the surface area hidden in the cracks and crevices. The corresponding substance is vacuumed up by a separated field on the belt on which the silicon is lying. In this manner the process solves quality and efficiency problems which are inherent in classical processes, since etching processes inside baskets take longer and are less precise than on the spread out surfaces. The costs for the belt filters depend on various parameters; amortization times of around one year can be achieved under certain framework conditions.

This is revolutionary in several different ways. The band filter version has a positive effect on many process parameters: It saves costs and time. A reduction in the amount of energy and chemicals required has a positive effect on the environment. But the most important advantage is that this technology opens up the opportunity for use in largescale technological applications. Last year the process received the Innovation Award at Intersolar. The purified silicon has a purity level of 6N or higher, depending on the bulk material quality.

Short profile of Decker Anlagenbau GmbH: DECKER Anlagenbau GmbH is a worldwide operating producer of special components in the field of plant manufacturing and process engineering for wet chemical processes. Its customers are companies in the photovoltaic and semiconductor industry

Caption:The purifying of porous silicon is technically challenging, due to the large surface areas and the required purity level. Plant engineering companies have to offer solutions which meet the solar industry requirements for high purity silicon while at the same time providing cost effective processes.

as well as automotive industry suppliers. The company has about 50 staff and is a supplier of customer specific turnkey solutions for silicon cleaning plants, absorber units and p l a n t s fo r surface treatment in the field of

Optimization of systems to increase production while Caption:Porous silicon chunk. reducing costs at the same time is very important for the future of solar companies.

Now the silicon granulate etching system with electroplating. The company is based in belt filter allows manufacturers to upgrade Berching near Nuremberg, with company porous contaminated silicon quickly and cost traditions going back over 120 years. effectively.

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Fast In-Line EVA CrossLinking Test Bergen Associates

The quality of the cross-linking of EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) encapsulants is crucial for the market success of solar modules. Premium suppliers need their products to be ahead of competition not only by cost-effectiveness and by the efficiency of their modules. It is also the long-term stability of the modules that is receiving much attention by customers since it is affecting the sustained profitability of solar installations.

T

he lamination process is key to the long-term stability and therefore the most critical production step of module manufacturing. Currently, a major issue why modules fail in the field is insufficient EVA cross-linking caused by difficulties during the vacuum lamination process itself or by unstable EVA foil feedstock. Only high quality EVA encapsulation guaranties sustainable protection of the solar cells against the environment e.g. moisture and mechanical stress. The most common setup of state-of-the-art solar modules is a laminated stack of glass/ EVA/solar-cells/ EVA/backsheet. The degree of cross-linking between polymer chains in laminated EVA is a decisive parameter governing the longtime stability of a solar module. Poor control over the EVA cross-linking has detrimental economic consequences not only for the investor but also for the producer, since lamination process is one of the last steps of the value chain.

Despite of this key importance of encapsulation, the methods of testing EVA cross-linking that are available today (e.g. gel content test), have significant weaknesses and drawbacks. Common tests take a couple of hours, are performed manually and they involve the destruction of the laminate.

Hence, only small sample fractions are being 36Â

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LayTec cross-linking metric (LXM) Figure 2 above illustrates the clear correlation between the LayTec cross-linking metric (LXM) and the gel content (g.c.) test. Both values were determined for five modules prepared under varying lamination conditions. Measurements were carried out at five different locations of each module. First, the LXM was determined non-destructively using the LayTec X Link system. Afterwards, EVA samples were extracted from the same locations for the g.c. test using Soxhlet extraction. The error bars demonstrate that the LXM bears a better accuracy than the g.c. test, in particular for g.c. < 85 per cent. Here lies a huge potential for process optimisation. It needs to be noted, that the classical g.c. test loses sensitivity for highly cross-linked material. This is why the measurements on the best laminated module were neglected for the fit. The fit is based on the physical connection between the applied methods. The distinct correlation presented in the figure above demonstrates that the LayTec X Link system can readily replace time-consuming and unreliable wet-chemical g.c. tests. Data courtesy of Q-Cells SE.

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tested, the procedures are time-consuming and leave large room for uncertainties.

Therefore LayTec and Fraunhofer USA joined forces and successfully developed a novel method to measure the degree of EVA cross-linking within only a few seconds.

This fast and non-destructive method is now commercially available and enables module manufacturers to evaluate the degree of cross-linking of each produced module. The measurement takes just five seconds per measuring point and can be performed directly in-line and automated. The method achieves and even exceeds the accuracy of gel content tests.

Hence, quality assurance and homogeneity analysis with 100 per cent coverage of each module are available.

Manufacturers can proof a complete track record of modules produced to customers and certifiers.

The Highest Reliability and Uptime for the Lifetime of the Plant

Due to the temperature requirements (module temperature â&#x2030;Ľ 80°C), the system is ideally employed inline, right after the laminator. During first deployments of the metrology system in industrial production lines, multipoint measurements were carried out. In some cases, a considerable spatial in homogeneity of the degree of crosslinking was revealed over single laminates.

The LayTec X Link system ensures a perfect control over the lamination process, which is key to high-quality modules, as cross- linking quality and uniformity are essential in terms of quality over time.

The metrology system integrates seamlessly into production lines. It can be controlled completely by the process equipment. The machine interfaces are highly customisable and cover simple data exchange via wires, field buses and software protocols like SECS/GEM and TCP/IP. Monitoring data can be fed directly into the MES and SPC software systems. On the other hand, the system can be utilised stand-alone controlled by the LayTec Insight software with its own visualising, storing and routing of measured data to the fab control systems in real-time.

Avenal, California 57 MWp

Grid Ready, Utility Photovoltaic Central Inverters from 145kVAp - 1590kVAp

In summary the LayTec X Link system provides the following metrological, technological and economic advantages over current common tests: â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

In-line applicability â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 100 per cent coverage of production Automated monitoring Short measuring time (< 10 s per point) High accuracy Non-destructive and therefore repeatable method No use of hazardous chemicals Optimised production cycle time (mean time between cleans) Fast and controlled ramp-up Improved yield Improved material use Fast return of investment (within first year) Improved bankability of PV projects

Generate more energy &GÂťDJFOU Generate for longer 4XJUDI PO PGG BU POMZ 8 Generate more reliably ÂŻ .VMUJ .BTUFS TZTUFN JT GBVMU UPMFSBOU Generate with confidence &NFSTPO CBOLBCJMJUZ

email: solar@emerson.com

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www.emersonpvsolutions.com

SO L A R ENERGY

Customized Roof Mounting Solutions for Industrial Installations Amit Chheda, Jurchen Technologies

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ooftop projects are popular in India since the introduction of Solar Photovoltaic technology into India market. In the initial years, rooftops were limited to small systems of 1 kWp to 5 kWp size, mainly catering to home light systems. These systems were designed with battery backup, to act as a backup power supply for households or to electrify rural areas where no grid is available. Even with support from MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) through subsidies, industries were reluctant to consider solar as a backup power option, though enough roof space was available for installation.

Non availability or non reliability of utility power has forced majority of industries to resort to captive power generation, primarily diesel generators. Increase in fuel expenditure over last few years has forced many industries to consider renewable sources as an option to reduce their power expenditure. Technological developments and reduction in capital cost for Solar PV has made it a comparable or better option compared to conventional captive plants.

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

Along with reduction in diesel consumption, owners of Solar power plant also benefit from accelerated depreciation.

of the module surfaces. With an east/west alignment or south facing alignment, the sun can shine evenly on all module fields from sunrise to sunset.

Flat roof installations

•

Higher system performance: By deploying thin-film modules in east– west alignment and by optimal use of space up to 90% of the net roof surface area

•

Quick and economical assembly

•

Shade free laying

•

No structural modification required for roof

Few things that worry owners of flat roofs regarding solar PV installation are drilling, additional concreting and the static load due to system installation. Majority of industrial roofs are unsuitable for solar installations due to their structural properties. Looking at these concerns, a few manufacturers have introduced solution for installation on flat roofs, which reduces the structural load to a minimum, avoids any concreting.

The system provides solution for lowballast installation of solar panels on large flat and industrial roofs. It allows space saving installation and yield-optimized use of existing roof space. The design creates a down thrust by specially designed air channels that hold the PV system securely on the roof even in stormy conditions. Typically, frameless thin-film modules are elevated at a 5° incline to prevent serious pollution

These systems are built using aluminum and stainless steel installation frame to accommodate aerodynamic effects. This ensures greatest stability of the system at low weight and even protects against corrosion damage. To top it off, the installation leaves the roof cladding perfectly intact.

Sloped roof Installations Slop roofs are common in industrial buildings and warehouses. Roof mounting

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Flat roof East-West Inclination

solutions for slop roofs depends on the roofing type, age, structural properties etc.

For new roofs, solutions like ‘Integrated’ roofing sheets can be used. These are specially designed roofing sheets for solar installations, which helps in saving costs for an elaborate sub-construction for fastening modules. The photovoltaic modules are installed directly onto the sheet metal roof (different variants) with an integrated rail system. ‘Integrated’ roofing sheets can be used to renovate existing roofs or can be Trapeze Bridge

is ‘Trapeze Bridge’. This customized product for framed modules, which can save the cost of sub-structure and reduce overall structure weight and installation time.

Advantages: Trapeze Bridge

Easy and economical installation of a partially integrated PV roof system

•

No additional penetration of the roof required

•

No rail system required

In case of existing roofs, mounting system is designed considering factors like thickness, type and profile of roofing sheet, static properties of structure, inclination of roof etc. One of the specially designed products for trapezoidal roof installation

Cost effective solution

•

Rapid on-site assembly

• No rail system is necessary

Advantages: Integra Roofing Sheet •

•

Crown Distance

~ 303 mm

Sheet Thickness

0.75 mm

Total Width

911 mm

Standard Length

Up to 13.5 m

Material

Steel, galvanized

Polyester coated

25µm

•

Extremely flexible to match roof requirement

Flat roof south facing installation

considered for new roof installations. The system has been developed to use thin-film technologies, where panels are mounted on sheet using specially designed roofing clips.

