Aquatic Edges by Evan Scaria

AQUATIC EDGES

Architectural Thesis Research: Aquatic Edges Evan Scaria ARCH 478R Fall 2018

Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;d like to thank Jennifer Akerman for all of her time, encouragement, and wisdom she provided me with over the course of the semester. Also â&#x20AC;&#x201D; thanks to Susan Scaria for always paying my tuition. Without you, this dream would have never came to fruition.

AQUATIC EDGES

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The past, like it or not, is always with us. Americans are impatient with history. But human actions on the Columbia have produced a long history, and history has consequences. Human history and the history of the river have merged to create the modern Columbia, which is at once a natural space and a social space. It is an organic machine and has to be dealt with as such. To call for a return to nature is posturing. It is a religious ritual in which the recantation of our sins and a pledge to sin no more promises to restore purity. Some people believe sins go away. History does not go away.â&#x20AC;?1 1) White, Richard. (1995). The organic machine. New York: Hill and Wang.

Table of Contents

[00] Argument pages 4-7 [01] Position pages 8-13 [02] Intellectual Allies pages 14-39 [03] Methodologies pages 40-51 [04] Site pages 52-59 [05] Reflection pages 60-67 [06] Proposal pages 68-71 [07] Index pages 72-73 3

Accredition 1) Piper, Karen. (October, 2014). Price of thirst : global water inequality and the coming chaos. University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved October 13, 2018, from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.lib.utk.edu 2) Easterling, Keller. (2014). EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space. Verso .

[00] Argument pages 6-7

[00] Argument

AQUATIC EDGES

My research this semester into the aquatic landscape has been challenged, provoked, and questioned many times throughout the semester. However, the fluidity of my research is tied together on the premise that water should be treated and understood as a landscape. It is a foreign ideology to believe the ocean can be an inhabitable space. Occupying the ocean challenges contemporary definitions of ground and surface. We live in a constant state of terra firma, and this thesis seeks to explore how architecture can transcend a sense of understanding and inhabitation into the aqua fluxus.

Water is energy and is essential for human life. In 2010 the United Nations declared that water and sanitation are considered human rights. Yet we, as a society, tend to value technological commodities more than finite resources. Keller Easterling explains this philosophy best, “Mobile telephony is the ‘world’s largest distribution platform,’ and the broadband infrastructure that supports it is touted as a resource as important as water.”2 When progressing into an architecture deeply embedded into an aquatic landscape, the morality and ethics of contemporary society will be challenged.

I often find my self wondering what would we do differently if we knew what we know now — then? Connection to nature and natural landscapes are innate in our genes. Humans have existed over 200,000 years, and over time our stewardship for nature has exponentially declined. Civilization has separated itself almost completely from ‘first nature’— but when civilization does now interact with the wilderness, its is purely for the manipulation and cultivation of contemporary ideologies.

Most of these interventions into the aquatic landscape have failed. I wanted to understand some of these massive human interventions to water that have taken place over time and what lessons could be learned from intervening with nature in such radical ways. There have been massive efforts to control water through means of dams and sea walls — efforts to conserve water by advancing farming irrigations systems and advanced urban planning projects — and major tactics to provide easier access to clean water; however, these themes are not mutually exclusive. There are some paradoxical lessons and values embedded in each of the themes pertaining to water access, control, and conservation.

In a book published by the Minnesota Press, The Price of Thirst: Global Water Inequality and the Coming Chaos, Karen Piper, the author states — “‘There’s Money in Thirst,’ reads a headline in the New York Times. The CEO of Nestlé, purveyor of bottled water, heartily agrees. It is important to give water a market value, he says in a promotional video, so ‘we’re all aware that it has a price.’ But for those who have no access to clean water, a fifth of the world’s population, the price is thirst.’”1

If we look back on efforts to control water, specially the TVA, the effort was to modernize a region of America while simultaneously connecting people to nature and creating hydraulic power. However, in the context of today, hydraulic power is not efficient enough for societal demands and people are now more connected

Island Beach State Park c. 1982

with nature than ever before. These infrastructures are not serving as great of a purpose as they once did; the river dictates the dams and weather ultimately decides whether or not the flood gates must be opened. In this case, have dams really ‘controlled’ the water? California’s drought which began in 2012 intensely re-framed the usage of water within the state. Conservation efforts formed and many discourses needed to resolve how to conserve water in an efficient and effective manner. Farming irrigation and urban projects spanned a multitude of ideas on how to conserve water. Within 5 years California instigated the weakening of the drought by 42%. Farming irrigation conservations, government program incentives, urban project proposals, and intense winter storms all contributed to effectively replenishing the commodity of fresh water. What is most striking here, is that as soon as the resource scarcity became apparent, conscious efforts were made to prevent water wastage. In the case of California, who is to say what truly conserved water? One-fifth of the worlds population does not have access to a reliable source of fresh water. The WarkaWater Tower project — Ethiopia, is a brilliant intervention that combats the issues of accessibility of water for the Dorze people. Prior to the Warkawater Tower project, the trek for water averaged a 30 minute trip which was primarily voyaged by women but not exclusive to children as well. The Dorze people transport about 5 gallons at a time which expends a severe amount of energy considering this amount of water is equal to about 40 pounds.

In 2015 the once version of the Warkawater tower was deployed in the rural community of Dorze, Ethiopia. The structures capture water vapor in the air from fine mesh nets and is captured at the bottom of the structure. If the Dorze people were not aided by Arturo Vittori and his studio Architecture and Vision, would there still be hope? I’ve researched various frameworks of human interventions into the aquatic landscape, modes of control, access, and conservation have been studied — after all of this research, I am understanding that architecture has a role in creating harmony with water. I’ve learned that attempting to control the aquatic landscape will fail, in one sense or another, it will fail. Interventions of accessibility and conservation are after thoughts; these are not as much of solutions as they are publicity. Architecture must learn to challenge notions of enclosure, ground, structure, and space when extending into the realm of water. This thesis focuses on the edges of land that interact with water on a daily basis. I am looking at many different scales and regions across the globe to study how these different landscapes can inform inhabitable space. Learning from precedents within section [02] Intellectual Allies, that involved massive human interventions into the aquatic landscape, many of those ideologies inform my current thoughts on how to tactically intervene with the aquatic landscape.

Accredition 1) Easterling, Keller. (2014). EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space. Verso 2) Meyer, Christopher Michael, Daniel Hemmendinger, and Shawna Michelle Meyer. (2018). Buoyant Clarity. Princeton Architectural Press. 3) Bonnemaison, Sarah. Macy, Christine. (2003). Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape. Taylor and Francis.

