Copyright Š 2019 Manchester, England United Kingdom All rights reserved. Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University Copyright reserved by Erick Daniel Vaca Benavides MA Architecture & Urbanism
CONTENTS 00
INTRODUCTION /
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SITE ANALYSIS / PROPOSAL
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BACKGROUND & LOCATION /
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DESIGN PROCESS & CONCEPT/
THE COMPACT CITY & URBAN EXPANSION
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URBAN ISSUE/ ANALYSIS / URBAN ISSUE
URBAN APPROACHES / QUITO URBAN LINEAR STRUCTURE
INITIAL CONCEPT DESIGN INITIAL MASTER PLAN
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PROJECT/ DESIGN PROCESS THROUGH THE PROJECT ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAM POSITIVE IMPACT LOCALLY & GLOBALLY HABITATIONS PLANS MASTER PLAN KEY IMAGES OF THE PROJECT VERTICAL SPATIAL RULES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T he
successfull c o m p l e ti ti o n o f t h i s b o o k i s the result of a research of the topic and the support and endorsement of a variety of collegues and tutors. ‘Compact City & Housing as Driver of the Urban’ is the material presented in following pages. This is the result of an applied research and design studio conducted during the 2018-2019 academic year at the Manchester School of Architecture in the program; MA Architecture & Urbanism jointly accredited by University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan U n i v e r s i t y.
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Thanks for the opportonity at Manchester School of Architecture (MSA) for having supported the project in the e x e c u ti o n of this e n d a v o u r. A special m e n ti o n s h o u l d b e m a d e for the tutors that supported the development of the project from the start: Eamonn Caniffe, Dominic S a g a r, Antonio Blanco P a s t o r, C l a u d i o M o l i n a , Ta m a r a S a l i n a s , Y u n W u , C u r ti s Martyn, Julie Fitzpatrick, David C h a n d l e r, M a z i n A l S a ff a r. I w o u l d a l s o l i ke to a c k n o w l e d g e a l l t h e c r i ti c s who during the midterm and final reviews which g a v e s u b t a n ti a l f e e d b a c k to the project. These inlcude all the tutors and profesors from the list above.
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Quito is the capital city
of Ecuador and it is a midsized South- American capital city with approximately 3 million people whose gone throughout it 500 years of urban development with a complex rela�onship between geography and geometry. Quito was founded in 1534 by Sebas�an de Benalcazar in a series of plateaus separated by deep ravines in an Andean Valley, se�led at 2800 meters above the sea level. Today Quito links the north – south axis of the Guayllabamba River Basin, with urbaniza�on occupying a diverse topography that registers eleva�on changes of more than 1000 meters. Back in the days of the founda�on, Quito’s used to have a legible urban fabric/grid built through infill and bridges. Today is an extensive metropolitan district that covers more than 10 000 square kilometers and incorporates a much larger perimeter that
extends far beyond the edges of the central depression, joining an extensive valley system into a single geopoli�cal en�ty. The broader metropolitan region includes large agricultural holdings, as well as newly development suburbs along the lower valleys that are set aside the more compact urban fabrics adjacent to the colonial grid. Quito has undergone a profound transforma�on process in the last years of the twen�eth century, and it has been revealed future plans that consolidate the city and enrich the rela�onship between the compact capital and the valleys. Quito has experienced moments in its history in which different elements had consolidated such as; citadels, avenues, social dwelling neighborhoods and informal se�lements. Thirty years ago, the popula�on of Metropolitan District of Quito (DMQ ) was 893 000 inhabitants (Cueva , et al., 2018) and
occupied and area of 16 297 hectares with a density of 55 people per hectare. Currently, the popula�on and the urban footprint has tripled with similar popula�on density. The low density manifests a dispersion in the territory provoking an excessive increase in the provision of the equipment, infrastructure and services. The previous and current municipal administra�ons had been working on one of the most significant infrastructural projects in the city. The first underground metro line, the highest underground in the world. The ‘Metro de Quito’ project proposes a single 23 km (Built), 16 sta�ons with a future growth of 8 km towards north (under planifica�on). The line will act as backbone of much more inclusive transporta�on network that will connect three main areas of the city; the historic core, the compact expansion along the core, and the urbanized areas