Given its geometry and the use of the special module clip, photovoltaic module can be installed directly onto the roof using module clamps alone. That means there is no need for a rail system.

Integrated Roofing Sheet

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SO L A R ENERGY

Mounting Strategies For FutureStreamlined Processes And Project Management Form The Key To Optimization In Future.

Srinivas Maganti - COO Nuevosol Energy Pvt. Ltd.

How mounting structures can be designed to take the continuous pressure from the Industry for lesser costs, faster execution and improved quality.

can be achieved through higher levels of Optimization.

A lot has been spoken about how grid parity in solar PV will be achieved in coming years. Grid parity is not just about waiting for module and component prices to fall sufficiently, or for conventional fuel prices to escalate. It is a question of finding the optimum solution. At present optimization in mounting structures is mainly focussed on lowering steel usage, reducing manufacturing difficulties and ensuring installation ease.

These facets of optimization are recurring and specific to each project and involved shrewd designers, getting inputs from an integrated design process on manufacturing and installation ease. In the previous articles we have spoken much about the cybernetic design process which helps us optimize each and every facet of mounting structures. At Nuevosol, we pioneered this approach in designing, and installation of the mounting systems. This is the process which converts a Structure into a System, which is a dynamically modelled intelligent structure, a class apart from the routine off â&#x20AC;&#x201C;the-shelf mounting structures.

How planning can avoid uncalled-for problems in manufacturing and installation of mounting structure.

In this article we will be throwing light on the future of optimization wherein increasing demands from the industry to lower costs and improve speed of execution 40Â

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

Expecting the Unexpected- Importance of Experience and Planning in Optimization.

Typical time for construction of Solar PV plants has come down to two months. This calls for simplifying the manufacturing and execution yet maintaining the sophistication in structures. Planning can be a part of optimization where some highly unexpected bottlenecks can be avoided to ensure timely execution. This calls for thorough understanding of manufacturing bottlenecks and installation hurdles. At Nuevosol, supply chain optimization was done to identify all the bottlenecks and plan for them in advance, which enabled us to execute 75 MW of orders in a span of two months (part of it is ongoing).

Bottlenecks in manufacturing come in terms of procurement of raw material, punching, hot dip galvanization, fabrication of fasteners and rolling of complicated sections.

Planning for these bottlenecks require a clear understanding of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manufacturing/ installation requirements and capabilities.

Most of the calculations in terms of capacity to roll are made without inclusion

Dasari Sriram - CSO Nuevosol Energy Pvt. Ltd.

of punching. Most automatic punching machines tend to compromise on tolerances and therefore making punching after rolling unviable when there are very low tolerances.

This calls for punching of holes manually after rolling is done. Manual offline punching has many limitations tagged to it. One aspect of it is the punching tool. Punching tools need to be custom made and have to be ordered much in advance to be available on time.

These tools need heat treatment to last for a long time which makes the tool fabrication a time taking process. Also one should plan to finish punching of one kind completely before moving on to another punching operation as a tool change sometimes can take up a quarter day of working time. When all these are not factored into estimating throughput of a whole manufacturing setup it can lead to faulty project management hiding the main bottlenecks.

Hot Dip Galvanization can be another hidden bottleneck if not planned for. At Nuevosol we minimized the usage of post galvanization, but most times due requirements of government tenders etc post galvanization of some elements seems to be unavoidable. Mostly galvanization is taken as an operation which follows the manufacturing operation. Hardly does one try to optimize and plan for simultaneous rolling and galvanization operations which can reduce the galvanization time for the whole lot.

Another key bottleneck is the availability of fasteners. How much ever one tries to standardise and optimize for using readily

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available fasteners there will be need to customize leading to bottlenecks in HDG fasteners. This needs robust capacity assessments of supplier capability and a shrewd procurement team. This optimization needs to be done from the stage of design procurement unto installation. A minute item like fastener can become a huge bottleneck in structure erection leading to delays. At Nuevosol optimization in all such minute details enable us to avoid unexpected delays.

Bottlenecks in Installation can be in the form of Foundations, structural alignment, fastening and mounting.

Planning and design optimization can reduce all the hidden bottlenecks in installation which has been the USP of Nuevosolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s installation team.

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With knowledge, guts and technical creativity ZH PDNH WRGD\ ZKDW ZLOO OHDG WKH ZD\ WRPRUURZ

Foundations in rocky strata can be the main hurdle towards achieving 1MW to 2 MW per day installation speed. Nuevosol was one of the first to use trenchless technology called Insert pipe methodology to increase speeds of foundation. Foundation design plays a key role in this. For large scale projects as the pressure to reduce costs increase, one usually get to work on rocky strata leading to increased complexity and calling for innovative foundations. At Nuevosol we have a dedicated foundation design team which explores newer technology with reduction of cost and time in mind.

If availability of local labour and contractors is one hurdle, handling the semi or unskilled labour to align the structures as per exact requirements is another huge challenge in installation. This calls for a great project management task with apt deployment of site supervisors and project managers. Using documentation and innovative video demonstrations to make the local labour understand the installation process enabled to master the art of speedy and accurate installation Similarly fastening and mounting calls for design and process optimization where in ease of installation has to be incorporated into the design. Module mounting has to be sometimes done simultaneously with structure erection to ensure utilization of tolerances leading to accurate alignment of tables.

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Bracing up for Tracking While designing, manufacture and installation of fixed mount structures is one thing which has still a lot of prospects for improvement, demand for tracking systems bring out a great challenge in all facets of design, manufacturing and installation. Complicating thedesigns can make the tracking systems unviable for manufacturing and installation with complex electronics coming into the picture.

At Nuevosol we incorporate the optimization process throughout all stages right from prototyping. We realised that with wafer thin margins and ever increasing pressure on the industry multi faceted optimization remains the only resort towards a brighter future.

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From good to better: Our innovative technology yields maximum performance improvement which makes our string inverters even PRUH HĆŻ FLHQW As a leading technology company ZH VXSSO\ ĆŹ UVW FODVV SURGXFWV RI WKH KLJKHVW TXDOLW\ 2XU FODLP FUHDWLQJ LQQRYDWLYH SURGXFWV WKDW DUH DOZD\V DW WKH OHDGLQJ HGJH 0DNLQJ SURJUHVV PDGH E\ 5()8sol.

Phone: +91 20 66789700 info-india@refusol.com www.refusol.com

SO L A R ENERGY

IBC SOLAR’s Multifaceted Approach To Business In India Building local presence, developing new business models, adapting to business culture Ling Reinhard

IBC SOLAR AG, one of the leading global photovoltaic (PV) systems integrators, is capitalizing on the promising PV projects market in India. After being active in this market since 2008 and growing a steady business there, the company opened an independent subsidiary office in Mumbai. The Indian subsidiary focuses on EPC (Engineering, Procurement, Construction) to adapt more completely to Indian business culture, provide guaranteed quality and to continue to grow in the promising PV market.

F

or more than four years, IBC SOLAR is living an on-going local commitment in India successfully realizing major photovoltaic (PV) projects.

Along with on-grid PV power plants, the PV expert and system integrator provides offgrid system design and consulting services for the growing market. IBC SOLAR’s local commitment was crowned in November 2012 with the founding of its Indian subsidiary IBC SOLAR Projects Pvt. Ltd. With the new office in Mumbai, the company consolidated its local presence, advanced its commitment to the future market that is India and added a twelfth foreign subsidiary to its international network. “We are already considering today the Indian PV solar market as one of the strongest international markets with substantial growth for the coming years,” 42

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

said Reinhard Ling, Business Manager of IBC SOLAR Projects Pvt. Ltd. IBC SOLAR uses its extensive experience in photovoltaics to realize major photovoltaic projects. In 2011 alone, the PV expert built four ground-mounted, openspace installations: the 5 megawatts (MW) photovoltaic installation in Vituza, a 5.7 MW project in Osiyan, a 5.7 MW power plant in Warora and the 1.26 MW plant in Dahma.

The construction of all four PV power plants started in mid-June, grid-connection was completed after only five months on October 15th. With this, IBC SOLAR demonstrated its profound PV expertise and know-how.

Furthermore, market feedback shows that the company’s PV installations are among the top performing plants in India, with a performance ratio of far above 80%.

“Since we entered the market in 2008, we implemented five projects, including four large scale projects in MW sizes as well as a rooftop system with backup system for emergency power supply for the Goethe Institute, Bangalore,” said Reinhard Ling.

“Overall, we have installed 18 megawatt peak of photovoltaic power in the Indian market. India is one of the future markets.

Therefore, we are pleased to be represented on site with a local subsidiary to serve the high demand for PV system solutions. A local subsidiary means that we are closer to the market and have greater flexibility and control in project handling. Thus, our customers in India can greatly benefit from our high-quality products, service portfolio and international experience.”

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Adapting to India According to Ling, the key to doing business in the Indian solar sector is providing a good mix of components, top engineering, and reliable services at an acceptable price level. Along with establishing a new local office, the success of IBC SOLAR’s projects has been a direct result of the company’s ability to stay relevant in India’s pricecompetitive PV market. “The prices are determined by the market. Either you work with it, or take India off your list of potential markets,” said Ling.

The new subsidiary’s activities are focused primarily on the project business, the installation of large photovoltaic power plants as well as off-grid equipment and systems for backup power supply. The company sees a real need for these types of projects in India.

“Remote villages in India have problems with public electricity supply,” said Ling.

“Off-grid systems are the key to stabilizing the energy supply in these regions. Thus, the demand for reliable solar power solutions is correspondingly high and still growing.”

its products, but also listened closely to its Indian partners and customers – finding a compromise between the Indian and German way of project execution. IBC SOLAR cites this open communication as a key success factor for the results they’ve seen in India.

IBC SOLAR quickly learned that Indian banks and financing institutions are reluctant to fund solar projects. Therefore, IBC SOLAR’s strategy is to provide customers with complete peace-of-mind. The company now executes a “one-stop-solution” strategy, including product and plant performance guarantees (backed-up by first-class bank guarantees), operation and maintenance services via a local Mumbai office, and final plant performance ratio-tests performed by highly qualified engineers and site managers to verify system set-up and that quality standards are reached. This “one-stopsolution” IBC SOLAR strategy has been providing Indian customers with the best

possible return on their investment by ensuring projects are completed on time and secure the initial tariff for grid-feedback energy. For smaller projects, the company currently develops business models based on a balance sheet approach whereby IBC SOLAR pre-finances the projects, which are sold after commissioning.