[01] Position pages 10-13

[01 ] P OSI T I O N

AQUATIC EDGES

Piazza San Marco c. 2018

Venice,Italy c. 2018

“Mobile telephony is the ‘world’s largest distribution platform,’ and the broadband infrastructure that supports it is touted as a resource as important as water”1

CONTROL MOSES Project: Venice, Italy

The borders of many nations, countries, and continents are usually perceived by the definition of land form — for coastal entities the border is defined by the ocean. When using the term coastal, I refer to land that is often in a prolonged period of contact with any form of water. At this particular condition of land and water, intersection can range from a gentle flow of tides to a violent clash of waves - intersection can range from a slight breathe of wind to a fierce act of human force. Many of these conditions which, define spaces around the world, inform human settlement. Consequently, some of these spaces in the world manipulate the intersection of land and water. I am interested in understanding the layers and zones of interactions between land and water that inform ‘borders’ that distinguish uninhabitable space. This thesis revolves within the realm of water and the values that it may or may not have to cultures across the globe. I speak of borders in broad terms, referring to thresholds and state lines, international trading zones, or even lines on paper in two-dimensional space — borders do not exist for the ocean. By observing aerial photos we can see slight variation amongst many coastal and oceanic sites. However, there is no static condition in the

ocean. Each day and through years of energy, the ocean has constantly moved the ‘border’ of these undefined places. This state of constant domination, desire to control, and fluctuation is a condition the ocean has experienced since the beginning of time. Many people do not understand the value and purpose of the ocean; this could partly be due to the lack of cultural value communities foster. Culture has now been shaped by distrust and fear of the ocean— Isolated communities thrive and live inland. Seeking shelter from hurricane, storms, and tsunamis; the modern day concept of a static state on land is slowly being challenged by the ocean and its energy. The transition from our comfortable state of terra firma must progress towards aqua fluxus; a state which understands the energy of water in an environment that directly engages with the constant fluctuating conditions of the ocean. Pamphlet Architecture 36 summarizes perfectly claiming, “By shifting the narrative to one of intention, it is possible to imagine modes of inhabitation that foster an enduring relationship with water...”2 Instead of resisting the natural forces of the ocean, the discourse of architecture can be the first intervention into a lifestyle of aqua fluxus.

[01 ] P OSI T I O N

Sopot, Poland c. 2018

Åndalsnes, Norway c. 2018

“‘The TVA was conceived as an experiment in implementing this new vision of the American landscape. Its watchword was regional planning — planning a landscape and managing its resources — to establish an equilibrium between people and nature.’” 3

CONTROL TVA Dam c. 1930-40

There have been massive efforts to control water through means of dams and sea walls — efforts to conserve water by advancing fishing regulations and advanced urban planning projects — and major tactics to provide easier access to clean water and awareness to sea level rise; however, these frameworks of nature are not mutually exclusive to one another; and the hierarchical order of these three interventions vary based on the objectives of a particular territory. Water affects around the world vary based on climate, location, topography, and knowledge. However, control is not the solution, it never was and never will be. I am particularly interested in the condition of land and water intersection that ultimately defines edges of inhabitation. The edge condition where land and water intersect has been developed and planned differently across multiple scales, conditions, and territories. The edge of land seems rather finite, however, the ‘edge’ of water is an infinite extension of power and energy. The formation of coastal infrastructure is defined by the fluidity of water. Land is static, water is dynamic.

Accredition 1) Giovannini, Roberto. (2017, October). Venice and MOSE: Story of a Failure. La Stampa. Retrieved September 28, 2018 from www.lastampa. it/2017/10/12/esteri/venice-and-mose-story-of-a-failure-2XRaxsCgFhcmKEXidalyxJ/pagina.html. 2) Bonnemaison, Sarah. Macy, Christine. (2003). Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape. Taylor and Francis. 3) Architecture and Vision. Warka Water. Retrieved on September 20, 2018 from http://www.architectureandvision.com/portfolio/073-warka-water-2012/ 4) SCAPE Landscape Architecture DPC. Osyter-tecture. Retrieved October 6, 2018 from https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/.

[02] Intellectual Allies pages 16-39

[ 0 2] I NT EL L ECT UAL A L L IES

Venice

Italy

Set of Objectives Control tidal flooding Implement sea-wall systems Assess productivity

Territory City: Venice Country: Italy Population: 261,321

[0 2] I NT E L LE CT UAL A L L IES

CONTROL

MOSES Sea Gates

MOSES Transportation

“MOSE risks structural failures due to electrochemical corrosion caused by the marine environment and due to the use of a different steel than that which was originally used during the tests.”1

MOSES Construction

Rhe MOSES project is a project that seeks to combat tidal flooding to vulnerable areas in Italy, specifically near Venice. The project is funded by the Consorzio Venezia Nuova which is the concessionaire of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport. This concept of protection was conceived long before 2003, which is when the project officially began. The project is currently off track for project delivery. Roberto Giovannini writing for La stampa states, “the system of retractable gates conceived long ago in 1981 to protect Venice and its inestimable artistic heritage from the high tides that invade the Lagoon from the Adriatic, is truly an anthology of horrors. Instead of costing 1.6 billion Euro, it has already cost 5.5 million; instead of going in to service in 2011, if all goes well it will begin working in 2022.”1 Implications associated with hardware erosion and operational failures are the main culprits for the delay and new budget demand. It seems quite provocative that a wall of barriers could stop the oceans energy — of course, it had to be tested. An expensive test at that, it failed miserably. If the gate’s were open and the tide came in, the sea floor would shift and clog the hinge of the gate. If the gate was closed and the tide came in, the sea floor would accumlate over the gate; thus making it buried and difficult to open.

[ 0 2] I NT EL L ECT UAL A L L IES

Knoxville

Tennessee Chattanooga

Set of Objectives Control flooding along the Tennessee River Secure hydro-electric power for Tennessee Provide jobs at an economically unstable time Recreate the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;American Landscapeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Territory State: Tennessee Country: United States Population: 6,715,984

[0 2] I NT E L LE CT UAL A L L IES

CONTROL

TVA Workmen c. 1930

Chattanooga ‘Controlled’ Flooding c.