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00 [ Introduction ] along the lower eastern valleys. The introduc�on of the first Metro line in the city possess a unique challenge as well as opportuni�es to preserve the city’s history while facilita�ng its growth as a dynamic contemporary metropolis. Moreover, the metro can prepare new complex interconnec�ons across the urban landscape that contain transforma�ve effects in the city. While the Metro is a significant ini�a�ve as a longterm transforma�on solu�on for the city, its poten�al goes beyond an autonomous mobility infrastructure and maybe it could serve as an element which its presence or interven�on is able to react a set of factors. This thesis analyses a poten�al way in which the project can bring about a new urban challenge for the city as it addresses its twenty first century challenges. The book has a more projec�ve character. The publica�on documents a design
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hypothesis that conceives how the metro project can have a transforma�ve impact on the city’s surface. The project envisions an epicenter of new residen�al density and urban services paired with the focus on rethinking the high-quality public space in the city. The strategy focusses on rethinking the metro sta�ons as nodal points (microcentrali�es) that under a design project, bring together mul�ple
scales of transforma�on in order to stablish new urban centrali�es. Finally, this project is just one hypothesis over hundreds of open opportuni�es. The objec�ve is to reconsider the undeveloped possibili�es that the city possesses. In that regard, the interven�on could go beyond and incite the development of group of projects that propose posi�ve and significant changes at a metropolitan scale.
Aerial image of Quito from the South- East. 2015 02
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[ Background & Location ]
Quito
experienced a fast-growing urban expansion in the 20th Century. A�er the 1830, Quito had a process of ins�tu�onal moderniza�on advancing its role as a major urbaniza�on pole in the country. As a result, an important movement of migra�on comes into the capital, genera�ng an unprecedent process of expansion in the city. Throughout the twen�eth century the city expanded three �mes in the east – west direc�on and mul�plied twenty �mes along the northsouth. Therefore, Quito changed from a gridded colonial core into a linear city. Today, the city con�nues to expand beyond the original linear valley, it must redefine its metropolitan logic for the 21st century. The first decade of the
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20th century Quito had expansion inspired from the garden-city model (predominant during the first years of the 20th century). This was the first expansion of the city and urban development that emerged from it were called ‘citadels’. In 1942, Guillermo Jones Odriozola proposed the first Pilot plan for Quito. His plan (par�ally built), proposes long axial boulevards with neighborhoods units that resemblance a garden city. Odriozola plan was the first responsible to shape Quito into a linear urban expansion. The contemporary city has a strong north- south direc�onality, crossed by a series of avenues that define a super-block unit in the city. Today, the compact city can be read as a mosaic of juxtaposed grids.
Digram highlighting all the urban blocks that arenadjacent to a main avenues. 03
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02 [ Urban Analysis ]
Map of the City of Quito 1535 by Dionisio Alcedo y Herrera. 1734 04
Plan of the City of Quito, by Jorge Juan and Antonio Ulloa 1748.
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Quito experienced a fast-growing urban expansion in the 20th Century. A�er the 1830, Quito had a process of ins�tu�onal moderniza�on advancing its role as a major urbaniza�on pole in the country. As a result, an important flow of migra�on comes into the capital, genera�ng an unprecedent process of expansion in the city throughout the twen�eth century the city expanded three �mes in the east – west direc�on and mul�plied twenty �mes along the north- south. Quito changed from a gridded colonial core not a linear valley city. Today, the city con�nues to expand beyond the original linear valley, it must redefine its metropolitan logic for the 25th century.