Thereby, risks for the clients are further reduced. Along with on-grid installations, IBC SOLAR provides off-grid installations and hybrid-systems in India.

Future Moves Moving forward, IBC SOLAR is currently in discussion with potential clients and developers operating in the field of Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) based projects. IBC SOLAR expects to be successful in the REC area and will address the more structurally complex nature of these projects with its full-service package. According to IBC SOLAR, the Indian off-grid, commercial rooftop PV solutions market is still in its beginning stages, but has massive growth potential. With experience and know-how as its not-so-secret weapon, the solar company plans to expand its network and provide system bundles to address the rising demand on independent and uninterrupted powersupply.

Lessons learned IBC SOLAR is thrilled to have a subsidiary in Mumbai directing its PV project business in the country, but the company knows that just having a local office will not win them business. To better dress-for-success in India, IBC SOLAR not only adjusted how it manages projects and prices

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

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SO L A R ENERGY

OptiCool® also cancels functional risks caused by invasive dust particles.

Those particles can only be found on the seals, the inside of the inverter remains dust free.

Active Cooling For Maximum Yields Rakesh Khanna, General Manager, SMA India

As beneficial as intense solar irradiation is for the photovoltaics industry, rising heat places heavier demands on central inverters used to produce clean current for millions of people in the hotter areas of the globe. They are not only required to work at the highest efficiency possible but are also expected to function reliably and faultlessly for the duration of operation. Here, cooling systems play an important role.

T

here is a high risk – due to overheating – that sensitive components within the inverter will begin to behave differently leading to their eventual breakdown. Anything from short-term failures to a complete system standstill bringing about high losses in yield are only some of the consequences faced by PV power plant operators and investors in photovoltaics projects.

An intelligent and reliable cooling system is a decisive factor when it comes to investments in central inverters, especially in regions characterised by extreme ambient conditions. For example, in the varying climate regions of India fine dust particles stirred up by sand storms place an additional burden, apart from the effects of the extremely high temperatures, on the central inverters in PV power plants. Millions of people in India, for example, benefit from the PV energy source.

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

300 hours of sun per year and PV yields of up to 1,600 kilowatts per kilowatt of nominal plant power are achieved.

Active cooling “An intelligent cooling concept is the key to optimal central inverter operation,” says Anil Poluru,Technical Sales Support Manager at SMA India explains. “This requires, apart from the optimal spatial organisation of all components, an efficient and properly dimensioned cooling system. Our Sunny Central inverters function at temperatures of up to 50°C at nominal power – and full energy yield – based on the innovative cooling concept OptiCool® and clever spatial design.

Even at temperatures of between 50°C and 62°C Sunny Central inverters continue to feed in but at the same time reduce the feed-in capacity according to temperature

for self-protection. At 55°C a Sunny Central continues to feed in 50% of its nominal power.” In addition, Anil Poluru points out that SMA central inverters operating with optimal cooling can even yield a nominal power of 110% at temperatures of up to 25°C during continuous operation.

Sensitive temperature management Cooling requirements can be adjusted at any time through well-planned temperature management which reacts quickly and sensitively to temperature changes using numerous temperature sensors on the inside of the central inverter. This prevents the occurrence of failures and losses in yield.

The inverter’s temperature management is therefore important for a smooth operation.

Even at an efficiency of 98% some waste

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heat is still incurred. For a central inverter with 900 kWp nominal power, a two Technical_drawings 1 percent loss in heat is equal to a considerable 18,000 watts.

ambient air – also ideal for operation in coastal areas. A robust enclosure makes them perfect for use outdoors in any and all ambient conditions.

An additional advantage is the extensive freedom from maintenance boasted by the cooling system.

The innovative cooling system OptiCool® actively cools the inverter, meaning that the rpm-regulated fan motor is activated when the sensors installed in various places on the device measure temperature increases.

OptiCool® is made up of two separate ventilation circuits. As fresh air from outside is drawn in to cool heat-producing components, circulating warm air is cooled down in an internal ventilation circuit on the inside of the inverter. The heat exchanger used in this process is operated by fresh-air supply.

OptiCool® prevents deposit build-up

Fresh air is drawn in through the ventilation grids on the top front of the Sunny Central. The air passes the cooling-fan and the heat producing stacks and the sine wave filter choke stuck out in the air duct. The warm air leaves the inverter through a low-maintenance grid filter.

The outside air is cooled in an air duct through an influx of cooling air drawn in through the ventilation grids on the roof of the inverter.

Here a maintenance-free inertial separator prevents the entrance of dust particles and other passive particles present in the air. The inverter bridge heat sinks and the sine wave filter choke – heat-producing components of the inverter – stick out into the air duct and are optimally cooled by fresh outside air. The air is blown out again through openings on the back of the inverter after having travelled through the air duct. Here a low-maintenance grid filter also ensures that no particles get into the inside of the inverter.

Thanks to this innovative cooling concept, Sunny Central inverters can also be set up in chemically active environments. The separate ventilation circuits provide for optimal internal protection of the inverters from aggressive

OptiCool®, an integral component in all Sunny Central inverters, cancels the risk of functional impairments caused by invasive dust particles from the start. This is the result of sand and dust tests carried out

by SMA on central inverters by exposing them to extremely fine dust over an extended period of time. During these tests dust is blown directly onto the device, and air is drawn in and circulated through the OptiCool® system in the same way as it is during regular operation. The test results: dust deposits were present on seals, however none were to be found on the inside of the device. This proves that the encapsulated design of OptiCool® reliably protects devices and all electronic components from dust intrusion.

Since autumn 2010, SMA has been present in Mumbai with its own Sales and Service company. Rakesh Khanna and his colleagues support various PV power station projects with SMA technology, including several large-scale projects in the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan.

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Technical_drawings 2 Fresh air is drawn in through the ventilation grids on the top front of the Sunny Central. The air passes the cooling-fan and the heat producing stacks and the sine wave filter choke stuck out in the air duct. The warm air leaves the inverter through a low-maintenance grid filter.

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SunCarrier Omega Net-Zero Energy Building Ashim Bose - SunCarrier Omega Pvt. Ltd.

T

his is the story of India’s first commercial Net-Zero (site) Energy Building – one of less than about 500 such buildings worldwide. India’s rapid growth has resulted in a steep growth in the number of buildings, energy consumption in, and carbon emissions from, such buildings.

The electricity grid, the primary source of power in India, has not kept pace with the rising demand. Diesel generators have been the single largest source of supplementary captive power, as also one of the largest source of green-house gases. Under these circumstances, the Government of India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission has been an important step in focusing the collective consciousness towards adoption of solar energy, and has triggered a solar revolution in India. Energy conservation and sustainability is the bedrock of human progress, and the SunCarrier Omega NetZero Energy Building (SOPL-NZEB) is the beacon that lights the path to a sustainable energy future for India.

The SunCarrier Omega NZEB is an example of bringing an appropriate technology innovation to bear upon a fundamental problem plaguing the society. It shows a way of harnessing the abundant solar energy for providing adequate reliable electricity for buildings. A commercial complex in which all its electricity requirements are met by solar energy alone, the SunCarrier Omega Net-Zero Building has been awarded the LEED PLATINUM certification by the Indian Green Building Council, under license from the US Green Building Council, and has won the Intersolar AWARD 2012 in the category “Solar Projects in India”.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY DESIGN 46

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

The SunCarrier Omega NZEB is characterized by the simplicity of its design.

The building has been designed to maximize the use of natural resources like light and heat, locally sourced products, and the reuse of recycled material. Energy consumption has been minimized by incorporating demandside efficiency measures. On the supplyside, Solar PV systems convert sunlight into electricity, which is used directly for the power requirements of the building. A large capacity energy storage system coupled with the solar generator ensures that any excess electricity is stored for use during nights and when there is no sun. The benefits are many-fold: •

It augments the generation of electricity

•

Decentralizes generation, thus reducing T&D losses

•

No fossil fuel depletion, no greenhouse gases

•

Rapid deployment – in weeks in contrast to years required for thermal / nuclear plants

•

Clean power devoid of harmonics – as required for operating sensitive equipment

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN The energy efficient design of the SunCarrier Omega NZEB has meant designing for the maximum possible use of daylight to reduce lighting loads, reduce ambient heating in the building by painting the roof with white heat resistant paint with SRI > 85 % to reduce heat ingress, and use of KT series glass with high light transmission and high thermal insulation. More than 81% of the regularly occupied areas have daylight, and 92% of the occupied spaces have direct

lines of sight to perimeter glazing. This design has enabled a 43.83% reduction in energy cost.

Recycling and reuse are essential elements of sustainable design adopted wherein the grounds and roads were paved with high recycle content pavers and the broken bricks and mortar leftovers from the construction of the building. 96% of total construction waste of debris has been recycled or reused, a content value of 10.65% of total material by cost. The building material, itself, has a large local content - 24% of the project’s material and products by cost was extracted, harvested, recovered and manufactured within 800 km of project site. Moreover, the ergonomic furniture used is made of wood from specially grown trees (rapidly renewable material), and this constitutes 5.95% of the total materials used on the project. 99.18% of the wood used in the building is according to FSC guidelines. The adhesives used release no harmful fumes.

Water conservation was the other design element of this building. Washrooms fitted with dual flush closets, low flow fixtures and sensor based soap dispensers were used. The hot water in the washroom and the pantry is through an installed solar water heater. This has resulted in a 40.9% reduction in use of potable water. Further, 100% of wastewater is being treated onsite to tertiary standards, in an efficient sewage treatment plant and the grey water is used in the garden. Water requirement is minimized by the plantation of native trees. Rain water and storm water is drained into a water harvesting pit, and is reused.

DEMAND-SIDE ENERGY EFFICIENCIES

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The SOPL NZEB was designed following passive solar concepts, to incorporate demand-side energy efficiencies. The SOLP NZEB design incorporated daylighting for high utilization of natural lighting, using daylight sensors; occupancy monitoring sensors and LED lights. More than 81% of the regularly occupied areas have daylight.