“The TVA leadership recognized that if the project were to be understood and adopted by the public as a model for national regeneration, it had to rework the fundamental myths Americans held about their relationship to nature. In the TVA, we see the American myths of the frontiersman and the farmer layered onto governmental discourses of conservation and regional planning.”2

TVA Dam Construction

The Tennessee Valley Authority sought out to control the Tennessee River in 1933. As the first project of the New Deal, the proposal of a precession of dam’s throughout 650 miles of the Tennessee River envisioned the physical connections of technology, people, and nature. “The TVA was conceived as an experiment in implementing this new vision of the American landscape. Its watchword was regional planning — planning a landscape and managing its resources — to establish an equilibrium between people and nature.”2 This relationship was questioned heavily by people involved in the conservation movement. The validity of creating ‘the American landscape’ was being justified through progressive and productive filters — the idea that ‘one’ project addressing 40,000 square miles of land in territories of 7 states would be redeveloped to improve qualities of life while simultaneously creating hydroelectric power.

the environment, ecology, and native inhabitants . The stigma surrounding the TVA’s experiment in the south needs to be further explored; because the sympathy surrounding nature disasters evokes are far different attitude from the public and those affected.

The success of this project was said to be measured by the amount of top soil reclaimed, technological advancements, the number of cows milked, and tree plantage. This government project created jobs, interests, and engagement with the ‘American landscape’. Yet, do these ideas of success even pertain to the monopolization of a natural resource? The work of the TVA was an extraordinary example of how at a time of despair — progress, man power, and technology can triumph economic conditions; however, if we look back now on this project, we tend to view it as destructive to 23

[ 0 2] I NT EL L ECT UAL A L L IES

Ethiopia

Dorze

Set of Objectives Provide accessibility to clean water Improve health of society Prototype various systems of water catchment Create a modular and simple structure

Territory State: Ethiopia Country: Africa Population: N/A

[02 ] I NT E L LE CT UAL A L L IES

Warka Tower V 3.2 c. 2015

Ethiopian Water Trip

“In rural Ethiopia, women and children walk up to six hours to collect water from shallow, unprotected ponds.”3

Warka Tower V 1.0 c. 2012

I value the ambition and work flow of the Warka Water project(s) — shown on these pages are just two of the many physical interventions Architecture and Vision pursued and implemented into various locations throughout the world. At least five different designs and characteristics of towers were designed for 10 different cities. The water collecting towers understand the basic principles of water. The entire design is completely tangible, it is simple yet complex at the same time. The scale, mobility, constructibility, durability, and accessibility were all factors that were primal to this project. Architecture and Vision described their work best, “Warka Tower is designed to harvest potable water from the atmosphere (it collects rain, harvests fog and dew). It functions only by natural phenomena such us gravity, condensation & evaporation and doesn’t require electrical power. Warka Tower is designed to be owned and operated by the villagers, a key factor that will facilitate the success of the project. The tower not only provides a fundamental resource for life – water – but also creates a social place for the community, where people can gather under the shade of its canopy for education and public meetings.”3 The architectural simplicty and user ownership of the Warka water Tower design is the key to its success.

[ 0 2] I NT EL L ECT UAL A L L IES

New York

Brooklyn

Set of Objectives Clean harbor water Raise awareness about aquatic biodiversity Improve habitat and water quality Allow citizens to interact with the Harbor

Territory State: New York Country: United States Population: 19,849,399

[02 ] I NT E L LE CT UAL A L L IES

Physical Model

Sectional Perspective

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Oyster-tecture aims to improve habitat and water quality, restore biodiversity to tidal marshes and encourage new relationships between New Yorkers and their harbor.â&#x20AC;?4

Life Cycle Analysis

Oyster-tecture is the perfect example of harmonizing society with an aquatic landscape and it’s ecology. SCAPE does a great job of working between both the micro and macro scale of the project. This project exposes new opportunities for architecture and public engagement. The operative objective of Osyter-tecture seeks to help mediate many different issues and opportunities SCAPE narratives their story best, “Oyster-tecture proposes a living reef composed of a woven web of ‘fuzzy rope’ that supports marine growth, generates a 3D landscape mosaic that attenuates waves and cleans millions of gallons of harbor water by harnessing the biotic filtration processes of oysters mussels, and eelgrass. Cleaner, slower water enables neighborhood fabrics to create new channels inland from the Gowanus Canal. A watery regional park emerges that prefigures the city’s return to the waterfront as a sustainable strategy for the next century. Oyster-tecture aims to improve habitat and water quality, restore biodiversity to tidal marshes and encourage new relationships between New Yorkers and their harbor.“4 The ambition of this project is by far the most compelling aspect for me, I aspire to understand the levels of natural, water, ecology, and habitat as well as SCAPE as in this project.

[02 ] I N T E L LE CT UA L A L L IES

LITERATURE REVIEW The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River

White, Richard. (1995). The organic machine. New York: Hill and Wang. Chapter 1: Knowing Nature through Labor: Energy, Salmon Society on the Columbia - “They knew something we have obscured and are only slowly recovering: labor rather than “conquering” nature involves human beings with the world so thoroughly that they can never be disentangled.” [pg. 6-7] - “So thoroughly did Ross come to measure the river by the labor he pitted against it; by the feel of his body; by the difficulties it presented...” [pg. 7] - “ The hydraulics of the river sketched out a map of energy; this geography of energy was also a geography of labor.” [pg. 9] - “The river, in effect, is composed of layers. It is the fluid equivalent of a piece of plywood.” [pg. 9] - “‘The river channel,’ concluded one geomorphologist, is ‘a form representing the most efficient—in terms of energy utilization — geometry capable of accommodating the sum total of the means and extremes of variability of flow that have occurred in that channel throughout its history.’” [pg. 12] - “The river demanded energy to match its energy, and this shaped and revealed the organization of work. The necessity of portages and the limits of human labor caused the Hudson’s Bay Company to transport all its goods in ninety-pound packages. The expenditure of labor in carrying these packages involved numerous acts of calculation, conflict, abuse, and cooperation. In these acts a social order became transparent.” [pg. 13] - “On the Columbia, where the river was the most turbulent the fishing was best. Rapids and waterfalls forced fish into narrow channels; they forced salmon toward the surface. And as the fish became more concentrated and visible, they became more vulnerable to capture.” [pg. 16] - “The human energy expended to obtain salmon did no dependably yield a proportionate return of caloric energy from the fish. Salmon do not bestow their gift of energy evenly. Salmon cease feeding when they enter

freshwater and live off the fat they have formed while feeding in the ocean. Because salmon burn stored calories to progress against the current, they lose caloric value as they proceed upstream. Early travelers along the river noted that changing quality of the salmon.” [pg. 16] - “Thompson was not being epicure. His own body, needing calories to provide energy to do the work the Colombia demanded, craved fat salmon for a reason and rightly gauged its quality. A salmon caught at the mouth had 100 percent of its original caloric value.” [pg. 17] - “The seasonality of salmon and the geography of energy that concentrated fishing sites meant that during a relatively short span of time a single place provided a sizable portion of the total annual caloric intake of Indian peoples on the Columbia.” [pg. 18] - “Preserving fish on the Columbia meant drying them, and this demanded a second convergence of labor and energy.” [pg. 18] - “In this most critical of times, many groups created a salmon chief, a man who had the power to regulate the fisheries by deciding when fishing began and ended. That the salmon chief had the power to control the timing of human work on the fishery is so clear that we tend to neglect the way in which that chief also indirectly controlled access to space at the fishery.” [pg. 20] - “To watch such fisheries would be to watch an intricate series of convergences among the energy of the river, the work of salmon, and the labor of humans. It would be to see how humans socially and culturally organized this labor and to glimpse how people were connected and ranked. The spatial arrangements created maps of energy, maps of labor, and maps of meaning.” [pg. 22] - “The caloric energy of fish was the great wealth of the fishing places, but it could not readily be translated into other forms of wealth with higher prestige value. Food had a different social meaning than did slaves, dentalium shells, or canoes.” [pg. 23]