Plan of Quito with detailed building footprints, by J. Gualberto Pérez. 1887. 05
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These Quito’s plans represent the expanding city grid in rela�on with adjacent agricultural subdivisions. Quito’s historic core where the progressive gridding block that allowed densifica�on of the city center.
Plan of the City of Quito, by Chimoborazo Publishers. 1931 06
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This plan is one of the ďŹ rst ones to represent Quito as a linear City. The presence of the mountain range and the ravines are very prominent in the drawing. The drawing also highlights the arrival of the city and new gentriďŹ ed neighborhoods towards the north.
Plan of the City of Quito for the census. 1921. Source: Felipe Correa. 07
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Plan of the compact capital of Quito, highlighting the growth of urban areas since the early twentieth century. 08
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Plan of the compact capital of Quito, highligh�ng the urban areas that have a popula�on density over 100 people per hectare. 2012 09
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Urban Issue ISSUE 1: DISPERSE CITY
individual transport.
A�er the industrialism Quito has growth following a disperse model characterized mainly for: Low densi�es with high levels of land consump�on due to discon�nuity, predominance of single-family housing, separa�on of urban func�ons, rural land development with large private free spaces, and predominance of individual transport displacements and a marked socio- spa�al segrega�on . ISSUE 2: INEQUITY AND SEGREGATION OF URBAN USES
•Quito inherited the modern urban model of expansion called zoning which object was to segregate func�ons and programs. As a result, the city is socio- espacial isolated.
•Uses segrega�on leads to a greater energy consump�on caused by the innumerable displacements derived from the separa�on of func�ons. This increase conges�on in the places of des�na�on, as well as urban stress in people and greater pollu�on. •Suburban expansion brings about the homogeniza�on of uses, mono- func�onality and long trips made in collec�ve or 10
ISSUE 3: ENERGY CONSUMPTION, THE HABITS OF CITIZENS: ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT. Since mid-twen�eth century, there is constant extraordinary consump�on of natural resources. The city has a high dependence on non-renewable, finite and, pollu�ng energies. The con�nuous increase of pollutants in the air, soil and water, coming from the urbaniza�on process, reduce quality of life for everyone. According to the ecological footprint calcula�on, in 1996 the consequences of urbaniza�on on the territory is 5.5 hectare per inhabitant and 1.8 Inhabitant in 2008, these data respond to the popula�on con�nues to grow, as well as the consump�on and waste.
Aereal image of Quito. Contrast between the formal city and the informal settlement in the raivines.
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In
the first half of the twen�eth century marked an unprecedented growth along Quito’s north-south axis, the second half was defined by the rapid urbaniza�on of the lower valleys with development covered adjacent to the eastern edge of the compact capital. This land was primarily characterized by agricultural land transformed into mixed density residen�al developments; the overall metropolitan region has transformed considerably in the last three decades. The following pages present an urban method in how to envision diverse developments out of the Metro spine that connects the city. The metro generates an opportunity to reinforce the role of the open space and collec�ve service
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03 [Urban Approach] infrastructure within the city. This is a hypothesis that recognizes the city and its poten�al available spaces. Therefore, upper level open spaces can link the new metro stops in order to develop further public infrastructure that can help integrate the city into a more compact, why not sustainable and efficient, urban fabric. The general objec�ve is to create circuits/places of development. These urban transforma�ons are intrinsically linked with the issues of the land in order to modify the problem and turn into a site for addi�onal cultural, educa�onal, recrea�onal infrastructure as well as housing development that can further enhance the transporta�on network.
Quito and the metropolitan distric 11
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Residen�al zoning envisions the strong presence of domes�c space in the city, and how residen�al areas are shi�ing towards the lower valleys (east of the city). There is a highly notable
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contrast between the urban morphology in the residen�al areas of the compact city (Rumipamba) and the urban fabric at the valleys (Los Chillos).