The 40 tonnes air conditioning system chosen was one with ozone friendly refrigerant, HFC R 410, with VRV with remote sensors for each indoor unit to optimize energy consumption.

77% occupants can control the air speed and temperature in their workspaces. The carbon dioxide monitoring sensor system with controls to actuate the fans in the HRV unit for more air flow restricts CO2 to healthy levels, and the low noise inverters reduced noise pollution from air conditioners.

Water harvesting system, controlled water discharge toilets, and sewage treatment with zero discharge ensured efficient usage of water. The furniture chosen, too, was 95% recyclable. The complete system was designed for a planned 10 kW lighting load and 70 kW air conditioning load.

SUPPLY-SIDE ENERGY DESIGN The on-site renewable energy generator at the SOPL NZEB involved the deployment of a solar photovoltaic system. The guiding principle for the choice of the system was its generating efficiency. The SunCarrier SC 260 was chosen since it was one of the largest sun-tracking solar PV systems worldwide, with a designed energy yield that was 3540% higher than that of similarly rated static systems. Its large format, and its ability to track the sun, has made it a beacon for the eco-inquisitive and eco-conscious from all walks of life. It now acts as a great motivator for those desirous of adopting sustainable energy policies for their own residential or commercial operations.

The solution to this was the integration of a large capacity energy storage system, the Cellcube FB 10-100, that stores upto 100 kWh of energy per unit, and also functions as an effective energy management system.

Excess energy produced during the day by the SC 260 is stored in the Cellcube, which in turn supplies energy during the night hours, and during monsoon days when the sun does not shine.

The next phase of the SOPL NZEB would involve the extension of its energy generation capacity in keeping with the anticipated growth in occupancy of the building. To support its growth, and still maintain its NZEB status, SOPL has planned to integrate small Wind Turbines, the WindCarrier, in the energy mix.

SUSTAINABLE HABITATS Energy and power are vital ingredients for the growth and development of any economy. India suffers a power deficit of about 25%, which seriously impairs the ability of its citizens to contribute to its economy and welfare. Innovative deployment of technologies, as seen at the SunCarrier Omega NZEB, helps create proof-points of feasible, robust and demonstrable application of appropriate technologies that create sustainable energy sources, and combat environmental degradation at the same time.

General awareness about renewable energy solutions in India is fairly poor. Solar cookers, solar lanterns, solar water heaters and large wind turbines are some of the better known technologies and products. The awareness of large capacity energy storage systems is limited to the very few who have specifically chosen to educate themselves about the technology. In such a scenario, the proven technologies and commercially available products that have made the SOPL NZEB possible today, has helped inform a large community of students, industrialists, politicians, bureaucrats, engineers, architects and other citizens about the said technologies.

That Net Zero Site Energy NZEB is easy to implement, manage, and monitor, and has few external dependencies, has come as a revelation to many who considered setting up of ‘green’ captive power plants to be too complex to be undertaken.

In the words of Sushil Prakash, Managing Director, SunCarrier Omega Pvt. Ltd. - “The time is now, for us to channelize our ingenuity to help preserve our abode and halt the deterioration of our environment.

Our belief is that the path to prosperity lies in corporate commitment to sustainability.

Adopting and propagating environmentally responsible energy policy is the way forward.

Now is the time to reclaim the world we truly deserve.”

Day-to-day fluctuation in energy generated, makes solar electricity unpredictable. A commercial complex also needs power during evening and night hours.

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

47

SO L A R ENERGY

Solar Resource Analysis For Setting Up Utility Scale Solar Power Plants L&T Construction Solar Projects

S

olar energy is the most abundantly available energy source. This energy can be utilised to generate electric power and other forms of energy which are predominantly being generated from non-renewable sources of energy.

Solar energy can be directly converted to electrical energy by using semiconductors that display photovoltaic effect. A utility scale solar power plant will be in the range of tens of megawatt capacity utilizing solar photovoltaic modules connected to solar inverters to make up the capacity.

Performance of such utility scale solar power plant depends on many factors,most of these factors are the product of correct design, construction, operation & maintenance, availability of grid, reliability of equipment etc. For a utility solar power plant solar radiation is a crucial input, which acts as a fuel for the solar power plant. Utility scale solar power plants require for their financials long term financing from both equity & debt financiers. Generally for a utility scale solar power plant life expectancy is around 25 years and performance of around 80% of the original performance at the end of 25 years.

Due to the criticality in nature of the solar radiation it becomes even more important to rely on a reliable solar resource.

A solar resource study for a particular location consists of collection of available solar radiation data. This can be collected from ground based data collection system, satellite based measuring or from the measurement database of the historical climatic values. Each of the measurement or collection methodology has some inherent deficiencies. Climatic values keep on changingeach year, however the climatic trends have some similarity on an annual 48

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

basis. India being located in a tropical region and considering the vast nature of its extending boundaries where climate and its magnitude varies throughout the length and breadth of the country it is even more important to do an solar resource assessment before setting up the solar power plant for the location. The radiation resource study helps in estimating good enough estimate of the power generation from the plant which in turn gives an indication of the revenue that can be expected out of the system.

India receives an average value of 5.5 kWh per sq.m radiation on the horizontal

Figure: Solar Radiation map of India

plane, which can be expected with great aamount of comfort.

From this image it can inferred that most part of the country receives more than 5.5 kWh/ sq.mm on the horizontal plane.

The radiation value being received on the earth surface is dependent on many external

factors which are not in our control. The radiation value varies at all the times over the year. It is being demonstrated below.

Before setting up a 1MWp plant in Chennai, estimated generation from the system was quantified based on the radiation value obtained from meteonorm software which uses climatological database and synthetic weather generator containing a database of ground station measurements of irradiation and temperature. When a site is more than 20km from the nearest measuring station it calculates climatologic averages estimates using interpolation algorithms. If a site has no radiation measurement station within 300 km radius, satellite information is used. If the site is between 50 and 300 km from a measurement station, a mixture of ground and satellite information is used.

Climatic value obtained from meteonorm was used as a base, however climatic values from other sources was used for comparison purpose. The other source of data which was referred are (1)NASA’s surface meteorology and solar energy data set records which uses satellite derived monthly data for a grid of 1°x1° covering the globe for a twenty years period. (2) NREL’s climatological solar radiation model which uses primary data from geostationary satellites. These satellites provide information on the reflection of the earth-atmosphere system and the surface and atmospheric temperature. (3) Indian meteorological department (IMD) which has site measuring stations in major airport locations across the country Radiation values obtained from the various sources for a location in India is tabulated below

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It can be observed that there is a significant difference in radiation values between various sources. IMD being a ground based measuring; the data can be more accurate among the others. However the seriousness in collecting the data and inherent deficiency in the method used for data collection add to difference among the measured values and that obtained from different sources. Generally climatological values are express in terms of average value for minimum period of one decade, from which it can be inferred that there will be differences both on positive and negative side of the radiation values measured each year for a particular location but the value generally obtained from the sources will be an average value.

An in depth study on radiation was carried out to understand the pattern and

Month

Year 2012

Year 2011

Year 2010

IMD

January

4.77

4.67

4.41

4.89

February

5.19

4.87

5.05

5.85

March

6.13

6.37

6.31

6.51

April

6.13

5.67

6.22

6.6

May

5.56

6.34

5.96

6.26

June

5.52

5.70

4.76

5.72

July

5.08

5.09

4.69

5.28

August

5.34

5.08

4.68

5.2

September

4.88

5.51

4.54

5.39

October

4.11

4.41

4.34

4.56

November

4.44

3.63

3.42

4

December

3.94

3.70

2.84*

4.16

*As on date Table: Horizontal Radiation value in kWh/sq.m-day measured & IMD data

average value of these three years is lower than other sources, but it can also be argued that seven more years are still to go for

Month

Meteonorm

NASA

NREL

IMD

January

5.58

4.93

5.01

4.89

February

6.61

5.89

6.18

5.85

March

6.89

6.64

6.02

6.51

April

6.71

6.72

6.14

6.60

May

6.17

6.12

5.44

6.26

June

5.46

5.24

4.65

5.72

July

5.17

4.73

4.63

5.28

August

5.33

4.80

4.72

5.20

September

5.60

5.01

5.13

5.39

October

4.90

4.42

4.94

4.56

November

4.50

4.05

4.59

4.00

December

4.56

4.24

4.48

4.16

Average

5.62

5.23

5.16

5.37

Table: Horizontal Radiation value in kWh/sq.m-day from different sources

quantum of radiation received against the estimated radiation values obtained from other sources. The actual measured value of radiation is tabulated below

minimum average time period of a decade, where probability of occurrence of above mentioned events are very less, hence a better value of radiation can be expected.

Similar analysis has being carried out in other locations of the country where actual measured radiation is available and it has been observed to adhere to either one of the sourcesof radiation. This adherence is dependent on the location to a greater extend and methodology used for measuring. Also the amount of suspended particle present in the atmosphere at that particular location plays a major role. The place with low dust contents or other suspended particles results in higher radiation as compared to place where industrial gases and suspended particles are high Thus it becomes more and more important to do a good solar radiation resource analysis before setting up a solar power plant. Actual values of solar radiation can be obtained by setting up a measuring station prior to setting a solar power plant.

But a minimum of one year data is required to utilise for normalising and averaging out the error in the reference solar radiation data. However, better estimation can be obtained by suitably choosing among the different data source for solar radiation based on the location.

Chennai Horizontal Radiation (kWh/ sq.mm-day) It can be inferred that the pattern of the solar radiation over a period remains same to a greater extend but amplitude does vary depending on the climatic condition observed at the location. To bring out few events which had a severe impact on the radiation value received on the site were the cyclone Laila, cyclone Thane & unexpected extended south west and north east monsoon period which has brought down the radiation value considerably in this time period. The

Graph: Horizontal Radiation value in kWh/sq.m-day measured

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

49Â

SO L A R ENERGY

How Remote Regions Could Take Leapfrog Development on the Renewable Energy Jifan Gao - Chairman and CEO, Trina Solar

I

n 2002 and 2003, we were building solar power stations in Tibet where a grid was not available. There was no television, no access to outside news, even no lights!