Chapter 2: Putting the River to Work - “Nineteenth-century Americans gave contests between machines and nature an epic quality. They measured progress by the results. Machines stood as both the agents and the symbols of their conquest of nature. The machine,a product of their minds and hands, was their surrogate in what seemed a simple opposition of the mechanical and the natural. Machines could exert far greater force than human bodies alone could muster. Machines overcame nature.” [pg. 30] - “The struggle seemed elemental: human contrivance against natural power. Nature won a round, but, a century later, the defeat of the D.S. Baker becomes merely a sign of our own progress. We read Martineau’s words ironically, since tugboatsand barges now ‘turn this trick’ daily.” [pg. 30-31] - “What disturbed Kipling was the loss of a direct contact with nature. The whole trajectory of his travel sketch is backward, away from ‘progress’ represented by the fish wheel and the cannery. Kipling felt a need to restore a more organic relation, to capture the salmon by matching his own power against theirs. He went fishing with a rood and a reel.” [pg. 33] - “Factories and cities took humans away from nature; leisure brought them back.” [pg. 34] - “Kantian Reason perceived the beauty and order of nature, but Kantian Understanding grasped its utility. Understanding transformed nature into the machine. Nature did not object to such manipulation. It happily consented. ‘Nature is thoroughly mediate. It is made to serve. It receives the dominion of man as meekly as the ass on which the Saviour rode.’ Nature educated its students in the ‘doctrine of Use, namely, that a thing is good only so far as it serves.’ The mechanical was not the antithesis of nature, but its realization in a new form.” [pg. 34] - “In Emersonian terms, putting land or water to work was opening, at least potentially, a new access to nature.” [pg. 35]

- “An ardent race, and are as fully possessed with that hatred of labor, which is the principle of progress in the human race, as any other people. They must and will have enjoyment without the sweat. Sothey buy slaves, where the women will permit, where they will not, they make the wind, the tide, the waterfall, the steam, the cloud, the lightening do the work, by every art and device their cunningest brain can achieve.” [pg. 35] - “As the Oregon Steam Navigation Company discovered, nature and the machines in proper combination provided the opportunity for immense wealth and power.” [pg. 35] - “A failure to recognize how the river was socially marked and controlled can lead to basic mistakes.” [pg. 39] - “No one has an incentive to maintain stocks, for they have no guarantee that other will not reap the benefits.” [pg. 39] - “Gillnetters controlled access to particular drifts: stretches of the river where they cast their nets and floated downstream.” [pg. 40] - “Twenty fish could amount to more than 800 pounds, since among them were the big spring chinooks, locally called hogs. These fish ran fifty or sixty pounds or more. Kipling saw them. We never will. They no longer exist” [pg. 40] - “To watch gilnetters at work was to witness an elaborately choreographed dance of fish, river, and men. The habits of fish, the hydraulics of the river, and the organized labor of men all intersected. Labor and nature merged.” [pg. 41] - “Emerson’s vision of the machines as a force of nature found its fullest expression as part of the old romance of energy in Western society, a dream of liberation from labor, an end to social conflict and environmental degradation through the harnessing of nature’s power to human purposes.” [pg. 48]

[02 ] I N T E L LE CT UA L A L L IES

LITERATURE REVIEW The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (CONT).

White, Richard. (1995). The organic machine. New York: Hill and Wang. Chapter 3: The Power of the River - “What has failed is our relationship to the river. It is important that we get our metaphors right. We have neither killed the river nor raped it, although people claim both are true. What has happened is closer to a failed marriage. Nature still exists on the Columbia. It is not dead, only altered by our labor.” [pg. 59] - “Nor have we raped the river. As a metaphor, rape replicates the very cultural categories of feminine nature/ masculine culture that block understanding.” [pg. 60] - “In many of these pictures the connection between labor and nature appears as intimate and dangerous as anything experienced more than a century earlier.” [pg. 60] - “They do not say whether they came to love the rock they transformed; whether through their labor the river entered their bone, sinew, and brain until later those moments dangling between rock and water would seem the most real and vital of their lives.” [pg. 61] Chapter 4: Salmon - “In the beginning it had been salmon that had drawn humans to the river. Places where the river’s energy was greatest — at the Dalles and the Cascades, and Celilo Falls, at Kettle Falls and Priest Rapids — had concentrated the salmon when they returned to spawn, and at these places fishermen, too, concentrated. The energy harvested and stored by the salon for their journey had become calories that supported human life along the river. Salmon had knit together the energy of land and sea; they had knit together human and nonhuman labor; salmon had defined the river for millennia.” [pg. 89] - “Cities and industries polluted the rivers. Virtually the full modern list of environmental hazards to salmon was known and publicized even though the actual life history and ecology of salmon remained poorly understood.” [pg. 90] - “Today, the Columbia River system is no longer particularly suitable for salmon. What was once cool water has

become warm; what was fast water has become stilled; what was clean has become fouled; what was reasonably free of predators of young salmon has become full of them.” [pg. 90] - “The architects of the new river have been nearly constant in their protestations of concern for salmon, but they have quite consciously made a choice against the conditions that produce salmon.” [pg. 90] - “ But paradoxically, even in their decline, salmon remain culturally as powerful as when they passed upriver in a flood of abundant life. They are repositories of meaning. People still desire salmon. Salmon symbolize nature in the Pacific Northwest; the experience of taking them has become a quintessential Northwest experience. Salmon are not just fish on the Columbia; they are tokens of a way of life.” [pg. 90-91] - “And now, with more runs dwindling to extinction, the decline of salmon has sparked a widespread environmental offensive against the dams, against ranching, against irrigation farming, against logging, against all the activities along the river that threaten the fish. The economic value of the Columbia salmon has not been much of an indicator of its cultural power.” [pg. 91] - “Salmon fishing is, and long has been, political; it is ideological. It is about staking a defensible social claim to a share of the catch and calling that claim a defense of nature: the fewer the fish, the more intense the fight.” [pg. 91] - “And as if all these difficulties were not enough, the mystique of salmon, its noneconomic value, was initially diluted by its very abundance.” [pg. 93] - “Salmon always have expended energy to travel upstream, but dams altered how and when they expended their energy.” [pg. 94] - “Agriculture and aquiculture could supposedly exist side by side.” [pg. 95] - “They offered fantasies of nuclear power eliminating the need for dams. They tried to draw a line between necessary and unnecessary dams. But in venturing into