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Rela�onships between the compact city and the towns in the lower valleys that have been incorporated into the metropolitan district.
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The agricultural zoning visualizes that the presence of a suburban agricultural hybrid is s�ll dominant in the lower valleys.
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Here is Quito’s urban linear structure. The city layering permits an examina�on of the rela�onships between the different systems (urban situa�ons) and scales that describe the urban form of Quito. 16
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This systems are loops/circuits that can enable better connectivity to the metro stations and provide a new ground/ program for renewed layer of the recreational, cultural, and
educational facitilies. The loops could function as a connected system as well as a singular unit, creating a new multiscalar organizational structure for the city.
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The envision of Quito is
based in the development of various centrali�es (public and private infrastructure) along the Metro line to recuperate the compact city and orientate the city towards sustainable development. These centrali�es/systems act within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (ODS), confirming the commitment of Quito for the implementa�on of the New Urban Agenda (NAU) established in the Habitat III event. Quito will con�nue to seek global commitments, together with its ci�zens, posi�oning itself as commi�ed a city to fight against climate change in order to improve the environmental and habitable condi�ons. Therefore, the main objec�ve is to transform the Jipijapa Neighborhood into a micro centrality (micro system) as
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04 [ Site Analysis/ Proposal ] a demonstra�on project of Sustainable Transport-Oriented Development (STOD), possibly replicable in other strategic projects of the city. The aim suggests an innova�ve housing/ office commerce) urban development with a performance tending to reduce the carbon footprint, oriented to a responsible city model and aligned with the innova�ve environmental strategies in terms of sustainability. Consequently, the development is encouraged with a high presence of public space, affordable and quality housing focused on a broad spectrum of popula�on, services, commerce, pedestrian- oriented, free mobility encouraged, and infrastructure that recognizes their capacity to join the Metro system.
Jipijapa neighborhood. Streets, blocks, residen�al areas, urban voids, topography 19
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GENERAL STRATEGIES
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GREEN EXPANSION
DENSIFICATION
Environmental network and green orridors for urban biological activation.
Housing, from factor to system of socual economic development and territorial ordering.
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TRANSPORTATION LINKS
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05 [ Design Process & Concept ] The
loca�on of the project presented several condi�ons. First, the parcel was strategically located close to the Metro sta�on where needed re densifica�on and incorpora�on of services because of the low density and the several opportuni�es that the place had to offer. For instance, the place could accommodate a more expanded commercial programma�c brief as well as significant cultural and social infrastructures. Secondly, more than 50% of the parcel remained abandoned because of shi�ing func�ons and programs and the necessity to relocate new infrastructure. In this regard, one bus sta�on was abandoned for 3 years since the construc�on of the underground which convert the bus sta�on unnecessary and obsolete. Finally, the bullring
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arena (mid-twen�eth century construc�on) which existence remained ques�oned/abandoned because lack of support for bull ring fights (historical/cultural purpose) and the conserva�on of the infrastructure as its architectural heritage. Considering the background, the strategy examines the next; the rela�onship between the current urban fabric with a diversity of land uses that are around the parcel; commercial, financial, entertainment and dwelling, the combina�on of new densifica�on paired with a new grid of open space that could provide a new, more qualita�ve, iden�ty to the area, and rethinks and revitalize the residen�al neighborhood of Jipijapa introducing a hybrid program mixing pubic
recrea�onal facili�es, commerce, office and housing. The objec�ve of the project had a more inner-city focus since the idea was to take advantage of the mobility infrastructure and the loca�on of collec�ve housing as a driver of the urban. Hence, the city must make a pact between the mobility and housing infrastructure as those should be the backbone of much ambi�ous integral projects. One characteris�c of the parcel (urban void) was the disconnec�on between public/ private infrastructure and the city. Thus, the idea was to create the necessary program that suture the voids between architecture, infrastructure, and urban fabric. Therefore, reconfigure exis�ng urban condi�ons and create opportuni�es for new
developments within the city. The housing typology addresses several addi�onal principles which become drivers of the urban and architectural form. Shared green spaces facilitate interac�on between inhabitants and workers. The housing is not working only by itself but does have be�er connec�vity since the several programs that share around it. The organiza�on scheme used to deliver the program is a pinwheel system that ar�culates a structural growth without restric�ng it in a rigid grid block. The purpose of the project comes to enrich the fabric, the variety of the program (shuffle order) is based in the inner connec�ons (close-knit) with possibili�es of growth, diminu�on and change.