Kids had to rely on candles, and kerosene lamps to read and write. When our solar power stations started generating electricity there, I witnessed as those children first saw the TV and lights. The excitement in their eyes left me with an unforgettable impression and it showed how the energy industry can have a big impact on society.

The Chinese telecommunication industry is an example of a success in leapfrog development. In 1980’s, the Chinese landline telephone system was still underdeveloped. I remember during my university days it would take me half an hour to wait in a queue at the post office in order to call home. In the beginning of 1990’s, China vigorously developed the wireless communication and today, China has become one of the world’s largest mobile phone producing and using countries.

In the world there are still 1.4 billion people lacking access to electricity. This is mostly in Western China, African countries, India and other developing regions where the grid cannot reach those areas of the countries as they are too remote. For these areas, I believe, there is no need to take the traditional route in energy development. We do not need to first build the power plant, and then transform the traditional energy sources to electricity. Instead we can leapfrog and supply power to these areas directly from renewable energy sources such as off grid solar power stations. Many tests and calculations have shown that the cost of power generation by using solar energy is even lower in these remote areas than it would be using diesel or other traditional means. Therefore, there is clearly a possibility for a clean leapfrog development powered by solar energy.

This can similarly happen in the energy industry where there is a large market of 1.4 billion people awaiting the arrival of electricity to their homes. Energy access through renewable sources such as solar energy will drive development into the market of renewables by attracting investment, creating jobs such as at charging stations, in maintenance and in the development of technology. This will of course also have a ripple effect and enhance the standards of living of the people living

50

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

in these remote areas. For example, In Africa an estimated 1.5 million deaths have been caused by the use of kerosene lamps in 2010 and the switch to solar powered lanterns is becoming popularly encouraged throughout the continent. Solar energy would rid of these health hazards and help move away from dangerous and costly means of energy such as Kerosene.

The demand for clean energy is there and therefore by engaging together, the energy industry and society will reach that leapfrog development to systems dominated by renewables in these regions and in this way we will have a solution that addresses at the same time energy poverty, sustainability and spark economic development in society.

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I NT ERV I EW

ONE on ONE with MARC KLEIN

Sales & Marketing Head â&#x20AC;&#x201C; India Subcontinent SOCOMEC INDIA EQ: - What is Socomec group into?

MMK : - Founded in 1922, Socomec is a specialist engaged in Design, Development, Manufacturing and testing of Switching , Metering, Solar Power & Critical Power application

EQ : - What are the facilities does Socomec has ?

MMK : - We have integrated manufacturing with very strong emphasis on research and development. Our independent lab in France is one among the best in Europe and routinely used by leading Switchgear brands for third party validation.

EQ: - How is Socomec managing to handle local competition?

for Residential commercial as well as for Solar parks

EQ : - What are the products and services on offer?

MMK: - By focusing on upper end of the spectrum, by studying to localize manufacturing for select product groups

EQ: - Any type of constraints that the group faces?

EQ :- Kindly enlighten us on the competition Scenario and increasing competition from manufacturer worldwide

MMK:- Main challenge is to manage changing the mindset of local contractor and end user to initiate them into using world class switching and metering product that provide unparalleled durability and exceeding performance.

MMK :- We offer a wide range of low voltage robust On load isolators , Change over Switches, Auto transfer Switches, Metering product for measurement, monitoring and load analysis. Solar PV product including Inverter, other product includes UPS & Static By pass.

EQ : - How is the overall business in India? Global?

MMK : - Except for recent industrial slowdown the business has been good, looking up now. Globally our extended product portfolio and products into energy efficiency and renewable, allow us to see healthy growth in all regions.

EQ :- What are the future plans ?

MMK :- Extended our presence in the market thanks to new products to be launched soon

MMK :- Since Socomec operates as specialist , there is already strong product focus. Apart from this there is parallel action by our Sales & Marketing as well as by the prescription team.

EQ:- As an MNC with global footprint how does Socomec see SPV business evolve in India sub-continent?

EQ:- What all are the group initiatives in the Solar PV field?

MMK:- We manufacture product to protect and manage solar power distribution, including a very versatile range of Solar PV switches , DC SPDs, PV fuses and the string Junction boxes.

For the power conversion there is a range of Solar PV inverter, including versions

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MMK :- There certainly is a very exciting business potential and the government is investing strongly in this field. The developments in last few months have been very encouraging and this will continue in the coming years. India will be a default destination for anybody looking to expand business in Solar PV field.

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

51Â

REN EWA BL E ENERGY

Semiconductor Solutions For Renewable Energy Suresh Thangavel-Sr. Application Engineer Infineon Technologies India Pvt Ltd

Increasing Energy Demand The worldwide demand for electrical energy is growing every year and energy consumption will increase by more than 60% over the next 20 years [1]. The threat to the environment caused by the rise in emissions is a serious issue on global political and economical agendas.

Increased environmental awareness and limited fossil energy resources are the driving force behind the escalating importance of renewable energy. The solution to growth in energy consumption can be delivered – not only creating more, but by wasting less. Renewable energy sources have enormous potential to contribute to this global goal, as they are sustainable and can be used locally.

The International En ergy Agency (IEA) has forecast that by 2030 renewable energy can account for over a quarter of energy consumption 52

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

worldwide. As a core technology, the semiconductor industry will play a large role in this. After all, the reliability of plants – as well as a high degree of efficiency and minimal losses when converting electrical energy in the networks – is largely dependent on semiconductor industry.

Wind Power Energy The use of wind power is increasing at an annual rate of 20%, with a worldwide installed capacity of 238,000 megawatts (MW) at the end of 2011[2], and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.

The wind power industry is expected to

develop strongly and all over the world with global newly-installed capacity expected to double between 2008 and 2020, from 30GW/year to 60GW/year [3]. Power semiconductors are a vital component used in wind turbine converters. Power electronic converters enable the efficient conversion of the variable frequency output from the generator to a fixed frequency appropriate for the grid in the region concerned. The below table outlines the number of examples illustrating the crucial role played by Infineon products in this field.

Power density, energy efficiency and reliability are main objectives in wind mill

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application. The Infineon IGBT with trench gate and field stop structure has dramatically improved the performance of IGBTs in terms of Vcesat values and switching losses. This feature has made power switches more efficient, and Infineon is able to build modules with up to 50% higher power density. The following benefits are provided to our customers:

ď&#x201A;§

Improved performance with respect to switching loss and Vcesat

ď&#x201A;§

Optimized efficiency by using our own Coolmosâ&#x201E;˘ and silicon carbide technologies

We have a global team of experienced application engineers providing advanced and cost-effective reference solutions and

Technologies

Infineon Products

Induction generator with soft starter; a simple induction generator connects to the grid through soft starter.

Bipolar diodes and Thyristors

Double fed induction generator; Controlled by a back-to-back converter. Usually, the converter converts only 1/3 of the generator nominal power.

EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK and ModSTACK

4Q Synchronous generator with permanent magnets; Controlled by a back-to-back converter. The converter converts 100% of the generator nominal power.

EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK and ModSTACK

2Q Synchronous generator, external excited; Controlled by a rectifier + inverter. The converter converts 100% of the generator nominal power.

Bipolar diodes & Thyristors, EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK, ModSTACK and Bipolar assemblies (Prime STACK & ModSTACK)

HVDC

Bipolar diodes & Thyristors, IHM, and PrimePACK

ď&#x201A;§

Industrially-leading 150°c maximal operating junction temperature

design support for our customers, thereby facilitating and shortening their time-to-

market.

Infineon has been working continuously on extending the lifetime of power modules.

For example, the new EconoPACKâ&#x201E;˘ 4 and the PrimePACKâ&#x201E;˘ IGBT modules from Infineon will continue setting the worldwide industry standards. These modules have features that improve their reliability, such as ultrasonic welded load terminals and enhanced thermal cycling capability and they are manufactured using Infineonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s zero defect processes.

Solar or Photovoltaic Energy Solar photovoltaic cells (PV) convert sunlight into electricity and photovoltaic production has been increasing by an average of more than 48% each year since 2002[4], making it a fast-growing energy technology.

While wind is often cited as the fastest growing energy source, photovoltaic since 2007 has been increasing at twice the rate of wind â&#x20AC;&#x201C; at an average of 63.6%/year, due to the reduction in cost. At the end of 2011 the photovoltaic (PV) capacity world-wide was 67.4 GW, a 69.8% annual increase [5].

Hetero Junction Technology *KIJ GHĆ&#x201A;EKGPE[ EGNNU CV NQY EQUV QH QYPGTUJKR Â&#x201E; 'HĆ&#x192;EKGPE[ QH YKVJ HWTVJGT ITQYVJ RQVGPVKCN Â&#x201E; %QUV GHĆ&#x192;EKGPV RTQFWEVKQP FWG VQ NQY VGORGTCVWTG RTQEGUUGU CPF C NGUU EQORNGZ RTQFWEVKQP Ć&#x201E;QY Â&#x201E; (WTVJGT CFXCPVCIGU QP OQFWNG CPF U[UVGO NGXGN FWG VQ VJG UWRGTKQT NQY VGORGTCVWTG EQGHĆ&#x192;EKGPV Â&#x201E; +PPQXCVKXG EQPPGEVKPI VGEJPQNQIKGU $WUDCT EQPPGEVKQP 5OCTV9KTG EQPPGEVKQP Â&#x201E; YCVV TGEQTF OQFWNGU RTQFWEGF YKVJ *GVGTQLWPEVKQP 6GEJPQNQI[ GHĆ&#x192;EKGPE[ EGNNU

4QVJ 4CW #) #P FGT $CWOUEJWNG *QJGPUVGKP 'TPUVVJCN )GTOCP[ 2JQPG YYY TQVJ TCW EQO UCNGU"TQVJ TCW EQO

Bipolar dodes & Thyritors

PrimeSTACK

EconoPack Plus EconoDUAL

IHM PrimePACK

Bipolar Assemblies PrimeSTACK ModSTACK

ModSTACK

IMS, London forecast the annual newlyinstalled capacity to be treble between 2008 and 2013 from 5GW/year to 15GW/year [6]. Most growth will come from the US, south-western Europe and Asia.

of dollar in this segment. Infineon provides a comprehensive portfolio of high-performance products to help customers to achieve their aims. These high-performance products boost the reliability and efficiency of inverters for photovoltaic applications. As the leader in high-efficiency technologies, Infineon assists customers in realizing photovoltaic inverter efficiencies of up to 99%. The following are the examples and benchmark features of Infineon products in this field.