economics of energy, they played into the BPA’s hands. The BPA existed not just to supply electricity but to stimulate demand for it. There could never be enough dams.” [pg. 96] - “The fish pass through numerous jurisdictions ; what happens in one area negates efforts in another.” [pg. 97] - “There continue to be natural systems operating without human control.” [pg. 97] - “When salmon leave the river, they migrate into the Pacific, where patterns of energy production, of scarcity and abundance, have been poorly known and beyond human control.” [pg. 98] - “By 1957 a place where human work had created a knowledge of the river, where work had defined a way of life, a place that was already ancient when Lewis and Clark had passed, existed no more.” [pg. 100] - “The Columbia has become an organic machine, and the definition of wild and natural has blurred for the species that live in it.” [pg. 104] - “In a very real sense the Columbia has taken the logical step beyond being an organic machine. It has become a virtual river. In the virtual Columbia electronic fish swim past electronic damns on video terminals. Change the electronic river and the fate of the electronic fish is graphically displayed” [pg. 106] - “Salmon inspire fear along the river.” [pg. 107] - “ The Columbia has become an organic machine which human beings manage without fully understanding what they have created. The organic machine has, in turn, spawned a virtual river whose life influences the actual Columbia. Mumford and Emerson foresaw part of this. They grasped how the human and the natural, the mechanical and the organic, had merged so that the two could never be ultimately distinguished. We live with the consequences.” [pg. 108] - “Development has largely destroyed a vast natural bounty of salmon and replaced it with an expensive and declining artificial system of hatcheries.” [pg. 108]

- “The Columbia, an organic machine, a virtual river, is at once our creation and retains a life of its own beyond our control.” [pg 109] - “In treating the Columbia as a machine we have literally and conceptually disassembled the river. It has become to its user a set of separate spaces and parts.” [pg. 110] - “The creation of huge reservoirs allows some control over the flow of the river itself. These reservoirs, too, reapportion space. They bury what had once been land. They turn flowing water into still water. Shallow water becomes deep water. The examples could go on and on.” [pg. 111] - “What is real is the mixture, and we seem unable to come to terms with this even though we have created it. Mumford’s jeremiad against the megamachine recognizes that we treat nature as if it were literally a machine that can be disassembled and redesigned largely at will, as if its various parts can be assigned different functions with only a technical relation to other parts and functions.” [pg. 111-112] -”The past, like it or not, is always with us. Americans are impatient with history. But human actions on the Columbia have produced a long history, and history has consequences. Human history and the history of the river have merged to create the modern Columbia, which is at once a natural space and a social space. It is an organic machine and has to be dealt with as such. To call for a return to nature is posturing. It is a religious ritual in which the recantation of our sins and a pledge to sin no more promises to restore purity. Some people believe sins go away. History does not go away.” [pg. 112] - “As the century comes to an end, the river we have partially created changes before our eyes, mocking out supposed control. It changes, and as it changes, it makes clear the insufficiencies of our own science, society, and notions of justice and value.” [pg. 113].

[02 ] I N T E L LE CT UA L A L L IES

LITERATURE REVIEW Architecture and Nature creating the American landscape

Bonnemaison, Sarah. Macy, Christine. (2003). Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape. Taylor and Francis. Chapter 3: Putting nature to work with the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933 - “At its core, the TVA was a conservationist project.” [pg. 138] - “Linked by the Tennessee River into one interconnected system, the entire valley — its farm and forests, hamlets and towns, dams and industries, spaces of recreation and leisure — had begun to work together as one ‘organic machine’.” [pg. 138] - “... the TVA became inseparably linked to a much grander vision that became a symbol for national regeneration. As one of the first initiatives of Roosevelt’s ‘Hundred Days’ in office, the TVA found its place among other New Deal initiatives that represented an all-encompassing scheme for relief and economic recovery.” [pg. 140] - “One of the most striking achievements of the TVA, at least in its early years, was its ability to effectively mold public opinion in its favor.” [pg. 140] - “The TVA leadership recognized that if the project were to be understood and adopted by the public as a model for national regeneration, it had to rework the fundamental myths Americans held about their relationship to nature. In the TVA, we see the American myths of the frontiersman and the farmer layered onto governmental discourses of conservation and regional planning.” [pg. 140] - “‘The TVA was conceived as an experiment in implementing this new vision of the American landscape. Its watchword was regional planning — planning a landscape and managing its resources — to establish an equilibrium between people and nature.” [pg. 141] - “..., the TVA had as its domain a landscape long since settled. If a new Arcadia were to be established, it was going to be a peopled landscape. As Walter Creese put sit, ‘what was do daring about the TVA... was the persuasion that human beings rightfully belonged in the midst of their reconditioned earth’.” [pg. 142]

- “The farmer was a central figure in this renewed landscape. It was the farmer that was among the first to suffer from the Depression, his markets failing and his banker foreclosing, but the farmer would also be the first to benefit from the TVA.” [pg. 143] - “Ultimately, the TVA created a myth of its own — that nature could be regenerated through human endeavor.” [pg. 144] - “The success of the project would be measured in inches of topsoil regained, the numbers of cows milked, the number of trees planted.” [pg. 144] - “The carefully orchestrated flow of visitors through the various components of the dam allowed them to vicariously experience the force of the water contained by the damn as they crossed its spine and craned their necks over the guardrail to watch the water descending over the spillway into the churning maelstrom below. Visitors could feel in their bodies the vibrations of spinning turbines as they entered the large cathedral-like gallery of the power house, and the raised hairs on their arms pointed to the crackling wires of the transformer grid...” [pg. 156] - “In his 1938 documentary The River, Pare Lorentz intoned a litany of loss to flooding and frontier exploitation: ‘a million miles of lumber, a million bales of cotton, and a million cubic yards of topsoil flowed down the river.’ Once the TVA has plugged up the river and restrained it, no longer does the wasted seed of the frontier spirit flow downstream.” [pg. 171] - “As Douglas Haskell put it, ‘the dams are merely the climaxes’ — they are the virile members that produce the juice (fertilizer and electricity) that will inseminate the barren earth.” [pg. 171] - “As TVA dams unleashed the dynamic of modernization in the valley, it was its inhabitants who were ultimately meant to show the ensuing benefits. The people, after all, were the ultimate justification for the effort expended to rebuild a landscape out of balance. Their malarial-ridden and malnourished bodies, eloquently photographed by Lewis Hines and Walker Evans, ...”