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Geometrical explora�on of the possibili�es of development. How to organize the parcel for addi�onal housing development to further enhance the urban fabric. The strength relies on the ability to establish a flexible morphology at an urban scale that can coherently accommodate a diverse set of architectural projects (commerce/ educa�onal/ cultural/ offices.) . 25
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T
he project is composed by many quadrants, one aggregated a�er the other. Looking from the top, it has a form of a spin-wheel system crea�ng a weave pa�ern as shown in the previous analysis. This weave pa�erns are further organized in four parts- each u�lized to accommodate either the gardens/ open courtyards or program to develop inside the plot (offices, commerce, housing).
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06 [ PROJECT ] The idea was to create an integrated associa�on between the various programs. Although the grid is very strong and ra�onal, the task was also to connect to its immediate surroundings and also internally. Hence, the project a�empts to create an organism that was flexible in its internal mechanism and expansive in its external capacity.
The spin wheel can expand, organize and deliver program as much as the density needed. This hypothesis looks forward to regula�ng the structure of the program (buildings) without restric�ng its growth.
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series of courtyards, which size and environment are defined by its and ac�vi�es and the grid, organizes the housing around. These pa�os create a permeability and a scale that takes advantage of the context and allows the density envisioned. This configura�on of courtyards, equipment, public space, vegeta�on and semi-collec�ve housing organizes a unit or quadrant, is replicated, allowing an ever-changing route to knit throughout the project. Green spaces, roads, orchards, terraces, commerce and offices, are juxtaposed at different levels composing a space that creates, beyond a housing area, a neighborhood connected to the city and its mobility.
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SITE MASTER PLAN
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TRANSVERSAL SECTION CITY - PROJECT
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 33
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VERTICAL SPATIAL RULES / THE BULLRING ARENA posi�on of the bullring arena remains ques�oned/ abandoned for the last decade since the bull fights is an event that is no longer supported for neither the people nor the local municipality/government. The bullring arena was built in the mid twen�eth century and possess a significant architectural value because of its historic background from the early 1960. At the �me, this public infrastructure has been isolated and inaccessible crea�ng a large urban residual space in the middle of one consolidated area. The project here highlights on the adapta�on and transforma�on of the bullring arena to the contemporary use.
The bullring arena reflects a general rejec�on about its construc�on because its purpose was directly linked with animal abuse. Now, the referendum supports animal protec�on and looks a�er the urban wildlife (animals within an urban area). Secondly, the public space around it is imprecise/vague and lack of public connec�on to the surroundings which reflects a poor urban integra�on (as this infrastructure was considered for private events.) Lastly, the use cannot longer be related to any kind of animal abuse; consequently, new public uses are purposed inside the arena in
order to include the building to the city and serve the society. The previous series of images analyses the advantage of flexible ver�cal circular structure that with a set of spa�al rules can coherently accommodate diverse set of architectural projects. In this regard, it could func�on as a viewing point/balcony, water tank/collector for secondary purposes, or be a ‘Biome’ that looks for communi�es of flora and fauna within small urban areas. On the other hand, it could work as an urban energy structure where both solar panels and Eolic energy could set up to assist illumina�on areas in public spaces nearby. Finally, it could be focused into a more urban life
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The
purpose, for example; transform its façade into a led informa�on display where people meet and cohabit in the accessible public space.
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