Improving efficiency is the number one objective in the field of photovoltaic’s: ways of converting solar energy into electricity more efficiently are required in order to optimize the technology’s cost-effectiveness. Efficiency gains of as little as one percent in a 100 kW system can yield an additional 16000 kWh over ten year, equating cost saving of thousand

For off-grid photovoltaic remote systems, Infineon offers a broad portfolio

Technologies

Infineon Products

PV Single Phase w/o tranformer

Bipolar diodes and Thyristors

PV Single Phase with 50Hz tranformer

EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK and ModSTACK

PV Single Phase with high frequency inverter

EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK and ModSTACK

Three phase central inverter

Bipolar diodes & Thyristors, EconoPACK Plus, EconoDUAL, IHM, PrimePACK, PrimeSTACK, ModSTACK and Bipolar assemblies (Prime STACK & ModSTACK)

TRENCHSTOP-IGBT CoolMOS SiC Diode (not shown)

EconoPACK 4 Three level NPC in EasyPACK (not shown)

54

of low-voltage MOSFETs with outstanding features for autonomous systems with specific industrial functions in a power range from 10 – 200W. For applications as beaconing, road signposting, isolated telecom weather stations, detection systems, urban furniture and wireless monitoring systems. The Infineon OptiMOS family is the right choice with:

EconPACK plus EconoDual EasyPACK (not shown)

Modules & Stacks

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12



World’s lowest RDS(on) enables highest efficiency



Industry’s highest power density



Best switching performance



Very low Qg and Qgd



Lowest board space consumption



System cost improvement



Easy-to-design-in

Infineon offers an outstanding one stop shop portfolio of products such as TRENCHSTOP IGBTs, OptiMOS, CoolMOS, Small Signal Products, EiceDRIVER and Lighting ICs for applications like off grid lighting system (e.g. traffic signs, traffic lights, street lamps or garden lights) and CoolMOS, Silicon Carbide Schottky Diodes – thinQ!, TRENCHSTOP-IGBTs, Microcontroller, EiceDRIVER, Lighting ICs and Modules for application like domestic mini electrical networks and on-grid Building integrated PhotoVoltaics (BiPV) with fascinating features like: 

Highest efficiency and highest power density



Lowest board space consumption



System cost improvement



Best quality for long system life and



Highest reliability

Infineon power modules such as EasyPACK, EconoPACK, EconoDUAL, 62mm, PrimePACK, IHM and Stacks such as ModSTACK or PrimeSTACK deliver outstanding features and benefits for an on-grid solar plant segment with:

Eice-DRIVER DRIVER



Best-in-class IGBT and MOSFET chips for ultimate efficiency



Customizable solution with EasyPACK & EconoPACK power modules



PressFIT for easy and reliable mounting with EasyPACK & EconoPACK



Plug-and-play solution with Stacks solution

n

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PRE SH O W RE P O RT

PV America 2013 East, in Philadelphia, PA, at the Pennsylvania Convention Center is the place to be this February 5 - 7 for eastern U.S. professionals in solar energy and related fields. Plan to join over 4,000 of the most progressive folks in the industry including manufacturers, installers and contractors, distributors, engineering firms, utilities, government representatives and policymakers, investors and financiers, architects, builders and developers.

Prepare to experience a dynamic exhibition with 150 booths and countless opportunities to make the connections needed to solve business challenges. The timely conference program features a Choose-Your-Own General Session on Tuesday, Solar Idea Swaps on Wednesday, and more than 30 conference sessions Tuesday-Thursday across six tracks of study—Finance, Innovations, Markets, Policy, Solar MultiTrack and Working with Utilities. New this year, Solar Energy International (SEI) and North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) will provide free technical training and resources for installers, salespeople and other solar energy professionals—right on the exhibit floor. Session topics range from site analysis to mounting, maintenance and safety, to NABCEP sales and business certification program overviews.

Solar Central, also on the exhibit floor, is the networking hot spot to interact with some of the industry’s most dynamic leaders for post-conference-session discussions, watch live “Solar on the Street” interviews or use the Career Center.

Follow @PV America on Twitter for announcements or tweet using #PVAEast.

PV America is produced by Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) and Solar Electric Power Association (SEPA). Unlike other solar conferences, all proceeds from PV America support the expansion of the U.S. solar energy market through both associations’ year-round research and education activities, and SEIA’s advocacy , research and communications efforts. Join SEIA or SEPA by February 1, 2013, to enjoy a membership discount on PV America 2013 East registration as well as many member benefits year round.

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REN EWA BL E ENERGY

The Indian Renewable Sector A Transitional Mode Sanjay Chakrabarti, Partner & National Leader – Cleantech, Ernst & Young

T

he record renewable energy capacity additions numbers for financial year 2011–12 were celebrated particularly

on account of solar capacity additions of 904 MW, as compared to the cumulative capacity of 38 MW at the year before.

However, this euphoria has died down in the first five months ending August 2012, primarily driven by the significant reduction in the estimate of the wind capacity addition; only 615MW getting added. While it can be argued that the drop is attributable to the usual trend of slowdown in first quarter, however in the present scenario, the significant drop in additions is also seen as an 56

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

immediate impact of the abrupt withdrawal of two key incentives for wind power producers: Accelerated Depreciation (AD) and Generation Based Incentives (GBI). The wind industry is seeking to get these benefits reintroduced. While AD benefit has certainly supported the growth of wind power in India, it can be argued that a generation linked incentive (such as the GBI) would perhaps be more suitable for long-term development of the sector.

We believe there is huge wind potential to be developed. As per early estimates from recent studies on wind resource assessment, the wind potential could be of the order of

100 GW, almost double the currently quoted number of 48GW. As if to back this assertion on wind potential, the sector continues to bag investors’ interest, with recent investments in ReNew Wind, Continuum Wind and Leap Green, to name a few. Another trend we are seeing is the move by IPPs to move into a development model.

On the solar front, there seems to be some lull after last year’s action on bidding and commissioning. However, construction of projects under batch 2 of National Solar Mission is underway and they are expected to be commissioned this financial year.

While the two key solar states of Rajasthan

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and Gujarat are not likely to allocate solar projects this year under their state policies, some other states are signing up for solar capacities based on the MoU route. It will also be interesting to observe the impact of the recent order passed by the Rajasthan Electricity Regulatory Commission, which restricts competitive bidding for purchase of renewable energy till standard bidding documents are issued by the Central Government. The focus in solar sector would also turn towards performance of the first set of a GW of operational projects. Some initial generation data available on operating projects indicates that several projects have been able to attain 17-20% CUF. These are positive indicators and it will be interesting to observe the trend going forward to get the complete picture.

Off grid solar appears to garnering more mind space these days. Many innovative business models are being proposed and implemented. Utilizing solar PV for electricity generation for self-consumption in buildings and large campuses is graduating from being just green initiative to an attractive proposition from an economics point of view.

The REC trading market has been giving mixed signals in the first six months this financial year. There was a big dip in April trading session, but activity picked up appreciably in the next two months. This was followed by a drop again in July, but volumes picked up in August. Infact, August trading sessions recorded the highest ever trading since the start of the REC mechanism. This up and down movement may continue for a while, as the REC buyers look for definitive signals on RPO enforcement. In addition, several companies are adopting a proactive strategy and taking measures to comply with their respective RPO. Industries having large captive power assets appear to be particularly active in drawing-up their RPO strategy. This May 2012 REC trading session also witnessed the first trade for solar REC. Although the solar REC traded volumes are very small at present, it is an important milestone and will generate further interest on the REC- backed solar power model.

and are actively looking at devising roadmap to implement the same in India.

The Government has set a ~30GW target for renewable capacity addition during the Twelfth Five Year Plan period (2012–13 to 2016–17). This is likely to entail average annual investments to the tune of INR400– 450 billion.

In India, renewable energy is not a ‘good to have’ option, but a mandatory need given the precarious power situation at present as well as the estimated need for power to support the economic growth that India is capable of achieving.

n

Another theme seems to be that of large MNCs that have taken up voluntary renewable energy mandate for their operations globally

Unlimited Energy : Unlimited Opportunity

With US$ 6.8 Billion of investment being pumped into the Middle East’s Solar Power industry to fund a pipe-line of projects either in the planning or construction stages, now truly is the right time to tap into this emerging market at Solar Middle East 2013.

Make sure you don't miss out on your chance to join over 100 industry leading exhibitors and 3000 key purchasers and influencers.

Book your space now!

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Smart Grid “Could” Be The Answer India Is Seeking To Address Its’ Energy Distribution And Optimal Usage Challenges Willam Ash-Strategic Program Manager, Standards IEEE Standards Association

T

he fast pace of growth of Indian economy and its continuing expansion albeit more gradual, has led to exponential leaps in its energy consumption and requirements. Three-fourths of India’s electricity production is out of coal and natural gas. At current usage levels, India’s coal reserves are projected to run out in 45 years. India already imports 10% of its coal for electricity generation and the figure is projected to increase to 16%in 2012. Oil prices in 2030 are projected to be 46% higher than in 2010 with the volatility expected to continue.

At the same time investment costs for photovoltaic (PV) systems are expected to decrease to less than half of their 2007 levels over the same time period. Understandably, the Government of India identifies the development of local and renewable resources as critical. Renewable energy is an integral part of India’s plan not only to add new capacity but also to increase energy security, address environmental concerns and lead the massive market for renewable energy. The use of indigenous renewable resources will reduce India’s dependence on imported, expensive fossil fuels. Renewable energy development is also an important tool for regional economic development within the country. As stated in multiple forums and articles before, India has abundant natural resources, which is yet to be tapped.

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Off-grid renewable power can meet demand in un-served rural areas. As a distributed and scalable resource, renewable energy technologies are well suited to meet the need for power in remote areas that lack grid and road infrastructure.

Renewable energy technologies offer the possibility of providing electricity services to the energy poor areas while addressing India’s greenhouse gas (GHG) concerns and goals, including attainment of India’s national climate change goals. Through its National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and through its recently announced carbon intensity goal, India has made a commitment to address its carbon emissions.

Off-grid renewable energy is a practical, cost-effective alternative to an expansion of grid systems even in the remote areas of the country and will drive inclusive growth.

The magnitude of the potential demand for renewable energy in India and the country becoming a leader in the emergent global green economy is driving investment in renewable energy technologies in India and the market as well. Having said that, until we finally build a “smart” electricity grid, the renewable energy dream which is critical to our energy future and environment is going to be only partially realized. Without the use of smart grid; often referred as ‘the internet for energy’, it will be challenging to integrate and move clean electricity from where it’s generated (often in disparate places across India) to where it is needed.

The implementation of smart grid has other benefits as well. Smart grid will help in transmitting the energy that is generated locally, which can be utilized across India wherever there is a requirement keeping in check the inbuilt monitoring system. It will allow for demand side management and real time monitoring to maintain reliable power of renewable integration despite the fact the wind does not always blow and the sun does not always shine. Because of better monitoring and control of renewable, smart grid will be a catalyst for higher penetration and large scale renewable for transmission and distribution level generation. Addition providing and need and demand for energy storage systems.

Last but not the least with political will, implementation of smart grid will also help address challenges unique to India such as power theft as well. Thus, whichever way one looks at it, it is imperative that the collective stakeholders in India prioritize and focus their energy and resources to building an effective smart grid as soon as feasible.

Already IEEE Standards Association (IEEESA), the most credible global standards setting bodies, has been closely working with multiple stakeholders advocating a positive, long-term based approach to building an effective smart grid in India that derives from and builds on the global knowledge it has acquired. Smart Grid “could” be the answer India is seeking to address its’ energy distribution and optimal usage challenges.

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P O ST SH O W REP O RT

6th Renewable Energy India 2012 Expo: Sets High Standards As Asia’s Top RE Show

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rganised by UBM India, the 6th Renewable Energy India 2012 Expo was the epicenter for deliberations on the potential of renewables in India.

Held during 7-9 November 2012 at the international standard venue facility of the India Expo Center, Greater Noida (National Capital Region of Delhi), the event culminated with a call to the industry to step up innovations and leverage the multiple investment opportunities being created by the government. The expo played an important catalyst role in creating a common business forum for global and local stakeholders. Evolving the format of the expo with the changing dynamics of the industry, a diverse approach was adopted to promote financing required by the RE sector in India. A 3 day concurrent conference having 36 interactive sessions and 172 high profile speakers was the hub for knowledge exchange that widened the market insights of the attending delegates. Besides prearranging several business meetings, business interaction and meetings between project developers and funding communities were further facilitated through the “Investor Lounge” concept.

The vibrant expo forum attracted key stakeholders and leading industry stalwarts to network and tap new markets. 475 domestic and international exhibitors from 25 countries and 10,169 trade professionals comprising of 6,056 qualified buyers participated at the expo despite the challenges faced by the industry.

Commenting on his participation, Dr. Charlie Gay, President-Applied Solar, Applied Materials, Inc. said, “We are delighted to be associated with the 6thRenewable Energy India (REI) 2012 Expo. REI is a timely and meaningful forum providing an opportunity for key renewable energy stakeholders to share business success experiences which enable accelerated adoption of clean technologies on a global scale. I feel that the Government of India continues to set forth thoughtful

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policy that can maximize energy self-reliance across the country and around the world.”

Funding was identified as the biggest bottle-neck for the domestic solar industry, as foreign investments are, many a times, subject to condition of importing equipments from respective countries. Amongst the various key events held, the ‘CFO Conclave’ set the stage on the opening day with a discussion on defining the way forward towards adding 30,000MW in 13th five year plan (FY 201217). The panel explored various elements of policy, financing and power markets for the target to be achieved. Emphasis was placed on the clarity of goals set by the government and enforceability of policy measures such as Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPOs) to promote the solar energy sector in India.

Supporting the initiative, Mr. Deepak Gupta, Chairman – CREWA and Former Secretary, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India during the inauguration said, “These are indeed exciting times for players in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors in the AsiaPacific. We are at a point in which the political will to secure sustainable energy supplies and reduce energyrelated carbon emissions has never EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

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been greater. Governments in the region are setting the agenda and direction for businesses to follow, creating a multitude of opportunities for energy organizations.

6th Renewable Energy Expo has been strategically positioned as a key platform to power the growth in these sectors,” Considering collaboration with India, Dr Mari Pantsar Kallio , Director of Finnish Cleantech Strategy Council, Ministry of Employment & Economy, Government of Finland remarked during the inauguration that the Government of Finland is targeting to position itself as first country in Europe to get rid of coal-based energy by 2025.

Similarly, Dr Vicky J Sharpe, President & CEO - Sustainable Development Technology Canada, Government of Canada highlighted the opportunities that could emanate through combined synergies between the two nations.

While delivering the special address, she remarked that Canada is well poised for innovations in cleantech with 7% of its GDP linked to energy and 60% of its investments directed towards energy exploration.

The Industry White Paper – ‘Harnessing the Potential: the India Renewable Energy Story’ was prepared by the Knowledge Partner of the event - Ernst & Young India.

While delivering the theme, Mr Sanjay Chakrabarti, Partner and Cleantech Sector Leader, Ernst &Young remarked that to an outsider India may not seem proactive in innovating clean technologies, but the issue is ‘not the ingenuity to come up with these technologies, but rather the lack of adequate funds available in the country to commercialize these solutions’.

The expo played host to several informative workshops conducted by L&T, Cleantech Finland & EBTC; Canadian High Commission; First Solar; Ecobuild; ASEAN, KOTRA etc as well as, offered a launch pad 60

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to WinWinD Power Energy Pvt. Ltd. for introducing WinWinD 3 model having hybrid turbine which is lighter, performs better and requires low maintenance.

6th Renewable Energy India expo reinforced its leading position by touching multitude aspects and comprehensively covering diverse sectors of renewables during the conference. Sessions on Wind Energy deliberated on developing, building and operationalizing Indian wind assets.

Highlighting the challenges, Lead- Cleantech Advisory, Ernst & Young, Mr. Rupesh Agarwal, noted that the generation based incentives (GBI), which came to an end in March 2012, was the key driver that gave impetus to investments in wind energy, particularly the IPP model.

Speaking further, COO, Green Infra Mr. Sunil Jain, said, “In addition to incentivizing the investors, the government needs to remove road blocks, such as the multiple approvals required to set up wind farms.”

Concurrently, a session on Geo-thermal Energy saw an impressive mix of speakers across industries, government bodies and academia. The session explored the current state of energy consumption and concerns around it. The session further touched upon the three applications of geo-thermal energy that is power generation, production of thermal water and driving sustainability.

The session on ‘Bio-mass: Driving Sustainable Development in Rural Communities’ began with Mr. Gupta stating that the development of the domestic biomass sector could transform the rural economy by increasing local employment and generating rural income. Lack of awareness of the immense potential of bio-mass in India was identified as one of the major challenges facing the industry.

The closing day of the expo played host to the ASEAN workshop steered by Prof. Dr. Christoph Menke on “Business opportunities for renewable energy in ASEAN countries”. He deliberated on the diverse market potential of ASEAN countries in promoting business of renewable energy and possibility of collaboration with their Indian counterparts. He candidly said that amongst the ASEAN region, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam and Thailand are escalating as a favourable country for business and trade of renewable energy.

The expo concluded with giving away of 2nd Youth Entrepreneurial Green Awards followed by an interactive Youth summit. As part of their CSR initiatives, the organisers invited Indian engineering youth to showcase innovative and scalable alternative energy projects to the global industry congregation present during the expo. An array of exciting display of theme on the exhibit floor made the event vibrant and engaging for general visitors. Booths on display by Waaree Energies; Rittal and Minda were felicitated as winners, while the MNRE, stall won accolades from many.

The event was actively supported by the Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, Government of India which has a robust growth target of 30GW of renewable energy generation by 2017. Laying significance to transmission and distribution of RE generation, Ministry of Power, Government of India also extended their support to the initiatives undertaken by UBM India.

n

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PRODUCTS Fronius Agilo The Fronius Agilo is the first central inverter in its various power categories that can be completely installed and commissioned by the installer, as well as maintained and repaired by the 1Fronius Service Partner.

The Fronius Module Managerâ&#x201E;˘ always locates the maximum power point exactly. The operating range of the inverter is adjusted to the input voltage range to generate maximum yields.

In the 100 kW and 75 kW power categories, the Fronius Agilo is ideal for industrial or commercial photovoltaic systems and is available in both indoor and outdoor versions. Despite its high power rating, it is one of the most compact devices and can be transported on an industrial pallet to guarantee the lowest possible delivery costs. The device can be used with all module technologies and is designed to feed power directly into the low-voltage grid. However, it can also be connected to the medium-voltage grid via a separate transformer.

Ventilation concept

The three main benefits of the Fronius Agilo central inverter are as follows: l

Easy to transport

The special heavy-duty castors and compact design of the indoor version make it very manoeuvrable and easy for the installer to work with. The inverter can easily be manoeuvred through a standard door, and the feet allow the device to be securely placed in position. The Fronius Agilo also has lifting eyes and recesses in the base, making it much easier to transport using a forklift or lift truck.

l

The air required for cooling is sucked in through a ventilator and fed over the cooling element through an hermetically sealed duct.

As a result, outside air never comes into contact with sensitive electronic components.

This significantly increases operational safety and the service life of the inverter.

Highest levels of safety

and special tools. The spacious connection compartment makes installation very easy. l

Simple maintenance

The unique ability to have a trained installer (Fronius Service Partner) replace components on site makes servicing simple, fast and cheap, and so has the added benefit of providing a dependable yield.

Other benefits: Fronius Module Managerâ&#x201E;˘

Electrical isolation offers the highest levels of safety and grounding, which is reinforced by the IP 54 protection class (protection of the electronics compartment against the ingress of dust). The separate connection compartment is a further safety and quality feature, that makes connection easier.

Efficiency and compatibility The maximum efficiency rating of 97.2% guarantees extremely high yield levels. The inverter is also compatible with Fronius DATCOM, the data communication system for PV system monitoring. In addition, it can be connected to external monitoring systems via standard interfaces.

Easy installation

The installer can save time and money using the new V-type terminal technology, which does away with the need for cable lugs

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61Â

PRODUCTS Fuses, Fuse Rails, Switch Fuse Unitsfor Photovoltaic Applications From Jeanmueller Germany DC Applications for Photovoltaics The protection of photovoltaic systems places particular demands on the fuses and switchgear which should be selected.

JEAN MÜLLER cylindrical and NH photovoltaic fuse-links and switchgears are especially design ed for these requirements in terms of high system voltage and faulty currents which may occur, and thus guarantee the protection of persons and investments. Distribution applications – the extension of outdoor cable distribution cabinets completes the selection of products for alternative power generation.

Product definition Photvoltaic applications are especially optimised for the demands of private p ow e r g e n e r a t i o n systems. For this reason, the built-in switchgears used are sometimes populated with special fuses in allusion to NH fuse-links or cylindrical fuse-links in accordance with standard IEC 60269 and the national standards DIN VDE 0636-2 and NFC 63 210. The internation draft standard IEC 60260-6 defines the future requirements in a new utilization category gPV, which JEAN MÜLLER PV fuses already fulfi l.

Areas of application 62

EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

• DC string collectors for photovoltaics are used to combine multiple small cross sections.

• Fuse bases and disconnectors off er space-saving installation options for fuse-links.

• The strip fuseway for photovoltaic applications from JEAN MÜLLER is based on proven busbar system technology, thus allowing direct mounting, saving time and space.

• Cylindrical photovoltaic fuses are used for the protection of individual strings in generator junctionboxes.

Product benefits The properties of JEAN MÜLLER photovoltaic applications are designed to meet the demands of PV installations. The function and proper ties of the products have rem ain ed u n c h a n g e d fo r decades. Highquality production ensures reliability, while high-quality materials guarantee that the technical properties remain constant in the long term. To achieve this, ageing resistant materials are used which are regularly tested using so-called long-term trials. For example, the fuse elements of the NH fuselinks have been optimised for particularly low power dissipation over many years of development.

Product structure The dimensions of the fuses, switchgears

and cable distribution cabinets are based on the existing, commonly-used standards. For NH fuselinks, these are: DIN 43620, DIN VDE 0636-2 and IEC 60269-2.

The dimensions of the 1100 V PV fuse-links are designedon the basis of these standards.

The fuse elements are made from silver strips and, as full-range fuses, have an overload restriction point using solder. High purity quartz sand is used as an extinguishing agent.

The isolating body is made from steatite.

High-grade aluminium oxide ceramics areused in certain types. The surfaces of the contact blades are galvanically silver plated, allowing them to off er ideal contact characteristics. The cover plates are made from nonmagnetic metal. Aflap indicator on the upper cover plates is used as a standard method to display aoperated fuse.

If the operated fuse is to be further registered in the NH fuse bases or the NH fuse load disconnector via a mechanical fuse monitoring, versions with strikers are available. You can fi nd further details on switchgears and cabinet technology in the relevant JEANMUELLER

Strip fuseway for proven busbar mounting •

Direct mounting saves time and space

•

Modular fi nger-proof protection IP1X from front when using the optionalbar cover

•

Safe placement of the fuse thanks tointegrated positioning support

•

Mounting on the upper and lowerbusbars of a classic 185 busbar system

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PRODUCTS SEMIKRON launches IGBT drive unit SKYPER 42 LJ for inverters up to 400kW Unique control signals used by SKYPERS 42 LJ drive unit for more efficiency / signal precision is +/- 1,5ns jitter To increase the efficiency of inverters up to 400kW, circuit topologies are developed that are optimized for specific applications.

However, interleaved, multilevel and parallel circuits that improve IGBT efficiency also place higher requirements on signal performance. The new drive unit SKYPER 42 LJ by SEMIKRON combines the benefits of digital signal consistency while maintaining full functionality.

The SKYPER 42 LJ is a dual-channel IGBT driver unit for 600V, 1,200V and 1,700V IGBT modules. It reliably controls IGBT modules up to 1,000 Amperes with an output current of 80 mA with a maximum switching frequency of 100 kHz. The highly integrated SEMIKRON ASICs and an optimum power supply concept guarantee extreme signal precision with a maximum jitter of just +/- 1.5ns across the entire temperature range.

In combination with the low tolerances of the SEMIKRON ASICs the SKYPER 42 LJ achieves runtime differences below 20 nanoseconds. Due to the adjustable short impulse suppression and stabilized gate voltages empower an

uncompromising parallel IGBT control.

Despite its high performance, the SKYPER 42 LJ offers maximum security.

SoftOff and overvoltage recognition securely switch off any current. The separate transfer of switching and error signals allows for rapid error feedback, even in 3-level applications.

Thanks to the adjustable error management,

the paramount controller are able to quickly respond to system errors. The isolated information transfer uses square wave signals, which makes at significantly more robust than traditional inductive transfer.

This way, the driver unit safely switches interfering voltages up to 4kV on the signal wires. The SKYPER 42 LJ can run external circuits for excess temperature or excess voltage without a separate power supply, so the error signal can be transmitted to the control unit separately.

With its MTBF Rate (Mean Time Between Failures pursuant to SN29500) of six million hours under full load, the driver unit will safely outlive any industrial lifecycle.

both the integrated protection circuit and

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63Â

Solar Power Generation USA

Date: 15-16 Jan, 2013 Place: United States Organiser: Green Power Conference Tel.: 44 (0)20 7099 0600 Email: sales@greenpowerconferences.com Web.: http://www.solarpowergenerationusa.com/

SEMICON Korea

Date: 30 Jan-01 Feb, 2013 Place: Seoul Organiser: SEMI Tel.: 82.2.531.7800 Email: semiconkorea@semi.org Web.: http://www.semiconkorea.org/en/

Genera 2013

Date: 26-28 Feb, 2013 Place: Madrid Organiser: IFEMA Tel.: 902 22 15 15 Email: genera@ifema.es Web.: http://www.ifema.es/ferias/genera/default_i.

html

PV Expo 2013 World Future Energy Summit

Date: 15-17 Jan, 2013 Place: Abu Dhabi Organiser: Reed Expo Tel.: 971 2 4917615 Email: claude.talj@reedexpo.ae Web.: www.worldfutureenergysummit.com

5th MiaGreen 2013 Expo Date: 31 Jan -01 Feb, 2013 Place: Florida Organiser: Mia Green Tel.: 1 305 4120000 Email: mail@MiaGreen.com Web.: www.miagreen.com

Date: 27Feb-01 Mar, 2013 Place: Tokyo Organiser: Reed Exhibitions Japan Tel.: 81-3-3349-8518 Email: pv@reedexpo.co.jp Web.: http://www.pvexpo.jp/en/

Ecobuild India Electricity 2013

Date: 16-18 Jan, 2013 Place: New Delhi Organiser: FICCI Tel.: 1123487503, 23487429 Email: s.sundli@ficci.com Web.: http://www.indiaelectricity.in/

Intersolution 2013

Date: 23-24 Jan, 2013 Place: Belgium Organiser: DELFICO bvba Tel.: 32 (0)9 385.77.19 Email: info@intersolution.be Web.: http://www.intersolution.be/en/

PV America East

Date: 05-07 Mar, 2013 Place: London Organiser: UBM Tel.: 44 (0) 20 7560 4466 Email: gary.williams@ubm.com Web.: http://www.ecobuild.co.uk/

Solar Middle East 2013

7th PV Fab Managers Forum

Date: 05-07 Feb, 2013 Place: Philadelphia Organiser: Solar Energy Trade Shows Tel.: 703.738.9467 Email: spoblete@solarenergytradeshows.com Web.: http://www.pvamericaexpo.com/east/

Date: 17-19 Feb, 2013 Place: Dubai Organiser: Informa Exhibitions.

Tel.: 971 4 336 5161 Email: info@solarmiddleeast.ae Web.: http://www.solarmiddleeast.ae/

Date: 10-12 Mar, 2013 Place: Berlin Organiser : SEMI Tel.: +49 30 303080770 Email: sraithel@semi.org Web.: http://www.pvgroup.org/Events/p040664

Middle East Electricity Solar Energy Latin America 2013

Date: 28-29 Jan, 2013 Place: Latin America Organiser: Clarion events Tel.: +55 11 3893-1300 Email: giane.faccin@clarionevents.com Web.: http://www.solarenergylatam.com.br/index.

php

Date: 26-28 Feb, 2013 Place: Dubai Organiser: Informa Exhibitions.

Tel.: 971 (0) 4 407 2763 Email: alexis.sworder@informa.com Web.: http://www.middleeastelectricity.com/

Solar Business Expo

Date: 19-20 March, 2013 Place: Thailand Organiser: Solar Media Tel.: 44 20 7871 0122 Email: rakrofi@solarmedia.co.uk Web.: http://www.solarbusinessexpo.com/

For Listing of your Event : Conference and events are listed free-of-charge, so please feel free to get in touch to tell us about your event. We would also be happy to provide you with free copies of magazine for distribution at your events.(while stock last). Please send your conference information to : Mr. Gourav Garg at gourav.garg@EQmag.net

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EQ INTERNATIONAL November/December 12

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BE CONNECTED. BE CURRENT. BE COMPETITIVE.

Surge forward with connections, solutions and professional development designed to help your business grow as fast as the PV industry itself.

PV America 2013 East keeps you on top of rising demand for PV with: technology from 150 exhibitors, 30+ expert-led conference sessions and ample networking with 4,000+ professionals.

PV Solar Technology Solutions February 5 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 7, 2013 Pennsylvania Convention Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Register today at www.pvamericaexpo.com/east

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