[pg. 173] - “If the entire valley were to function as a model for a perfected and renewed nature, not only did the technology of the dams have to be knit back into a renewed landscape, but the inhabitants of the valley had to be knit back into the land.” [pg. 173] - “A recent documentary film Strangers and Kin tries to explain such attitudes: ‘it became easier to carry [industrial] progress forward if you could say that the people who were being hurt by progress were worthless to begin with.’ In the first years of the twentieth century, we see the beginnings of a change in this attitude, in which the mountain people are presented as a purer sort of American, untouched by modernism.” [pg. 176] - “Photographers like Lewis Hines were hired to document the ‘mountain way of life.’ This careful documentation found its way into many aspects of the new houses in Norris, in the sloped roofs, open porches, shingled siding and ‘dog trot’ plans.” [pg. 192] - “As a place of production and consumption, the town of Norris was a microcosm of how the whole valley was meant to operate. The dams were emptied of labor and the town showed the cycle of labor, with people reintegrated into a renewed landscape. Modernization was brought into the archetypal home as a servant of the family, and the folk — aided by electrification and training — were re-integrate into the national economy as consumers (of electric appliances) and producers (of tourist goods). We have no placed the representative pieces of the ‘organic machine’, with its hydroelectric dam, new town and farms, and we can set the machine into motion...” [pg. 197] - “It would bring tourists into the region, enabling them to consume the scenery and purchase the frat commodities. Contained within arteries, traffic would circulate through the ‘organic machine’ and feed its system of exchanges.” [pg. 198] - “While the recreational potential of the artificial lakes created by the dams was overlooked at the outset (the focus of the TVA being on relief, resettlement, and

restraining), it did not take long before TVA planners recognized the economic potential represented by the thousands of curious visitors to the dams.” [pg. 201] - “The Authority’s river-development program, changing a swiftly flowing river into a series of deep, still lakes, profoundly affects wildlife associated with the river. In cooperation with the US Bureau of Fisheries from the Biological Survey, the Authority is conducting a cooperative program of biological readjustment. Its lakes are stocked annually with several million young fish from hatcheries and rearing pools developed by the Authority in cooperation with these other agencies.” [pg. 203] - “Ultimately, part of the magic of visiting the TVA was the seamless fusion of technology and nature.” [pg. 204] - “When the broad brush strokes of the TVA were completed, no aspect of nature remained untouched. Every lake is artificial, every tree has been planted, every contour has been molded, every stone has been moved and placed.” [pg. 209] - “As the quintessential project of the early New Deal, this early phase of the TVA was predicated on the belief that people have a place in the landscape, and they can contribute to its balanced maintenance. It is a productive landscape in which each construction, be it dam or town or highway, is designed to increase production, to accelerate the organic machine. ” [pg. 210] - “To call on nature as the ultimate reference for a region reaching a state of balance entailed certain costs — to see people as nature was to radically de-historicize them and conflate certain mythic constructs with the lived reality. To see engineering as nature was a way to advance the myth of a manifest destiny, setting the creation of a productive infrastructure on a par with landscape of natural monuments that were seen as signs of a unique national mission. To see a planned landscape as nature points to what is perhaps the greatest legacy of the TVA — that humans have a place in regenerating a natural landscape that they have damaged. ” [pg. 210] 37

[02 ] I N T E L LE CT UA L A L L IES

LITERATURE REVIEW Bouyant Clarity: Pamphlet Architecture 36

Meyer, Christopher Michael, Daniel Hemmendinger, and Shawna Michelle Meyer. (2018). Buoyant clarity. Amphibious Space

ness and responsibility.” [pg. 6]

- “On one the hand, we can understand something amphibious as being related to and suitable for both land and water. On the other, a ‘double life’ implies a fragile relationship between land and sea: two contexts wholly separated.” [pg. 4]

- “... architecture should be responsible for a multiplicity of possible outcomes: staying or leaving, planned or haphazard.” [pg. 6]

- “The coast is unequivocally land, but it is land built up, slurried, and shaped by water, a strange intermediary muddling the binary.” [pg. 5] - “Across the planet, entire nations can increasingly be understood less as masses of land and more as expanses of coastal, or littoral, space...” [pg. 5] - “Humanity’s desire to isolate environmental pressures in these sites has historically manifested itself in constructed boundaries...” [pg. 5]

- “Human occupation of amphibious space relies on two complementary concepts: buoyancy and anchorage.” [pg. 6] - “Spatial rules define the fluid environment through strata, with buoyancy as the uppermost surface and anchorage as the bottom, together framing an intermediate zone of suspension.” [pg. 6] - “Piers and jetties are one type of anchorage that allows people to access deeper water sites near land for sustenance, recreation, and the boarding of seafaring vessels.” [pg. 9]

- “The rapid pace of environmental change is shifting the balance of territory from a land-dominant condition to a water-dominant one, raising complicated questions about the idea of place.” [pg. 5]

- “Conversely, the anchored object must not expect a static relationship with the aquatic environment, requiring certain planning and predicting of the allowable range of movement.” [pg. 10]

- “Modern history demonstrates humanity’s indifference toward and, at times, contempt for the sea. By isolating ourselves to land, rather than embracing a transitional and multivalent form of living, humans have disregarded and relinquished responsibility for the care and stewardship of the hydrosphere.” [pg. 5]

- “Tectonic knowledge and basic assumptions on land will not be directly transferable to an existence on aqua firma.” [pg. 10] - “Architecture must develop amphibious strategies through a new language of wetness, bouyancy, fluidity, tethering, anchorage, and suspension.” [pg. 10]

- “Giving primacy to water and its natural variation is increasingly relevant today and holds new potential for innovation within our time. We should design for aqua firma.” [pg. 5]

Remapping Territory Without Place

- “... recognizing coastal space as relating to a water-based ecology — aqua firma — produces distinct infrastructures and architectures. ” [pg. 5] - “The occupation of amphibious space has historically been temporary, and often as a consequence of economic, political, o agricultural forces.” [pg. 6] - “By shifting the narrative to one of intention, it is possible to image modes of inhabitation that foster an enduring relationship with water, encouraging nimble-

- “Amphibious spaces must be cultivated in the present and planned for the future through practices of coexistence with aquatic environments rather than control of them.” [pg. 77] - “The people and communities pressured by the rising sea will need to make a difficult decision: to leave behind their heritage and start anew or, alternatively, to envision an altered existence of inhabiting the rising water.” [pg. 77] - “If history is understood not just as a sequence of actions but also as the accumulation of reactions across

time, then design is both the production of space flush with potential and the mitigation of negative outcomes. Architecture must reframe current ecological, urban, political, and cultural protocols and recognize that the slow rendering of potential into consequences is a design(ed) process.â&#x20AC;? [pg. 77]

[03] Methodologies pages 42-51

[03] Methodologies

Phsyical Model [00]

Barneget Peninsula 39° 45’ 52.43” N, 74° 06’ 02.65” W

Serial Sections

This site is located in New Jersey, USA. I know this place very well considering every summer I am out on the beach at Island Beach State Park. This state government owned park could be a great site considering its vast acreage of land and amazing ecology; not just the aquatic ecology but also the ecology of the park itself. The aerial imagery exhibited in [04] Site, shows the how Seaside Park is a barrier island off the coast of New Jersey.

[03] Methodologies

Phsyical Model [02]

The Keys 25° 02’ 52.89” N, 80° 37’ 49.36” W

Serial Sections

This site is located in Florida, USA. I have never been to this place before, but I have seen many photos and heard about the experiences here. The aerial imagery exhibited in [04] Site, shows the how The Keys in Florida create all these unique habitats for humans. The aerial imagery is fascinating and shows so much depth.

[03] Methodologies

Phsyical Model [01]

French Southern and Antarctica Lands 49° 22’ 20.02” S, 69° 19’ 00.39” E

Serial Sections

This site is located off the Northwest coast of Antarctica. I have never been to this place before, but I from the geometry of the land, the coastal edges seem very interesting. The aerial imagery exhibited in [04] Site, shows the how isolated this site is from the mainland of Antarctica.

[03] Methodologies

Phsyical Model [04]

Islas de Chile 50° 32’ 36.58” S, 75° 11’ 58.40” W

Serial Sections

This site is located in Chile. I have never been to this place before, and this is only one interesting edge condition that the coast of Chile has to offer. The aerial imagery exhibited in [04] Site, shows the how the formation of the terra firma, creates smaller habitats and harbors along the edges.

[03] Methodologies

Phsyical Model [03]

Berkeley Island Park 39° 52’ 35.77” N, 74° 08’ 36.40” W

Serial Sections

This site is located in New Jersey, USA. I know this place very well considering it is extremely close to my house. This park is home to marshland and a variety of species both in the water and on land. The aerial imagery exhibited in [04] Site, shows the how subdivisions in the marsh create barriers and edges from other water entities. This site was by far the most intriguing from an aerial imagery standpoint.

[04] Site pages 54-59

[04] Site

New Jersey [Barrier]

Barneget Peninsula 39° 45’ 52.43” N, 74° 06’ 02.65” W

Florida [Crater]

The Keys 25° 02’ 52.89” N, 80° 37’ 49.36” W

[04] Site

Antarctica [Spline]

French Southern and Antarctica Lands 49° 22’ 20.02” S, 69° 19’ 00.39” E

Chile [Harbor]

Islas de Chile 50° 32’ 36.58” S, 75° 11’ 58.40” W

[04] Site

New Jersey [Channel]

Berkeley Island Park 39° 52’ 35.77” N, 74° 08’ 36.40” W

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Earth Without Waterâ&#x20AC;?

I have used Google Earth to navigate the globe and search for interesting land and water edge conditions. I have deduced my searching down to five different sites. These five sites have amazing aerial imagery and I imagine the ecology and history behind each site is deeper than we could ever imagine. I am seeking to chose one site to fully defend, expose, and challenge for next semester through an implementation of an operative architecture. The guidelines of structure, water, ecology, and scale will all transcend into my final decision of site.

Accredition 1) Koolhaas, Rem. (2006). Junkspace. Quodlibet. 2) Diller, Elizabeth, Scofidio, Richardo. Blur: the making of nothing. (2002). Harry N. Abrams. 3) Easterling, Keller. (2014). EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space. Verso. .

[05] Reflection pages 62-67

[05] Reflection

Incognizant AP Photo/Mel Evans

“...Renovation and restoration were procedures that took place in your absence; now you’re a witness, a reluctant participant...”1 1) Qoute - Junk Space by Rem Koolhaas

[05] Reflection

Unconscious

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Weather events are narrated through images of destruction or survivalâ&#x20AC;?2

2) Qoute: Blur: the making of nothing by Diller, Elizabeth and Richard Scofidio 65

[05] Reflection

Energy

“Mobile telephony is the “world’s largest distribution platform,” and the broadband infrastructure that supports it is touted as a resource as important as water”3

3) Qoute - EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space by Keller Easterling

Throughout this past semester, I was fortunate enough to have been place in an option studio that allowed me to further my work related to aquatic edges; the Tennessee River — the Greater Chattanooga region. My studio project allowed me to think about how users of the river can be influenced by architectural gestures. I was not able to understand fully the ecology of the river nor was it my primary focus. I hope to use these lessons I’ve learned with me to aid in my thesis defense. I have researched various interventions into the aquatic landscape, and have deduced how not to treat an aquatic edge. Next semester, I’d like to further my research on aquatic edges. I was able to find particular conditions around the world that I am interested in and particular ideologies I am for and against. I’d like to explore an architecture stable enough to engage the state of aqua fluxus. From the very beginning of this project, I have always been intrigued by the edge condition. The edge of land, where water monopolizes the horizon. Water is energy, and energy is life. The ultimate question is; are you staying? Or, are you leaving?

[06] Proposal pages 70-71

[06] Proposal

• What would we do differently if we knew what we know now — then? • How would one feel being ‘wet’ for a prolonged period of time? • How could operative interventions into water inform resilient possibilities? • How could architecture react if it’s structural stability was based on buoyancy? • Is the natural landscape coupled with tourist and economic agendas? • What is the association of leisure and nature? • How can one design for the state of aqua fluxus? • Can society remove itself from the current state of terra firma? • How can design create more awareness to the public about natural disasters? • What if we confronted our current concerns, back then? Would the architecture we are pursuing now make more sense?

Island Beach State Park c. 1982

I am proposing to interrogate edges of sites that are often in a prolonged period of contact with any form of water through multiple mediums. I have no yet finalized by intended site of operation, but within section [04] Sites, I have provided sites that have the conditions I am looking for. I am particularly interested in the edge condition where the transition from land to water is exponential. The sites I am included interest be based on formation of land, and the land informs an aquatic edge. The edge condition is extremely important because to transition from a state of terra firma to aqua fluxus, a smooth point of exchange is needed. I value the work of SCAPE and Architecture and Vision; I find the ways both of these architectural firms intervened into the natural landscape did so with extreme diligence and clear ambitions. The Warkawater Towers have been iterated and mocked up various times throughout the project, previous versions informed new versions. The scale of the warka towers is also a very relatable human scale; I seek to design within a scale that it both relatable to the site but most importantly, the user. The work of SCAPE’s oyster-tecture project is a prime example of understanding an ecology. From a micro life-cycle analysis of oysters to the macro explora-

tion of site within Brooklyn, this project covers a range of scales and sites. I will propose operative programs within my site that not only transcend a sense of understand about an aquatic edge, the users and materials, but to act in harmony with the ecology of the site. My methods of representation will include forms of drawing, writing, research, and modeling both digitally and physically. By modeling I can begin to see how territory is arranged spatial. When modeling, edges always define a boundary; Throughout next semester my goal is to begin to understand how to represent the proper ‘edge(s)’ of the aquatic landscape. By drawing, I can achieve a precise level of clarity from any view. Sketching over site(s) I am able to deduce pure geometries that are easily read. I am currently enrolled in an intaglio print making class for next semester. I plan to see how my visual representation techniques can be further challenged. I’d also like to learn as much are I can about the ecology of the aquatic landscape I intend to confront.

[07] Index

Works Cited

Architecture and Vision. Warka Water. Retrieved on September 20, 2018 from http://www.architectureandvision.com/portfolio/073-warka-water-2012/ Bonnemaison, Sarah. Macy, Christine. (2003). Architecture and Nature: Creating the American Landscape. Taylor and Francis. Diller, Elizabeth, Scofidio, Richardo. Blur: the making of nothing. (2002). Harry N. Abrams. Easterling, Keller. (2014). EXTRASTATECRAFT The Power of Infrastructure Space. Verso. Giovannini, Roberto. (2017, October). Venice and MOSE: Story of a Failure. La Stampa. Retrieved September 28, 2018 from www.lastampa.it/2017/10/12/esteri/ venice-and-mose-story-of-a-failure-2XRaxsCgFhcmKEXidalyxJ/pagina.html. Koolhaas, Rem. (2006). Junkspace. Quodlibet. Meyer, Christopher Michael, Daniel Hemmendinger, and Shawna Michelle Meyer. (2018). Buoyant Clarity. Princeton Architectural Press. Piper, Karen. (October, 2014). Price of thirst : global water inequality and the coming chaos. University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved October 13, 2018, from https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.proxy.lib.utk.edu SCAPE Landscape Architecture DPC. Osyter-tecture. Retrieved October 6, 2018 from https://www.scapestudio. com/projects/oyster-tecture/. White, Richard. (1995). The organic machine. New York: Hill and Wang.

Images Cited

[pg. 6-7] - Island Beach State Park Photo by Rich Gigli. Retrieved from https://www.northjersey.com/story/ entertainment/2018/06/21/island-beach-state-park-seaside-park-nj-vintage-photos/718799002/ [pg.10] - Piazza San Marco c. 2018: Personal Photo. [pg. 10] - Venice,Italy c. 2018: Personal Photo [pg. 11] - MOSES Project: Venice Italy: Photo by Vincenzo Pinto. Retrieved from https://www.wired. com/2016/08/7-clever-ways-fight-flooding-increasinglywet-world/ [pg.12] - Sopot, Poland c. 2018: Personal Photo. [pg.12] - Åndalsnes, Norway c. 2018: Photo by Wesley Campbell. [pg. 13] - TVA Dam c. 1930-40 : Photo retrieved from https://www.tva.gov/About-TVA/Our-History/The-1930s [pg. 18] - MOSES Transportation: Photo retrieved from https://www.newcivilengineer.com/world-view/the-gallery-the-62m-giant-flood-gates-designed-to-save-venice/10028977.article [pg. 18] - MOSES Sea Gates: Photo by Vincenzo Pinto. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/08/7-clever-ways-fight-flooding-increasingly-wet-world/ [pg. 19] - MOSES Construction: Photo retrieved from https://file.ejatlas.org/img/Conflict/coal-fired-power-station-in-la-spezia/MOSE__floodgates.jpg [pg. 22] - TVA Workmen: Photo retrieved from https:// www.tva.com/About-TVA/Our-History/The-1930s [pg. 22] - Chattanooga ‘Controlled’ Flooding: Photo retrieved from https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/ local/story/2018/sep/28/ironmcancels-swim-portichattanoograce/480100/#photogallery_5958 [pg. 23] - TVA Dam Construction: Photo retrieved from https://www.tva.gov/About-TVA/Our-History/The-1930s [pg. 26] - Warka Tower V 3.2: Photo retrieved from http://www.architectureandvision.com/portfolio/warka-water-03086/

[pg. 26} - Ethiopian Water Trip: Photo retrieved from http://www.warkawater.org/warka-tower/ [pg. 27] - Warka Tower V 1.0: Photo retrieved from https://inhabitat.com/nature-inspired-warkawater-towers-use-condensation-to-collect-drinking-water-in-ethiopia/ [pg. 30] - Phsyical Model: Photo retrieved from https:// www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/. [pg. 30] - Sectional Perspective: Photo retrieved from https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/. [pg. 31] - Life Cycle anlaysis: : Photo retrieved from https://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/. [pg. 54] - New Jersey [Barrier]: Photo retrieved from Google Earth. [pg. 55] - Florida [Crater]: Photo retrieved from Google Earth [pg. 56] - Antarctica [Spline]: Photo retrieved from Google Earth [pg. 57] - Chile [Harbor]: Photo retrieved from Google Earth [pg. 58] -New Jersey [Channel]: Photo retrieved from Google Earth [pg. 59] - “Earth Without Water”: Photo retrieved from https://www.reddit.com/r/Heavymind/comments/8r8k06/earth_without_water_the_americas/ [pg.62-63] - Photo by Mel Evans. [pg. 64-65] - Personal Photo & File. [pg. 66] - Personal Photo & File. [pg. 70-71] - Island Beach State Park Photo by Rich Gigli. Retrieved from https://www.northjersey.com/story/ entertainment/2018/06/21/island-beach-state-park-seaside-park-nj-vintage-photos/718799002/ [pg. 16, 20,24,28] - Base map file(s)retrieved from https://freevectormaps.com/ [pg. 42,44,46,48,50] - Model [__]: Personal Photo.

Evan Scaria UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE - KNOXVILLE COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN